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[INDEX    SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENjEUM  with  No.  4108,  July  21,  1906 


THE 


ATHENAEUM 


JOURNAL 


OF 


LITERATURE,    SCIENCE,    THE    FINE   ARTS,    MUSIC, 

AND    THE    DRAMA. 

JANUARY  TO  JUNE, 

1906. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  BY  JOHN  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  ATHBN.EUM  PRESS,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE,  E.G., 

BY  JOHN  0.  FRANCIS  AND  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY. 
AGENTS  FOR  8GOTLAND,  MESSRS.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  AND  MR.  JOHN  MENZIES,  EDINBURGH. 


MDCCCCVI. 


c3^ 


(SUPPLEMENT  to  tht-  ATHHNA.UM  *lth  Bo.  410S,  July,  21, 1906 


SUPPLEMENT  lo  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4108,  July  21, 1906. 


INDEX       OF       CONTENTS. 

JANUARY  TO  JUNE,  1906. 


LITERATURE. 

Reviews. 

A.  E.  C.'s  Ma  Premiere  Visite  a  Paris,  46 

A.  S.  and  E.  M.  S.'s  Henry  Sidgwick :  a  Memoir,  383 

Abbott's  (E.  A.)  Johannine  Vocabulary,  103 

Abbott's  (G.  F.)  Through  India  with  the  Prince,  478 

Abeille's  (Capt.)  Marine  Franeaise  et  Marines  Etrangeres, 

478 
Adams's  (VV.  A.)  Japanese  Conversation  in  Six  Months, 

574 
Adamson's  (J.  W.)  Pioneers  of  Modern  Education,  41 
Addison's  (A.  C.)  A  Deathless  Story,  700 
Adler's  (E.  N.)  About  Hebrew  Manuscripts,  GOG 
Aflalo's  (F.  G.)  The  Salt  of  my  Life,  135 
African  Languages,  44G 
Ainger*8  (A.)  Lectures  and  Essays,  289 
Albanesi's  (Madame)  A  Young  Man  from  the  Country, 

662 
Alden's  (W.  L.)  Cat  Tales  15 
Aldis's  (J.)  Madame  GeofTnn,  71 
Alexander's  (Mrs.  F.)  The  Golden  Book,  704 
Alison's  (J.)  Arithmetic  for  Schools  and  Colleges,  4G 
Allonbv's  (E.)  The  Fulfilment,  12 
Almond  of  Loretto,  by  Mackenzie,  257 
Amateur  Angler's  Fishing  for  Pleasure,  and  Catching  It, 

477 
Amery's  The  Times  History  of  the  War  in  South  Africa, 

Vol.  IV,  761 
Anderson's  (J.  G.)  Exercices  de  Grammaire  Franeaise  46 
Anderson's  (Sir  R.)  Sidelights  on  the  Home  Rule  Move- 
ment, 638 
Anderton's  (I.  M.)  Tuscan  Folk-lore  and  Sketches,  230 
Anstey's  (F.)  Salted  Almonds,  470 
Archer's  (F.  B.)  The  Gambia  Colony  and  Protectorate  : 

an  Official  Handbook,  207 
Archer-Hind's  (R.  D.)  Translations  into  Greek  Verse 

and  Prose.  261 
Argyll,  George  Douglas,  Eighth  Duke  of,  Autobiography 

and  Memoirs,  755 
Aristotle's  Theory  of  Conduct,  ed.  Marshall,  605 
Armitage-Smith's  (G.)  The   Principles  and  Methods  of 

Taxation,  407 
Arnold's  Latin  Texts :    Vergil,    Selections    from    the 
Georgics,   Select  Eclogues,   ed.   Stobart  —  C;vsar  in 
Britain,  ed.  Dobson — Cicero,  Pro  Archia,  ed.  Brock,  46 
Art  Typographique  dans  les  Pays  Bas,  Livraison  8,  665 
Ashbee's  (C.  R.)  Echoes  from  the  City  of  the  Sun,  106 
Ashmead-Bartlett's  (E.)   Port  Arthur:    the  Siege  and 

Capitulation,  350 
Askew's  (A.  and  C.)  Anna  of  the  Plains,  72 
Aston's  (W.  G.)  Shinto  :  the  Way  of  the  Gods,  G02 
Aubert's  (L.)  Paix  Japonaise,  543 
Aubin's  (E.)  Morocco  of  To-day,  480 
Auction  Prices  of  Books,  ed.  Livingston,  Vol.  IV.,  205 

424,  452 
Austin's  (A.)  The  Door  of  Humility,  663 
Austin's  (L.  F.)  Points  of  View,  ed.  Rook,  730 
Babar-nama,  the  Turki  Text,  ed.  Mrs.  Beveridge,  729 
Bacchylides  :  the  Poems  and  Fragments,  ed.  Jebb,  30  ; 

Carmina,  cum  Fragmentis,  ed.  Blass,  004 
Baddeley's  (St.  Clair)  Sicily,  13 

Bailey's  (G.  H.)  Elements  of  Quantitative  Analysis,  45 
Bakers  (J.)   The   Inseparables,    72:     The    Harrogate 

Tourist  Centre,  637 
Ball's  (VV.  W.  R.)  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  637 
Barbauld  s  (Mrs.)  Hymns  in  Prose  for  Children,  207 
Barines  (A.)  Louis  XIV.  et  la  Grande  Mademoiselle, 

English  Version,  262 
Baring-Gould's  (S.)  A  Book  of  the  Riviera    12 
Barr  s  (A.E.)  The  Belle  of  Bowling  Green,  417  ;  Cecilia's 

Lovers,  662 
Barr's  (R.)  The  Triumphs  of  Eugene  Valmont,  475 
Barres  s  Le  Voyage  de  Sparte,  198 
Barry's  (Lieut. -Col.  J.  P.)  At  the  Gates  of  the  East,   118 
Bartelot  s  (R.  G.)  The  Three  Dorset  Captains  at  Trafal- 
gar, 506 
Bartholomew's  (J.  G  )  The  Historical  and  Modern  Atlas 

ol  the  British  Empire,  47 
Bartram's  (G.)  Lads  of  the  Fancy  417 
Battersby's  (P.)  India  under  Royal  Eyes,  697 
audelaire  s  Poems  in  Prose,  tr.  Symons,  350 
Bausteine,  Part  IV.,  360 

Becke's  it.)  The  Adventures  of  a  Supercargo,  510 
Bccbe  s  (S.  P  )  Outlines  of  Physiological  Chemistry,   15 
Beechmg , , (Canon)  The  Apostles'  Creed,  297 
Beeton  s  (Mrs.)  Rook  of  Household  Management,  230 
Bell  s  (Mrs.  A.  G.)  Picturesque  Brittany.  636 


Bennett's  (A.)  Hugo,  13] 
Benson's  (A.  C.)  From  a  C 


«.  College  Window,  606 
Benson  s  (E.  F.)  The  Angel  of  Pain,  4  15 
Ben8on  s  ((,.  |>.)  Tracks  in  the  Snow,  634 
K>-rards    (V.)    British    [mperialism    and    (  ommorcial 

Supremacy,  tr.  Foskett,  228 
Bertrand's  (A.)  Versailles,  160 
Bhagavad-Gita,  tr.  Barnctt,  167 


Bielschowsky's  (A.)  The  Life  of  Goethe,    tr.    Cooper, 

Vol.  I.,  321 
Big  Game  Shooting,  167 
Birmingham's  (G.)  Hyacinth,  323 

Blackie's  English  School  Texts  :  Trips  to  Wonderland— 
The  Taking  of  the  Galleon— The  Retreat  of  Sir  John 
Moore,  45 
Blake,  William,  The  Poetical  Works  of,  ed.  Sampson— 

The  Lyrical  Poems  of,  Text  by  Sampson,  100 
Bliss's  (F.  J.)  The  Development  of  Palestine  Exploration, 

790 
Blyth's  (J.)  The  Same  Clay,  324 
Bodley's  (J.  E.  C)  The  Church  in  France,  630 
Boer    War:    German   Official    History,    103;    Times 

History,  Vol.  IV.,  761 
Bond's  (R.  W.)  Addenda,  Glossary,  and  Index  to  Wil- 
liam Bercher's  Nobility  of  Women,  74 
Book  of  Memory,  A,  compiled  by  Tynan,  700,  734 
Book- Auction  Records,  ed.  Karslake,  Vol.  III.,  Part  I., 

295 
Bourget,  Paul,  (Euvres  Completes  de.  Vol.  VI.,  731 
Bowes's    (R.)    John    Siberch :    Bibliographical    Notes, 

1886-1005,  795 
Boyd's  (A.  S.)  Glasgow  Men  and  Women,  576 
Boyd's  (M.  S.)  The  Misses  Make-Believe,  356 
Boyer's  (P.)  Manuel  pour  l'Etude  de  la  Langue  Russe 
— TJn    Vocabulaire    Franeais-Russe    de     la    fin    du 
Seizieme  Siecle,  574 
Bradby's  (G.  F.)  Dick,  387 
Bradford's  (H.  N.)  Macedonia,  296 
Brakspear's  (H.)  Waverley  Abbey,  478 
Brandes's  (G.)  Main   Currents  in   Nineteenth-Century 

Literature,  Vol.  VI.,  104 
Breasted's  (J.  H.)  A  History  of  Egypt— Ancient  Records 

of  Egypt,  Vol.  I.,  473 
Brhad-devata,  The,  ed.  Macdonell,  166 
Brice's  (S.)  The  Might  of  a  Wrong-doer,  324 
Bridges's  (J.  A.)  Reminiscences  of  a  Country  Politician, 

511 
Broadley's   (A.   M.)   Collecta    Napoleonica,    327;    The 
Three  Dorset  Captains  at  Trafalgar,  506 ;  The  Boy- 
hood of  a  Great  King,  730 
Brooks's  (M.)  The  Newell  Fortune,  759 
Brown's  (A.)  Paradise,  12 
Brown's  (H.  F.)  In  and  Around  Venice,  326 
Brown    (R.)   jun.'s    Notes    on    the   Early    History    of 

Barton-on-H  umber,  Vol.  I.,  7fi0 
Brown's  (V.)  Mrs.  Grundy's  Crucifix,  728 
Browning,  E.  B.,  in  her  Letters,  by  Lubbock,  119 
Browning,  Robert,  and  Alfred  Domett,  ed.  Kenyon,  358 
Bruckner's  (Dr.  A.)  Geschichte  der  russischen  Litteratur, 

10 
Buchanan,  George  :  a  Biography,  by  Macmillan,  788 
Buck  Whaley's  Memoirs,  ed.  Sir  E.  Sullivan,  725 
Buckland's  (C.  E.)  Dictionary  of  Indian  Biography,  479 
Buckrose's  (J.  E.)  The  Wood  End,  GG2 
Bucolici  Grrcci,  ed.  Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,  604 
Budge's  (E.  A.   W.)  The   Egyptian  Heaven  and  Hell, 

G33 
Bullock's  (S.  F.)  The  Cubs,  759 
Burdctt's  Hospitals  and  Charities  for  1906,  328 
Burford  Papers  :  being  Letters  of  Samuel  Crispe  to  his 

Sister,  by  Hutton,  443 
Burke's  Peerage,  Baronetage,   and  Knightage  for  1906, 

15 
Burland's  (H.)  The  Black  Motor-Car,  758 
Burton,  Sir  Richard,  Life  of,  by  Wright,  420 
Bussey's  (H.  F.)  Sixty  Years  of  Journalism,  791 
Buxton's  (B.  H.)  Outlines  of  Physiological  Chemistry, 

15 
Byrde's  (M.)  The  Interpreters,  43 
Byron,  Lord,  The  Poetical  Works  of,  ed.  Coleridge,  14 
Calendars  :  Letter-Books  of  the  City  of  London  :  Letter- 
Book  G.,  1352-1374,  ed.  Dr.  Slmrpe— Patent  Rolls  of 
Richard  II.,  1391-1390,  Vol.  V.,  ed.   Morris  -Patent 
Rolls,  1401-14(1:.,  73 
Calthrop's  (1).  C.)  Rouge,  512 
Calvert's  (A.  F.)  Moorish  Remains  in  Spain,  543 
Cambridge,  H.R.H.  George,  Duke  of,  Military  Life,  by 

Verner  and  Parker,  133 
Cambridge  Modern  History  :  Vol.  1  \\,  Napoleon,  G91 
( lambridge  Theological  Essays,  ed.  Swcte,  09 
Cambridge  Year  Book  and  Directory,  170 
Campbell's  (F.)  The  Measure  of  Life,  220;  Dearlove,  513 
Capcs's  (B.)  Loaves  and  Pishes,  510 
Cardiff  Records,  ed.  Matthews,  Vol.  V.,  I7'> 
Carey's  (W.)  No.  101.  226 

Carls  (K.  A.)  With  the  Empress  Dowager  of  China,  106 
•  'hit's  (M.  B.i  The  Poison  of  Tongues,  357 
Carrigan'e  (W  )  History  of  the  Diooese  of  Ossory,  193 
<  tarter,  Elizabeth,  Memoir  by  Gaussen,  112 
Cartwright'i    (T.)    French    1>\    the    Direct    Method, 
Part  III.,  45 

's  (A.  and  B.)  II  Youth  but  Knew,  174 
Castries's  (Comte    J |.   de)    lies   Sources    [n&Utes   do 
l'llistoirc  du  Maroc,  Vol.  I.,  169 


Catalogues :  Western  Manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian 
Library  at  Oxford,  Vol.  V.,  Vol.  VI.  Part  I.,  by 
Madan,  599  ;  Fifteenth-Century  Books  in  the  Library 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  &c.,  by  Abbott— English 
Books  in  Archbishop  Marsh's  Library,  Dublin,  by 
White,  665;  Coptic  Manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum,  by  Crum,  792 
Catholic  Directory,  The,  15 
Cattier's  (Prof.)  Etude  sur  la  Situation  de  l'Etat  Indu- 

pendant  du  Congo,  229 
Century  Bible,  The  :  Isaiah  i.-xxxix.,  ed.  Whitehouse, 

697 
Chamberlain,  Joseph :  an  Honest  Biography,  by  Mackin- 
tosh, 638 
Chambers's  (R.  W.)  The  Haunts  of  Men,  75 
Charlemagne,  Early  Lives  of,  ed.  Grant,  700 
Chesnutt's  (C.  W.)  The  Colonel's  Dream,  43 
Cheyne's  (T.  K.)  The  Book  of  Psalms,  103 
Chronicles  of  London,  cd.  Kingsford,  132 
Churchill,  Lord  Randolph,  by  W.  S.  Churchill,  7 
Churchill's  (W.)  For  Free  Trade,  420 
Clark's  (J.  B.)  Arithmetic  for  Schools  and  Colleges,  46 
Clarke,  Lieut. -General  the  Hon.  Sir  Andrew,  Life  of, 

ed.  Col.  Vetch,  197 
Clarke's  (G.  H.)  A  Grammar  of  the  German  Language, 

576 
Clarke's  (L.)  Murray  of  the  Scots  Greys,  662 
Cleeve's  (L.)  A  Double  Marriage,  G95 
Clergy  Directory  for  1906,  15 
Clergy  List  for  1906,  544 
Climenson's  (E.  J.)  Elizabeth  Montagu,  the  (jueen  of 

the  Blue-Stockings,  537,  580 
Clouston's  (J.  S.)  Count  Bunker,  758 
Cobb's  (T.)  Mrs.  Erricker's  Reputation,  226 
Cobb's  (W.  F.)  The  Book  of  Psalms,  102 
Cobden-Sanderson's  (T.  J.)  The  Arts  and  Crafts  Move- 
ment, 13G 
Coggin's  (F.  E.)  Man's  Estate,  102 
Collins's  (Tom)  School  and  Sport,  576 
Colquhoun's  (A.  R.)  The  Africander  Land,  163 
Colvin's  (Sir  A.)  The  Making  of  Modern  Egypt,  296 
Connolly's  (J.  B.)  The  Deep  Sea's  Toll,  449;  Out  of 

Gloucester,  511 
Constantinople,   painted  by   Gobel,   described  by  Van 

Millingen,  603 
Continental  Literature  :  Italian,  97,  127 
Conway's  (Sir  M.)  No  Man's  Land  :  a  History  of  Spits- 
bergen, 635 
Copinger's  (W.  A.)  The  History  of  Suffolk,  Vol.  V.,  478  ; 

The  Manors  of  Suffolk,  760 
Cornford's  (L.  C.)  Parson  Brand,  &c,  667 
Cornubian  Post  Cards,  705 
Cowper,  William,  The  Poems  of,  ed.  Bailey— The  Poetical 

Works  of,  ed.  Milford,  505 
Cox's  (J.  C.)  The  Royal  Forests  of  England,  15,  52 
Crabbe,  George:  Poems,  Vol.  I.,  ed.  Ward,  135;  Vol.11., 

ed.  Ward,  731 
Cranmer-Byng's  (L.)  An  English  Rose,  664 
Crawford's  (F.  M.)  Gleanings  from  Venetian  History,  223 
Creighton's  (Mrs.)  Counsels  for  the  Young,  71 
Creighton's  (M.)  Sermons  on  the  Claims  of  the  Common 

Life,  74 
Crespigny's  (Mrs.  P.  C.  de)  The  Grey  Domino,  695 
Crockett^  (S.  R.)  Kid  McGhie,  509 
Crockford's  Clerical  Directory  for  1906,  390 
Cromartie's  (Countess  of)  Sons  of  the  Milesians,  729 
Crooke's  (W.)  Things  Indian,  576 
Crosby's  (O.  T.)  Tibet  and  Turkistan,  419 
Cumming's  (Rev.  J.  E.)  The  Psalms,  Vol.  I.,  103 
Curme's  (G.  O.)  A  Grammar  of  the  German  Language, 

46 
Curzon,  Lord,  in  Tndia,  511 

Dalbiac's  (L.)  Dictionary  of  Quotations  (German),  6(11 
Daly,  General  Sir  Henry  Dermot,  Memoirs  of,  by  Major 

H.  Daly,  389 
Danhy's  (F.)  The  Sphinx's  Lawyer,  512 
Daniell's  (W.  V.)  Collecta  Napoleonica,  327 
D'Arcy's  (R.  F.)  A  New  Trigonometry  for  Beginners, 

46 
Darlington's  (H.  A.)  Last  Year's  Nent^,  12 
Daudct's  (E.)  La  Tcrreur  Blanche,  230 
Davey'e  (R  )  The  Pageant  of  London,  756 
I  laries's  (A.  E.)  Tramway  Trips  and  Rambles,  637 
Daviess  (X.  D.  G.)  The  Rock  Tombs  of  El   Amarus, 

Part  111.,  792 
Davics's  (W.  C.)  The  University  of  Wales  and  its  Con- 
stituent Colleges,   in 
Dawson's  (F.  W.)  The  Scar,  132 
Dearmer's  (M.)  Brownjohn's,  356 
Debrett's  House  of  Commons,  360  ',  Peerage,  Baronetage, 

ami  Knightage  for  1906,  L6 
Decle's  (L. )  The  New   Russia,  762 
De  Flagello  Myrteo     CCCLX,  Thoughts  and  Fancies 

on  Love.  r,'i  182 
Dekkcr'a  (T.)  The  Seven  Deadly  Sinnes  of  London,  321 
Demosthenes  against  Midiaa,  ed.  Qoodwin,  604 
Dent  k  Co.'s  (Messrs.)  Everyman's  Library,  863,  51  I 


IV 


THE     ATTTEN/EUM 


!    1  ITLEMENT  to  the  ATIIEW^UM  with  Wo.  4108,  July  «.  IX* 

January  to  Juhe   H,,ir» 


LITERATURE, 

Revlewi 

Diaz,  Porfirio,  by  Mrs.  Tweedie,  197 

Dickensian  for  1906,  L6 

Dickinson's  (G.  LJ  A  Modern  Symposium,  292 

Dickinson1!  ill    H.l  Things  Out  ure  Caaaar's,  728 

Dictionaries;    \    New   English,  ed.   Murray,    Bradley, 

inul   Oralgie,    363,    724;    Dictionary    of  Quotation! 

(German),  bj  Dalbiao,  60] 
Diehl'i  (A    If.]  I.  to    with  Variations,  396 

Richard  Vrateon,  The   Last   Poemi  of,  selected 

end  edited  by  Bridges,  L9S 
Dod'i  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage  for  L906,  16; 

Parliamentary  Companion  for  1906,  369 
Donnell's ( A.  H.)  Rebecca  Mars 
DonOTan'l  (Dick)  Thurtell's  Crime,  510 
Donhain'i  (A.)  Lea  Cent  Mcilleurs  Poemee  (Lynques) 

de  la  Langue  Franraise,  608 
Dougall'a  (L.)  The  Spani-h  Dowry,  60S 
Douglas's  (Lad v  A.)  The  Blue  Bird,  1% 
Douglas's  (T.)  A  Golden  Trust,  72 
I  >\wiey's  (E.)  Charles  Lever  :  his  Life  in   his   Letters, 

5  id 
Dry's  (W.)  Northamptonshire,  0;;7 
Dublin  Review,  The,  49 

Duerr's  (A.  E.)  The  Essentials  of  German  Grammar,  46 
Duff  (E.G.)  and  others'  Hand-Lists  of  English  Printers, 

1501-1566,  Tart  III.,  665 
Duffs  (E.  G.)  A  Century  of  the  English  Book  Trade,  665 
Duncan's  (J.   £.)    A   Summer   Ride    through    Western 

Tibet.  334 
Duncan's  (S.  J.)  Set  in  Authority,  791 
Dunning's  (W.    A.)  Political  Theories  from  Luther  to 

Montesquieu,  297 
E.  H.  S.'s  Henry  Sidgwick,  a  Memoir,  383 
Eager's  (M.)  Six  Years  at  the  Russian  Court,  448 
Easton's  (M.  G.)  The  House  by  the  Bridge,  446 
Edwards's  (A.  H.)  Kakemono  :  Japanese  Sketches,  513 
Eggar's  (A.)  The  Hfitanee,  295 

Egyptiens  et  Anglais,  by  Moustafa  Kamel  Pacha,  134 
Elliot's  (E.)  Barr  &  Son,  417 

Emerson's  Complete  Works,  Centenary  Edition,  472 
English  Catalogue  of  Books  for  1905,  204 
English  Men  of  Letters  :  Walter  Pater,  by  Benson,  659 
Englishwoman's  Year-Book  for  1906,  ed.  Janes,  105 
Erckmann-Chatriau's  Histoire  dun  Homme  du  Peuple, 

ed.  Chessex,  46 
Euripides  :  Essays  on  Four  Plays  of,  by  Verrall,  192 
Evans's  (H.  A.)  Highways  and  Byways  in  Oxford  and 

the  Cotswolds,  417 
Everett-Green's  (E.)  The  Magic  Island,  634 
Eyres  (A.)  The  Girl  in  Waiting,  324 
Fanshawe's  (R.)  Corydon,  663 
Farmer's    (J.    E.)    Versailles    and    the    Court    under 

Louis  XIV.,  225 
Farrer's  (R.  J.)  The  House  of  Shadows,  324 
Fergusson's  (R.  M.)  Logic  :  a  Parish  History,  357 
Fitchett's  (Rev.  W.  H.)  Wesley  and  his  Century,  793 
Fletcher's  (J.  S.)  The  Threshing  Floor,  356 
Floran's  (M.)  CrimineH  634 
Forbes's  (A.  R.)  Gaelic  Names  of  Beasts,  Birds,  Fishes, 

Insects,  and  Reptiles,  668 
Forbes's  (Lady  H.)  Lady  Marion  and  the  Plutocrat,  662 
Ford,  Richard,  The  Letters  of,  ed.  Prothero,  389 
Formont's  (M.)  Le  Baiser  Rouge,  195;  Le  Sacrifice,  728 
Forster's  (R.  H.)  The  Arrow  of  the  North,  132 
Fountain's  (P.)  The  Eleven  Eaglets  of  the  West,  419 
Fowler's  (E.  T.)  In  Subjection,  634 
France's  (A.)  Au  Petit  Bonheur,  297 
Francis's  (M.  E  )  Simple  Annals,  667 
Eraser's  (J.  F.)  Pictures  from  the  Balkans,  606 
Eraser's  (W.A)  Sa'  Zada  Tales,  135 
Frere's  (W.  II.)  The  Principles  of  Religious  Ceremonial, 

386 
Froude,  J.  A.,  Life  of,  by  Paul,  164,  200 
Gallon's  (Tom)  Jimmy  Quixote,  603 
(ialsworthy's  (J.)  The  Man  of  Property,  446 
Capon's  (Father  G)  The  Story  of  my  Life,  297 
Garrod's  (H.  W.)  The  Religion  of  All  Good  Men,  697 
Gateways,  to  History,  Books  I. — VI..  575 
Gaussen's  (A.  C.  C.)  A  Woman  of  Wit  and   Wisdom  :  a 

Memoir  of  Elizabeth  Carter,  442 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  The,  ed.  Bullen,  230 
Geoffrin.  Madame,  by  Aldis,  71 
Geography,  Modern,  by  the  Christian  Brothers,  45 
Gerard  a  |l>.)  The  House  of  Riddles,  229 
Gerard's  (M.)  The  Red  Seal,  357 

Girdlers,  London,  Worshipful  Company  of.  by  Smythc  70 
Glasgow's  (E.)  The  Wheel  of  Life,  416 
Glyn's  (E.)  Beyond  the  Rocks,  634 
Goethe,  The  Life  of,  by  Bielschowsky,  tr.  Cooper  Vol.  I 

321 
Goethe's  Iphigcneia  in  Tauris,  tr.  Dowden,  730 
Goodspeed's  (G.  S.)  A  History  of  the  Ancient  World    13 
Gordon's  (S.)  The  Ferry  of  Fate,  661 
Gorst's  (II.)  The  Fourth  Party,    IS 
Gorst's  (Mrs.  H.)  The  Light,  542 
Goutel's   (E.    II.    de)   Mrmoires  du   General   Marquis 

d'Hautpoul,  134 
Gower's  (E.  E  )  Tramway  Trips  and  Rambles,  637 
Grappe's  (G.)  Lea  Pierres  d'Oxford,  795 


unbridge  Stationers  end  Book- 
binden  ind  the  First  Cambridge  Print  John 

Biberoh ;  Bibliographiosl  Notes,  L886  I 
i  (M.)  The  Great  Refusal,  116 
Greek  Reader,  Vol.  II  .  ed.  Merchant,  'u<' 

ne,   Robert,  The  Flays  and   Put-ma  of,  ed.  Collins, 
171 
Greenidge's (A.  H  J.)   \  History  of  Rom.-,  Vol.   F,  111 
Grey'i  (H.  < '  Vf.)  St  <  Silee'i  of  U     1.  |    1  ,  177 
Griffiths's  (Majo    A)  A  Royal  Rascal,  72 
Qruyer'i  1  P.)  Napoli  on,  Roi  de  Pile  d'Elbe,  327 

Cuc-Yvillc's  (A.  li.  de)  New  Egypt   420 

( ruimet'a  (B.)  Conferences  feitea  au  If  usee  Guimet,  ; 
Guirsud'a  Etudes  Bconomlqnee  but  1' Antiquity,  II 
Gunns  (J.)  The  Infant  School,   ll 

(.union's  (.1.)  Dramatic  Lyrics,  664 

it's  (V.)  The  Comedy  of  Protection,   tr.    Hamilton, 

L34 
Haggard'i  (H.  R.)  The  Way  of  the  Spirit,  387 
Haile's  (M.)  Mary  ofHodena,  661 
Halls  (11.  P.)  A  People  at  School,  322 
Hall's  (11.  R.)  Coptic  and  Creek  Texts  of  the   Christian 

Period  from  Ostraka,  &c,  793 
Hall's  (II.  R.  W.)  Our  English  Towns  and  Villages,  576 
Hall's  (W.)  Tables  and  Constants  to  Four  Figures.  14 
Hardy's  (E.  C.)  Studies  in  Roman  History,  576 
Hare's  (A.  J.  C.)  Sicily,  13 
Harper'a  (C.)  The  Brighton  Road,  513 
Harper's  (S.  N.)  Russian  Reader,   adapted   for   English- 
speaking  Students,  574 
Harradena  (BJ  The  Scholar's  Daughter,  259 
Hart- Davis's  (Capt.  H.  V.)  Chats  on  Angling,  477 
Hastings,  Warren,  Letters  to  his  Wife,  transcribed  and 

annotated  by  Sydney  Grier,  385 
Hautpoul,  General  Marquis  d',  Memoires  du,  by  Hennet 

deCoutel,  134 
Hayes's  (Dr.  A.  J.)  The  Source  of  the  Blue  Nile,  229 
Hayward's  (C.  F.)  Our  Island's  Story.  47 
Healy's  (C.)  Mara,  445 

Healy's  (Rev.  P.  T.)  The  Valerian  Persecution,  759 
Hearn's   (L  )   The   Romance  of    the    Milky  Way,   &c, 

388 
Hearseys,  The  :  Five  Generations  of  an   Anglo-Indian 

Family,  ed.  Col.  Pearse,  74 
Hedley's  (G.  W.)  Elementary  Chemistry,  Part  I.,  47 
Heilbronn's  (E.)  Das  Tier  Jehovahs,  666 
Heine,  Heinrich,  The  Works  of,  Vol.  XII.,  tr.  Armour, 

197 
Henderson's  (B.  W.)  At  Intervals,  196 
Henderson's  (T.  F.)  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots:  a  Biography, 

319 
Henry's  (V.)  Precis  de  Grammaire  Palie,  167 
Herbert,  George,   The  English  Works  of,  arranged  and 

annotated  by  Palmer,  415 
Herbert's  (Capt.  von)  By-paths  in  the  Balkans,  448 
Herbert's  (C.  W.)  Poems  of  the  Seen  and  Unseen,  663 
Hermant's  (A.)  Les  Grands  Bourgeois,  260,  300 
Heroes  of  Asgard,  The,  ed.  Earle,  45 
Hertfordshire,  Old,  Memorials  of,  ed.  Standing,  477 
Higginson's  (Col.  T.  W.)  Part  of  a  Man's  Life,  134 
Hight'a  (G.  A.)  The  Unity  of  Will,  731 
Hill's  (H.)  The  Avengers,  695 
Hilliers's  (A.)  The  Mistakes  of  Miss  Manisty,  475 
Hindlip's  (Lord)  Sport  and  Travel.  635 
Hoffcling's   (Dr.    H.)  The  Problems  of  Philosophy,   tr. 

Fisher,  441 ;  The  Philosophy  of  Religion,  tr.  Meyer, 

569 
Hollams's  (Sir  J.)  The  Jottings  of  an  Old  Solicitor,  638 
Holland's  (R.  S.)  The  Count  at  Harvard,  542 
Holmes's  (W.  G.)  The  Age  of  Justinian  and  Theodora, 

Vol.  I.,  760,  798 
Holstein's  (A.  de)  Serf  Life  in  Russia,  448 
Holyoake's  (G.  J.)  The  History  of  Co-operation,  168 
Homer,  by  Mackail,  136;  The  Odyssey,  Bks.  IX.  XVI., 

by  Mackail,  664 
Hone's  The  Manor  and  Manorial  Records,  761 
Hoskins's  (F.  E.)  The  Jordan  Valley  and  Petra,  418 
Houdeau's  (P.)  L' Union  Britannique,  134 
House  of  Commons  in  1906,  228 
llousman's  (L.)  The  Cloak  of  Friendship,  74 
Hubback's  (J.   II.)  Jane  Austen's  Sailor  Brothers,  420, 

452 
Hubback's  (T.   R.)  Elephant  and  Scladang  Hunting  in 

Malaya,   176,  515,  517 
Hucffer's  (F.  M.)  The  Fifth  Queen,  417  ;  The  Heart  of 

the  Country,  794 
Hughes's  (J.)  Liverpool  Banks  and  Baukcrs,  1760-1S37, 

ll'.i 
Hughea-Gibb'a  (Mrs.)  Through  the  Rain,  132 
Hume's  (F.)  The  Mystery  of  the  Shadow,  417 
Hundred    Best    Latin     Poems     (Lyrical),    selected    by 

Mackail,  48 
Huneker's  (J.)  Visionaries  :  a  Book  of  Tales,  228 
Hunter's  (A.  A.)  The  Pedigree  of  Hunter  of  Abbotshill 

and  Barjarg,  169 
Hutchinson's  (IF  G.)  Amelia  and  the  Doctor,  6!»."> 
linden's  (Baroness  von)  What  became  of  Pam,  691 
Button's  (R.  IF)  Fricf  Literary  Criticisms,   ed.  Roscoe, 

1  in 

Mutton's   (\V.    11.)    Bur  ford  Papers:    being   Letters  of 

Samuel  Crispe  to  his  Sister,  1 1.". 
Inchbold's  (A.  ('.)  I'hnntasma,  768 
Irish   History:  Reader,  by  the  Christian   Brothers,    15; 

Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question,  by  Smith,  48 


Iri'h    I  Firi-t   Met  Cranunar     The  Grammar 

of  Spoken  Irish -Aids  to  the  Pronunciation  of  Irish, 

by  the  Christian  Brothers,  45 
lefsndiyir's  (Ibn)    History   of  Tabarutan,  ed.  Browne, 

790 

1      1      11 -relies  of  Sea  Power 
.1  mi'    -  (J  I  Stadias  La  fl>n lallsait.  tr.  Minturn, 

The  Lady  (fogs    Peeress,  106 
Jerotn        \  ■  ■■,.,11  oi   the  Chronicle  of  Eusebiua,   The 

Bodleian  Manuscript  of,  96 
Jevono'a  ill.  S.)  Essays  on  Economics,  (49 
Jewish  Encyclopaedia,  Vol.  XL,  666 

Jejree'l  (S.  IF     I  Lv    Karl  of  Rosebery.  87 
Johnson's  Live*  of  the  Poets,  ed.  Hill,  162 
Joliclerc'a  (E.)  Joujou  conjugal.  I 
Jones's  (1).  M.)  A  Maid  of  Normandy,  510 
Jones's  (W.  L.)  The  University  of  Wales   and   ita   Con- 
stituent Colleges,  40 
Jonaon,  Ben:  Underwoods.  321 ;  Songs  bv,  6"7 
Julian   the    Apostate,    by    Negri,    tr.    Duchess    Litta- 

Yi-ionti-Arese,  262 
Juvenal :  D.  Iunii  Iuvenalis  Saturae,  ed.  Houaman,  605 
Kajipa'B  Let  Youth  but  Know.  41 
Keatinge's  (IF  G.)  Sea  Danger,  and  other  Poems,  IM 
Kei-htley's  (8.  R.)  Barnaby'e  Bridal,  131 
Kelly's  Handbook  to  the   Titled,   Landed,  and   Official 

Classes  for  1906,  170 
Kelly's  (R.  T.)  Burma,  13 
Kenealy's  (A.)  An  American  Duchesa,  474 
Kennedy'a  (B.)  The  Green  Sphinx,  105 
Kenny's  (L.)  The  Red-Haired  Woman,  43 
Kent's    (C-  F.)    Israel's    Historical    and    Biographical 

Narratives,  102 
Killingworth'a  (W.)  Matsya  :  the  Romance  of  an  Indian 

Elephant,  230 
King's  English,  The,  667 
Knight's  (A.  E  )  The  Complete  Cricketer.  631 
Knowles's  (R.  E.)  St.  Cuthbart's  of  the  West,  12 
Knowling's  (R.  J.)  The  Testimony  of  St.  Paul  to  Christ, 

103 
Kramer's  (Miss  S.)  English  Craft  Gilds  and  the  Govern- 
ment, 448 
La  Bruyere's  Les  Caracttres,  ed.  Pellisaier,  45 
Lady  of  the  Decoration,  The,  510 
Lamington's  (Lord)  In  the  Days  of  the  Dandies,  511 
Lane's  (Mrs.  J.)  The  Champagne  Standard.  197 
Lang's    (A.)    New    Collected    Rhymes,    195,   232;    Sir 

Walter  Scott,  413 
Langbridge's  (R.)  The  Ambush  of  Young  Days,  259 
L'Armee  en  1906,  512 
Larned's  (J.    N.)    History    for   Ready   Reference   and 

Topical  Reading,  763 
Latham's  (E.)  French  Abbreviations,  763 
Latimer's  (E.  W.)  France  in  the  Nineteenth  Century, 

1830-90,  262 
Laut's  (A.  C  )  Vikings  of  the  Pacific,  635 
Le  Braz's  (A)  The  Land  of  Pardons,  tr.  Gostling,  636 
Lefranc's  (A.)  Les  Navigations  de  Pantagruel,  135 
Legge's  (A.  E.  J.)  The  Ford.  42 
Leigh,    Augustus   Austen,    Provost  of    King's    College, 

Cambridge,  ed.  W.  A.  Leigh,  757 
Leigh's  (Hon.  M.  C.)  Our  School  out  of  Doors,  575 
Leland,  John,  Itinerary  in  Wales  in  or  about  the  Years 

1536-1539,  ed.  Smith,  475 
Le  Queux's  (W.)  The  Mystery  of  a  Motor-Car,  634 
Lespinasse,  Julie  de,  par  le  Marquis  de  St'gur,  694 
Le  Strange's  (G)  The  Lands  of  the  Eastern  Caliphate, 

729 
Lever,  Charles  :  his  Life  in  his  Letters,  by  Downey,  540 
Libbey's  (W.)  The  Jordan  Valley  and  Petra,  418 
Liberal  Magazine  for  1905,  197 
Library,  The,  105,  513 
Lippincott's  New  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  ed.  A.  snd  L. 

Heilprin,  136 
Little's  (Mrs.  A.)  Round  about  my  Peking  Garden,  14; 

A  Millionaire's  Courtship,  509 
Lloyd's  (J.)  The  Great  Forest  of  Brecknock,  543 
Lodge's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage  for  1906, 

105 
Loggan's  (D.)  Cantabrigia  Illustrata.  ed.  Clark,  10 
London's  (Jack)  Tales  of  the  Fish  Patrol,  229 
Long's  (J.  L.)  The  Way  of  the  Gods,  791 
Lord's  ( W.)  The  Mirror  of  the  Century,  730 
Lorimer's  (A.)  The  Author's  Progress,  326 
Lounsbery's  (C  C.)  Love's  Testament,  664 
Low's  (S. )  A  Vision  of  India,  606 
Lubbock's  (B.)  Jack  Derringer,  887 
Lubbock's   (P.)    Elizabeth    Barrett    Browning    in    her 

Letters,  419 
Lubovius's  (L.)  A  Practical  German  Grammar,  Part  I. 

46 
Lyull's  (D.)  The  Sign  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  867 
Lyceum  Annual.  1906,  330 
Lydgate's  (J.)  The  Assemble  of  Goddes.  731 
Lyly,  John,  by  Wilson,  7"' 
Lynd'a  (R.)  The  Mantle  of  the  Emperor,  759 
Maartens's  (M.)  The  Healers.  323 
McCarthy's  (J.  IF)  The  Flower  of  France,  694 
Maeanlay's     Essay     on     Clive,    ed.    Buller— Essay    on 

Addison,  ed.  Winch,  US 
Met 'Fllands  (Rev.    R.)   The   Church    and   Paruh    of 

[nchinnan,  3."'7 
McCullagh's  (F.)  With  the  Cossacks,  296,  422 
Macdonald's  (R.)  The  Sea  Maid,  294 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHEN^UMCwith  No.  4108,  July  31, 1908]  <h.^.i*« 

January  to  June  1906  INDEX    OF    CONTENTS 


V 


McFadyen's  (J.  E.)  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament, 

102 
Macfall's  (H.)  Rouge,  542 
Macilwaine's  (H.)  Anthony  Britten,  728 
Mackail's  (J.  W.)  The  Progress  of  Poesy,  3G0 
Mackay's  (W.)  A  Mender  of  Nets,  475 
Mackenzie's  (R.  J.)  Almond  of  Loretto,  257 
Mackinnon's  (J.)   A   History  of  Modern  Liberty,  538, 
I   640 
Mackintosh's    (A.)    Joseph    Chamberlain:    an    Honest 

Biography,  638 
McLaren's  (J.)  A  Grammar  of  the  Kaffir  Language,  574 
Macmahon's  (E.)  An  Elderly  Person,  667 
MacMichaePs  (J.  H.)  Story  of  Charing  Cross  and  its 

Immediate  Neighbourhood,  133 
Macmillan's  New  Globe  Readers,  Book  IV.,  45 
Macmillan's  (G.  D.)  George   Buchanan  :   a  Biography, 

788 
McMurry's  (C.   A.)    Course  of  Study    in    the   Eight 

Grades,  575 
McTaggart's  (J.  M.  E.)  Some  Dogmas  of  Reliirion,  320 
Magnus's    (L.)    How     to     Read    English    Literature  : 

Chaucer  to  Milton,  573 
Mahan's  (Capt.  A.  T.)  The  War  of  1812,  290 
Maine's  (Sir  H.)  Ancient  Law,  ed.  Sir  F.  Pollock,  419 
Maitland's  (E.  F.)  Blanche  Esmead.  474 
Mann's  (M.  E.)  Rose  at  Honeypot,  166 
Marchmont's  (A.  W.)  By  Wit  of  Woman,  662 
Margueritte's  (P.)  Les  Pas  sur  le  Sable,  390 
Marie  Antoinette,  A  Friend  of  (Lady  Atkyns),  tr.  from 

the  French  of  Barbey,  507 
Marriott's  (C.)  The  Lapse  of  Vivien  Eady,  356 
Marsh's  (C.  F.)  Mr.  Baxter,  Sportsman,  474 
Marshall^  (A.)  Richard  Baldock,  634 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  a  Biography,  by  Henderson,  319 
Mary  of  Modena,  by  Haile,  661 
Mary's  (J.)  Le  Fils  d'un  Voleur,  166 
Masefield's  (J.  and  C.)  Lyrics  of  the  Restoration,  105 
Mater's  (A.)  L'Eglise  Catholique,  sa  Constitution,  son 

Administration,  638,  641 
Matthews's  (W.  H.)  A  Deathless  Story,  700 
Maugham's  (W.  S.)  The  Bishop's  Apron,  417 
Ma  Vie  Militaire,  1800-1810,  198 
Maxwell's  (Sir  H.)  The  Story  of  the  Tweed,  131 
Maxwell's  (W.)  From  the  Yalu  to  Port  Arthur,  359 
Maynard's  (G.)  An  Illustrated  Guide  to  Saffron  Walden, 

763 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Victory,  357 
Meakin's  (B.)  Life  in  Morocco,  14 
Medlycott's  (A.  E.)  India  and  the  Apostle  Thomas,  258 
Memorials  of  Old  Hertfordshire,  ed.  Standing,  477 
Merimee's   (P.)    The    Love-Letters   of   a    Genius,   tr. 

Watt,  326 
Methley's  (A.)  La  Belle  Dame,  166 
Methuen's  (Messrs.)  Standard  Library,  390 
Michelangelo  Buonarroti,  The  Sonnets  of,  tr.  Hall,  664 
Middlemass's  (J.)  A  Veneered  Scamp,  759 
Miles's  (E.)  Essays  in  the  Making,  639 
Miles's  (W.)  Field- Path  Rambles — Canterbury  and  Kent 

Coast — East  Surrey — Eastbourne,  637 
Miller's  (E.)  A  Vendetta  in  Vanity  Fair,  43 
Miltoun's  (F.)  Rambles  in  Brittany,  418 
Mitford's  (B.)  A  Secret  of  the  Lebombo,  12 
MoncriefTs  (A.  R.   H.)   The   Highlands  and  Islands  of 

Scotland,  570,  671,  702,  797 
Monroe's  (P.)  A  Text-Book  in  the  History  of  Education, 

43 
Montagu,  Elizabeth,  the  Queen  of  the  Blue-Stockings, 

by  Climenson,  537,  580 
Montefiore's  (D.  B.)  Serf  Life  in  Russia,  448 
Moore,  T.  Sturge,  Poems  by,  664 
Moore's  (F.)  The  Balkan  Trail,  762 
Morgan-de-Groot's  (J.)  The  Bar  Sinister,  728 
Morice's  (Rev.  A.  J.)  History  of  the  Northern  Interior 

of  British  Columbia,  420 
Morris's  (J.  E.)  Dorking  and  Leatherhead,  637 
Moule,  Mary  E.  E.,  Brief  Memorial  of,  by  the  Bishop  of 

Durham,  75 
Moulton's  (J.  H.)  A  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek, 

Vol.  I.,  726 
Mozley's  (F.  W.)  The  Psalter  of  the  Church,  102 
Muddock's  (J.  E.)  For  the  White  Cockade,  72 
Murray's  (C.  J.)  A  Grammar  of  the  German  Language, 

576 
Mjrick's  (H.)  Cache  la  Poudre,  132 

Napoleon,  Roi  de  l'lle  d'Elbe,  by  Gruyer.  327 

Naval  Annual  for  1906,  ed.  Leyland  and  Brassey,  668 

Naval  Pocket-Book,  The,  ed.  Clowes,  699 

Negri's  (O.)  Julian    the   Apostate,   tr.   Duchess    Litta- 

Visconti-Arcse,  262 
Nesbit's  (E.)  Oswald  Bastable,  and  Others,  169 
Nevinson's  (H.  W.)  The  Dawn  in  Russia,  730;  A  Modern 

Slavery,  762 
Newberry's  (P.  E.)  Scarabs,  293,  423 
New  Editions,  Reprints,  &c,  15,  16,  48,  49,  71,  7."),  105, 

136,263,  297.  327,  360,  390,  421,  450,  480,  514,  544, 

575,  570,  577,  007,  60s,  638,  689,  070,  763,  795 
Newspaper  Gazetteer  for  1900,  26  4 
Newspaper  Press  Directory,  1906,  355 
New  Zealand  Official  Year- Book  for  1905,  134 
Nodier's  (C.)  Jean  Sbogar,  ed.  Savory,  46 
Norgate's  (G.  Le  Gr.j  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  113 
Norregaard's  (B.  W.)  The  Great  Siege,  48 
Northamptonshire  Families,  ed.  Barron,  789 


Norwich,  Records  of  the  City  of,  Vol.  I.,  compiled  and 
ed.  Rev.  W.  Hudson,  571 

Notovitch's  (N.)  La  Russie  et  l'Alliance  Anglaise,  297 

Oman's  (C.)  Inaugural  Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History, 
322 

Onions's  (O.)  The  Drakestone,  259 

Orczy's  (Baroness)  A  Son  of  the  People,  227 

Osbourne's  (LI.)  Wild  Justice,  510 

Ottley's  (Major)  With  Mounted  Infantry  in  Tibet,  420 

Outram's  (J.)  In  the  Heart  of  the  Canadian  Rockies,  13 

Oxenham's  (J.)  Giant  Circumstance,  388 

Oxford  Year-Book  and  Directory  for  1906,  105 

Palmer's  (G.  H.)  The  English  Works  of  George 
Herbert,  415 

Parrish's  (R.)  A  Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier,  194 

Passmore's  (Rev.  T.  H.)  In  Further  Ardenne,  418 

Pater,  Walter,  by  Benson,  fi59 

Paternoster's  (G.  S.)  The  Cruise  of  the  Conquistador,  43 

Paul's  (H.)  Life  of  Froude,  164,  200 

Payoud's  (J.)  Le  Petit  de  1' Hospice,  195 

Pearce's  (J.  H.)  The  Dreamer's  Book,  296 

Peaker's  (F.)  British  Citizenship,  512 

Perplexed  Parson,  The,  by  Himself,  135 

Perrin's  (A.)  Red  Records,  666 

Perry's  (R.  B.)  The  Approach  to  Philosophy,  169 

Petronius  :  Cena  Trimalchionis,  ed.  Lowe— tr.  Ryan,  260 

Philips'  Comparative  Series  of  Large  School  Maps,  47 

Phillimore's  (Prof.)  Index  Verborum  Propertianus,  260 

Phillips's  (L.  M.)  In  the  Desert,  133 

Phillpotts's  (E.)  The  Portreeve,  194 

Pictorial  London,  731 

Pierce  the  Ploughmans  Crede,  ed.  Skeat,  573 

Pietist  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars  and  After,  by  Princess 
Reuss,  tr.  by  Barrett-Lennard  and  Hooper,  130 

Pitt,  William,  by  Whibley,  168 

Plato  :  The  Theatetus  and  Philebus,  by  Carlill,  605 

Plautus  :  The  Captivi,  ed.  Henson,  260 

Plays  and  Poems  of  Robert  Greene,  ed.  Collins,  471 

Poems  and  Extracts  chosen  by  William  Wordsworth, 
ed.  Littledale,  325 

Political  History  of  England  :  Vol.  III.  1216-1377.  165 

Political  Parables  by  The  Westminster  Gazette  Office 
Boy  (Francis  Brown),  75 

"  Pope  "  of  Holland  House,  ed.  Lady  Seymour,  600 

Pope's  (Prof.  J.  E.)  The  Clothing  Industry  of  New 
York,  327 

Praed's  (Mrs.  C.)  The  Lost  Earl  of  Elian,  728 

Pratt's  (E.)  British  Canals,  763 

Prior's  (M.)  Poems  on  Several  Occasions,  Text  edited  by 
Waller,  Vol.  I.,  325 

Pritchard's  (E.  M.)  Cardigan  Priory  in  the  Olden  Days, 
476 

Propertius  :  Index  Verborum,  by  Phillimore,  260 

Pryce's  (G.)  A  Son  of  Arvon,  510 

Pugh's  (E.)  The  Spoilers,  166 

Punch  Library  of  Humour,  ed.  Hammcrton,  670 

Q.'s  The  Mayor  of  Troy,  603 

Raine's  (A.)  Queen  of  the  Rushes,  758 

Rawnsley's  (Canon)  Months  at  the  Lakes,  637 

Rees's  (A.  W.)  Creatures  of  the  Night,  105 

Repplier's  (A.)  In  our  Convent  Days,  104 

Rflvel's(J.)  Terriens,  229 

Review  of  Historical  Publications  relating  to  Canada  for 
the  Year  1905,  ed.  Wrong  and  Langton,  448 

Reynolds's  (Mrs.  F.)  In  Silence,  259 

Richardson's  (H.)  An  Introduction  to  Practical  Geo- 
graphy, 47 

Rickert's  (E.)  Folly,  474 

Rickett's  (A.)  Personal  Forces  in  Modern  Literature,  757 

Ridgeway's  (W.)  The  Origin  and  Influence  of  the 
Thoroughbred  Horse,  255 

Rippmann's  (W.)  The  Sounds  of  Spoken  English,  573 

Rituale  Armenorum,  ed.  Conybeare,  tr.  Maclean,  730 

Roberts's  (C.  G.  D.)  Around  the  Camp  Fire,  667 

Roberts's  (M.)  The  Blue  Peter,  229 ;  The  Prey  of  the 
Strongest,  728 

Robertson's  (C.  G.)  The  Historical  and  Modern  Atlas 
of  the  British  Empire,  47 

Robertson's  (F.  W.)  Twelve  Sermons,  selected  by  Allen- 
son,  577 

Rocher's  (F.  de)  LesParticules,  603 

Rodocanachi's  (E.)  Le  Capitole  Romain,  Antique  et 
Moderne,  44 

Roosevelt's  (President)  Outdoor  Pastimes  of  an  American 
Hunter,  168 

Rose's  (J.  H.)  The  Development  of  the  European 
Nations,  1870-1900,  723 

Rosebery,  The  Earl  of,  by  Jeyes,  227 

Rosny's  (J.  II.)  Sous  le  Fardeau,  132 

Routledge's  (Messrs.)  Universal  Library,  170,  264,  121  ; 
The  Muses'  Library,  121 

Rowland's  (II.  C.)  In'the  Shadow,  758 

Russo-.lapanesc  War  :  The  Greal  Siege,  by  Norregaard, 
IS  ;  With  the  Cossacks,  by  Met  lullagh,  296,  122  ;  Port 
Arthur,  the  Siege  and  Capitulation,  by  Ashmead-Bart- 
lett — From  the  Yalu  to  Port  Arthur,  by  Maxwell,  359 

Rutherford's  (W.  G.)  A  Chapter  in  the  History  of 
Annotation,  570 

Ruthven's(H.  C.)  The  Uphill  Road,  769 

Sabatier's  (P.)  Disestablishment  in  France,  512 

Sabatini's  (II.)  Bardelya  the  Magnificent,  00:; 

St.  Barbo'B(R.)  A  Spanish  Web,  695 

Saintc-Bcuve's  (C.  A.)  Portraits  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, Part  I.  tr.  Wormeley,  Part  II.  tr.  Ives,  230 


Saintsbury's  (G.)  A  History  of  English  Prosody  from  the 
Twelfth  Century,  Vol.  I.,  629 

Salmon's  (A.   L.)   Literary  Rambles   in  the  West  of 
England,  418 

Saltus's  (E.)  Vanity  Square,  792 

Saxelby's  (F.  M.)  A  Course  of  Practical  Mathematics,  44 

Schillings's  (C.  G.)  With  Flashlight  and  Rifle,  tr.  White, 
476 

Science  Year-Book  for  1906,  16 

Schoolmasters'  Year-Book  and  Directory  for  1906,  49 

Schultz's  (H.)  Outlines  of  Christian  Apologetics  for  Use 
in  Lectures,  tr.  Nichols,  696 

Scots  Peerage,  The,  Vol.  III.,  ed.  Sir  J.  B.  Paul,  3o7 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  by  Lang-Life  of,  by  Norgate,  413 

Sedgwick's  (A.  D.)  The  Shadow  of  Life,  417 

Segur's  (Marquis  de)  Julie  de  Lespinasse,  694 

Select    Documents    of   the    French    Revolution:    The 
Constituent  Assembly,  ed.  Legg,  261 

Sergeant,  Adeline,  The  Life  of,  by  Stephens,  104 

Sergeant's  (A.)  The  Choice  of  Emelia,  166 

Sergeant's  (P.  W.)  I  he  Burlesque  Napoleon,  262 

Shadwell's  (A.)  Industrial  Efficiency,  660 

Shaw's  (Mrs.  M.)  Illustres  et  Inconnus,  327 

Sherwood's  (M.)  The  Coming  of  the  Tide,  72 

Short  Notices,  16,  49 

Shuckburgh's  (E.  S.)  Greece,  43 

Siberch,  John  :    Bibliograplrcal    Notes,   1886-1900,  by 
Bowes  and  Gray,  795 

Sicily,  by  Hare  and  Baddeley,  13 

Sidgwick,  Henry  :  a  Memoir,  by  A.  S.  and  E.  M.  S.,  383 

Siegfried's  (A.)  Le  Canada  :  Les  Deux  Races,  444 

Sigerson's  (D.)  The  Story  and  Song  of  Black  Roderick, 
577 

Silberrad's  (U.  L.)  Curayl,  388 

Simmons's  (A.  T.)  An  Introduction   to  Practical  Geo- 
graphy, 47 

Sims's  (G.  R.)  For  Life— and  After,  387 

Sinclair's  (U.)  The  Jungle,  446 

Smith,  Madeleine,  Trial  of,  ed.  A.  D.  Smith,  669 

Smith's  (G.)  Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question,  48 

Smith's  (I.  G.)  What  is  Truth]  104 

Smith's  (J.  T.)  A  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day,  ed.  Whitten,14 

Smythe's  (W.  D.)  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Worship- 
ful Company  of  Girdlers,  London,  70 

Snaith's  (J.  C.)  Henry  Northcote,  662 

Soden's  (Baron  H.  von)  The  History  of  Early  Christian 
Literature,  tr.  Wilkinson,  ed.  Morrison,  695 

Songs  by  Ben  Jonson :  a  Selection  from  the  Plays,  &c., 
607 

Spender's  (H.)  The  Arena,  572 

Spender's  (R.  E.)  Display,  12 

Speranski's   (N.)    Manuel  pour    PEtude  de  la   Languc 

Squire's '(C)  The  Mythology  of  the  British  Islands,  9 
Stacpoole's  (H.  De  Vere)  Fanny  Lambert,  259 
Statesman's  Year-Book  for  1906,  ed.  Keltie  and  Renwick, 

698 
Steel s  (F.  A.)  A  Book  of  Mortals,  263 
Stephens's  (W.)  The  Life  of  Adeline  Sergeant,  lot 
Stevens's  (G.  P.)  The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Salvation,  696 
Stevenson's  (Mrs.  M.  I.)  Letters  from  Samoa,  1891-1895, 

ed.  Miss  M.  C.  Balfour,  419 
Stevenson's  (P.  L.)  The  Black  Cuirassier,  662 
Stubbs's  (C.  W.)  The  Story  of  Cambridge,  544 
Stubbs's  (W.)  Lectures  on  Early  English   History,   ed. 

Hassall,  384 
Studies  in   American  Trade   Unionism,  ed.   Hollander 

and  Barnett,  479 
Sturne's  (F.  P.)  An  Hour  of  Reverie,  196 
Sudermann's  (H.)  The  Undying  Past,  tr.  Marshall,  729 
Suetonius:    C.    Suetoni   Tranquilli    de   Vita    Cwsarum 

Libri  VIII.,  ed.  Preud'homme,  261 
Surrey  and  Sussex  :  Camden's  Britannia,  669 
Suyematsu's  (Baron)  A  Fantasy  of  Far  Japan,  388 
Sylva's  (Carmen)   Suffering's  Journey  on  the  Earth,  tr. 

Nash,  263,  300 
Symons's  (A.)  Spiritual  Adventures,  161 
Sympson's  (E.  M.)  Lincoln,  636 
Synge's  (Mrs.  H.)  A  Supreme  Moment,  226 
Syrett's  (N.)  Women  and  Circumstance,  729 

Tacitus  :  Annals.  Books  I.  to  VI.,  tr.  Synionds,  605 

Tearle's  (C.)  Old  Mr.  Lovelace,  511 

Temple,    Archbishop,   Memoirs   of,  by   Seven    Friends 

cd.  Sandford,  351,  394 
Terrage's  (Baron  M.  de  V.  du)  Rois  sans  Couronne,  763 
Terry's  (C.  S.)  The  Scottish  Parliament,  191 
Thackeray,  W.  M.:  The  New  Sketch-Book,  compiled  by 

K.  S.  (jarnctt,  359 
Thayer's  (W.  R.)  A  Short  History  of  Venice,  223 
Theuriet's  (A.)  Mon  Oncle  Flo,  166 
Thomas's  (A.)  A  Pretender,  1:;,  81 
Thread  of  (J old.  The,  224 
Thurston's  (E.  T.)  Traffic,  294 
Thurston's  (K.  ('.)  The  Gambler,  259 
Tibullus:  Carmina.  ed.  Postgate,  260 
Tinayre's  (M.)  La  Rebelle,  324 

Tinseau's  (L.  de)  Les  Etourderies  de  la  Ohanoinesse,  132 
Tolstoy,  Counl  L.,  The  Works  of,  tr.  and  ed.  Wiener,  327 
Tout's  (T.  P.)  The  Political  History  of  England,  Vol,  MI. 

1216  1-77.  I''  ■ 
Trafford  Taunton's  (W  )  [gdrasil,  696 
Trowbridge's  (W.  I!.  II.)  A  Dazzling  Reprobate,     !i 
Tuck  &  Sons'  (Messrs.  K.)  Pictorial  Post  Cards,  ,'■<■> 
Tudor  Translations,  449 


[SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHBNAX'M  with  No.  4108,  July  21, 1908 


* 


T1IK     ATI!  KNTKUM 


January  to  June  1900 


LITERATURE. 

RCVieW«-i«Mfluric/. 

Turg.niilT,  Ivan, The  Novels  and  Stories  of,  tr.  Hapgood, 

7" 
Tutin's  (J.  R.)  The  Orinda  Booklets     Pembroke  Booklets, 

390 
Tweedie'i  (Mrs.  A.)  Porfirio  Diaz,  197 
Tynan's    (K.)    [nnocendea,    195j   The   Adventures    of 

Alicia,  T.'iS 

UnderhilPs  (E.)  The  Miracles  of  Our  Lady,  :;v.i 
Upper  Norwood  Athenaeum,  Record  lor  1905,  136 
Ursine,   Princess  des,  in  Spain,  The  Story  of  the,  ed. 

Hill,  359 
VacbeU's  (II.  A.)  The  Face  of  Clay,  .Ml 
Vambery's  (Prof.)  Western  Culture  in  Eastern  Lands,  358 
Van  Dyke's  (H)  Fisherman's  Luck,  730 
Van  Yorst's  (M.)  Miss  Desmond,  42;  The  Sin  of  George 

Warrener.  7'.'2 
Vermeerschs  (Dr.)  La  Question  Congolaise,  (>07 
Verrall's  (A.  W.)  Essays  on  Four  Plays  of  Euripides,  192 
Victoria  County  History:  Derby,  Vol.  L,  128 ;  Sussex, 

Vol.  T. — Durham,  Vol.  I.,  352;  Lancashire,  Vol.   I. 

— Worcestershire,  Vol.  II.,  539 
Yillari's  (L.)  Fire  and  Sword  in  the  Caucasus,  (11)9 
Virgil:    The   /Eneid,   tr.    Billson,  201;    J-'.neid  VII., 

VIII.,  and  IX.,  57(5 

Wallace's  (H.)  Hasty  Fruit,  759 

Walpole,  Horace,  The  Letters  of,  Vols.   XIII.-XYL, 

cd.  Mrs.  P.  Toynbee,  69 
Waltz's  (E.  C.)  The  Ancient  Landmark,  194 
War  in  South  Africa,  by  the  German  Great   General 

Staff,  tr.  Col.  H.  Du  Cane,  103 
Ward's  (Mrs.  H.)  Fenwick's  Career,  572,  667 
Ward's  (Mrs.  W.)  Out  of  Due  Time,  542 
Warden's  (F.)  Who  was  Ladv  Thurne?  73 
Warrego's  (P.)  A  P Autre  Lout  du  Monde,  229 
Watson's  (G.)  The  Voice  of  the  South.  133 
Watson's  (II.  B.  M.)  The  High  Toby,  294 
Watson's  (Dr.  J.)  The  Inspiration  of  our  Faith,  297 


Webling's  (P.)  Blue  Jay,  357 
Welsh's  (Rev.  R.  E.)  Man  to  Man,  74 
Wesley  and  his  Century,  by  Fitchett,  793 
Westeimarck's  (E.)  The  Origin  and  Development  of  the 

Moral  Ideas,  Vol.  I.,  692 
Whadcoat's  (G.  C.)  Rosamond's  Morality,  73 
Whaley  (Buck),  Memoirs,  ed.  Sullivan,  725 
Whates's  (H.  R.)  Canada  :  the  New  Nation,  699,  733 
Wheeler's  (Miss)  Chertsey  Abbey,  15 
Whibley's  (C  )  William  Pitt,  168 
Whisbaw's  (F.)  Moscow,  12 

Whisperings  from  the  Great,  compiled  by  Mcrcdyth,  544 
AVhiston's  Josephus,  ed.  Margoliouth,  606 
Whites  (P.)  Mr.  John  Strood,  541 
White's  (S.  E.)  Blazed  Trail  Stories,  G66 
Whitehouse's  (F.  C.)  Mark  Maturin,  Parson,  259 
Whiteing's  (R.)  Ring  in  the  New,  633 
Whithard's  (P.)  George's  Whims,  510 
Whitney's  (C)  Jungle  Trails  and  Jungle  People,  669 
Wilkinson's  (R.  J.)  Malay  Beliefs,  577 
Williams's  (B.)  The  7 ?me.s  History  of  the  War  in  South 

Africa,  Vol.  IV.,  761 
Williams's  (H.  N.)  Five  Fair  Sisters,  787 
Williams's  (L. )  Granada,  542 

Wilson's  (Rev.  C.  T.)  Peasant  Life  in  the  Holy  Land,  449 
Wilson's  ( Vlajor-Gen.  Sir  C.  W.)  Golgotha  and  the  Holy 

Sepulchre,  ed.  Col.  Sir  C.  M.  Watson,  790 
Wilson's  (F.  R.  L.)  Elementary  Chemistry,  Part  I.,  47 
Wilson's   (J.   C.)   On    the   Traversing    of   Geometrical 

Figures,  44 
Wilson's  (J.  D.)  John  Lyly,75 
Wilson's  (R.)  Lingua  Materna,  45 
Winbolt's  (S.  E.)  The  Latin  Hexameter,  57G 
Winter's  (J.  S.)  A  Simple  Gentleman,  509 
Wister's  (O.)  Lady  Baltimore,  003 
Witt's  (J.  G.)  Life  in  the  Law,  793 

Woman  of  Wit  and  Wisdom,  A  :  a  Memoir  of  Elizabeth 
Carter,  by  Gaussen,  442 

Woodroffe's  (D.)  The  Beauty  Shop,  227 
Wordsworth's  Literary  Criticism,  ed.  Smith,  326;  Guide 
to  the  Lakes,  ed.  De  Selincourt,  5  C! 

World  and  its  People,  The    17 

Wright's  (M.  T.)  The  Tower,  095 

Wright's  (T.)  The  Life  of  Sir  Richard  Burton,  420 

Writers'  and  Artists'  YearJJook  for  1906,  105 

Wyllarde's  (D.)  The  Pathway  of  the  Pioneer,  324 

Yachting  Monthly,  The,  544 

Yarcott's  (W.  G.)  Pinch,  Potty  &  Co.,  729 

V  car-Books  of  Edward  III  .  :  Years  XVIII.  and  XIX.. 
ed.  Pike,  73 

Yeats's  (W.  B.)  Stories  of  Red  Hanralian,  007 

Yorke  s  (C.)  Irresponsible  Kitty,  294 

Young  O'Briens,  The,  792 

Poetry. 

Butterfly,  The  :  Garden  Scandal,  by  .1.  Beerbohm   515 

My  Blackbird  and  1,  by  A.  P.  Graves,  764 

Two  Versions  from  the  Old  Irish,  by  A.  P.  Graves   137 


Original  Papers. 

'  Address  to  Lord  Deninan '  Pscudo-Tcnnvsonian,  199 

'  Age  of  Justinian  and  Theodora,'  The,  798 

"  American  Advertising,"  7"1 

Asloan  MS.,  The,  122,  482,  516,  671 

Assistant  Masters  in  Secondaiy  Schools,  5<J 

Arthurian  Notes,  579 

Blake,  William,  The  Family  of,  615 

"  Boast,"  The  Etvmologv  of,  18 

Book  Sales  of  1905,  10.  78 

Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  329 

British  Academy,  Proceedings  of  the,  L903  I,  392 

Buchanan's  ((ieor^e)  Schools,  7"7 

Cambridge,  Notes  from.  391 

Campion  and  Mr.  Paul,  18 

Chaucer:  Chaucer's  Ancestry,  233  ;  "  Prestes  Thre''  or 

"  Prest  Kstre,"  231,  265,  299,  329 
Classical  Association,  The,  4!) 
Cornwall's  (Barry)  Lines  to  Lamb,  171 
Creighton  Memorial,  706 
Dante  :  '  Divina  Commedia,'  The  1477  Venice  Edition, 

52,  79  :  John  Foxe  and  the  '  I  >e  Monarchia,'  450 
Dickens  :  'Curious  Dance  round  a  Curious  Tree,'  L08 
Dublin,  Notes  from,  545,  57!),  701 
Dublin  Degrees  for  Women,  579 
Early  English  Drama  Society,  The,  80 
Eclipse,  A  Life  of,  547 

Education  in  the  Channel  Islands,  137,  171 
Educational  Notes,  51 
"  Elstow,"  298 
English,  The  Study  of,  547 
Fletcher's  (Giles)  Version  of  Jeremiah,  701 
Foxe,  John,  and  the  Editio  Princeps  of  Dante's  'De 

Monarchia,'  450 
Froude's  '  Nemesis  of  Faith,'  109,  451 
Goethe  and  Heine,  265 
Gray,  Thomas,  in  Peterhouse,  76,  107 
Harte,  Bret,  and  San  Francisco,  071 
Hemans's  (Mrs.)  Birth,  The  Year  of,  18 
Henry  V.,  The  Birth- Year  of,  040,  733 
'Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scotland,  The,'  071.  '(02,  797 
'  History  of  Modern  Liberty,  A,'  040 
Horse-Racing  at  Carthage,  298 
Incorporated  Association  of  Head  Masters,  76 
Ireland,  Ancient  Coalfields  in,  232 
Irish  Memoirs,  Lost,  733 

Lamb,  Charles :  Reference   Explained,    199,   233,   207  ; 
Some  Unpublished  Letters  of,  545,  009,  040;  More 
Eliana,  798 
Library    and    Educational    Authorities,   Conference  at 

Birmingham,  578,  610 
Lytton's  'John  Acland,'  300,  451 
Marlowe,  Christopher,  Bibliography,  18 
'Melanges  Nicole,'  232 
Milton  :  "  That  Two-Handed  Engine  at  the  Door,'1  451, 

515,  547 
Murat  and  Napoleon.  New  Light  on,  732 
'  New  Collected  Rhymes,'  232 
Notaries  Public,  199 
'Open  Road,  The,'  671,  701,  732,  765 
'  Ormulum,'  where  was  it  written?  6< »!) 
Oxford,  Notes  from,  360,  790 
'  Piers  the  Plowman,'  The  Misplaced  Leaf  of,  481 
Press,  International  Congress  for  1906  abandoned,  481 
Publishers'  International  Congress  at  Milan,  765 
Publishing  Season,  199,  233,  205,  299,  329,  301,  393,  422, 

516 
Rome,  Fire  of,  and  the  Christians,  108 
•  Royal  Forests  of  England,  The,'  52 
Royal  Historical  Society,  171,  701 
Russia,  51 

Sales,  172,  234,  266,  423,  547,  609,  072,  673 
Santa  Petronilla,  Destruction  of  the  Villa  of,  301 
''Seladang,"  Hunting  the,  515,  547 
Shakspeare  :  error  in  '  Census  of  First  Folios,'  52 
State-aided  Emigration,  733 
Swinton  Charters,  The,  138 
'  Tree  of  Life,  The  ':  a  Correction,  233,  236 
Truman  Sale,  The,  234 
Two  National  Trusts,  071 
'  With  the  Cossacks,'  422 

Wolfram  von  Eschciibach's  '  Parzival,'  The  Author  of 
the  French  Original  of,  422,  00S 

Obituaries. 

Althof,  Prof.,  580.  Annand,  J.,  201.  Beerbohm,  J.,  510. 
Bendall,  Prof.  O,  331.  Benecke,  W.,  53.  Berrv,  Mrs. 
(Ada  S.  Ballin).  010.  Bever,  Prof.  K.,  303.  Bickell, 
Dr.  G..  110.  Bickersteth.  Dr.  E.  H.,  Old.  Bierfreund, 
Dr.  T.,  041.  Blackie,  Dr.  W.  G.,  702,  733.  Blois, 
Comte  de,  331.  Bonwick,  J.,  172.  Brightwen,  E, 
580.  Brissac,  11.,  641.  Brock,  Mrs.  C.,,  19.  Brody. 
S.,  81.  Bruun,  Dr.  C,  301.  Carjat,  E.,  363.  Car- 
rington,  Dean,  19.  Chenai,  S.  J.,  303.  Chesson.  Mrs. 
W.  II.,  4S3.  Child,  Rev.  T.,  395.  Christ,  W.  von, 
235.  Claudin,  A.,  267.  Cord'homme,  C-,  172.  Dalev, 
V.,  19.  Davitt.  M.,  672.  Dehors,  Madame,  267. 
Doniol,  H.,  799.  Drysdale,  W.,  109.  Dull,  Sir  M.  E. 
Grant,  78.  Dunbar,  P.  I,,  200.  Duncan,  W.,  Mi. 
F.dmond,  J.  P..  139,  170.  Edwards,  II.  S.,  110,115. 
Fenton,  (I.  I!.,  :>:;.  Galwey,  J.,  201.  Garnett,  Dr.  R., 
480,  517.  Geikie,  Rev.  Dr.  C,  12:",.  (iloag.  Rev.  P.  .1., 
53.    Gliimer,  C.  von,  673.    Gough,  H.,  639.    Graham, 


Rev.  H.  '.     580.    Greenidgc,  A.  II   J  .  328.    Gricsc- 

bach,    P.,    395.      Griming,    0     EL,    183.      Grose,    Rev. 
T.    II.,    199.     Haas,    H.,   19.      Harper.   Dr.  W.   R.,  52. 

Hart.   H.,  768.     llartmann,    F.  von.  731.     Heine.  Dr. 
O.,  731.     Henderson,   J..  207.     Heyd.  Prof.  W.,  SOL 
Heyne,  Prof.  M.,  SOL     Hodgetts,  Commander  .1.  P., 
510.     Holden,    E.    B.,    799.     Holyoake,    (J.   J..    106. 
Horn,  A.    E.,  207.     Joubert,  Carl,  235.     Katech,  A., 
172      Kerchove,    Count    O.    de,   363.     Kiclland,   A., 
452.     Lampertico,  F ..    183.     Lock.  G.  E..  Iv2.     Mac- 
artney, Sir  II..  734    Madura,  Dr.  E.  C,  580.    Mario, 
BignoraJ.W.,  300.     Markgraf,  Prof.  11.,  si.     Meakin, 
B.,  799.     Menger,   Prof.  A.,   172.     Mcrcicr,   P..   14". 
Meyrick,  F.,  is.     Michel,  S.,  396.     Niboyet.  P.,  707. 
Ornano,  C.  d',  041.     Perowne,  Rev.  E.  IF,  172.     Pol- 
storff,  W.,  581.    Poultney,  A.  H.t  109,  139.     Reynell, 
Rev.  W.,  32'J.     Scliurz,  C.,  611.     Smith,  Rev.   IF.  B0. 
Smith,  Rev.  Dr.  T.,  072.     Spriggs.  J.  F  .  734.     J  ris- 
tram,  Rev.  H.    B.,   330.     Trotter.  Coutts,    172.     Uhl, 
F.,  140.     Vannor,   G.,  072.     Vapereau,    L.  G.,   518. 
Vitelleschi,    Marchese,    424.     Walker,    D.    J.,    235. 
Ward,  H.  L.  D,  138.     Watt,  W.,   121. 
Gossip. 
Parliamentary  Papers,  19,  53,  81,  110,  201,  235.  207,301, 
331,  363,  395,  424,  4S:;,  518,  548,  581,611,  042.  673,  703, 
73">,  70S,  799.     Analysis  of  Books  published  in  1905,  53. 
The  Edinburgh  Bibliographical  Society     Number  of 
Students  matriculating  at  the  German  F'niversities,  81. 
Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  110,  235,395,518, 
012,    799.     Appointment   of  Dr.    H.  Jackson   to   the 
Greek  Professorship  at  Cambridge— Elections  to  the 
Academie  Franoaise,  139.     Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Scotland,  200.     Mr.    Yates   Thompson's   Lecture    on 
'  Illuminated  Manuscripts.'  234,  260.     Annual  Meeting 
of   the    Newsvendors'    Benevolent    Institution,    235. 
Correctors  of  the  Press  :    Dinner,  300.     The  British 
Museum    Catalogue,    303.      Annual    Report    of    the 
German  Booksellers'  Association,  011.    Academie  des 
Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres,  Award  of  Prizes,  041. 
Award  of  the  First  Prix  Gobert  to  General  Bonnal.  735. 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  London  Library.  707-  Academic 
Fran<5aise,  Award  of  Prizes,    707,   799.     Anniversary 
Festival  of  the  Printers'  Pension  Corporation,  799. 


SCIENCE. 

Reviews. 

Astronomische  Nachrichten,  84,  143,  204,  309,  399,  551, 

014,  803 
Astronomischer     Jahresbericht,     ed.    Prof.    Berbcrich, 

Vol.  VII.,  803 
Avebury's  (Lord)  Notes  on  the  Life  History  of  British 

Flowering  Plants,  110 
Berliner  Astronomisches  Jahrbuch,  ed.  Prof.  Bauschinger, 

803 
Bichel's  (C.  E.)  New  Methods  of  testing  Explosives,  tr. 

and  ed.  Larsen,  301 
Boraston's  (J.  M.)  Nature-Tones  and  Undertones.  611 
Bose's  (J.  C.)  Plant  Response  as  a  Means  of  Physiologica 

Investigation,  708 
Buckmaster's  (G.  A.)  The  Morphology  of  Normal  and 

Pathological  Blood,  703 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Annual  Report.  735 
Catalogues  :    Collection   of  Birds'  Eggs   in   the   British 
Museum,   Vol.  IV.,  by  Oates  and  Reid,   454;   Fossil 
Plants  of  the  Glossopteris  Flora  in  the  British  Museum, 
by  Arber,  582 
Clay  den's  (A.  \V.)  Cloud  Studies,  304 
Clerke's  (A.  M.)  Modern  Cosmogonies,  51S 
Confessions  of  an  English  Doctor,  453 
Crawley's  (E.)  The  Tree  of  Life,  233,  236 
Dudgeon's  (L.  S.)  The  Bacteriology  of  Peritonitis,  453 
Edinburgh  Stereoscopic  Atlas  of  Anatomy,  Section  III., 

ed.  Waterston,  703 
Fernie's    (VV.    F.)     Meals    Medicinal,    with    "Herbal 

Simples  '"  (of  Edible  Parts),  704 
Flammarion's  (C.)  Thunder  and  Lightning,  tr.  Mostvn, 

364 
Folk-lore,  582.  704 

Galton's  (F.)  Noteworthy  Families  (Modern  Science),  484 
Geikie's  (Sir  A.)  The  Founders  of  Geology,  518 
Greenwich  Observations  for  1903,  399 
Guppy's   (H.  B.)   Observations  of  a  Naturalist  in  the 

Pacific,  Vol.  II.,  581 
Hall's  (A.  D.)  The  Book  of  the  Rothamsted  Experi- 
ments, 364 
Halsham's  (J.)  Everyman's  Book  of  Garden  Flowers,  SOO 
Harris's  (J.  R.)  The  Cult  of  the  Heavenly  Twins,  483 
Harvard  College  Astronomical  Observatory,  Report,  175 
Harvard  College  Circular.  771 
Harvie  -  Brown's    (J.   A.)    Travels  of    a   Naturalist   in 

Northern  Europe.  235 
Harwood's  (W.  S.)  New  Creations  in   Flant  Life  :  Life 

and  Work  of  Luther  Burbank.  395 
Heath's  (T.  E.)  Our  Stellar  Universe,  800 
Hopkins's  (M.)  Experimental  Electrochemistry,  518 
Huggins's  (Sir  W.)  The  Royal  Society,  799 
Hutchinson's  (J.)  On  Leprosy  and  Fish-eating,  7||3 
II y slop's  (J.  II.)  Enigmas  of  Psvchical  Research,  SOO 
.lob's  (II.  K.)  Wild  Wing-.  Oil" 
Kelsall's  (J.  F.)  The  Birds  of  Hampshire  and  the  Isle  of 

Wight,  424,  455 
Ken's  (R.)  Nature  through  Microscope  and  Camera,  21 


SUPPLEMENT  to  Hie  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4103,  July  21,  1906] 

January  to  June  1906  INDEX 


OF    CONTENTS 


vn 


Knipe'a  (H.  R.)  Nebula  to  Man,  21 

Kodaikanal  and  Madras  Observatories,  Reports,  487 

L'Anthropologie,  82,  582 

Lick  Observatory,  Bulletin,  583 

Liverpool  Astronomical  Society,  Transactions,  426 

MacC'oll's  (H.)  Symbolic  Logic  and  its  Applications,  396 

Hanson's  (Sir  P.)  Lectures  on  Tropical  Diseases,  452 

Melbourne  Observatory,  Annual  Report  of  the  Board 

of  Visitors,  335 
Memorie  della  Society  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  55, 

240,  335,  487,  583 
Merzbacher's  (Dr.  G.)  The  Central  Tian-Shan  Mountains, 

1902-1903,  267 
MetchnikofFs  (E.)  Immunity  in  Infectious  Diseases,  tr. 

Binnie,  363 
Mitchell's   (Dr.  C.)   Illustrated  Official    Guide    to   the 

Zoological  Gardens,  5S1 
Moncrieff's  (A.  R.  Hope)  The  World  of  To-day,  Vols. 

III.,  IV.,  141 
Morat's  (J.  P.)  The  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System, 

tr.  and  ed.  Syers,  704 
Moye's  (Prof.)  A  la  Poursuite  d'une  Ombre,  268 
Munn's  (P.  W.)  The  Birds  of  Hampshire  and  the  Isle  of 

Wight,  424,  455 
Natal  Observatory,  Report  of  the  Government  Astro- 
nomer, 738 
Nautical  Almanac  for  1909,  204 
New  Editions,  518 
Oliver's  (Dr.)  Maladies  caused  by  the  Air  we  breathe 

inside  and  outside  the  Home,  301 
Ootheca  Wolleyana,  ed.  Newton,  Part  III.,  453 
Osier.  William,"  Counsels  and  Ideals  from  the  Writings  of, 

compiled  by  Carnac.  301 
Parker's  (K.  L.)  The  Euahlayi  Tribe,  735 
Pike's  (O.  G.)  Birdland  Pictures,  425 
Pratt's  (E.  A.)  The  Transition  in  Agriculture,  548 
Prince's  (M.)  The  Dissociation  of  a  Personality,  549 
Rawling's  (Capt.  C.  G.)  The  Great  Plateau,  19 
Reinach's  (S.)  Cultes,  Mythes,  et  Religions,  Tome  II., 

331 
Royal  Statistical  Society,  Journal,  704 
Sargent's  (P.  W.  G.)  The  Bacteriology  of  Peritonitis,  453 
Scherren's  (H.)  The  Zoological  Society  of  London,  140, 

174,  203 
Schuster's  (E.)  Noteworthy  Families  (Modern  Science), 

484 
Seaman's  (L.  L.)  The  Real  Triumph  of  Japan,  703 
Selous's  (E.)  The  Romance  of  Insect  Life,  20;    The 

Bird  Watcher  in  the  Shetlands.  611 
Shaw  (L.  H.  de  V.)  and  others*  Wildfowl,  395 
Spencer,  Herbert,  by  Thomson,  800 
Telegraphic  Determinations  of  Longitude  made  in  the 

Years  1888  to  1902,  399 
Thomson's  (A.)  Herbert  Spencer,  800 
Titchener's  (E.  B.)  Experimental  Psychology,  Vol.  II. 

Parts  I.  and  II.,  582 
Vassar  College  Observatory,  Publications,  426 

Original  Papers. 

Anthropological  Notes,  82,  302,  397.  582,  704 
Electrons,  The  Theory  of,  and  its  Difficulties,  769,  801 
Electrons,  The  Shape  of,  and  the  Maxwellian  Theory, 

865 
Exposition  de  la  Socitite  Franchise  de  Physique,  549 
Helium  and  the  Transmutation  of  Elements,  301 
Le  Bon's  (Dr.)  Theories  of  Matter,  202,  237,  269,  303, 

333,  366 

London,  A  Neglected  Map  of,  397 

'Magnetism,  An  Explanation  of,'  54 

Mature,  La  Fin  de  la,  201 

Medical  Societies  of  London,  Amalgamation  of  the,  770 

N  Rays,  The  Question  of  the,  111 

Research  Notes,  81, 173,  202,  268,  366,  485,  642,  736 

Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  673 

Royal  Society  Conversazione,  611 

Stereo-Isomerism,  519 

'  Zoological  Society  of  London,  The,'  174,  203 

Societies. 

Anthropological  Institute— Annual  Meeting,  142.    Also 

239,  334,  613,  675 
Aristotelian— Elections,  21,  54,  334, 613.     Also  204,  426 
Asiatic—  83,  2.38,  367 
Astronomical— Annual  Meeting,  238.    Also  111,  486. 

612,  737 
Bibliograph  ical—  83 
British  Academy— 582,  674 
British    A  rclvpological  A  ssoc  iat  ion  —  1 1 1 ,   270,  398, 

520,  643.  802 
British  Xumismatic— Elections,  143,  271,  398,  550,  675 
Challenger— 175,  660 
Entomological— Annual  Meeting,  111;  Elections,   239, 

368,398,464    Also  613.  770 
Faradag—Vi'i,  521,  643,  802 
Geological  -Elections,  54,  111,  304,  367.  425,  486,  643, 

802;  Annual  Meeting,  238.    Also  174,  683,  7" I 
Hellenic— 112.  270,  614,  704 
Historical     Elections,  112,   239,    368,   454,  643,    771  ; 

Annual  Meeting.  239 
Institution   of  Civil  Engineer* — Elections,   51,   171 

304,  426,  487;  Annual  Meeting,  521.    Also  1 42,  239, 

334,  398 

/.  in nean  -Elections,  112,  270,  304,  398,  4S6,  737.    Also 
54,  171 


Mathematical—  Elections,  83,  613.    Also  204,  334,  550, 

771 
Meteorological — Annual   Meeting,  83.     Also  239,  304, 

398,  486,  613,  771 
Microscopical — Annual  Meeting,   142.     Also  54,    304, 

426,  550,  674 
Numismatic— Elections,   111,  238,  368,  643;    Annual 

Meeting,  802.     Also  520 
Philological— -Dr.  J.   A.   H.  Murray  on  the  Society's 

'Oxford  Dictionary,' 333 ;  Dr.  H.  Bradley  on  the  M 

Words    in    the  'Oxford    Dictionary,'    486;    Annual 

Meeting,  583 ;  Elections,  737.     Also  83,  203 
Physical— Elections,  239.    Also  143,  334,  368,  426,  643, 

704,  771 

Royal  Institution— Elections,  174,  304,  426,  583,  737; 

Annual  Meeting,  550 
Societg  of  Antiquaries— Elections,  83,  304,  802 ;  Annual 

Meeting,  520.    Also  21,  142,  174,  203,  333,  368,  398, 

425,  674 
Society  of  Bihlical  Archeology— 334,  613,  771 
Society  of  Engineers—  Presentation  of  Premiums,  174. 

Also  304,  426,  583,  737 
Statistical— Annual  Meeting,  802.     Also  520,  613 
Zoologkal-142,  239,  304,  333,  426,  520,  613,  674,  737 

Obituaries. 

Beale.  Prof.  L.  S.,  399.  Boutmy,  E.,  143.  Cornish, 
C.  J.,  143, 173.  Cunnington,  W„  271.  Curie,  P.,  519. 
De  Ranee,  C.  E.,  614.  Goodchild,  J.  G.,  238.  Guillot, 
A.,  271.  Joly,  C.  J.,  53,  55.  Karlinski,  Dr.  F.  M., 
455.  Kleinwachter,  Dr.  L..  521.  Langlev,  Prof.  S.  P., 
271.  Lindhagen.  Prof.,  675.  Ljubimov,  N.,  369.  Obst, 
H.,  675.  Osten-Sacken,  Baron  K.  R.  von,  675.  Rene- 
vier,  Prof.  E.,  614.  Russell.  Prof.  I.  C,  705.  Shaler, 
Prof.  N.  L.,  705.  Sprengel,  Dr.  II.  J.,  84.  Waugh, 
Rev.  W.  R.  M.,  175.  Weldon,  Prof.  W.  F.  R.,  485. 
Yerkes,  C.  T.,  21. 

Gossip. 

Award  of  the  Medals  and  Funds  of  the  Geological 
Society,  55.     Parliamentary  Papers,  112,  550,  643, 675, 

705,  771.  Award  of  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  to  Prof.  W.  W.  Campbell,  175. 
Award  of  Prizes  by  the  French  Institute.  455.  Award 
of  Medals  and  Premiums  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  521.  Ascent  of  the  Takt-i-Suliman,  550. 
Mr.  E.  C.  Young's  Journey  through  Southern  China 
into  India,  583. 


FINE  ARTS. 

Reviews. 

Allemagne's  (H.  R.  d')  Les  Cartes  tijouer  du  Quatorzit'-me 

au  Vingtu-me  Siecle,  455 
Amelung's  (W.)  The   Museums  and    Ruins  of  Rome, 

English  Edition,  400 
Bayliss's  (Sir  Wyke)  Seven  Angels  of  the  Renascence,  487 
Bell's  (M.)  Old  Pewter,  803 
Bemrose's  (W.)  Longton  Hall  Porcelain,  456 
Berchem's  (M.  van)  Materiaux  pour  un  Corpus  Inscrip- 

tionum  Arabicarum,  771 
Binns's  (W.  M.)  The  First  Century  of  English  Porcelain, 

488 
Birch's  (Mrs.  L.)  Stanhope  A.  Forbes  and  Elizabeth 

Stanhope  Forbes,  707 
Bough,  Sam,  by  Gilpin,  272 
Brangwyn.  Frank,  The  Work  of,  175 
Brown's  (G.  B.)  The  Care  of  Ancient  Monuments,  336 
Bumpus's  (T.  F.)  The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales, 

Second   Series,    426;   Summer   Holidays  among   the 

Glories  of  Northern  France,  427 
Bunney's  (M.)  English    Domestic  Architecture  of  the 

Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Century,  707 
Burlington  Magazine,  114,  274,  402.  523,  678,  806 
Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  Hunterian  Collection, 

University  of  Glasgow,  Vol.  III.,  by  Macdonald,  708 
Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales,  Part  I.,  707 
Colvin's  (S.)  Early  Engraving  and  Engravers  in  Eng- 
land. 738 
Comite  de  Conservation  des  Monuments  de  l'Art  arabe, 

Fasc.  XIX.,  XX.,  XXI.,  771,  806 
Cram's  (R.  A.)  Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture  and 

the  Allied  Arts,  552 
Crane's  (W.)  Ideals  in  Art,  175 
Druitt's  (H.)  Costume  on  Brasses,  707 
Erskine's  (Mrs.  S.)   Beautiful  Women   in  History  and 

Art,  488 
Field's   (II.)   English    Domestic    Architecture    of    the 

Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Century,  707 
Field's  (W.  T.)  Rome,  399 
Forbes,  Stanhope  A.,  and  Elizabeth  Stanhope  Forbes, 

by  Mrs.  Birch,  7< »7 
Gilbert's  (G.)  Cathedral  Cities  of  England,  176 
Gilpin's  (S.)  Sam  Bough,  272 
Goessler's    (Dr.   P.)    Leukas-fthaka  :    die   Ileimath  des 

Odysseus,  2  to 
Graves's  (A.)  The   Roval  Academy  of  Arts,   Vols.  III. 

and  IV.,  205;  Vol.  V.,  706,  741 
Greece,  painted  by  Fulleylove,  described  by  M'Clymont, 

803 
Greenaway,  Kate,  by  Spielmann  and  Lnyard,  23 
Hirth's  Fonnenschatz,  336 
Holtzinger's  (II.)  The  Museums  and   Ruins  of  Rome, 

English  Edition,  400 


Home's  (G.)  Normandy  :  the  Scenery  and  Romance  of 

its  Ancient  Towns,  427 
Hulme  (E.  W.)  and  others'  Leather  for  Libraries,  241 
Hunt's  (W.  H.)  Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite 

Brotherhood,  22,  58 
India,  by  Menpes,  Text  by  Steel,  55 
Ingres,  Jean  Dominique :  Twenty-Four  Reproductions  in 

Photogravure,  Monograph  by  Alexander.  273 
Initia  Operum  Latinorum  quas  Saeculis  XIII.,  XIV., 

XV.  attribuuntur,  ed.  Little,  170 
Italian  Lakes,  The,  painted  by  Du  Cane,  described  by 

Bagot,  427 
Jungman's  (N.)  Normandy,  Text  by  Mitton,  426,  457 
Layard's  (G.  S.)  Kate  Greenaway,  23 
Leather  for  Bookbinding,  Report  of  the  Society  of  Arts 

Committee  on,  ed.  Viscount  Cobham  and  Sir  H.  T. 

Wood.  241 
McClellan's  (Mrs.)  Historic  Dress,  772 
Macdonald's  (G.)  Coin  Types,  70S 
Mach's  (E.  von)    A  Handbook  of   Greek   and   Roman 

Sculpture,  804 
Macquoid's  (P.)  A  History  of  English  Furniture :  the 

Age  of  Walnut,  271 
Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History  of  Great  Britain 

and  Ireland,  Plates  XXXI.-XL,  804 
Menpes's  India,  Text  by  Steel,  55 
Miltoun's  (F.)  The  Cathedrals  of  Southern  France,  427 
Moore's  (C.  H.)  Character  of  Renaissance  Architecture, 

706 
National  Gallery  :  The  Flemish  School,  707 
New  Editions,  457 

Noyes's  (E.)  The  Casentino  and  its  Story,  55 
Paston's  (G.)  Social  Caricature  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, 240 
Prior's  (E.  S.)  The  Cathedral  Builders  in  England,  143 
Puvis  de  Chavannes,  Caricatures  de,  Preface  de  M.  Adam, 

335 
Randall-Maclver's  (D.)  Medieval  Rhodesia,  551 
Recy's   (G.  de)  The  Decoration  of  Leather,  tr.  Nathan, 

241 
Robinson's  (F.  S.)  English  Furniture,  272 
Salter's  (E.  G.)  Franciscan  Legends  in  Italian  Art,  335 
Selected    Drawings  from    the   Old    Masters  at   Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  described  by  Colvin,  Part  IV.,  272 
Spielmann's  (M.  H.)  Kate  Greenaway.  23 
Spirit  of    the   Age  :    the   Work   of  Frank   Brangwyn, 

A.R.A..  Essay  by  Benedite,  175 
Wyllie'8  (W.  L.  and  M.  A.)  London  to  the  Nore,  335 
Year's  Art  for  1906,  210 

Original  Papers. 

Archaeological  Notes,  57,  208,  428,  676 

British  Museum,  Department  of  Coins  in  the,  25,  S5 

Cairo  Monuments,  S06 

Glass  Exhibition,  Proposed,  113 

National  Collections,  Our,  25 

National  Gallery,  The,  740 

Picture,  An  Unidentified,  114 

Quilter  Sale,  457 

Rokeby  Velasquez,  The.  112,  554,  585 

Rome  :  The  British  School  at,  113,  177,  401,490;  Notes 

from.  208,  616 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects,  145 
Sales,  114,  145, 177.  209,  210,  242,  274,  306.  337,  370,  402, 

429,  457,  491,  522,  554,  585,  617,  644,  677,  710,  740, 

773,  806 
Turners  at  the  "  Old  Masters,"  113 
William  the  Conqueror's  Thighbone,  457 

Exhibitions. 

Agnew's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  206,  213 

Alpine  Club,  554,  710.  773 

Baillie  Gallery.  490,  618,  740,  773 

Baird-Carter's  (Mr.  A.)  Gallery,  771 

Barbizon  School,  The,  127 

British  Museum,  Illuminated  Manuscripts  in  the,  616 

Brook  Street  Art  Gallery.  710 

Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club,  369 

Carfax's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  25.  85,  178,  274,  740 

Clifford's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  522 

Colnaghi's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  213.  5S5,  710 

Dickinson's  (Messrs.)  Gallery.  370,  101,618 

Dore  Gallerv,  306,  336,  370,' 400,  645,  740,  771 

Dowdeswell's  (Messrs.)  Galleries,  176,  210,  138 

Dudley  Gallery.  77  t 

Dutch  Gallery.  678 

Duveen's  (Messrs. )  Gallerv.  615 

Fine-Art  Society,  25.  86,  207.  210,  212,  306,  337,  430,  710 

Flemish  Pictures  at  the  Guildhall,  675 

French  Gallery,  685 

Georgian  England  at  Wbitechapcl,  488 

German  Artists,  Contemporary,  at  Knightsbridge,  709 

GrOUpil  Gallery,  1  l.\  176.  710  ' 

Grafton  Gallery,  1  It.  551,  61  I 

Graves  &   Co.'s  (Messrs.)  Galleries,   114,  212,  271.337, 

370,  130,522,  664,  618,710 
Gutekunst's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  l  15,  207.  306,  369 
Hodgkins's  (Mr.  V..  M.)  Gallery, 710 
John's  (Mr.)  Etchings,  ~\\'.\ 

Jordncn*.  Jacob,  at  the  Marlborough  Gallery,  710 
Knocdler  &  Co.'s  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  771 
Lefi'vre  Gallery,  664 
Leegatt  Brothers'  (Messrs.)  Gallerv.  710 
Leicester  Oalleries.  58,  112,  210,  212,  370,  554 
Leiguton  House,  58 


Vlll 


THE    A  Til  ENJEUM 


rSUPPLBMKNT  to  thr  ATQENjBUM  with  Ho.  4108,  July  i'\,  lftM 

JaHUABT  TO  Jim:    1906 


FINE  ARTS, 

Exhibition!    I  wShnMS*. 

Maod<  mINiMi.  W.  a .1  Gallery. 710 

M,  ,„|.    i'b(H  "■  ''" 

Modern  Gallery.  86,  306,  306,  710 

Munich  Exhibition  it  the  Qnfton  Gallery,  61  I 

EnjrlUh  Art  Club,  806 
\<  »  QaJlerj  •  [nteraatlonal  Society  of  Palntera  Sculptors, 

iimi  Gravera,  66,  11 1,  278;  Bummer  Exhibition,  62] 
Obaeh'i  (If eatre.)  Gallery,  243, 
Old  Masters  ut  Burlington  Bouasj,  24, 68,  84,  113 
painter- Etchers.  306 

Pateraon'a  (Mr.)  Gallery,  L78,  664,  648,  710 
Rembrandt  ( lallery,  7  H 
Rowley  Gallery,  ll  I,  248,  190 

Royal  Academy,  Bummer  Exhibition,  663,  684,  610,  Ml 
Royal  Soo'ety  of  British  Artiata,  370,  100 
Royal  Society  of  Painten  in  Water  Colours,  771 
Ryder  Gallery,  1 16,  177.  306,  370,  190,  711 
Shepherds  (Heaara.)  Gallery,  370.  I'M 
Sulley  &  <\>.'s  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  741,804 
Twelve  Club,  Pictures  by  the,   190 
Walker's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  774 

Obituaries. 
Aubert.  E.  .T.,  711.  Baceani,  Signor  A..  741.  Baur, 
Prof.  A..  618.  Bayliaa,  Sir  Wyke,  157.  Bibari,  A.,  -130. 
Boucher,  W.  H.,  306.  C'almels,  A.  C,  402.  Cannicci, 
N.,  140.  Carriere,  E.,  402.  Charlemont.  E.,  243. 
Desbrosses,  J.,  337.  Donnelly,  W.  A.,  25.  Dutest, 
F..  210.  Edmonston,  S,.  210.  Flamm.  Prof.  A.,  430. 
Fontaine,  A..  210.  Gerspach,  E.,  458.  Geruzez,  V. 
("Crafty").  710.  Grivolas.  P.,  178.  O rosjean,  J., 458. 
Helvig.J.,  274.  Hummel,  K.,  S00.  Lebourg,  C.  A.,  307- 
Martin-Cnllaud,  M.,  741.  Molinier.  E.,  585.  Moreau, 
A.,  274.  Peel,  J..  17S.  Rodde,  K.  G.,  403.  Ross,  Miss 
C.  P.,  145.  Roubaud,  A.,  491.  Riimann,  W.  von,  210. 
Soldi,  E.,  370.  Sturm,  Prof.  F.(  523.  Tayler,  E., 
210.  Weir,  H.  W.,  58.  Wood,  L.  L,  146.  Woods, 
T.  H.,  402. 

Gossip. 

French  Academie  des  Beaux-Arts :  Elections,  20.  Royal 
Academy  :  Elections,  57.  Royal  Society  of  Painter- 
Etchers  and  Engravers  :  Elections,  85.  Academie 
Royale  of  Belgium  :  Elections,  8G.  Annual  Banquet 
of  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy,  145.  Royal  Society 
of  British  Artists:  Elections,  337.  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum,  :  Acquisitions,  402.  Royal  Scottish 
Academy  :  Elections,  403.  Louvre  :  Acquisitions,  491, 
G45.  Parliamentary  Paper,  522.  Second  Report  of 
the  National  Art-Collections  Fund,  522.  Bibliotheque 
Nationale  :  Acquisitions.  554.  Appointment  of  Sir  C. 
Holroyd  as  Director  of  the  National  Gallery,  585. 
Winners  of  the  Medaille  (VHonneur  in  the  Salon, 
710.  

MUSIC. 
Reviews. 

Brahms  Bilderbuch,  ed.  V.  von  M.  zu  Aichholz,  115 

Catalo<me  of  Manuscript  Music  in  the  British  Museum, 
by  Hushes-Hughes,  Vol.  I.,  679 

Elson's  Music  Dictionary,  807 

Folk-Songs  from  Somerset,  gathered  by  Sharp  and 
Mason,  Second  Series,  711 

Foote's  (A.)  Modern  Harmony  in  its  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice, 807 

Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians,  ed.  Mait- 
land,  Vol.  II.,  458 

Musik,  Die,  491 

Oxford  History  of  Music,  The  :  Vol.  VI.  The  Romantic 
Period,  by  Dannreuther,  26 

Spalding's  (W.  R.)  Modern  Harmony  in  its  Theory  and 
Practice,  807 

Upton's  (G.  P.)  The  Standard  Operas,  711 

Wagner,  Richard,  to  Mathilde  Wesendonck,  tr.  Ellis,  711 
Original  Papers. 

London  Symphony  Orchestra  in  Paris,  58,  86,  211 

Mozart :  a  Correction,  211 

'  Peasant  Songs  of  Great  Russia,'  741 

'  Raffaello,'  a  New  Italian  Opera,  275 

Sales,  275,  586 

Schumann  Festival  at  Bonn,  645,  678 

Operas,  Concerts,  &C 
Aldwych  Theatre  :  '  Bluebell,'  86 
Bach  Festival,  430 
Bach  Memorial  Concert,  555 
Bauer's  (Mr.  H.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  711 
Booker  (Miss  B.)  and  Harford's  (Mr.  F.)  Concert,  403 
British-Canadian  Festival  Concert,  807 
Broad  wood  Concerts,  1  10,  210,  370 
Busoni's  (Signor)  Pianoforte  Recital,  774 
Carreno's  (Madame)  Pianoforte  Recital,  17^ 
Chabot's  (Miss  K.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  243 
Chartres's  (Miss  V.)  Violin  Recital,  646 
Clench  (Nora)  Quartet  Concerts,  307,  403 
Cracroft's  (Miss  M.)  Concert,  275 
Creatore  Band  Concerts,  307 
Crystal  Palace  :  Concert,  338 
Elman's  (M.)  Concert,  523 
Gerhardt's  (Miss  E.)  Recital,  7  12 
Gounod's  '  Redemption  '  at  the  Albert  Hall,  275 


(\l.  \.  da)  Pianoforte  Baeisal,  712 
•  -  1 1  )r   B.)  (  kmoi  it*.  646,  ' .7 '. » 
Guildhall  School  ol  atoxic    Concert,  211 
lh.hu  ■  (M,  it  1  Concert,  618 
II.  .u,  (Mlaa  M.)  Violin  u, 
Hambourg'a  (Mr.  B.)  RecitaJa,  648,  771 
Handel  Festival,  80/ 
Handel  Booiety'a  ( '■•m-i-r  t,  646 

His  Majeety'a  Theatre:  Mr.  Oolerldge-Taylor'a  Inci- 
dental Muaie  to  '  Nero,'  1 16 

Holland's  (Mr.  T.)  Concert,  248 

llon-zowski'ii  (M.)  ( ioncert,  646 

Joaobim  Concerts,  66 1,  619 

Joachim  Quartet  Concerts,  623.  666 

[Ainond'a  [Mr.  F.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  712 

Landi'a  (Mile.  ('.)  Vocal  Recital,  211 

Lierbainmer's  (Dr.  T.)  Song  Recital,  371 

London  Ballad  Concert,  371 

London  Choral  Society:  Sir  II.  Parry's  'Pied  Piper  of 
II  iiiii-liu. "  103 

London  Symphony  Concerts,  114,  146, 

London  Symphony  Orchestra  Concerts,  210,  274,  403,  742 

MacCarthy's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  178,  211 

Mclnnes's  (Mr.  J.  C.)  Bach  Concert,  275 

Malliuson's  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.)  Recitals,  646 

Marchesi's  (Madame  Blanche)  Concert,  586 

Mozart  Commemoration  by  the  Concert-Goers'  Club,  1  10 

Naval's  (Herr  P.)  Recitals,  586,  646 

Newman's  (Mr.)  Benefit  Concert,  243 

Oehler's  (Hcrr  K.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  307 

Oriana  Madrigal  Society  :  Concert,  742 

Pachmann's  (V.  de)  Chopin  Recitals,  712,  771 

Philharmonic  Concerts,  275,  458,  555,  711,  774 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden  :  'Tristan  und  Isolde,'  586, 
645,711;  First  'Ring'  Cycle,  586;  '  Der  Vagabund 
und  die  Prinzessin,'  '  Der  Barbier  von  Bagdad,' 
Second « Ring '  Cycle, '  Rigoletto,'  618 ;  '  Die  Walkiire,' 
645;  '  Madama  Butterfly,'  'Die  Meistersinger,'  678; 
'The  Flying  Dutchman,'  711;  'La  Tosca,'  '  Tann- 
hiluser,'  742;  '  Le  Jongleur  de  Notre-Dame,'  774; 
Messager's  'Les  Deux  Pigeons,'  '  Aida,'  807 

Sauer's  (Herr  E.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  370 

Scharrer's  (Miss  I.)  Orchestral  Concert,  146;  Pianoforte 
Recital,  243 

Scott's  (Mr.  C.)  Concert,  403 

Sunderland-Thistleton  Concerts,  115,  430 

Symphony  Concerts,  178,  243,  307,  337,  523 

Vienna  Male  Choral  Society:  Concerts,  646,  678 

Vienna  Philharmonic  Society,  807 

Warwick- Evans's  (Miss  V.)  Violin  Recital,  58 

Wessely  Quartet  Concert,  178 

Westminster  Orchestral  and  Choral  Society  :  Concert,  275 

Williams's  (Mr.  C.)  Orchestral  Concert,  337 

Obituaries. 

Avensky,  S.,  308.  Bacon,  Mrs.  E.,  115.  Blau,  E., 
59.  Bridge,  Lady,  86.  Duvernoy,  H.  L.  C,  147. 
Holmes,  H.,  27.  Hurlstone,  W.  Y.,  712.  Krauss,  G., 
59, 115.  Lemmens-Sherrington,  Madame,  619.  Met- 
ternich,  Princess,  491.  Milde,  Frau  R.  von,  179. 
Paine,  Prof.  J.  K.,  610.  Reimann,  H.,  679.  Stratton, 
S.  S.,  808. 

Gossip. 

Conference  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians,  86. 
Mark  Hambourg  Competition,  Award  of  the  Prizes, 
275.  Bizet's  'Don  Procopio'  at  Monte  Carlo,  371. 
Herr  Wolf-Ferrari's  '  Die  vier  Grobiane  '  at  Munich, 
431. 


DRAMA. 

Reviews. 

Carliell,  Lodowick  :  his  '  Deserving  Favourite,'  ed.  Gray, 

28 
Churchill's  (W.)  The  Title  Mart,  743 
Euripides,  The  Electra  of,  tr.  Murray,  775 
Fitch's  (C.)  The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes,  743 
Hazlitt's  (W.)  A  View  of  the  English  Stage,  ed.  Jackson, 

647,  680 
Mantzius's  (K.)  A  History  of  Theatrical  Art,  tr.  Caasel, 

Vol.  IV.,  338 
Martinenche's  (E.)  Moliere  et  le  Theatre  Espagnol,  338 
Moliore,    The    Life    of,    by    Trollope— Moliere  et    le 

Theatre  Espagnol,  by  Martinenche,  338 
Shakspeare  :  '  Twelfth  Night.'  ed.  Luce,  742  ;  '  Othello 

Unveiled,'  bv  Subbarau,  743 
Subbarau's  (R.'V.)  Othello  Unveiled,  743 
Trollopo's  (H.  M.)  The  Life  of  Moliere,  338 

Original  Papers. 

Hazlitt's  'View  of  the  English  Stage,'  680 

'  La  Revolte  '  and  '  The  Fool  of  the  World,'  459 

Shakspeare    Memorial    Performances    at    Stratford-on- 

Avon,  687 
Sonnet  d'Arvers,  Le,  88,  460 
Swinburne's  '  Atalanta  in  Calydon  '  at  the  Scala  Theatre, 

743 

Theatres. 

Ad  1 1  phi— '  Measure  for  Measure,'  372;  Mrs.  H.  de  la 
Pasture's  '  Tho  Lonely  Millionaires,'  646 ;  '  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew,'  680 

Camden— '  The  Prodigal  Son,'  212  ;    Everyman,'  372 


tm— Buiieeque  of  '  Nero.'  HI 

Oomedg    Beryl  and  Hamilton  -  Humour,' 

Capt.  Mandril's  'The  Alabaster  Btaircats,  276; 

Grundy's 'A  Pair  of  Spectacles,'  Drmkwater'a '  \fu-r- 

tbo  1  be    Drums    of    Oasts,1 

Barns  1  '  Pun.  I.  i/edv.   and  '  Josephine,' 

i  [ornm  1  and  Praaoray'i '  Baffles, '  618 

Chronei  '  IB  HI  J  lliaMI,*  tlTH !  '  Mrs.  Oorringe'*  Necklace,' 
712;  Madame  Jane  Hading  s  Performances,  7 )  1,  -    - 

t—  Murray's  '  Electra'  of  Euripides.  87,  840;  Har. 
court  h  '  A  <  nic --tion  of  Age,  l-'t  nti  -  '  Thai  Convict  on 
the  Hearth,1  180 1  ''I  he  Voyasy  Inheritance,'  212; 
Shaw's    'Captain  Bmssbottnd  -   I  ■: -ion,' 372,  492; 

' Hippolytoa,'  MM;  '  Prunella,  624 

Morton's  '  The  Little  Stranger.'  211;  Bern- 
"*     'The     Whirlwind,'     tr.     Melvill,     Courtney  "a 
Tndine,'  680;    Mrs.  Lyttdton's  'The  Macleans  of 
Bairru-Bs,  775 

Drury  Lane—Vim  Terry's  Jubilee,  743 

Duh  0/  Forlfl ■■-'  All-of-a-Sudden  Pegtrv,' 620;  Klein'a 
'The  Lion  and  the  Mouse.'  i',~'.>:  'The  Marriage  of 
Kitty,'  712,  744 ;  Barrie's  '  Pantaloon,'  7 1  U 

Oar, -Irk—1  The  Merchant  of  Venice,'  88,  491 ;  Trevor's 
•Brother  Officers.'  U6;  Dearden's  'The  Dean's 
Dilemma,'  148,  588;  8utro's  'The  Fascinating  Mr. 
Vanderveldt,'  555;  Francis's  'The  Third  Time  of 
Asking,'  712 

Great  Queen  Street— English  Drama  Society  :  'The 
Interlude  of  Youth,'  60.  German  Plays:  'Alt- 
Heidelberg,'  60;  Stephany's  'Alma  Mater,'  87; 
Stobitzer's  '  Liselott,'  116  :  Moser  and  Trotha's  '  Der 
Militarstaat,'  148;  Schiller's  'Maria  Stuart,'  340; 
Ibsen's  '  Rosmersholm,'  620 

Hallmark* t— 'The  Man  from  Blankley's,'404;  Francis'a 
'  Olf  and  the  Little  Maid,'  588 

His  Majesty's—'  Twelfth  Night."  60.  524.  550:  'Oliver 
Twist,'  'An  Enemy  of  the  People,'  88;  Phillips's 
'Nero,'  147;  'The  Tempest,'  First  Part  of  'King 
Henry  IV.,'  524;  'The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,' 
'Hamlet,'  'Julius  Caesar,'  5.56;  '  Capt.  Swift,'  648; 
Morton's  '  Colonel  Newcome,'  679 

Imperial— Lothar's  'The  Harlequin  King,' adapted  by 
Parker  and  Brinton,  59;  Sir  C.  Dovlc's  'Brigadier 
Gerard,' 308;  Dix  and  Sutherland's  '  Boy  O'Carroll,' 
646 

Lyric— H.  B.  Irving's  '  Mauricette,'  431  ;  Courtney'a 
'  Markheim,'  492 ;  '  Brigadier  Gerard,'  620 ;  '  Othello,' 

646,  744 

New—'  Dorothy  o'  the  Hall,'  492 

New  Royalty— French  Comedv  Season,  59,  87,115,  148, 
179.  211,  244.  308,  680,  712,  744,  776 

St.  James's — Thomas  and  Macarthur's  '  Beside  the 
Bonnie  Brier  Bush, '  27;  'As  You  Like  It, '  60,  88, 116 ; 
Pinero's  '  His  House  in  Order,'  179 

Savoy—' Lights  Out,'  88,  148:  Binvon's  'Paris  and 
02none.'  Benson's  'The  Friend  in  the  Garden,'  Shaw's 
'  How  He  Lied  to  Her  Husband.'  340  ;  Miss  Graves's 
'  The  Bond  of  Ninon,'  524 ;  Askew  and  Knoblauch's 
'The  Shulamite,' 620,  744;  'The  Conversion  of  Nat 
Sturge, '  648 

Scala— Wills's  'ARoval  Divorce,' 87;  Ibsen's  'Lady 
Inger  of  Ostrat,'  148  :  Stange's  'The  School  for  Hus- 
bands,' 340:  Jerome's  'Susan  in  Search  of  a  Husband,' 
372;  McCarthy's  'The  Flower  of  France,'  524.- In- 
corporated Stage  Society:  Gogol's  'The  Inspector- 
General  '  adapted  by  Sykes,  Pollock's  '  The  Inventiona 
of  Dr.  Metzler.'  776 

Shaftesbury  —  McLellan's  'The  Jury  of  Fate.'  27; 
Carleton's  '  A  Gilded  Fool,'  211 ;  Mrs.  Ryley's  '  An 
American  Citizen,'  276 

Terry's  —  Jones's  '  The  Heroic  Stubbs,'  147  ;  Miss 
Syrett's  'The  Younger  Generation,'  180;  Thomas's 
'A  Judge's  Memory,'  372;  'The  New  Clown,'  431; 
Gorky's  'The  Bezsemenovs,'  524;  Applin's  'The 
Knight  of  the  Bath,'  556:  'Castles  in  Spain.'  648 
Waldorf—  French  and  Stewert's  'Noah's  Ark,'  28; 
Bowkett's  'The  Superior  Miss  Pellender,'  Knoblauch's 
'  The  Partik'ler  Pet,'  115;  'She  Stoops  to  Conquer,' 
212,  244;  Colman's  'The  Heir-at-Law,'  371:  Capt. 
Marshall's  '  The  Second  in  Command,'  492 ;  Herne'a 
'  Shore  Acres,'  647 

Wyndham's—'  Capt.  Drew  on  Leave,'  28  ;  '  The  Can- 
didate,' 404  ;  Carton's  '  Dinner  for  Two,'  431 

Obituaries. 
Brandon,  Miss  O.,  5S8.     Hermann,  K.,  60.    Ibsen,  H., 

647.  Lejkin,  N.  A..  180.  Merivale,  H.  C,  88.  Miles, 
E.,  712.  Owen,  W.  F..64S.  Speidel,  L,  212.  Sta- 
venhagen,  F.,  620.    Stephenson,  B.  C,  116 

Gossip. 
Shakspeare  Commemoration  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  524, 
666.  Shirley  and  Vane's  '  The  Spider  and  the  Fly  ' 
at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Brighton,  624  Miss  Terry's 
Jubilee,  556.  Mr.  Cox's  'Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,' at 
the  King's  Theatre.  Hammersmith,  648.  '  The  Other 
Man's  Business  '  at  the  Fulham  Theatre,  680. 


MISCELLAXEA. 

"  Cain  "  as  a  Synonym  of  the  Moon,  776 

Chaucer  Bibliography,  432 

Statute  of  Kilkenny, 'Date  of  the,  744 


THE  ATHEN^IUM 

f  mtrrnd  nf  English  antt  Jfarrip  %iUmtmt,  Mtima,  tljt  JFiiu  ^rts,  Jttusk  ani  tlje  Drama, 


No.  4080. 


SATURDAY,    JANUARY    6,    1906. 


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Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  s   Member  of  this  Institution,  and 

enjoy  its  benefits  upon  payment  of  Five  shillings  annually,  or  Three 

Guineas  for  life,  provided  that   be  or  she  is  engaged  in   the  sale  of 

Newspapers,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 

of  consideration  in  the  event  of  I  heir  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PENSIONS      The    Annuitants    now    number    Thirty  six,    the   men 

receiving  26!.  and  the  Women  kM  per  annum  each,  and  they  include  i 

The  "Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,     which   was  established  in  1S87 

enlarged  in  i^:i7.  IBM,  and  1902,  perpetually  commemorates  the 

great  advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 

Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  Pensions  of  202.  a  year  each  for  Six 

\\  idows  of  Newsvendors. 

The  "  Francis  Fund  provides  pensions  foi  one  Man,  251.,  and  One 
Woman  201.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  6,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  rears 
Publisher  of  the  Atkenaum.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  " Taxes  on  Knowledge,'  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  " Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  etnplouin  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  I. em-fit-,  hut  thi-  privilege  not  li.i\ iiiu'  been 
exercised  until  1904,  the  General  Pensions  of  the  Institution  have  had 
i  he  toll  benefit  arising  from  the  interest  on  this  investment  from  1887 
i.,  1903 
The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund  provides  252.  per  annum  for 
■nan:  and  was  established  in  I'm::  in  perpetual  ami  grateful 
memory  of  Mr  Herbert  Lloyd,  who  was  a  generous  benefactor  of 
this  Institution  and  who  did  May  12,  1899. 

The  "Hospital  Pension-  consist  of  an  annual  contribution, 
whereby  sir  Henry  Charles  Burdett  and  his  co-directors  generously 
enable  the  Committee  to  grant  202.  for  one  Year  to  :i  Man,  under 
onditions  laid  dim  n  in  Rule  He. 

W.  w  ILK  IF.  Ji 'NKs.  Secretary. 

E     BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 

INSTJTTTI'iN 
Founded    L837. 

Patron    HF.R  m  \J  esty  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA, 

invested  i  anital,  30,0001. 

A       UN  IQTJ  E       I  N  V  EST  M  ENT 

Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  theii  Assistants, 

\  \oung  man  or  woman  of  twenty  Ave  'an  invest  the  sum  of  T\vent\ 

eaa  loi  it-  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  iidvantages  : 

FIRST.  Freed from  want  in  tii f  Advergftj  a-  long  as  need 

\i-t-, 

second.  Permanent  Relief  in  old  Age. 

THIRD    Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 

FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Countrj  I  Abbot*  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire! for  aged  Members,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and  medical 
attendant  e  ft  ion  to  an  annuity 

FIFTH     V  furnished  house  in  the  si i  Retreat  at   Abbots  Langley 

toi  the  u-i  -a  Members  and  their  families  foi  holidays  or  during 
-  onvalesceni  - 

SIXTH    A  contribution  towardi  I  iral  expenses  when  it  is  needed 

SEVENTH  \\\  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 
!-■,  theii  wive*  r>t  widows  and  young  children 

EIGHTH,  'lie  imymcnt  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
light  to  these  benefits  in  all  casei  oi  i 1 

i  ■  i    iniilir,    Informatl ppk  to   tie-   8»  retai  |     Ms     '•  GORGE 

LARNER,  28,  Pate »t<  i  Row    i:  I 


rPH 


UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


rPHE 

FACULTIES  OF  ARTS  (INCLUDING  LAW),  SCIENCE, 
AND  TECHNOLOGY. 
The    SECOND    TERM    BEGINS    on   WEDNESDAY.    January  10. 
New  Entries  will  he  taken  for  most  of  the  Classes, 

Prospectus  free  from  the  REGISTRAR.     Lyddon  Hall  is  licensed  for 
the  Residence  of  Students. 


B 


EDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

(UNIVERSITY      OF      LONDON), 

York  Place.  Baker  Street,  W. 

The  LENT  TERM    BEGINS  on  THURSDAY.  January  is. 

The  College  provides    instruction    for    Students    preparing  for  the 

University  of  London    Degrees    in    Arts.   Science,   and    Preliminary 

Medicine  ;  also  Instruction  in  Subjects  of  General  Education. 

There  is  a  Training  Department  for  Teachers,  a    Hygiene  Depart- 
ment, and  an  Art  School. 
Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

DEPARTMENT  FOR   PROFESSIONAL  TRAINING  IN 

TEACHING. 

(Recognized  by  the  Cambridge  Syndicate.) 

Students  are  admitted  to  the  Training  Course  in  OCTOBER  and 

JANUARY. 

The  Course  includes  full  preparation  for  the  Examinations  for  the 
Teaching  Diplomas  granted  by  the  Universities  of  London  and 
Cambridge. 

TWO  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  222.  Ids., 
and  ONE  SCHOLARSHIP  of  the  value  of  202.,  will  he  offered  for  the 
SESSION  beginning  OCTOBER,  1908.  Candidates  must  hold  a  Degree 
or  an  equivalent.  dPor  further  information  apply  to  the  HEAD  OF 
THE  DEPARTMENT. 


T)IRMIN<;HAM  and  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 

school  of  MUSIC. 

\ 'isitor  -Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR.  Mus.Doc.  LL.D. 

Principal  -GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 

Visiting  Examiner    FREDERICK  CORDER,  F.R.A.M. 

SESSION   1905-1906. 

The  Session  consists   of   Autumn   Term   (September    IS  to    Deem 

ber  16)  ;  Winter  Term  (January  13  to  April  7i  ;  Summer  Term  (April  H 

to  June  23). 

Instruction  in  all  Branches  of  Music;  Students' choir  and  Orches- 
tra ;  Chamber  Music  ;  Fortnightly  Rehearsals  :  t  loncerts  :  and  Opera. 
Prospectus  and  further  information  may  be  obtained  from 

ALFRED  HAYES,  Secretary. 


pRYSTAL    PALACE    COMPANY'S    SCHOOL 

\J  OF  PRACTICAL  ENGINEERING.  EASTER  TERM  COM- 
MENCES on  WEDNESD  \Y.  January  10,  1906.  New  Students  should 
attend  the  School  on  the  previous  day  for  Examination  between 
in  l.m.  and  1  p.m.     Principal    J.  W.  WILSON,  M.I.C.E.  MIME. 


rpHE  DOWNS  SCHOOL  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
i     Head.  Mistress    Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis 

tress  St.    Felix   School,    Southwold).       References:     The    Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  schools  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  Ini  ited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  k  Co.. 
who  for  more  than  thirtyyears  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,    free   of. charge,   is  given   by  Mr.   THRING,    Nephew    of   the 

late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London.  W. 


UN 


IVERSITY 


OF        LONDON. 


NOTICE  is  hereby  GIVEN  that  on  Wednesday.  March  28 
next,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  elect  EXAMINERS  in  the 
following  Departments  for  the  Year  1906-7: 

FOR  EXAMINATIONS  ABOVE  THE  MATRICULATION, 
The  Examiners  appointed  will  he  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the 
Examination  of  both  Internal  ami  External  students.  The  remunera 
Hon  of  each  Examine, -hip  consists  of  a  Retaining  Fee  for  the  year, 
and  a  pro  rata  payment  for  Papers  set.  Answers  marked,  and  Meetings 
attended.  Full  particular-  can  he  obtained  on  application  to  ih, 
Principal. 

THEOLOGY. 
Two  in  the  Hebrev  Text  of  the  Old  Testament  ami  the  Greek  Text 
.,t  i  he  New  Testament 

\RTS  AND  SCIENCE 

one  in  Mathematics  I        One  in  Experimental  Physics 

MEDICINE. 

i  in.    in  Medicine.  I  l  ine  in  PathologJ 

i  me  in  Surgerj , 

Economics. 
urn-  in  Public  Administration  and  Finance. 

Candidates    must    send    ill    their   names   to  Hie    Principal,    with   anj 

attestation  of  theii  qualifications  they  may  think  desirable   on  oi 

bcfori    TUESDAY,    - uarj    •-•::       It    Testimonials   are   submitted 

i  In  oe  epic- should  be  t. , i  w  :n . i.-,l     Original  Testimonials  should  nol 
In-   -cut       If  more  than  one    |-',\:iiouiei>hip  is  applied   for,  a   Beparati 

plete  application  must  be  forwarded  for  each      it  i-  particular!! 

desired  hj  the  Senate  that  no  application  oi  any  kind  be  made  to  its 
indii  idicd  Members 

Bj ler  "t  the  Senate, 

Mt'l'lll'l!  w.  RUclvER.  Principal 
I  or  ,i  -it  3  of  London.  Sout  I,  Kensington,  S.W., 
Decembct    1905 


T 


RANSVAAL 


TECHNICAL 

lull  INNESB1  1:0 


tNSTITUTE, 


Hi-  proposed  to  appoint  a  PROFE8SOH  ol  ENGLISH   LANG!    tid 

and  LITI  K  VI 

The  -lipeiiil  ot  the  PrufcSDol  "ill  hi   B00!    ,  "  i    ,1110,0, 

Pi.  fi  renci   will  he  given  1-  1  he  I  andid  iti   s  ho  >-  abli  to  ti  a,  h  elthi  1 
Ih-r-i-  o,  Mental  and  Mornl  Philosophy 

'lb,   «"il-  \t  Sessi,  11  MARI  II  1    1 

Applii  utions,  togel  hi  1   «  ,i  li   Ti  ■  1  imoni  d      ahnuld  hi    set 

than  JAM    \  i:\    1 1     1 to  Mi     \    1:1.'  'I. UK  I  NO,  a 

Siilisrnm  Housi ,  Fin-bo,  vCtrcu     E.t  nv  hom  forthi  ■ 

tni  1. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


c 


H  A  N  G  E 


OF 


A  D  D  R  E  S  S. 


Mr.  T.  FISHER  UNWIN  begs  to  announce  that  he  has  REMOVED 
his  Publishing  Offices  from  11,  Paternoster  Buildings,  to  i  A  DELPHI 
TERRACE,  STRAND.  W.e. 


U 


NIVERSITY 


OF 


O  X  F  0  R  U. 


LECTURER  IN  HINDUSTANI. 
The  Delegates  for  superintending  the  Instruction  of  Selei  ted  Candi- 
dates for  the  Civil  Service  of  India  will,  in  the  course  of   Hilary  Term. 
1906,  proceed  to  the  election  of  a  LECTURER  in  HINDUSTANI  in 
the  UNIVERSITY. 

The  Salary  attached  to  the  Lectureship  is  1601.  per  annum,  ami  the 
Lecturer   is  entitled    to  demand   certain  fees  from  the  persons  who 
attend  his  Lectures. 
The  Lecturer  is  elected  annually,  but  is  re-eligible. 
Applications,  together   with    Testimonials,    should    be   sent    to   the 
Secretary  to  the  Delegates,   F.  C.  MONTAGUE,  M    V     Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  and  should  reach  him  not  later  than  PEBRTJ  \  l:\    l-i 
It  is  desirable  that  applicants  for  the  Lectureship  should  state 
til  Whether  or  no  they  are  acquainted  with  both  tin-  Persian  and 

the  Nagari  characters. 
(2)  Whether  or  no  it  is  their  intention  to  reside  in  oxford. 


c 


0   U   N   T   Y 


0   F 


LONDON. 


The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  ol  SKCKETAKY  of  tin-  LONDON  CO!  VI' \  I  OTJNCIL 
SCHOOL  of  BUILDING,  FERNDALE  ROAD,  BRIXTON  S  w.  The 
person  appointed  will  be  required  to  be  present  each  day  r  wo-thirda  of 
the  hours  during  which  the  school  is  open,  and  on  Saturdays,  His  duties 
will  include  the  collection  of  Pees,  the  Issue  of  Tickets  to  the 
Students,  the  care  of  Registers,  preparation  "t"  claims  for  Govern 
incut  Grant,  and  the  conduct  of  Routine  Correspondence. 

Experience  <>t  the  Administration  oi  Technical  Schools  oi  similar 
Educational  Institutions  will  be  required. 

The  Salary  will  be  L502.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  <-t 
121,  10s.  ("  2002.  per  annum. 

The  nt-rsim  appointed  will  V  subject  to  the  usual  conditions 
attaching  t<>  the  service  of  the  Council,  particulars  pi  which  are 
contained  in  the  form  of  application,  and  he  will  be  required  to  take 
up  his  duties  immediately. 

Applications  must  lie  made  on  the  official  tonus,  to  be  obtained  from 
the  Clerk  of  the  London  Couuty  Council.  Education  Offices,  Victoria 
Embankment,  w.c,.  and  which  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
10  \.m.  on  WEDNESDAY,  January   it.  1906,  accompanied  bj  copies  of 

not  mole  than  three  recent  Testimonials. 

Canvassing,,  either  directly  ox  Indirectly,  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification  for  appointment. 

a   1,  GOMME,  Clerk  ot  the  London  Countj  Council 
The  County  Hall,  Spring  Gardens,  s.\\\, 
.human   i.  L906 

ENT      EDUCATION      COMM  ITTKK. 


K 


siTTIN(.i;ol  RNE  HIGHER   EDUCATION  si  B-COMMITTEE. 
COUNT!  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  SITTINGBOI  RNE 

WANTED,  in  JANUARY,  Two  assistant  MISTRESSES  at  the 
above-named  SCHOOL.  Applicants  should  be  qualified  to  teach 
English,  French,  Drawing,  and  Arithmetic.  Preference  will  be  given 
to  Candidates  who  are  registered  in  Column  1>  Initial  Salarj  90J.-110!. 
per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and  experience,  rising,  in 
.1-  cordance  with  the  Committee's  Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  W.  to 
I50f. 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mi  E.  BRIGDEN   Terrace 

Road,  Sittinehom  lie,   to  whom  they  lllil>t   I  n-  returned. 

Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
Bj  I  Irder  of  the  t  lommit  tee, 

li;  vs.  \v.  CROOK   Seen  tary. 
ii,  Bedford  Row ,  I  ondon,  W.C, 
December  23,  1806 


PUBLISHER       REQUIRES      AUTHORS      to 

1  PREPARE  bright  and  interesting  COMPILATIONS  foi  the 
YOUNG.  Replies,  giving  details  of  previous  Literarj  Work  to  H  s. 
Box  1071,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Breams  Buildings, Chancer}  Lane,  E.C 

/GENTLEMAN     representing    several    Srraa    of 

"  n  standing  amongst  besi  class  oi  Provincial  Fine-Art  Dealers 
and  with  knowledge  ot  besi  Provincial  Booksellers,  desiri  b  tu  REPRE 

SENT  BOOK  PUBLISHER  issuing   choice   l ks      Good    salesman, 

London  office,     Highest   references  as  to  ability  and  VRT, 

Box  1072,  Athcna-nin  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings   E.t 


WANTED,    by    YOUNG     LADY,    age    25, 
SECRETARIAL*    or     TRANSLATION     WORK       German 

abroadl,  French,  Shorthand,  Typewriting.    0  ■ 
C  /.   V.,  16,  Streathbourne  Road,  S  w 

SECRETARIAL    WORK    REQU1  RED,  by 

>   '    LADi      Shorthand  Typisl     G I  Linguist      >  ueral 

Education    Trained.  Highest  references,     address  H 
i  !    llbemarle  Street  W 

SECRETARY.       LADY,     well     educated     and 

!'      experienced,  seeks    MORNING    ENGAGEMENT 
Typewriting,    140  iO     Exccllenl  Iddress,  M    I  I    n 

church    Stieet        |      . 

\    X    active    Y  0  UNG      M  A  N    (23)    i  iquires 

.\      SITUATION  a»  PUBLISHER'8  oi    BOOKSELLER?     VSSIS 

T  Wl'     i  :,n  Buiiplj  p I  let.  ren  i'i,  -. 

:    Bi  e  no  -  Building 

TI!  \  \  SLA 'I'I  o\.  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing,   Encyclopsedii     Vrticlea,  and  othci  Literar;  H 
Non  Hcsidi  ni     Seen  taryship      I  lassii  s.    Krencl 
lo  Saxon     si„ ,  ial  stildi  i-ts      Mvtlu 
Varied  experience    Moderate  termi     MibsSELBI  W 

I    ITKKAIIN    RESEARCH  undertaken  a(   the 
li    British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moil 

Testimonials      \     I.     ■ 

i|i 


••> 


T  II  E     A  T  II  KX-Kl'M 


N    U)80,  .Ian.  6,  L906 


rpRAININCJ     for     PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 

I       WORK,  anil  INDKXINU      \,.,.|,|\i .      |-t  i  H  I  I:  i;K  I  |m,  i:     NX 
Oci  Tripta     •■-•«.  i lult  Street    it,, 11. 1  mi.-.-i   l. ,ii,;,, ii,  u 

A 


U  I  HORS'     MSB.,    M.     pel     1 .« m *•  •     words. 

UiiNM    PLAYS    BNVKLOPKS    .111.1  .ill    kind!   oarafullj 

TYPED  »l   homo   iKvminston      Uoul  \»\m     Ordem  I i-ilj  '«xe 

rutttl       M     I.     I..7.    \. 111, .11    KihiiI  ;  11, •»    knuwn  u   III    Kl.-.l.      K...I 
1  I  i|,li.ni,  .-  H 


A 


UTHORS'MSS.,  NOVELS, STORIES,  PLAYS, 


I  "\\s    T\|-K  W  KITTEN    »ul> 

1, .i.l-      It.  1.1. Ui  well  ki 

bant   Rox  borough  Koad,  Harrow 


.mi, 1,  1 
1.000  wonli      It, 1. 1.1,..- 1.,  well  known  Writon      M     vi  I   \  it'l  ',  Thirl 


rp\  PE  w  RITING,9rf.per  t.OOOworda     PLAYS, 

I      N'UVEU   i:--\\>\.  .with] iptitude and I  trbon 

-    1   >iH.<vlallty.     lilgheal    reference*.     M     KINO.  3*2   Koxborougta 
Road,  II 

rPVl'K  WKlTlNt;  ondertaken  by  highly  educated 

1        Women  [Obmloal  Tripo* ;    Cambridge  Higher  Local;    Modern 

buiguageai.      Research,    Kevlaion,    Tnuulation,    [Metal Koom 

THE  t'AMBRIIKJE  TYPE  WRITING    AGENCY.    1".    Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  \\  C 


TV  V  V.  -  W  K  I  T  1  NG.  Gentleman  strongly 
RECOMMENDS  LADY,  well  educated,  experienced,  f.'.r 
Intelligent  COPYING  ..t  Mss  or  Commercial  Papers  ad.  per  l.ooo. 
Special  ternu  for  regulai  irork.  Mi>-  HORNBUCKLE,  care  of 
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TV  PK-\VKITIN<}.— AUTHORS"  MANU- 
SORIPTS  of  ;ill  kin. I-  carefuUv  TYPED  at  usual  rates  by  a 
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and  Italian.  — A.  V.  Howman.  Hanover Lodge,  Kensington, Bath. 


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The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  fur 
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p     MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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Probate  or  Purchase,  investigations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  &c.    Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

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A 


THKN.EUM     PRESS.— JOHN     EDWARD 

FRANCIS.  Printer  of  the  Athenaum,  Notes  ami  Queries,  &c,  is 
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Lane.   E.<  . 


Catalogues. 


FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
including  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  Ainsworth;  Books  illus- 
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largest  and  choicest  Collection  offered  for  Sale  in  the  World.  CATA- 
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HH.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,  Leicester, 
.  issues  CAT ALOGtTES  of  MSS.  and  BARK  BOOKS  post  free 
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CATALOGUE  No.  44. -Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
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ALPINE    FLORA :  for  Tourists  and 

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APPLE,  THE  BOOK  OF  THE.     By 

H.  H.  THOMAS,  Assistant  Editor  of  the  Garden,  late 
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BAMBOO     GARDEN,     THE.       By 

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BEGONIA     CULTURE     FOR 

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N°  4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  6,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


|PAGE 

The  Life  of  Lord  Randolph  Churchill     ..        ..       7 

The  Mythology  of  Britain        9 

Loggan's  Views  of  Cambridge..  10 

A  German  History  of  Russian  Literature         . .      10 
New  Novels  (Display  ;  Moscow  ;  Paradise  ;  A  Set-ret 
of  the  Lebombo  ;    The  Fulfilment  ;    Last    Year's 

Nests  ;  St.  Cuthbert's  of  the  West) 12 

Books  of  Travei 12 

Our  Library  Table  (Byron's  Poetry  in  One  Volume  ; 
A  Book  for  a  Rainy  Day  ;  Round  about  my  Peking 
Garden ;  The  Royal  Forests  of  England ;  Cat 
Tales ;  A  Short  Day's  Work  ;  Chertsey  Abbey  ; 
Cotton's  Montaigne ;  Year- Books ;  The  Dickensian  14—16 

List  of  New  Books 16 

The  Book  Sales  of  1905 ;  The  Etymology  of 
"  Boast  "  ;  Christopher  Marlowe  Biblio- 
graphy ;  The  Year  of  Mrs.  Hemans's  Birth  ; 
Campion  and  Mr.  Paul  16—18 

Literary  Gossip         18 

Science— The  Great  Plateau;  The  Romance  of 
Insect  Life  ;  Nature  through  Microscope 
and  Camera  ;  Nebula  to  Man  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip      . .        . .         19—21 

Fine  Arts— Holman  Hunt  on  Pre-Raphaelitism  ; 
Kate  Greenaway  ;  The  Old  Masters  at  Bur- 
lington House  ;  Our  National  Collections  ; 
The  Department  of  Coins  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  Gossip 22—25 

Music  — The  Oxford  History  of  Music;  Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week  ..        ..         26—27 

Drama  —  Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier  Bush  ;   The 

Jury  of  Fate;  Lodowick  Carliell;  Gossip  27—28 

Index  to  Advertisers       28 


LITERATURE 


Lord  Randolph  Churchill.  By  Winston  S. 
Churchill,  M.P.  2  vols.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) 

This  long-expected  biography  more  than 
comes  up  to  our  anticipations.  Like  the 
'  Lord  Granville  '  of  Lord  Edmond  Fitz- 
maurice,  it  contains  some  startling  matter, 
which  may  be  mentioned  at  once,  in  order 
that  it  may  be  cleared  out  of  the  way.  An 
account  is  given — in  letters,  chiefly  from 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill  to  Lord  Salis- 
bury— of  a  resignation  of  office  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  August, 
1885,  which  raised  Constitutional  questions 
of  high  moment.  The  ground  of  the 
anger  of  Lord  Randolph,  as  stated  by  him, 
was  that  the  Prime  Minister  had  forwarded 
to  the  Viceroy  a  communication  from  the 
Queen  which  "  makes  a  proposal  to  which 
the  responsible  head  of  the  Department 
chiefly  concerned  entertains  the  strongest 
possible  objections." 

"  I  was  not  aware  that  it  was  possible.  .  .  . 
that  communications  should  pass  between 
the  Prime  Minister  and  the  Viceroy,  "at  the 
instance  of  H.M.  the  Queen,  without  the 
knowledge  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  on  a 
matter  on  which  the  latter  held  very  strong 
and  deliberate  opinions." 

It  was  incidentally  admitted  as  a  Con- 
stitutional principle  that  it  was  not  wise 
to  employ  a  son  of  a  King  of  England  in  a 
political  situation.  The  objection  to  the 
Bombay  Command  being  held  by  a  son 
of  Queen  Victoria  was  based  on  compul- 
sory membership  of  the  Bombay  Council, 
and  was  held  no  longer  to  exist  when  the 
Command   came,   by   later  legislation,   to 


be  separated  from  political  duties.  That 
the  line  is  a  thin  one  may  be  seen  from 
the  fact  that  political  duties  are  thrown 
upon  the  Commander-in-Chief  in  Ireland, 
and  that  the  Duke  of  Connaught  has  held, 
without  objection,  that  Command.  The 
question  is  one  which  will  arise  again  in 
connexion  with  Viceroyalties,  and  it 
would  be  interesting,  now  that  it  has 
emerged  from  secrecy,  to  have  it  more 
fully  argued. 

Except  for  some  imperfection  in  the 
account  given  of  the  relation  of  Lord 
Randolph  Churchill  to  the  growth  of 
Home  Rule  in  1885,  the  book  before  us 
is  a  piece  of  history  to  be  generally  trusted, 
even  though  it  comes  from  the  pen  of 
an  active  politician.  It  is  somewhat 
strange  to  find  a  member  of  the  present 
Government  writing  so  completely  from 
the  Irish  Unionist  point  of  view  as  does 
Mr.  Winston  Churchill.  Not  that  there 
is  a  single  sentence  which  is  unbecoming 
to  his  position  or  which  definitely  commits 
him  to  the  Unionist  side  :  it  is  the  tone 
that  we  have  in  view,  for  with  politics 
we  are  not  concerned.  Indeed,  the  only 
passage  in  the  volumes  which  is  distinctly 
awkward  for  the  present  Administration 
is  one  which  reprints  a  savage  attack 
upon  the  new  leader  of  the  Liberal  party 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  The  constant 
repetition  of  such  phrases  as  "  the  history 
of  the  famous  battle  for  the  Union  in 
1886  "  is  striking  ;  and  so  is  the  opinion 
of  the  author  as  to  his  father,  stated, 
among  other  passages,  in  the  following 
words  :  "  The  Union  was  a  cause  to 
which  he  was  pledged,  not  only  by 
memorable  votes  and  speeches,  but  by 
profound  and  unalterable  conviction." 
The  account  given  of  the  change  in  Lord 
Randolph's  Irish  views,  from  the  mild 
Home  Rule  of  his  early  days,  before 
Home  Rule  had  become  dangerous  or 
extreme,  to  the  ferocious  opposition  of 
1886  and  1893,  and  then  of  the  gradual 
return  to  opinions  similar  to  those  of  1877, 
seems  to  the  reader  at  variance  with  the 
boast  of  "  unalterable  conviction." 

The  Duke  of  Marlborough  when  Viceroy 
writes,  in  reply  to  a  violent  remonstrance 
from  Lord  Randolph's  friend  Sir  Michael 
Beach  in  regard  to  a  speech  on  the  Irish 
question,  that  his  son  "  must  either  be 
mad  or  have  been  singularly  affected 
with  local  champagne  or  claret ....  I  am 
extremely  annoyed  at  the  folly  of  his 
utterance."  Such  was  the  pressure  upon 
the  subject  of  the  biography  that  he  was 
forced  to  come  down  to  the  House  of 
Commons  and  make  a  speech  in  which  he 
ate  his  words. 

From  1880  to  the  end  of  1885  there 
was  consistency  in  Lord  Randolph's 
Irish  views,  but  this  would  hardly  be 
gathered  from  the  quotations  in  the 
book.  For  any  darkness  which  may  still 
hide  the  facts  Mr.  Churchill  cannot  be 
held  responsible.  He  repeatedly  states 
that  it  is  upon  Sir  Michael  Beach  thai 
he  has,  very  properly,  relied.  It  is, 
however,  obvious  to  those  who  read 
these  volumes  closely  in  connexion  with 
all   other   letters   and   statements   by    t In- 


leading  actors  which  have  hitherto  ap- 
peared, that  the  account  of  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill's  action  in  respect  of  Ireland  in 
1885  here  offered  is  both  incomplete  and 
misleading.  On  several  occasions  when 
reviewing  books,  such  as  Mr.  Barry 
O'Brien's  '  Life  of  Parnell,'  in  which 
the  attempt  has  been  made  to  tell  the 
story,  we  have  had  to  point  out  that  the 
time  has  not  yet  come  when  it  can  be 
disclosed.  The  subject  is  still  political, 
and  has  close  bearing  upon  current 
affairs.  Revelations  with  regard  to  it 
could  be  used,  and  would  be  certain  to 
be  used,  as  weapons  in  party  controversy. 
This  alone  among  the  various  episodes 
of  Lord  Randolph's  career  cannot  yet 
be  made  plain  to  the  public. 

Mr.  Churchill  gives  us  Sir  John  Gorst's 
interesting  letter  to  his  father  of  November, 
1880,  as  to  the  Irish  policy  suggested  by 
Beaconsfield,  who  appears  in  his  true 
light  as  the-  inspirer  and  adviser  of 
the  Fourth  Party.  The  view  which  was 
discussed  between  Lord  Beaconsfield  and 
Mr.  Gorst  at  Hughenden,  and  between 
the  Tory  leader  and  Sir  Henry  Wolff  at 
Curzon  Street,  was  accepted  and  followed 
by  Lord  Randolph  and  his  "  party." 
The  first  words  in  the  letter  are  : — 

"  We  ought  not  to  pledge  ourselves  to 
support  the  Government  in  any  coercive 
measures  for  Ireland.  ..  .B.  will  prevent 
Northcote,  if  he  can,  from  making  any 
more  pledges." 

The  time  had  not  then  come  for  the 
declaration  that  any  section 'of  the  Con- 
servative party  would  commit  itself  to 
out-and-out  opposition  to  coercion.  Even 
in  May,  1885,  when  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  first  declared  in  public  that  a 
new  Conservative  Government  would  not 
renew  the  Crimes  Act,  it  is  admitted 
that  the  decision  could  only  be  temporary 
and  conditional.  In  words  which  may 
be  those  of  Sir  Michael  Beach,  we  find  : — 

"  Was  a  Coercion  Bill  necessary  ?  Mr. 
Gibson ....  was  of  opinion  that  it  would 
not  be  necessary.  But  certainly  Mr.  Parnell 
could  make  it  necessary  !  " 

As  early  as  December,  1880,  Beacons- 
field had  decided  that  it  was  not 
possible  to  take  the  Conservative  party 
into  the  lobby  against  coercion  as 
things  then  stood  ;  and  in  the  first 
days  of  February,  1881,  Mr.  Balfour, 
who  had  given  occasional  support  to  the 
Fourth  Party,  spoke  and  voted  for  Mr. 
Forster's  measures,  while  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  spoke  and  voted  against  them. 
In  1883  Lord  Randolph  had  ceased  to 
fight  against  the  Conservatives  on  this 
subject  ;  but  he  seems  never  to  have 
changed  his  view,  to  which  in  later 
periods  of  his  life  he  constantly  recurs. 

As  regards  Home  Rule,  the  explanation 
of  many  apparent  differences  is  to  be 
found  in  the  fact  that  the  phrase  WBS 
used  among  politicians  before  July,  1885, 
in  a  wholly  different  sense  from  that  in 
which  it  has  been  used  since  the  early 
part  of  1886.  In  1SS3  Lord  Randolph 
spoke  strongly  against  "an  Irish  Parlia- 
ment," which  he  treated  as  equivalent 
to  'repeal  of  the   I'nion.*'       Rut    this   was 


tii  ]•:    at  ii  EN  .i:r  \i 


N    1080,  Jan.  6,  1006 


nut  m  those  days  the  signification  attached 
to  the  words  Borne  Rule,"  winch 
stood  for  milder  schemes.  With  this 
k,-v  it  i-  possible  to  onlook  the  secret* 
of  the  raily  summer  of  1885,  so  far  as 
they  are  here  revealed,  or  have  been 
previously    in    the    memorandum    <>f   Mr. 

(  'liamberiain  [dinted  by  Mr.  Hairy  O'Brien 

and  in  the  letters  to  be  found  in  Mr. 
Morley'a  'Gladstone1  and  Lord  E.  Pitz- 
maurice's  'Granville.'  Mr.  Winston 
Churchill,    basing    his    argument,    as    he 

tells  us.  on  the  absence  of  documents  in 
Ins  father's  papers,  and  on  the  recollec- 
tions Of  Sir  Michael  Beach,  suggests  that 
there  was  no  agreement  made  by  Lord 
Randolph  with  Parnell 
"sufficiently  definite  or  formal  to  be  called 
a  '  compact.' ....  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
certain  that  he  had  more  than  one  con- 
versation wit  1 1  the  Irish  leader;  that  he 
stated  t<>  him  his  opinion  of  what  a  Con- 
servative Government  would  do  should  it 
be  formed  ;  and  that  he  declared  that  he 
considered  himself  precluded  by  public 
utterances  from  joining  a  Government 
which  would  at  once  renew  the  Crimes  Act." 

Mr.  Churchill  then  goes  on  to  say  that 
no  bargain  could  have  been  made,  because 
it  was  not  certain  that  Lord  Randolph 
would  join  the  new  Government,  that 
the  Conservative  party  would  not  have 
ratified  such  a  bargain,  and  that  Lord 
Randolph  "  could  not  presume  to  speak 
in  their  name."  In  all  these  early 
passages,  and  indeed  in  the  whole  of  the 
first  accoun^  of  the  alleged  compact,  Mr. 
Churchill  assumes  that  the  promise  was 
only  upon  the  single  head,  "  The  Crimes 
Act,"  and  tells  us,  "  On  some  such  tacit 
understanding  as  this  Lord  Salisbury's 
first  Administration  came  into  power  and 
held  sway."  When,  however,  he  comes 
to  go  over  the  whole  ground  again,  in 
the  second  volume,  he  puts  in  a  second 
of  the  three  alleged  clauses  of  the  alleged 
compact — "  An  inquiry  into  the  Maam- 
trasna  case."  There  remains  a  complete 
difference  of  information  from  the  various 
sources  at  present  open  as  to  the  third 
alleged  suggestion — '*  A  Viceroy  favour- 
able to  Home  Rule,"  that  is,  to  Home 
Rule  in  the  milder  sense  attaching  to  the 
phrase  up  to  the  end  of  the  summer  of 
1885. 

Mr.  Churchill  suggests  that  Maamtrasna 
itself  came  in  naturally  at  a  later  moment 
than  that  of  the  conversations  between 
Parnell  and  his  father  : — 

"  The  new  ministers  had  scarcely  taken 
office  before  the  shadowy  relations  which 
existed  between  the  Conservative  Govern- 
ment and  the  Irish  party  issued  in  a  sub- 
stantial form." 

After  a  full  account  of  Lord  Spencer's 
attitude,  he  goes  on:  "Hatred  of  a 
Coercion  Viceroy  ....  magnified  this 
squalid  tragedy  into  a  political  issue  of 
importance/'  Mr.  Churchill  truly  states 
that  his  father 

"  bad  consistently  supported  the  Irish 
demand  for  an  inquiry.  He  was  to  defend 
in  office  a  smaller  concession  than  he  had 
urged  in  Opposition.  .  .  .He  had  had  no  con- 
fidence in  the  administration  of  Lord 
Spencer.  For  that  reason  lie  had  a  year 
before  voted  in  favour  of  an  inquiry." 


It  will  be  seen  that  Mr  Churchill 
COmeS    very    near    to    placing    the    Maam- 

trasna  inquiry  among  the  faota  which  led 
ParneU  to  give  hi*  rapport  t<>  the  forma- 
tion   of   a    Conservative    Administration. 

Our    author    then    goes    <>n    to    point     out 

that     "the    Maamtrasna    incident     was    a 

factor  in  great  events ....  Upon  Lord 
Spencer  its  influence  was  perhaps  de- 
oisive." 

The  denial  that  there  was  any  conces- 
sion made  to  I'arnell  upon  the  third 
subject,  namely,  that  of  "a  Viceroy 
favourable  to  Home  Rule,"'  is  in  sonic 
passages  Btrong  and  apparently  complete. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  find  in  at  least  one 
passage  a  singular  confirmation  of  the 
statement  which,  we  believe,  will — when 
the  papers  of  those  still  living  and  the 
principal  letters  upon  the  subject  come 
to  be  published — be  found  to  be  the  true 
one  : — 

'  The  appointment  of  Lord  Carnarvon  as 
Viceroy  had  been  a  part  of  the  general 
policy  of  concession  to  Irish  feeling  which 
the  new  Government  was  forced  to  adopt. 
His  opinions  were  known  to  be  sympathetic 
to  Irish  aspirations,  and  he  was  for  that 
reason  agreeable  to  the  Nationalist  party. 
.  .  .  .He.  .  .  .was  well  known  to  be  familiar 
with  the  machinery  of  subordinate  legis- 
latures and  Colonial  Parliaments." 

These  words  make  the  reader  feel  that 
it  was  not  strange  that  Parnell  should 
have  believed  that  the  promise  of  "a 
Viceroy  favourable  to  Home  Rule  "  was 
made.  It  will  probably  be  found  that 
even  Lord  Salisbury's  papers  contain 
some  trace  of  knowledge  of  a  suggestion 
which,  it  is  clear  from  these  volumes, 
was  not  made  known  to  Sir  Michael 
Beach.  Mr.  Churchill  reminds  us  by 
quotations  from  Lord  Carnarvon  that  in 
1888  he  revealed  "  the  fact  that  he  had 
acted  throughout  with  Lord  Salisbury's 
consent ....  Lord  Salisbury,  how- ever,  kept 
this  matter  entirely  to  himself."  Mr. 
Churchill  adds  that  his  father  was  in 
the  dark  about  the  interview  in  the  empty 
house.  The  statement  no  doubt  is  true, 
but  does  not  conflict  with  that  of  Parnell 
as  to  the  previous  promise  of  the  selection 
of  a  Viceroy  who  would  at  least  have 
dealings  with  him  upon  the  moderate 
Home  Rule  proposals. 

From  two  speeches  of  Mr.  Chamberlain 
it  is  known  that  his  scheme  of  1885  was 
"  a  very  large  one."  It  was,  however, 
a  very  small  one  when  compared  with 
Mr.  Gladstone's  Bills  of  1886  and  1893. 
The  phrase  "  Home  Rule,"  though  pro- 
bably not  used  of  it  by  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
was  commonly  used  to  describe  it  by  many 
who  were  less  careful.  The  denials  which 
are  made  in  these  volumes  on  the  autho- 
rity of  Sir  Michael  Beach  are  in  fact 
denials  of  that  which  has  never  been 
asserted  in  responsible  writings — that 
there  was  any  offer  or  suggestion  by  the 
Conservative  party  to  Parnell  in  1885 
of  the  consideration  of  that  which  in 
those  days  was  called  "  repeal  of  the 
Union,"  and  is  now  called  Home  Rule. 

The  judgment  on  the  facts  as  set  forth 
in  these  volumes,  even  though  they  may 
be  modified  in  the  distant  future  by  the 


publication  of  further  papers,   will  not    be 

unfavourable  to  Lord  Randolph.     But  the 

attempt     to    claim    for    him    on    tl 

question  <>f  Home  Rule  an  absolute  dis- 
id    of    the    party    interests    of 

moment   will  not    bear    investigation.     The 
higher    view    i-    negatived    by   BUOfa    I    I 

that   to  his  chief  lri-h   friend,  dated 
February,   1886,  wherein    he    states    that 

he    had    made    up    hi-    mind    "  that    if    I 
Gr.O  M     went   for  Home  Rule,  the  Oiange 
card  would  be  the  one  to  play.     Pie 

God  it  may  turn  out  the  ace  of  trump-." 

Another  matter  on  which  there  has 
been  controversy,  named  by  us  in  review- 
ing previous  books,  concerns  the  member- 
ship of  the  Fourth  Party.  But  here 
again  can  be  found  an  explanation  of 
the  difference  of  opinion  which 
arisen.  The  "  Party  "  led  by  Lord 
Randolph  Churchill  in  the  Parliament 
of  1880,  and  generally  composed,  as 
regards  followers,  of  Mr.  Gorst  and  Sir 
H.  1).  Wolff,  had  a  chequered  existence, 
in  the  course  of  which  differences  of 
opinion  frequently  arose.  It  has  already 
been  seen  that  Mr.  Balfour,  bo  far  as  he 
can  be  said  to  have  been  at  any  time  a 
member,  broke  off  from  his  supposed 
leader  at  a  very  early  date.  The  opposi- 
tion to  the  leadership  of  the  Commons 
by  Sir  Stafford  Xorthcote.  and  the  con- 
tempt shown  for  Mr.  Smith  and  Mr. 
Sclater-Booth,  were,  perhaps,  at  one  time 
common  to  the  four  members  named.  But 
Lord  Randolph,  with  his  two  more  firm 
supporters,  was  soon  brought  into  conflict, 
not  only  with  the  Conservative  leader  in 
the  Commons,  but  also  with  the  Con- 
servative leader  in  the  Lords.  After  the 
death  of  Lord  Beaconsfield.  in  whose 
time  Mr.  Balfour  had  been  free  to  support 
Lord  Randolph,  Lord  Salisbury  obtained 
the  allegiance  of  his  nephew.  In  many 
passages  which  relate  to  parliamentary 
sittings  in  1880,  based  as  they  are  largely 
upon  the  articles  of  Mr.  Harold  Gorst  in 
The  Nineteenth  Century,  Mr.  Balfour  is 
named  as  an  absolute  member  of  the 
"  Party."  At  the  same  time  Lord  Hart- 
ington's  attack  upon  them,  which  is 
quoted,  picks  out  the  three  and  omits 
the  fourth.  In  a  quotation  from  the 
language  of  the  Liberal  Whip  the  word 
"  four  "  has.  we  think,  been  inserted  in 
recent  times;  and  though  Mr.  Churchill 
names  "  the  four  allies."  and  describes 
one  meeting  of  "  the  Four,"  he  admits  of 
Mr.  Balfour  that  even  in  1880  "  no  one — 
certainly  not  his  comrades — regarded  him 
as  a  serious  politician.*"  We  have  shown 
how  at  the  beginning  of  the  Beeeion  of 
1SS1  Mr.  Balfour  broke  away  from  Lord 
Randolph,  and  he  repeated  his  expression 
of  censure  on  his  former  friend  on  several 
occasions  in  1882.  As  regards  1882,  Mr. 
Churchill  uses  the  words  "the  Fourth 
Party,  consisting  of  three  persons."  It 
is  clear  that  Mr.  Balfour  may  have  been 
looked  upon  as  a  member  of  the  loose 
"Party"  of  1880.  but  not,  except  as 
regards  the  Bradlaugh  case,  from  1881 
to  1885  inclusive. 

The  curious  story  of  Lord  Randolph's 
connexion   with   Egyptian   affairs    is   not 


N"  4080,  Jan. 


6,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


9 


fully  developed  in  these  volumes,  but  it 
is  rightly  stated  that  he  was-  perfectly 
honest  in  his  belief  that  Arabi  was  "  the 
head  of  a  real  nationalist  movement 
directed  against  one  of  the  vilest  and 
most  worthless  Governments  in  the  world." 
Lord  Randolph  went  so  far  as  to  hold 
the  Khedive  "  responsible  for  the  mas- 
sacre "  at  Alexandria  ;  and  Mr.  Churchill 
further  describes  his  father's  "  attacks 
upon  the  morality  and  humanity  of " 
this  rather  weak,  but  just  and  truthful 
Khedive.  In  1886  there  is  a  long  account 
by  Lord  Randolph  of  a  visit  paid  to  him 
in  Paris  by  Count  d'Aunay,  an  old  friend 
from  the  Embassy  in  London,  afterwards 
French  agent  in  Egypt,  and  now  a  well- 
known  Senator.  By  this  time  Lord 
Randolph  had  adopted  the  usual  official 
views  on  Egypt ;  and  it  is  an  odd  example 
of  the  manner  in  which  he  used  to  divest 
himself  of  his  own  past  that,  when  he 
came  to  pay  a  visit  as  a  tourist  to  Egypt, 
he  was  astonished  to  find  a  difficulty 
made  about  the  reception  which  he 
desired  from  the  Khedive. 

Some  of  the  best  things  in  the  book  are 
to  be  found  in  Lord  Randolph's  letters, 
though  the  language,  "  half  chaff,  half 
earnest,"  is  in  some  of  the  amusing 
passages  so  strong  as  to  make  short 
quotations  odious.  It  is  not  always  easy 
to  separate  the  "  earnest  "  from  the  chaff. 
There  is  a  letter  from  the  Nile,  to  Lord 
James,  in  which  the  politicians  far  off  in 
London  become  mere  "  performing  fleas. 
I  was  once  a  flea  like  you."  In  this 
letter  there  are  some  admirable  though 
exaggerated  descriptions  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  certain  statesmen.  But  it  is 
difficult  to  detect  the  point  at  which  the 
irony  of  "  the  eloquence  of  Smith  "  passes 
to  the  accuracy  of  "  the  adroitness  of 
Joe."  Yet  three  descriptions  lie  between, 
of  which  it  is  not  easy  to  say  exactly  how 
much  is  intended  to  be  accurate  and  how 
much  ironic. 

There  are  few  errors  discoverable  by 
us  in  the  book.  Sir  Henry  Wolff's 
"  special  mission "  of  1885  was  hardly 
"  to  Turkey  and  Egypt."  He  was  first 
dispatched  to  Turkey  on  his  way  to  take 
up  his  duties  as  European  Commissioner 
for  Reforms,  in  the  post  at  another  time 
held  by  Lord  Edmond  Fitzmaurice.  But 
it  is,  of  course,  the  case  that  much  later 
he  received  a  wider  mission,  which  took 
him  to  Constantinople  in  respect  of 
Egyptian  affairs.  The  proof-reading  has 
been  excellently  performed,  and  we  have 
noticed  no  slip  except  that  of  the  first 
letter  in  the  name  of  the  well-known 
principal  private  secretary  of  Prince 
Bismarck. 

Mr.  Winston  Churchill  was  welcomed  by 
us  as  a  writer  on  the  publication  of  '  The  . 
Story  of  the  Malakand  Field  Force.' 
Immersion  in  politics  and  constant  speak- 
ing have  not  spoilt  the  capacity  for  style 
which  he  then,  at  an  early  age,  displayed. 
In  the  work  before  us  there  are  many  fine 
passages,  and  we  find  it  almost  as  a  whole 
both  vivid  and  dignified  in  narration,  and 
here  and  there  even  noble.  Occasionally 
the  style  drops  down  to  slipslop,  but  is 
never  for  one  moment  wanting  in  interest 


or]in  variety,  and  invariably  rises  again 
for  the  explanation  of  matters  of  high 
moment.  It  cannot  be  said  of  Mr. 
Churchill  by  any  one,  as  he  says  of  his 
father,  "  He  cannot  claim  in  any  special 
degree  the  gift  of  letters."  It  is  impossible 
to  deny  to  the  writer  of  these  volumes  the 
unusual  combination  of  a  most  peculiar 
gift  for  politics  and  for  letters.  The 
temptation  to  use  facts  or  to  strain 
arguments  for  political  purposes  has  been 
fought  against  throughout,  and  it  is  only 
in  rare  passages  that  we  perceive  criticism 
of  Mr.  Balfour  in  the  guise  of  history  of 
some  one  else.  One  curious  example, 
however,  concerns  Mr.  Churchill's  own 
conflicts  with  Mr.  Balfour  :— 

"  Mr.  Gladstone.  .  .  .if  he  had  not  been  a 
great  and  famous  Parliamentarian, .... 
would  have  tried  to  treat  with  disdain  the 
arguments  of  unproved  or  youthful  oppo- 
nents. He  would  have  left  the  House 
during  their  speeches,  or,  ignoring  their 
criticisms  altogether,  have  contented  him- 
self with  replying  only  to  the  ex-officials 
on  the  Front  Bench." 

Now  that  he  has  himself  become  an  official 
on  the  Front  Bench  Mr.  Churchill  may 
be  more  tender. 


The  Mythology  of  the  British  Islands.     By 
Charles  Squire.     (Blackie  &  Son.) 

This  book  claims  to  be  the  first  attempt 
at  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  whole 
field  of  Celtic  mythology.  Though  large 
portions  of  the  Welsh  and  Irish  romances, 
e.g.,  the  'Mabinogi'  and  the  Cuchulainn 
Saga,  have  been  placed  within  the  reach 
of  the  general  public,  there  has  up  to  the 
present  time  been  no  systematic  account 
of  the  subject  as  a  whole.  Those  who 
have  fallen  under  its  spell,  and  would 
fain  have  understood  the  setting  of  the 
various  stories  and  their  relation  to  one 
another,  have  had  no  choice  but  to  fight 
their  way  through  elaborate  treatises  and 
essays  read  to  learned  societies.  The 
uninitiated  have  only  too  often  been 
obliged  to  give  up  the  task  in  despair. 
The  present  volume  is  calculated  to  meet 
their  difficulty  :  it  will  put  them  in 
possession  of  the  few  facts  they  require, 
and  lead  them  by  pleasant  paths  into  a 
world  which  has  hitherto  been  closed  to 
them. 

The  author  does  not  profess  to  be 
writing  for  Celtic  scholars.  On  the  con- 
trary, he  owns  himself  beholden  to  them 
for  all  his  subject-matter,  and  will  be 
overjoyed  if  he  makes  their  studies  more 
widely  known.  For  his  own  part,  he 
values  these  studies  less  for  their  scien- 
tific than  for  their  literary  interest.  He 
has  no  wish  to  encroach  on  the  domain 
of  the  specialist ;  his  aim  in  writing  is 
to  provide  a  handbook  to  "  a  subject 
of  growing  importance,  to  the  so-called 
Celtic  Renaissance,  which  is  neither  more 
nor  less  than  an  attempt  to  refresh  the 
vitality  of  English  poetry  at  its  most 
ancient  native  fount."  He  insists  that 
classic  myth  has  lost  much  of  its  power 
to  inspire,  and  that  the  legends  of 
Asgard,    from    which     our     imaginative 


writers  (Gray  and  Warton  presumably) 
sought  a  fresh  impulse,  though  un- 
doubtedly our  own,  are  not  our  one 
and  only  heritage.  Besides  our  Teu- 
tonic blood,  we  have  much  British 
blood  in  our  veins  ;  the  gods  of  the 
Celts  were  as  much  our  gods  as  Thor 
and  Odin  ;  the  mythology  of  the  Celts 
has  descended  to  us.  This  claim  is  in 
accord  with  the  most  recent  historical 
and  ethnological  theories,  and  few  will 
any  longer  dispute  it ;  there  is  force,  too, 
in  his  contention  that  the  Celtic  legends, 
while  they  rival  the  Greek  in  grace  and 
picturesqueness,  have  this  advantage  over 
them,  that  they  are  the  natural  outgrowth 
of  our  soil  and  climate.  The  gods  of 
the  vine  and  olive  are  out  of  place  in  our 
British  landscape.  We  feel  instinctively 
that  it  is  the  meet  background,  not  for 
Bacchus  or  Minerva,  but  for  Cuchulainn 
with  chin  besmeared  with  blackberry 
juice,  or  Olwen  with  hair  more  yellow 
than  the  flower  of  the  broom. 

The  opening  chapters  are  mainly  occu- 
pied with  a  discussion  of  the  sources  of 
our  knowledge,  the  manuscripts — Welsh, 
Irish,  and  Scotch — relating  to  the  subject, 
and  the  history  and  religion  of  the  ancient 
Britons.  The  reader  is  led  up  in  this 
way  to  the  actual  stories,  which,  as  we 
have  seen,  are  now  for  the  first  time 
brought  together  in  one  volume.  He  is 
made  acquainted  with  the  Gaelic  gods, 
and  the  giants  who  were  their  adversaries  ; 
with  the  champions  of  the  Red  Branch  of 
Ulster,  the  heroes  of  an  epic  second  only 
to  that  of  Troy  ;  and  with  Finn  and  his 
mighty  men.  He  hears  tell  also  of  the 
great  figures  among  the  ancient  Britons, 
of  their  old  gods,  and  of  Arthur  and  his 
knights,  whom  he  will  find  to  be  no  mortals, 
but  members  of  the  same  mythic  band. 
The  final  chapter  relates  to  survivals  of 
Celtic  paganism  in  modern  times. 

The  book  requires  but  little  comment. 
It  is  well  written  and  lucid,  and  leaves 
us  with  a  clear  idea  of  the  scope  of  Celtic 
mythology.  It  is  true  that  the  author 
is  inclined  to  assume  too  much,  to  treat 
as  fact  what  the  scholars  he  is  following 
have  merely  conjectured.  Sometimes, 
too,  he  appears  to  have  missed  their 
drift,  as  when,  in  speaking  of  the  Celtic 
year,  he  tells  us  that  the  Celts  called 
the  spring  equinox  Beltane,  and  that  the 
summer  solstice,  a  great  Celtic  feast,  was 
held  at  the  beginning  of  August  in  honour 
of  Lug  !  But  the  character  of  the  work 
being  what  it  is,  these  defects  need  not 
be  regarded  as  serious.  The  would  -  be 
student  has  only  to  turn  to  the  authorities 
themselves,  who  are  everywhere  mentioned 
by  name;  while  the  ordinary  reader,  for 
whom  it  is  primarily  intended,  will*  be 
satisfied  with  something  short  of  absolute 
correctness  on  points  01  detail.  We  bars 
no  hesitation  in  recommending  it  to  the 
inhabitants  of  these  islands,  descended 
as  they  are  in  large  degree  from  the  can* 
qnerea     British    who    had     been    fused 

together  under  a  Celtic  civilization.  We 
should  like  to  see  it  in  the  nursery 
along  with  Cox's  'Tales  of  Ancient 
Greece'  and  the  Norse  Sagas.  With 
such  wealth  at   their  disposal  OUT  children 


10 


T  II  E     AT  II  EN  -Kl'  M 


N  40S(»,  Jan.  6.  1906 


could    afford    to    dispense    with    manu- 

fact  uit'd  tan  \  -Ikii  >ks. 


Cantabrigia  Illustrate.  By  David  Loggan. 
Edited  l>y  .).  W.  dark.  (Cambridge, 
Biacmillai)  A  Bowea.) 

Mk.  J.  \\ .  Class,  the  Regietrary  of  the 
University,  lias  rendered  no  ordinary 
services  to  Cambridge.  Long*  connected  as 
lie  has  been  with  the  place  by  residence 
and  family  association,  he  has  devoted 
not  the  least  valuable  of  his  many  talents 
to  the  study  and  elucidation  of  its  past. 
But  even  the  great  task  of  giving  to  the 
world  in  1886  the  •  Architectural  History 
of  Cambridge  '  of  his  uncle,  the  late  Prof. 
Willis,  is  scarcely  a  more  important 
service  than  the  publication  of  Loggan's 
'  Cantabrigia  Illustrata.' 

David  Loggan  was  of  Scotch  extraction, 
but  is  first  met  with  at  Nuffield,  near 
Oxford.  He  was  appointed  engraver  to 
that  university,  and  from  1674  onwards 
he  published  a  series  of  views  of  its 
colleges.  In  1678  he  went  to  Cambridge, 
and  for  twelve  years  occupied  himself  in 
engraving  the  prints  which  Mr.  Clark  has 
reproduced.  In  1690  his  work  appeared, 
dedicated  to  William  and  Mary,  "  pro- 
fligatis  ecclesiae  pariter  ac  libertatis 
Anglican®  hostibus."  The  real  value  to 
us  of  Loggan's  performance  is  that  it  is  so 
extraordinarily  accurate  as  to  give  an 
actual  presentation  of  Cambridge  at  the 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  As  Mr. 
Clark  remarks  : — 

"  Would  any  artist  have  invented  the 
details  which  abound  in  his  engravings — the 
variety,  the  small  differences  in  the  arrange- 
ment of  doors  and  windows — the  laying  out 
of  the  courts,  the  gardens  with  their  flower 
beds  and  summer  houses,  the  bowling 
greens,  the  tennis  courts, — and,  in  a  word, 
the  domestic  matters  which  speak  eloquently 
of  trie  time  when  the  college  was  the  home 
of  its  inmates,  who  found  within  the  pre- 
cincts all  things  necessary  for  their  daily 
life  in  study,  exercise,  and  diversion  ?  " 

How  minute  the  accuracy  in  detail  of 
Loggan  is  may  be  shown  by  a  single 
example.  Among  other  differences  be- 
tween the  seventeenth  century  and  later 
times  we  may  note  the  toleration  of  the 
presence  of  dogs  in  college  courts.  The 
old  early  -  nineteenth  -  century  '  Rake's 
Progress,'  so  familiar  to  Cambridge  men, 
with  the  picture  of  an  irate  don,  a  shame- 
faced undergraduate,  and  a  frantic  porter, 
subscribed  : — 

The  Master's  wig  the  guilty  wight  appals, 
Who  brings  a  dug  within  the  college  walls, 

would  have  scarcely  been  applicable  to 
the  'period  of  the  Revolution.  Dogs  in 
Loggan  are  seen  everywhere,  even  in  the 
antechapel  of  King's !  In  Trinity  a  man 
is  setting  his  dog  at  a  large  bird  ;  and  Mr. 
Clark  has  found  that  the  college  accounts 
of  1684  mention  a  tame  eagle  kept  in  the 
court,  a  curious  confirmation  of.  Loggan's 
observant  accuracy.  A  few  years  ago 
two  fine  ravens  from  Cumberland  were 
given  to  Trinity  College,  and  were  to  be 
seen  in  the  Great  Court,  but  their  lives, 
alas  !  were  brief.     A  little  earlier  a  large 


Muscovy  duck  was  frequently  ■s«',,n  "i  tin- 
New  Court,  a  profligate  bird,  who  greedily 

devoured  bread  soaked  in  brandy, -and 
used  to  reel  about  like  the  '  homd 
example      at  a  temperance  uniting. 

To  assist  the  imagination  in  lettering 
old  Cambridge  .Mr.  ('lark  has  thoughtfully 
provided  an  old  sixteenth-century  map 
of  the  town,  which  seems  to  have  altered 
but  little  in  its  general  appearance  till 
comparatively  recent  days;  nor  are  there 
now  wanting  many  traces  of  the  aspect  of 
the  streets  of  the  Cambridge  of  that  age. 
It  was  but  a  small  place,  and  the  colleges 
must  have  shown  to  more  advantage  than 
at  present.  The  fifth  plate,  giving  two 
views  of  the  town,  is  extremely  interesting 
as  illustrating  the  condition  of  agriculture 
at  the  time.  The  absence  of  hedges  makes 
the  country  look  somewhat  bare  ;  |but,  as 
Gunning  (whose  career  at  Cambridge  be- 
gan about  a  century  after  Loggan  had 
completed  his  prints)  testifies,  Cambridge 
had  great  attractions  as  a  sporting  centre, 
Coe  Fen  being  a  sure  find  for  snipe  in  his 
youth.  The  dons  even  objected  to  building 
as  spoiling  their  riding  ground. 

Mr.  Clark  rightly  says  that  Loggan's 
work  "  cannot  be  appreciated  as  it 
deserves,  unless  some  college  be  thoroughly 
examined  with  the  picture  in  one's  hand." 
This  we  have  endeavoured  to  do  in  certain 
cases,  and  the  result  fully  bears  out  the 
truth  of  the  dictum.  It  is  the  minuter 
details  which  are  so  instructive.  Take  as 
an  example  the  tower  of  the  University 
church  (plate  ix.),  the  turrets  of  which  are 
seen  to  be  adorned  with  small  stone  balls, 
in  some  degree  resembling  the  larger 
ornaments  of  Clare  Bridge.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  find  that  the  master  builder  in  both 
cases  was  named  Grumbold — belonging, 
apparently,  to  a  family  of  builders  in  the 
town.  King's  College  was  situated  on  a 
different  side  of  the  chapel  from  the 
present  buildings,  but  the  chapel  itself 
was,  of  course,  in  its  glory,  and  Loggan 
gave  it  ample  notice.  "  It  is,"  says 
Mr.  Clark,  "  a  remarkable  tribute  to 
the  beauty  of  King's  College  Chapel  that 
Loggan  should  have  devoted  three  plates 
to  it,  at  a  time  when  pointed  architecture 
was  out  of  favour  with  most  persons." 
The  interior  (plate  xii.)  is  especially 
interesting. 

The  general  plan  of  colleges  is  that  of  a 
country  house,  and  the  arrangements  of 
the  majority  are  those  of  the  manor 
houses  of  the  period — Haddon  Hall  and 
Queen's  College  have  several  features  in 
common,  though  in  no  way  resembling 
one  another  in  appearance.  The  collegiate 
system  was,  in  fact,  pace  those  of  the 
millionaire  class  who  declare  Cambridge 
to  be  too  monkish  to  attract  their  liberal, 
but  somewhat  errant  munificence,  in  some 
respects  in  direct  contrast  with  the 
monastic.  "  With  the  exception,"  Mr. 
Clark  remarks,  "  of  Trinity  Hall  and 
Jesus,  no  monastic  arrangements  can  be 
traced  in  the  collegiate  system  at  Cam- 
bridge." 

In  view  of  this  fact,  Loggan's  plans  and 
pictures  become  even  more  interesting  as 
he  has  preserved  the  representation  of  the 
colleges  at  a  time  when  the  object  and 


purport  of  their  founderi  were  apparent' 

It   would    be   an   ingen  for 

■  uho  know  their  Cambridge  well  to 
name  M  they  turn  over  the  pages,  which 
college      they      iUppOM       L    .'-'.til       to      have 

depicted.       In    tome  -<■!/■,    Trinity, 

st  .John  -  and  Jesus — the  task  would 

easy  enough.  But  King  -  lave  for  the 
chapel,  ii  not  recognizable;  and  Pem- 
broke. CorpUB,  and  Emmanuel,  end  ah 
all  Caius,  show  how  the  barbarism  of  the 
nineteenth  century  has  obscured  the  ait  of 
a  more  civilized  age.  It  is  an  appalling 
thought  that  some  of  those  who  enlarged 
our  collegiate  buildings  not  only  died  in 
their  beds,  but  even  left  considerable 
fortunes. 

In  one  instance  Loggan  conspicuously 
departed  from  his  rule  of  depicting 
only  what  he  saw.  Clare  College,  or 
rather  Hall,  was  being  rebuilt,  and 
Loggan  supplies  the  unfinished  part. 
"  This,"  it  is  said,  "  has  been  filled  in  by 
the  liberal  hand  of  the  engraver,  with  the 
object  of  giving  an  impulse  to  the  helping 
hands  of  others  ;  in  order  that  the  entire 
design  which  he  displays  with  such 
refined  art  may  be  realized  in  the 
structure  itself  with  as  little  delay  as 
possible." 

'  Cantabrigia  Illustrata '  will  enable 
those  who  are  wise  enough  to  secure  a 
copy — only  500,  we  believe,  have  been 
printed — to  travel  back  into  the  past, 
and  see  the  little  town  and  its  famous 
University  as  it  was  when  Bentley  fought 
his  enemies  and  crushed  the  wits  of 
Oxford,  or  when  Henry  Esmond  learnt 
the  botte  de  Jesuite  from  his  old  fencing 
master,  and  Thomas  Tusher  won  his 
fellowship  on  the  Protestant  foundation  of 
Emmanuel.  We  see  the  undivided  fields 
with  their  crops,  the  flocks  at  pasture,  and 
the  sportsmen  returning  with  their  game, 
the  busy  streets  thronged  with  tumbrils 
and  pack-horses,  the  wooden  bridges  over 
the  river,  the  trim  gardens,  the  prim  and 
pompous  dons.  Their  lot  in  that  leisurely 
but  learned  age  was  perhaps  not  un- 
enviable ;  but  with  all  her  changes  the 
Alma  Mater  of  to-day  has  many  features 
in  common  with  that  which  Loggan 
depicted  and  Mr.  Clark  has  happily 
annotated  for  us. 


Gesckichte  der  russischen  Litteratur.     Von 
Dr.  A.   Bruckner,   Professor  in  Berlin. 
'  (Leipsic,  Amelag.) 

Prof.  Bruckner,  of  the  University  of 
Berlin,  one  of  the  foremost  of  Slavonic 
scholars,  has  shown  in  a  previous 
book  in  the  same  series  as  that  to 
which  the  present  work  belongs,  that 
he  was  not  merely  a  philologist.  He 
has  a  hearty  enjoyment  of  Slavonic 
literature,  and  is  far  from  treating  it  like 
the  common  pedant  or  antiquary.  The 
only  rival  who  has  hitherto  appeared 
in  the  field  of  the  history  of  Russian 
literature  is  .M.  Waliszewski,  who  pub- 
lished his  work  in  French.  Like  Prof. 
Bruckner,  he  is  a  Pole  :  but  prejudices 
of  race  seem  to  have  warped  the  judgment 
of  M.   Waliszewski.   and   from   these   the 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     A  T  H  E N M U  M 


11 


present  author  is  wholly  free.  He  is 
friendly  to  the  Russian  people  ;  only 
when  he  speaks  of  the  Government  does 
his  anger  break  forth.  His  treatment 
of  Pushkin  is  in  marked  contradiction 
to  that  of  M.  Waliszewski,  who  affords 
a  complete  instance  of  damning  with  faint 
praise. 

The  early  period  of  Russian  literature 
is  handled  very  briefly.  It  can  only  be 
interesting  to  the  ethnologist  and  his- 
torian. The  best  things  are  the  chronicles 
and  the  bilini,  or  folk-songs.  The  rest 
of  the  literature  consists  of  translations. 
We  observe  that  Prof.  Bruckner  accepts 
the  '  Slovo  o  polku  Igorieve  '  as  genuine, 
though  its  authenticity  has  been  denied 
by  some  on  account  of  the  strange  mixture 
of  Christian  and  pagan  ideas. 

Prof  Bruckner  does  not  conceal  his 
antipathy  to  Byzantine  culture,  which 
he  thinks  differentiated  the  Russians 
from  the  other  Slavs,  with  whom  they 
would  have  blended.  Byzantine  litera- 
ture gave  them  their  lives  of  saints  and 
narrowed  the  breadth  of  their  Weltan- 
schauung. The  chronicles  of  the  early 
period,  including  the  pieces  which  have 
gone  to  make  up  the  work  assigned  to 
Nestor,   have  a  certain  historical  value, 


French  ideas  to  Russian  life.  Tatistchev, 
the  first  Russian  historian  in  any  sense 
of  the  word,  is  praised  by  Prof.  Bruckner  ; 
he  marks  the  transit  from  the  chronicle 
stage  to  the  writing  of  real  history. 
The  Occidentalization  of  Russia  proceeded 
with  giant  strides  in  the  reign  of  Catherine. 
The  Imperial  dilettante,  as  our  author 
calls  her,  wrote  comedies  and  essays. 

French  literature,  which  then  domi- 
nated Europe,  reigned  paramount  in 
Russia  during  the  eighteenth  century. 
Kheraskov  furnished  his  two  vast  epics  in 
the  style  of  the  '  Henriade  ' ;  Surnarokov 
introduced  the  rhyming  drama.  The  reign 
of  Paul  was  without  significance  for 
literature,  except  that  it  was  greatly 
depressed  under  the  severity  of  the  censure. 
The  mummeries  of  the  regime  of  Catherine, 
as  Prof.  Bruckner  calls  them,  were 
partly  resuscitated  in  the  reign  of  Alex- 
ander I.     The  chief  agent  was  Shishkov, 


who  had  great  power  as  a  Minister  ;  still, 
Romanticism  began  under  the  influence 
of  Zhukovski,  although  he  was  perhaps 
anticipated  by  Kameniev  in  his  '  Gromval.' 
At  all  events,  Pushkin  thought  that  this 
was  the  first  distinct  trace  of  Romanticism 
in  Russia.  Our  author  is  very  fair  to 
Zhukovski,  and  recognizes  his  great  merits 
as  a  translator  :  he  especially  praises  the 
portions  of  the  Odyssey  which  Zhukovski 
rendered  into  Russian  as  showing  a  true 
feeling  for  the  original.  Ryleev  and 
Griboiedov  meet  with  full  praise.  A 
real  poet  was  lost  by  the  early  mental 
decay  of  Batiushkov. 

But  it  is  Pushkin  who  evokes  our 
author's  amplest  panegyrics,  and  espe- 
cially his  marvellous  tale  in  verse,  '  Eugene 
Oniegin.'  Of  the  charming  character  of 
Tatiana,  Prof.  Bruckner  says  : — 

"  Rich  and  old  literatures  must  envy 
Russian  literature  this  portrait  of  a  woman. 
The  creation  of  Tatiana  alone  would  raise 
Pushkin  above  all  his  predecessors  and  most 
of  his  successors.  We  find  here  what  we 
always  meet  with  in  Turgueniev,  who  was 
a  kind  of  Pushkin  in  prose,  the  insignificance 
of  the  man  in  contradistinction  to  the 
woman,  as  if  the  altogether  subordinate 
part  played  by  the  baba  or  woman  among  the 
peasants  took  its  vengeance  on  the  higher 
anks  of  society." 


At  the  cost  of  her  happiness  (for  she 
s  still  in  love  with  him),  Tatiana,  with 
toman   firmness,    takes   her   revenge   on 
'ugene. 
We    have    no    space    to    go    at    length 
irough  the  various  works  of  this  charm- 
Ig  poet,  as  they  are  criticized  by  Prof, 
riickner  ;    but  we  are  glad  to  see  such 
hearty   recognition   of  his   merits.     Of 
e   prose   tales   of   Pushkin   our   author 
ys  that  they  are  rather  to  be  considered 
pretty    and    sentimental    anecdotes  : 
us     they     appear     to      have      much 
amatic  power,  e.g.,   '  The  Pistol  Shot ' 
d  'The  Queen  of  Spades.'     The  sixth 
apter   of   Prof.    Bruckner's   work   con- 
ides    with     a    glowing    and    eloquent 
negyric  of  the  great  poet. 
We  have  no  space  to  discuss  thoroughly 
e  men  of  the  Pushkin  pleiad,  the  chief 
whom  was  Lermontov.     The  strange, 
erratic  career  of  Polezhaev  is  described 
at  some  length,  even  to  the  detail  that 
his   corpse   was   gnawed    by  rats    in    the 
cellar    of    the    hospital.     The    poetry    of 
Polezhaev  is  full  of  the   most  complete 
melancholy.     He    wishes    that    his    soul 
could  ebb  from  him  as  the  smoke  of  the 
tobacco  from  his  pipe.     Lermontov  natur- 
ally meets  with  his  share  of  praise,  and 
we  are  glad  to  see  Prof.  Bruckner  eulogizing 
his  clever  imitation  of  the  Russian  bilina 
in  the  story  of  the  merchant  Kalashnikov. 
The  chapter  concludes  with  an  apprecia- 
tion of  the  lyrics  of  Koltsov,  who  caught 
so  well  the  tone  of  the  Russian  national 
poetry. 

After  a  short  notice  of  the  historical 
novelists — the  imitators  of  Walter  Scott 
— Prof.  Bruckner  gives  a  comprehensive 
criticism  of  Gogol.  Bielinski,  the  greatest 
Russian  critic,  occupies  a  chapter,  and 
is  followed  by  Herzen,  whose  admirable 
style    is    praised    as    it    deserves.     Tur- 


gueniev, Tolstoy,  and  Dostoievski  are 
discussed  minutely  ;  nor  is  Saltikov 
forgotten,  whose  '  Provincial  Sketches  ' 
created  such  a  sensation  on  their  appear- 
ance. The  "  belletristic  "  writers  of  the 
second  rank  include  the  Narodniki,  such 
as  Reshetnikov,  Levitov,  Uspienski,  and 
Zlatovratski. 

In  the  chapter  on  the  drama  are  dis- 
cussed the  bourgeois  comedies  of  Ostrovski 
which  meet  with  just  praise,  and  the 
trilogy  of  Alexis  Tolstoy.  Nekrasov  and 
others  of  the  later  lyric  poets  are  carefully 
criticized.  In  the  chapter  on  the  latest 
novelists  Prof.  Bruckner  dwells  at  length 
upon  the  inadequacy  of  some  of  the 
German  translations  of  Russian  novels. 
He  severely  says  :  "  Alle  Feinheiten 
des  Russischen  gehen  im  Deutschen  voll- 
standig  verloren." 

The  latest  poets  of  the  decadent  school 
are  also  discussed,  and  while  writing 
this  we  cannot  but  express  our  grief  at 
the  recent  death  of  the  accomplished 
Madame  Gibert  {nee  Lokhvitskaia).  There 
have  not  been  many  female  votaries  of 
the  muse  in  Russia,  and  Prof.  Bruckner 
finds  space  to  speak  about  them.  In  his 
enumeration  of  translations  into  the 
Russian  language  we  rather  wonder  that 
he  says  nothing  of  the  excellent  version 
of  Shelley  by  Balmont.  The  fine  transla- 
tion of  Shakspeare  which  was  recently 
published  in  five  volumes  contains  versions 
by  many  authors,  most  of  which  are  very 
successful. 

We  are  surprised,  too,  that  the  author 
says  nothing,  or  next  to  nothing,  about 
Russian  historical  writers  ;  e.g.,  nothing 
is  said  of  Soloviov,  or  Bestuzhev- 
Riumin,  or  Ilovaiski,  or  Zabielin — per- 
haps their  writings  seem  to  our  author 
to  belong  to  the  category  of  specialists. 
He  is  fair,  however,  to  Karamzin,  the 
great  historiographer  of  the  times  of 
Alexander  I.  and  Nicholas,  who  must 
necessarily  claim  a  position  in  Russian 
literature  as  the  father  of  its  prose.  He  is 
like  Dryden  among  ourselves  ;  from  his 
time  dates  a  flowing  prose,  good  for 
narrative,  essays,  and  criticism.  Karam- 
zin was  liicky  in  escaping  from  the 
pedantry  of  Shishkov.  At  a  critical 
period  the  prose  of  the  language  became 
elegant  and  unconstrained,  and  not,  like 
German,  a  complicated  labyrinth,  cun- 
ningly devised  by  the  schoolmaster. 

In  conclusion  we  may  say  that  the 
student  of  Russian  literature  will  find 
in  this  book  all  he  can  expect — sound 
scholarship  and  sound  criticism,  and 
included  under  the  latter  the  most  geir'al 
sympathy  with  the  authors.  Their  lead- 
ing works  are  subjected  to  a  careful 
analysis.  Prof.  Bruckner  seems  to  have 
given  his  sympathies  as  a  Slav  full  play  : 
he  thinks  nothing  unworthy  of  not  ire 
that  affects  the  Slavs.  Although  a  Pole, 
he  writes  of  Pushkin  and  other  great 
Russian  authors  as  if  he  were  a  Russian. 
In  so  eminent  a  man  we  may  reasonably 
expect  the  accuracy  of  a  first-rate  philo- 
logist, but  we  could  hardly  have  counted 
upon  such  fine  and  penetrating  en- 
thusiasm. 


12 


T  II  i:     A  T  M  EN  .1.1    \| 


\    1080.  Jan.  6,  1 906 


NEW 


NOVELS. 
E.    Spender. 


(John 


Display. 

Lai 

Mi;  Spender's  book  1-  a  jeu  d'esprit, 
full  of  energy  and  ebullient  with  idi 
He  sel  "in  one  must  think,  to  have 
••  high  jink-,''  and  he  has  them.  Mi. 
Brakeepear,  the  editor  of  the  popular 
halfpenny  paper,  oomes  to  the  oonoluaion 
that  Africa  must  hold  Bomething  cdiquid 
nori.  afi  Mr.  Spender  would  say  service- 
able tor  a  journalistic  "sensation."     This 

he  discovers  in  the  existence  of  More's 
Utopia  in  that  mysterious  continent. 
and  an  expedition  is  equipped  to  explore 
the  state.  Most  of  the  characters  of 
the  book  take  part  in  this  expedition, 
ladies  not  excepted,  and  this  is  the 
record  of  their  adventures.  In  point  of 
fact  the  adventures  do  not  amount  to 
much.  The  author  is  merely  spending 
his  high  spirits  on  the  way  in  satire, 
criticism,  and  conversational  sallies.  He 
is  evidently  young  and  interested  in  life 
and  thought — points  very  much  in  his 
favour.  Also,  he  dearly  loves  a  quotation 
from  the  Latin  or  the  Greek  ;  and  he 
does  not  mind  the  hazards  of  prodigious 
farce.  On  the  whole,  his  book  is  enliven- 
ing, but  a  trifle  too  elaborate.  It  is  more 
valuable,  perhaps,  as  an  indication  of 
talent  not  yet  mature. 


Moscow.      By    Fred    Whishaw.      (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

There  is  much  brightness  of  tone  and 
style  in  Mr.  Whishaw's  book,  though 
it  is  concerned  with  the  terrible  year 
1812,  and  though  its  opening  chapters 
contain  two  ghastly  incidents  of  the 
relation  between  boyar  and  serf  which 
have  no  obvious  connexion  with  sub- 
sequent events.  The  main  story  deals 
with  two  sets  of  lovers,  Russian  and 
French — Vera  Demidoff  and  Saska  Maxi- 
moff,  contracted  in  childhood,  who  learn 
to  know  each  other  in  the  stress  of  common 
action  for  their  country,  and  Louise 
Dupre,  who  for  love  of  Henri  d'Esterre 
dons  a  blue  coat  and  follows *him  through 
the  campaign.  She  has  every  qualifica- 
tion except  sex,  being  the  elder  and 
more  skilful  daughter  of  an  ancient 
fencing-master  of  Paris,  whose  lamenta- 
tions, when  his  two  most  accomplished 
pupils  show  their  weakness  in  different 
ways,  are  the  most  agreeable  of  many 
comic  touches  which  relieve  the  realism 
of  a  sombre  period. 


Paradise.     By   Alice   Brown.     (Constable 
&  Co.) 

This  is  a  vernacular  tale  of  village  life 
in  New  England,  a  theme  which  Miss 
Brown  has  already  treated  with  much 
skill.  Naturally  it  is  of  a  purely  domestic 
character.  Yet  human  nature  is  strong 
in  her  simple  and  shrewd  characters. 
"  Uncle  Timmie,"  who  is  "  righteous  " 
with  a  view  to  discovering  the  nature 
of  the  rewards  promised  in  Scripture, 
is  one  of  the  best  of  them  : — 


••  •  1  gueec  you  don1 1  »mhi  to  «l"  anything 
verj     bad,1    interpolated    Aunt     N"  'I 

dunno  'a  I  <l".  I  dunno  whether  it'a  bad 
or  not,1  laid  [Jncle  Timmie,  obstinately. 
■  Vnywaya ;  whatever  ti  ye  can'1  do  it. 
It  ye  want  anything,  that  -  the  thing  ye 
can'1    have.     I  righteous  for   nam 

over  fort}  year,  an'  I'm  pretty  nigh  sick 
on  V" 

There  is  more  grace  in  the  nature  of 
Barbara,  the  product  of  the  "  poor  farm 

who    constructs    a     Paradise    subjectively. 

A  drunken  country  doctor,  with  a  poetic 

BOUl,     is     the      most     articulate      of      her 

neighbours.      Some    words   almost     need   a 

glossary. 

A    Secret   of   the   Lebombo.     By    Bertram 
.Mitford.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

When  a  writer  has  once  shown  himself 
capable  of  reaching  a  certain  standard 
of  craftsmanship,  however  modest  a  one 
it  may  have  been,  he  disappoints  his 
best  friends  in  permitting  the  publica- 
tion under  his  name  of  anything  which 
falls  notably  short  of  that  standard. 
In  '  Dorrien  of  Cranston '  Mr.  Mitford 
attained  a  certain  not  unworthy  level 
of  literary  craftsmanship.  In  the  present 
book  he  falls  below  that  standard  by 
virtue  of  banality,  trite  phrases,  indifi 
ferent  grammar,  and  cheap  sentiment! 
We  cannot  say  that  we  have  found 
pleasure  in  the  perusal  of  this  Soutl 
African  story. 

The     Fulfilment.      By     Edith     Allonb 
(Greening  &  Co.) 

The   disorder    of    Miss    Allonby's   min 
which    led    recently    to    her    suicide, 
plainly  revealed  in  her  last  novel.     H 
former  book,    '  The    Jewel  -  Sowers,'   w 
extravagant  and  unintelligible ;    this 
frankly  something   more  :   it  is  the  wo 
of  an  unbalanced  mind,  and,  despite  t 
tragic  circumstances  of  the  author's  deaf 
it  is  doubtful  if  it  should  have  been  pu 
lished.     Such  attention  as  her  suicide 
directed  to  it  can  avail  her  nothing.    Cr: 
cism  can  do  no  good  in  such  a  case, 
is  enough   to  point  out  that  the  autl 
wrote  with  some  idea  of  the  picturesqi 
and    with    a    sense    of     emotion.       Th«. 
editorial  notes,    which   are  frequent,   in- 
dicate   sufficiently    the    futility    of     this 
publication.     The   book    is   divided    into 
three     parts,     successively    Earth,    Hell, 
Heaven.     To  the  middle  section  a  note  is 
prefixed  stating  : — 

"  There  is  no  literary  link  between  this 
part  of  the  story  and  '  Earth.'  The  reader 
will  perceive  that  it  is  Genius  who  is  now 
telling  his  experiences  to  Deborah.  Where 
Deborah  is  does  not  seem  quite  clear." 

Deborah  obviously  stands  for  the  author 
herself,  and  her  life  as  schoolmistress, 
with  her  trials  as  a  novelist,  are  doubtless 
drawn  from  personal  experience.  Miss 
Allonby  died  in  order  that  her  book  might 
be  issued  exactly  as  she  wrote  it.  Her 
editor,  or  her  publisher,  has  made 
numerous  deletions,  so  that  her  dying 
wish  was  not  granted.  In  the  circum- 
stances it  was  a  pity  to  publish  the  book 
at  all. 


I.ii*t  )  ■  '-.     By  H.  A.  1  Darlington. 

(Nisbel   I  1 
Mi  —  reminds  one  of 

a  p;t-i  generation  and  other  and  simpler 

idea!  I !  mentality    beloi 

to  a  Bex  that  refuses  to  deal  in  thi 
facts    of    life.     The    Anstrul  ■  ■  a 

decaying  family,  the  head  of  which  is 
obliged   to  earn  a  living  as   librarian  in 

a  London  library.     Into  their  phv 

a    house  of   up-tart-,    who   are    painted 

the  author  with  a  laudable  lack  of  ! 
judioe.     And    the    course    of     the    tale 

concerns  love  affairs  between  the  two 
families.  The  hero  is  called  (alack  !) 
Hero,  and  he  is  a  nohle-minded  An-truther, 
who  thinks  no  .shame  to  work  in  the 
docks  at  a  weekly  wage.  Hi-  brother 
i>  a  much  brighter  person,  and  wiser 
in  his  L'f-neration.  He  marries  the  girl 
Hero  wanted,  and  makes  a  fortune  in 
America.  But  you  cannot  have  every- 
thing in  this  world,  as  the  ingenuous 
author  rightly  perceives,  and  Dennis 
does  not  earn  the  respect  of  his  acquaint- 
ances. On  the  other  hand,  though  his 
brother  never  grew  rich  and  never  realized 
his  ambitions,  he  remained  his  parents' 
"  Hero,"  which  was  his  reward. 


BOOKS    OF    TRAVEL. 

A  Book  of  the  Biriera.  By  S.  Baring- 
Gould.  With  Forty  Illustrations. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) — Having  written  books 
on  Brittany,  on  Wales  and  the  West  Country, 
Mi.  Baring-Gould  has  now  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  Riviera,  meaning  thereby  both 
the  Cote  d'Azur  and  the  Riviera  di  Pon- 
ente,  the  French  and  the  Italian  coasts  from 
Marseilles  to  Genoa.  Much  reading  and 
writing  on  many  subjects  have  made  of 
Mr.  Baring-Gould,  in  Bacon's  phrase,  a  full 
man,  and  for  an  evening's  entertainment  and 
instruction  by  the  side  of  an  olive-wood  fire 
in  a  villa  by  "  the  tideless.  dolorous  midland 
sea,"  there  could  be  no  better  companion 
than  this  book.  For  the  author  satisfies 
the  requirements  of  the  modern  intelligent 
traveller  :  he  not  only  appreciates  scenery, 
but  can  also  explain  it  geologically ;  he 
admires  the  olive  and  the  vine,  and  tells  us 
something  of  their  culture  ;  he  traces  the  his- 
tory of  the  orange,    and  shows  how,    in  the 


N°  4080,  Jan.  6, 


1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


13 


world  of  vegetation,  strangers  from  Africa, 
Asia,  and  Australia  have  occupied  the  best  land 
and  the  warmest  corners  of  the  Ligurian 
coast,  just  as  of  old  the  Greek  and  Roman 
colonists  shouldered  out  the  native  tribes, 
and  forced  them  to  withdraw  into  the  midst 
of  the  mountains. 

From    an    historical    point    of    view    Mr. 
Baring-Gould   has    found   a   congenial   sub- 
ject.    The  Ligurian  coast  was  the  warpath 
of    the   world   for    centuries.     What   scenes 
of  ruthless   warfare,   of    Roman  civilization 
and   Christian   iconoclasm,   has   the   amphi- 
theatre  of  Aries  witnessed  !     And  there  is 
hardly   a   mile   of   the   coast   without   some 
association    with    a    great    name    or    dread 
event.     One    after    another   the   conquering 
nations   have   come   and   gone  :     Ligurians, 
Phoenicians,  Greeks  and  Romans,  Visigoths 
and  Saracens — each  wave  of  civilization  has 
broken  on  these  shores  and  left  behind  some 
trace  in  words,  in  roads,  in  buildings,  or  in 
pagan  customs  that  survive  in  Christianized 
form.     The  Saturnalia  survive  in  the  Feast 
•of   Fools  ;     at   Aix   the    Roman    temple    of 
Victory,  which  celebrated  Marius's  triumph 
over  the  Ambrons  and  Teutons,  became  the 
Christian    chapel    of    Sainte    Victoire  ;     and 
Mr.    Baring-Gould,    when   referring   to    the 
transfer    of    the    relics    of    S.    Ampelio    to 
San  Remo,  even   hazards   the  opinion  that 
the      devotion      to      relics      is      also     his- 
torical,  and  traceable  to  the   "  worship  of 
ancestors  that  existed  among  the  prehistoric 
races  of  Europe."     There  are  places  on  the 
Riviera,   as   there  are  spots  in  Spain,   like 
Cordova,    where   you   almost   seem   to   hear 
the  tramp  of  Caesar's  armies,  or  Pompey's. 
Caesar's    armies   marched   to    the    sound    of 
topical   verses,    as    Virgil   reminds   us,    and 
these  verses  were  set,  no  doubt,  to  formal 
melodies.     In    a    very    interesting    passage 
Mr.    Baring-Gould    traces    the    pedigree    of 
Provencal      poetry      through      ecclesiastical 
hymns  to  these  folk-airs  of  the  vernacular 
Latin,   and   thus   illustrates   his  thesis   that 
the  familiar  fringe  of  hotels,   shops,   villas, 
and    casinos    is    but    a  modern  edge  on  an 
ancient  garment. 

Since   Lord  Brougham  invented  Cannes, 
most  Englishmen  who  can  afford  the  amuse- 
ment  have    invented    for   themselves   some 
particular  spot  on  the  Riviera.     Mr.  Baring- 
Gould  is  no  exception.     For  him  the  Bay 
of  Cavalaire  is  the  ideal  sun-trap,  where  the 
icy  blasts  do  not  shrivel  up  the  eucalyptus 
and    smite    down    the    oranges.     Certainly 
Lavandou  and   Cavalaire  are   better  suited 
to    delicate    lungs    than    Hyeres,    "  exposed 
to  the  currents  of  wind  over  the  Crau  ;   than 
that  blow-hole,  S.  Raphael,  planted  between 
the  cheeks  of  the  Maures  and  l'Esterel  ;  than 
Cannes,  where  the  winds  come  down  from 
the  snows  over  the  plains  of  the  Siagne  ;  than 
Nice,  with  the  Paillon  on  one  side  and  the 
Var   on   the  other."     But  M.  Baring-Gould 
might  have  told  us,  as  Mr.  Lentheric  does, 
that  the  bay  is  the  site  of  the  old  Heraclea 
Caccabaria,  a  name  which  recalls  not  only 
the  worship  of  Heracles,  as  Monaco  recalls 
his  Phoenician  equivalent,  Melkarth,  Monoi- 
kos,  but  also  the  name  of   Carthage,  Kak- 
kab6.     However,  the  author  warns  us  that 
he  professes  not  to  write  a  full  history  of 
the  Ligurian  coast,  but  only  to  deal  with 
prominent    incidents    in    that    history    and 
short  biographies  of  interesting  personages 
connected  with  it.     In  the  matter  of  selec- 
tion, therefore,  he  has  a  right  to  be  a  law 
unto  himself,  but  we  wish  that  the  Riviera 
di    Ponente    had    been    dealt     with     more 
adequately  than  it  is  here.     True,  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bordighera  and  Ventimiglia  has 
been  well   described  by  Mr.   Hamilton   and 
by    Mr.    William    Scott  ;     but   by    omitting 
such  banalities  as  this,  "  In  the  little  ceme- 


tery of  Eze  is  laid  a  Swiss  woman  assassinated 
in  1902  by  Vidal,  a  woman-murderer,"  room 
might  have  been  found  to  do  more  justice 
to  the  Italian  part  of  the  coast. 

We  have  noticed  on  pp.  40,  78.  113,  127. 
1G3  a  few  misprints,  to  which  the  author 
may  care  to  have  his  attention  called.  Most 
are  trivial,  but  it  is  shocking  to  be  told  that 
it  was  for  the  death  of  Louis  XIV.  that 
Sieyes  voted  "  sans  phrases."  A  good  map 
and  a  better  index  would  greatly  improve 
this  book,  which  is  furnished  with  forty 
good  photographs  of  scenery.J 

Sicily.     By  the  late  Augustus  J.  C.  Hare 
and    St.    Clair    Baddeley.      (Heinemann. ) — 
This  new  edition  of  Hare's  guide  to  Sicily 
is  announced  as  "  almost  entirely  rewritten  " 
by  Mr.  St.  Clair  Baddeley.     In  general  the 
practical  information  which  it  contains  has 
been  brought  up  to  date  ;    but  we  should 
demur  to  the  statement  that  an  escort  of 
carabinieri    is    "  necessary  "    for    the    latter 
part    of    the    excursion    from    Palermo    to 
Segesta,  although  the  loneliness  of  the  sur- 
roundings of  the  Segesta  temple  makes  it, 
perhaps,   undesirable   for   ladies   to   visit   it 
unattended.     The  time  allowed  for  an  aver- 
age   crossing   from  Naples  to  Palermo  also 
seems   excessive.     On   its   historic,   literary, 
and  artistic  sides — those  on  which  we  should 
expect   to  find   this   little  volume    superior 
to  the   ordinary   guide-book — it  is  unambi- 
tious   in    plan    and    unequal    in    execution. 
While   Palermo  and  Syracuse  are  accorded 
their    due    share    of    space    and    attention, 
many    places     receive     perfunctory     hand- 
ling.      Thus    Castrogiovanni  —  the    ancient 
Henna — with  its  strange  charm  and  unique 
associations,    is    dismissed    in    less    than    a 
single   page,    of   which   the   greater   part   is 
filled  by  a  long  quotation  from  Ovid.     Again, 
Mr.  Baddeley  undervalues,  to  our  mind,  the 
Roman  remains  at  Catania  ;   and  in  Palermo 
itself  he  shows  scant  respect  to  the  museum, 
and  of  the  delightful  building  in  which  it  is 
lodged  he  writes  no  word  at  all.     Much  may, 
however,    be   forgiven   him   for   his    hearty 
appreciation  of  Girgenti  and  Taormina  ;    if 
he  fails  to  suggest  the  full  glory  of  the  view 
from  the  Taormina  theatre,  he  is  hardly  to 
be  blamed,  since  the  task  of  description  in 
this  case  is  one  from  which  Ruskin  himself 
might    have   shrunk.     It   would   have   been 
well  had  he  noted,  in  writing  of  the  (so-called) 
Temple  of  Concord  at  Girgenti,  that  more 
than  a  suspicion  of  "  restoration  "  attaches 
to  it  ;    in  point  of  untouched  character,  as 
of   unequalled   situation,    the   neighbouring 
Temple   of   Juno    Lacinia   is   of   far   higher 
interest. 

The  historical  sketch  with  which  the 
volume  opens  is  clearly  written,  and  will 
be  helpful  to  the  traveller  who  has  not  read 
Freeman  ;  but  it  is  defective  in  one  or  two 
points.  Even  so  brief  an  account  of  the 
history  of  ancient  Sicily  should  make  men- 
tion of  the  Servile  Wars  ;  and  surely  some 
at  least  of  the  results  of  modern  research 
might  have  been  used  to  temper  the  con- 
ventional brilliancy  of  the  portrait  here 
drawn  of  the  "  Wonder  of  the  World."  These 
omissions  could  easily  be  remedied  in  future 
editions.  We  would  also  suggest  that, 
although  one  does  not  look  for  impecca- 
bility of  style  in  a  guide-book,  such  expres- 
sions as  "  Goethe,  scornful  though  he  was 
at  them...."  and  the  unlucky  alliteration 
on  p.  35  ought  to  be  altered.  The 
photographs  which  adorn  the  book  are  well 
printed,  and  the  large  map  of  Sicily  is  re- 
markably clear  and  good.  Some  of  the 
smaller  maps — notably  the  plan  ol  Palermo 
— are  drawn  on  so  minute  a  scale  that  to 
decipher  them  is  difficult  for  any  eyes  but 
those  of  youth. 


In  the  Heart  of  the  Canadian  Rockies. 
By  James  Outram.  (New  York,  the  Mac- 
millan  Company.) — The  reviewer  is  disarmed 
before  he  enters  upon  his  study  of  this 
interesting  volume  by  an  "  Apology  "  of 
the  most  sweepingly  deprecatory  character. 
It  is  stated  that  the  writer's  only  claim  to 
consideration  is  that  he  is  an  enthusiast 
in  mountaineering,  and  that  this  book  is 
issued  with  great  reluctance  on  his  part, 
as  he  feels  that  the  brain  collapse  from 
overwork,  which  first  drove  him  to  the 
mountains,  has  "  throughout  hampered  clear 
thought  and  steady  composition."  It  is  not 
an  appetizing  prefatory  note,  but  the  reader 
who  perseveres  well  into  the  book  itself  will 
be  rewarded  for  his  pains  with  some  delight- 
ful reading,  and  will  rise  from  it  as  convinced 
of  the  author's  ability  as  of  his  real  modesty. 
His  style  inclines  towards  redundance,  but 
pleasantly  so,  and  his  agreeable  discursive- 
ness is  not  at  all  ill-suited  to  the  subject. 
In  the  beginning  there  is  traced  the  growth 
of  that  blend  of  reverential  love  for  moun- 
tains, of  curiosity,  and  of  adventure  which 
makes  an  ardent  mountaineer.  The  charms 
of  Switzerland  are  touched  on  affectionately, 
and  reference  is  made  to  that  proper  hanker- 
ing after  a  real  "  first  ascent  "  which  turns 
a  man's  thoughts  and  steps  westward.  But 
it  is  not  in  the  United  States  that  Mr. 
Outram  considers  Switzerland's  serious  rivals 
are  to  be  found,  hunt  as  the  mountaineer 
may  among  the  upland  solitudes  of  Colorado, 
California,  or  the  icy  crags  of  the  Cascade 
range  : — 

"Each  contains  some  of  the  splendid  features 
that  are  all  combined  within  the  scanty  limits  of 
the  little  European  Republic,  but  the  wondrous 
glacial  fields,  the  massing  of  majestic  ranges,  the 
striking  individuality  of  each  great  peak,  the  forest 
areas,  green  pasture  lands,  clear  lakes,  and  peaceful 
valleys,  are  nowhere  found  harmoniously  blended 
on  the  western  continent  until  the  traveller  visits 
that  section  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  which  lies 
within  the  wide  domain  of  Canada.  Follow  Lng  the 
continental  watershed  from  Colorado  northward, 
the  ranges  of  Montana  begin  to  display  the  charac- 
teristic features  which  culminate  in  the  Switzerland 
of  the  western  hemisphere.  The  rounded  or  gabled 
summits  here  give  place  to  broken  pinnacles,  preci- 
pices rise  in  frequent  grandeur,  enormous  seas  of 
ice  sweep  from  the  alpine  heights  into  the  verdant 
heart  of  pine-  and  spruce-clad  valleys,  gemmed 
with  emerald  and  turquoise  lakelets,  and  silvery 
waterfalls  and  sparkling  rivulets  unite  in  producing 
a  series  of  absolutely  perfect  mountain  pictures." 

In  view  of  the  ease  and  swiftness  with 
which  the  modern  traveller  may  be  trans- 
ported from,  say,  Pall  Mall  into  the  very 
heart  of  the  Canadian  Rockies,  where,  upon 
its  line  of  route,  the  railway  company  pro- 
vides every  facility  in  the  way  of  hotels 
and  chalets,  guides,  and  so  forth,  it  is 
certainly  fair  to  hope  that  the  magnificent 
scenery  of  these  giant  ranges  will  become 
more  and  more  familiar  to  English  moun- 
taineers. To  all  such  potential  wanderers 
we  cordially  commend  Mr.  Outram's  pages. 
His  counsel  is  sound,  and  his  knowledge 
reaches  far.  His  experiences  with  axe  and 
line  have  been  many  and  varied.  They  are 
here  set  forthwith  a  comprehensiveness  rare 
in  books  of  this  class.  The  volume  was 
well  worth  writing,  and  should  win  an 
extensive  circle  of  friends  in  this  country. 
It  has  some  good  maps  and  a  most  useful 
index. 

Burma.     Painted    and    described    by    R. 

Talbot  Kelly.  (A.  &  C.  Black.)— This  addi- 
tion to  "colour  books  "  is  by  no  means  the 
least  charming  of  a  long  list.  Its  preface 
is  one  calculated  to  induce  good  humour 
in  the  most  captious  reader,  being  full  of  a 
frank  modesty,  the  real  modesty  of  a  capable 
craftsman.      The    volume    is    the    result    of   a 

first  visit,  and  not  of  any  Laboured  research  : 
it  is  the  record  of  fresh  and  vivid  impressions 


1 1 


T  II  i:    A  T  II  EN  .1:  r  .M 


X    1080,  .1  is.  6,  1906 


made  upon  the  mind  "i  a  trained  | »n n t •  r 
Mini    mi    able    writer    of    plain    descriptive 

Iiroae.  There  are  no  statistics,  no  book- 
Mir,  and  little  information  of  the  sorl  baaed 
upon  long  experienoe.  There  are  the  ou1 
standing  features  of  a  first  vision  ;  there  Lb 
a  fine,  an  expert  appreciation  of  the  glowing 
colour  of  Burma;  and  there  is  sympathy. 
The  resull  ia  something  which  is  probably 
more  Lmmediatelj  pleasing  and  entertaining, 

1!     less     informing,     than     the     records    of    a 

lifelong  experience  in  Burma,  and  a  ma 
classified    facte,    would    have    been.     There 
are  Beventy-five   full-page  reproductions  of 

Mr.    Kelly's   pictures,  and  these   form  a   very 

attractive  portion  of  the  whole  work.  The 
artist  has  not  been  niggardly  in  conveying 
the  barbaric  vividness,  the  blaze  of  colour, 
which  greets  the  traveller  in  most  parte  of 

Burma  :  hut  his  landscapes  in  which 
nature  is  -ecu  unforced  by  the  hands  of 
COlour-loving  men  and  women,  and  seen, 
more  often  than  not,  by  early  morning  or 
evening  light — have  an  exquisite  delicacy. 
Like  most  travellers  in  the  East,  Mr.  Talbot 
Kelly  found  an  unfailing  fascination  and 
delight  in  the  splendid  but  intimate  charm 
of  early  morning  in  Burma,  and  the  imprint 
of  his  appreciation  is  written  plainly  in 
these  pictures,  and  in  some  of  the  best 
descriptive  passages  in  his  book.  The 
author  is,  naturally,  less  well  acquainted 
with  Burmese  Buddhism  than  with  Egyptian 
Mohammedanism  (his  previous  book  in  this 
series,  '  Egypt,'  showed  considerable  fami- 
liarity with  Arab  thought  and  feeling),  but 
his  impressions  of  Burmese  character  are 
intelligent,  and  more  often  accurate  than 
not. 

Life    in    Morocco.     By    Budgett    Meakin. 

JChatto    &    Windus.)— to    students    of    the 
iterature  of  Morocco,  Mr.  Meakin  is  known 
as    the    author     of    a    comprehensive    and 
painstaking   trilogy,   entitled    '  The   Moorish 
Empire,'    '  The    Land    of    the    Moors,'    and 
'  The   Moors.'     His    claim   to    consideration 
where    North    Africa    is    concerned    is    just, 
for    he    was    virtually    brought    up    in    the 
country,    and    knows   its   native   and   semi- 
native  life  with  the  intimacy  of  experience. 
The    present    volume,    while    not    without 
interest,    differs    widely    in    character    from 
the   solid    trilogy   just   mentioned.     Its   un- 
connected   and    rather    scrappy    character 
conveys   the   suggestion    that   it    represents 
what  miners  call  a   "  clean-up  "   of  all  the 
odd  material  left  over  from  that  work.     The 
author   makes   his   acknowledgments   to   no 
fewer     than     fifteen     periodicals     in    which 
different  sections  of  this  book  have  already 
seen  the  light,  besides  mentioning  that  four 
chapters  have   been  extracted  from  an  un- 
published  work,  apparently  of  fiction,  and 
that  three  other  chapters  are  the  products 
of    his    wife's    pen.     It    will    be    apparent, 
then,  that  '  Life  in  Morocco  '  is  something 
in    the    nature    of    a    scrapbook    of    notes. 
Upon  the  whole,  and  in  view  of  the  existence 
of  Mr.   Meakin's  trilogy,  we  cannot  say  that 
the    work    of    rescuing    these    papers    from 
their  admittedly  ephemeral   form  was  par- 
ticularly worth  doing.     Some  of  them  have 
more  than  passing  interest,   perhaps,   since 
they     indicate     genuine      familiarity     with 
certain  phases  of  life  in  Morocco  ;    but  these 
have  already  been  more  carefully  presented 
in    one    or   other   of   the   previous   volumes 
from  the  same  pen.     Here  actual  instances 
are  given,  but  they  are  instances  the  exact 
fellows   to    which    we   have    had   already   in 
the  works  of  Mr.  Walter  Harris,  Mr.  A.  J. 
Dawson,    Mr.    Cunninghame    Graham,    and 
others  who,  without,  perhaps,  the  prolonged 
familiarity  with  Morocco  which  Mr.  Meakin 
has,    have    yet    shown    a    good    deal    more 
power   to   depict   the   salient   features   of   a 


landscape,  an  incident,  or  .,  \i*t- 

enoe. 

OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Tin  Poetical  Work*  <>i  Lard  Byron,  edited, 
with  a  memoir,  by  Erneal  Hartley  Coleridge 
(Murray),  ia  further  described  as  "the  only 

complete  and  Copyright  text  in  one  voluo 

It    is.   in   fact,   an  admirable  and   probably 

final  edition  of  the  nohie  poet  s,i  intimately 
associated  with  the  house  of  Murray.     Sere 

the     reader     will     find    all     the     new-     poems 
included    in    the    elaborate    edition    of    I- 

1904,  which  we  noticed  at  length.  He  will 
also  find  a  lively  and  well-written  memoir 
by  the  editor,  and  judicious  notes  to  tin 
various  poems,  which  explain  all  that  a 
reader  needs  to  know.  The  volume  is 
attractively  bound  in  blue,  and  marks  an 
essential  advance  on  the  last  of  a  similar 
sort  received  from  Mr.  Murray,  the  "  Pearl  " 
edition  of  1902.  The  present  issue  contains 
1,041  pages  of  text,  apart  from  the  memoir. 

In  this  era  of  literary  resurrection  it  was 
a  happy  thought  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Wilfred 
Whitten   to   reissue   J.    T.    Smith's   A   Book 
for  a   Rainy  Day    (Methuen).     Smith,   who 
is  best  known   as   an  engraver  of  Morland 
and  others,  and  as  the  author  of  '  Nollekens 
and  his  Times,'  had  an  extremely  interesting 
individuality,  as  is  shown  in  this  posthumous 
work.     It   is   nothing   but   a   miscellany    of 
information,  a  vast  scrapbook,  in  the  main 
topographical   and    antiquarian    in    its    in- 
terest.     Smith    was    born    in     a     hackney 
coach     in    1766,    and     died    in     1833,    and 
this    olla    podrida  covers  the  whole    period 
between    those   dates.       It    was    apparently 
prepared  for  publication  by  the  author,  but 
was  not  issued  till   1845.     It  has  not  been 
reprinted  since   1861  till  Mr.  Whitten  came 
to    the    rescue.     He    justly    remarks    that, 
while  Smith  takes  no  high  rank  as  a  writer, 
"  he  is  a  delightful  gossip,  full  of  his  two 
subjects  :    London  and  Art."     Mr.  Whitten 
also    is  a     learned  and  diligent    student    of 
London,  and  hence -his  association  with  this 
edition  is  felicitous.   "  A  budget  of  memories  " 
is    Mr.    Whitten's    summary    of    this    book, 
and    it    is    adequate.     Smith's    father    was 
principal  assistant  to  Nollekens,  the  sculptor, 
and  Smith  himself  learnt  in  the  same  studio. 
After    an    independent    career   as    engraver 
and   antiquary  he   became  in    1816   Keeper 
of   the    Prints.     Nollekens,    who   had   given 
him  reason  to  suppose  he  would  inherit  a 
substantial   legacy,    died   in    1823,   and   left 
300,000Z.  ;    but  of  this  Smith  received  only 
100?.    as   an   executor.     Mr.    Whitten   attri- 
butes the  eccentric  biography  of  Nollekens, 
published     five     years     later,     to     Smith's 
indignation.     At     any     rate,     it     was     the 
precursor    of    other    honest    biographies,    in 
which     veracity    is     "  sharpened,     not     by 
malice."       Smith's     anecdotic      mind      and 
individuality    may,    perhaps,    be    gathered 
from  his  record  in  a  friend's  album  : — 

"'I   can   boast    of   seven   events,  some   of   which 

great   men  would  lie  proud  of :  1  received  a  kiss 

when  a  hoy  from  the  beautiful  Mrs.  Rohiiismi  ; 
was  patted  on  the  head  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  have 
frequently  held  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  spectacles; 
partook  of  a  pint  of  porter  with  an  elephant  ; 
saved  Lady  Hamilton  from  falling  when  the 
melancholy  news  arrived   of    Lord    Nelson's  death  ; 

three    times    conversed    with    King    George    the 

Third  :  and  was  shut  up  in  a  room  with  Mr. 
Kean's  linn.'  " 

Here  is  certainly  an  admirable  editor  for 
Tit-bits.  Yet  Smith's  knowledge,  as 
recorded  here,  is  extremely  interesting  to 
us  to-day.  He  gives  a  list  of  the  characters 
which  Garrick  assumed;  also  a  list  of 
Mrs.  Siddons's  parts.  He  sets  down  a 
diary  of  the  Marylebone  Gardens  from  the 
time    of    Pepys.     You    can    dip    into    this 


luck]  bag  any  where  with   the  •> 
finding  something  oi  interest  : — 

"  belie-    i|,i-    yeai     M 

fall*  .it  laoe  from  tin-  hat   to  tie-  shoulders,  and 
rolled  curls  on  eithei  tide  oi   the  aeok ;  the} 

t  limed  to  oai  I  \    tin-.  " 

The  hook  is  indispensable  to  those  who 
would  reconstruct  bygone  days.  A-  the 
world  passed  before  Smith's  eye-  lie  recorded 

it — without    method,   without   order,   without 

vie,    but    always    vividly    and 
accurately.     The    haphazard,    easy,    fluent 

character   of   his    gossip    may    he   Been    in    his 
observation    for    any    year.      Take    1 B02,    for 

example.     He  opens  with  some  mora]  reflec- 
tions ;     izocs    on    to    di  al    length    a 

visit  he  paid  to  Newgate  t.i  see  tie- execu- 
tion of  Governor  Wall  ;  after  which  he 
notes  the  selling  of  the  fatal  rope  ;  pa 
on,  and  encounters  "  Rosy  Emma  "  "  at 
the  north-east  corner  of  Warwick  Lane "  j 
reflects  that  once  -he  must  have  b< 
nearly  as  handsome  a-  that  other  Emma, 
celebrated  by  Gainsborough  :  and  winds  up 
by  drawing  a  portrait  of  the  hapless  criminal. 
Hotchpotch  such  as  this  is  for  digging  in, 
or,  as  the  title  goes,  for  perusal  on  a  rainy 
day. 

The  edition  is  handsome,  and  is  furnished 
with  many  fine  plates  from  contemporary 
sources.  I  s  best  feature,  however,  is  un- 
doubtedly the  editor's  notes,  which  are 
elaborate  and  meticulous.  They  form  an 
appendix  almost  as  interesting  and  valuable 
as  the  text. 

Round  about  my  Peking  Garden.     By  Mrs. 
Archibald    Little.      (T.    Fisher    Unwin.) — In 
her  knowledge  of  the  real  China,  Mrs.  Archi- 
bald   Little    admittedly    stands    unrivalled 
among  living  European  women.     Mrs.  Little 
has  even  ventured,  as  we  know  from  other 
writings  of  hers,   single-handed  to  beard  a 
Chinese   mandarin   in   his   yamen.     So   it   is 
only    natural    that,    being    observant,    she 
should   be  able   to   discuss   Chinese  matters 
competently.     She  has  an  additional  quali- 
fication in  her  genuine  love  and  sympathy 
for  China  and  its  people — a  trait  which,  it 
is  perhaps  unnecessary  to  say,   is  not  uni- 
versal   among    European    residents    in    the 
county.      '  Round  about  my  Peking  Garden' 
may  be  described  as  a  collection  of  sketches 
of    North    China,    somewhat    loosely    held 
together  by  the  idea  expressed  in  the  title. 
The  actual  garden  in  Peking,  attached  to  a 
house  in  which  the  author  spent  two  summer 
months  (in  1901,  apparently),  occupies  only 
a  single  chapter  of  the  book  ;    its  immediate 
surroundings    claim    another  ;     and    so,    by 
way   of   the    Peking   palaces,    temples,    &c, 
Mrs.    Little    takes   us    to    the    Ming    tombs, 
the    Western    tombs,    the    Mongolian    Grass 
Land,     the     seaside     resorts     near     Peking, 
and    even    to    Port    Arthur.      This    is    the 
geographical    distribution,    so    to    speak,    of 
the   sketches.     With   regard    to    time,   they 
all  appear  to  be  dated  about   the  period  of 
the  last  occupation  of  Peking  by  the  allied 
troops,  or  of   the   Chinese   Imperial   Court's 
return    to    the    capital.     Internal    evidence 
makes  us  suspect  that  at  least  one  chapter 
— that  of  '  Five  Nations'  Soldiers  as  seen  in 
China  ' — was   originally   a    topical    contribu- 
tion to  some  newspaper.      Such   sections  of 
the  book  as  this  are  likely  now  to  be  found 
the   Least    interesting,   except    in   so   far   as 
they  carry  back  past  or  present    residents  in 
China  to  the  days  of  the  "  Boxer"'  troubles. 
Records    of    pillage    and    destruction    play  a 
very  important    part    in   Mrs.  Little's  pages. 
It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  in  hardly- 
one  chapter  do  we  fail  to  find  references  to 
ruined    temples,    and    stolen    or    pulverized 
works    of    art.     One    quotation    is    perhaps 
enough.     Mrs.  Little  visits,  on  a  hill-top, 
"a    Thousand-Buddha    Temple    which    must    have 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1900 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


15 


been  lovely.  Inside  are  flower  arabesques  that 
•evidently  Italian  priests  must  have  taught  Chinese 
to  design  and  colour.  But  the  marble  has  been 
tested  by  fire,  the  Buddhas'  heads  knocked  off,  the 
arabesques  discoloured.  The  amount  of  labour  that 
has  been  expended  in  destruction  in  Peking  is 
really  infinite.  And  over  the  other  side  of  the  hill 
nothing  has  been  restored  since  the  English  and 
French  sacked  the  Summer  Palace  together  in  18;19 
■and  thought  they  were  teaching  the  Chinese  a 
lesson  as  to  their  superior  strength.  But  the 
Chinese  did  not  learn  it.  They  were  only 
additionally  convinced,  if  that  were  possible,  that 
all  other  nations  outside  their  own  were  rough 
savages.  They  will  think  so  more  than  ever  now, 
if  half  the  tales  one  hears  are  true.  It  does  not  do  ! 
to  think  of  many  of  them." 

[  A  Frenchman  once  wrote  of  the  scene  of  ! 
the  looting  of  the  Summer  Palace  at  Peking 
as  "  a  hasheesh-eater's  dream."  (That  was,  | 
of  course,  before  the  actual  burning  of  the 
Palace,  rightly  or  wrongly  attributed  to 
Lord  Elgin.)  In  Mrs.  Little's  descriptions 
of  profaned  temples,  uprooted  gardens, 
broken  images,  and  smashed  screens  we 
seem  to  see  rather  an  art-lover's  or  an  anti- 
quary's nightmare.  Such  records  indeed 
provide  food  for  thought  for  citizens  of 
the  "  crusading  "  nations  of  1900.  So,  too, 
does^what  Mrs.  Little  has  to  say  concerning 
the  stoppage,  by  the  Powers'  orders,  of  the 
literary  examinations — for  five  years  at 
Peking  and  at  Taiyuenfu,  the  capital  of 
Shansi  ;  for  one  year  in  eight  other  provinces. 
In  these  examinations  an  intense  national 
interest  is  taken  in  China,  "  possibly  sur- 
passing even  that  felt  in  the  Derby  by 
ourselves." 

Mrs.  Little,  it  will  have  been  gathered,  is 
not  in  sympathy  with  the  way  in  which  the 
Western  Powers  have  acted  towards  China. 
She  is,  however,  an  ardent  supporter  of 
Christian  mission  work  in  the  country,  and 
believes  that  some  day  there  will  be  "a 
great  ingathering."  All,  whether  supporters 
of  the  missionary  or  not,  will  welcome  her 
appeal  on  behalf  of  the  beautiful  temple- 
buildings  throughout  China.  Western  in- 
fluence is  bound  to  strike  hard  at  the 
present  faiths  of  the  Chinese,  and  such 
buildings  are  thereby  threatened  with 
neglect  and  ruin,  unless  the  love  of  beauty 
can  save  them. 

Mrs.  Little's  manner  of  writing  is  generally 
pleasant.  She  has  a  genuine  instinct  for 
description,  and  excels  therein.  She  is  apt 
to  mar  her  picturesque  passages  by  a  ten- 
dency to  moralizing  and  emotional  apos- 
trophe ;  and  occasionally  she  may  give 
readers  a  rather  painful  shock  by  the  use 
of  a  word  below  the  dignity  of  its  context. 
But  the  excellences  of  her  work  are 
many  in  comparison  with  its  few  defects 
It  is  copiously  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphs, of  which  all  but  two  or  three  are 
admirably  clear.  For  a  book  of  this  kind 
photography  can  best  supply  the  illustra- 
tion required,  and  Mrs.  Little  has  been 
fortunate  in  being  able  to  supplement 
her  own  efforts  by  those  of  others  who 
have  visited  the  same  places.  The  frontis- 
piece, a  Chinese  painting  of  a  Red  Button 
Mandarin  in  full  dress,  is  more  quaint  than 
beautiful. 

The  Royal  Forests  of  England,  by  J. 
Charles  Cox  (Methuen),  is  one  of  "  The 
Antiquary's  Books,"  a  series  of  which  its 
author  is  the  general  editor.  Its  avowed 
object  is  "  to  set  forth  both  the  general 
and  particular  history  of  the  wastes  pre- 
served for  royal  sport  throughout  England 
which  were  under  forest  law."  We  may 
say  at  once  that  it  was  beyond  hope  1" 
accomplish  such  a  task  within  the  compass 
of  this  volume.  As  Dr.  Cox  himself  admits, 
"it  would  have  been  easy  enough  to  have 
found   original   material   sufficient   to    fill    a 


volume  of  this  size  for  almost  each  of  the 
forests  named  therein,"  and  it  seems  to 
him  "  almost  sinful  to  be  content  with  such 
brief  summaries."  What  is  really  wanted 
by  "  the  antiquary  "  is  something  between 
Mr.  G.  J.  Turner's  masterly  '  Select  Pleas 
of  the  Forest,'  issued  by  the  Selden  Society, 
and  a  popular  treatise  suited  for  the  general 
reader.  He  has  been  so  dependent  till  of 
late  on  the  obsolete  Manwood  that  for  such 
a  work  there  was  a  real  want.  Dr.  Cox's 
introductory  chapters  go  some  way  towards 
supplying  it,  and  have  enjoyed  the  great 
advantage  of  being  read  in  proof  by  Mr. 
Turner  ;  but  the  effort  to  embrace  the  his- 
tory of  all  the  forests  has  compelled  Dr.  Cox 
to  sacrifice  other  chapters  and  to  cut  down 
his  work  throughout  in  ruthless  fashion. 
This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  because  it 
is  evident  that  Dr.  Cox  has  expended  much 
labour  on  his  subject,  not  only  among 
printed  matter,  but  also  at  the  Public 
Record  Office,  while  forest  lore  loses  at  his 
hands  none  of  its  intrinsic  interest.  Hounds 
and  hunting  are  discussed,  together  with  the 
beasts  of  the  chase,  the  officers  and  courts 
of  the  forest,  its  customs  and  its  trees.  The 
forests  under  our  early  kings  were  of  con- 
stitutional importance,  and  more  might  have 
been  said  of  the  popular  hatred  the  forest 
laws  aroused,  of  the  outbursts  against  them 
in  times  of  anarchy,  and  of  the  royal 
treachery  and  oppression  in  connexion  with 
them,  even  Henry  II.  making  them  a  means 
of  shameless  extortion  in  1175-6.  When 
their  history  comes  to  be  fully  written,  its 
later  portions  will  present  some  ugly  tales 
of  private  rapacity  and  spoliation. 

To  many  the  numerous  illustrations 
will  prove  an  attractive  feature  of 
this  book.  The  effigies  and  sepulchral 
slabs  of  forest  officers  displaying,  as 
symbols,  the  forester's  horn,  the  ver- 
derer's  axe,  and  the  bowbearer's  bow  and 
arrow,  are  of  special  interest.  The  horn, 
we  think,  was  distinctive  of  more  than 
"  an  ordinary  forester."  The  Engaines,  for 
instance,  held  in  Northants  and  Hunts  by 
the  service  of  hunting  the  wolf  and  other 
beasts  through  four  counties.  This  inter- 
esting office  can  be  traced  even  in  Domesday, 
and  the  holder  of  the  lands  made  his  return, 
in  1 1 66,  among  the  barons,  ready  to  perform 
his  service,  as  the  king's  forester-of-fee,  "  his 
horn  about  his  neck."  We  cannot  find 
mention  of  the  system  of  farming  the  royal 
forests  for  a  fixed  "  census,"  from  which 
tithes  were  paid,  and  are  rather  surprised 
that  none  of  Dr.  Nisbet's  books  is  cited.  Dr. 
Cox  describes,  inter  alia,  the  manuscript  of 
'  The  Master  of  Game.' 

Cat  Tales,  by  W.  L.  Alden  (Digby  &  Long), 
are  in  the  mam  broadly  farcical,  but  very 
pleasant  reading.  Mr.  Alden  has  the  touches 
of  artistic  exaggeration  and  vivid  slang  which 
are  characteristic  of  the  best  American 
humour,  and  easy  as  his  writing  may  seem, 
it  never  falls  into  the  slackness  which 
abounds  nowadays.  We  like  best  '  Tire 
and  Sidon,'  a  parody  of  the  motive  of  the 
Pied  Piper;  but  the  cats  associated  with 
sea-captains  all  make  good  yarns.  There 
are  some  touches  of  real  feeling  here,  too. 
Mr.  Louis  Wain  is  the  appropriate  illustrator 
of  the  book. 

We  are  very  glad  to  see  a  new  edition  of 
A  Short  Day's  Work,  by  Monica  Peveril 
Turnbull  (Murray).  Easy  as  it  is  to  be 
enthusiastic  over  so  bright  a  life  cut  short 
by  self-sacrifice,  the  author  has  generally 
(and,  we  think,  justly)  been  recognized  as 
one  possessing  unusual  e;ifts.  Both  her 
verse  and  prose  have  the  quality  <>f  distinc- 
tion, as  well  as  a  basis  of  independent 
thought  which  is  rare  among  the  writers  of 
to-day. 


Messrs.  Wells  Gardner  &  Co.  publish 
Chertsey  Abbey,  an  illustrated  volume  by 
Miss  Wheeler,  which  we  commend  as  a 
careful  study  of  the  history  of  the  foundation. 
Chertsey  was  one  of  the  principal  monasteries 
of  England,  but  almost  all  vestige  of  its 
buildings  disappeared  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  The  charters  and  other  available 
documents  have  been  ransacked,  and  the 
facts  are  all  to  be  found  within  the  covers 
of  the  book.  The  abbey  formed  the  usual 
first  halt  from  London,  or  before  London, 
in  the  journeys  of  the  king  when  going  and 
coming  between  the  capital  and  the  West. 
The  condition  of  Sussex  placed  it  even  on 
the  military  road  of  invaders  from  the 
South.  Just  as  Julius  Caesar  had  crossed 
the  Thames  within  what  afterwards  became 
the  limits  of  the  abbey  lands,  so  William 
the  Conqueror  marched  by  Chertsey  after 
the  battle  of  Hastings.  Chertsey  is  con- 
nected, as  will  be  remembered,  with  the 
deaths  and  funerals  of  kings.  To  the 
archaeologist  it  must  remain  of  the  highest 
interest,  on  account  of  the  pre-eminence 
of  its  tiles.  A  wonderful  find  of  the  old 
pavements  was  made  there  fifty  years  ago, 
and  Cherstey  tiles  have  since  been  recog- 
nized by  their  patterns  in  all  parts  of  Eng- 
land. 

Cotton's  Montaigne,  3  vols.,  is  out  in  the 
"  York  Library  "  (Bell),  which  has  been  so 
deservedly  praised  in  many  quarters  already 
that  it  hardly  needs  more  commendation 
from  us.  Mr.  Carew  Hazlitt  has  done  the 
work  of  editing  the  volumes  well,  and  the 
first  modern  essayist  who  projected  his  ego 
over  the  world  is  now  available  in  a  delight- 
fully handy  form.  We  suppose  it  is  useless 
to  suggest  that  his  many  imitators  should 
think  of  his  endowments  and  pause  before 
they  put  pen  to  paper. 

We  have  received  The  Clergy  Directory 
for  1906  (J.  S.  Phillips).  This  is  the  thirty- 
sixth  issue,  and  the  year-book  has  by  now 
established  its  reputation  for  accuracy  and 
completeness.  It  is  not  only  a  guide  to  its 
special  subject,  but  also  a  valuable  book  of 
reference,  readily  yielding  information  on 
the  parishes  of  England  and  their  population 
in  accordance  with  the  latest  census  returns. 
As  usual,  we  have  tested  it  by  looking  up 
various  names,  and  found  it  without  fault. 

We  have  also  received  The  Catholic  Direc- 
tory (Burns  &  Oates),  which  is  cheap  in 
view  of  the  amount  of  information  which  it 
contains. 

DebretVs  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knight- 
age for  1906  (Dean  &  Son)  has  managed  to 
include  on  an  extra  page  the  '  Resignation 
Honours,'  and  has  a  further  list  of  '  Occur- 
rences during  Printing,'  which  exhibits 
the  pains  taken  to  keep  the  volume  up  to 
date.  It  is,  in  fact,  wonderfully  complete 
in  every  way,  even  including  a  list  of  '  Royal 
Warrant  Holders  '  in  the  Appendix. 

Burke's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knight- 
age for  1906  (Harrison)  is  before  us.  a  stately 
record  of  2,293  pages,  which  retains  pride 
of  place  among  books  of  its  sort.  This  is 
the  sixty  -  eighth  issue.  The  interesting 
preface  shows  the  care  taken  to  secure 
revision,  and  we  congratulate  Mr.  Ashworth 
P.Burke  on  Ins  solution  of  the  difficulties 

caused    by    recent    changes.      The    notice    of 

Sir  John    Senniker   rleaton  will   need  to  be 

deleted,  and  is  an  instance  of  the  clumsy 
administration  of   honours.     Till  recently  W8 

thoughl   that  it  was  only  in  Btageland  that 

people     were     made     baronets      withoul     any 

intelligenl  anticipation  of  such  events. 
Though  we  cannot  endorse  all  the  early 
history  of  '  Burke,1  it  is  laudably  accurate 
hi  us  modern  detail,  and  shows  signs  of 
being  well  looked  after  by  its  editor. 


16 


A  T  M  EN  -1-:  I    M 


\    WHO,  .1  ik.  •  '>,  19I»0 


hint's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightagt 
for  LQ06  (Whittaker  A  Co.)  u  an  excellent 
example  ol   good  work  compressed  within  a 

moderate     compass.       W Iblocks    are     ■ 

feature  of  the  work,  and  the  formal  m< 

dI     address    will    be    found    useful.       It    doefl 

not   note,  bj    the   i>\.   the   Lord   Mayor   <>t 

Car. lit!. 

'/'A-  ><  enct  rear -Book  for  1906  has  been 
sent  to  us  by  Messrs.   King,  Sell  &  Olding. 

This  is  the  second  annual  issue.  The  '  Year- 
I '..  ">k  '    includes   an   admirable    Diary,    which 

may  well  attract  the  unscientific;   scientific 

notes    anil     tables,    special    sections    on     the 

advances    of    1905    by    competent    writers, 

and     a     directory     of     periodicals,     societies. 

biographies,  &c.  Through  the  front  cover 
appears  a  date  card  which  can  be  torn 
off  each  month.  There  is  a  full  page 
to  write  on  every  day;  in  fact,  the  whole 
is  admirably  arranged,  and  the  book  should 
have  the  widest  circulation,  for  it  appeals 
to  the  ordinary  man  as  well  as  the  student. 

\\'i:  welcome  the  bound  Dickensian  for 
1905  (Chapman  &  Hall),  which  is  full  of 
those  "  ana  "  concerning  the  master  which 
have  been  eagerly  sought  after  for  many 
years.  The  green  covers  in  facsimile  of 
the  separate  issues  are  thoughtfully  bound 
in  separately  at  the  end.  Many  interesting 
illustrations  and  portraits  are  included. 
The  magazine  is  now,  we  imagine,  an  assured 
success,  and,  this  being  so,  the  editor  might 
well  introduce  more  modern  critical  matter 
of  an  aesthetic  sort.  Our  own  columns,  by 
the  by,  contained  a  year  or  two  ago  a  brief 
note  about  the  most  quoted  author  in  the 
daily  press,  stating  that,  after  investigation, 
the  writer  found  Dickens  first,  and  the  rest 
(Shakspeare  and  others)  nowhere. 

We  have  on  our  table  Ecclesia  Antiqua, 
by  J.  Ferguson  (Edinburgh,  Oliver  &  Boyd), 
— Can  We  Believe  ?  by  C.  F.  Garbett  and 
F.  O.  T.  Hawkes  (Masters), — Life  and  Death, 
by  H.  Allsopp  (Watts), — At  the  Master's 
Side,  by  A.  Deane  (Wells  Gardner), — Hebrew 
Ideals,  Part  II.,  by  J.  Strachan  (Edinburgh, 
T.  &  T.  Clark), — Constructive  Democracy,  by 
W.  E.  Smythe  (Macmillan), — Government 
Regulation  of  Railway  Rates,  by  H.  R.  Meyer 
(Macmillan), — A  Manual  of  Carpentry  and 
Joinery,  by  J.  W.  Riley  (Macmillan), — 
Occult  Chemistry,  by  Annie  Besant  (Theo- 
sophical  Publishing  Society), — Advanced  Ex- 
amples in  Physics,  by  A.  O.  Allen  (Arnold), — 
Social  Responsibilities,  by  H.  Jones  (Glasgow, 
MacLehose  &  Sons). — What  to  have  for 
Breakfast,  by  Olive  Green  (Putnam), — The 
Amateur  Cook,  by  Katharine  Burrill  and 
Annie  M.  Booth  (W.  &  R.  Chambers),— 
Queer  Thing  •  about  Sicily,  by  D.  Sladen  and 
Norma  Lorimer  (Treherne), —  Philippine 
Life  in  Tou-n  and  Country,  by  J.  A.  Le  Roy 
(Putnam), — In  Japanese  Hospitals  during 
War-time,  by  Mrs.  Richardson  (Blackwood), 
— Cumberland,  Westmorland,  and  Furness, 
(Blackie  &  Son), — The  Last  of  the  Stuarts,  by 
C.  Julian  (Colorado,  Reinert  Publishing 
Company). — Poems  of  Trumbull  Stickney 
(Houghtf)n  &  Mifflin), — A  Medley  of  Verse, 
by  Damon  (Truslove  &  Hanson), — Nugce 
Sacrai  et  Philosophical,  by  some  Members  of 
a  Common  Room  (Oxford,  Blackwell), — 
Lyrics,  by  the  Author  of  '  Erebus  '  (Elkin 
Mathews),—  Verses,  by  T.  H.  T.  Case  (Green- 
ing),— Essays  for  Ireland,  by  L.  H.  Victory 
(Dublin.  Scaly,  Bryers  &  'Walker),  —  The 
Water  Nymph,  and  other  Poems,  by  A.  S. 
Johnstone  (Gay  &  Bird), — Edvard  Grieg, 
by  H.  T.  Finck  (Lane), — Sliakespeare  and 
the  Supernatural,  by  Margaret  Lucy,  with 
Bibliography  by  W.  Jaggard  (Liverpool, 
.laggard). — Laurence  Sterne  in  Germany,  by 
H.  W.  Thayer  (Macmillan),— .4  Stolen' Peer, 
by  Guy  Boothby  (White),— Lady  Bobs,  her 


Brother,  and  I.  by  J.  Chamblin  (Putnam 
/  /     i     (  'onst  ii  nee,    by    I..    * '.    Wood 

(Headley),  Tht  Expiation  <>i  Eugene,  by 
I ■'.  II.  Balfour  (Greening),  I  Prophet  <>i 
Wales,  l>\  M.  Baring  (Greening),     An  Island 

in    tin     Air,    by    E.     Lngersoi]    (.Macmillan), — 

Yolanda,   Maul  of   Burgundy,   by  C.   Major 

(Macmillan).       Minium     of    Clf/Si     l'<e<nl.     by 

Evelyn  Everett  Green  (Melrose),     TheOit 

mill  It  iras  So,  by  Koma   Dene  (  Diane),       Tht 

Pride  of  the  Tristan  //i ir/rks,  by  Ellen  A. 
Smith  (Digby  <v  Long),  Starlight  Sto\ 
l.y  Hob  (Do  La  More  Press),  -Tht  Metal 
and  the  Key,  by  K.  Ford  (Diane), — D<> 
in  Dogland,  by  (;.  Kawlcnce  (Diane),  7'A< 
Interlude  of  Youth,  edited  by  W.  Bang  and 
R.  B.  McKerrow  (Suit),— Tides  of  Thought, 
by  H.  W.  Bible  (Simpkin  &  Marshall),— 
Abyssinia:  the  Ethiopian  Railway,  by  T. 
Lennox  Gilmour  (Alston  Rivers), — /  Totili  di 
Xobilta  nell'  Italia  Bizantina,  by  Guido 
Bonolis  (Florence,  Seeber), — and  Theodor 
Manimsen  als  Schriftsteller,  by  Karl  Zange- 
meister,  edited  by  E.  Jacobs  (Berlin,  Weid- 
mann). 

Among  New  Editions  we  have  Pilgrim- 
Walks  in  Rome,  by  P.  J.  Chandlery  (Manresa 
Press), — The  Diary  of  an  Old  Soul,  by  G. 
Mac  Donald  (Fifield), — The  Phantom  Ship, 
by  Capt.  Marryat  (Lane), — A  Sentimental 
Journey,  by  L.  Sterne  (Long), — The  London 
Building  Acts,  1894  to  1905,  edited  by  B. 
Dicksee  (Stanford), — Men  of  the  Covenant,  by 
A.  Smellie  (Melrose), — A  Text-Book  on  Gas, 
Oil,  and  Air  Engines,  by  Bryan  Donkin 
(Griffin),  —  and  Banking  Almanac,  1906, 
edited  by  R.  H.  Inglis  Palgrave  (Water- 
low  &  Sons). 


i       II-    i  ■    -  Munuin  I 
lie.*  ii  -  M.e  m.    , 
[>'An     (B    I        \  \-  ■•    i 
(leolug)  .,(  Mi, |  Argyll,  Kv  .1    II    Hill  sad  oil,. 

i 


•  r  ••  •     n    -•'  •  l\         '      .       1,1,       I         .         I  I  .  ]  '  I  '  .   i  I       ■      i 

Lightfool  i.J  ),  Advaui  ■  -I   Iritl  Part  II 

ii. i 


LIST   OF    NEW    BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theology. 

Catholic  Directory,  1906,  1/0  net. 

Hibbert  Journal  for  January,  2/6  net. 

Macalpine  (G.  \\\),  The  Days  of  the  Son  of  Man,  ."./ 

Xisbet's  Church  Directory  anil  Almanack,  1906,  i;  net. 

Sermons  for  the  People,  Second  Series,  Vol.  II.,  1/ 

Law, 
Hudson  (A.  A.),  The  Law  of  Compensation,  i  vols,,  37/6 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology, 
Field  (H.)and  Bunney  (M.),  English  Domestic  Architecture 

of  the  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Centuries,  42/ net. 
Gardner (E.  A.),  A  Handbook  of  Greek  Sculpture,  Part  11.,  ."> 
Macquoid  (P.),   A   History   of    English    Furniture,   Vol.   11. 

Part  X.,  7/6  net. 
Mallett  (W.  E.),  An  Introduction  to  Old  English  Furniture,  S 
Stein  (M.  A.),  Report  of  Archaeological  Survey  Work  in  the 

North-West  Frontier  Province  and  Baluchistan,  S 
Supplementary  Papers  of  the  American  School  of  Classical 

Studies  in  Rome,  Vol.  1. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Early  English  Dramatists:  Six  Anonymous  Plays,  c.  I.">10-:i7, 
edited  by  J.  S.  Farmer  :  The  Dramatic  Writings  of  .John 
Heywood,  Vol.  1.,  edited  by  .J.  S.  Farmer,  10,6  each. 

Political  Economy,, 
Tariff   Commission    Report:    Vol.   II.   The  Textile   Trades, 

Part  II.,  2  li  net. 

History  ami  Biography. 
Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls:  Edward  111.,  Vol.  VHP,  1848- 

I860,  16/ 
Calendar  of  State   Papers   and    MSS.    relating   to    English 

Affairs  existing  at  Venice:  Vol.  XII.,  1610-18,  L6 
Cassell'a  History  of  the  Busso-Japanese   War,   Vol   III., 

10/  net. 
Johnson  (S.),  Lives  of  the    English    Poets,   edited   bv  (i.  15. 

Hill,  :i  vols.,  :u;   net. 
Lewis  (G.),  An  Oxford  Parish  Priest,  8/6  net 

Mehta  (Hon.   Sir   PherozeBh&h   M.I,  Speeches  and   Writings 

of,  edited  bv  C.  V.  Chinlatnaiii,  lirs. 
Renfrew,  A  Eiston  of,  by  W.  M.  Metcalfe. 

Sussex,  victoria  History  of  the  County  of ,  Vol.  L,  edited  by 

W.  Pag.>,  .11  (I 

Education. 
Schoolmasters  fear-Book  and  Directory,  1906,  6/ net, 

Philology. 
Anderson  (J.  <;.),  Exercices de Orammaire  Francaise,  I  8 
Arnold's   Latin    Texts:    Vergil,    Select    Eclogues;    Vergil, 
Selections  from  the  Georgics ;  Ccesar  in  Britain;  Cicero 
pro  Archia,  Bd.  each. 

Bucolici   (incci,  edited   bv  I',    dc   Wilauiow  it/.Moellcndortf, 

■1  6 
French  bj  the  Direct   Method,  par  llclcne  \i\ier,  •_• ' 

New    K.ngiisii     Dictionary:     Reign    Reserve,    by    W.    A. 

Craigji 

Science. 
Arber  (E.  A.  N.),  Catalogue  of  the  Fos>ii   Plants  of  the 

Glossopteris    Flora    in    the    Department    of   Geology, 

British  Museum,  12  c. 


_  ii.-i 
^  ■■tin—  i.l  i.  Kaaaya  on   Evolution  ami   ll 

.1  in  ■  i 

I     HIV     l..|. 

Ward  (II.  M  i    \  Presto  Start,  l  -■ 

Burke'i    Peerage    and    Baronetage,    the    Pi         (    ancfl. 
Knightage  and  Conipanionagi 

Gowpei    II    H.)    I  la-  \n  •■!  attack,  10  net 

Pottrell  (<;j,  \Mi  iunal  L'uiveruitj  -  l 

Medical  Direi  lory,  1906,  u   net. 

Oliver  .v  Boyd's  Edinburgh  Almanack,  1906,  8/6  ni 

Posl   Office  Loudon    Director)',   1906,  32   ;  Count)   suburb-, 

l.'.  :  Directory,  with  Count)  Suburb 
Proceedings    of    tin-     United     State*     n    tional    Mus-ura, 

VoL  XXVIII 

whitehead  (M.X  Caleb  Troon,  6/ 

POB1  [OH 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Cohend)  (c.),  Visions  dUellas,  Bfr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Castries  (Comte  H.  de),  Lea  Sources  Inedites  de  1  Hi-' 

•  In  Maroc,  Series  1.  VoL  L,  1680-1660. 
Counson  (AA  Dante  en  Prance,  9m. 
Ducor(L.),  Cinq  Ans  sons  le  Hamais,  ::fr.  50. 

Geography  and  TraveL 

Dubois  (M.)  et  Guy  (C),  Album  Gcograpliiipif  :   I.      I 

l.'.fr. 
Schaeck  (L  de),  Visions  de  Guerre:  Six  Mois  en  Mand- 

chourie,  5ft. 

PhUology. 

Herwerdeii  (II.  van).  Vindicia-  Aristophanes),  Sm.  50. 
Leeuwen  (J.  van),  Aristophania  Pax,  ed.,  "an. 

Si-ii-nCf. 

1'relat  (E.),  Questions  de  Salubrity,  4fr. 
<iiii- ml  Literature. 
Ivray  (J.  d),  Janua  Cieli,  :jfr.  50. 

*„*  All  bunks  received  at  the  office  up  to  Wednesday  men 
trill  be  included  in  this  List  union  previously  noted. 


THE    BOOK    SALES    OF    1905. 


The  general  result  of  the  book  sales  held 
during  1905  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few 
words — an  unusual  number  of  scarce  and 
valuable  works,  which,  however,  amounted 
to  only  about  seventy  all  told,  these, 
of  course,  being  of  the  highest  class  ;  a 
smaller  number  of  middle-class  books  than 
might  have  been  expected  ;  and  the  usual 
plethora  of  ordinary  everyday  volumes. 
Books  coining  within  the  first  division  are 
for  the  most  part  rapidly  increasing  in  value, 
and  will  some  day  be  practically  unattain- 
able at  any  price  ;  those  in  the  second 
fluctuate  very  much,  though  their  general 
tendency  has  lately  been  downward  ;  while 
the  third  division  embraces  that  very  large 
contingent  from  which  libraries  can  now  be 
formed  at  much  less  cost  than  would  have 
been  possible  a  few  years  ago.  It  is  a 
matter  for  congratulation  that  the  inflated 
prices,  which  at  one  time  appeared  almost 
prohibitive  from  the  standpoint  of  the  aver- 
age collector,  have  for  the  most  part  been 
brought  within  reasonable  limits.  These 
remarks  must,  of  course,  be  taken  cum  grano 
salis  ;  for  as  there  are  exceptions  to  every 
rule,  so  it  is  found  on  analysis  that  some 
books,  though  not  of  unusual  importance 
from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  continue 
to  hold  their  own  in  the  market,  and  are 
just  as  costly  as  ever.  The  vast  majority 
of  these  medium-class  works  have,  however, 
declined  in  price  very  greatly  of  late,  show- 
ing in  that  respect,  as  in  many  others,  a 
marked  contrast  to  the  comparatively  few 
extremely  scarce  and  valuable  books  of 
which  1  have  spoken.  As  these  latter  stand 
in  an  exceptional  position,  it  may  perhaps 
be  as  well  to  glance  at  them  before  proceed- 
ing to  deal  with  the  various  sales  in  order  of 
date. 

The  sensation  of  the  year  was  undoubtedly 
the  discovery  of  a  copy  of  the  original  edition 
of  '  Titus  Andronicus,'  1594,  4to,  and  its 
ultimate  sale  to  an  American  collector  for 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHEX.EUM 


17 


2.000Z.  In  all  probability  this  amount,  large 
as  it  is,  would  have  been  considerably  ex- 
ceeded had  the  book,  or  rather  pamphlet, 
been  disposed  of  by  auction  in  the  ordinary 
way,  for  it  is,  so  far  as  is  known,  unique. 
Langbaine  refers  to  it  in  his  '  Account 
of  the  English  Dramatick  Poets,'  printed 
at  Oxford  in  1691,  and  says  that  it  was 
printed  in  London  in  1594,  but  that  no 
copy  appeared  to  be  known  in  his  day. 
If  1,1501.,  realized  on  July  13th  for  a 
not  very  good  copy  of  the  fourth 
edition  of  '  Richard  III.,'  1605,  4to,  was 
reasonable,  then  2,000/.  for  the  '  Titus 
Andronicus  '  was  much  too  little.  Prices 
paid  for  other  Shakspeareana  during  the 
year  prove  conclusively  that  a  few  hundred 
pounds,  more  or  less,  is  not  a  matter  of 
supreme  interest  in  the  face  of  the  enormous 
competition  there  is  for  works  of  this  class. 
On  July  28th  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  five 
'  quartos,  the  property  of  Mr.  George  Carring- 
ton,  of  Missenden  Abbey.  They  realized 
the  following  sums  :  '  Henry  IV.,'  1608, 
1,000/.  ;  the  second  part  of  the  same  play, 
1605,  500/.  ;  '  King  Lear,'  1608,  900/.  ; 
«  Richard  II.,'  1605,  250/.  ;  and  '  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,'  1652,  200/.  Not 
one  of  these  quartos  was  immaculate 
in  condition  ;  not  one  belonged  to  the 
original  issue  ;  two  were  imperfect.  On 
July  5th  Messrs.  Sotheby  sold  for  480/. 
'  The  True  Chronicle  History  of  King  Leir,' 
1605,  4to,  the  precursor  of  Shakspeare's 
tragedy.  The  title-page  was  in  facsimile, 
and  the  margins  of  several  leaves  had  been 
repaired.  On  December  9th,  but  a  few  days 
ago,  the  same  firm  obtained  1,570Z.  for  a 
perfect  copy  of  the  exceedingly  rare  first 
edition  of  '  Much  Adoe  about  Nothing,'  1600, 
4to.  The  Heber  copy  sold  for  18/.  ;  that 
belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Roxburghe  for 
2Z.  17s.  in  1812.  On  December  9th,  also, 
'  A  Midsommer  Nights  Dreame,'  printed  by 
James  Roberts,  1600 — the  first  edition, 
according  to  Halliwell-Phillipps — sold  for 
480Z.  (several  leaves  repaired)  ;  and  on  the 
19th  of  the  same  month  the  late  Sir  Henry 
Irving's  copy  of  'Othello,'  1655,  4to,  for 
200Z.  This  had  been  a  present  from  Frank 
Marshall  to  the  great  actor,  and  bore  a 
suitable  inscription  on  the  fly-leaf.  During 
the  year  a  number  of  other  copies  of  single 
plays  by  Shakspeare  realized  from  250Z.  to 
80Z.  each,  and  these,  as  well  as  the  folios, 
will  be  referred  to  in  their  place. 

On  June  1st  the  Countess  of  Pembroke's 
'  Tragedie  of  Antonie,'  1595,  bound  up  with 
the  1600  edition  of  Mornay's  '  Discourse  of 
Life  and  Death,'  changed  hands  at  560Z.  ; 
and  on  the  5th  of  the  following  month 
Caxton's  '  Booke  called  Caton,'  1483,  made 
1,350Z.,  and  Tyndale's  Pentateuch,  1530,  the 
first  edition  of  any  portion  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  the  English  language,  940Z.  This  was 
an  excellent  copy,  though  slightly  defective  in 
several  respects.  At  the  same  sale  Wycliffe's 
New  Testament,  a  manuscript  on  vellum 
assigned  to  the  year  1380,  and  at  one  time 
belonging  to  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  realized  550Z.  On  March  21st  450Z. 
was  obtained  for  a  rather  unusual  copy  of 
'  The  Countesse  of  Pembroke's  Arcadia,' 
1590,  4to.  These  large  amounts  are  grouped 
to  emphasize  the  position  already  taken  up, 
viz.,  that,  given  books  of  great  rarity  occu- 
pying an  advanced  place  in  the  literary  world, 
hardly  any  sum  is  too  much  to  pay  for  them. 
St  ill,  even  these  have  not  yet  attained  to 
the  supreme  exclusiveness  of  some  of  the 
incunabula.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
in  December.  1904,  Fust  &  Kolioeffer's 
great  Latin  Psalter  of  1459,  printed  upon 
vellum,  realized  no  less  than  4.000Z.,  though 
a  higher  price  still  has  been  obtained  (Syston 
Park,  4,950/.      Vide  The  Athenceum,  Novem- 


ber 26th,  1904,  p.  732).  To  suggest  that 
books  of  the  kind  I  have  enumerated  are 
useless,  qua  books,  when  in  the  hands  of  a 
private  owner,  would  be  heretical.  It  were 
better  to  assert  roundly  that  a  place  on  the 
shelves  of  some  great  public  library  would  be 
a  more  suitable  tribute  to  their  importanc  e 

The  first  sale  of  the  year  was  held  by 
Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  on  January  11th 
and  12th.  It  was  of  little  interest,  except, 
perhaps,  as  disclosing  the  position  then  of 
the  Kelmscott  Press.  The  '  Chaucer  '  stood 
at  45Z.,  a  price  which  dropped  to  41Z.  in  July. 
All  the  Kelmscott  books  have  greatly  de- 
clined in  value  during  the  last  few  years,  and 
in  all  probability  have  not  yet  touched  the 
bottom.  '  The  Golden  Legend,'  3  vols.,  4to, 
has  dropped  from  10Z.  to  5Z.  ;  the  '  Poems 
of  John  Keats,'  1894,  from  25Z.  to  9Z.  ;  and 
Sir  Thomas  More's  '  Utopia,'  1893,  from 
8Z.  to  3Z.  All  the  books  in  the  long  list  of 
Kelmscott  publications  - —  even  those  on 
vellum,  as  we  shall  see  hereafter — are  appa- 
rently under  suspicion,  and  the  outlook, 
so  far  as  they  are  concerned,  is  black  in  the 
extreme.  Messrs.  Hodgson's  catalogue  of 
January  24th  and  two  following  days  con- 
tained some  good  books,  among  them 
Gould's  '  Mammals  of  Australia,'  3  vols., 
imperial  folio,  1863,  28Z.  10*.  (morocco  super- 
extra)  ;  Graves  and  Cronin's  '  Works  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,'  4  vols.,  1899-1901, 
49Z.  (half  morocco)  ;  '  Engravings  from  the 
Works  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,'  published 
by  H.  Graves  &  Co.  in  folio  without  date 
(but  1835-44),  20Z.  10s.  (ibid.)  ;  and  Smith's 
'  Generall  Historie  of  Virginia,'  1632,  folio, 
generally  a  sound  copy,  though  the  maps 
had  been  remargined  and  mounted,  and 
several  leaves  repaired,  26Z.  10s.  (morocco 
extra).  The  last  sale  of  the  month  was 
held  at  Sotheby's  on  the  25th,  26th,  and 
27th,  and  that  also  was  unimportant.  A 
defective  and  somewhat  imperfect  copy  of 
Peter  Martyr's  'Decades  of  the  NeweWorlde,' 
1555,  4to,  brought  28Z.  10s.  (original  bind- 
ing) ;  and  Mendoca's  '  Historie  of  the  Great 
and  Mightie  Kingdome  of  China,'  translated 
by  Parke,  1588, 4to,  HZ.  15s.  (stained,  old  calf). 
The  library  of  the  late  Marquess  of 
Anglesey,  sold  by  Messrs.  Christie,  Manson 
&  Woods  on  January  25th  and  26th,  was 
not  of  any  special  interest.  A  large  number 
of  volumes  were  made  up  in  "  parcels."  It 
may  be  mentioned,  however,  that  Shaw's 
'  History  and  Antiquities  of  Staffordshire,' 
on  large  paper,  2  vols.,  folio,  1798-1801, 
brought  25Z.  10s.  (half-calf,  uncut)  ;  Pyne's 
'  History  of  the  Royal  Residences,'  also  on 
large  paper,  1819,  folio,  18Z.  (half-morocco)  ; 
Chippendale's  '  Gentleman  and  Cabinet- 
Maker's  Director,'  the  third  and  best  edition, 
1762,  folio,  41Z.  (calf)  ;  and  '  Le  Sacre  de 
Louis  XV.,  Roi  de  France,'  1722,  folio, 
21Z.  10s.  (contemporary  morocco,  with  the 
royal  arms  of  France).  The  sale  of  Feb- 
ruary 8th,  and  two  following  days,  held  at 
Hodgson's,  was  like  the  vast  majority  held 
during  the  year  :  there  was  very  little  in 
it.  The  first  French  edition  of  '  The 
Pilgrim's  Progress  '  is,  however,  an  im- 
portant book,  which  should,  some  day,  reach 
a  higher  price  than  15Z.  (vellum).  It  was 
printed  at  Amsterdam,  1685,  12mo,  under  the 
title  '  Voyage  d'un  Chrestien  vers  l'Eternite,' 
and  contains  a  frontispiece  and  some  plates. 
At  this  sale  a  copy  of  Gould's  '  Birds  of 
Great  Britain,'  5  vols.,  royal  folio,  1873, 
made  51Z.  (morocco  extra)  ;  Smith's  '  Cata- 
logue Raisonne,'  9  vols.,  1829-42,  28Z.  (cloth, 
uncut);  and  Coverdale's  version  of  the 
Bible,  printed  at  Zurich  for  Andrew  Hester 
in  1550,  10Z.  (old  calf).  Smith's  '  Catalogue 
Raisonne,'  by  the  way,  has  sold  on  many 
occasions  lately  at  about  thirty  guineas  in 
cloth.     This  is  something  in  these  degenerate 


days,  especially  where  art  books  are  con- 
cerned, for  most  works  of  that  class  have 
been  falling  in  value  for  some  time. 

A  collection  of  books,  described  in  Messrs, 
Christie's  catalogue  of  February  14th  as- 
being  the  property  of  Messrs.  Lawrie  &  Co., 
late  of  New  Bond  Street,  realized  1,1372.; 
and  as  there  were  no  more  than  149 
lots,  this  sale  would  appear,  at  first 
sight,  to  be  of  great  importance.  Most 
of  the  volumes  were,  however,  brought  by 
one  or  other  of  the  partners  in  the  late  firm 
of  Lawrie  &  Co.,  at  prices  which  cannot  be 
regarded  as  furnishing  any  real  test  of  their 
value.  They  were,  no  doubt,  of  exceptional 
interest  and  importance  to  their  late  owners, 
who  accordingly  bought  them  back  again 
at  prices  which  no  casual  purchaser  would 
be  inclined  to  give.  On  February  15th 
some  good  books  were  sold  at  Hodgson's,, 
among  them  Chapman's  '  Conspiracie  and 
Tragedie  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Byron,'  1608, 
4to,  20Z.  (calf,  a  leaf  missing)  ;  the  same 
author's  'May  Day,'  1611,  4to,  27Z.  (calf, 
stained)  ;  and  '  The  Widdowe's  Teares,' 
1612,  4to,  7Z.  15s.  (some  head-lines  shaved, 
calf).  Ben  Jonson's  '  The  Alchemist,'  1612, 
4to,  realized  39Z.  (leaf  defective)  ;  and 
Sharpham's  'The  Fleire,'  1610,  4to,  10/. 
(stained,  and  blank  leaf  missing).  Later 
in  the  month  we  find  Burton's  '  Arabian 
Nights,'  16  vols.,  1885-6,  selling  for  29Z.  ; 
Louis  XIV. 's  own  copy  of  the  Biblia  Sacra, 
Paris,  1653,  4to,  13Z.  5s.  ;  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  '  Comedies  and  Tragedies,'  1647, 
folio,  24Z.  10s.  (morocco  extra,  portrait 
partly  inlaid);  Fletcher's  'The  Elder 
Brother,'  1637,  4to,  with  the  title  in  capitals, 
thus  showing  the  first  issue,  12Z.  15s. 
(morocco  extra)  ;  and  Herrick's  '  Hes- 
perides,'  1648,  8vo,  20Z.  10s.  (defective). 
A  copy  in  half-calf  of  that  very  scarce  work 
'The  Sporting  Repository,'  1822,  with  19 
coloured  plates  by  Berenger  and  Aiken, 
realized  30Z.  As  much  as  80Z.  has  been 
obtained  for  a  clean  example  in  the  original 
boards.  The  late  Mr.  William  Morris  had 
the  first  edition  in  Italian  of  the  '  Hypnero- 
tomachia  '  of  Poliphilus,  1545,  folio,  and  at 
his  sale  in  December,  1898,  it  sold  for  31Z. 
The  same  book  now  brought  14Z.  5s.,  thus 
disclosing  a  great  falling  away.  The  truth 
is  that  this  Italian  edition  is  not  of  much 
importance,  the  woodcuts  being  copied  from 
those  appearing  in  the  Latin  edition  of  1499, 
the  one  usually  inquired  for. 

March  opened  badly,  and  it  is  not  until 
we  come  to  Mr.  Wickham  Flower's  library, 
sold  at  Sotheby's  on  March  8th  and  threo 
following  days,  that  anything  noticeable 
occurs.  Mr.  Flower's  collection  realized 
2,500Z.  for  the  910  lots,  the  prices  being  very 
evenly  distributed.  Bacon's  '  Advancement 
of  Learning,'  1605,  4to,  brought  19Z.  (morocco 
extra)  ;  Chaucer's  'Works,'  1542,  folio,  34/. 
(old  calf)  ;  '  La  Divina  Commedia,'  printed 
at  Venice  in  1477,  containing  for  the  first 
time  the  Commentary  of  Benvenuto  da 
Imola,  50Z.  (russia  gilt)  ;  Higden's  '  Poly- 
chronicon,'  printed  at  Southwark  in  1527, 
folio,  29Z.  ;  Lord  Lilford's  '  Birds  of  the 
British  Islands,'  7  vols.,  1891-7,  royal  8vo, 
50Z.  (half-morocco)  ;  and  Ventenat's  '  Jardin 
de  Malmaison,'  1803,  imperial  folio,  27Z. 
(russia  extra).  One  or  two  other  horti- 
cultural books  appeared  at  this  sale,  as, 
for  instance,  Jacquin's  '  Icones  riantaruni 
Rariorum,'  3  vols.,  1781-93,  royal  folio, 
301. ;  and  the  Bame  author's  '  Plantarum 
Rariorum  Horti  Ca-sarei  Selioenbrunnensis 
Descriptio,'  4  vols.,  1797-1804,  imperial 
folio,     28/.      iOa.      The     Avlesford     copy     of 

Redoute's  'Los  Liliacees/  s  vols..  1802-16, 

now    brought    75/..  as   against    47/.   in    1888- 
Both  copies  were  bound   in   morOCCO  extra. 

J.   Hi  kihkt  Slater. 


18 


A  T  II  E  \  -K  U  M 


S    1080,  Jan.  6,  L906 


I  ll  K   ETYMOLOGY   OF   "  BO  1ST." 
At  hist  wt  have  it  !     Tin-  probable  origin 

<if  thf  word  ifl  well  worked    out    in    the  '  New 

English  I  >i<t  iDiiutN .'  when-  the  oorrecl  result 
in  practically  arrived  »t.  Dr.  Murray  shows 
thut  phonetic  oonsiderations  connect  it 
"with  an  ().  French  *boster ;  but  of  this  no 
trace  has  been  found." 

1  have  not  found  it  in  continental 
French;  but  it  occurs  in  Anglo  -  French, 
which  is  still  moic  to  the  point.  It  is  true 
that  I  have  only  found  the  substantive  bost ; 
but  this  suffices. 

In  the  treatise  of  Walter  de  Bibbesworth 
(or  Bibsworth),  as  printed  in  T.  Wright's 
volume  of  'Vocabularies,'  p.  161,  we  find  a 
passage  which  appears  as  nonsense  by  the 
omission  of  two  fines  : — 

on  de  coj  let  primerole 

K>  par  boat  de  frivole 

K  par  knyiicl  on  \\role 


Here  frivole  is  glossed  by  ydel  wordes,  and 
the  phrase  "  par  bost  de  frivole "  means 
"  by  a  boast  [consisting  of]  idle  words,"  i.e., 
by  a  frivolous  boast. 

There  is  a  better  copy  in  MS.  Gg.  I,  1,  in 
the  Cambridge  University  Library.  It 
supplies  the  two  missing  lines  : — 

On  ile  quiller  primerole 

Pur  fere  cbapeua  a  clem  descole, 

Ki  par  bott  qui  ne  uaut  friuole, 

K  par  kiiyuet  nu  virole, 

Souent  ISeuentyj  attrere  femme  fole  ; 

i.e.,  "  Or  to  gather  primroses,  to  make 
chaplets  for  clerks  of  the  school,  who  by 
means  of  a  boast  which  is  not  worth  a  trifle, 
and  by  [a  present  of]  a  little  knife  or  a 
ferrule,  know  how  to  attract  a  foolish 
woman."  Chaucer  is  our  witness  that 
knives  were  acceptable  presents  to  the  ladies. 

In  both  MSS.  the  A.-F.  bost  may  be  fairly 
translated  by  "boast";  and  thus  the  long- 
lost  word  is  found. 

We  sadly  need  a  new  edition  of  Walter  de 
Bibsworth,  with  a  collation  of  all  the  MSS., 
and  including  all  the  numerous  glosses.  I 
may  add  that  Bibsworth  was  situate  in 
Hertfordshire.  Walter  W.  Skeat. 


i  in:    N  BAR    OF    MRS.     HEMANS  -    BIR1  H 

ll.llllp-lC.Kl. 

Tm:  year  of  Mrs.  Hemans's  birth  has 
been  a  subject  of  controversy.  EL  Pi 
Chorley,  in  his  '  Memorials, '  makes  it  l  T'M  : 
but  Mrs.  Bexnans's  sister  gives  it,  as  L793, 

and  is  followed  by  the  'Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.  It  now  seems  possible 
to  decide  the  question  definitely  in  favour 

of    1793,    by   a  note    in   .Mr.    John    Kughi 
recently    published    '  Liverpool    Hanks    aud 
Bankers'    (p.    80).       Alter    mentioning    the 
failure     of     Charles    Caldwell    &    Co.,    Mr. 
Hughes  subjoins : — 

"Among  the  clients  of  C.  Caldwell  &  Co.  was 

the  til  Ml  of  Brow  lie.  BrOWTJ  ft  Co.,  the  senior  of 
whom  Was  the  father  of  Felicia  Dorothea  Browne, 
afterwards  Mrs.  Heinans.  Browne  k  Brown  were 
extensive  holders  of  cotton,  and   came  to  grief. 

The  assets  of  the  firm,  and  the  furniture  and  n  -i 
deuces   of   the   partners  were   sold    by  auction.      At 

the  very  time  the  Brownea  were  removing  furni- 
ture from  their  house  in  Duke  Street  the  future 
Mrs.  Hemans  was  born,  and  her  infelicitous 
arrival   was    a    source    of    inconvenience    to    the 

incoming  owner,  Cornelius  Bourne." 

The  bankruptcy  of  Caldwell  &  Co.  was 
gazetted  on  March  30th,  1793,  and  it  may 
be  taken  as  certain  that  their  clients'  failure 
must  have  occurred  in  the  same  year. 
Felicia  Hemans's  birthday  was  September 
25th,  within  four  days  of  Michaelmas  Day, 
a  likely  time  for  a  removal. 

R.  Garnett. 


CHRISTOPHER  MARLOWE  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  bibliography  of  Marlowe  affixed  to 
my  memoir  of  the  poet  was  mainly  compiled 
for  my  own  use  and  information.     Whilst 
cordially      supporting     Mr.      J.      Le      Gay 
Brereton's  wish  to  see  a  fuller  one,  let  me  at 
once  explain  that,  being  neither  a  librarian 
nor    a    professional    bibliographer,    such    a 
work   is    outside   the  scope   of   my   literary 
labours.        Sucli     an     inclusive     production 
as     that     foreshadowed     by     the     notanda 
kindly   sent   me   by  Mr.   Brereton   appears 
needlessly    voluminous;     his     list    includes 
some       items      already      dealt      with      in 
my      catalogue;      poems,      such      as      Mrs. 
Browning's  '  Vision  of  Poets,'  containing  a 
few  words  of  reference  to  Marlowe ;  one  or 
two  newspaper  references  to  the  trumpery 
Canterbury  memorial,  which  I  ignored  pur- 
posely ;    some   foreign   and    colonial   entries 
not    discoverable    in    the   British    Museum 
catalogues    consulted    by    me;    and    some 
works  published  since  my  bibliography  was 
compiled.        Of     the    sundry    items    above 
enumerated    only    the    last  'two    appear    to 
need  permanent  record.      Leaving  this,  how- 
ever,   to    the    discretion   of    the   suggested 
compiler,  I  may  be  permitted  to  repeat  here 
these  words  from  my  own  tentative  effort : 
"  This  is  the  first  Bibliography  that  has  ever 
been  published  of  the  Works  of  Christopher 
Marlowe.     It  cannot  be  expected  that  it  is 
exhaustive,  but  it  will  afford  a  good  basis  for 
any  further  effort  in  the  same  direction." 
John  H.  Ingram. 


CAMPION   AND   MR,    PAUL. 

31,  Farm  Street,  \V. 

May  I  be  permitted  to  protest  against  the 
grave  and  gratuitous  charge  brought  against 
a  man  of  acknowledged  good  name  by  Mr. 
Herbert  Paul  in  his  '  Life  of  Froude '  ?  He 
states  that  the  well-known  Jesuit  Edmund 
Campion,  "  who  is  regarded  by  thousands  of 
good  men  and  women  as  a  martyr,"  came 

to   England  "to assassinate  Elizabeth  if 

opportunity  should  serve "  (p.  140).  "  To 
him  the  removal  of  Elizabeth  would  have 
been  a  religious  act"  (p.  141).  For  these 
allegations — which  have  never  been  brought 
against  Campion  before — not  one  word  of 
proof  is  offered. 

The  gravity  of  the  accusation  is  at  once 
obvious,  and  its  gratuitousness  will  be  plain 
to  any  one  who  has  read  the  life  of  Campion 
— that,  for  instance,  in  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography,'  or  even  the  account  of 
him  given  by  Froude.  Froude  made  no 
such  suggestion ;  on  the  contrary,  he  wrote 
of  the  great  missionary  with  not  a  little 
respect  and  appreciation,  and  his  narrative, 
despite  its  faults,  will  serve  to  correct  the 
grosser  mistakes  of  Mr.  Paul. 

But  it  is  of  the  charge  of  readiness  to 
murder  alone  with  which  I  am  now  con- 
cerned. We  have  no  courts  of  law  to  which 
we  can  carry  a  question  of  historical 
justice ;  but,  when  a  notable  injury  has 
been  committed,  we  may,  and  should,  appeal 
to  public  opinion.  Mr.  Paul  has  addressed 
his  book  to  a  literary  audience.  It  remains 
to  be  seen  whether  the  literary  opinion  of 
our  day,  slow  though  it  may  be  to  speak, 
will  condone  or  condemn  his  reckless, 
injurious  words.  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.J. 


ICitrranj  Qfossip, 

We  are  very  glad  to  hear  that  the  new 
editor  of  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  is  to 
be  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen,  under  whose  manage- 
ment the  paper  will  return  to  its  high 
scholarly  traditions.     A  pilot  more  skilful 


and  oapabk  it  ooi  easily  found.  Ai  in 
early  days,  much  attention  will  be  given 
to    literary    and     antiquarian         ■    •  h. 

The   editorial  officei   will     he    at     IT    I 

Russell  Street,  W.C 

Miss   Ai.k  i.   <      I      Q  known  as 

the   author  of  '  A   Latei    PepyS,'  ha-  in  I    I 

a  memoir  of  Bin.  Elizabeth  Cart 
the  tranalatoi  <>f  Bpictetus,  the  friend  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  and  a  prominent  member  of 
the    Has    Bleu   Society.     In    writing  this 

biography  Mi>s   GaUSSOU    has   had    the   aid 

of  .Mr.  Brudenell  Garter,  a  descendant  of 
Mrs.  Carter.  The  book  will  be  fully  illu-- 
trated,  and  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  under  the  title  of  '  A 
Woman  of  Wit  and  Wisdom,'  about  the 
centenary  of  Mrs.  Carter's  death,  which  ( 
occurred  on  February  19th,  1806. 

Mr.  Unwin  has  arranged  to  publish  a 
volume  by  .Mrs.  Mona  Caird,  entitled 
'  Wanderings  in  Provence.'  It  contains  a 
series  of  word-sketches  of  some  of  the 
most  romantic  places  in  that  region,  and 
the  historical  associations  are  related  at 
length,  considerable  space  being  given  to 
the  troubadours.  The  book  will  be  illus- 
trated from  drawings  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Pennell  and  Mr.  Edward  Synge. 

A  good  many  people  know  Mr.  Charles 
M.  Dought}T  as  the  author  of  a  remarkable 
book,  '  Travels  in  Arabia  Deserta  '  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press).  It  is  therefore 
interesting  to  learn  that  Messrs.  Duck- 
worth will  publish  immediately  two 
volumes  of  a  poem  by  Mr.  Doughty, 
entitled  '  The  Dawn  in  Britain.' 

Under  the  title  '  School  and  Sport,' 
the  life  experiences  of  a  head  master  of 
one  of  our  public  schools  will  be  given  in 
a  work  by  Mr.  Tom  Collins.  It  is  an- 
nounced by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  for  immediate 
publication. 

Prebendary      Frederick     Meyrick, 
rector  of  Blickling,  whose  death  occurred 
last  Wednesday,  was  a  well-known  Oxford 
!  man,  whose  '  Memories '  of  life  there  and 
elsewhere  we  noticed  at  length  on  June 
17th  of  last  year.     He  was  in  the  thick  of 
the   Oxford   Movement,   and  all  his    life 
revelled  in  theological  controversy,  to  the 
literature  of  which  he  contributed  largely, 
at    times   with    a    ferocity   which   seems 
beyond  excuse.     He  was   further,  as  we 
\  said  in  our  notice  of  his  '  Memories,'  "  a 
|  wide  traveller,  accomplished  linguist,  and 
|  practised  disputant."     He 
I  "  wrote    on    the    Church    of    Spain,   on    the 
morality    of     Liguori,    on    Italian     clerical 
1  legends,    on    Vaticanism,    on   Irish    Church 
missions.      A    staunch     upholder     of     the 
:  English    Church,  as    at    once    Catholic    and 
]  Protestant,  primitive  and   reformed,  he    set 
up    an    Anglo-Continental    Societj'  for   the 
enlightenment   of  foreign  Catholics,  and  co- 
operafced   vigorously   with   Dr.   Dollinger   in 
his  protests  against  Papal  infallibility." 
The  wonder  is  that  so  able  and  accom- 
plished a  man  never  secured  promotion  in 
the  Church,   but    he  lost    touch  with   his 
friend    the  late  Lord  Salisbury  when  he 
voted  for  Gladstone  at  Oxford  in  1865. 

In  the  January  number  of  The  Scottish 
Historical  lu  ri<  w  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  begins 
a  fully  illustrated  paper  on  the  portraits 


N°  4080,  Jan.  fi,  1900 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


19 


of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots.  Prof.  Hume 
Brown  also  contributes  from  fresh  stand- 
points an  estimate  of  the  historical 
achievement  and  place  of  the  Scots 
nobility. 

Mrs.  Paget  Toynbee's  edition  of  the 
«  Lettres  familieres  de  Madame  du  Deffand 
a  Horace  Walpole..'  and  Dr.  Toynbee's 
'  Vocabulary  and  Phrase  -  Book  of  the 
Italian  Works  of  Dante,'  which  were 
originally  announced  for  publication  by 
the  Clarendon  Press,  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Methuen.  Mrs.  Toynbee's  work 
will  be  in  French  throughout,  as  it  is 
anticipated  that  there  will  be  a  demand 
for  the  book  in  France.  There  have  been 
five  or  six  French  editions  of  the  selected 
letters  published  by  Miss  Berry  in  1810, 
and  the  announcement  of  the  recovery  of 
the  remainder,  which,  it  was  supposed,  had 
been  destroyed,  has  aroused  considerable 
interest. 

An  edition  in  twenty  volumes  of  the 
complete  works  of  Thoreau,  shortly  to 
be  issued  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.,  will  include  his  '  Journal,'  edited 
by  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey,  most  of  which 
has  not  hitherto  been  published.  The 
issue  is  to  be  known  as  the  "  Manuscript 
Edition,"  from  the  fact  that  each  of  the 
six  hundred  sets  will  contain  a  page  of 
original  manuscript.  There  will  also  be  a 
hundred  photogravures  from  views  taken 
by  Mr.  Herbert  W.  Gleason. 

We  notice  the  death  at  an  advanced 
age  of  Dean  Carrington,  rector  of  Bock- 
j  ing,  who  was  the  author  of  several  trans- 
lations from  the  French,  the  latest  collec- 
tion of  which,  '  An  Anthology  of  French 
Poetry  (Tenth  to  Nineteenth  Centuries),' 
we  reviewed  at  some  length  in  1901.  His 
renderings  of  Victor  Hugo's  poems  had 
reached  a  third  edition.  He  wrote  verse 
with  ease,  and  sometimes  with  grace,  but 
his  work  suffered  by  his  conscientious 
resolve  to  be  literal  at  all  costs. 

Mrs.  Carey  Brock,  who  died  on 
December  30th,  was  well  known  as  a 
writer  of  books  for  children.  Her  '  Sunday 
Echoes  in  Weekday  Hours  '  in  particular 
were  much  read  by  an  earlier  generation. 

Messrs.  Sothebv,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
will  sell  on  the  19th  inst.  the  fine  collec- 
tion of  book-plates  formed  by  the  late 
James  Roberts  Browft,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Ex-Libris  Society.  His  collection 
is  probably  the  most  extensive  of  its  kind 
which  has  yet  appeared  in  the  auction- 
room.  Fifteen  of  the  lots  comprise  over 
10,000  plates,  and  each  of  these  lots  forms 
by  itself  a  reasonably  good  collection. 
Many  of  the  earlier  plates  are  excessively 
rare ;  and  the  long  series  of  American 
plates  includes  many  very  scarce  examples, 
The  collection  is  arranged  in  346  lots, 
among  which  are  all  the  English  books  on 
the  subject  of  book-plates. 

University  College,  London,  an- 
nounces a  course  of  introductory  lectures 
on  '  Phonetics,  with  Special  Reference  to 
English  Speech  Sounds,'  by  Dr.  R.  A. 
Williams,  during  the  second  and  third 
terms,   on  Monday   afternoons.     The   in- 


augural lecture  on  the  15th  inst.  will 
treat  of  the  history  of  phonetics  as  a 
branch  of  science. 

Other  lectures  at  the  same  place,  of 
interest  to  the  literary  world,  are  on 
'  Shakspeare's  Plays,'  by  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor Chambers  (time  to  be  arranged); 
'  History  of  English  Poetry,'  by  Prof. 
Ker,  continued  course  beginning  on  Janu- 
ary 16th,  and  on  the  same  day  the  begin- 
ning of  a  course  on  Icelandic  by  the  same 
scholar.  Prof.  Brandin  continues  his 
course  on  '  French  Satire  in  the  Middle 
Ages  '  on  February  7th,  begins  '  Bertrand 
de  Born,'  a  course  on  Provencal,  on  Janu- 
ary 17th,  and  starts  public  lectures  on 
Racine  andMoliere  on  the  27th.  Principal 
Gregory  Foster  is  dealing  with  '  Some 
Topics  in  Middle  English  Literature ' 
(time  to  be  arranged),  and  beginning 
public  lectures  on  '  English  Literature, 
mainly  Shakspeare,'  on  the  27th.  Prof. 
Robertson  begins  a  course  on  Goethe's 
'  Balladen '  on  the  22nd ;  and  Prof. 
Priebsch  announces  for  the  17th  the 
beginning  of  a  course  on  '  Der  Nibelunge 
Not,'  while  he  begins  public  lectures  on 
Goethe  and  Schiller  on  the  27th. 

Mrs.  William  Sharp  writes  to  us  from 
21,  Woronzow  Road,  St.  John's  Wood, 
N.W. :— 

"  I  intend  to  write  a  memoir  of  my  hus- 
band, and  shall  feel  greatly  indebted  for  the 
loan  of  any  letters  or  other  documents  likely 
to  be  of  service,  whether  of  a  personal 
nature,  or  relative  to  his  work  as  William 
Sharp  or  Fiona  Macleod.  Owners  may  rest 
assured  that  every  care  will  be  taken  with 
the  letters,  &c,  and  that  they  shall  be  re- 
turned in  due  time." 

News  from  Melbourne  announces  the 
death  of  Victor  Daley,  the  well-known 
Australian  poet,  author  of,  inter  alia,  '  At 
Dawn  and  Dusk,'  a  book  of  distinct 
promise.  The  Daily  Chronicle  is  in  error, 
however,  in  stating  that  he  wrote  also 
'  Fair  Girls  and  Gray  Horses,'  which  was 
published  at  Sydney  in  1901,  and  was 
the  work  of  the  Scottish  poet  Mr.  Will  H. 
Ogilvie. 

We  have  received  a  paragraph  con- 
cerning "  that  peculiar  richness,  glow  of 
colour,     and     remarkable     word-painting 

which  signals  out  from  all  other 

English  writers."  We  leave  the  name  of 
the  author  a  blank,  and  do  not  see  how 
any  competent  critic  could  guess  it.  The 
futility  of  such  sweeping  statements  ought 
to  be  evident,  but  we  are  sorry  to  see  that 
they  are  taken  for  granted  and  printed  by 
people  who  ought  to  know  better.  And 
we  should  have  thought  that  the  resultant 
disappointment  after  reading  such 
"  masterpieces  "  would  make  the  public 
cautious  about  buying  books  so  belauded, 
and  that  in  the  long  run  wild  overpraise 
of  forthcoming  volumes  would  not  be  a 
good  advertisement.  The  spread  of  Book 
Clubs  will,  presumably,  have  this  advan- 
tage, that  it  will  increase  the  reading 
public,  a  class  which  ought  to  have,  and, 
doubtless,  has  (when  it  thinks  at  all) 
enough  intelligence  not  to  be  humbugged 
easily  more  than  once  or  twice. 

The  Paris  Figaro  has  resumed  a  feature 
which  was  exceedingly  popular  with   its 


readers  some  ten  or  fifteen  years  ago — a 
literary  supplement.  This  is  issued  gratis 
with  its  Saturday  number,  and  the 
management  have  wisely  decided  to  accept 
subscriptions  for  this  particular  issue, 
which  is  under  the  management  of  M. 
Francis  Chevassu.  Its  careful  and 
discriminate  editing  ought  to  recommend 
it  to  English  readers  interested  in  the 
trend  of  French  literary  matters. 

"  Claude  Farrere,"  the  author  of  '  Les 
Civilises,'  the  Goncourt  Prize  volume  un- 
favourably reviewed  by  us  last  week,  is  a 
naval  officer.  A  previous  novel  by  him 
dealt  with  the  opium-smoking  habits  of  a 
small  number  of  French  naval  officers  who 
have  been  employed  in  the  Far  East  ;  and 
his  new  book  is  not  likely  to  add  to  his 
popularity  with  his  comrades. 

The  death,  in  his  fifty  -  eighth  year, 
is  reported  from  Karlsruhe  of  Robert 
Haas,  professor  at  the  technical  Hoch- 
schule  of  that  town,  and  author  of  the 
well-known  '  Lieder  und  Bilder  vom 
Schwarzwald,'  &c. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
a  reprint  of  the  Poor  Law  Commissioners' 
Report  of  1834  (Is.  Sd.)  ;  Report  on 
Sanitary  Measures  in  India,  1903-4 
(Is.  Sd.)  ;  Statistical  Tables  relating  to 
British  Colonies,  Possessions,  and  Pro- 
tectorates, 1903  (Is.)  ;  National  Educa- 
tion Commission,  Ireland,  Appendix  to 
the  Seventy-First  Report  (Is.  3d.)  ;  and 
List  of  Evening  Schools  under  the  Ad- 
ministration of  the  Board  of  Education, 
1903-4  (6d.). 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  we  draw  atten- 
tion to  a  change  in  our  imprint,  Mr.  J. 
Edward  Francis  receiving  official  recog- 
nition as  acting  with  Mr.  John  C.  Francis, 
who  succeeded  his  father  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  paper  in  1882.  John  Francis 
had  been  manager  since  1831. 

SCIENCE 


The  Great  Plateau.     By  Capt.  C.  G.  Raw- 
ling.     (Arnold.) 

The   latter  and   more  important   half  of 
this  volume  describes  the  Gartok  expedi- 
tion, which  formed  the  closing  passage  in 
the  history  of  our  operations  in  Tibet  in 
1904.     The  Indian  Government  originally 
intended,  on  the  cessation  of   hostilities, 
and  as  soon  as  the  Tibetans  had  come  to 
a  reasonable  frame  of  mind,  to  send  out 
several  exploring  parties  for  the  purpose 
of    clearing     up     unsolved     geographical 
problems.       Undoubtedly    the    most    in- 
teresting of  these  projects  was   that   for 
establishing  in  an  irrefutable  manner  the 
identity  of  the  Sanpu  and  the   Brahma- 
putra, by  sending  a  surveying  party  down 
the  course  of  the  great  Tibetan  river  until 
it  should  reach  Assam.      But    this  inten- 
tion was  abandoned,   mainly  because   the 
Tibetan     officials     declared     that     their 
authority   would    not    be    recognized    by 
the   fierce  independent    tribes   occupying 
the   valley  as   it   approached    the    Indian 
frontier.       The      same      objection,      how- 
ever, did   not  apply  to  sending  a  small 


20 


Til  E     A 'I'll  KN.K1'  M 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


party  up  the  Sanpu,  which  could  accom- 
plish the  geographical  task  of  tracing  a 
considerable  and  unknown  portion  of  the 
upper  course  of  that  river,  while  at  the 
saint  time  it  performed  the  political  part 
of  its  mission  in  opening  Gartok,  the  so- 
called  capital  of  Western  Tibet,  to  our 
trade  under  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of 
Lhasa.  The  arrangements  made  for  the 
safety  and  comfort  of  this  parly  were 
marked  by  good  faith,  and  reflected  most 
creditably  on  the  honour  of  the  Lhasa 
ruling  conclave  and  the  hospitality  of  the 
Tibetan  people. 

Capt.  Rawling,  who  had  previously 
explored  much  of  the  region  north  of 
Rudok,  in  Western  Tibet,  of  which  he 
gives  an  interesting  account  in  the  first 
portion  of  his  book,  was  entrusted  with 
the  command  of  this  expedition,  and  two 
Royal  Engineer  officers,  Capts.  C.  H.  D. 
Ryder  and  H.  Wood,  were  appointed  to 
■carry  out  the  surveying  work,  which  pro- 
vided much  of  interest  and  importance 
in  a  fresh  field.  Capt.  Ryder  had  pre- 
viously done  excellent  work  in  China,  and 
he  subsequently  received  the  Patron's 
Gold  Medal  of  the  Geographical  Society 
for  his  services  to  science  on  this  very 
journey.  Capt.  Wood  is  well  known  for 
his  visit  to  Nepal  for  the  express  purpose 
of  establishing  the  claims  of  Mount 
Everest  to  rank  as  the  loftiest  mountain 
in  the  world.  The  fourth  English  officer 
wTas  Lieut.  Bailey,  who  had  worked  hard 
in  acquiring  some  knowledge  of  Tibetan, 
and  was  thus  qualified  to  act  as  inter- 
preter. Hospital  Assistant  Hira  Singh  had 
charge  of  the  medical  arrangements,  and 
not  merely  looked  after  the  health  of  the 
expedition,  but  also  attended  to  the  cases 
of  countless  Tibetan  patients  who  presented 
themselves  for  treatment  throughout  the 
journey.  The  trusty  Goorkha  Ram  Singh 
(who  had  accompanied  the  author  on  his 
first  tour),  two  trained  surveyors,  and 
five  sepoys  of  the  8th  Goorkha  Regiment 
completed  the  party.  The  drivers  were  a 
miscellaneous  assortment,  including  one 
Chinaman  ;  but  they  worked  well  together 
under  the  command  of  a  Ladaki  who  had 
travelled  with  Sir  F.  Younghusband. 

We  do  not  propose  to  attempt  here 
a  summary  of  this  most  interesting 
journey  in  a  comparatively  unknown 
region.  The  reader  in  search  of  novelty 
will  hardly  fail  to  obtain  a  book  of 
travel  among  people  who  for  the  most 
part  had  never  seen  a  European  before, 
and  Capt.  Rawling's  modest  narrative 
will  be  found  full  of  interest  and 
variety. 

The  story  begins  well  with  the  interview 
with  the  Tashi  Lama  at  Tashi  Lhumpo — 
the  Teshi  Lumbo  of  Bogle  and  Turner. 
Nor  is  its  conclusion,  including  an  admir- 
able account  of  the  ruined  ancient  capital 
of  some  unknown  dynasty  at  Tooling,  with 
its  cantilever  bridge  across  the  Sutlej,  less 
interesting. 

The  only  part  that  is  disappointing — 
and  that  through  no  fault  of  the  author — 
is  the  account  of  Gartok,  the  trade  mart 
which  was  to  be  opened  by  our  treaty.  There 
the   travellers   found  "three   good -sized 


houses  and  twelve  miserable  hovels."  It 
is  said  that  this  place  is  busier  in  summer, 
when  it  assumes  the  aspect  of  a  Tartar 
encampment;  but  the  amount  of  trade 
that  will  over  be  done  in  this  region  can- 
not be  great,  unless  the  goldfields  of  Ante- 
lope Plain  and  Manasarowar  become  an 
Asiatic  Klondyke.  .Manasarowar  is  the 
holy  lake  of  the  Tibetans  and  also  of  the  | 
Hindus.  Some  of  the  Hindus  with  the 
party  secured  bottles  of  its  water,  which 
they  secreted  about  their  persons  for  con- 
veyance to  India.  Within  the  radius  of  a 
few  miles  round  the  lake  are  the  sources 
of  four  of  the  greatest  rivers  in  the  world 
— the  Indus,  Brahmaputra  (Sanpu),  Sutlej, 
and  Ganges.  The  exact  source  of  the 
Indus  is  still  unascertained,  but  that  of  the 
Sutlej  was  fixed  by  Capt.  Ryder  on  this 
expedition.  A  still  more  interesting  fea- 
ture in  the  scenery  of  this  remote  portion 
of  Tibet  is  the  holy  mountain  Kailas 
Parbat,  with  its  snowy  crest.  Capt. 
Rawling  writes  : — 

"  Kailas  Parbat  is  by  far  the  largest  and 
highest  of  the  many  pinnacles  that  tower  up 
in  the  sky  from  the  range  of  mountains 
which  lies  to  the  north  of  the  Manasarowar 
Lake  ;  its  summit  rises  over  22,000  feet 
above  sea-level,  or  some  7,000  feet  above 
the  surrounding  plain.  Figures  as  a  rule 
convey  but  a  vague  idea  to  the  general 
mind,  and  it  is  indeed  difficult  to  place 
before  the  mental  vision  a  true  picture  of 
this  most  beautiful  mountain.  In  shape  it 
resembles  a  vast  cathedral,  the  roof  of 
which,  rising  to  a  ridge  in  the  centre,  is 
otherwise  regular  in  outline  and  covered 
with  eternal  snow.  Below  this  so-called 
roof  the  sides  of  the  mountain  are  perpen- 
dicular and  fall  sheer  for  hundreds  of  feet, 
the  strata  horizontal,  the  layers  of  stone 
varying  slightly  in  colour,  and  the  dividing 
lines  showing  up  clear  and  distinct.  At 
the  foot  of  these  Titanic  walls  a  number  of 
caves  are  said  to  exist,  and  dark  and  gloomy 
ravines  lie  on  either  side,  while  from  the 
neighbouring  and  lesser  hills  rise  numberless 
pinnacles  and  slender  spires  of  rock.  Won- 
derful is  the  appearance  of  this  mountain 
in  the  early  morning,  wdien  its  roof  of  spot- 
less snow  is  touched  by  the  rising  sun  and 
changed  in  hue  to  a  soft  but  vivid  pink, 
whilst  the  ravines  below  still  hold  the 
blackness  of  the  night.  As  the  light 
increases  so  do  the  mighty  walls  heighten 
in  colour  and  form  a  happy  contrast  to 
the  blue  waters  of  Manasarowar,  rippling 
in  the  morning  breeze,  changing  gradually 
as  one  gazes  from  purple  to  brightest  blue. 
No  wonder,  then,  that  this  spot  is  believed 
by  Hindus  and  Mahomedans  alike  to  be 
the  home  of  all  the  gods  ;  to  them  it  is 
the  Holy  Mountain,  and  the  most  sacred 
spot  on  earth." 

We  have  referred  to  the  complete  success 
of  the  arrangements  made  by  the  Tibetans 
for  the  comfort  and  safety  of  the  party. 
Not  a  single  unpleasant  incident  marred 
the  journey,  and  the  author  speaks  in  the 
most  cordial  terms  of  the  whole  people. 
This  friendliness  must  be  considered  as 
very  remarkable  so  soon  after  a  sangui- 
nary and  bitter  campaign,  and  we  may 
describe  it  as  auspicious  now  that  all  pos- 
sibility of  further  warfare  in  Tibet,  so  far 
as  we  are  concerned  as  aggressors,  seems 
removed.  One  little  fact  will  reveal  how 
anxious  the  Tibetans  were  to  please.  All 
the  letters  for  India  and  England  posted, 


or  rather  handed  to  the  Tibetan  authori- 
ties en  route  for  dispatch,  reached  their 
destination  absolutely  intact,  and  without 
a  single  miscarriage.  It  is  only  after  read- 
ing Capt.  Rawling's  narrative  of  his  ex- 
periences among  this  people,  attractive 
despite  their  dirt,  that  his  statements  that 
"Tibet  has  an  irresistible  fascination  for 
the  man  who  has  once  travelled  in  the 
country,"  and  that  "  before  many  months 
have  passed  the  longing  to  see  it  once 
more  returns  with  redoubled  force,"  will 
be  fully  understood.  The  difficulty  in 
getting  into  and  out  of  Tibet  is  no  obstacle  : 
it  rather  adds  zest  to  the  spirit  with  which 
the  journey  is  undertaken. 


The  Romance  of  Insect  Life.  By  Edmund 
Selous.  (Seeley  &  Co.) — Mr.  Edmund  Selous 
possesses  a  well-merited  reputation  as  an 
original  observer  of  animal  life  ;  his  '  Bird- 
Watching  '  fully  established  that  position  ; 
it  may  therefore  come  as  a  considerable 
surprise  to  his  readers  and  admirers  toAnnd 
him  now  engaged  in  another  field,  for 
the  present  volume  is  admittedly  nearly  a 
pure  compilation,  and  when  he  draws  con- 
clusions, as  such  an  original  writer  cannot 
fail  to  do,  they  are  based  on  statements 
made  by  others  and  published  elsewhere. 
Mr.  Selous  among  the  birds  he  knows  so 
well,  which  he  can  observe  so  intelligently, 
and  concerning  which  he  writes  so  tersely, 
is  another  author  altogether  from  Mr.  Selous 
taking  observations  at  second  hand  that 
will  provide  material  for  a  volume  on  insect 
life.  A  great  responsibility  rests  upon  pub- 
lishers ;  they  may,  and  often  doubtless  do, 
sustain  a  heavy  loss  by  printing  a  bad  book, 
but  on  the  other  hand  many  an  author's 
reputation  has  been  ruined  by  their  incite- 
ment to  the  writer  of  a  successful  book  to 
produce  others  quickly.  At  first  the  pub- 
lisher risks  his  capital ;  subsequently,  and 
too  frequently,  an  author  gambles  with  his 
name.  An  excellent  field  ornithologist  is 
not  necessarily  an  authority  on  insects. 
Mr.  Selous  states  that  there  are  some 
"  300,000  known  insects  "  or  species,  and 
it  might  be  added  that  these  perhaps 
constitute  only  about  one-tenth  of  those 
that  really  exist,  so  that  this  field  for  an 
observer  is  almost  unlimited,  while  some 
of  the  most  difficult  problems  in  the  Lives 
of  animals  may  be  solved  by  a  real  know- 
ledge of  their  habits  and  sense  percep- 
tions. Are  they  automata  ?  We  regard 
them  otherwise,  and  so  apparently  does 
Mr.  Selous,  but  it  is  only  by  patient  and 
prolonged  observations,  and  the  repetition 
of  many  already  recorded,  that  any  advance 
will  be  made  in  a  knowledge  of  what  is 
styled  'The  Romance  of  Insect  Life.' 

We  seem  to  have  reached  the  plane  in 
our  study  of  animal  life  for  the  advent  of 
a  zoological  Gibbon.  We  want  both  the 
man  and  his  life-work  to  give  us  a  scientific 
narrative  of  other  animals  than  man  brought 
tip  to  the  level  of  our  present  knowledge, 
detailing  the  growth  of  the  study,  the 
various  conceptions  that  have  helped  and 
obstructed  it,  and  the  assimilation  of  the 
vast  store  of  facts,  fancies,  and  theories 
which  lie  buried  in  the  pages  of  at  least  a 
thousand  journals  and  in  a  far  greater 
number  of  books.  What  we  generally 
obtain  with  every  fresh  publishing  season 
is  a  series  of  books  which  have  been  derived 
from  previous  volumes,  and  will  subse- 
quently serve  for  a  similar  process.  While 
we  starve  for  adequate  zoological  observa- 
tions, we  are  surfeited  with  zoological 
publications. 


N°  4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


21 


Mr.  Selous  has  produced  an  interesting 
volume,  though  the  writings  on  which  he 
has  largely  drawn — as  acknowledged  at  the 
termination  of  each  chapter — are  few  in 
number  and  of  unequal  merit  ;  but  the 
general  reader  will  doubtless  obtain  con- 
siderable information  on  the  habits  of 
insects,  and,  what  is  more,  can  read  these 
pages  without  effort,  for  there  is  a  charming 
absence  of  technicalities.  However,  we 
scarcely  expected  to  read  about  scorpions 
and  centipedes  among  insects,  and  Mr. 
Selous  is,  in  one  instance,  certainly  mis- 
leading. While  following  Mr.  Buckton  in 
applying  the  name  Cicada?  to  the  British 
Homoptera — a  matter  of  opinion — he  has 
gone  further,  and  speaks  about  Cicadas  in 
England,  whereas  there  is  only  one  species 
of  Cicada  found  in  this  country.  This  is 
equivalent  to  calling  all  birds  pheasants 
which  are  included  in  the  Phasianidse. 
Among  misprints  we  notice  "  Bell  "  for  Belt, 
and  "  Orthoptera  "  for  Ornithoptera. 

Nature  through  Microscope  and  Camera. 
By  Richard  Kerr.  With  65  Photo-micro- 
graphs by  Arthur  E.  Smith.  (Religious 
Tract  Society.) — In  a  literary  sense  this  is 
scarcely  a  book  at  all  ;  its  contents  are 
too  chaotic,  its  subject-matter  being  without 
definite  plan  or  sequence.  The  photo- 
micrographs are  all  that  can  be  desired, 
and  Mr.  Smith  may  be  congratulated  on 
his  work  ;  but  the  letterpress,  which  is 
very  largely  a  compilation,  will,  we  fear, 
repel  ordinary  readers  by  its  frequent  use 
of  technical  terms,  while  it  will  be  regarded 
as  somewhat  jejune  by  the  better-informed 
naturalist. 

The  volume  opens  with  an  introduction 
by  Dr.  G.  Sims  Woodhead,  and  is  of  a  quasi- 
theological  character  ;  it  apparently  regards 
"  religion  "  and  "  theology  "  as  convertible 
terms,  applies  the  argument  of  design  to 
some  who  may  find  that  the  study  of  natural 
science  has  a  tendency  to  render  them  "  less 
earnest  in  their  study  of  religion,"  and  appears 
to  have  been  written  without  an  impression 
that  science  is  widening  the  religious  con- 
ceptions of  a  large  number  of  its  students, 
even  if  their  standpoint  is  of  a  somewhat 
anti-dogmatic  character.  But  why  is  this 
question  raised  ?  It  is  not  usual  to  preface 
theological  publications  by  an  apology  to 
the  teachings  of  organic  evolution,  and  why 
need  this  very  harmless  recital  of  micro- 
scopical revelations  require  such  a  prudential 
"  send-off  "  ?  Then  we  have  the  author's 
introduction,  which  contains  the  reflections 
of  a  modern  Cassandra,  and  we  are  told 
"  there  are  too  many  places  of  amusement 
in  our  cities,  too  many  trashy  and  per- 
nioious  novels  read  in  our  free  libraries, 
too  much  time  given  to  games,  both  in  the 
upper  and  in  the  lower  classes,"  &c,  after 
which  we  are  glad  to  arrive  at  '  Nature 
through  Microscope  and  Camera.' 

The  subjects  chosen  for  illustration  are 
of  great  biological  diversity,  ranging  from 
fossil  Radiolaria  to  human  hair,  from 
sections  of  wheat-stems  to  a  piece  of  silk. 
To  do  justice  to  such  themes  more  space 
would  be  required  than  is  given  to  the 
letterpress,  while  the  first-hand  knowledge 
absolutely  necessary  for  such  work  may  be 
estimated  by  a  reference  to  the  learned 
simplicity  of  style  in  Huxley's  classical 
lecture  on  a  piece  of  chalk.  Without  any 
disrespect  to  the  author,  we  are  bound  to 
say  that  the  impression  derived  from  his 
pages  is  that  of  having  attended  an  ordinary 
lecture  illustrated  with  some  beautiful 
screen-illustrations. 

Nebula  to  Man.  By  Henry  R.  Knipe. 
(Dent  &  Co.) — Geology  is,  perhaps,  of  all 
branches  of  natural  science  the  most  poetical, 
yet  the  geologist  is  usually  wise  enough  to 


restrain  himself  from  expressing  his  reflec- 
tions in  verse.  The  author  of  this  large 
and  handsome  volume  has,  however,  taken 
a  different  course.  His  object  has  been  to 
give  a  popular  sketch  of  the  history  of  the 
earth  and  its  inhabitants  from  the  stand- 
point of  evolution  ;  and  for  this  praise- 
worthy purpose  he  has,  strangely  enough, 
deemed  it  expedient  to  use  verse.  His 
verses  are  printed  in  good  type  on  excellent 
paper,  and  profusely  illustrated,  forming 
a  quarto  worthy  of  the  drawing-room. 
There  are,  indeed,  no  fewer  than  seventy- 
one  full-page  illustrations,  of  which  many 
are  in  colours,  most  of  them  being  restora- 
tions of  vanished  forms  of  life.  It  is  not 
easy  to  make  a  restoration  that  shall  please 
a  palaeontologist,  but  many  of  these  are 
admirable,  and  reflect  much  credit  on  Mr. 
Smit,  Miss  Alice  Woodward,  and  the  other 
artists.  Such  attempts  to  resuscitate  tin- 
life  of  the  past  serve  to  give  reality  to  the 
student's  reading,  and  when  made  with 
sufficient  scientific  knowledge  are  distinctly 
useful.  It  may  be  doubted,  however, 
whether  our  data  are  sufficiently  full  to 
justify  the  restoration  of  Pithecanthropus, 
and  perhaps  this  might  well  have  been 
omitted.  As  to  the  text,  it  is  not  easy  to 
pick  out  a  passage  which  shall  do  full 
justice  to  the  author,  but  the  following 
description  of  some  of  the  Pliocene  mammals 
may  be  cited  :  — 

Hippopotami  now  breathe  Europa's  air. 
Coming  at  least  to  spend  their  summers  here. 
Gone  seem  the  dinothers  to  their  long  home, 
But  on  the  scene  have  elephants  now  come. 

And  in  their  ranks  some  bulky  forms  we  see, 
Forerunners  of  the  mammoths,  soon  to  be. 
Some  mastodons  still  here  their  way  pursue. 
Though  yielding  is  this  "  old  school  "  ti>  the  new. 
Rhinoceroses  here  and  there  still  roam. 
Though  some,  perchance,  as  visitors  but  come. 
Antelope  seem  now  unable  to  retain 
Their  old  hold  here  :  but  though  this  branch  may  wane. 
More  hopeful  does  the  outlook  seem  to  be 

For  other  branches  of  the  family. 

It  is  long  since  we  saw  verse  of  such  poor 
quality.  As  there  are  upwards  of  five 
thousand  lines  more  or  less  like  these,  tra- 
cing the  history  of  the  earth  from  the  primi- 
tive fiery  mist  to  the  modern  period,  we  can 
hardly  blame  the  reader  if  he  closes  the 
portly  quarto  before  he  has  gone  the  whole 
round  from  nebula  to  man. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  %  Dec.  14.  -  Prof. 
Gowland,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.  Sir  John  Evans  road 
a  note  on  a  new  Palaeolithic  locality  in  Herts. 
He  also  exhibited  a  gold  ring  found  in  Herts,  in- 
scribed +  wel  :  WERE  :  him  :  that  :  wiste  :  -4-  ro  : 
whom  :  in-:  :  mights  :  TBISTE,  and  a  fine  gilt-bronze 
Anglo-Saxon  brooch  found  at  Tuxford,  Notts. 
Mr.  W.  Dale  read  a  paper  on  the  character  and 
forms  of  implements  of  the  Palaeolithic  age  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Southampton^  which  was 
illustrated  by  a  fine  series  of  specimens.  The  Rev. 
J.  L.  Thorold,  through  Mr.  J.  A.  B.  Karslake, 
exhibited  a  painted  wooden  box  of  the  fifteenth 
century  from  Warkleigh  Church,  Devon,  which 
had  apparently  been  converted  in  Queen  Mary's 
reign  into  a  temporary  tabernacle  for  the  reserved 
sacrament.  Mr.  A.  J.  Gopeland  exhibited  an  early 
sixteenth-century  boss  charged  with  a  mitre  and  a 
•small  armorial  pendant,  both  found  near  Canter- 
bury. 

Aristotelian.  Dec.  18.  Prof .  G.  Dawes  Hicks, 
V.V.,  in  the  chair.  The  Rev.  ('•.  Margolioutb  was 
elected  a  Member.  Mr.  <;.  K.  Moore  road  a  paper 
on  •  The  Mature  and  Reality  of  Objects  of  Per- 
ception.' He  said  that  we  all  believe  in  the  exist 
once  of  other  persons,  having  thoughts,  reelings, 
and  perceptions  similar  to  our  own,  although  we 
cannot  observe  any  psyohioal  states  except  our 
own.  What  reason  have  we  for  this  belief!  We 
have  none,  unless  we  have  reason  to  believe  thai 
the  existence  ol  certain  of  the  data  which  we  do 
observe  is  regularly  oonnected  with  the  existenoe 

.it     certain     particular     psychical    states     in    other 


people.  And  for  such  beliefs,  again,  no  one  has 
any  reason  unless  his  own  observations  give  him 
a  reason  for  some  such  belief.  But  his  observation 
of  his  own  psychical  state-  can  give  him  no  reason 
for  any  such  belief.  And  hence,  if  we  have  any 
reason  at  all  for  believing  in  the  existence  of  other 
eras,   it   must   be   tru  of   the  data 

which  we  observe,  other  than  our  own  psychical 
states,  do  really  exist.  It  must  be  true,  that  is 
to  say,  that  some  of  the  '"  sensible  qualities " which 
we  perceive  do  really  exist  in  the  places  which  they 
seem  to  occupy.  And  the  same  conclusion  holds 
also  with  regard  to  every  kind  of  material  object 
or  event  :  no  one  has  any  reason  to  believe  in  the 
existence  of  any  such  object  or  event  unless  it  is 
true  that  some  of  the  "sensible  qualities."  which 
he  actually  sees  (or  perceives  in  any  other  way)  do 
really  exist  in  the  positions  which  they  appear  to 
occupy.  rTor  is  there  (as  has  been  hastily  assumed 
by  almost  every  philosopher)  any  fatal  objection 
to  the  theory  that  what  we  actually  see  does  some- 
times exist.  All  the  supposed  objections  assume 
that  twodifferent  qualities  cannot  both  exist  in  the 
same  place  in  the  same  time.  But  (1)  it  is  quite 
possible  that,  in  some  eases,  two  or  more  different 
qualities  may  exist  in  the  same  place  at  the  same 
time;  and  (2)  even  in  those  cases  where  we  may 
have  reason  to  believe  that  two  different  "sensible 
qualities"  cannot  both  exist  in  the  same  place  at  the 
same  time,  it  remains  possible  that  one  of  them 
exists  there,  though  the  other  docs  not — The  paper 
was  followed  bv  a  discussion. 


MEETINGS   NEXT    WEEK. 


Max. 

Tons. 


Wkd. 

Turns 


Kit  i. 


Royal  Academy,  4.—' Drav  Prof.  G  Clausen. 

Condon  Institution,  -  st":  a  stu.ly 

in  Present-Day  Problems,'  Mi    w    r 

Asiatic,  4.—' The  Inscription  on  the  PiprSwS  Relic  Vase,' Mr. 
•  i-  F.  Fleet. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8. — 'The  Elimination  of  storm- 
Water  from  s. ■■■  -  ms,  Mr  I>  '.'.  Lloyd-Davies ; 
'  The  Elimination  ofSuspendi  -  idal  Matters 
from  Sewage,  Lieut. -Col.  A.  Stowell  Jones  and  .Mr.  W.  Owen 
Travis. 

Geological,  8.— '  The  Clay-with-Flints :  its  Origin  and  Distri- 
bution, Mr  A  J  Jukes-Browne;  'Footprints  bom  the 
Permian  of  Mansfield,  Nottinghi  mshire.   Mi   G.  Sickling. 

Royal  Academy,  4.-   'Drawing,   Lecture  II.,  Prof .  G.  Clausen 

London  institution,  6.  'Richard  Strauss  and  his  Works,' 
Prof.  E  Markham  Lee 

Institution  oi  Electrical  Engineers,  8.  Discussion  on  'The 
Charing  Cross  C patty's  City  of  London  Works.' 

Astronomii  ■ 

[nstituti t  <  ml  Engi  il   Machines, 

Prof.  .1.  I>.  Cormack      St  iting.i 

Philological  F  'Notes  on  'I !  ■  Owl  and  Nightingale,"' Mr. 
J.  W.  II.   Ukins 


^rinirr  (Gossip. 

Although  Mr.  C.  T.  Yerkes,  like  Mr.  J. 
Lick,  was  in  no  sense  an  astronomer  or  man 
of  science,  his  recent  death  will  be  mentioned 
in  all  astronomical  publications,  as  he  was 
the  founder  of  the  magnificent  Yerkes  Obser- 
vatory, the  great  telescope  which  has  the 
largest  objective  in  the  world,  its  diameter 
exceeding  by  4  inches  that  of  the  3o-inch 
telescope  at  the  Lick  Observatory  on  Mount 
Hamilton.  The  erection  of  the  Yerkes 
Observatory  was  began  about  ten  years 
ago.  and  *  was  virtually  completed  in 
1897.  The  site  is  near  Williams  Bay,  on 
Lake  Geneva,  in  Wisconsin,  about  75  miles 
from  Chicago,  to  the  University  of  which 
it  belongs.  This  is  not  the  place  to  dwell 
upon  the  important  results  obtained  there 
under  the  direction  of  Trot.  Hale,  who  was 
awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  in  1904. 

The  young  Danish  Arctic  explorer  Capt. 
Mikkelsen  lias  now  secured  the  funds  neces- 
sary for  his  proposed  exploration  of  the 
Beaufort  Sea,  through  the  assistance  ol  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  and  Mr.  William 
Beinemann, 

The  endowment  fund  now  being  raised 
for  the  family  of  the  late  Trot'.  <;.  B.  Howes, 
F.H.S.,  will  be  closed  shortly,  and  all  intend- 
ing contributors  are  asked  bo  send  their 
donations    without    delay    to    the    treasurer, 

Mr.     Frank     Crisp,     ai     17.  Throgmorton 
Avenue,  F.C. 

VmmniNd    to   the   latest  determination 

(bj     Dr.    Strorngren)   of   the  orbil    of   Qia- 


22 


Til  E     ATI!  KX.Kl'M 


X'  4080,  Jan.  6,  L906 


oobini's  comet  ('■.  LOOS),  it  will  not  pass  its 
perihelion  until  the  23rd  Lost., at  the  distance 

from  the  sun  of  0*22  in   terms  of  the  earth's 

mean  distance.  Its  permanent  designation, 
therefore,  will  be  Comet  I.,  1906.  It  is 
nearest  the  earth  to-day,  at  the  distance 
1-10  on  the  above  scale,  or  about  102.000,000 
miles.  After  the  perihelion  passage  it  will 
probably  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye  in  the 
evening,  but  will  be  best  seen  in  the  southern 
hemisphere. 


FINE    ARTS 


Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood.  By  W.  Holman  Hunt, 
O.M.     2  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

One  is  inclined  to  believe  the  truth  of 
Leslie  Stephen's  saying  that  "  no  man 
ever  wrote  a  dull  autobiography."  Cer- 
tainly, if  any  one  did  accomplish  this 
feat,  Mr.  Holman  Hunt  is  not  of 
the  number.  He  has,  indeed,  a  fine  gift 
of  narrative,  and  though  he  takes  his 
time  about  telling  his  stories,  and  the 
reader  of  these  two  substantial  volumes 
will  do  well  to  take  his,  no  one  who  has 
once  begun  to  listen  to  him  is  likely  to 
ask  him  to  stop.  He  has  an  almost 
Tolstoian  eye  and  memory  for  details, 
and  will  tell  you  vividly  enough  how  any 
one  of  his  contemporaries  of  fifty  years 
ago  looked  and  spoke.  He  even  gives,  in 
a  way  that  may  not  be  always  quite  fair 
to  his  interlocutors,  the  substance  of 
talks  in  conversational  form. 

Though  we  have  spoken  of  the  book  as 
an  autobiography,  Mr.  Holman  Hunt 
disclaims  the  title.  It  is,  he  says,  the 
history  of  the  Pre-Raphaelite  Brother- 
hood ;  but  his  own  share  in  that  is,  by 
his  own  showing,  so  predominant  that  to 
call  it  his  artistic  autobiography  gives  the 
best  idea  of  its  scope. 

The  main  thesis  is  that  of  the  seven 
original  members  of  the  P.R.B.  all  but 
three  were  sleeping  partners,  the  three 
being  Millais,  Hunt,  and  Rossetti  ;  and 
that  of  these  three  Rossetti  never  under- 
stood the  true  gospel,  but  was  led  astray 
by  ideas  of  mediaeval  revivalism,  and, 
moreover,  never  shared  in  the  evangelistic 
work,  slinking  off  into  small  exhibitions, 
and  refusing  to  face  the  wild  beasts  in  the 
arena  of  the  Royal  Academy.  The  gospel, 
therefore,  was  understood  and  preached 
only  by  Millais  and  Hunt.  Millais  is 
shown  to  have  soon  accommodated  him- 
self to  the  public  taste,  and  thus  the  true 
faith  was  embodied  solely  in  the  works 
of  Holman  Hunt.  It  is  impossible  to 
praise  too  highly  the  high  purpose,  the 
dogged  perseverance,  and  pure  British 
pluck  with  which  our  author  maintained 
the  unequal  struggle  ;  and  no  one  will 
grudge  him  his  self-gratulation  at  having 
endured  to  the  end,  and  finished  his  fight. 

What,  then,  was  the  great  principle 
for  which  he  fought  so  bravely — the 
principle  which  only  he  and  Millais 
understood,  and  which  he  alone  main- 
tained in  its  purity  ?  Here  Mr.  Holman 
Hunt  is  not  so  precise  as  we  could  wish. 
It  is  not  the  principle  of  primitive  sim- 
plicity and  intensity  of  feeling  expressed 


with  primitive  directness,  -nice   Kossetti's 
early     work     might     with     propriety    lay 
claim  to  a  finer  and  deeper  discovery  of 
this   notion   than   anything   which    Millais 
or  Mr.  Hunt  produced.     Rossetti's  heresy 
was    the    use    of    mediaeval    conceptions, 
and  the  neglect  of  a  minute  and  particular 
record    of    nature.     He    used    nature    for 
his  purposes,  but  he  refused  any  further 
allegiance  to  her.     From  the  remarks  on 
Rossetti's     '  Found  ' — which     Mr.     Hunt 
judges  to  be  the  one  truly  Pre-Raphaelite 
picture  'that   Rossetti  painted,   or  rather 
half  painted — one  gathers  that  the  gospel 
of  Millais  and  Mr.  Hunt  was  that  of  the 
particular   description    of    natural   forms, 
with  a  full  sense  of  their  endless  variety 
rather  than  of  their  conformity  to  central 
types.     It  was,  in  fact,  the  direct  opposite 
to  Reynolds's   theory  of  the  generalized 
type.     This   record  of  natural  form   was 
not  to  be  entirely  literal  :    it  was  to  be 
subservient  to  the  expression  of  poetical 
ideas,    though   in   what   direction   and   to 
what  extent  the  record  was  to  be  modified 
does  not  appear.     Certain  it  is  that  Mr. 
Hunt  spent  many  shivering  nights  in  the 
late  autumn,  painting  the  orchard  behind 
his  figure  of  Christ  in  '  The  Light  of  the 
World  '  ;    but  it  would  be  hard  to  find  in 
what  way  he  changed  the  literal  record 
for  the  purpose  of  intenser  expression  of 
the  idea.     From  his  account  both  of  this 
and   other    backgrounds,    painted   in   the 
most   uncomfortable   and   unlikely   situa- 
tions, one  suspects  that  while  he  painted 
them  he  was  conscious  of  nothing  but  an 
intense  desire  to  carry  away  as  literal  a 
record  as  possible  of  the  actual  positive 
facts,    but   that    (since   nothing   but    the 
notion   that   this   intolerable   labour   and 
heroism  subserved  a  great  dogmatic  reve- 
lation   would    have    enabled    him    to    go 
through  with  it)  he  explained  his  depend- 
ence on  the  pure  matter  of  fact  as  in  some 
way   the   result   of  an   imaginative   need. 
For  us,   indeed,   the  array   of  sedulously 
collected  facts  in  Mr.  Hunt's  pictures  is 
never   entirely    fused    by    the    idea.     His 
ideas  are  always 'deeply  pondered  ;   some- 
times  they   seem   far-fetched,   sometimes 
sentimentally   allegorical  ;     but   they   are 
never    obvious    or    commonplace,    while 
the   forms   in   which   they   are   expressed 
scarcely  seem  to  be  the  outcome  of  the 
same  mind,  certainly  not  of  the  same  mood. 
This  is  not,  however,   the  occasion  to 
discuss  Mr.   Holman  Hunt's  art,   though 
it  is  necessary  to  say  this  much  in  order 
to  weigh  the  claims  he  puts  forward  to 
being    the    only    true    and    original    Pre- 
Raphaelite.     This  claim  he  substantiates, 
indeed,   if  we   take   his   definition   of  the 
term,     since    Pre-Raphaelitism     becomes ' 
chiefly   a   matter   of   painting   everything 
'*  on  the  spot,"  and  painting  every  part 
of  the  picture  in  full  detail.     But  by  so 
defining  it  Mr.   Hunt  lessens  immensely 
the  importance  of  Pre-Raphaelitism.     By 
leaving  out — correctly  enough,  no  doubt, 
given  this  interpretation — Madox  Brown, 
and  still  more  Rossetti,  and  therefore  the 
whole  of  the  epigoni,  Morris,  Webb,  and 
Burne-Jones,    he    robs    us,    and    perhaps 
posterity,    of    the    chief   interest    of    the 
movement.     Pre-Raphaelitism  thereby  be- 


comes one  of  many  parallel  streams  of 
thought  and  modes  of  artistic  endeavour, 
and  to  be  frank,  not  the  most  important 
nor  the  most  fruitful  of  results. 

But  by  what  right  is  Madox  Brown 
also  eliminated  I  Here  we  touch  at  once 
on  what  seems  to  us  the  most  serious 
defect  in  a  fascinating  book — the  evi- 
dences of  an  unworthy  jealousy  of 
Madox  Brown's  share  in  the  propagation 
of  Pre-Raphaelite  ideas.  The  question  of 
priority  ifl  discussed  at  great  length,  and 
the  way  is  always  prepared  by  deprecia- 
tion of  Brown's  work.  At  a  very  early 
stage  in  his  career — before  even  the 
'  Rienzi  '  was  finished — Mr.  Holman  Hunt 
visited  Madox  Brown  in  his  studio,  and 
there  saw  the  '  Chaucer '  picture.  The 
design  is  spoken  of  as  "  a  recent  mark  of 
academic  ingenuity  which  Pre-Raphaelit- 
ism, in  its  larger  power  of  enfranchise- 
ment, was  framed  to  overthrow."  The 
studied  composition  is  described  as  arti- 
ficial and  Overbeckian,  and  (here  comes 
the  strangest  part)  no  word  is  said  of  the 
wonderful  study  which  the  picture  displays 
of  the  effects  of  atmospheric  colour — the 
study,  already  so  complete  in  its  way, 
which  anticipated  so  much  of  later  art. 
Mr.  Holman  Hunt  goes  even  further  than 
this,  "  I  found  nothing  indicative  of  a 
child-like  reversion  from  existing  schools 
to  Nature  herself."  and  this  when  he  was 
still  at  work  on  the  *  Rienzi,'  which  is  by 
no  means  free  from  older  theatrical  con- 
ventions. Browrn  is  described  thus  : — 
"  There  were  in  Brown  two  incongruous 
spirits,  one,  desire  for  combination  with 
a  power  in  favour  with  the  world,  the 
other  in  open  defiance  of  sedate  taste." 
There  may  be  a  truth  in  this,  though 
Brown's  sufferings  and  ill  success  scarcely 
suggest  it  ;  but  it  surely  could  not  have 
been  more  unkindly  expressed.  Questions 
of  priority  in  ideas  are  always  exceedingly 
difficult  to  decide,  and  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's 
claim  to  be  the  first  may  be  correct, 
though  the  fact  that  BrowTi  was  seven 
years  his  senior  is  in  itself  slightly  against 
it.  But,  indeed,  such  ideas  are  always 
more  or  less  in  the  air,  and  are  seized 
simultaneously  and  independently  by 
more  than  one  mind,  and  Mr.  Holman 
Hunt  does  not,  we  think,  improve  his  posi- 
tion by  the  evident  bias  against  Brown  of 
which  this  book  contains  too  many 
examples. 

That  he  disagreed  almost  at  once  with 
Rossetti  was  no  doubt  inevitable  ;  but 
here  again  his  praise  of  a  great  genius, 
with  whom  he  was  once  on  terms  of  inti- 
mate friendship,  seems  to  us  rather  half- 
hearted, and  he  takes  pains  to  show  how 
much  Rossetti  owed  to  himself,  how  httle 
to  his  former  master  Madox  Brown.  That 
he  owed  anything  to  his  own  pupil  Rossetti 
Mr.  Hunt  scarcely  seems  to  contemplate, 
and  yet  who  can  doubt  Rossetti's  influence 
in  so  "  mediaeval,"  not  to  say  "  Over- 
beckian "  a  design  as  that  of  '  Lorenzo 
in  the  Warehouse  '  ? 

But  let  us  leave  this  carping  :  Mr. 
Hunt  has  suffered  all  his  life,  and  often 
with  grave  injustice,  at  the  hands  of 
critics.  We  have  discussed  these  points 
only  because  of  their  great  interest  and 


N°  4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


23 


importance  for  the  history  of  British 
art.  Whoever  originated  the  ideas  of 
Pre-Raphaelitism,  the  story  of  its  early 
days  is  intensely  thrilling.  The  violence 
of  the  abuse  with  which  these  harmless 
young  men  were  hailed  is  scarcely  credible 
in  these  politer  days.  Certainly  the  critics 
have  mended  their  manners,  and  it  is 
curious  to  see  how  much,  too,  they  have 
changed  their  position.  In  Mr.  Holman 
Hunt's  early  days  they  were  on  the  side 
of  the  public  ;  to-day  they  are  almost 
entirely  on  the  side  of  the  artist,  and  their 
voice  is  consequently  less  listened  to 
than  when  it  expressed  the  feelings  of  the 
public  in  literary  Billingsgate. 

Though  they  treated  him  ill,  Mr.  Holman 

Hunt    speaks    with    moderation    of    the 

authorities    of    the    Academy,     but    its 

•extraordinary  opposition  to    all   that   is 

fresh  and  vital  in  the  work  of  younger 

men   comes  out  conspicuously.     Millais,  it 

is  true,  fought  and  cowed  it,  not  without 

shaking  of  fists  in  the  faces  of  elder  R.A.s 

and    violent    language    to    hangers,    and 

for  all  that  it  had  its  revenge  on  him  in 

the  destruction  of  his  youthful  ambitions  ; 

and  Mr.  Hunt,  in  spite  of  the  affection 

which  he  always  entertained  towards  him, 

puts   into   his   mouth   sayings    betraying 

such    a    cynical    indifference    to    all    but 

immediate  vulgar  success  that  one  almost 

believes  the  phrenologist  who  felt  his  head 

in  early  youth,   and  pronounced  him   a 

great  business  man  and  nothing  else,  was 

not  so  far  wrong,  as  was  thought  at  the  time. 

This   of  Millais   and   the   phrenologist   is 

one  of  many  good  stories  of  contemporaries 

with  which  the  book  abounds  :    the  walk- 

i  ing    tour    with    Tennyson    and    Palgrave 

'  gives   occasion  for  several ;     the   picture 

]  of  old  Trelawny  sitting  reading,   though 

|  immersed  up  to  his  neck  in  a  lake,  while 

staying  at  a  country  house,  is  delightfully 

ii  characteristic  ;     and   another    (which   we 

i  will  not  spoil  by  abridgment)  of  Thacke- 

I  ray's  supposed  want  of  genius  is  memor- 

I  able. 

A  great  part  of  the  book  is  naturally 
L  taken  up  with  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's  work 
I  in  the  East,  and  here  the  same  courageous 
|  tenacity  which  enabled  him  to  withstand 
I  alike  the  tyranny  and  the  blandishments 
i  of  the  Academy  comes  out  in  other  forms. 
!  The  nerve  with  which  he  stuck,  day  after 
I  day,  to  his  painting  of  the  scapegoat  on 
I  the  shores  of  the  Dead  Sea,   and  alter- 
|  nately    bullied    and    bluffed    the    Arabs, 
I  generally  by  telling  them  the  literal  truth, 
I  when  he  was  powerless  and  at  their  mercy, 
I  is  magnificent ;    and  here,   as  elsewhere, 
I  his   powers   as   a  narrator  are   of  a  high 
order.     Indeed,  it  is  as  a  book  of  adven- 
ture— adventures  with  critics,  adventures 
with    Royal   Academies,    and    adventures 
with    Arabs — that    Mr.    Hunt's    work    is 
most    to    be    cherished.     On    the    side    of 
aesthetics    it    is  disappointing.     From  his 
early  days,   when  he  could   find  no  great 
French    artist    but    Delacroix  (!),    to    the 
closing  chapter,    in    which    he   abuses   the 
Impressionists  as  roundly  and  as  sweep- 
ingly   as    Dickens   once   abused    him,    .Mr. 
Holman   Hunt  clearly   distinguishes   him- 
self from  the  accursed  tribe  of  art  critics. 
For  all  that,  one  of  them  at  least  is  deeply 


grateful  to  him  for  a  vividly  written  and 
most  entertaining  memoir,  and  incident- 
ally for  the  portrait  of  a  strenuous  and 
downright  Englishman  who  has  the 
courage  of  his  opinions — one  who  might 
almost  stand  as  typical  of  the  salient 
characteristics  of  the  race,  if  it  were  not 
that  by  some  odd  freak  the  ingredient  of 
Philistinism  is  entirely  omitted.  Perhaps 
his  friend  Millais  absorbed  all  that  could 
be  found. 


Kate  Greenaway.  By  M.  H.  Spielmann 
and  G.  S.  Layard.  (A.  &  C.  Black.)— This 
record  of  the  life  and  work  of  Kate  Greena- 
way appears  in  an  attractive  form  as  one 
of  Messrs.  Black's  series  of  books  printed 
in  colour.  Fifty  of  the  illustrations  are 
reproduced  from  water-colour  drawings  by 
the  three-colour  process,  which  has  served 
in  many  cases  very  successfully  to  convey 
something  of  the  grace  and  delicacy  of  the 
originals.  The  work  more  generally  familiar 
from  its  use  in  book-illustration  has  been 
wisety  eschewed  in  favour  of  that  done  for 
private  commissions  and  as  gifts  to  friends. 
There  are  also  many  reproductions  of 
sketches  from  Miss  Greenaway's  letters, 
which  not  infrequently  display  a  virility 
and  firmness  of  touch  in  excess  of  much 
of  her  more  finished  work.  The  volume 
contains  so  many  of  these  letters  that  it 
forms  an  intimate  record  of  her  personality, 
and  the  more  purely  biographical  portions 
are  rounded  off  by  a  very  just  and  temperate 
estimate  of  her  exact  place  in  British  art. 

As  she  was  the  daughter  of  John  Greena- 
way, a  wood  engraver  and  draughtsman  of 
some  prominence,  it  was  natural  that  her 
talent  for  design  should  early  find  expression. 
She  herself  says  in  a  fragment  of  auto- 
biography that  at  the  time  of  the  Indian 
Mutiny  she  was  constantly  drawing  the 
ladies,  nurses,  and  children  escaping,  adding 
characteristically,  "  Mine  always  escaped, 
and  were  never  taken."  May  we  not 
perhaps  discern  in  this  childish  endeavour 
a  forecast  of  that  rose-coloured  optimism 
which  permeated  her  art  ?  Two  years 
later,  at  the  age  of  twelve,  she  was  already 
a  prize-winner  in  a  local  art  school.  She 
afterwards  became  a  student  at  South 
Kensington,  and  attended  classes  at  the 
Slade  School  under  Legros.  She  de- 
signed Christmas  cards  and  valentines, 
contributed  illustrations  to  toy-books  and 
periodicals,  exhibited  some  water-colour 
drawings  at  the  Dudley  Gallery  and  else- 
where, and  in  1878  published  '  Under  the 
Window,'  a  children  s  book  of  "  pictures 
and  rhymes."  This  brought  her  instant 
and  widespread  fame.  A  similar  work, 
'  Marigold  Garden,'  appeared  seven  years 
later  ;  and  she  also  illustrated  various 
other  books  for  children  and  issued  annual 
almanacs.  She  revolutionized  children's 
dress  by  bringing  back  the  bonnets  and 
bodices  of  "  yesteryear,"  and  as  her  vogue 
was  in  part  the  triumph  of  a  fashion  in 
millinery,  it  suffered  with  the  passing  of 
the  mode  ;  so  much  so  that  in  her  last 
years  she  felt  herself  to  have  outlived  her 
popularity,  and  with  characteristic  energy 
endeavoured  to  make  a  fresh  start  by  taking 
up  oil  painting.  These  facts  are  presented 
by  the  authors  of  the  monograph  clearly, 
sympathetically,  and  with  jnst  sufficient 
detail  to  imparl  the  requisite  vitality,  and 
this  is  further  enhanced   l>y   the  fact   that 

Mr.    Spielmann's    share    of    the    work    is    the 
tribute  of  a  personal  friendship. 

Bj  permission  of  Elusion's  representatives 
i  tic  volume  contains  no  fewer  than  fifty  of 
his  letters  to   Kate  Greenaway,  these  being 

only      a      tithe     of     those     which      he     wrote 


during  a  period  extending  over  nearly  ten 
years  subsequent  to  the  appearance  of 
'  Under  the  Window.'  These  are  all  eventu- 
ally to  be  included  in  the  memorial  edition 
of  Ruskin's  writings,  but  their  presence  here 
invests  the  work  with  a  certain  separate 
and  distinct  interest  for  the  student  of 
Ruskin,  which  might,  perhaps,  have  been 
indicated  on  the  title-page.  There  is  un- 
fortunately only  the  one  side  of  the  corre- 
spondence in  existence,  as  Ruskin  did  not 
keep  Miss  Greenaway's  earlier  letters,  but 
over  forty  are  printed  of  those  which  she 
wrote  during  the  latter  years  of  his  life, 
when,  we  are  told,  she  always  had  on  hand 
one  epistle  to  him,  to  which  she  would  sit 
down  at  any  odd  moment  between  meals, 
exercise,  and  work.  Ruskin  began  the  corre- 
spondence by  sending  her  a  long  and 
whimsical  series  of  interrogatories  as  to 
her  belief  and  practice  in  sundry  matters, 
doctrinal  and  artistic.  Satisfied  as  to  these, 
he  set  out  to  teach  her  how,  by  systematic 
study,  to  improve  the  artistic  quality  of 
her  work.  This  relationship  of  teacher  and 
pupil  became  insensibly  merged  in  that  of 
friends,  without  ever  entirely  losing  its 
didactic  character.  He  was  constantly 
exhorting  her  to  study  perspective,  and  to 
practise  from  the  nude — naively  urging 
that  she  "  should  go  to  some  watering- 
place  in  August  with  fine  sands, — and  draw 
no  end  of  bare  feet."  He  writes  from  Brant- 
wood  to  tell  her  that  he  has  sent  her  two 
more  sods,  "  more  to  be  enjoyed  than 
painted — if  you  like  to  do  a  bit  of  one,  well 
and  good  ";  and  in  a  subsequent  letter  he 
is  enthusiastic  about  her  drawing  of  the 
leaves.  On  another  occasion  she  has  appa- 
rently confided  an  ambition,  for  he  writes  : — 

"  I  am  very  glad  you  want  to  paint  like  Gains- 
borough. But  you  must  not  try  for  it — He  is  in- 
imitable  and  yet  a  had  master.  Keep  steadily  to 
deep  colour  and  Carpaccio — with  white  porcelain 
and  Luca — you  may  try  a  Gainsborough  every  now 
and  then  for  play  !  " 

The  expression  of  his  delight  in  the  pure 
feeling  and  delicacy  of  her  work  is  frank 
and  ingenuous.  She  sent  him  many  water- 
colour  drawings,  and  constantly  made 
sketches  in  her  letters  to  him.  In  writing 
to  thank  her  for  some  of  these  from  Sand- 
gate  in  1888,  after  an  illness,  at  a  time  when, 
as  he  says,  nothing  showed  itself  to  him  all 
day  long  but  the  dull  room  or  the  wild  sea, 
he  expresses  wistfully  his  appreciation  of 
her  gifts  :  "I  think  what  it  must  be  to 
you  to  have  far  sight  into  dreamlands  of 
truth — and  to  be  able  to  see  such  scenes 
of  the  most  exquisite  grace  and  life  and 
quaint  vivacity."  Yet  nevertheless  he  re- 
mained to  the  end  a  mentor,  and  the  con- 
clusion of  the  very  latest  of  his  letters 
contains  an  entirely  true  criticism  of  her 
work  :  — 

••  You  must  cure  yourself  of  thinking  so  much  of 
hair  and  hats  and  parasols — and  attend  tirst  (for 
some  time  to  come)  bo  toes  and  lingers  and  wrists." 

How  far  these  promptings  had  effect  may 
be  gauged  from  her  letters  as  well  as  from 
her  later  work.  She  writes  of  herself  as 
seeming  to  want  to  put  in  shade  much  more 
than  she  used  to  do,  and  of  having  got  to 
love  the  making  out  of  form  by  such  means. 
As  an  instance  of  this  we  may  cite  the 
pencil  study  of  a  boy  for  the  story  '  Ronald's 
Clock,'  reproduced  on  p.  248,  which  in  its 
exquisite  delicacy  suggests  a  study  by  Burne- 
Jones,  for  whose  drawings  and  pictures  she 

had  a  keen  admiration.  Her  own  sym- 
pathies were  Btrongly  with  the  Pre -Kaphael- 
ites.  as  is  seen  by  numerous  passages  occur- 
ring in  her  letters,  and  especially  with  the 

earlier   work    of    Millais  ;     she   considered    his 

'Ophelia'  to  be  the  greatest  picture  of 
modern  times.     The  same  sources  show  her 


24 


Til  E     A  Til  KX.EI.M 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


antipathies  in  art  and  literature!  expressed 
often  with  an  intense  fervour  <>f  conviction  : 
Beardsley  and  Marie  BashkirtsefE  occur  as 
instances  in  this  category.     With  regard  to 

her  work  it  is  said  with  felicity  and  truth 
by  the  authors  of  this  monograph  that  "  she 
introduced  a  Pre-Raphaelite  spirit  into  the 
art  of  the  nursery."  There  indeed  she 
reigned  supreme.  Her  art  possessed  the 
limitations  consequent  upon  such  a  position, 
and  also  its  peculiar  idyllic  joyousness.  She 
painted  a  world  of  roses  and  children — a 
world  where  flowers  are  fadeless  and  children 
never  grow  up. 


THE    OLD    MASTERS    AT 
BURLINGTON  HOUSE. 

As  usual,  this  is  the  great  artistic  event  of 
the  year,  and  if  the  present  show  contains 
but  few  pieces  that  have  already  been 
accepted  among  the  masterpieces  of  English 
private  collections,  its  interest  is  all  the 
greater  from  the  unexpected  novelty  of  the 
works  which  have  been  brought  to  light, 
some  for  the  first  time.  In  this  respect  the 
sensation  of  the  exhibition  is  the  large 
family  group  by  Frans  Hals,  the  importance 
of  which  was,  we  believe,  first  recognized 
by  Col.  Lyons  and  Mr.  Herbert  Cook.  Its 
publication  a  year  ago  by  the  Arundel  Club 
was  the  first  general  intimation  that  the 
most  important  Frans  Hals  in  England  had 
hitherto  escaped  the  researches  of  con- 
noisseurs. With  the  exception  of  this  noble 
work,  two  important  Vandykes,  two 
Jordaens,  and  a  few  minor  Dutch  works, 
the  whole  gallery  is  devoted  to  masters  of 
the  British  School.  Even  in  this  there 
has  been  no  attempt  to  make  the  exhibition 
systematically  representative,  or  to  give  a 
space  proportional  to  the  importance  of 
each  of  the  greater  artists.  But  we  have 
always  welcomed  the  somewhat  casual 
arrangement  of  these  yearly  exhibitions  as 
giving  an  opportunity  for  the  inclusion  of 
curious  and  unclassified  works  which  could 
hardly  find  their  place  in  any  logical  se- 
quence. Besides,  good  pictures  very  rarely 
hurt  one  another,  and  the  large  majority  of 
the  pieces  shown  this  year  are  decidedly 
good. 

There  are,  it  is  true,  a  few  serious  excep- 
tions, and  we  could  wish  that  greater  care 
had  been  shown  by  the  authorities  to  avoid 
giving  the  cachet  of  inclusion  in  such  an 
exhibition  to  works  of  dubious  authenticity. 
The  most  glaring  example  of  this  is  in  the 
second  room,  where  there  hangs  a  very 
imposing  landscape,  Rouen  (No.  56),  ascribed 
to  Turner.  That  it  is  not  by  him,  but  a 
deliberate  and  very  skilful  forgery,  is  fairly 
evident  to  any  trained  eye :  those  who 
have  studied  specially  the  devious  ways  of 
imitators  recognize  in  this  the  masterpiece 
of  James  Webb.  If  it  were  given  to  Its 
real  author,  the  picture  might  well  claim  a 
right  to  its  present  position  as  an  interest- 
ing object-lesson  how  far  a  very  skilful 
imitator  can  go.  The  genuine,  but  rather 
hard  and  cold  Turner  of  Venice  (60),  hanging 
near  by,  shows  very  aptly  the  difference 
between  the  loose  and  free  touch  of  a  real 
artist  and  the  deliberate  imitation  of  the 
same  quality,  without  any  real  content  or 
intention,  which  distinguishes  the  forger's 
work.  The  large  landscape  ascribed  to 
John  Crome  (45)  in  the  same  gallery  is  not, 
perhaps,  a  deliberate  forgery  so  much  as 
the  natural  outcome  of  a  pupil  working  so 
far  as  possible  in  his  master's  manner.  Yet 
another  picture  in  the  same  room,  the  view 
of  Hampstead  Heath  (49),  ascribed  to  Con- 
stable, belongs  to  the  same  dubious  category. 
Except  for  the  want  of  care  in  the  admission 


of  these  and  one  or  two  other  works,  we  have 
nothing  but  praise  for  the  way  in  which 
this  delightful  exhibition  lias  been  organized, 
and  for  the  admirable  arrangement  and 
hanging  of  the  pictures. 

The  first  room  is  devoted  entirely  to 
British  painters,  and  rightly  begins  with 
Hogarth.  His  portrait  of  Airs.  Desaguliers 
(2)  shows  him  at  his  best,  and  with  distinc- 
tion which  few  of  his  single  heads  of  women 
display.  It  must,  one  supposes,  be  fairly 
early,  for  something  of  the  Lely  tradition 
still  clings  to  it  in  the  disposition  of  the 
drapery  and  the  way  of  putting  in  the 
lights  ;  but  we  note  a  subtlety  in  the  model- 
ling of  the  flesh  and  a  lifelike  vivacity  in 
the  eyes  which  Lely  never  showed,  except 
in  a  few  very  early  works.  The  colour  is 
almost  as  dainty  and  tasteful  as  in  contem- 
porary French  work,  but  there  is  a  virile 
sincerity  which  few  French  artists  of 
the  century  displayed.  A  Hogarth  of  a 
more  familiar  kind  is  the  Assembly  at  Wan- 
stead  House  (20),  an  early  work,  though 
certainly  not,  as  stated,  the  earliest  known. 
In  this  the  background  of  the  splendidly 
decorated  room  is  painted  with  an  admirable 
sense  of  atmospheric  envelopment,  and  the 
individual  figures  are  full  of  character  and 
zest  ;  but  Hogarth  had  not  yet  arrived  at 
the  power  of  giving  life  and  movement  to 
the  composition  as  a  whole.  Another 
Hogarth,  of  great  beauty  and  the  most 
delicate  taste,  is  the  small  portrait  of  The 
Painter's  Wife,  seated  near  an  easel  (32). 
When  one  looks  at  this  exquisite  picture, 
painted  with  the  simplicity  of  a  Dutch  and 
the  delicacy  of  a  French  genre  painter,  it 
is  impossible  not  to  wish  that  Hogarth's 
influence  had  been  greater  in  England. 
He  might,  one  thinks,  have  founded  a  school 
of  refined  and  unambitious  genre  akin  to 
the  Dutch — a  school  in  which  those  who 
were  not  fitted  to  follow  Reynolds  might 
have  kept  alive  a  better  tradition  than  the 
sentimental  and  anecdotic  genre  that  ulti- 
mately came  into  being  as  a  reaction  from 
the  severe  principles  of  the  grand  style. 

Such  a  genre  style  was  no  doubt  attempted 
by  Morland,  and  two  excellent  examples, 
the  Tea-gardens  (8)  and  the  Children  playing 
Soldiers  (26),  are  here.  Morland  was  another 
intuitive  and  unsophisticated  genius,  but  he 
shows  already  an  inclination  to  the  prettily 
sentimental  which  places  his  work  on  another 
plane  from  Hogarth's.  To  the  latter  painter 
is  also  attributed  a  very  interesting  head, 
said  to  be  of  James  St.  Aubyn  (7).  It  is 
very  forcibly,  almost  brutally,  painted,  with 
a  thick  impasto  quite  unlike  Hogarth's.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  the 
identity  of  the  sitter  is  certainly  established. 
James  St.  Aubyn  is  reported  to  have  died 
in  1752,  but  the  style  of  dress  and  that  of 
the  painting  suggest  a  later  date.  We 
should  think  it  was  by  some  artist  of  Rey- 
nolds's circle  who  was  experimenting  in  a 
Rembrandtesque  technique. 

Among  the  earlier  masters  of  the  great 
period  of  English  art  Wilson  holds  a  unique 
position,  and  though  nothing  of  extraordi- 
nary quality  or  importance  has  turned  up 
this  year,  the  Lake  of  Nemi  (4)  and  Cicero  at 
his  Villa  (6)  represent  him  well.  The  latter 
is  rather  an  elaborate  composition,  put 
together  from  Italian  reminiscences,  but 
it  is  beautifully  clear  and  cool,  and,  like  all 
his  best  work,  completely  unified  both  in 
colour  and  tone. 

Gainsborough  is  seen  as  a  landscape  painter 
in  an  unusual  vein  in  No.  14.  This,  too, 
is  a  purely  fictitious  composition,  with  even 
less  observation  of  actual  forms  than  the 
Wilsons  disclose,  and  it  has  the  air  of  being 
executed  impromptu  with  almost  the  same 
care  as  some  of  his  chalk  drawings.  It  has 
certainly  all  the  merits  of  such  a  method 


in  the  wonderful  fluency  of  the  touch,  the 
beauty  of  the  spacing  of  lights  and  darks, 
and  the  exquisite  golden  harmony  of  the 
colour. 

Entirely  different,  and  much  more  modern 
in  aim,  are  two  remarkable  De  Winte,  lent 
by  Miss  Tatlock  :  one  of  Lincoln  (9),  which, 
though  much  better,  serves  by  comparison 
to  support  the  attributions  to  De  U'int  of 
a  little  picture  of  Lincoln  now  to  be  seen  at 
the  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club  ;  the  other, 
a  Cornfield  (11),  is  very  similar  to  the  famous- 
picture  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum. 
These  both  prove  how  great  was  De  Wint's- 
facility  in  oils,  but  they  also  show  that  he 
was  a  very  uncertain  colourist,  and  that  he 
was  one  of  the  first  to  give  up  any  attempt 
at  serious  design  in  favour  of  a  more  vivid 
record  of  actual  scenes.  The  '  Lincoln  '  is 
very  full  and  strong  in  colour,  with  a  warm 
reddish  foreground  against  a  brilliant  blue 
distance  and  sky  ;  but  the  harmony  is  not 
perfectly  formed,  and  there  is  a  tendency 
to  sharpness  in  the  quality  of  the  blues. 
Nevertheless,  there  are  some  exquisite 
passages  in  the  middle  distance.  In  the 
'  Cornfield  '  the  tendency  is  again  to  separate 
the  colours  by  too  wide  intervals — to  make 
the  clouds  too  distinct  in  colour  from  the 
sky,  and  in  the  shadows  to  lose  all  colour  in 
a  neutral  tone.  Comparing  them  with  the 
Wilsons  and  the  Gainsborough,  one  feels 
that  the  material  has  already  got  out  of 
hand,  is  no  longer  perfectly  controlled  by 
an  intelligible  artistic  form. 

Between  the  De  Wints  hangs  Mr.  C.  J. 
Wertheimer's  splendid  portrait  of  the 
Painter's  Two  Daughters  (10),  by  Gains- 
borough. This  has  an  almost  primitive 
simplicity  of  treatment,  a  firmness  of  contour 
and  evenness  of  illumination  which  distin- 
guish it  from  most  of  the  portraits  of  this 
period.  There  is  even  a  trifle  of  flatness 
in  the  modelling,  due  perhaps  to  over-clean- 
ing ;  but  for  all  that  it  is  a  notable  work. 
It  has  sincerity  and  tenderness,  and  an 
absence  of  all  bravura  and  dash,  together 
with  perfect  mastery — a  combination  of 
qualities  rare  even  in  the  best  works  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  same  painter's 
portrait  of  Miss  Adney  (18)  is  of  a  very 
different,  and  artistically  of  an  inferior, 
kind.  It  is  one  of  those  purely  professional 
portraits  the  painting  of  which  irked  the 
painter  so  much.  Two  other  portraits  in 
this  room  are  ascribed  to  Gainsborough. 
One  of  Miss  Martha  Ray  (25)  has  great 
charm  of  colour,  but  seems  altogether  too 
wooden  in  the  face,  even  for  an  early  Gains- 
borough, though  it  must  be  admitted  that 
this  woodenness  is  curiously  contradicted 
by  the  sensitive  and  nervous  drawing  of 
the  gloved  hands.  On  the  whole,  however, 
one  seems  reminded  more  of  Allan  Ramsay 
than  Gainsborough  by  this  picture,  though 
the  portrait,  by  the  former,  of  Lady  Erskine 
(33),  at  once  more  accomplished  and  weaker, 
makes  the  attribution  to  Ramsay  very 
difficult.  Finally,  we  have  a  portrait  of 
Miss  Ogle  (34),  to  which  Gainsborough's 
name  is  attached.  It  is  unfinished,  but  the 
design  is  much  more  like  a  Sir  Joshua, 
though  the  painting  is  certainly  not  recog- 
nizable as  by  any  great  master. 

Next  to  this  hangs  one  of  the  most  charm- 
ing pictures  in  the  exhibition,  the  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Warde,  by  Opie  (35).  It  is  rarely 
indeed  that  he  is  seen  at  this  level,  but 
here  at  all  events  he  puts  the  other  secondary 
painters  of  the  day — the  Romneys  and 
Hoppners — in  the  shade.  With  about  the 
same  slight  sense  of  structural  form  as  they, 
he  shows  a  science  of  painting,  a  feeling 
for  modulations  of  colour  and  tone,  which 
proclaim  him  a  very  real  artist.  A  powerful 
head  of  John  Gilbert,  Esq  ( 1 7 ) — here  ascribed 
to  Raeburn,  but  without  any  visible  justifi- 


N°  4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHEX.EUM 


cation — affords  one  of  the  problems  of  the 
exhibition.  It  is  curiously  modern  in  its 
treatment,  and  yet  it  has  much  of  the 
remains  of  the  older  formula  of  Reynolds's 
time.  There  were  so  many  artists  of  this 
time,  hardly  ever  remembered  now,  who 
were  yet  capable  of  this,  that  it  would 
probably  be  rash  to  give  it,  excellent  though 
it  is,  to  one  of  the  great  masters.  Raeburn 
himself  is  seen  well  enough  in  the  Col.  Scott 
(57)  and  the  less  pleasing  Mrs.  Duncan  (52), 
as  well  as  in  an  ambitious  failure,  The  Earl 
■of  Kinnoull  (70)  ;  but  he  can  hardly  have 
]  minted  the  weak  yet  pleasant  portrait  of  a 
girl  (21)  belonging  to  Mr.  McCormick. 

Two  other  pictures  in  the  first  room 
deserve  notice  :  one  the  sumptuous,  but 
quite  meaningless  pastiche  by  Turner,  Adonis 
departing  for  the  Chase  (28)  ;  the  other  Sir 
Joshua's  portrait  of  Mrs.  Gore  (27).  One 
imagines  that  here  the  sitter  failed  entirely 
to  interest  him,  and  he  has,  with  delicate 
irony,  revenged  himself  by  giving  a  superb 
portrait  of  the  lady's  blue  dress  seen  through 
a  lace  fichu,  of  the  beautiful  red  purple  of 
the  chair-back,  and  the  elaborately  bound 
volume  she  holds  in  her  hand.  It  is  an 
unforgettable  piece  of  still  life.  It  is  not 
the  finest  Sir  Joshua  in  this  exhibition,  but 
he  never  showed  more  taste  and  mastery 
of  his  craft,  or  a  more  consummate  feeling 
lor  colour,  than  in  these  passages. 


OUR    NATIONAL    COLLECTIONS. 

The  Rokeby  Velasquez,  whether  or  not 
it  is  acquired  by  the  persistent  and  patriotic 
■efforts  of  the  National  Art  Collections  Fund, 
has  brought  to  a  point  the  problem  of  our 
national  collections.  It  has  long  been  appa- 
rent that  England  is  falling  behind  her 
■competitors  in  the  attempt  to  secure  a 
share  of  the  fast  diminishing  residue  of  great 
masterpieces.  The  sums  voted  by  the 
Government  are,  it  is  evident,  inadequate 
at  a  time  when  the  price  of  rare  examples 
has  been  multiplied  tenfold,  and  a  weighty 
article  in  the  current  number  of  The  Bur- 
lington Magazine  has  called  attention  to  a 
state  of  things  which,  if  it  be  allowed  to 
continue,  will  prove  to  all  the  world  our 
indifference  as  a  nation  to  this  aspect  of 
culture.  Another  contribution  to  the  sub- 
ject was  published  in  an  article  in  The  Daily 
Chronicle  of  December  21st,  and  it  is  to 
this  that  we  desire  to  call  attention.  The 
scheme  there  proposed  is  so  perfect  ly 
feasible,  so  simple,  and  is  likely  to  prove 
-o  efficient  that  one  can  hardly  doubt  that 
it  will  be  put  into  practice.  The  scheme 
i<  to  place  a  tax  of  one  per  cent,  on  all  sales 
of  works  of  art,  the  tax  to  be  levied  by 
means  of  stamps,  without  which  the  receipt 
will  not  be  valid.  It  is  further  suggested 
that  stamps  of  one  colour  should  be  used 
for  transactions  which  refer  to  works  of 
early  art,  say  before  1820  ;  and  stamps  of 
-another  colour  in  cases  of  the  sale  of  modern 
works.  The  proceeds  derived  from  the 
-tamps  for  early  works  could  be  devoted 
to  the  National  Gallery  and  South  Kensing- 
ton;  while  the  income  from  the  other 
stamps  would  form  a  much  needed  fund 
for  the  purchase  of  contemporary  works  of 
art.  In  this  way  the  Tate  Gallery — which 
we  have  always  maintained  should  be  under 
B  separate  administration  from  the  National 
Gallery — might  hope  ultimately  to  fulfil 
some  of  the  functions  of  the  Luxembourg. 
Under  good  management  such  a  fund 
might  become  a  valuable  educational  influ- 
ence upon  contemporary  taste,  as  well  as 
afford  a  much-needed  •means  of  encourage- 
ment to  artists  of  real,  but  not  immediately 
recognized  talent. 


The  ingenious  author  of  this  scheme — a 
well-known  collector  who  has  been  unfailing 
in  his  generous  efforts  for  our  national  collec- 
tions— estimates  that  the  total  revenue  from 
such  a  source  would  amount  to  something 
like  sixty  thousand  pounds  a  year,  even  if, 
as  seems  advisable,  transactions  which 
concern  sums  under  fifty  pounds  were  ex- 
empted. And  this  large  sum  would  be 
levied  without  inflicting  a  serious  burden  on 
any  one.  The  rich  collector  who  can  afford 
to  pay  ten  thousand  pounds  for  a  picture 
will  not  be  deterred  by  having  to  pay 
another  hundred  to  the  State,  accustomed 
as  lie  is  to  paying  far  larger  amounts  in 
commissions  to  intermediaries.  Nor  should 
the  artist  who  commands  large  prices  for 
his  pictures  mind  sacrificing  a  small  fraction 
for  the  encouragement  of  younger  and  less 
popular  talent. 

The  idea  of  the  State  levying  toll  on 
commercial  transactions  is  in  no  way  new 
or  startling  :  we  draw  our  cheques  or  stamp 
our  receipts  without  grumbling  at  the  small 
imposition,  while  larger  transfers  of  property 
have  to  contribute  increasingly  large  per- 
centages to  the  State.  The  only  novelty 
in  the  idea  consists  in  ear-marking  the  toll 
on  a  particular  class  of  transaction  for  a 
similar  particular  national  expenditure.  And 
this  actually  would  render  the  tax  less  irk- 
some. If  the  dealer  has  to  pay  a  share  of 
the  State  Commission,  he  knows  at  the  same 
time  that  the  money  will  increase  State 
patronage  of  art  proportionately,  and  that 
he  may  at  any  time  himself  benefit  by  that 
patronage. 

One  of  the  best  features  of  this  proposed 
tax  is  that  it  is  levied  only  on  those  who 
have  the  means  and  the  desire  to  gratify 
a  refined  taste,  in  order  that  the  oppor- 
tunities they  enjoy  may  be  given  freely  to  all. 

The  idea  seems  so  eminently  practical, 
and  the  results  of  its  adoption  so  bene- 
ficent, that  we  have  strong  hopes  that  it 
will  be  put  into  practice.  If  it  be  not 
accepted,  and  if  we  are  content  to  go  on  as 
we  have  been  going  of  late,  we  shall  prove 
to  the  civilized  world  that  as  a  nation  we 
are  totally  indifferent  to  one  of  the  richest 
modes  of  expression  of  human  aspiration, 
as  well  as  to  a  great  national  asset.  Even 
on  practical  grounds  one  may  say  that  the 
possession  of  great  masterpieces  of  art  has 
been  a  sign  of  national  ascendancy,  and 
that  the  constant  depletion  of  our  collections 
is  taken  as  a  sign  of  its  opposite. 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  COINS  IX  THE 

BRITISH  MUSEUM. 

We  regret  to  find  that  in  our  notice 
of  The  British  Numismatic  Journal,  on 
December  23rd,  relying  on  the  statements 
there  made,  some  misconceptions  and  mis- 
statements were  inadvertently  admitted, 
which  may  have  conveyed  to  our  readers 
a  wrong  impression  with  regard  to  the 
honour  and  efficiency  of  the  staff  of  the 
Coin  Department  of  the  British  Museum. 


3finr-Art  (ftasstp. 

Yesterday  a  show  of  water  -  colours 
by  Mr.  J.  C.  Dollman  was  opened  to 
private  view  at  the  Fine- Art  Society's  rooms. 

Messrs.  Carfax  open  to  private  view 
to-day  at  24,  Bury  Street,  St.  James's, 
some  pictures  by  members  and  associates 

of  the  Academy. 

«  The  forthcoming  exhibition  of  the  Inter- 
national Society  a1  the  New  Gallery  will 
contain    the    most    important    collection    of 


modern  continental  sculpture  ever  got 
together  in  England.  Rodin  will  exhibit 
'  Le  Baiser  '  and  a  smaller  work,  '  Paolo  and 
Francesca,'  and  M.  Bartholome  is  sending 
an  heroic  '  Adam  and  Eve.'  The  executors 
of  Constantin  Meunier  will  contribute  some 
twenty  works,  including  his  series  of  reliefs 
and  figures  glorifying  labour. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
W.  A.  Donnelly,  well  known  alike  as  an 
artist  and  antiquary.  In  the  latter  cha- 
racter he  became  intimately  associated  in 
the  public  mind  with  the  discoveries  of  the 
much-discussed  cup-and-ring  markings  at 
Auchentorlie,  the  Roman  fort  at  Dumbuie, 
and  the  crannog  at  Dumbuck.  As  an 
artist  he  had  been  for  many  years  the 
Scottish  representative  of  The  Illustrated 
London  News,  and  had  executed  several 
royal  commissions  for  commemorative  pic- 
tures of  notable  public  events. 

Mr.  Frederic  Whyte.  who  contributed 
the  article  upon  George  du  Maurier  to  the 
new  edition  of  '  The  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica.'  has  in  hand  a  book  upon  the  famous 
Punch  artist  and  novelist,  which  is  to  be 
published  in  England  by  Mr.  John  Murray, 
and  in  America  by  Messrs.  Harper.  Among 
the  illustrations,  which  will  include  speci- 
mens of  Du  Maimer's  early  work,  there 
will  be  a  number  of  hitherto  unpublished 
sketches.  Mr.  Whyte  has  Mrs.  Du  Maurier's 
sanction  for  his  undertaking,  as  well  as  the 
goodwill  of  the  artist's  oldest  friends.  Many 
of  these  have  been  most  courteous  in  placing 
material  at  his  disposal  in  the  shape  of 
sketches  and  letters.  He  hopes  for  help 
from  other  correspondents  of  Du  Maurier. 
Any  letters  or  sketches  forwarded  to  him, 
care  of  Mr.  Curtis  Brown,  5,  Henrietta 
Street,  Co  vent  Garden,  will  be  carefully 
returned. 

Messrs.  Duckworth  are  publishing 
shortly  '  The  Museums  and  Ruins  of  Home,' 
edited  by  Mrs.  Arthur  Strong.  The  book 
aims  at  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  many 
buildings  and  the  varied  art  collections. 
In  the  first  volume  Dr.  Walter  Amelung. 
1  Hitting  together  correlated  works,  replicas, 
copies,  and  fragments,  brings  the  original 
conceptions  before  the  reader  :  while  in  the 
second  Dr.  Heinrich  Holtzinger  is  concerned 
rather  with  architectural  art  than  with 
topographical  science.  Both  volumes  are 
freely  illustrated. 

The  eighth  portfolio  of  the  Diirer  Society 
(whose  address  is  'A2,  George  Street.  Hanover 
Square)  is  being  issued  to  subscribers  this 
week.  It  contains,  in  addition  to  engavings 
and  woodcuts,  a  larger  number  than  before 
of  pictures  and  drawings  not  previously 
published.  The  pictures  include  the  much- 
discussed  '  Diirer  the  Elder  '  in  the  National 
Gallery  ;  an  almost  unknown  portrait  of  a 
girl,  dated  1497.  in  a  private  collection  at 
Paris  :  and  a  portrait  of  Sixtus  Oelhafen.  at 
Wurzburg,  which  may  once  have  been  a 
Diirer.  but  has  been  sadly  defaced  and 
repainted.  The  reproduction  (•>{  the  Last- 
named  picture  has  been  lone  desired  by 
students.  The  drawings  thai  arc  new.  in 
the  sense  of  being  absent  from  Lippmaim's 
publication,  are  at  Bremen,  Frankfort. 
Prague,  and  Milan.  They  are  supplemented 
by  some  more  familiar  studies  of  fine  quality, 
and  by  specimens  of  a  new  complete  fac- 
simile in  colours  of  the  famous  Prayer  Hook 
ni  Maximilian  1..  which  Dr.  Giehlow,  of 
Vienna,  intends  to  publish  before  long. 

Thk  New  Year's  number  ^i  Tin  Builder, 
published  tin-  week,  contain-  a  series  ol 
complete  measured  drawings  by  Mr.  A.  K. 
Henderson,  supplemented  by  photographs 
and  sketches  of  the  historic  church  of  SS. 
Sergius  and  Bacchus  a1  Constantinople,  the 


26 


TH  E     A  Til  KX.KTM 


N°4080,  Jur.  6,  [006 


architectural  precursor  of  St.  s<  >j  >hi»i. 
Among  the  other  illustrations  arc  two 
sheets  f>i  views  <>t  old  London  in  the  Savoy 
and  Whitehall  neighbourhoods :  a  large 
perspective  view  ox   the  new    War  Offices, 

with    separate  illustrations  of  tht>  sculpture  ; 

and  an  original  drawing  by  the  editor. 
'  Under  the  Temple  Portico.' 

The  Sooiete  Nationals  des  Beaux -Arts 
will  open  its  annual  exhibition  on  Easter 
Sunday.  April  1 5th.  Paintings  and  engrav- 
tngS  bj  a-— 'Hint.-  must  be  submitted  on 
March  -24th  :  those  1>>  societaires  on 
March  90th  and  ,'ilst  ;  and  those  by  artists 
who  are  neither  must  be  in  on  March  8th  or 
9th.  In  the  section  of  sculpture  the  works 
of  those  who  are  neither  associates  nor 
-.,  ntaires  must  be  delivered  on  March  16th 
or  17th  ;  and  the  same  rule  applies  to  archi- 
tects. A  new  section — that  of  Music — will 
be  introduced  this  year,  and  the  latest  day 
for  works  in  this  class  is  March  17th. 

Two  new  corresponding  members  of  the 
French  Academic  des  Beaux-Arts  have  been 
elected  in  place  of  MM.  Sacconi  and  Mas- 
saruni.  One  of  these  is  Mr.  Whitenay 
Warren,  the  architect,  of  New  York  ;  the 
other  is  the  Abbe  Requin,  of  Avignon,  a 
great  authority  on  the  French  primitives. 

The  Municipal  Council  of  Paris,  after 
having  purchased  the  historic  Hotel  de 
Lauzun,  are  now  considering  the  wisdom  of 
selling  it  ;  but  a  strong  protest  is  being 
organized  against  this.  All  the  more  pro- 
minent collectors  and  the  members  of  the 
Institute  and  of  the  Academie  des  Beaux- 
Arts  are  associating  themselves  with  this 
protest  ;  and  it  would  be  a  serious  calamity 
if  the  marvellous  interior  decorations  of  this 
house  were  destroyed  or  removed  from  their 
original  settings.  It  is  suggested  that,  as 
the  Musee  Carnavalet  is  crowded,  the  Hotel 
de  Lauzun  should  be  transformed  into  a  new 
museum.  It  is  pointed  out  that  there  are 
many  wealthy  lovers  of  the  fine  arts  in  Paris 
who  would  gladly  pay  to  preserve  this  fine 
house  as  a  public  museum,  and  that  its  con- 
version might  be  effected  without  any 
serious  addition  to  the  municipal  budget. 


MUSIC 

The  Oxford  History  of  Music. — Vol.  VI. 
The  Romantic  Period.  By  Edward 
Dannreuther.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

Before  referring  to  the  contents  of  this 
volume  we  must  call  to  mind  the  fact 
that  the  author  did  not  live  to  see  his 
work  in  print  ;  nay,  more,  "  it  did  not 
receive  the  final  touch  of  his  hand." 
Edward  Dannreuther,  the  personal  friend 
both  of  Liszt  and  Wagner,  the  two 
leading  spirits  of  the  romantic  school 
during  the  second  half  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  was  the  very  man  to  under- 
take such  a  task.  On  the  one  hand, 
intercourse  with  such  men  helped  him 
the  better  to  understand  their  aims,  yet  on 
the  other  he  was  not  so  influenced  by  them 
as  to  weaken  his  critical  faculty ;  and 
nowhere  is  this  more  apparent  than  in  his 
appreciation  of  Liszt's  art-work.  It  is 
sad  to  think  of  the  premature  death  of  an 
accomplished  musician  and  gifted  writer, 
hut  it  is  fortunate  that  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hadow  was  able  to  see  the  volume 
through  the  press.  The  manuscript  was 
finished  and  partly  revised.  What  Mr. 
Hadow  did  was  to  complete  the  revision, 


and— under  verbal  instruct  ions  from  Mi. 
Dannreuther.  when  the  latter  VfJl  pre- 
vented by  illness  from  working — to  make  a 
selection  <>f  the  musical  examples.  There 
are  here  and  there  signs  that  the  author 
did  not  give  his  '*  final  touches  "  ;  in 
some  places  he  might  have  condensed, 
in  others  amplified  ;  but  Mr.  Hadow 
could  not,  of  course,  venture  upon  any 
such  changes. 

The  subject  of  this  volume — "  so  closely 
in  touch  with  the  actualities  of  present- 
day  musical  life,"  to  quote  from  the 
author's  preface — is  naturally  of  special 
interest.  During  the  so-called  Romantic 
Period  we  find  a  change  from  the  formal 
to  the  characteristic,  and,  as  a  natural 
result,  a  tendency  towards  programme 
music,  and  we  are  now  witnessing  the 
results  of  the  seed  sown  by  Berlioz,  Liszt, 
and  Wagner,  both  as  regards  form  and 
contents.  When  the  '  Oxford  History  ' 
was  first  planned,  the  intention  was  to 
end  the  present  volume  with  Schumann  ; 
but  modification  of  this  idea  was  found 
necessary,  and  the  author's  final  touches 
might  very  probably  have  resulted  in 
interesting  comments  concerning  the  sym- 
phonic works  of  Richard  Strauss.  The 
term  "  romantic,"  used  for  the  period 
from  Weber  onwards,  is  not  incorrect;  but, 
when  it  is  opposed  to  "  classical,"  one  is 
apt  to  regard  the  latter  as  expressive  of 
music  without  a  programme.  Our  author, 
however,  while  recognizing  romantic  senti- 
ment in  the  old  masters,  and  even  that 
they  worked,  to  use  Beethoven's  familiar 
phrase,  to  a  picture  in  their  mind,  dis- 
tinguishes between  music  following  estab- 
lished laws  of  structure  and  that  of  which 
the  form  and  contents  are  determined  by 
some  poetic  basis.  And  already  in  the 
introductory  chapter  he  tells  us  that,  in 
spite  of  many  excesses,  there  has  been 
distinct  gain.  The  reader  must  at  once 
perceive  that  there  will  be  many  an  "  if  " 
and  "  but  "  when  the  chief  works  of  the 
period  are  passed  in  review. 

Weber  in  his  '  Freischutz, '  and  still 
more  in  his  '  Euryanthe,'  led  directly  to 
the  romantic  operas  of  Wagner.  As 
regards  instrumental  music,  however,  he 
was  not  in  favour  of  specific  titles.  He 
intended  to  give  headings  to  the  different 
sections  of  his  famous  Concertstiick,  but 
"  I  particularly  dislike  all  musical  pictures 
with  specific  titles,"  so  he  wrote  to 
Rochlitz,  "  yet  it  [the  scheme]  irresistibly 
forces  itself  upon  me,  and  promises  to 
prove  efficacious."  And  the  Concertstiick 
was  published  without  the  headings. 
Schumann,  again,  was  cautious  in  this 
matter.  In  many  cases — so  he  declared 
— the  music  was  first  written,  and  titles 
thought  of  afterwards. 

'"  Berlioz  and  Liszt,"  as  our  author  truly 
remarks, 

"  are  the  most  conspicuous  and  thorough- 
going representatives  of  programme  music. 
i.i.  instrumental  music  expressly  devised  to 
illustrate  in  detail  some  play  or  poem,  or 
some  succession  of  ideas  or  pictures." 

Yet  while  acknowledging  the  originality 
and  high  aims  of  the  former,  he  considers 
his  disposition  as  "  poetically  imaginative 
rather  than  musical  "  ;   while  of  the  latter. 


in  reference  to  bis  Poemefl  S\  mphoniques, 
we  read  that  M  the  musical  growth  ifl 
spoilt  or  perverted  by  some  reference  to- 
extraneous  ideas";  also  that  'every- 
where the  programme  stands  in  the  way, 
and  the  materials  refuse  to  coalesce."" 
And  then  this  sentence  : — 

"  Both  masters  may  have  erred  in  their 
method  ;  and  programme  music,  as  they 
conceived  it,  may  in  the  end  prove  to  have 
been  a  dubious  hybrid  of  insufficient 
vitality," 

shows  pretty  clearly  Dannreuther's  atti- 
tude towards  programme  music.  He- 
admires  the  delightful  genre  pictures,  the 
'  Marche  de  Pelerins '  and  Serenade  in 
Berlioz's  '  Harold  '  Symphony,  and  Liszt's 
"  little  masterpiece  '  Orphee  '  "  ;  but  in 
these,  as  in  Mendelssohn's  '  Melusine  ' 
and  '  Hebrides  '  Overtures,  "  the  title 
contains  all  that  the  composer  deemed 
needful  to  guide  the  audience." 

In  pianoforte  literature  of  the  period,. 
Chopin's  music  is  remarkable  for  its 
romantic  character,  yet,  as  our  author 
notes,  in  the  Sonata  in  B  flat  minor  there 
is  "no  hint  as  to  the  composer's  meaning 
in  the  title  of  any  of  the  movements  "  ; 
neither  is  there  in  the  Ballades,  the 
Nocturnes,  and  the  Barcarolle,  pieces 
which  must  surely  have  had  some 
poetical  basis. 

The  triumph  of  romanticism  in  operatic 
music  begins  with  W7eber's  success,  '  Der 
Freischutz. '  Weber  led  to  Wagner,  and, 
quite  apart  from  the  intrinsic  value  of 
his  operas  and  music-dramas,  the  latter 
has  exerted  a  beneficent  influence  on 
modern  art  :  the  stilted  form  of  opera 
has  almost  ceased  to  exist  ;  com- 
posers are  no  longer  the  slaves  of  great 
singers.  In  song,  too,  romanticism,  which, 
virtually  began  with  Weber  and 
Schubert,  has  triumphed.  Heine  spoke 
of  Mendelssohn's  "  aggressive  predilec- 
tions for  classical  models  "  ;  and  even 
a  greater  than  Mendelssohn,  and  one 
whose  music  was  largely  of  t  he- 
programme  order  —  i.e.,  Beethoven — 
was  loth  to  depart  from  recognized  form*. 
Both  may  have  been  too  much  under  the 
influence  of  the  past.  The  doctrine  of 
finality  in  art  is  false  :  changes  must 
come,  but  they  should  be  gradual.  In 
spite  of  all  the  clever,  and  in  many- 
instances  interesting,  programme  music 
which  has  been  written  by  Berliozr 
Liszt,  and  their  followers,  there  seem  to- 
us  no  more  satisfactory  specimens  than 
the  *  Hebrides  '  Overture  and  the  great 
'  Leonore,'  No.  3.  And  our  opinion  is  in 
agreement  with  that  of  our  author.  His 
book  ends  with  these  weighty  words  con-- 
cerning  illustrative  music,  which. 

"  on  the  instrumental  side,  apart  from 
design,  is  in  pursuit  of  a  false  ideal :  it  is 
the  satyr  Marsyas,  imitating  on  his  flute  the 
music  of  his  native  uplands,  and  doomed  to 
destruction  if  he  challenges  the  golden  lyre 
of  Apollo." 


iHusical  0>ossip. 

The  dates  of  the  seven  concerts  of  the 
ninety-fourth  season  of  the  Philharmonic- 
Society    are    as    follows  :      February    27th, 


N°4080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


27 


March  15th,  April  5th,  May  2nd,  17th,  and 
31st,  and  June  14th.  Engagements  have 
been  made  with  the  violinists  Miss  Marie 
Hall  and  Mischa  Elman ;  and  with  the 
pianists  Madame  Teresa  Carreno  and  MM. 
York  Bowen,  Richard  Buhlig,  Ernst  von 
Dohnanyi,  Raoul  Pugno,  and  Emil  Sauer. 

Edvard  Grieg  and  his  wife  will  visit 
London  in  the  spring.  Two  concerts  at  the 
Queen's  Hall  are  to  be  devoted  entirely  to 
the  music  of  the  great  Norwegian  composer. 
At  the  first,  on  May  17th,  the  Queen's  Hall 
Orchestra  will  be  under  his  direction  ;  while 
at  the  second,  on  May  24th,  he  will  appear 
as  pianist.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mrs. 
Grieg,  *  who  is  an  able  and  sympathetic 
interpreter  of  her  husband's  songs,  will  be 
able  to  take  part  in  these  concerts. 

At  Miss  Mary  Cracroft's  concert  at  the 
iEolian  Hall  on  February  24th  will  be  per- 
formed two  songs  and  a  pianoforte  solo  by 
Debussy.  The  programme  will  include  some 
of  Rachmaninoff's  Preludes  (Op.  23),  also 
several  new  English  songs. 

In  addition  to  what  was  said  in  The 
Athenaeum  of  December  23rd  respecting  the 
two  concerts  at  the  Theatre  du  Chatelet, 
Paris,  with  the  London  Symphony  Orchestra 
and  the  Leeds  Choir,  it  may  be  noted  that 
M.  Andre  Messager  will  conduct  Saint-Saens's 
1  Phaeton,'  the  Scherzo  from  Dr.  Cowen's 
*  Scandinavian  '  Symphony,  Strauss's  '  Don 
Juan,'  and  the  '  Meistersinger  '  Overture  ; 
and  M.  Ed.  Colonne,  Berlioz's  '  Benvenuto 
■Cellini  '  Overture.  The  rest  of  the  music 
will  be  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Charles 
Stanford. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Miss  Muriel  Foster 
has  been  ordered  by  her  medical  adviser  to 
take  three  months'  complete  rest  ;  she  is 
suffering  from  the  effects  of  a  severe  attack 
of  influenza.  She  cannot,  therefore,  fulfil 
her  engagements  in  America  and  Germany, 
but  hopes  to  be  well  enough  to  take  part  in 
the  Cincinnati  Festival  next  May. 

M.  Gailhard's  term  of  six  years  as  lessee 
of  the  Paris  Grand  Opera  expired  on  Decem- 
ber 31st,  but  it  has  been  renewed  for  one 
year  by  the  Minister  of  Fine  Arts.  Wagner's 
'Meistersinger'  (' Les  Maitres  Chanteurs ') 
is  to  be  revived  this  month,  with  Mile. 
Lindsay  as  Eva,  and  M.  Delmas  as  Hans 
Sachs,  while  the  tenor  Muratore  will  imper- 
sonate Walther  for  the  first  time. 

The  opera  season  begins  at  Monte  Carlo 
on  February  3rd.  The  novelties  will  be  Saint- 
Saens's  '  L'Ancetre  '  and  Bizet's  recently 
discovered  '  Don  Procopio.' 

Henry  Holmes,  the  violinist  and  com- 
poser, died  last  month  at  San  Francisco,  aged 
sixty-six. 

At  a  recent  Ysaye  concert  at  Brussels 
two  orchestral  novelties  by  Flemish  com- 
posers were  produced  :  a  '  Homeric  '  Sym- 
phony, by  L.  Mortelmans,  and  a  symphonic 
tone-poem,  '  Lalla  Rookh,'  by  J.  Jongen. 

Two  novelties  were  produced  at  the  Paris 
Opera  Comique  on  December  26th.  The 
first  was  a  musical  comedy  in  one  act, 
■entitled  '  La  Coupe  Enchantee,'  music  by 
M.  Gabriel  Pierne  ;  and  the  second  '  Les 
Pecheurs  de  Saint-Jean,'  in  four  acts,  words 
by  M.  Henri  Cain,  music  by  the  well-known 
composer  and  organisl  M.  Charles  M.  Widor. 
There  is  a  notice  of  both  works,  signed 
Arthur  Pougin,  in  Le  Menestrel  of  Decem- 
ber 31st.  The  writer  recognizes  the  gifts 
of  M.  Pierne  as  composer,  but  in  this 
instance  neither  the  character  nor  the  colour 
of  the  music  satisfies  him.  On  the  other 
hand,  he  gives  high  praise  to  M.  Widor,  and 
considers  that  the  new  opera  will  add  greatly 
to  his  reputation. 


A  statue  of  the  Danish  national  composer 
Hartmann,  who  died  a  few  years  ago,  aged 
ninety-seven,  was  unveiled  at  Copenhagen 
on  the  29th  ult 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 
Sin.       Sunday  Society  Concert.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Sunday  League,  7.  Queen's  Hall. 

Sat.       Chappell's  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Miss  Edith  Parsons  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.30.  .Eolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

St.  James's.  —  Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier 
Bush.  A  Dramatized  Version  in  Four 
Acts,  by  Augustus  Thomas  and  James 
Macarthur,  of  Ian  Maclaren's  Work  so 
Named. 

The  task  of  dramatizing  the  popular 
tales  of  Ian  Maclaren  is  necessarily  diffi- 
cult. Two,  or  even  three,  "single  gentle- 
men rolled  into  one,"  according  to  the 
fancy  of  George  Colman  the  younger,  are 
not  more  manageable  than  the  same 
number  of  stories  similarly  treated.  The 
arrangement  in  the  present  instance  is 
singularly  inexpert.  A  number  of 
Scottish  folk,  gentle  and  simple,  have 
apparently  no  occupation  in  life  except 
to  dawdle  on  and  off  the  stage  at  the 
volition  of  the  adapters.  A  love  interest 
of  a  kind  is  provided,  and  proves  even 
moderately  sympathetic.  So  soon,  how- 
ever, as  it  is  obtained,  it  is  dismissed, 
and  there  are  long  wastes  on  which  we 
see  nothing  whatever  of  the  only  cha- 
racters in  whom  it  is  possible  to  feel  the 
slightest  interest.  Against  the  fact  that 
we  are  constantly  reminded  of  other  pieces 
we  urge  no  protest.  It  is  true  that  there 
are  reminiscences  in  turn  of  '  The  Heart 
of  Midlothian,'  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,' 
and  other  works.  To  resemblances  of 
this  kind,  in  times  in  which  invention  is 
rare  on  the  stage,  we  must  needs  be 
tolerant  if  we  are  to  have  any  drama 
at  all.  The  central  character,  however, 
of  '  Beside  the  Bonnie  Brier  Bush  ' — the 
man  for  the  sake  of  whom  what  might 
have  been  a  gracious  idyll  is  converted 
into  a  psychological  study — has  in  the 
play  no  such  consistency  as  distinguishes 
his  predecessors.  "  Douce  "  Davie  Deans 
is  a  pragmatical,  obstinate  creature,  for 
whom,  on  account  of  his  sorrows,  we  feel 
a  certain  amount  of  solicitude  ;  while 
the  Vicar  of  Wakefield  is  a  delightful  and 
lovable  being  whom  the  fine  art  of  Irving 
ultra  -  sentimentalized.  Lachlan  Camp- 
bell, on  the  other  hand,  as  he  has  the 
grace  to  discover,  is  a  Pharisee,  and 
something  also  of  a  curmudgeon,  whose 
relenting  to  his  daughter  is  no  more 
comprehensible  than  is  his  first  attitude  of 
unmerited  resentment  and  arraignment. 
That  he  banishes  from  his  house,  in  a 
manner  equally  callous  and  inconceivable, 
a  daughter  who  is,  in  fact,  guiltless  of 
any  offence,  is  a  departure  from  the 
original  due  to  the  dramatists,  or  more 
probably  the  impersonator  of  the  part, 
and  nowise  to  the  novelist,  who  shows 
her  as  reluctant  as  Lord  OUin's  daughter 
to  face  "an  angry  father."     We  are  dis- 


posed, indeed,  to  attribute  to  the  initiative 
of  Mr.  Mollison  whatever  is  least  accept- 
able in  the  play.  Moved  by  a  natural 
and,  in  a  sense,  laudable  ambition  to 
create  a  strongly  marked  and  powerful 
character,  he  has  centred  the  interest  of 
the  plot  on  a  man  who  never  approaches 
our  sympathies  or  touches  our  hearts. 
In  a  conventional  sense  his  acting  may 
be  clever,  but  it  is  marred  by  that  excessive 
deliberation  which  is  a  great  and  growing 
vice  of  our  stage.  Other  parts  are  credit- 
ably played,  and  the  scenes  between 
Flora  Campbell,  the  heroine,  as  played 
by  Miss  Lilian  Braithwaite,  and  young 
Lord  Hay,  as  impersonated  by  Mr. 
Henry  Ainley,  have  even  a  measure 
of  fragrance.  Miss  Lettice  Fairfax,  Mr. 
Charles  Groves,  Mr.  Sydney  Brough,  Mr. 
Frank  Cooper,  and  Miss  May  Harvey  are 
excellent  ;  and  Mr.  Alec  Thompson  makes 
a  figure  of  fun  of  a  bibulous  and  slothful 
postman  who  devotes  to  the  neglect  of 
his  duties  every  moment  of  leisure  or 
supposed  occupation.  Some  vacillating 
and  precarious  dialect  is  heard,  but  the 
characters  generally  are  as  unsuggestive 
of  Scotland,  either  Highland  or  Lowland, 
as  they  can  well  be.  It  is  to  be  feared 
that  the  only  chance  of  popularity  consists 
in  substituting  love  scenes  for  those  of 
paternal  wrath  and  injustice,  and  convert- 
ing, as  has  been  said,  into  a  pleasing  idyll 
what  is  an  unpleasing  drama. 


Shaftesbury. — The    Jury   of    Fate  :     in 
Seven  Tableaux      By  C.  M.  S.  McLellan. 

Mr.  McLellan's  new  play,  the  title  of 
which  awoke  many  pleasurable  expecta- 
tions, ends  in  disappointment  and  defeat. 
It  furnishes  opportunity  for  one  or  two 
pretty  scenes,  preaches  a  gloomy  but 
familiar  moral,  and  is  devoid  of  either 
sympathy  or  sequence.  A  "  creepy  " 
feeling  is  now  and  then  engendered  when 
we  are  conscious  that  in  the  darkness 
an  embodied  fate  is  hunting  down  its 
victim.  Its  terrors  are,  however,  as  a 
rule,  unrealized,  and  there  is  not  a  moment 
when  the  feelings  are  gripped.  So  much 
is  wrong  in  the  conception  that  the  task 
of  indicating  error  seems  almost  useless. 
First  of  nil  comes  the  fact  that  the  separate 
scenes  are  so  disconnected  and  fragment- 
ary that  interest  has  not  time  to  accumu- 
late or  shape  itself.  So  frankly  detestable 
is  the  central  figure  that  one  could  almost 
as  soon  make  a  hero  of  Iago  or  of  Barnes 
Xewcome.  No  comprehensible  motive 
seems  to  animate  most  of  the  characters  : 
the  imaginary  effects  remain  vague  and 
unrealized  ;  and  even  the  moral  appears 
to  dismiss  from  human  action  the  sense 
of  responsibility.  Opportunities  arc 
scarcely  afforded  for  acting,  and  the  most 
arduous  efforts  of  the  various  exponents 
leave  us  unmoved.  A  certain  measure  of 
uncanniness  is  displayed  by  Mr.  H.  B. 
Irving.      No  sign   of  struggle  is.   liowe\er. 

apparent,  Man  is  not  shown,  as  in 
the  romantic  drama,  at  war  with  circum- 
stance, but,  as  in  the  classical  drama,  .is 
its   slave.      ( 'ircumstauce   may.   of   COUT86, 

be  regarded  as  atavism  or  heredity.     Call 


28 


T  II  !■:     ATM  KN'.EUM 


N    1080,  Jan.  6,  1906 


it  what  we  will,  the  it-suit  ifl  alike  un- 
worthy. In  place  of  psychologioal  treat- 
ment.   BUch    a<    the    theme    demands,    we 

are  given  the  most  oommonplaoe  and 
illogical  melodrama.    The  case  is  Boaroely 

Strong  enough  to  justify  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Horatian  maxim  v<c  detU 
itlterrit  no  god  docs  intervene,  unless, 
indirectly,  the  discredited  deity  whose 
shrine    is    at    Lampeacus.      We    own    to    B 

feeling  of  keen  disappointment,  report 
concerning  the  story  in  connexion  with 
its  title  having  led  as  to  hope  for  a  study 
on  the  lines  of  "  St.  Leon,'  if  not  on  those 
of  the  "  Peau  de  Chagrin.1  Miss  Lilian 
McCarthy  maintains  her  reputation,  and 
Miss  Chrystal  Berne  makes  an  agreeable 
debut.  Sir.  Irving's  repudiation  of  sym- 
pathy is  destructive  of  interest;  and  Mr. 
Matheson  Lang  never  acquires  bold  enough 
upon  our  regard  to  render  us  very  careful 
as  to  bis  fate. 


Lodoicick  CarlieU  :  his  'Deserving  Favour- 
ite: Edited  by  C.  H.  Gray.  Pb.D.  (Chicago, 
University  Pre--.) — Lodowick  Carliell  (or 
Carlell,  as  be  is  more  generally  called)  was 
Master  of  the  Bows  and  Groom  of  the 
Chamber  to  Charles  I.  and  his  queen,  and 
he  wrote  plays  which  were  received  "  with 
great  applause,''  though  a  modern  critic, 
Mr.  F.  G.  Fleay  ('  Biog.  Chron.  Eng.  Dram.'), 
dismisses  them  somewhat  contemptuously. 
"The  value.'"  he  says,  "of  Carlell's  works 
is  simply  negative  :  they  show  what  rubbish 
was  palatable  to  Charles  and  Henrietta." 
Other  critics  have  been  more  lenient  in  their 
judgment,  and  though  it  must  be  admitted 
that  his  works  are,  not  calculated  to  arouse 
the  enthusiasm  of  any,  it  may  at  least  be 
said  that  they  have  the  negative  merit  of 
being  clean  and  wholesome  rubbish.  To  the 
bulk  of  our  readers,  we  fear,  Carliell  is  but  a 
bare  name  ;  for  his  plays  have  never  been 
collected  or  reprinted  ;  he  has  not  been 
fortunate  enough  to  gain  admission  for  even 
a  single  play  to  Dodsley's  or  any  other  collec- 
tion of  old  plays  ;  and  Charles  Lamb  either 
never  met  with  him  or  did  not  think  Carliell 
worthy  of  a  single  extract  for  his  delightful 
volume  of  ;  Specimens.'  Nevertheless  stu- 
dents and  lovers  of  the  British  drama  must 
always  welcome  the  bringing  to  light  of  a 
new  "  old  play,"  and  Dr.  Gray  is  therefore 
sure  at  least  of  their  thanks  for  this  edition 
of  '  The  Deserving  Favourite.'  We  trust  he 
may  be  able  to  realize  his  hope  of  reprinting, 
at  some  future  time,  the  remaining  plays — 
some  eight  in  all — of  his  author.  Dr.  Gray 
prefaces  his  reprint  with  a  biography  of 
Carliell,  a  discussion  of  his  plays  in  general, 
and  a  chapter  on  the  sources  of  this  play  in 
particular.  His  work  is  deserving  of  all 
praise. 


£iramattr  (Oosstp. 

i 

'Noah's  Ark,'  announced  as  a  fairy  play 
in  two  acts,  by  Percy  French  and  Brenden 
Stewert,  given  on  Monday  afternoon  at  the 
Waldorf  Theatre,  will  be  amusing  when 
played  more  slowly.  Miss  Madge  Lessing 
is  agreeable  as  the  heroine,  and  Mr.  Paulton 
droll  as  a  Pirate  Doll. 

According  to  existing  arrangements 
Mir.  George  Alexander  will  appear  at  the 
St.  Jami  b'8  Theatre  on  the  1st  of  Febru- 
ary, necessitating  in  so  doing  the  with- 
drawal at  a  previous  date  of  '  Beside  the 
Bonnie  Brier  Bush.'  His  return  to  his  own 
theatre     will     take     place,     as     previously 


.■miiouiiced,  ill  Mr.  l'inero's  '  His  BOUM  in 
Order,'  in  which  he  will  Im\<-  the  Support 
..!   MJSS  Irene  Vui  il  >nmli.  .Miss  Bella  Pateinan, 

Miss  Beryl  Faber,  and  Messrs.  Berber! 
Waring,  LyaU  Bwete,  Vivian  Reynolds,  and 

Nigel  l'ln\  fair. 

The  Scala  Theatre  contemplates  a  Beries 
of     revivals     of     spectacular     and     romantic 

drama,  to  begin  on  the  L3th  inst.  with  A 
Royal  Divorce,'  by  W.  ,;  Wills,  a  piece  in 
which  on  September  loth,  1891,  Mr.  Murray 

t  larson  appeared  at  the  Olympic  as  Napoleon, 
to  the  Josephine  of  Miss  Hawthorne. 

BANISHED  by  the  action  of  a  theatrical 
trust  company  from  the  regular  theatres  of 
some  of  the  Southern  States  of  America, 
Madajne  Bernhardt  is  giving  performances 
in  a  huge  tent  originally  occupied  by  8  circus 
company.  With  this  she  travels  by  special 
train  over  the  long  distances  sometimes 
separating  Southern  cities. 

On  Monday  '  Capt.  Drew  on  Leave  '  was 
transferred  to  Wyndham's  Theatre.  The 
only  change  in  the  cast  consisted  in  the 
appearance  of  Mr.  Edmund  Maurice  in  the 
part  previously  played  by  Mr.  Louis  Calvert. 

'  A  Qi'estion  of  Age,'  the  new  comedy 
of  Mr.  Robert  Harcourt,  will  be  produced 
at  the  Court  Theatre  on  February  5th, 
Miss  Fanny  Brough  and  Mr.  Frederick  Kerr, 
who  join  the  company,  having  important 
parts  in  it.  When,  on  the  following  12th, 
'  The  Voysey  Inheritance  '  goes  into  the 
evening  bill,  Mr.  Kerr  will  appear  in  it  also. 

On  the  loth  inst.  '  Lights  Out  '  will  be 
transferred  to  the  Savoy  Theatre,  with  Miss 
Eva  Moore,  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond,  and  Mr. 
Charles  Fulton  in  their  original  parts,  and 
Mr.  Leslie  Faber,  who  has  replaced  Mr. 
H.  B.  Irving  as  Lieut,  van  Lauffen. 

Thursday,  the  25th  inst.,  is  fixed  for  the 
production  at  His  Majesty's  of  Mr.  Stephen 
Phillips's  '  Nero.'  The  cast  (the  principal 
features  in  which  have  been  previously 
announced)  will  comprise  Mr.  Tree  as  Xero, 
Mrs.  Tree  as  Agrippina,  Miss  Constance 
Collier  as  Poppaea,  Miss  Dorothea  Baird  as 
Acte,  Mr.  Fisher  White  as  Seneca,  Mr.  Lyn 
Harding  as  Burrus,  Mr.  C.  W.  Somerset  as 
Tigellinus,  Mr.  Esme  Percy  as  Britannicus, 
Mr.  James  Hearn  as  the  Astrologer,  and 
Mr.  Robert  Farquharson  as  Anicetus. 

A  Danish  author,  Baron  Rosenkrantz,  has 
just  got  his  novel  '  Royal  Love,'  the  story 
of  Anne  Boleyn,  dramatized  in  an  English 
version,  which  may  be  performed  at  the 
Imperial  Theatre. 


To    Correspondents.    EL    n.   S.    a.    k.   s.~f.  f.— 
received.       <;.  N.  -  Certainly.       .1.  II.     Not  possible. 
.NO  notice  can  i>e  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


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Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 


SECOND      S 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Campbell,  Keats,  and  Virgil — Allusions  in  Carlyle — Casanoviana 
— Authors  of  the  Chaldee  MS. — CLauceriana — Chorley  on  the 
Birth  of  Edward  VII. — Civil  List  Pensions — John  Cleave  and 
the  Taxes  on  Knowledge — Coleridge  as  a  Translator — County 
Histories — Cowper  on  his  own  Immortality — Daniel's  '  Sonnets 
to  Delia' — Danteiana — De  Quincey's  Syntax — Dibdin  Biblio- 
graphy— Dickensiana — Drydeniana  —  Edition,  its  Meaning — 
George  Eliot  and  Mark  Rutherford  —  '  Field '  Jubilee  — 
Fielding's  'Tom  Jones'  in  France — Edward  FitzGerald  and 
E.  M.  Fitzgerald — Percy  Fitzgerald's  '  Pickwickian  Manners 
and  Customs  ' — Florio's  '  Montaigne  ' — Fly-leaf  Inscriptions. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Dorothy  Cecil — Job  Charnock,  Founder  of  Calcutta — Chester- 
field on  Beau  Nash — Col.  T.  Cooper — General  Cope — Defoe's 
Last  Descendants  —  Notes  on  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  ' — Ralph  Dodd  and  the  Thames  Tunnel — Date  of 
Robert  Dodsley's  Death — Due  d'Enghien's  Death — Chancellor 
Silvan  Evans — Fahrenheit  and  his  Thermometer — Flaxman's 
Wife  —  Ugo  Foscolo  in  London — Lady  Elizabeth  Foster  — 
Simon  Fraser,  Lord  Lovat  —  Epitaph  on  Mary  Frith  ("  Moll 
Cutpurse"). 

CLASSICAL  SUBJECTS. 

"  Bernardus  non  vidit  omnia  " — "  Comes  jucundus  in  via  pro 
vehiculo  est  " — "  Cane  decane  canas  " — "  Crescit  amor  nummi  " 
— "  De  male  qusesitis  vix  gaudet  " — "  Dies  creta  notandus  " — 
"  Est  rosa  flos  Veneris  " — "  Furem  pretiosa  signata  sollicitant." 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Queen  Candace — English  Cardinals  —  Organs  destroyed  by 
Cromwell — Chalice  as  Race  Cup— Childbed  Pew — Chi-Rho 
Monogram — Modern  Instrumental  Choirs — Clipping  the  Church 
— Smallest  Church  in  England — Deflected  Chancels — Devil's 
Door  in  Churches — Clergymen  as  Duellists — Papal  Bull  against 
a  Comet — Use  of  the  Cope — Crosier  and  Pastoral  Staff — Date 
of  the  Crucifixion — Clandestine  Marriages  in  Curzon  Chapel, 
Mayfair — Defender  of  the  Faith — Epitaph  at  Doncsister — 
Bleeding  Image  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin — Title  of  Bishop  of 
Durham — Easter  and  the  Full  Moon — Eucharist  eaten  by  Mice. 

FINE  ARTS. 

Miniature  of  Mrs.  C.  Arbuthnot — Architectural  "Follies" — 
Artists'  Mistakes — Portraits  of  Joanna  Baillie — Books  illus- 
trated by  Blake — Buss's  Illustrations  of  Dickens — Christ  as  an 
Infant  at  the  Breast — Portraits  of  Dante — George  Dawe,  R.A. 
— Desborough  Portraits — Lawrence's  Picture  of  Countess  of 
Derby — Portraits  of  Female  Fighters  —  Marjorie  Fleming's 
Portrait. 


ELECTION. 

FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Child's  Caul — Childbirth  Folk-lore — Christmas  Decorations — 
Coal  as  a  Charm — Cure  by  Hand  of  a  Corpse — Crossing  Knives 
and  Forks — Cup-turning  in  Fortune-telling — Devil  as  a  Black 
Dog  —  Drowned  Bodies  Recovered  —  Evil  Eye — Fire  kept 
Burning — "  First  Foot "  on  New  Year's  Day — First  Flesh-eater 
— Flogging  at  the  Cart-tail — Flower  Game — Football  on  Shrove 
Tuesday — Footprints — Coins  in  Foundation  Ston&s — French 
Robin  Hood — Freund  Hein  in  German  Folk-tales — Friday 
Superstition. 

GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Carey  Family  —  Carson  Family  —  Centenarians  —  Knightley 
Charleton,  of  Apley  Castle — Chelsea  Borough  Arms — Bridget 
Cheynell — Brothers  and  Sisters  with  same  Christian  Names — 
Citizen  Baronets  —  Right  to  Cockades  —  Cogan  Peerage — 
Commonwealth  Arms  in  Churches — Continental  Heraldry — 
John  Crewe,  three  of  the  Name — De  Liancourt,  four  of  the 
Name — Arms  of  the  Dominican  Order — Dowager  Peeress's 
Title — Arms  of  Dutch  East  India  Company — Dutton  Family 
and  Arms — Edgett  Family — Foreign  Arms  in  England — The 
Title  Esquire — Eton  College  Arms — Family  Crests — Fir-cone 
in  Heraldry — Fleetwood  Pedigree — Le  Neve  Foster  Arms  and 
Motto. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

The  Cabinet  and  the  Constitution — Canute  and  the  Tide — 
Queen  Caroline's  Trial — King's  Champion — Genuine  Relics  of 
Charles  I. — Charles  II. 's  Hiding-places — Death  of  Princess 
Charlotte — Conservative  as  Political  Term — Coronations  of 
Victoria  and  Edward  VII. — Cromwelliana — English  Contingent 
in  the  Last  Crusade — British  Prisoners  in  France — Snow  at 
Battle  of  Edge  Hill— Edward  VII.'s  Title  in  Scotland— Scandal 
concerning  Elizabeth — Executions  at  Tyburn — Fathers  of  the 
House  of  Commons — The  National  Flag — Flemish  Weavers  in 
England  —  Northern  Fighters  at  Flodden — Irish  Brigade  at 
Fontenoy  —  Lines  on  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales  —  French 
Prisoners  of  War  in  England. 


MUSIC  AND  THE 
Early    Mention 


DRAMA. 

of  Actresses  —  The  Dresden  Amen  —  First 
American  Theatrical  Company  in  England — Mrs.  Charlotte 
Atkyns  -Baoon-Shakespeare  Controversy — John  Bland.  Edin- 
burgh Actor — Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  styled  "Cceli  Regina" — 
Cervantes  on  the  Stage — Musical  Settings  of  Cowley's  Poems — 
Exeter  Theatre  in  1348 — Blanche  Fane,  Actress — Farquhar'a 
4  Beaux'  Stratagem.' 


Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


52 


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THE   POETICAL  WORKS   OF  ROBERT   BRIDGES.    Vols.  I.-VI.    Small 

crown  Svo,  6s.  each. 

BACK  TO  SUNNY  SEAS.    By  Frank  T.  Bullen,  F.R.G.S.,  Author  of  '  The 

Cruise 'of  the  "Cachalot,"'    'The  Log   of  a   Sea-waif,'  &C.     With   a    Full-Page   Illustrations  in  Colour  by   A.    S. 
FORREST,  R.I.     Crown  870,  6s. 
STASDARD.—"  A  breezy,  attractive  book,  full  of  shrewd  and  kind  judgments,  and  by  no  means  destitute  at  the 
same  time  of  salient  facts."  

THE    CORNHILL    MAGAZINE. 

For  JANUARY.     Price  ONE  SHILLING. 
LNNUAL  SUBSCRIPTION,  INCLUDING  POSTAGE  TO  ANY  ADDRESS  IN  THE  POSTAL  UNION,   14s., 

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7T.YC7/.— "The  Conihill  is  always  among  the  brightest  of  the  magazines,  dealing  with  an  unfailing  variety  of 
interesting  matter." 

STAN  LEY     J.     WEYM  AN 

BEGINS  IN  THE  JANUARY  NUMBER 

A      NEW      SERIAL      STORY,      entitled 

CHIPPING  E, 

Which  will  be  continued  throughout  the  year. 

The  J  A  .V/'.l  /.'I'  A  UMBER  contains  in  addition  the  following  Contributions  :—, 


SIB    .MillN    CONSTANTINE.     Chaps.  13-14.    By  A.  'J'. 

Quiller-Couch. 
MAYFAIR  AND  THACKERAY.     By  the  Bight  Hon.  sir 

Algernon  West.  G.C.B. 
AN  EARLY  VICTORIAN  TALE.    Bv  A.  II.  S. 
"JUDGES'  WIT."    Bv  Viscount  St  (vies. 
A   DRAMA  OF  DEVON.     By  Horace  Hutchinson. 


MATTER,    .MOTION,    AND    MOLECULES.      By    W.    A. 

Shcnstone,  F.R.S. 
A  MEMORY.     By  Katharine  Tynan. 
REMINISCENCES  OF  A  Dl  I'LOM  ATIST.     IV. 
THE  OTTERS  STONE   POOL.     By  W.  Earl  Hodgson. 

FROM  A  COLLEGE  WINDOW.    IX. 


POPULAR  SIX-SHILLING  NOVELS. 

THE  PRINCESS 
PRISCILLA'S  FORTNIGHT. 

B\  the  AUTHOR  of  ELIZABETH  AND  HER  GERMAN 

GARDEN.' 

I  IIIBD   IMPRESSION. 

STASDARD.     •  T..1. 1  l.y  the  author  of  •  Elizabeth  and  bei  Qennaa 
Garden1  in  her  most  charming  vein." 

OUTLOOK.     "To  t.ik.    up  a  hook  by  the  authoi  h  an. I 

her  German  (terden'it  o>  expect  entertainment  and  generally 
it.    Here  we  an-  not  disappointed." 

THE  KING'S  REVOKE  : 

An  Episode  in  the  Life  of  Patrick  Dillon. 
By     Mrs.     MARGARET     L.     WOODS. 

SECOND     IMPRESSION. 
SPEOTA  TOR         lii.  book  is  a  delight  to  read  t'..r  id.-  chain 


Tu  he  laid  a/  all  Booksellers  and  Newsagents,  or  direct  front  the  Publishers. 


I.ii  ;m  terisation,  for  it? 
of  Spain,  an.)  for  a  genu! 
temporary  v.  liters  of  this 

.1  TIIE'S.KIM.  --Til, 


historic  sense  of  the  glory  and  weakness 
le  distinction  of  style  un*un-a>-ed  by  con* 
la-  .it  fiction." 
tory  abounds  with  episode,  and  is  a  very 


taking  piece  of  Intrigue  ami  adventure." 

THE  DIFFICULT  WAY. 

By  Mrs.  PERCY   DEAHMEK. 
SECOND    IMPRESSION. 

OUTLOOK. — "The  t k  is  marked  by  unusual  spiritual   insight 

and  largeness  of  sympathy,  and  by  a  triumphant  and  reasoned 
optimism  which  it  i-  L-.....1  and  wholesome  t<>  inert  with  " 

CHURCH  TIMES.  "A  most  touching  and  beautiful  story,  full  of 
Btrong  situations  and  l'<><><1  character-drawing,  and  not  without  many 
i. ..I,  hes  of  humour." 

FRENCH  NAN. 

By  AGNES  and   EGERTON  CASTLE. 
Authors  of    'The  Secret   Orchard,'    'The   Stai     Dreamer,' 

'Incomparable  Bellairs,'  '  Rose  of  the  World.' ,Vc. 

With  12  Full-Page  Illustrations  bv  F.  H.  ToWNsENI),  and 

a  Cover  Design  bv  GRAHAM  AWDKY. 

THIRD  IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH,— "Traif  »  very  graceful  and  dainty  little 
story.      Mi.  an. 1   Mi-    Kin'teni  Castle  have  at  ated  to  the 

excellent  advantage  "f  a  public  who  like  all  that  is  pretty  and  grace- 
ful, chivalrous  and  true.     It  is  a  book  that  will  a. hie' 
when  the  last  page  is  turned  the  reader  is  likely  to  hie  back  to  the 
beginning  and  read  ii  all  over  again." 

GUARDIAK  "A  sparkling,  \i\id.  dainty  tale  of  the  eighteenth 
century  told  with  all  the  peculiar  charm  to  which  the  authors  have 
accustomed  their  readers. 

THE  FIRST 

MRS.  M0LLIVAR. 

Bj    EDITH    AYRTON    ZANGWILL, 

Am  nor  of  '  The  Barbarous  Babes.' 
SECOND    EDITION   IN  THE   PRESS 
DAILY  NEWS     "Theportrayal  of  the  grim  occurrences,  which, 
callable  of  natural   explanation,  yet   seem   tragically   supernatural, 
show  Mrs.  Zangwill  to  be  a  writer  of  increasing 

THE  MAN  FROM  AMERICA: 

\  Sentimental  Comedy. 

By  Mrs.  HENRY  DE  LA  PASTURE, 

Author  of  'Deborah  of  Tod's,'  'Cornelius.'  'Peter's 

Mother,'  &C 

second    IMPRESSION. 

GUARDIAN..—" An  excellent  specimen  of  the  writer spower ;  it  is 
eminently  readable  and  pleasant,  and  it  contains  at  least  one  clever 
and  most  attractive  personage  in  the  shape  of  the  old  l'i  .n. ..Irish 
man,  Patrick  O'Reilly,  Vicomte  de  Nauroy.  He  is  charming  from  his 
hist  appearance  with  the  two  little  --iris  to  the  lasi 

ATHENASUM.  "The  interest  of  the  story  is  never  allowed  to  flag, 
and  the  characterisation  is  redeemed  by  charming  touches  of  humour 
ami  originality." 

DICK  PENTREATH. 

By   KATHARINE    TYNAN, 

Author  of     The  Den  Irish  Girl,'  'The  Honourable  Molly,' 

•Julia.'  &C. 

second    IMPRESSION. 

MORNING  POST     "  It  Is  the  best,  the  strongest  book  Katharine 

Tynan  has  vet  written,  and  will  in,  rease  her  well-deserved  reputation. ' 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH.     ■"  There  is   always   about     Katharine 

Tynans  stories  a  sweet  wholesoiueness  which  makes  them  a  pi 
change   from   the   lurid   sensationalism  in  which  so  uiauy  writers 
indulgi 


London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


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Agents  for  .Scotland,   Messrs.  DELL  &  liKADFUTE  and  Mr.  JU11N   MK.N'ZIES,   Edinburgh.— Saturday,  January  ti,   I'M. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


No.  4081. 


SATURDAY,    JANUARY    13,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 
33  SACKVILLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY,  W.  -EVEXIXll 
■\IFFTING  .'  \\"U  M1Y  17.  at  B  p.m.  The  following  Papers  will  be 
read I— l"  'ST.  CI. ETHER.  HIS  CHAPEL  AND  HOLY  WELLS.' 
by  Mrs  COLLIER.  •_>.  THE  CURTIAN  LAKE,'  by  Dr.  RUSSELL 
FORBES.  GEO.  PATRICK,  Hon.  Sec. 

ROYAL      HISTORICAL      SOCIETY. 
(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
An  ORDINARY    MEETING    of   the    SOCIETY   will  be   held  on 
THURSDAY,  January  it*,   at   5  p.m.,   in   CLIFFORD'S   INN  HALL. 
Fleet    Street,    when    Mr.    PERI'Y    ASHLEY    will    read    a    Paper  on 
•THE  STUDY  OF  NINETEENTH  CENTURY   HISTORY.' 

H.  E.  MALDEN.  Hon.  Sec. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.— The  ANNUAL 
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•when  the  Animal  Report  and  Balance  Sheet  will  be  presented  and 
the  President,  Mr.  XV.  H.  D.  BOUSE,  will  deliver  his  Presidential 
Address.  1'    A    MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square.  Lincoln's  Inn.  W.C., 
January  8,  hiw>. 

EOYAL  INSTITUTION  OFGREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET.  PICCADILLY,  W. 

TUESDAY  NEXT  (January  181,  at  5  o'clock,  Prof.  EDWARD 
HARPER  PARKER.  MA.  FIRST  of  THREE  LECTURES  on 
■IMPRESSIONS  OF  TRAVEL  IN  CHINA  AND  THE  FAR  EAST.' 
Haifa-Guinea  the  Course. 

THURSDAY.  January  18,  at  5  o'clock,  tin-  Rev.  Canon  HENRY 
CHARLES  BEECHING,  M.A.  D.Litt..  FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES 
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SCOPY. 

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N  T  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y         OF         LONDON. 


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house,  MA.  will  be  delivered  in  his  stead  by  Dr.  J.  w.  SLAUGHTER. 
The  First  Lecture  of  the  Course,  on  Wednesday.  January  17, 
1906,  at  :S  p.m..  will  lie  free. 

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'throughout   the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
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i  h  supporter  of  this  Instil  ution 
Tin-      II";  Pension    Fund      is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 

bare  primary 

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one    man:    and    Wl  i   in    1903   in   perpetual   and    grateful 

Mr.  Herbert    Lloyd,  who  was  a  generous  in-net.. 
this  Institution,  and  wb 

The    "Hospital     Pensions      consist    of    an   annual   contribution, 
whereby  Sir  lleno  Charles  Burdett  and  his  co-directors  generously 

i    i    i  toe   Year  to  ■   Man.  under 
conditions  laid  do"  n  ir  I: 

W.  WLLKIE  JONES.  Secretary. 

EDUCA  I  [ON. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  aceurate  infor tion  relative  to 

the*  lion  i:  ,.i  Sl'HOO]  8  foi    BOI  a  oi  GIRLS  oi 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  Ini  Ited  to  i  all  upon  "i  send  full 

M  BSSRH    G  VBBIT  18,  TURING  ft  CO., 

who  for  more  than  thirtj  years  have  ' D  closely  in  touch  with  the 

leading  Educational  Establishments 

Advice,  fri  i*  given  by  Mi    THRING,   Nephew  •  •;'  the 

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West  Kensington,  London,  W. 

TDIRMINOHAM  and  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 

SCHOOL  OF  MUSK 

Visitor— Sir  EDWARD  Kl.t.AR.  Mus  Doc  LL.D. 

Principal— GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 

Visiting  Examiner— FREDERICK  CORDER,  F.R.A.M. 

SESSION    1905-1906. 
The  Session  consists  o<    Autumn  Term   [September  18  to  Decem- 
ber 161  ;  Winter  Term  (January  15  to  April  7'  :  Summer  Term  (April  9 
to  dune  23). 

Instruction  in  all  Branches  oi  Music;  Students  Choir  and  orches- 
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u 


NIVERSITV         OF        LONDON. 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN  that  on  WEDNESDAY,  March  28 
next,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  elect  EXAMINERS  in  the 
following  Departments  for  the  Year  1906-7 :— 

FOR  EXAMINATIONS  ABOVE  THE  MATRICULATION. 

The  Examiners  appointed  will  be  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the 
Examination  of  both  Internal  and  External  Students.  The  remunera- 
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attended.  Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Principal. 

THEOLOGY. 

Two  in  the  Hebrew  Text  of  the  old  Testament  and  the  Greek  Text 
of  the  New  Testament. 

ARTS  AND  SCIENCE. 

One  in  Mathematics.  I        one  in  Experimental  Physics, 

MEDICINE. 
One  in  Medicine.  one  in  Pathology, 

one  in  Surger] 

Economics 

i  toe  in  Public  Administration  and  Finance. 
Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 
attestation  of  their  Qualifications  they  may  think  desirable,  on  oi 
before  TUESDAY,  January  23.  If  Testimonials  arc  submitted. 
three  copies  should  be  forwarded.  Original  Testimonials  should  not 
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complete  application  must  be  forwarded  for  each  It  is  particularly 
desired  by  the  Senate  that  no  application  of  any  kind  be  made  to  its 
individual  Members.) 

By  order  of  the  Senate, 

uiTHUR  w.  RUCKER,  Principal 
University  of  London.  South  Kensington,  S.W.. 
December,  1905. 


c 


O   U   N   T   Y 


O  F 


L  0   N   D   0   N. 


The  LONDON  COUNTY  i  OUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  SECRETARY  of  the  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL 
SCHOOLof  BUILDING,  FERNDALE  ROAD,  BRIXTON,  S.W.  The 
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the  hours  during  which  the  School  is  open,  and  on  Saturdays,  His  duties 
will  Include  the  collection  of  Fees,  the  issue  of  Tickets  to  the 
Students,  the  can-  of  Registers,  preparation  of  claims  for  Govern 
men)  Grant,  and  the  conduct  of  Routine  Correspondence. 

Experience  of  the  Administration  of  Technical  Schools  of  similar 
Educational  Institutions  will  be  required. 

The  Salary  will  be  1501.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 

12/    la.-,  to  800Z.  per  annum 

Th,-  person  appointed  will  be  subject  to  the  usual  conditions 
attaching  to  the  service  of  the  Council,  particulars  ,,f  which  are 
i  ..ni  unci  in  the  form  of  application,  and  he  will  be  required  to  take- 
up  his  duties  immediately. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  the  official  forms,  to  be  obtained  from 
the  Clerk  ol  the  London  Counts  Council.  Education  Offices,  Victoris 
Embankment.  WO.,  and  which  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
10A.n.on  WEDNESDAY,  January  17,  1906,  accompanied  by  copies  of 
not  more  than  three  recent  Testimonials. 

Canvassing,  eithei  directij  or  indirectly,  will  be  held  to  be  a 
disqualification  for  appointment. 

(,   L.  GOMME,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council 

The  County  Hall,  Spring  Gardens,  S.W., 
January  l,  1906. 


T 


UK     UNIVERSITY     OF     SHEFFIELD. 


The  UNIVERSITY  of  SHEFFIELD  proposes  to  appoint  a    PRO- 
FESSOR i>(   EDUCATION. 


ticulars  as  to  duties,  salary,  ftc.,  apply  to 

\\      \l 


GIBBONS,  Registi  u 


HARTLEY     UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 
SOI    I'll  WII'Ton 

The  COl  v  II,  invites  applications  for  the  appointment  of   PRO" 
FF.SSOli  ul  i: I >l  <   ITION  and  M  VSTER  ol  MUi  Hon 

<  ommencing  minimum  Sal 

Applications,  giving  particulars  of  age,  training^ qualifications,  and 
experience  with  coi  I   Testimonials,  must   be  - 

the  PRINI  IPAL  on  oi   baton   JAM    u:\ 

Further    particulars    >»  itained    on    application    I 

REGISTR  \K 


A 


SHTON    UNDER    I.  ,  NE     EDUCATION 

COMMITTEE 

The  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE  require  thi 
service!  ol  an  ASSISTANT  MIT  MASTER  t«i  ti  ich  Ut  gcnerall] 
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I  VSHTON  1  \hi:i;  IA  Ni:  SEi  ONH  WW  D\\ 
SCHOOL  Candidates  must  hold  some  of  the  Board  ol  Edu< 
r. ,  ...-in/I  -I  lunlifli  ttlonsl  hers     Salary  1301  pet  annum 

VimlieatioiiH,   stating    qualifications  (ether 

with  i  opii  -  '■'  On.-,  re,  enl  '!'•-•  irned 

should  reach  the  SECRETARY     OK    EDUCATION,     Vshtoi 
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AMIENS,  ANTLBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX. BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK, 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PIN3. 
LILLE.  LYON'S.  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE.  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO.  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord.  Lyon',  PAL",  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL.  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli :  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224,  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

7  ADY  SECRETARY  WANTED  by  LITERARY 

I  A  MAN  resilient  ahead.  Excellent  references  required.— Write, 
statin---  Salary,  to  11.  P.  B.,  5,  Prince  Edward  Mansions,  W 

GRADUATE  of  COLLEGE,  native  of  Hamburg, 
many  years'    London    Experience,  TEACHES  GERMAN,  pre 

par,--  for  all  Examinations,  and  Translates  Books,  &c,  from  and 
into  German.  English,  French,  Spanish,  Latin.  Greek,  and  Hebrew. 
—EDWIN  HAMBURGER,  282,  High  Holborn,  W.C.  entrance  Great 

Turnstile,  near  chancery  Lane). 

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or  WEEKLY  PAPER.-  Apply  Box  1073,  Athenaeum  Press  Bream's 
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AX  active  Y  0  UNO  MAN  (23)  requires 
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TANT. Can  supply  good  references,  T.  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
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\  DVERTISEE   wishes   to  CONSULT   a   PUB- 

^  V  LISHl'.Ks  READER  .Fictioir  in  his  private  capacity.  Busi 
ness  basis     Write  DESIR0    -  >  w    ll    Smith  &  Son,  Temple 

Station.  London. 


SEARCHES    at     British     Museum     and     other 
Libraries   Is   English,   French.   Flemish,  butch,    German,   and 

Iwitin.      Seventeen    years     experience.  -  .1 .     A.     RANDOLPH 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  s.W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms  Excellent 
Testimonials,  \  B.,  Box  1082,  Atnemeum  Press,  i:;.  Bream's  Build- 
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TRANSLATION.  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing,  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship  Classics,  French,  German.  Italian. 
Smnisli  inglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects.  Mythologj  and  Literature 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.     MissSELBI  toad  .w 

Tj-MPLOYMENT     BUREAU     FOB      LADIES. 

I  J      Branch  foi   Domestic  Servants  of  goo  Principal 

Mi>s  DAVIES     Governesses,    B  -     Ladj    Kurses,  tec.,  per- 

sonally recommended.     Moms  10 b  '  <  Street,  \\ . 

TRAINING     for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
Work  and  INDEXING       IppMMiss  PETHERBRIDGE     N  it. 
Sci.  Tripos),  ■"'•..'  i.  i  londuit  Street,  Bond  street.  London,  \\ 

TYPEWRITING.     The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES     Authors  MSS.,  Translations,  fti      Legal  am  ■ 
Copying.     Circulars,   x< ..   duplicated.      Usual   Terms      Refi 
Established    thirteen    years.    SIKES   &   S IKES. -229    Hammersmith 
i\       Private  Address:  13,  Wolverton Gardens,  Hammersmith.) 

TYPE-WRITING.       Gentleman     strongly 
RECOMMENDS      LADY,      well     ..located,    e\, 
intelligent  COPYING  of  MSS    oi  Commercial   r 

terms   foi    regular   «"ik,      Mi~-    HORNBU  KL1 
.1.  F.  i:  G  .  i.  Idam  Strei  t.  strand. 

TYPEWRITER.      PLAYS   and    MSS.  oi  ever) 
description.    Carbon  and   other    Duplicate 
MissE   M   TIGAB  84,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstock  Hill   S.W. 
Established  1884. 


A 


UTHORS'     Mss..     9rf.     per     I.ihki     words. 

SERMONS    PLATS    ENVELOPES,  and  all    kin. I-   carefully 

T\  pro   .;    homi     Remington  I     G I   pap 

cutci      M    I.    1, .  7,  Vi  rnon   Road  .  now   ki 

olaph.no    S  \\ 


\  ITHOHS'MSS.,  NOVELS, STORIES,  PI.  U  S, 

^  \      i>^  \  \  s    \\  pr  «  K  ll  I  in    with   . .  n 

w.  ll  known  ^^  riters     M    si  I   w.v  Thirl 
bank,  Roxboroui  b  Ro  id    1 1 

TYPE  WRITING, 9d. per  1,000 words.     V\.\\  S, 
n.i\i  'i-   KSSAYS,  A,  ,  with  promptitude  an 

Road    0 


T\  PE  WRITING  undertaken  bj  highlj  educated 
Women    CI  iMical  T>  i i - •- .    <  imbi  Id 

I  RcM-i.-ll.       1 

Nil    i   vM BRIDGE  TYPE  U  111  M\i,     M.l  n.  n 
delphi,  «.' 


:;i 


TH  E    AT  II  EN  .v:r  M 


N    1081,  .Jan.  13,  L906 


rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AG! ENCTS      Brtabluhed  1879. 

I       II..    u  luthon  mpahlvrrnr. 

IMMI.I.I..K 

M,     A     M     II    la. II 

MR      QEORGE     LARNER,      Aeeuuntant      and 
BookHlUm.   Publl  papar. 

Print 

HhceU  ,         .     -? 

Uou  ^ _ 

VTORTHERN     NEWSPAPEB      SYNDICATE, 

\                                 KENDAL    l  N..I.WI' 
aH™  Una  K.I11..1-  »iili  ill  klndi  '■'  Uterarj   M  itter,  anil  li  open  U  h«u 
nom  Autho! !'...„*:■■  I, i,l  i! »otnu    Sbfc  h  ibould  1 Gnltted  I-.V 


/  and  ftemat 


,1 1  ingament 

ATHENiEUM  PRESS. -JOHN  EDWARD 
I  B  LNCUB,  Printer  of  thu  Athencntm.  Nttm  "J^V";™**  wi* 
reuuv. I  to  Sl'IlMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK.  N  KW  S. 
S3^ElUoi)IOAL  PK1NTINQ.-1J.  Bream's  Building..  Chancery 
Lane,  I  I . 


Catalogues. 


HH     PE  \('H.  ST.   Pelvoir    Street,   Leicester, 
.     taues  CATALOGOB8  of  MSB  and  RAM IBOOK8  post  free 
to  CoUectow      No.   U  contain,  a  number  o    ,"'' '  j,  '  ^i,     t   tl  ■ 
[ncnnables  and  EngUsb  Books,  just  purchased  at^   8al< 
Marcel  Schwob  library,  Paris,  and  othei  sources  Inroad. 

CM  \  1 .1  m  .  I  •  K  \<  1.  4 f.  -Turner's  Liber  St  udiorum, 
Encland  and  Wales,  and  other  Emgrarings  Lucas ;  Mcz/ntints 
after  Constable  Etchings  ta  WhtattotA  SSSST'&ta^wSffi  by 
Ti,..,,..,.     Burne-Jones     Ruskan,    fcc.     Ulustrated   boom      "'  ■ 

iViiVkiiV       I'.!'!   fST Stapence.-  WM.    WABD,  2,  Ohurch   Terrace, 
Richmond,  Surrey. ___ 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
No.  hi.  containing  a  Speaal  AxUcle,  ^ed  'MODERN 
VIEWS  of  KI.LiTKIclTY  and  MATTER/  by  Prof.  AUFMD  W. 
PORTER  Specimen  Copies  gratis  WJXLIAMS  *  MOBttAAJS, 
Book  Importers,  14,  Henrietta  Street.  Covent  liardcn.JW.t. 


rpHE    following    CATALOGUES    of    SECOND- 

J_     HAND   BOOKS,  which  have  recently  been  published,  will  tie 
sent  gratis  to  any  address  on  api  lication  :— 
No.  i".  NATURAL  SCIENCES. 
No  ii    PINE  AN1>  BTANDARD  BOOKS. 
No.  12.  PHH080PHT  AND  ECONOMICS 

No.  13.    BOOKS    RELATING    TO    CLASSICAL  ANTIQUITY, in- 
cluuing  Text  and   Commentaries  and  School  Editions 
in  preparation. 
No.  16.  MATHEMATICAL.    ISecond  Catalogue.) 
No.  16.  ECONOMIC.    (Second  Catalogue.) 

W.  HEFFER  &  suns.  Second-hand  Booksellers,  Cambridge. 
Librarians  and  Bookbuyers  generally  aire  invited  to  send  Lists  of 
rants.    Over  100,000  Volumes  in  Stock.       

BERTRAM             1)    O    B    E    L    L, 
SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER  and  PUBLISHER, 
77.  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 
A  large   Stock    of    old   and    Kan-    Books  in   English  Literature, 
i„;.,„,li„.  Poetry  and  the  Drama-Shak,  ispeari  ana-  First  Editions io| 
Famous  Authors    Manuscripts-  -HlustratM  Books,  Ac.  (.AlALOOUita 
free  on  application. 


A 


NCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 


_i.    and  Antiquarians  are   invited  to  apply  to 'SPINK  .  A  SON, 
Limited  for  Specimen  Cora  (gratis)  of  their  NT  MISMATK  <  IRCl 

At  The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Corns  on  View  and  for 
Sale  it  Moderate  Pricess-SPINK  ft  SON,  Limited,  Experts,  Valuers, 
*',,d  Catalo^iersV  18,  17,  and  is.  Piccadilly,  London.  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


rpi'Xr.HIDCK  WELLS.  APARTMENTS. 
_L  Comfortably  Furnished  Sitting Room  and  One  Bedroom. 
Pleasant  and  central.  No  others  taken.— B,  H.,  66,  Grove  Hill  Road, 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


J^alUs  b^  Ruction. 

Books  ami  Manuscripts,  including  the  Collection  of  Oriental 
Books  and  Manuscript*  and  the  Mathematical  Library  oj 
the  lot.  Hon,  Mr.  Justice  &KINE ALT. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SEXX  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  L8,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W.C.  on  MONDAY.  January  16,  and  Two  Following 
Oars  at  [o'clock  precisely,  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  including 
Hi,:  mi  I.I.Ki  TION  of  ORIENTAL  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS  and 
the  MATHEMATICAL  LIBRAR1  of  the  late  Hon.  Mr.  Justice 
OKINEALY.  of  the  High  Court  of  Calcutta ;  also  the  I.ILHAIU  oj 
T  MORSON  Esq  of  42,  Gordon  Square,  comprising  First  Editions  ol 
Thackerai  and  Dickeiu  numerous  Works  Illustrated  by  Cruikshank 
[including  some  of  thi  rarer  ones),  T.  Rowlandson,  R.  Seymour,  Ac. 
the  Gounil  Illustrated  Series  Extra-Illustrated  Looks;  tlie 
LIBRARY  of  w  -i  PLEWS,  Esq.,  of  Colwyn  Hay:  and  other 
Properties  comprising  numerous  Standard  Works,  chiefly  ol  Modern 
English  Writers,  in  most  Branches  of  Literature. 

May  tie  v  ii-M  id.     I  'lit  ill.  utiles  may  lie  had. 

The  Collection  of  Book-Plates  (Ex-Libris)  of  the  late  JAMES 
ROBERTS  BROWN,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKIXSONct  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  (by  Orderof  the  Executors),  al  theii 
House  No  13,  Wellington  Street,  Btrand.  W.C,  on  FRIDAY, 
Januan  19  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  BOOB 
PLATES  Ej  Libris  ol  the  late  JAMES  ROBERTS  BROWN,  Esq., 
ol  14,  Tri  juntei  Road,  London.  8.W, 

Maj  I"-  riewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Autograph  Letters  and  Signed  Documents  of  British  and 
Foreign  Sovereigns,  Princes,  dec,  thi  Property  of  the  late 
Mr.  FREDERICK  BARKER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  (by  order  of  the  Executors),  at  their 
House  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY, 
Januan   22    at    1   o'clock    precisely,    AUTOGRAPH    LETTER8  and 

SIGNED  DOCUMENTS  ol  BRITISH  I  FOREIGN  SO\  EREIGNS, 

PRINCES,  ftc,  the  Property  of  the  late  Mr,  FREDERICK  BARKER. 
May  lie  viewed  two  dies  prior.    Catalogues  may  !„■  had. 


KSSRH      HODGSON    fl    CO.    will    SELL   l>y 

Ruoms,    lit    <  bai  V.< 

Till  KSli  \  \     Januan  1-    mil    I  olio*        I  k.  Mi 


M 


\  1  ,   1  |,'N     it    th,  n     It-  ■  Lane.  W.I 


IIO11KS    ami    1:1  \l  \l  Mil .1:-    In,  lud  1 
Poiiulnr  Publications  of  Charles  KniKbt.  «    KilrrAd    It    ' 
Till    \    ItoKU,     liignun     mil   uthen    oom|>rUliui    Illiutrated  Editions 
,,|    Stamlard    PocU    and     Novelists      Juveutli     Books    »uli   oolourad 
lllustrationa    .v>     •  hleflj  In  1  loth  Kilt   blmlini 
A,  k,  11,1,101  -  World  in  Mlntatun 

,,f  the  Ai-'~tl.-    Ethlopl,   Text,  with  Translation    2  vol" 
'l«,,  1,1,1,1,1.-   ,,1  Costume  In    America, 2 vols     80  Creswicke's Sooth 
\iu,  1   and  the    Transvaal   War,  •■  >"ls   in    1.  balf-moj 
thousand    volumes    ol    the    Dome      Novell    bj     Populai     Modern 
A  ol  hors,  Ae. 

To  Ik-  viewed  and  Cataloguai  had 

Valuable  /.""■  Books,  including  the  Library  at  •• 
retiring  from   Practice    handsome   Carved,  Oak   Bool 
and  other  Library  and  Offlee  Furniture.  , 

MESSRS.  HODCSON  ft  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  ai  th.ii  It,,., in-.  11:,  Chancery  tone,  w  >  si 
Tin:  END  OF  JANUARY,  valuable  l.v\t  BOOKS,  comprl 
Set  ol  Hi,  La«  Reports,  New  Series,  from  1875  to  1B06.  247  vols  half- 
call  Law  Journal  Reports,  from  the  commencement  in  1822 to 
Reports  in  Kin^-  Bench.  Common  Pleas,  and  Exchequei  Election 
and  Crown  Cases  Recent  Editions  ,,t  Text-Books ;  alio  a  largi  and 
handsome  Carved  Oak  Winged  Bookcase,  Mahogany  Tables,  and  ..tln-r 
Library  and  Office  Furniture, 

paring. 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Books  from  th.  Col- 
lection oj  the  late  Sir  ROBERT  SMIRKE  (the  Property  oj 
a  Lady),  and  the  Library  oj  the  lot.'  if, 1 /.77V/;  C.  MET- 
CALFE, Esq.  (ii;i  order  of  the  Executor). 

MESSES.  HODCSON  ft  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  January  31,  and  Two  Following  Days,  valuable 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  Including  Architectural,  Topographical, 
and  Genealogical  Works  Gould's  family  ol  Trogons  Reicnenbach's 
[cones  Florae  Germanices,  22  vols.,  and  other  Natural  History  Booki 
Notes  and  Queries  77  vols.,  with  indexes— Books  with  Coloured  Plates 
First  Editions  ol  Modem  Authors ;  also  handsomely  bound  BOOKS 
from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  Sit  ROBERT  SMIRKE,  removed 
from  Canterbury,  the  Property  of  a  LADY. 

1  lataloguee  are  preparing. 


M 


Birds'  Eggs,  including  on  Egg  of  the  Great  Auk. 
R.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will   OFFER,   at    his 

Rooms,  88,  Kins  street,  Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  January  17.  the  COLLECTION  of  EGGS  formed  by 
the  late  Mr.  HL'LL.MAN  PLDSLEY,  which  includes  a  line  Series  of 
08preys,  a  Clutch  of  fees  of  the  American  stint,  and  many  other 
interesting  Eggs.  Also  an  EUG  of  the  GREAT  ACK.  on  account  of 
another  Vendor. 

Catalogues,  in  course  of  preparation,  may  he  had  on  application. 

Scientific  Instruments,  Cameras,  .(<•. 
FRIDAY  NEXT,  at  half-past   IS  o'clock. 
R.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER,   at   bis 

Rooms,  88,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.  a  large 
number  of  fine  PHOTOGRAPHIC  CAMERAS  and  LENSES, 
SCIENTIFIC  APPARATUS.  OPTICAL  GOODS,  and  a  quantity  of 
valuable  MISCELLANEOUS  GOODS. 

On  view  day  prior  2  to  5,   and  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogues  on 
applieation. 


M 


LibraryofF.  THORNTON,  Esq.,  and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  ft  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  auction  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  January  24,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  Valuable  BOOKS  and  AUTOGRAPHS,  including 
the  above  Properties. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE.  M ANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  Notice  that  they  will  hold  the  Following 
sales  by  auction,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  street.  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely:— 

On  FRIDAY,  January  19,  ORIENTAL  PORCE- 
LAIN of  H  1'11'Kl!  Esq.,  deceased;  PORCELAIN  and  OBJECTS  of 
VERTU  of  0.  WENTWORTH  WASS,  Esq,,  deceased;  and  from 
various  sources. 

On  SATURDAY.  January  20,  MODERN  PIC- 

TURE8  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late    i.  MILNE  clIEETHAM.  Esq.. 
the  late  G.  B.  WIELAND,  Esq..  and  others. 

THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine  Street, 
L,,n,l,,n,  W.C,  JANUARY  18,  contains:— 
Proposed  Church  House  for  Manchester  .view  and  plans):  English 
Gothic  Architecture  (II.);  The  Applieation  of  the  Building  Act; 
Payment  of  District  Surveyors;  The  British  School  at  Rome;  The 
International  Society's  Exhibition;  Royal  Academy  Lectures; 
American  Brickwork:  Mathematical  Data  for  Architects  (Student's 
Column);  The  old  Mansion  House,  Doncaster  (measured  drawings  1 
\,  Prom  Office  as  above  ,4,/.;  by  post  -C</.'.  or  through  any 
Newsagent.  


rpHE  GEOGRAPHIC  \l.  JOURNAL.     P 

I  I ANUABT 

ON  THE  NEXT  GREA1    ARCTU    DIBCOYER1     o„    l^aufort  Kea. 

Till:   1  S   VON    RICHTHOFES    o\   ANTAI 

PLOH  \\  li 
TRAVEL  AND  BXPLOR  VTIoN  IN  THE  SOUTHERN   'A  PA 

ALP-      Li    thi    R<  r.  \  \      M  it  li  1   lllu.ti 

Map 
A  JOUBNEYTOTHE  LOR  I  AN  BW  IMP  i'.IMl  U!  U(  A. 

1      1       ■    ■    .1    w     II     Broun      Mitl,  s  Illiii-tiatioiu  an-i 

Map 

ON    Till:    HIBTORl    ..I    THE  NILE  AND  ITB  VALLEY. 

l:.  w    I     11.011.    li  B.   Load    LRJI.M    t   I:  <■  - 

1   UfAL  IRRIGATION   IN  Tilt:    PUNJAB      Bj   Qapt    <     11    Buck. 

I    \      pun  sb  I     1,  r,  .  -  -i-  ,        V\    ■ 

NATURAL    MOUNDfi     in    I   M'E    (  "l/>^\       Bj    Hmast    H     I. 
s,  1  Gra- 

h.ilii-towii. 

THE   GEOGRAPHII   M.  I  \>  IX   IN    AN    ARID  <  LI  MATE.      Bj 

REl  ntWB 

OORRESPOM-KNi  E      1  „•  -      Ity  W.  II.  Shrub- 

sole 
MEETINGS     OF     THE     ROYAL    GEOGRAPHICAL    SOCIETY, 

-I  sJSION 
GEOGRAPHII  ai.  LITERATURE  OF  THE  month. 
NEW    MAPS 

.IM/'.s 
map  OF  Tin:  PUNJAB 

M  W  OF  THE  901  THKI'.N  .1  kPAMESE    U.I- 
SKETCH-MAP  TO   ILLUSTRATE  THE  JOURNEY   OF  LIEUT.- 
1  hi.    W    II.  BROUN  To  THE  LORIAN  SWAMP. 

EDWARD  STANFORD,  12,  IS,  14.  I>.ng  A        H  • 


r 


OURNAL    OF    THE     INSTITUTE    01 

fj  ACTUARIES 

No.  22t.    JANUARY,  1808.    Price  2a,  61 
Contents. 
Members. 

On  the  Valuation  in  Grouiw  of  Whole-Life  Po]  -  '     rtality 

Tables     L;-  George  King,  F.LA.  F.F.A.,  one  of  tbe  Via 
of  the  Institute  of  Actuaries. 

on  a  Propertj  oi  the  "m  Select  Tab!,-  and  its  Applieation  to  the 
Valuation  ol  Whole-Life  Policies.  ByO.  F.  Diver.  M.A..  E.I.A..  of 
the  Clerical,  Medical,  and  General  Lifi  Society. 

N,,tt-»  on  an  Approximate  Jlethod  ,.f  Valuation  of  Wholi 

an.es.  with  Allowance  for  Selection.  By  Thomas  G.  Aekland.  one 
oi  the  Via  Presidents  of  the  Institute  of  Actuaries;  Honorary 
fellow  of  the  Fa<  ulty  of  Ai  tuaries.    With  Appendix. 

Discussion  on  the  above  Three  P 

Report  of  tin  Departmenta]  committee  on  Bond  Investment  Com- 
panies. 

Actual  id  Nol 

Correspondeni 

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Smith,  D.D.  LL.D. 
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Alexander,  D.D.  D.C.L. ,  Archbishop  of  Armagh. 
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THE     ATHENAEUM 


39 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  13,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
.       39 

.        40 
41 


Jebb's  Bacchvlides 

The  University  of  Wales  

Three  Books  on  Modern  Education 
New  Novels  (Miss  Desmond :  an  Impression  ;  The 
Ford  ;  The  Red-Haired  Woman ;  A  Vendetta  in 
Vanity  Fair ;  The  Interpreters  ;  The  Colonel's 
Dream  ;  The  Cruise  of  the  Conquistador ;  A  Pre- 
tender)   42—43 

Books  for  Students 43 

Publications  for  Schools  45 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Fourth  Party ;  The  Great 
Siege  ;  Irish  History  and  the  Irish  Question  ;  '  In 
Memoriam '  with  Tennyson's  Annotations ;  The 
Treasure  of  the  Humble  ;  The  Hundred  Best  Latin 
Poems  ;  My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters  ;  The 
Schoolmasters  Year  -  Book  ;  "  The  Library  of 
Modern  Classics  "  ;  The  Dublin  Review)    . .  48—49 

List  of  New  Books 49 

The  Classical  Association  ;  The  Assistant  Masters 
in  Secondary  Schools  ;  Educational  Notes  ; 
'Russia';  Mr.  Lee's  'Census  of  Shakespeare 
First  Folios  ' ;  The  1477  Venice  Edition  of  the 
'dlvina  commedia';   'the  royal  forests  of 

England' 49—52 

literary  gossip         52 

Science  — Charles  Jasper  Joly,  F.R.S.  ;  'An  Ex- 
pl\nvtion  of  Magnetism';  Societies;  Meet- 
ings Next  Week  ;  Gossip 53—55 

Fine  Arts— Colour  Books  ;   The  New  Gallery  ; 

Archaeological  Notes  ;  Gossip     . .        . .         55—57 
Music  — The    London    Symphony    Orchestra    in 

Paris;  Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week    58—59 
Drama  — The  Harlequin  King;  French  Comedy 
Season  ;   The  Interlude  of  Youth  ;    As  You 

Like  it;  Gossip 59—60 

Index  to  Advertisers       GO 


LITERATURE 


Bacchylides :  the  Poems  and  Fragments. 
Edited,  with  Introduction,  Notes,  and 
Prose  Translation,  by  Sir  Richard  C. 
Jebb.     (Cambridge,  University  Press.) 

This  edition,  long  expected  and  now  sadly 
welcome,  crowns  the  series  of  publications 
relating  to  works  of  Greek  literature  re- 
covered from  Egyptian  papyri  during  the 
last  fifteen   years.     Three  works  of  first- 
rate  importance  for  Greek  literary  history 
have  been  thus  gained  during  this  period  : 
Aristotle's  '  Constitution   of   Athens,'  the 
Mimes  of  Herondas,   and  the   poems    of 
Bacchylides.     In  each  case  the  course  of 
development  has  been   curiously  similar. 
In     each    case    the    papyrus    has     been 
acquired  by  the  British  Museum,  and  the 
editio   princeps  has  emanated  thence ;  in 
each    case    the   bulk    of.  the    subsequent 
criticism,  which  has  brought  the  text  of 
the    new    author    to    an    approximately 
settled  state,  has  proceeded  from  Germany; 
and  in  each  case  what  may  be  called  the 
full-dress  edition,   with   its   apparatus  of 
introductions,   critical    notes,    and    com- 
mentary, has  been  the  work  of  England. 
It  is  noteworthy,  moreover,  that  in  each 
case  this  full-dress  edition  has  been  pro- 
duced by  a  Cambridge   scholar.     Oxford 
has  had  a  predominant  share  in  the  dis- 
covery   and    first    publication    of    Greek 
papyri ;    but  when  they  have  once  been 
published,  the   resident   scholars    of   that 
university  have  apparently  washed   their 
hands  of  them,  and  taken  no  part  in  the 
subsequent  labours  connected  with  them. 
For  the  standard  commentary  on  the  '  Con- 
stitution of  Athens '  we  have  to  look  to 


Dr.  Sandys  (though  with  regard  to  textual 
matters  the  last  word  at  present  is  with 
Mr.  Kenyon's  Berlin  Academy  edition)  ; 
for  that  on  Herondas  to  Mr.  Nairn ;  while 
that  on  Bacchylides  has  now  been  most 
worthily  supplied  by  the  late  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge. 

All  scholars  who  are  acquainted  with 
Jebb's  monumental  Sophocles  (and  what 
scholar  is  not  acquainted  with  it  ?) 
will  know  what  to  expect  from  his  edition 
of  Bacchyhdes.  They  will  be  prepared 
for  the  full  introduction  (in  this  case 
occupying  240  pages),  in  which  is  to  be 
found  all  that  is  to  be  said  about  the 
poet's  life  and  literary  characteristics,  the 
manuscript  in  which  his  poems  are  pre- 
served, and  the  contents  and  character  of 
the  poems ;  for  a  carefully  edited  Greek 
text  and  critical  notes,  in  which  account 
is  taken  of  all  that  has  been  written  on 
the  subject  at  home  and  abroad ;  for  a 
translation  into  correct  and  graceful 
English  ;  and  for  an  elaborate  explanatory 
commentary,  overflowing  (in  the  case  of 
the  more  difficult  passages)  into  appen- 
dixes. All  this  they  will  look  for  and  will 
find.  We  have  not  a  little  sympathy  with 
those  who  hold  that  commentaries  nowa- 
days are  overdone,  and  that  an  author  can 
be  read  with  more  pleasure  and  profit  if 
explanatory  notes  are  reduced  to  a 
minimum  ;  but  if  we  are  to  have  com- 
mentaries which  aim  at  noticing  every 
point  that  can  be  noticed  in  connexion 
with  an  author,  such  work  can  hardly  be 
done  more  thoroughly  and  sympathetically 
than  it  has  been  here. 

The  extant  poems  of  Bacchylides  reach 
a  total  of  about  1,300  short  lines  ;  and  in 
a  volume  of  524  pages  these  may  seem  to 
be  somewhat  overlaid  by  commentary. 
None  the  less  it  would  be  a  mistake  to 
suppose  that  Jebb  is  ever  either  dis- 
cursive or  irrelevant.  The  introductions 
and  notes  are  strictly  to  the  point,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  for  a  slight  tendency  to 
repeat  in  the  commentary  what  has  been 
said  in  the  critical  notes  ;  but  if  every 
point  suggested  by  the  poems  is  to  be 
touched  upon — doubtful  readings,  dialect, 
style,  metre,  myths,  archaeology,  parallel 
passages,  and  the  rest — and  if  due  atten- 
tion is  to  be  paid  to  the  various  opinions 
expressed  by  other  scholars,  the  resulting 
volume  cannot  but  be  of  considerable 
size.  And  there  is  at  any  rate  this  to 
be  said  for  it :  that  there  is  no  subject 
bearing  upon  the  criticism  of  Bacchyhdes 
which  the  student  will  not  find  duly 
treated  in  these  pages.  They  form,  in 
fact,  a  standard  edition  of  the  poems 
which  is  likely  to  hold  that  position  for 
many  years  to  come. 

It  is  late  in  the  day  to  be  speaking  of 
Jebb's  merits  as  an  interpreter  of  classical 
Greek  literature;  were  they  not  (with 
other  qualities)  recognized  and  registered 
in  the  select  circle  of  the  Order  of  Merit  I 
It  is  true  that  the  simplicity  of  Bacchylides 
makes  no  such  demand  on  the  delicate 
skill  of  the  interpreter  as  the  subtlety  of 
Sophocles,  and  that  there  are  few  passages 
of  which  the  text  is  intact  where  the 
meaning  remains  seriously  doubtful.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  mutilated  condition 


of  the  papyrus  makes  frequent  demands 
on  an  editor's  sense  of  style  and  language, 
and  this  is  a  department  of  scholarship 
in  which  Jebb  was  admittedly  a  master. 
He  is  careful  to  say  that,  where  the  text 
is  lost  or  greatly  mutilated,  any  supple- 
ment that  is  suggested  is  offered  only  as 
an  illustration  of  the  sense  to  which  the 
evidence  of  the  context  points,  not  as  a 
restoration  of  the  text  for  which  full  con- 
fidence can  be  claimed.  It  is,  indeed, 
hopeless  to  expect  a  modern  scholar  to 
divine  precisely  the  words  which  an 
ancient  poet  would  have  used,  unless  the 
circumstances  limit  the  field  of  conjecture 
very  narrowly ;  but  several  passages 
could  be  indicated  in  which  Jebb  has 
at  least  written  verses  which  Bacchyhdes 
might,  we  think,  have  been  glad  to  sign. 
We  are  inclined  to  select  the  eighth  ode 
(that  to  Automedes)  as  a  particularly 
favourable  specimen  of  the  editor's  re- 
constructive skill. 

It  is  obviously  impossible  to  notice  here 
all  the  points  of  interest  suggested  by 
Bacchyhdes  and  his  editor ;  but  a  few 
matters  of  detail  may  be  noted.  In  the 
bibliography  the  volume  of  MM.  d'Eichthal 
and  Reinach  might  be  included  among  the 
editions  of  selections  as  well  as  among  the 
translations,  and  the  beautiful  illustra- 
tions with  which  it  is  adorned  deserve 
especial  mention  ;  in  particular,  the  repro- 
ductions of  Greek  vases  illustrating  the 
two  Theseus  odes  might  be  referred  to  along 
with  those  published  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Smith 
in  The  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies.  A 
large  number  of  conjectural  supplements 
are  not  assigned  to  any  author  in  the 
apparatus  criticus.  Presumably  they  are 
due  to  the  first  editor,  and  it  would,  of 
course,  be  superfluous  to  record  this  fact 
in  the  case  of  all  the  more  obvious  restora- 
tions ;  but  a  general  statement  as  to  the 
practice  adopted,  either  in  the  preface  or 
at  the  beginning  of  the  apparatus,  would 
have  removed  all  doubt.  We  venture  to 
question  the  rendering  of  i.  37-40,  "  those* 
gifts  which  Apollo  bestowed  on  Pantheides 
in  respect  to  the  healer's  art  and  the  kindly 
honouring  of  strangers."  The  idea  that 
hospitality  is  a  grace  bestowed  by  the 
gods  seems  alien  to  the  spirit  of  Bacchy- 
lides, if  not  to  that  of  Greek  poetry  in 
general,  and  we  should  prefer  to  translate 
"  on  account  of  his  works  of  healing  and 
his  kindly  hospitality."  In  i.  65  does  not 
tvfjLapeiv  represent  "ease"  rather  than 
"  opulence  "  ?  Mortals  find  no  satisfaction 
in  mere  easy  comfort,  but  crave  always  for 
something  just  beyond.  It  is  the  spirit 
of  Wendell  Holmes's  poem  : — 

I  only  ask  that  Heaven  may  send 

A  little  more  th.in  I  run  spend. 

At  v.  67  it  is.  noteworthy  that  Jebb  has 
abandoned  his  proposal  to  read  dpyeoras, 
as  epithet  of  ave/uos,  in  place  of  dpyjj<rr<£s  : 
the  latter  is  certainly  tin-  more  picturesque 
word  ("  the  gleaming  headlands  of  Ida  "). 
At  v.  164  Jebb  definitely  rejects  the 
rendering  "  one  should  speak  that  which 
is  likely  to  have  effect."  for  \PV  K("'" 
Xtyav  o  ti  Kal  [uWu  rcActv  in  favour  of  "  m 
man  should  speak  of  that  which  he  can 
hope  to  accomplish."  He  accepts  Blass's 
amalgamation  of  odes   vii.    and    viii.    (as 


in 


T  II  E     A  T  II  EN  .i:  U  M 


N    t081,  Jan.  1.3,  1906 


numbered     in    the     ulitii)    prinri  ps)    a.s    a 
■ingle     ode.    :unl     thenceforward     gives    a 

double  cumbering  of  theodee.     If  this  is 

nerally    adopted    by   s<  Ik  dais,    it     would 

be   bettor  definitely  to  drop  the  original 
numbering  henceforth,  bo  as  to  avoid  the 

cumbrousness  of  the  double  numeration. 
At  i\.   12  he    makes  out  au    excellent    case 

for   Blass's  ingenious  emendation  of  naxn 

(=krTm,  a  word  vouched  for  by  Ilesv- 
ohius)  for  the  MS.  waurl.     At  s.   110-20 

(one  of  the  most  dillieult  passages  in  the 
poems)  he  now  believes  vpoyovoi  or  wpoy6va>v 
to  be  metrically  impossible,  and  proposes 
wph  van?  iavapivav.  Apart  from  the 
metrical  difficulty,  it  may  be  questioned 
whether  such  a  genitive  absolute  is  in  the 
manner  of  Bacehylides.  At  xv.  1  it  is 
dillieult  to  find  a  supplement  which  gives 
a  sufficient  number  of  feet  without  an 
excessive  number  of  letters;  but  Jebb's 
reading,  \\\<tiio\>  [!*■'  etfi'"].  hrel,  is  open  to 
objection  on  the  score  of  euphony.  The 
book  is  admirably  printed  throughout,  and 
we  have  .noticed  only  three  misprints  : 
7rpo(j-6</>wi'ei  for  7rpocr0ali£t  in  the  note  on 
viii.  15,  a  comma  for  a  full  stop  at  the 
end  of  x.  58,  and  a  superfluous  iota  sub- 
script in  AapTiySa,  xiv.  6. 

With  the  appearance  of  this  stately 
and  complete  edition  ("  totus,  teres  atque 
rotundus ")  Bacehylides  may  fairly  be 
said  to  have  entered  into  the  full  citizen- 
ship of  the  noble  company  of  classical 
poets.  Of  his  position  in  their  ranks  there 
is  little  that  is  new  to  be  said.  Eight 
years'  study  has  done  little  or  nothing  to 
alter  the  impressions  left  by  the  editio 
princeps,  and  indeed  embodied  in  the 
introduction  to  that  volume.  Bacehylides 
is  not  one  of  the  masters  of  Hellenic 
poetry.  In  particular,  he  does  not  bear 
comparison  with  the  poet  with  whom 
one  inevitably  compares  him,  his  con- 
temporary and  rival,  Pindar.  He  has 
nothing  of  the  power  and  majesty  of 
^Eschylus,  the  fire  and  splendour  of  Pindar, 
the  subtlety  and  perfect  adjustment  of 
means  to  ends  of  Sophocles.  He  lacks 
originality  in  all  directions.  But  on  his 
own  lower  plane  he  has  merits  which  a 
self-conscious  and  artificial  age  should  be 
slow  to  decry.  He  has  simplicity,  direct- 
ness, grace,  and  picturesqueness  of  phrase. 
He  is  not  afraid  of  telling  a  straight- 
forward story  in  a  straightforward  way ; 
and  his  choice  of  epithets  (in  which  he 
abounds)  shows  a  feeling  for  colour  and 
for  natural  scenery. 

If  we  wish  to  realize  the  artistic  and 
poetic  value  of  this  simplicity  and  direct- 
ness, it  is  instructive  to  compare  Bac- 
ehylides with  another  Greek  poet  with 
whom  we  have  recently  been  able  to  make 
acquaintance  through  the  discovery  of  a 
papyrus  manuscript  in  Egypt — Timotheus 
of  Miletus.  Writing  only  about  half  a  cen- 
tury after  the  death  of  Bacehylides,  Timo- 
theus stands  at  the  very  antipodes  of  style. 
Every  phrase  is  contorted ;  every  word, 
almost,  is  metaphorical,  and  the  meta- 
phors are  in  the  worst  possible  taste. 
Simplicity  and  directness  are  deliberately 
avoided;  every  -entcnee  must  be  un- 
natural and  striking.  And  the  result  is 
a  poem  which   so  skilled   a  scholar  and 


translator  as   Wilamowita    fads    frankly 
untranslatable  into  any  modern  lango 

and  which    tan    certainly  be    read    with    no 

pleasure.    The  highest  sentiment  which  it 
evokes  is  an  amazed  amusement,  speedily 

degenerating  into  disgust,  at  such  verbal 
gymnastics.  Turn  hack  from  the  |Vi-e 
01  Timotheus  to  the  two  odes  which 
Bacehylides  addressed  to  Hiero,  or  the 
two  upon  the  subject  of  Theseus,  and  you 
feel  how  immeasurable  is  the  superiority 
of  simplicity,  even  in  a  somewhat  con- 
ventional and  commonplace  mind,  over 
the  tricks  and  contortions  of  a  charlatan. 
In  Timotheus  the  characteristic  Greek 
excellence,  the  sense  of  style  and  of  mode- 
ration, is  wholly  lost;  but  Bacehylides, 
with  all  his  limitations,  has  his  heritage 
in  the  true  Hellenic  spirit,  which  is  the 
imperishable  soul  of  literature. 


The  University  of  Wales  and  its  Constituent 
Colleges.  By  W.  Cadwaladr  Davies  and 
W.  Lewis  Jones.     (Robinson  &  Co.) 

To  most  people  it  may  seem  all  too  early 
to  write  a  history  of  the  University  of 
Wales.  Its  charter  was  granted  only  in 
1893,  and  it  was  not  until  two  or  three 
years  later  that  the  new  University  got 
into  anything  like  working  order.  Its 
three  constituent  colleges  were,  it  is 
true,  already  in  existence  ;  but  of  these 
even  the  pioneer  college  of  Aberystwyth 
had  only  just  attained  its  majority,  while 
the  other  two  had  not  entered  on  their 
teens.  But  if  the  University  itself  does 
not  yet  call  for  a  history,  the  movement 
which  culminated  in  its  establishment 
transcends  in  historic  interest  anything 
else  that  Wales  has  experienced  since  the 
religious  revival  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
The  present  work  is  therefore  more  the 
history  of  a  movement  than  of  an 
institution  :  its  subject  is  scarcely  less 
comprehensive  than  the  history  of  learn- 
ing in  Wales,  of  which  the  University  is 
but  "  a  symbol  and  a  manifestation." 
This  view  enhances  the  importance  of  the 
Welsh  University  as  a  factor  in  the  national 
life,  and  gives  it  a  unique  position  among 
modern  universities,  as  being  "in  a  very 
real  sense,  the  expression  of  a  '  people's 
will.'  "  The  authors,  indeed,  claim  that 
"  the  Welsh  University  is  the  embodiment 
of  the  genius  of  a  race,  and  the  final  expres- 
sion of  a  national  tradition  of  learning  " 
which  has  survived  the  vicissitudes  of  cen- 
turies. The  opening  chapters  are  therefore 
fittingly  devoted  to  a  rapid  survey  of  the 
course  of  this  development  from  early 
British  times  to  the  Victorian  period. 
The  conspicuous  landmarks  in  it  are  the 
unrealized  projects  for  founding  a  Welsh 
University,  associated  with  the  names  of 
Owen  Glyndwr,  Henry  VII.,  and  Richard 
Baxter  respectively ;  Thomas  Gouges 
abortive  attempt,  in  the  last  quarter  of 
the  seventeenth  century,  to  organize  a 
system  of  popular  education  :  and  the 
more  successful  labours  of  Griffith  Jones 
in  establishing  "  circulating  "  schools  in 
the  following  century. 

The    modern    history    of    the    subject 
virtually      begins,     however,      with      the 


appointment  in  l  s  W  oi  ( iommissii 
inquire  into  the  educational  condition  of 
the  Principality.     The  fierce  oontrovi 
which  raged  round  then  reports  led  m 
to  institute  s  comparison  between  Wales 

and    other    parte    of    the    Dinted    Kingdom 

0  their  respective  mean-  of  instruction  ; 
and  the  fa<t  that  Wale-  had  no  equivalent 
to  the  recently  established  Queen's  Col- 
leges  of  Inland,  or  to  the  Dhiversitie 
Scotland —all  of  them  state-aided  in 
some  form  or  other  seems  t.i  have  sug- 
gested     to  Leading     Welshmen, 

almost  simultaneously,  the  idea  of  pro- 
vincial colleges  or  of  a  d«  .  ee-g  ring 
University  for  Wale-.  Though  a  scheme 
for  a  partial  realization  of  this  idea  was 
actually  prepared  in  1854.  the  outbreak 
of  the  Crimean  War  and  the  more  pressing 
needs  of  primary  education  prevented  for 
a  number  of  years  all  further  progress  in 
the  matter.  In  1802  the  movement 
received  a  fresh  stimulus  :  the  idea  of  a 
national  University  began  to  take  hold  of 
the  popular  imagination  ;  and  after  ten 
years  of  the  most  persistent  propaganda 
the  end  of  the  fir>t  -taure  was  reached 
when,  in  October,  1872.  the  University 
College  of  Wales  was  opened  at  Aber- 
ystwyth. Then  followed  another  ten 
years  of  heroic  effort,  during  which  the 
Welsh  people,  by  their  voluntary  contri- 
butions, not  only  maintained  the  College 
without  assistance  from  any  public  fund, 
but  also  restored  its  fabric  after  a  dis- 
astrous fire. 

The  story  of  these  early  strugg: 
which  constitute  what  has  been  described 
as  "  the  romance  of  Welsh  education," 
is  full  of  fascination,  and  is  told  in  these 
pages — all  too  briefly,  in  our  opinion, 
although  with  deep  sympathy  and  a 
restrained  enthusiasm.  But  for  the  titanic 
labours  of  Sir  Hugh  Owen  and  the  first 
Principal  of  the  College,  the  whole  move- 
ment would  probably  have  collapsed  ;  and 
the  writers  justly  observe  that. 

*  if  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  without 
Sir  Hugh  Owen  the  University  College  of 
Wales  would  never  have  been  established, 
it  is  certainly  less  to  say  that  it  would  never 
have  readied  its  twentieth  birthday  but  for 
Thomas  Charles  Edwards." 

The  establishment  in  1882-3  of  the  two 
younger  colleges  of  Cardiff  and  Bangor — 
to  which,  as  ultimately  also  to  Abery>t- 
wyth.  an  annual  Government  grant  was 
allocated — at  last  rendered  possible  the 
establishment  of  a  national  University  of 
a  federal  type.  In  connexion  with  this 
final  stage  of  the  movement,  a  third  name, 
that  of  Principal  Viriamu  Jones,  is  honour- 
ably mentioned.  From  him  came  the  first 
call  to  united  action  between  the  colic. 
and  he  more  than  any  one  else  was 
responsible  for  the  Welsh  conception  of 
the  function  and  organization  of  their 
University.  It  is  true  thai  the  recent 
abandonment  of  the  federal  principle  in 
the  case  of  the  Victoria  University  has 
already  led  a  few  to  question  the  wisdom 
of  retaining  that  principle  in  Wales. 
Owing  to  the  great  distance  and  the  poor 
railway  facilities  between  the  three  con- 
stituent colleges,  the  federal  system,  in 
its  working,  is  not   only  costly,   but  also 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


41 


involves  a  "  serious  drain  upon  the  time 
and  the  physical  and  mental  energies  of 
those  who  are  compelled  to  work  it." 
Nevertheless  the  prevailing  opinion  un- 
questionably is,  in  the  words  of  Sir  Richard 
Jebb,  that  "  the  drawbacks  of  the  federal 
system  are  outweighed  by  the  fact  that 
the  existing  University  stands  for  all 
Wales,  and  has  the  undivided  support  of 
Welsh  sentiment  behind  it  "  ;  and,  as  the 
authors  add,  "  the  main  disability  of  the 
University  and  of  its  colleges  at  the  present 
time  arises  not  so  much  from  the  federal 
system  as  from  their  common  poverty." 

As  to  this  latter  question,  the  position 
would  have  been  made  much  clearer  if 
the  authors  had  offered  a  summarized 
balance-sheet  or  a  statement  as  to  the 
chief  items  of  expenditure  for  any  given 
year.  Among  other  minor  omissions  in 
the  work  is  the  absence  of  any  reference  to 
the  place  occupied  by  athletics  at  the 
colleges,  and  to  the  social  life  of  the 
students  generally.  The  college  songs 
deserved  mention,  especially  that  of  Aber- 
ystwyth— '  The  College  by  the  Sea.'  And 
how  is  it  that  no  reference  is  made  to  Sir 
Lewis  Morris's  stirring  ode  in  celebration 
of  the  King's  installation  as  first  Chan- 
cellor of  the  University  ? 

In  addition  to  views  of  the  three 
colleges,  the  illustrations  include  photo- 
graphs of  the  King  in  his  robes  as  Chan- 
cellor, of  the  late  Sir  Hugh  Owen,  and  of 
the  University  seal,  which  was  designed 
by  Burne-Jones.  The  colleges  do  not 
seem  to  have  yet  adopted  any  coats  of 
arms — a  strange  omission  for  people  who 
in  the  past  laid  great  stress  on  heraldry. 
Like  all  the  other  members  of  this  series, 
the  volume  is  well  printed  and  has  an 
attractive  appearance.  It  would,  in  our 
opinion,  make  a  most  suitable  prize-book 
for  pupils  in  the  higher  forms  of  the 
secondary  schools  of  Wales. 


MODERN  EDUCATION  IN  HISTORY 

AND  PRACTICE. 

Pioneers  of  Modern  Education.  By  John 
William  Adamson.  (Cambridge,  Uni- 
versity Press.) 

Let  Youth  but  Know.  By  Kappa. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  Infant  School.  By  J.  Gunn.  (Nelson 
&  Sons.) 

Prof.  Adamson  directs  our  attention  to 
the  men  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
gives  a  lucid  and  sympathetic  account 
of    the    thoughts    and    deeds    of    these 

■  "  pioneers,"  and  we  must  admit  that  to 
the  efficiency  of  many  of  their  schemes 
this  century  has  not  yet  attained.  The 
renascent  vigour  and  enthusiasm  of  the 
period  between  1600  and  1700  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  lethargy  of  a  century  that, 
so  far  as  educational  progress  is  concerned, 
was  dull,  if  not  retrograde,  so  that  we 
now  seem  obliged  to  begin  over  again, 
feeling  but  little  practical  advantage 
from  the  preceding  age.  The  period 
under  consideration  may  from  certain 
standpoints    "  be   regarded   as   peculiarly 


French";  that  is  to  say,  the  schemes 
prepared  in  France,  and  their  realization 
in  practice  by  French  ndividuals  and 
communities,  are  more  humane — tend 
more  to  promote  what  we  suppose 
Matthew  Arnold  meant  by  "  sweetness 
and  light  " — than  the  contemporaneous 
plans  and  work  in  our  own  island  and 
elsewhere. 

The  views  of  Milton  on  education 
largely  dominated  the  pedagogic  thought 
of  the  time,  but  his  influence  on  actual 
school  work  made  itself  felt  through 
the  teachings  of  his  "  most  distinguished 
pedagogic  disciple,  Comenius  "  ;  and  both 
in  Great  Britain  and  Germany  there 
was  a  puritanical  leaven  in  school  re- 
formers which  kept  them,  or  tended  to 
keep  them,  aloof  from  "  worldly  folk," 
and  they  declined  to  admit  that  at  any 
rate  one  of  the  great  objects  of  education 
is  to  enable  men  and  women  to  '*  enjoy 
leisure  nobly  "  ;  for,  as  Prof.  Adamson 
tells  us,  "  Pietism  agreed  with  Comenius 
that  the  paganism  of  Greek  and  Roman 
literature  made  both  dangerous  instru- 
ments of  Christian  education."  This 
austere  opinion  was  held  more  or  less 
strongly,  sometimes  perhaps  half  uncon- 
sciously, by  English  educational  reformers, 
but  it  found  no  place  in  the  French  mind, 
and  in  France  the  value  of  literature  and 
its  fitting  place  in  education  were  un- 
grudgingly recognized  from  the  first. 

Great  skill  is  shown  by  Prof.  Adamson 
in  so  displaying  the  thoughts  and  sug- 
gestions  of   the  great  educational  philo- 
sophers of  the  century — Milton,  Comenius, 
Montaigne,  and  others — that  readers  out- 
side the  walls  of  schools  and  class-rooms 
will   be   interested    in    them.       He    also 
introduces    his    readers    to  two    success- 
ful   schoolmasters    who    were     reformers 
of    method    and    advocates    of    greater 
comprehensiveness    in    school    curricula. 
Bacon  and  other  thinkers,  Brinsley,  Hoole, 
Comenius,     and     the     more     enlightened 
schoolmasters    urged    the    expediency    of 
widening  the  curriculum  by  the  inclusion 
"  of  the  mother  tongue  at  least  among 
living     languages,     of     mathematics,     of 
natural  science,  of  geography,  and  similar 
branches  of  knowledge."     These  reforms 
were  greatly  hastened  by   the  advocacy 
of     Montaigne    and    other    distinguished 
Frenchmen ;     and    to     them    is     largely 
due      the      establishment     of      "  courtly 
academies,"     where     the     training     was 
specially  adapted  to  the  needs  of  cour- 
tiers,    men     of      affairs,     and     men     of 
action    rather    than    of    pure    scholars, 
logicians,  and  grammarians.     Similar  in- 
stitutions were  introduced  into  Germany 
under   the   patronage   of   the   Protestant 
Courts  there,  and  one  or  two  were  planted 
in    England.     "  Courtly    education    and 
scholastic  education  therefore  fell  apart," 
at  any  rate  for  a  time,  "  the  collocation 
of  scholar  and  gentleman  being  a  later 
and  an  English  conception."     While  the 
Academie  Royale  and  kindred  foundations 
and    the    Ritterakademien    were    training 
sons   of   nobles   and   wealthy   gentlemen, 
two     remarkable    sets     of    schools     were 
instituted  in  France  and  Germany  respec- 
tively, the  one  by  St.  Jean  Baptiste  de 


la  Salle,  founder  of  the  Institute  of  the 
Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools,  the 
other  by  A.  H.  Francke,  Professor  of 
Divinity  at  Halle.  Both  are  living  insti- 
tutions to-day,  but  with  diminished  energy: 
the  Halle  institutions  have  been  absorbed 
into  the  national  system  of  Prussia,  and 
the  activity  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Chris- 
tian Schools  has  been  restricted  by  recent 
legislation. 

The  general  conclusions  of  the  author's 
historical  studies  are  pleasantly  sum- 
marized in  a  very  readable  final  chapter  ; 
and  the  last  paragraph  encourages  us 
to  hope  "  that  the  struggle  of  Classics  v. 
Science  is  drawing  to  a  close  " — a  hope 
that  would  be  speedily  realized  if  educa- 
tional authorities  and  legislators  were 
actuated  by  the  wise  and  tolerant  philo- 
sophy of  Montaigne  ;    but  are  they  ? 

The  practical  use  of  present  education 
is  considered  by  Kappa,  who  is  clearly 
not  a  schoolmaster  by  profession.  He 
tells  us  that  when  he  determined  to 
write  on  education  he  was  confronted 
by  the  question,  "  Shall  I  read,  and  then 
write  ?  or  write,  and  then  read  ?  Happily 
for  his  readers,  he  chose  the  latter  alter- 
native. Had  he  made  any  extended  ex- 
cursion into  the  arid  domain  of  pedagogic 
literature,  his  own  essays  might  have 
become  as  dull  as  many  of  the  volumes 
he  would  have  perused  ;  as  it  is,  they  are 
brilliant,  interesting,  and,  we  are  able  to 
add,  convincing.  Kappa,  we  gather,  has 
been  through  the  usual  educational  mill 
himself,  and  so  speaks  with  considerable 
certainty  of  the  working  of  the  machine 
and  of  the  product  it  turns  out ;  but  his 
experience  is,  we  venture  to  think,  some- 
what exceptional  if  he  has  met  many 
undergraduates  like  the  Oxbridge  one, 
whom  he  skilfully  portrays  in  his  opening 
chapter.  Young  men  of  whom  this  is  a 
typical  representation  may,  and  no  doubt 
do,  exist,  but  at  present  they  are  certainly 
few,  although  "  absorption  in  childish 
things  " — to  wit,  "  Greek  accents  and 
bowling  averages  " — will  surely  tend  to 
their  multiplication  ;  nor  is  Kappa  wholly 
innocent  of  exaggeration  in  stating  that 
the  studies  of  Oxbridge  leave  successive 
generations  of  undergraduates  in  sheer 
blindness  to  the  splendours  of  their  en- 
vironment in  life. 

"  The  fundamental  task  of  a  liberal 
education  "  is,  we  read,  "  to  awaken  and 
to  keep  ever  alert  the  faculty  of  wonder 
in  the  human  soul."  From  this  we  see 
that  the  "  youth  "  concerning  whom,  and 
for  whose  educational  benefit,  Kappa 
writes  is  the  fortunate  generation  that 
goes  to  a  great  public  school,  and  sub- 
sequently, in  all  probability,  to  a  uni- 
versity— most  likely  to  Oxbridge.  The 
scholar  in  a  primary  school  must  of 
necessity  face  the  coming  struggle  for 
existence  with  more  than  the  faculty  of 
wonder,  or  he  will  be  in  immediate  danger 
of  experiencing  hunger  ;  and  indeed  the 
faculty  of  wonder  will  not  suffice,  either, 
for  the  public-school  boy  or  undergraduate. 
Wonder  may  well  remain  passive  ;  and 
Kappa  himself  recognizes  its  insufficiency 
when  he  recommends  a  training  that  will 
enable  the  schoolboy  to  realise  something 


T  II  E     A  T  II  EN  .v:r  M 


N    1081,  .J\n, 


13.  L906 


of  the  umlil  a-  it  is,  and  to  divine  some* 
thing  of  what  it  must  be.  Existing 
Bystexni  profess,  at  Least,  to  do  tins  ;  bnt 
we  are  thoroughly  at  one  with  Kappa  in 
thinking  thai  they  do  it  meagrely,  un- 
interestingly,   and    inefficiently.     History 

and  SOienoe,  Ul  the  wide  sense  and  with 
the  wide  scope  assigned  to  them   in  t! 

essays,  are  the  Bubjeots  on  which  a  boy's 
attention  should  he  concentrated.  The 
author  makes  no  attempt  to  compile  a 
manual  of  method,  and,  if  we  mistake  not, 
he  disclaims  all  practical  acquaintance 
with  teaching ;  nevertheless,  he  makes 
numerous  suggestions  which,  if  followed, 
would  very  greatly  enhance  the  value  of 
the  work  done  in  our  schools  ;  and  he 
shows  conclusively,  and  in  eloquent 
passages  that  have  the  ring  of  sincerity 
and  enthusiasm,  that  the  scholars'  interest 
would  be  keen  in  lessons  planned  and 
given  in  accordance  with  his  views.  He 
does  not,  moreover,  fall  into  the  unwisdom 
— now  not  infrequent — of  advocating  that 
education  should  be  all  play  and  no  work. 
"  A  due  proportion  of  drudgery  is  an 
essential  in  education  "  ;  without  it,  the 
disciplinary  value  of  schools  is  lost. 
During  a  certain  number  of  hours  daily, 
boys  should  be  made  to  face  difficulties 
strenuously,  and  to  master  uninviting, 
necessary  details  and  facts  ;  but  "  the 
remaining  school  hours"  should  be  "dis- 
tinctly pleasant  to  every  intelligent  and 
well-disposed  boy." 

No  writer  on  educational  matters  does 
well  to  avoid  two  subjects  much  in  public 
thought  at  present — we  mean  athletics 
and  ethics.  These  are  discussed  in 
the  last  two  essays,  and  the  treatment 
is  eminently  sane  and  right-minded.  All 
actual  play  has  Kappa's  hearty  sympathy. 
But  he  adds  (and  all  reasonable,  healthy 
opinion  must  be  with  him,  although  this 
opinion  avails  but  little  at  the  present 
time)  : — 

"It  is  the  inversion  of  reason,  whereby 
games  become  the  main  business  of  life,  to 
which  all  intellectual  interests  are  openly 
subordinated,  that  I  regard  as  noxious  to 
the  individual,  and  perilous  to  the  body 
politic." 

Absorption  in  athletics  becomes  almost 
inevitably  absorption  in  "  sport,"  with  its 
concomitant — gambling.  Kappa  adds  a 
postscript  '  On  Bullying '  which  may 
make  boys  and  some  masters  alter  their 
thoughts  on  this  subject.  There  is  much 
to  interest  boys,  parents,  and  school- 
masters in  these  two  concluding  chapters  ; 
and  indeed  the  whole  book  is  worth  read- 
ing. 

The  object  of  much  of  the  discussion  in 
speech  and  writing  concerning  the  infants' 
schools  in  this  country  seems  to  be  how 
to  adapt  the  young  pupil  to  the  system 
of  training  that  his  elders  have  laid  down 
for  him,  the  central  fact  in  the  discussion 
being  the  curriculum,  and  not  the  pupil. 
Mr.  Gunn  has,  he  tells  us,  made  an  attempt 
"  to  discuss  education  from  the  central 
standpoint — the  child  to  be  educated." 
Mr.  Gunn's  method  of  treatment  is  cer- 
tainly the  more  logical ;  and  it  is  interest- 
ing to  observe  that  just  because  it  is  more 
logical  and  more  true  to  nature,  it  is  vastly 


more  illuminating,  and  will  be  found  more 
serviceable  to  teachers,  as  well  ;i-  more 

helpful  to  managers.     The  infant    wh 
requirements  are  here  considered   i~  not 
the     "  average     infant,        but     just     the 
ordinary   human   child   from   the  age  at 

which  he  can  with  advantage  attend  an 
infants'  school  to  the  age  of  seven  or 
perhaps  eight,  when  he  leaves  it  for  the 
boys'  school.  This  young  person,  essen- 
tially unmoral  (not  immoral),  with  little 
or  no  conscience,  under  the  influence  of 
natural  instincts,  ceaselessly  active  during 
waking  hours,  the  main  requirement  of 
whose  nature  is  freedom  to  grow  in  all 
ways,  needs  far  more  individual  attention 
than  do  his  elder  brothers  and  sisters, 
and  pines  and  becomes  developed  in 
wrong  directions  if  treated  as  an  average 
being.  All  averages  presuppose  extremes, 
but  in  this  case  the  extremes  are  very 
wide  apart,  and  therefore  distant  from 
the  mean.  On  this  consideration  depends 
an  important  reform  advocated  by  all 
authorities  —  the  diminution  in  number 
of  the  infants  under  the  care  of  one  class 
teacher,  so  that  each  little  pupil  can 
receive  more  of  the  teacher's  attention. 

Mr.  Gunn  makes  much  of  the  educa- 
tional advantage  of  play — that  is,  of  games 
and  occupations  that  the  teacher  is  clever 
and  sympathetic  enough  to  control  and 
direct,  without  any  considerable  inter- 
ference with  children's  spontaneity  in 
carrying  them  out.  The  hardest  of 
all  things  for  an  infant  is  to  sit  still ; 
and  herein  lies  one  of  the  greatest  diffi- 
culties of  an  infant  teacher's  professional 
work — the  children  cannot,  she  must  not, 
sit  still.  The  teacher  must  foster  the 
pupil's  activity  and  maintain  his  interest 
in  his  occupation  without  inducing  in 
him  any  overstrain  (either  conscious  or 
unconscious)  of  his  powers  or  any  undue 
fatigue.  Information  is  not  mainly,  or 
even  largely,  the  function  of  the  infants' 
school ;  the  really  important  thing  re- 
quired is  simply  growth  —  intellectual, 
moral,  but  mainly  physical  growth — in 
a  healthy,  formative,  and  not  too  stimu- 
lating environment. 

"  The  chief  difference  between  the  Infant 
School  and  the  Infant  Playground  ought 
to  be  that  the  former  has  a  lower  roof  than 
the  latter ;  for  the  rest,  the  less  division 
between  them  the  better." 

Mr.  Gunn  summarizes  the  teachings  of 
the  "  prophets  of  the  infant  school " 
from  Comenius  to  Herbart,  and  points 
out  the  direct  bearing  of  their  philoso- 
phical views  upon  the  everyday  routine  of 
the  ordinary  infants'  class.  The  teaching 
of  this  part  of  the  volume  —  indeed 
that  of  the  whole  work — is  of  practical 
value  ;  and  we  should  be  glad  to  believe 
that  the  paragraphs  on  '  General  Culture 
of  the  Teacher  '  and  '  Professional  Litera- 
ture and  Study  '  were  thoughtfully  read 
by  young  teachers  in  all  infants'  class- 
rooms. 

The  advice  offered  regarding  the  efficient 
teaching  of  subjects  of  instruction  when 
at  last  the  time — and  this  time  will  be 
quite  late  in  the  school  life  of  an  infant — 
arrives  for  subjects  to  be  considered  at 
all  by  the  teacher  in  arranging  the  daily 


occupations  of  her  pupil-,  is  jadicioOl  and 
valuable.        Bat    in    the    organization    and 

arrangement  of  the  work  of  her  classes 
the  infants'  teacher  most  never  lose  sight 

of  Broebel'fl  fundamental  law  of  unity 
in  education.  Thifl  law,  as  Mr.  Gunn 
enunciates  it,  is  of  undoubted  tenth  and 

practical  value  : — 

"  Education    by    detached    subject*    is    a 
fallacy.     Only  so  far  as  each  part  is  rela 
to    every    other    part    is    knowledge    really 
effective  in  developing   the   individual   as   a 
whole." 


NEW    NOVELS. 


By 


M  ias     Desmond :     an     Impression. 
Marie  Van  Vorst.     (Heinemann.) 

Miss  Van  Vorst  has  little  that  is  new  to 
offer  in  her  story.  The  hero,  a  wicked 
young  Englishman  of  the  sort  familiar  to 
the  reader  of  Ouida,  loves,  and  is  loved  by, 
a  young  lady  from  New  England,  who  has 
been  brought  up  after  the  strictest  manner 
of  the  Puritans,  and  knows  absolutely 
nothing  of  the  world.  The  pair  meet  in 
Switzerland,  where  the  Puritan  is  visiting 
a  decidedlv  disreputable  niece,  who  is  on 
far  too  friendly  terms  with  the  bad  young 
man.  Hardly  has  he  declared  his  love  for 
the  Puritan  before  he  weakly  consents  to  go 
out  in  a  motor-car  with  the  niece.  The 
car  goes  over  a  precipice,  and  the  niece  is 
badly  hurt.  Thereupon  her  mother — who 
is  another  of  the  discarded  flames  of  the 
hero,  and  even  more  disreputable  than  her 
daughter — appears  on  the  scene,  and 
informs  him  that,  inasmuch  as  he  has  com- 
promised her  daughter  by  falling  over  a 
precipice  in  her  company — a  proceeding 
which  is  evidently  much  more  compro- 
mising than  any  other  form  of  impro- 
priety— he  must  marry  her.  This  his 
sense  of  honour,  which  is  preternaturally 
acute,  compels  him  to  do.  The  Puritan 
returns  sadly  to  New  England,  and  culti- 
vates flowers  until  the  niece  dies,  and  the 
bad  young  man  crosses  the  sea  to  marry 
her.  Neither  the  plot  nor  the  characters 
are  strikingly  original.  Miss  Van  Vorst's 
grammar  is  not  immaculate,  and  the 
French,  with  which  the  conversation  of 
her  worldly  women  is  thickly  strewn,  is 
calculated  to  give  pain  to  any  patriotic 
French  person  who  may  happen  to  read 
the  book.  The  heroine,  however,  is  clearly 
drawn.  

The   Ford.     By  A.    E.   J.   Legge.     (John 

Lane.) 
In  execution,  if  riot  perhaps  in  conception, 
this  novel  is  decidedly  above  the  average. 
Its  central  theme  certainly  is  one  of  the 
merest  commonplaces  of  fiction,  but  the 
side-issues  introduced  are  treated  with  a 
measure  of  originality  which  gives  dis- 
tinction to  the  book  as  a  whole.  Nearly 
all  the  characters  attain  a  respectable 
level  and  extend  over  a  fairly  wide  range. 
The  grey-haired  inheritor  of  an  important 
property,  disillusioned,  yet  not  embittered, 
by  a  previous  life  of  struggling  poverty  ; 
the  self-made  man  of  letters  ;  the  East- 
End  missioner  with  his  "  half -professional, 
half-angelic   smile,"    and   his   slangy   but 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHENvEUM 


43 


devoted  curate,  strike  us  as  especially 
sympathetic  and  interesting  figures.  The 
dialogue  is  frequently  good,  and  gives 
evidence  of  thoughtfulness  and  careful 
workmanship. 

The  Bed-Haired  Woman  :  her  Autobio- 
graphy. By  Louise  Kenny.  (John 
Murray.) 

Here  is  a  story  curiously  told  rather  than 
a  really  curious  story.  The  author  writes 
with  self-confidence,  and  her  descriptions 
have  some  fancy  and  originality.  Occa- 
sionally the  construction  of  a  sentence 
is  not  absolutely  sure.  She  knows  how 
to  reveal  the  heart  of  a  man  or  a 
woman,  though  she  is  not  always  happy 
in  action.  It  is  impossible  to  accept  the 
conversation  of  some  children  of  tender 
years  as  probable,  or  even  possible,  but 
the  book  has  something  in  it  suggestive  of 
promise. 

A  Vendetta  in  Vanity  Fair.  By  Esther 
Miller.     (Heinemann.) 

Two  rivals — fashionable  women  both — 
are  the  heroines  here.  The  account  of 
their  attempts  to  "  best  "  one  another — 
the  expression  is  put  into  their  mouths  by 
the  author — is  lively  enough,  though 
rather  vulgar  reading.  But  "  those  who 
know  "  say  that  it  is  a  vulgar  epoch,  so  one 
is  not  surprised  at  lack  of  refinement  in 
novels. 

The  Interpreters.  By  Margaretta  Byrde. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

An  impression  of  it  having  begun  in  the 
wrong  place  strikes  the  reader  of  this  book. 
The  impression  does  not  disappear  with 
the  unfolding  of  the  tale.  It  contains  a 
good  many  elements  and  ideas,  spiritual, 
moral,  and  mental,  and  a  most  ethereal 
invalid  beloved  of  all.  There  are  mining 
episodes  and  disasters  (as  befits  a  story 
the  scenes  of  which  are  laid  in  Wales), 
not  without  effects  of  realism,  though 
realism  is  not  always  the  strong  point. 


The    Colonel's    Dream.     By    Charles    W. 
Chesnutt.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Regarded  merely  as  a  piece  of  fiction, 
'  The  Colonel's  Dream,'  which  deals  with 
the  colour  problem  in  America,  has  a 
number  of  defects.  The  narrative  not 
infrequently  drags,  and  the  character- 
drawing  is  sometimes  wanting  in  clear- 
ness. Yet  the  book,  thoughtful,  sym- 
pathetic, picturesque,  is  distinctly  worth 
reading.  Col.  French,  having  amassed  a 
fortune  in  New  York,  goes  down  South  to 
his  native  town,  where  he  makes  an  earnest 
effort  to  improve  the  condition  of  the 
negro  population.  He  strives  to  abolish 
the  debt  laws  that  rob  them  of  liberty  ; 
but  the  forces  of  prejudice  are  too  strong 
for  him,  and  he  abandons  his  projects  in 
despair.  The  character  of  the  Colonel, 
benevolent,  manly,  energetic,  is  finely 
drawn ;  and  several  of  the  situations 
have  real  dramatic  power.  Though  the 
Colonel's  projects  end  in  failure,  the  note 
of  the  book  is  not  wholly  one  of  despair. 


The  Cruise  of  the  Conquistador.  By  G. 
Sidney  Paternoster.  ('  The  Car  Illus- 
trated.') 

This  story  is  something  like  a  resurrection 
or  a  sequel.  Its  forbear  was  a  sensational 
motoring  romance,  '  The  Motor  Pirate.' 
That  delectable  narrative  dealt  with  the 
adventures  of  a  land  pirate  in  a  motor- 
car ;  this  one  unfolds  further  adventures 
of  the  same  truculent  hero  in  an  eighty- 
foot,  gold-coated  motor-boat,  capable  of 
something  over  forty  knots  an  hour  at  sea. 
It  is  natural  that  so  absorbing  a  sport 
as  motoring  should  develope  a  litera- 
ture of  its  own,  and  doubtless  the  journal 
responsible  for  this  particular  example  has 
satisfied  itself  that  such  productions  are 
good  for  the  special  trade  concerned.  The 
motorist  is  apt  to  be  whole-souled  in  his 
devotion  to  his  machine ;  and  gears,  igni- 
tion systems,  expanding  clutches,  and  the 
like,  become  for  him  the  most  fascinating 
topics  of  conversation.  This  story  is 
stirring  and  sensational  stuff,  well  up  to 
the  level  of  the  exciting  magazine  serial, 
and  full  of  ingeniously  devised  contre- 
temps. It  is  not  strong  in  characteriza- 
tion or  literary  style  ;  but  it  has  go  and 
vigour. 

A  Pretender.     By  Annie  Thomas.     (John 
Long.) 

This  story  contains  a  specimen  of  a 
scheming  worldling,  aged  seventeen,  born 
and  brought  up  in  a  country  vicarage, 
from  which  she  springs  fully  equipped  to 
meet  the  exigencies  of  modern  life  and 
social  adventure.  She  is,  in  fact,  the  true 
adventuress  en  herbe.  She  is  much  too 
replete  with  physical  attraction  to  bring 
peace  of  mind  in  her  wake.  But  the 
reader  is  not  perhaps  so  convinced  of  her 
charms  or  of  her  snares,  or  indeed  of  her 
reality,  as  the  men  and  women  who 
surround  her.  Still,  there  is  a  good  deal 
of  unpleasant  vigour  in  the  author's  way 
of  presenting  her.  If  this  sort  of  girl  is 
going  to  be  the  future  heroine  of  many 
novels — and  she  is  not  the  first  of  the 
genus  we  have  met — what  is  to  become  of 
one's  ideal  of  true  girlhood? 


BOOKS    FOR    STUDENTS. 

Under  this  heading  we  include  books 
likely  to  be  useful  to  teachers,  and  more 
advanced  volumes,  though  some  of  them 
are  obviously  "school-books"  as  well. 

HISTORY    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY. 

A  Text-Book  in  the  History  of  Education. 
By  Paul  Monroe,  Ph.D.  (New  York,  the 
MacmiUan  Company.) — Within  the  limits  of 
some  800  pages  this  volume  is  a  successful 
attempt  to  present  to  intending  teachers 
all  that  is  most  important  in  the  history  of 
education  from  primitive  times  onward.  We 
have  tested  in  detail  specimen  periods, 
both  ancient  and  modern,  and  found  the 
treatment  just  and  suggestive.  The  author 
may  be  said  to  have  realized  his  aims, 
which  are  to  furnish  an  adcqiiate  body  of 
historical  facts,  to  suggest  interpretations 
of  the  facts,  to  give  a  flavour  of  the  original 
sources,  to  deal  with  tendencies  rather  than 
with  persons,  to  show  tho  connexion  between 
educational  theory  and  actual  school  work. 


and  to  suggest  relations  with  present 
educational  work.  Thus  the  book  is  admir- 
ably suited  in  scope  and  aims  to  the  needs 
of  training  colleges  and  established  teachers, 
to  whom  a  great  service  hee  been  rendered 
by  the  careful  selection  of  really  important 
movements  and  persons  illustrative  of  those 
movements.  We  cordially  approve  of  the 
following  : — 

"  More  is  to  be  gained  through  very  definite 
conceptions  concerning  a  comparatively  few  leaders 
than  through  a  mass  of  more  or  less  unrelated 
detail  concerning  great  numbers  of  those  who 
from  the  particular  point  of  view  of  the  text  are 
comparatively  unimportant. " 

The  book  is  thoroughly  practical,  being 
divided  into  well-marked  paragraphs  and 
sections  ;  and  as  it  aims  at  being  suggestive 
rather  than  exhaustive,  it  should  commend 
itself  to  teachers. 

Greece  (from  the  Coming  of  the  Hellenes 
to  a.d.  14).  By  E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  Litt.D. 
"  The  Story  of  the  Nations  Series."  (Fisher 
Unwin.) — This  volume  is  the  first  of  two  in 
this  series  devoted  to  the  history  of  Greece, 
the  second,  which  is  also  by  Dr.  Shuckburgh, 
being  intended  to  carry  the  "  story  "  down 
to  a.d.  1453.  The  present  book,  how- 
ever, has  a  subject  with  which  that  of  no 
other  volume  can  possibly  compare  ;  and 
for  a  short  account  not  only  of  Greek  history, 
as  we  have  been  accustomed  from  our 
schooldays  to  understand  the  phrase,  but 
also  of  Greek  art,  letters,  antiquities,  and 
topography,  Dr.  Shuckburgh's  work  is  of 
outstanding  excellence.  The  illustrations 
are  numerous,  and  are  of  the  right  things. 
The  history  is  unexceptionable,  and  we  may 
note  that  full  use  is  made  of  recent  disco- 
veries in  Crete  as  to  the  pre-Mycenaean  age, 
and  that  the  final  chapter,  on  the  '  Intel- 
lectual Life  of  Greece,'  is  written  with  much 
freshness  and  taste.  The  main  outlines  of 
the  familiar  story — the  Persian  invasions, 
Athens  in  the  time  of  Pericles,  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  War,  the  Macedonian  supremacy — 
are  clearly  drawn,  and  considerable  detail 
is  sketched  in  as  well.  The  author's  learn- 
ing is  successfully  devoted  to  enabling  the 
reader  to  obtain  a  firm  grasp  of  the  events 
narrated  rather  than  to  perplexing  him 
with  discussions. 

A  History  of  the  Ancient  World.  By  G.  S. 
Goodspeed,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Ancient 
History  in  the  University  of  Chicago.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.) — No  teacher  who  is  really  in 
earnest  can  afford  to  ignore,  or  consent  to 
forfeit,  the  personal  relationship  which 
exists  between  his  pupils  and  himself  :  to 
him  and  to  them  it  lends  the  one  touch  of 
nature  which  makes  the  whole  world  of 
learning  kin  to  young  intelligence.  At  the 
same  time,  the  wise  teacher  will  welcome  a 
labour-lightening  book  of  this  kind,  which 
may  help  him  to  put  his  class  at  once  upon 
speaking  terms  with  a  great  subject,  but 
leaves  the  inspiration  and  interpretation  of 
it  to  his  discretion,  and  indeed  depends 
upon  him  (as  the  author  remarks)  for  its 
usefulness. 

The  subject  is  here  treated  in  three  broad 
divisions.  The  first  is  concerned  with  the 
Eastern  empires,  from  earliest  Babylonia 
and  Egypt  to  Persia  :  the  Becond  with  the 
Greek  empires  :  the  third  with  the  empire 
of  Pome,  to  the  coronation  of  Charlemagne. 
Each  division  is  introduced  by  a  preliminary 
survey,  and  concluded  by  a  general  review, 
witli  suggestions  for  exercises  and  private 
reading,  enlarging  into  comparative  studies 
the  topics  which  nave  already  been  treated 

in  the  intervening  sections,  and  read  about 
or  discussed  in  accordance  with  detailed 
suggestions  given  at  the  end  of  each.  At 
the  end  of  the  book  is  found  a  carefully 
compiled    list   of  accessible   works    likely   to 


1 1 


T  II  i:     AT  II  K\  .K  u  M 


N    1081,  Jan.  L3,  L906 


be    useful    to    1 1 u >^< ■    who,  In  rs    or 

student-,  desire  to  pursue  the  subject  further. 

The    narrative,    written    quite    anpreten 
tiously  in  concise  and  comprehensive  pars 
graphs,    keeps    the    main    points     religious, 
political,     economic,     artistic,     intellectual, 
domestic     free  From  confusion,  and  sue.. 
fully  safeguards  the  continuity  of  the  whole. 
Practical  utility  isassistedbj  numerous  ci 
referenoes,   by   marginal   headings   in   good, 
clear  type,  and   by  s   full   index,   which   is 
accentuated,  in  order  to  keep  the  pronun- 
ciation of  ancient  names  correct . 

There  is  an  abundant  Bupply  of  maps  and 
plans  :  of  the  former,  some  are  printed  in 
Btrong  contrasts  of  colour  (e.g.,  the  centres 
of   Mycenasan   civilization  are   indicated   in 

red.  where  the  rest  of  the  land  is  white  and 
the  .Korean  Sea  is  hlack),  which  enable  the 
eye  to  form  an  instantaneous  impression  of 
tin'  areas  concerned.  Unfortunately,  the 
pleasure  of  looking  at  the  maps  is  frequently 
marred  by  inaccurate  priirting.  The  import- 
ance of  teaching  the  eye  in  history,  as  well 
as  in  geography,  is  further  appreciated  in 
the  seven  chronological  charts,  where  similar 
DBS  is  made  of  colour,  and  (we  are  glad  to 
see)  parallels  of  political  with  literary  and 
artistic  history  are  indicated. 

Of  illustrations  there  are  a  couple  of 
dozen,  not  put  in  to  make  the  book  more 
attractive,  but  skilfully  chosen  to  represent 
(often  by  suggestive  juxtaposition)  that 
which  is  typical  of  the  various  races  and 
civilizations,  in  physiognomy,  sculpture, 
architecture,  and  decoration.  By  a  wise 
arrangement,  these  illustrations  are  ex- 
plained in  an  appendix  of  their  own. 

The  author  is  sincerely  to  be  commended 
for  his  effort  to  present,  simply  and  effect- 
ively, the  main  outlines  of  ancient  history, 
and  for  his  evident  desire  to  assist  true 
teaching  in  its  development  of  individuality. 
We  can  safely  say  that  his  book  (in  which 
there  are  just  500  pages)  does  not,  like  some 
historical  manuals,  pretend  to  ignore  the 
magnitude  of  the  subject :  rather,  by  ever 
opening  up  new  avenues  of  study,  he  incul- 
cates in  teacher  and  taught  the  same  modesty 
which  he  undoubtedly  feels  himself,  and 
"  succeeds  in  serving  the  cause  of  sound 
historical  learning  in  high  schools  and 
academies,"  as  he  desires  to  do. 

Etudes  Economiques  sur  V  Antiquite.  Par 
Paul  Guiraud,  Professeur  a  la  Faculte  des 
Lettres  de  l'Universite  de  Paris.  (Paris, 
Hachette  et  Cie.) — The  economic  aspects — or 
rather  should  we  say?  the  economic  bases — 
of  ancient  history  are  not  infrequently  for- 
gotten or  neglected  by  thinkers  and  writers 
who  assign  to  each  people  and  period  a 
particular  scene  and  part  in  the  drama  of 
human  life.  Yet,  as  M.  Guiraud  reminds 
us  in  a  comprehensive  and  well-written 
introduction,  we  may  generally  find  in  eco- 
nomics the  coefficient,  if  not  the  primary 
cause,  of  most  great  political  developments 
in  the  history  of  Greece  and  Rome  :  thus 
Athens  was  enterprising  in  commerce  and 
finance  as  well  as  responsive  to  artistic 
influences,  and  the  trade  of  Rome  followed 
closely  the  flag  of  imperial  conquest  and 
administration  : — 

"Les  GreC8  n'auraient.  pas  propane  dans  tout 
l'Orient  leur  langue  et  lour  culture,  rile  n'avaient 
pas  eu  le  genie  du  commerce,  et  le.s  Romans 
n'auraient  pas  oonqttis  le  iiiondc  s'ils  M'avaicnt  pas 
tHe  aprcs  au  gain."      1'.  2fi. 

And  the  decline  in  each  case  was  equally 
inseparable  from  economic  evolution. 

This  interdependence  of  politics  and 
economics  is  well  worked  out  in  six  studies 
(all  except  one  reprinted  from  reviews), 
entitled  as  follows  :  '  L'Evolution  du  Travail 
en  Grece,'  '  L'Impot  sur  le  Capital  a  Athenes,' 
'  La  Population  en  Grece,'  '  L'Tmpot  sur  le 


Capital  -win  la  Republicans  Elomaine,1  '  Kio- 
to-ire dim  Financier  Remain,'  '  L'lmperial- 
isms   Romain.'     The   personality  of  labour 

is  thus  treated  according  to  ( Ireek  examples, 

the     imperialism     of     capital     according     to 

I ;.  iman. 
The  underlj  ing  defect  of  labour  in  <  Ireeoe, 

.is      Men      m      its     status     under     monarchic, 

aristocratic,  and  democratic  administration, 

is  held  to  have  been  had   organization,  which 

rendered  possible  such  errors  as  the  social 

confusion  between  free  worker-  and  slaves  : 
"  le  travail  descendant  dun  degre  dans  la 
hierarchic  sociale  chaque  fois  qu'une  ols 
nouvelle  montait  dim  degre  dans  la 
hierarchic  politique."  So  at  the  last 
citizenship  came  to  mean  little  more  than 
the  privilege  of  idleness.  A  similar  miscon- 
ception of  the  problem  of  capital  at  Athens  ' 
led  to  the  alienation  of  riches  from  the  needs 
of  the  State  ;  and  thus  it  is  not  incorrect 
to  regard  the  apathy  with  which  Demos- 
thenes reproached  his  countrymen — their 
unwillingness  to  serve  in  person  or  in  purse 
— as  resulting  largely,  even  chiefly,  from 
economic  causes. 

In  the  case  of  Rome  the  taxation  of  capital 
was  occasionally  dangerous,  but  never  dis- 
astrous :  the  tributum  ex  censu  was  treated 
throughout  as  a  purely  administrative  ex- 
pedient, which  was  rendered  less  and  less 
necessary  as  conquests  multiplied  and 
revenues  increased,  and  was  abolished 
altogether  in  167  B.C.,  when  a  reserve  fund 
was  formed  out  of  the  proceeds  of  ^Emilius 
Paulus's  victory  over  Macedon. 

The  sixth  chapter,  in  which  the  career  of 
C.  Rabirius  Postumus  is  related,  is  intended 
to  explain  by  a  typical  example  the  influence 
exercised  on  Mediterranean  politics  by  a 
great  financier  ;  and  the  way  is  thus  pre- 
pared for  an  effective  study  of  Roman 
imperialism  in  its  economic  aspects.  The 
conclusion  of  the  matter  is  summed  up  in 
the  following  sentences  : — 

"  L' Empire,  com  me  on  voit,  fut  a  Rome  le  fruit 
naturel  de  1'imperiaJLisme,  de  meme  epie  l'im- 
perialisme  fut  la  consequence  de  1'etat  eeonomique 
de  la  societe.  Entre  tons  ces  faits  il  y  eut  un  lien 
tellement  etroit,  qu'etant  donne  le  point  de  depart, 
il  semble  (pie  tout  le  reste  devait  suivre." — P.  292. 

M.  Guiraud  has  the  Frenchman's  eye  for 
main  ideas  and  also  skill  of  exposition  ;  and 
in  these  studies  he  has  certainly  treated, 
with  a  straightforward  simplicity  as  attrac- 
tive as  it  is  scholarly,  subjects  which  are 
sometimes  apt  to  be  spoilt  by  the  excessive 
technicality  of  the  mere  specialist. 

Le  Capitole  Romain,  Antique  et  Moderne. 
By  E.  Rodocanachi.  (Paris,  Hachette  et 
Cie.) — This  is  a  useful  book  of  reference  for 
information  about  the  Roman  citadel  itself, 
its  palaces  and  museums  ;  it  is  conveniently 
divided  into  three  sections,  dealing  severally 
with  ancient,  mediaeval,  and  modern  times. 
Authorities  are  liberally  supplied  in  the 
notes,  where  (as  often  in  French  works  of 
the  kind)  the  printing  of  Greek  and  Latin 
leaves  something  to  be  desired.  The  illus- 
trations are  numerous  and  interesting,  but 
for  quicker  reference  there  should  have  been 
a  list  of  them.  And  what  is  a  restoration  of 
the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Stator  (p.  xxxvi)  doing 
in  this  Capitoline  galley  ?  The  three  appen- 
dixes contain  an  historical  sketch  of  the 
church  of  Sta.  Maria  Aracceli  ;  the  Latin 
oration  delivered  by  Petrarch  when  he  was 
crowned  as  a  poet  ;  and  the  pronouncement 
of  Pope  Benedict  XIII.  against  the  "  game 
of  loto,"  a  form  of  lottery  which  on  one 
occasion  realized  as  much  as  half  a  million 
crowns  for  Papal  charities  ! 

MATHEMATICS    AND    SCIENCE. 

On  the  Traversing  of  Geometrical  Figures, 
by  J.  Cook  Wilson  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press), 
is  rather  a  curious  book.     We  suspect  that 


tin-  'i  of  utility  never  i  to  the 

aut hor  <it  t in-  really  int<  rest  ; h  ; 

and.    indeed,    it    i-    difficult    even    to    imagine 

any  practical  application  of  hi-  hes. 

But  science  i-  mil  ot  surprises.  These 
seemingly  useless  investigation!  in  the 
bypaths  of  geometry  might  conceivably 
-t  to  some  observant  physicist  an 
explanation  of  certain  chemical  or  el<  I  ■■! 
phenomena,  a  clear  comprehension  ok  which 

might  eventually  lead  to  important  prac- 
tical applications.  The  general  problem 
which  the  author  -et  himseii  to  investigate 
is  "  to  describe  or  traverse  continuously  every 

hie-    of    a    given    figure    without    going    over 

any  line  twice,  the  describing  point  being 
always  kept  on  a  line  of  the  figure  till  the 
whole  has  been  traversed."  In  by  far  the 
greater  number  of  cases  this  cannot  be  don.-  ■ 
and  then  the  problem  i-  to  traverse  once  the 
greatest  number  of  lines  possible,  if  we 
take  any  simple  boundary  containing  the 
points  A  and  B,  and  draw  any  line,  straight 
or  curved,  from  a  to  b,  every  line  can  be 
traversed  in  the  manner  prescribed,  pro- 
vided we  start  from  a  or  b,  but  not  other- 
wise. If  we  take  a  boundary  containing 
three  points,  a,  b,  c,  and  from  a  draw  lines 
to  B  and  c,  every  line  can  be  traversed  once, 
provided  we  start  from  b  or  c.  But  if  the 
boundary  contain  four  points,  a,  b,  c,  d, 
with  the  lines  ab  and  CD,  all  the  lines  cannot 
be  traversed  as  prescribed  :  one  line  at  least 
will  always  remain  untraversed.  This  is  the 
case  also  in  the  particular  puzzle  wliich 
appears  to  have  given  rise  to  the  author's 
investigation.  Here  the  given  figure  is  a 
square  with  its  two  diagonals,  and  on  each 
side  of  the  square  is  described  either  a 
triangle  or  a  semicircle.  The  author  attacks 
the  general  problem  from  three  different 
points  of  view,  and  arrives  at  the  same 
results  from  each.  The  first  method  is 
"  analytical  "  ;  the  second  "  constructive  "  ; 
and  in  the  third  he  applies  the  principle  of 
"  duality."  We  have  certainly  found  the 
book  interesting,  and  we  recommend  it  to 
the  curious. 

A  Course  of  Practical  Mathematics.  By 
F.  M.  Saxelby.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — As  its 
title  indicates,  the  object  of  this  work  is  not 
so  much  to  teach  abstract  mathematical 
reasoning  as  to  show  how  to  apply  the 
principles  and  formulae  already  known  to 
the  practical  problems  which  face  the  engi- 
neer, the  land  surveyor,  &c.  But  the  author 
has  not  by  any  means  neglected  theory,  and 
in  this  lie  has  done  wisely.  Even  from  the 
narrowest  utilitarian  standpoint,  theory 
should,  as  far  as  possible,  go  hand  in  hand 
with  measurement  and  verification.  With 
reference  to  the  analytical  methods  of  diffe- 
rentiation in  particular,  the  author  says,  and 
says  truly,  that 

"it  too  often  happens  that  a  student  who  W'gins 
with  these  acquires  merely  a  fatal  facility  in 
differentiation,  regarding  it  asa  mechanical  juggling 
with  symbols,  hut  having  no  conception  n  its 
relation  to  experience." 

The  course  is  somewhat  extensive,  beginning 
w -ith  logarithms  and  trigonometry,  and  end- 
ing with  some  differential  equations  of  applied 
physics.  Mathematical  tables  to  four  figures 
are  added  at  the  end.  We  are  rather  sur- 
prised to  find  that  though  in  these  the  sines, 
cosines,  &c,  of  angles  are  given,  the  loga- 
rithms of  the  sines,  cosines,  fee.,  are  not 
supplied.  It  is  true  that,  since  the  logarithms 
of  the  so-called  "  natural  numbers  "  are  also 
given,  the  logarithms  of  the  sines.  Are.,  are 
not  absolutely  indispensable,  but  they  con- 
siderably abbreviate  the  calculator's  labour 
iii  the  solution  of  triangles. 

Tables  and  Constants  to  Four  Figures.  By 
William  Hall.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — Very    little    can    be    said   of   these 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


45 


tables,  except  that  they  are  clearly  printed 
and  only  occupy  sixty  pages,  preceded  by 
nine  pages  of  notes  and  explanations.  They 
include  a  Traverse  Table,  Logarithms,  Anti- 
logarithms,  Log.  Sines,  &c,  Log.  Haversines, 
Star's  Refraction,  and  some  others.  In  the 
compilation  of  these  tables  the  author  has 
evidently  taken  great  care  to  ensure 
accuracy. 

Outlines  of  Physiological  Chemistry.  By 
S.  P.  Beebe,  Ph.D.,  and  B.  H.  Buxton, 
M.D.  (New  York,  the  Macmillan  Company.) 
— This  little  book  is  an  attempt  to  deal 
directly  with  questions  bearing  on  the  theo- 
retical side  of  physiological  chemistry,  with- 
out entering  into  details  as  to  laboratory 
work.  The  authors,  the  Physiological  Che- 
mist to  the  Huntington  Fund  for  Cancer 
Research  and  the  Professor  of  Experimental 
Pathology  at  the  Cornell  Medical  College, 
confine  themselves  to  animal  physiology. 
Some  knowledge  of  inorganic  chemistry  is 
assumed,  and  for  the  book  to  be  of  any 
educational  use  some  knowledge  of  organic 
chemistry  must  be  possessed.  We  do  not 
think  that  the  work  is  likely  to  be  of  use 
to  any  large  number  of  students,  although 
to  seme  it  may  be  suggestive.  In  some 
parts  too  much  is  taken  for  granted  and  it 
is  too  sketchy.  The  nomenclature  does  not 
always  commend  itself,  especially  for  use  on 
this  side  of  the  Atlantic  ;  thus  basic  sub- 
stances are  spelt  without  the  final  e,  as  amin, 
amid,  &c.  ;  and  although  we  are  told 
"  alcohols  are  always  designated  by  the 
suffix  ol,'"  yet  the  word  glycerin  is  used 
throughout.  Some  inexact  and  misleading 
expressions  occur  ;  thus  we  are  told  (p.  21) 
that,  in  determining  the  phosphorus  con- 
tents of  a  substance,  "  the  phosphorus  is 
oxidised  to  phosphoric  acid  and  precipitated 
as  insoluble  magnesium  phosphate  and  the 
amount  of  P  calculated.  In  the  words  of 
the  chemist,  it  is  estimated  as  PoO.,."  On 
p.  47  we  learn  that  the  carbohydrates  "  are 
normal  chains  of  C  atoms  containing  H  and  O 
in  the  proportion  of  water  "  ;  this  is  hardly 
a  sufficient  definition,  On  p.  76  an  incorrect 
formula  is  supplied  for  stannous  chloride, 
leading  to  a  wrong  and  very  misleading 
equation.  H  B  O  (p.  168)  is  not  a  good 
symbol  for  oxyhemoglobin.  The  chapter 
on  the  proteids  is  one  of  the  best.  In  the 
last  chapter,  on  disease  and  immunity,  we 
have  a  sketch  of  Ehrlich's  theory  of  the 
action  of  antitoxins,  and  here  the  authors 
truly  remark  :  "  Ehrlich  has  been  obliged 
so  to  extend  and  complicate  his  theory  to 
meet  all  the  requirements,  that  it  is  becom- 
ing doubtful  if  it  will  stand  the  strain  much 
longer."  The  index  is  much  too  scant. 
On  p.  35  occurs  a  somewhat  quaint  expres- 
sion : — 

"  These  [hydrocarbons]  likewise  form  long  series 
of  oxidation  and  substitution  products,  but  the 
compounds  formed  are  of  little  interest  to  physio- 
logical  chemists,  who  do  not  deal  in  gases  and 
miners]  oils. " 

Elements  of  Quantitative  Analysis.  By 
G.  H.  Bailey.  (Macmillan.) — In  practical 
chemistry  nothing  is  so  essential  as  accuracy, 
and  this  can  only  be  secured  by  adopting 
correct  methods  at  the  beginning  of  work  in 
the  science.  Those  students  who  follow  the 
course  arranged  in  the  manual  under  review 
cannot  fail  to  lay  a  good  foundation  for 
future  analytical  work,  and  we  unreservedly 
pronounce  this  the  best  book  that  we  have 
seen  on  the  subject. 

The  learner  is  not  here  supplied  with 
tables  of  diroctions  to  be  followed  in  various 
operations,  and  left  to  ascertain  for  himself 
the  reasons  for  the  procedure  adopted  :  on 
the  other  hand,  the  most  complete  explana- 
tion is  afforded  of  every  process,  from  filtra- 
tion to  the  analysis  of  soaps.     The  book  is 


bound    to    become   a  favourite  with    those 
engaged  in  practical  chemistry. 


PUBLICATIONS    FOR    SCHOOLS. 

ENGLISH    AND    IKISH. 

Lingua  Materna.  By  Richard  Wilson. 
(Arnold.)— We  have  found  this  an  excellent 
book  on  the  teaching  of  English  in  schools, 
whether  primary  or  secondary.  The  author, 
who  is  full  of  good  suggestions  as  to  class- 
room methods  in  grammar,  composition,  and 
literature,  rightly  claims  that  the  scientific 
study  of  the  mother  tongue  affords  a  mental 
stimulus  of  a  sound  and  strengthening 
character,  and  is  a  subject  admirably 
adapted  to  the  training  of  the  individual 
in  citizenship.  He  is  also  right  in  laying 
great  stress  on  right  methods  in  the  pre- 
liminary preparation  of  the  child  mind  to 
appreciate  true  literature.  "  This  work," 
he  says,  "  requires  teachers  of  the  highest 
quality  and  attainments,  as  it  is  usually 
much  more  difficult  in  the  primary  school 
than  in  others  ;  and  such  posts  ought  to 
be  coveted  by  the  profession,  as  well  as 
well  paid  both  in  money  and  in  honour." 
We  commend  the  book  to  the  teaching  pro- 
fession, and  hope  that  the  day  of  the  special- 
ist English  teacher  may  soon  come.  May 
he  be  a  man  after  the  heart  of  Mr.  Wilson  ! 

The  Heroes  of  Asgard,  edited  by  M.  R. 
Earle,  Macaulay 's  Essay  on  Clive,  edited 
by  H.  M.  Buller,  and  Macaulay's  Essay  on 
Addison,  edited  by  R.  F.  Winch,  form  part 
of  the  "  English  Literature  for  Secondary 
Schools  "  series,  published  by  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan. '  The  Heroes  of  Asgard  '  is  a  collec- 
tion of  tales  from  Scandinavian  mytho- 
logy, and  should  prove  fascinating  reading 
for  those  for  whom  it  is  intended.  The 
introduction  contains  a  really  excellent  and 
attractive  exposition  of  the  Northern  myths, 
and  there  are  illustrations,  two  of  which 
set  out  the  Norse  idea  of  the  universe — 
Yggdrasil  the  World-Ash,  Asgard,  Midgard, 
and  Utgard.  The  notes  are  not  too  numer- 
ous, and  there  is  a  glossary  of  Old  Norse 
proper  names. — Macaulay's  essay  on  Clive 
is  furnished  with  an  introduction  of  some 
length,  designed  to  put  the  student  on  his 
guard  against  Macaulay's  more  than  occa- 
sional bias.  Notes,  too,  are  more  of  a 
necessity  in  this  case,  and  they  are  suffi- 
ciently full,  without  being  overburdened 
with  information. — The  essay  on  Addison 
has  a  very  brief,  though  adequate  intro- 
duction, and  the  notes  are  generally  satis- 
factory, though  we  would  point  out  that  the 
note  on  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield  '  (p.  59, 
1.  17)  occurs  twice  over,  and  Troy  (p.  32, 
1.  24),  if  it  requires  a  note  at  all,  demands 
something  more  than  "  an  ancient  town  of 
Phrygia,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor." 
Each  volume  contains  a  glossary  of  "  Harder 
Words,"  questions,  subjects  for  essays,  and 
a  list  of  books  to  aid  further  study. 

We  are  very  glad  to  see  in  Messrs.  Blackie's 
"  English  School  Texts,"  edited  by  Dr. 
W.  H.  D.  Rouse,  Trips  to  Wonderland  :  from 
Lucian,  which  means  '  The  True  History.' 
'  Icaromenippus,'  and  'The  Cock'  in  the 
animated  rendering  of  Hickes  (1634).  We 
expect  the  best  results  from  this  cheap  little 
series,  if  boys  will  only  take  to  it  as  they 
should. 

We  have  received    two  further  specimens 

of  the  same  series,  The  Taking  of 
the  Galleon  and  The  Retreat  of  Sir  John 
Moore.  The  former  is  an  extract  from 
'Anson's  Voyage  round  the  World,'  dear 
to  boys  of  a  couple  of  generations  ago  :  the 
latter    from    the    more    recently    published 


memoirs  of  Robert  Blakeney.  Both  are  of 
absorbing  interest,  and  both  will  demonstrate 
to  the  youthful  mind  that  truth  can  on 
occasions  be  at  least  as  exciting  as  fiction. 
Each  volume  is  furnished  with  a  short 
but  adequate  introduction,  and  the  absence 
of  notes  will  probably  lead  to  a  more  careful 
and  enjoyable  study  of  the  narratives. 
The  little  books  are  attractive  in  appear- 
ance, and  form  a  welcome  addition  to  this 
excellent  series. 

We  have  received  Book  IV.  of  Macmillan' s 
New  Globe  Readers.  It  contains  a  taste  of 
Norse  mythology,  and  extracts  from  Frois- 
sart,  Cervantes,  Blackmore,  and  Tennyson, 
to  say  nothing  of  Kingsley,  Longfellow, 
Christina  Rossetti,  Jules  Verne,  Ballantyne, 
and  many  others,  each  selection  being  pre- 
faced, generally,  by  a  very  brief  notice  of 
its  author  or  origin.  A  fair  proportion  of 
the  pieces  included  are  suitable  for  recitation, 
and  in  addition  to  these  extracts,  the  aim 
of  which  is  presumably  the  encouragement 
of  a  taste  for  literature,  there  are  others 
designed  to  instruct — notably  a  description 
of  the  dragon-fly,  and  a  short  but  extremely 
interesting  account  of  "  submarines."  The 
harder'words  are  explained  at  the  end,  in  a 
vocabulary  which  is  in  the  main  satisfactory, 
though,  assuming  that  "  empire  "  is  a 
"  harder  word,"  we  should  have  thought 
it  scarcely  simplified  by  the  explanation 
"  rule,  dominion."  The  notes  are  suffi- 
ciently elementary  and  unobtrusive,  and 
the  illustrations  are  adequate.  Altogether 
the  Reader  should  serve  its  purpose  admir- 
ably. 

A  First  Irish  Grammar,  The  Grammar 
of  Spoken  Irish,  Aids  to  the  Pronunciation 
of  Irish,  Modern  Geography,  and  the  Irish 
History  Reader,  are  productions  of  the 
Christian  Brothers,  published  by  Messrs. 
Gill  &  Son,  of  Dublin.  They  may  be  taken 
as  fresh  evidence  of  the  vitality  of  the  Irish 
renascence,  and,  naturally  enough,  they 
make  Ireland  and  the  Catholic  religion  the 
centres  of  all  things.  Considered  from  this 
standpoint,  they  are  temperately  written. 

FRENCH. 

French  by  the  Direct  Method.  By  T. 
Cartwright.  (T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack.)— We 
have  before  us  the  third  part  of  this  excellent 
adaptation  of  the  well-known  German  work 
of  Rossmann  and  Schmidt,  whose  chief  aim 
is  to  give  in  the  minimum  of  time  a  practical 
knowledge  of  the  language,  by  insisting  on 
the  main  principles,  and  relegating  irregu- 
larities and  grammatical  subtleties  to  a  later 
period.  In  the  part  before  us  the  exercises 
are  specially  designed  to  illustrate  the  uses 
of  the  past  participle,  the  subjunctive,  and 
the  infinitive.  The  fact  that  1  50, 000  copies 
of  the  original  work  have  been  sold  in  Ger- 
many, where  it  has  been  selected  by  the 
Board  of  Education,  speaks  for  itself.  The 
first  two  parts  have  been  adopted  in  so 
many  of  our  higher  schools  that  their  suc- 
cessor is  sure  of  a  good  trial. 

The  Reader,  by  H.  Vivier,  which  is  pub- 
lished as  a  companion  to  the  series,  supplies 
in  easy  French  the  outlines  of  the  history, 
literature,  and  geography  of  France,  to- 
gether with  a  few  interesting  chapters 
portraying  modern  life  in  that  country. 

Les  Carartcrcs  ;  ou,  LeS  Mteurs  </<'  ce 
Steele.  (Macmillan.) — The  unique  work  of 
La  Bruvere  is  so  well  known  to  students  of 
French  literature  of  the  seventeenth  century 

that    this  selection,   edited   by    M .    Eugene 

I'ellissier.    and    forming    the    first    volume    of 

"  Biepmann's  Classical  French  Texts,"  should 
be  cordially  received  both  by  teachers  and 
taught.     Le1    us   quote   the   --pinion   of  M. 


in 


Til  E     AT  J I  EN  T;r  M 


N    1081,  Jan.  13.  1!""; 


\  ail<  r\  Radol  <»n  tins  1 1 tun'  in  author's 
u  .  .ik  :  — 

"Voulas-voua  fain  un  Lnventaire  dea  riohesaea 
de  notre  langue,  en  TOules-voua  oonnattre  toua  lea 
toon,  toua  lea  mouvementa,  toutea  Lee  figures, 
tmu .  pas   ii"i-  .mi'    de 

reoourir  &  cent  volumes;  liaez,  reuse*  La  Bruyere." 
It  is  not  merely  on  aocount  of  the  unrivalled 
literary  talent  of  tin-  great   writer  that  we 

urlrnnii'  the  present  adaptation  of  liis  classic; 

for  the  minuteness  of  detail  w  itli  which  he,  as 

a  true  artist,  portrayed  the  men  and  women 
of  liis  hl'i'.  and  the  very  satire  which  roused 
BO  much  hostility  among  liis  contemporaries, 

make    bis    work    exceptionally    attractive. 

The  present  edition  is  supplied  with 
useful  notes,  and  appendixes  contain- 
ing excellent  material  for  translation  into 
idiomatic  French. 

Jean  Sbogar.  By  Charles  Nodier,  edited 
by  D.  L.  Savory. — Histoire  d'un  Homme  du 
Peuple.  By  Erckmann-Chatrian,  edited  by 
R.  E.  A.  Chessex.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) — These  books  are  favourable  speci- 
mens of  the  "  Oxford  Modern  Frencli  Series," 
edited  by  M.  Leon  Delbos,  whose  '  General 
Preface  '  is  a  sound  exposition  of  sensible 
views.  The  annotation  is  brief,  but  satis- 
factory ;  and  we  are  pleased  to  see,  at  the 
end  of  each  volume,  a  '  Bibliography  '  of  the 
writings  of  the  authors  chosen.  In  the 
hands  of  a  capable  teacher  this  series  ought 
to  do  very  well. 

Exercices  de  Grammaire  Francaise.  By 
J.  G.  Anderson.  (Methuen.) — The  compiler 
of  these  exercises  is  so  well  known  both 
as  a  successful  teacher  and  as  an  exacting 
examiner  that  his  publication  awakens 
more  than  ordinary  interest.  Mr.  Anderson, 
even  in  an  examination  paper  on  Frencli 
grammar,  must  be  original,  and  the  same  cha- 
racteristic pervades  the  book  imder  review. 
In  conjunction  with  a  good  grammar  the 
little  volume  will  be  of  great  service  to  most 
classes  in  schools,  as  the  exercises  pass  by 
easy  gradations  from  simple  accidence  to 
the  difficulties  of  syntax  and  punctuation. 
We  think  that  the  inclusion  of  translation 
from  English  into  French  would  have  been 
an  improvement,  and  would  have  led  to  a 
more  general  adoption  of  the  book. 

Ma  Premiere  Visite  a  Paris  :  being  an 
Illustrated  French  Beading-Book  for  Begin- 
ners. Par  A.  E.  C.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) — As  a  chronicle  of  a  child's  impres- 
sions of  Paris,  expressed  in  thoroughly 
modern  French,  this  book  is  well  enough 
calculated  to  serve  its  purpose,  though 
scarcely,  we  think,  for  literal  "  beginners," 
who,  in  spite  of  the  copious  vocabularies 
supplied,  will  sometimes  find  the  language 
rather  beyond  their  powers  of  translation. 
The  excellence  of  the  type  deserves  special 
praise. 

GERMAN. 

A  Practical  German  Grammar,  Beader, 
and  Writer  :  Part  I.  Elementary,  by  Louis 
Lubovius  (Blackwood  &  Sons),  aims  at 
supplying  the  beginner  with  all  the  material 
necessary  for  acquiring  a  sound  working 
knowledge  of  the  spoken  and  written  idiom  ; 
and  the  method  employed  for  this  end  seems 
to  us  on  the  whole  distinctly  judicious.  We 
have  now  indifferently  reformed  the  purely 
grammatical  system  formerly  current  in  our 
schools,  but  whether  we  should  reform  it 
altogether,  as  certain  partisans  of  the  new 
movement  uphold,  is  still  open  to  doubt. 
Mr.  Lubovius,  at  any  rate,  has  not  found  the 
two  systems  wholly  incompatible,  and  the 
present  handbook  is  really  a  compromise 
between  them.  Of  its  two  distinctive 
features — that  "  German  is  as  much  as 
possible  taught  through  German,"  and  that 
'  only     the    normal     and     most     necessary 


grammatical  form-  are  dealt  with  system- 
atically"- most  people  nowadays  will 
thoroughly  approve.  The  simplification  of 
the  grammar  has  been  well  done,  and  the 
whole  volume  i-  evidently  the  work  of  one 

who  has  had  much  practical  experience  m 
teaching. 

.1    Grammar    of    tin    German    Language, 

designed  for  a  Thorough  ami  Practical  Study 
of  tin  Language  a.s  spoken  and  written  Today. 
By    George    ().    Curme.     (New    York,    the 

.Macmillan     Company.) — The    student    of    a 

foreign  language)  even   though  be  may  be 

well  advanced,  will  often  find  that  in  tin- 
matter  of  grammar  a  treatise  written  in  his 
own  tongue  is  more  convenient  and  helpful 
than  any  other.  So  far  as  German  is  con- 
cerned, however,  we  have  hitherto  not  been 
too  well  provided  for  in  this  country.  There 
are,  no  doubt,  three  or  four  good  German 
grammars  by  English  or  American  authors  ; 
but  they  are  all  to  a  certain  extent  ele- 
mentary, or  at  least  restricted,  in  character, 
and  in  the  absence  of  a  really  comprehensive 
book  on  the  subject  the  student  or  teacher 
has  had  to  apply  to  some  such  work  as  that 
of  Blatz.  The  present  volume  thus  supplies 
a  real  want,  and  supplies  it  very  adequately, 
for  Mr.  Curme  has  spared  no  pains  in  the 
execution  of  a  most  laborious  task.  He  has 
not  contented  himself  with  merely  presenting 
in  English  form  the  standard  views  of 
German  scholars  and  grammarians,  but  has 
also  treated  his  subject  to  some  extent  from 
an  independent  standpoint,  for  even  in 
grammar  it  is  possible  to  be  original  now 
and  then.  As  the  title  indicates,  the  scope 
of  the  book  is  confined  to  the  New  High 
German  period,  the  historical  side  of  German 
grammar  being  only  incidentally  dealt  with, 
but  within  these  limits  the  treatment  is  very 
full.  The  great  mass  of  material  necessary 
for  the  compilation  of  such  a  work  has 
been  well  arranged,  and  illustrative  quota- 
tions are  lavishly  provided.  The  latter  are 
chosen  from  an  exceptionally  wide  range 
of  modern  authors,  and  illustrate  the  col- 
loquial usages,  as  distinguished  from  the 
"  correct  "  language  of  the  classical  litera- 
ture, far  more  thoroughly  than  any  other 
English  work  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
This  is  an  excellent  feature,  especially  in 
these  days,  when  literature  affects  the  lan- 
guage of  common  life  so  largely.  Altogether 
the  book  is  one  of  real  merit,  and  a  copious 
index  completes  its  value  as  a  work  of 
reference. 

The  Essentials  of  German  Grammar,  by 
Alvan  Emile  Duerr  (Ginn  &  Co.),  is  by  no 
means  the  worst  attempt  we  have  seen  to 
provide  in  a  moderate  compass  all  the  gram- 
mar necessary  for  pupils  in  secondary  schools. 
The  omissions  have  been  made  with  discre- 
tion, though  personally  we  think  they 
might  have  been  even  larger.  However, 
on  that  point,  as  Mr.  Duerr  says,  no  two 
opinions  are  alike,  and  of  course  every 
teacher  has  it  in  his  power  to  amplify  or 
curtail  according  to  his  own  judgment. 
Certainly  the  little  book  is  intelligently 
arranged,  and  will  give  any  scholar  who 
works  through  it  conscientiously  as  much 
grammatical  knowledge  as  he  is  likely  to 
need.  It  seems,  we  may  add,  better 
adapted  for  school  use  than  for  private  study. 

LATIN. 
Arnold's  Latin  Texts  :  Vergil,  Selections 
from  the  Georgics,  edited  by  J.  C.  Stobart  ; 
Vergil,  Select  Eclogues,  edited  by  the  same  ; 
Caesar  in  Britain,  edited  by  J.  F.  Dobson  ; 
Cicero,  Pro  Archia,  edited  by  Margaret 
Brock. — This  series  (of  which  the  general 
editor,  Mr.  A.  E.  Bernays,  is  a  competent 
scholar)  supplies  short  texts  for  lower  forms, 
sufficient  to  provide  one  term's  work.     Each 


Text  has  a  vocabulary.  We  should  much 
pn  :■  uid,    to 

notes  and  no  vocabulary,  for  we  think  b 

should     use    then-    dictionaries    ua    early    as 

Eible,  and  thus  unconsciously  gain  □ 
nowledge  of  word  and  idiom  than  n  every- 
thing were  ready  for  their  hand.  Looking  out 
"res"  for  instance,  they  may  see  that  it 

means  more  things  than  the  little  '  Vocabu- 
lary '  to  the  '  Pro  Archia  '  indicate*.  Apart 
from   the   featun  oentioned,    the    little 

books  seem  likely  to  \n  dly  popular, 

as  they  are  very  cheap.     The  mtroducti 
are  brief  and  to  the  point,  though  occasion- 
ally    they     might     have     been     couched     in 
simpler  Ian:  Vergil  admittedly  imi- 

tates Theocritus."  For  small  boys  the 
adverb  is  needless.  To  talk  of  "  the  purpurei 
panni"  in  the  '  Georgie-  is  to  suppose  a 
knowledge  of  the  '  Ars  Poetica  '  which  isJ 
absurd.  Miss  Brock  also  uses  rather  ela- 
borate phrases  at  times.  Perhaps  the 
average  boy  is  cleverer  than  he  used  to  be, 
and  will  appreciate  adult  phraseology  ;  but 
a  considerable  experience  of  school-books 
leads  us  rather  to  believe  that  young  scholars 
fresh  from  fine  degrees  have  no  great  experi- 
ence in  teaching  lower  forms,  and  conse- 
quently do  not  realize  that  the  small  boy's 
knowledge  of  English  is  very  different  from 
that  of  the  undergraduate. 

MATHEMATICS    AND    SCIENCE. 

Arithmetic  for  Schools  and  Colleges.  By 
J.  Alison  and  J.  B.  Clark.  (Edinburgh, 
Oliver  &  Boyd.) — Notwithstanding  the  large 
number  of  books  on  this  subject  that  have 
recently  appeared,  the  compilers  of  the 
volume  under  review  are  to  be  congratu- 
lated on  having  made  a  valuable  addition 
to  the  list.  The  theory  of  arithmetic  has 
here  received  far  more  attention  than  is 
usually  given  to  it,  a  fact  which  will  render 
the  book  most  serviceable  for  students  who 
have  the  teaching  profession  in  view. 
Following  the  modern  trend  of  mathe- 
matical thought,  the  authors  have  not 
hesitated  to  introduce  algebraical  symbols 
where  the  employment  of  these  conduces 
to  simplicity  of  explanation.  By  an 
early  application  of  logarithms  —  for  ex- 
ample, to  solutions  of  problems  on  com- 
pound interest — the  student  learns  to  avoid 
much  loss  both  of  time  and  of  temper. 
j  With  special  pleasure  we  note  the  excellence 
of  the  chapters  which  consider  the  com- 
mercial applications  of  arithmetic,  for  on 
every  page  they  reveal  the  work  of  an  expert 
in  the  subjects  dealt  with.  Foreign  money 
and  exchanges  are  explained  with  a  thorough- 
ness and  clearness  not  to  be  found  in  any 
similar  work,  while  the  mensuration  given 
is  sufficient  for  all  practical  purposes.  A 
collection  of  miscellaneous  examples  of 
increasing  difficulty  forms  a  suitable  ending 
to  a  most  useful  book,  rendered  all  the 
more  acceptable  by  its  systematic  arrange- 
ment and  the  employment  of  various  kinds 
of  type. 

A  New  Trigonometry  for  Beginners.  By 
R.  F.  D'Arcy.  (Methuen.) — In  compiling 
this  little  book  for  the  use  of  those  pupils 
who  possess  only  a  rudimentary  know- 
ledge of  geometry,  the  author  has  had  in 
view  the  requirements  of  candidates  for  the 
Cambridge  Previous.  For  such  as  attack  the 
subject  for  no  other  purpose  than  passing 
so  easy  an  examination  the  book  may  provide 
the  means  of  attaining  the  end  desired.  We 
cannot,  however,  commend  it  to  those  who 
intend  to  take  up  trigonometry  with  the 
intention  of  mastering  the  subject,  the  author 
having  omitted  many  points  which  are 
essential  in  laying  a  good  foundation  for 
subsequent  work  ;  we  refer  to  the  circular 
measure  of  angles,  the  thorough  explanation 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


47 


of  logarithms  and  their  use,  and  the  complete 
investigation  of  solutions  of  triangles.  The 
only  other  point  that  calls  for  comment 
is  the  want  of  clearness  in  the  letters  and 
figures  in  many  of  the  diagrams,  which  are 
in  some  cases  irritatingly  small  and  indis- 
tinct. 

Elementary  Chemistry  :  Progressive  Lessons 
in  Experiment  and  Theory.  Part  I.  By 
F.  R.  L.  Wilson  and  G.  W.  Hedley.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) — We  can  congratulate  the 
boys  at  Charterhouse  and  at  Cheltenham 
College  on  having  as  science  masters  the 
authors  of  this  laboratory  book.  The  aim 
of  the  authors  has  been  the  cultivation  in 
the  minds  of  the  boys  of  a  scientific  habit, 
through  the  medium  of  chemistry,  rather 
than  the  mere  acquisition  of  the  facts  of 
the  science.  Greater  elasticity  in  the  sylla- 
buses of  most  examining  bodies  has  rendered 
it  possible  to  strive  seriously  after  the 
achievement  of  this  aim.  The  requirements 
include  the  careful  performance  of  experi- 
ments, the  correct  observation  of  results, 
means  of  inducing  thought  about  the  work 
and  its  results,  and  opportunity  for  applying 
original  thought  to  the  solution  of  problems. 
The  plan  of  this  book  seems  eminently  suited 
to  help  cowards  these  ends,  and  we  under- 
stand it  has  been  tested  and  found  successful 
at  the  public  schools  mentioned.  Only  one 
small  objection,  and  that  really  a  commenda- 
tion in  disguise,  might  be  made,  and  that  is  as 
to  the  title  of  the  book  :  it  does  not  contain 
any  chemistry.  Probably  Parts  II.  and  III. 
will.  This  part  deals  with  some  elementary 
mensuration  and  physics,  an  acquaintance 
with  which  is  necessary  for  a  proper  study 
of  chemistry.  We  find  clear  instructions  as 
to  experiments  on  the  measurement  of 
length,  area,  and  volume,  such  familiar 
objects  as  a  halfpenny  and  a  penny  being 
introduced  ;  on  the  construction  of  simple 
apparatus,  with  simple  glass  working  ;  on 
simple  effects  of  heat,  and  on  thermometers  ; 
on  the  chemical  balance  ;  on  the  measure- 
ment of  density  ;  on  solutions  ;  on  crystal- 
lization ;  on  some  properties  of  air  and 
liquids  ;  and  on  the  identification  of  sub- 
stances by  their  physical  properties. 

The  boy  who  does  with  care  even  a  frac- 
tion of  the  experiments  here  set  forth,  and 
works  the  problems  set,  will  be  well  fitted 
to  go  on  with  the  study  of  science,  whether 
of  chemistry  or  physics,  and  will  be  in  a 
better  position  to  deal  with  everyday  pheno- 
mena in  an  intelligent  manner.  Science 
masters  in  general  will  find  this  introduction 
to  practical  science  teaching  very  helpful, 
and  we  look  forward  with  interest  to  the 
publication  of  Parts  II.  and  III. 

GEOGRAPHY    AND    MAPS. 

An  Introduction  to  Practical  Geography. 
By  A.  T.  Simmons  and  H.  Richardson. 
(Macmillan.) — Every  teacher  of  geography 
will  admit  that  the  usual  answer  given  by 
a  boy,  when  asked  why  he  does  not  take 
kindly  to  this  subject,  is  that  it  is  so  uninter- 
esting. Is  not  this  a  sufficient  condemna- 
tion of  the  crude  methods  employed  in 
teaching  it  ?  The  authors  of  the  work 
before  us  have  clearly  demonstrated  that, 
with  a  well-regulated  practical  course,  a 
large  store  of  geographical  knowledge  may 
be  imparted  in  a  manner  most  interesting 
to  boys.  Particularly  useful  will  be  found 
the  numerous  data  and  meteorological 
statistics  given  for  advanced  scholars, 
while  the  sections  dealing  with  the  physics 
and  chemistry  of  geography  will  be  welcome. 
We  commend  this  excellent  book  to  the 
attention  of  school  authorities,  but  fear  that 
the  amount  of  time  demanded  by  so  much 
practical  work  will  be  an  obstacle  to  its 
general  adoption. 


The  World  and  its  People.  Geography 
Readers.  2  vols.  (Nelson  &  Sons.) — Those 
who  are  familiar  with  standard  geographical 
works  will  have  little  difficulty  in  identify- 
ing the  different  quarries  in  which  the  un- 
named authors  of  the  present  series  of  readers 
have  mined  very  freely,  though  with  a  vary- 
ing degree  of  success.  Here  and  there  the 
lack  of  any  real  geographical  training 
comes  out  clearly.  Thus  we  read  that 
in  the  temperate  lands  there  is  only  one 
harvest  a  year,  and  that  as  a  remote  con- 
sequence of  this  the  inhabitants  "  unite  into 
clans,  tribes,  and  states,"  a  grotesque  mis- 
application of  the  methods  of  anthropo- 
geography  which  might  well  bring  that 
young  and  struggling  subject  into  disre- 
pute with  teachers.  Nor  would  any  trained 
geographer  have  written  that  "  the  Barren 
Lands  in  the  north  of  North  America  pro- 
duce nothing  but  lichens  and  mosses,  while 
the  corresponding  parts  of  South  America 
contain  great  grassy  plains,  and  some  of  the 
densest  tropical  forests  in  the  world."  Those 
parts  of  the  books,  however,  which  needed 
merely  the  putting  of  accessible  information 
into  a  fresh  form  are  well  done,  and  the 
coloured  illustrations  are  in  many  cases  very 
pretty. 

Our  Island's  Story.  By  C.  F.  Hayward. 
(T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack.)— No  efforts  have  been 
spared  to  render  this  little  volume  a  favour- 
ite with  young  pupils,  the  leading  incidents 
in  our  annals  being  described  in  the  simplest 
of  language,  and  special  attention  being  paid 
to  cause  and  effect. 

Excellent  illustrations  are  supplied  to 
assist  in  gaining  clear  ideas  of  the  more 
important  persons  and  events  ;  the  only 
objection  we  raise  is  that  the  rich  colouring 
of  some  of  the  plates  may  give  a  very  false 
impression  of  the  conditions  of  life  in  the 
early  periods  of  our  history.  Apart  from 
this  the  book  is  attractive,  being  printed  in 
clear  type  on  good  paper. 

Philips'  Comparative  Series  of  Large 
School  Maps:  British  Isles  (Scale  1  :  750,000); 
Asia  (Scale  1  :  6,000,000)  ;  South  America 
(Scale  1  :  6,000,000)  ;  World  (Scale  at 
Equator  1  :  21,000,000).— These  maps  have 
a  superficial  resemblance  to  one  of  the  best 
series  of  German  wall-maps,  but  a  closer 
examination  shows  that  in  construction 
and  in  the  selection  of  data  they  are  not 
copied  from  this  source,  but  are  indepen- 
dent works,  though  no  doubt  inspired  by 
it.  The  resemblance  is  mainly  in  the 
use  of  an  analogous  scheme  and  tone  of 
colour.  The  deep  and  shallow  seas  are 
dark  and  light  blue  respectively  ;  the  low- 
lands, under  600  feet,  are  green  ;  the  high- 
lands, over  3,000  feet,  are  dark  brown  ;  and 
intermediate  lands  are  two  shades  of  brown. 
The  employment  of  green  and  brown  for 
different  elevations,  though  now  common, 
is  open  to  some  objections.  The  abrupt 
transition  from  green  to  brown  is  apt  to 
raise  very  curious  notions  in  children's 
minds.  Much  better  effects  are  undoubtedly 
obtained  by  using  a  gamut  from  a  white  or 
light  yellow  to  a  dark  brown,  such  as  that 
which  was  formerly  used  on  German  wall- 
maps.  Accepting  the  colour-scheme,  we 
consider  that  a  distinction  should  have  been 
made  between  land  under  and  over  6,000 
feet.  Then  the  great  areas  of  Tibet  and 
Bolivia,  and  the  line  of  the  loftiest  ranges, 
would  stand  out  more  clearly.  It  is 
true,  by  the  use  of  hill  -  shading,  which 
is  very  properly  adopted  in  addition  to 
colours  between  contour  lines,  this  is  almost 
neutralized  in  the  case  of  mountain  chains, 
but  not  in  the  case  of  the  vast  plateaus. 
The  choice  of  features  to  be  emphasized  and 
of  names  to  bo  inserted  is  on  the  whole  good. 
Too   much   is   made   of   the    higher   ground 


between  the  Ganges  and  Indus  basins  ;  too 
little  of  some  of  the  heights  in  England 
which  are  just  over  600  feet,  the  colouring 
of  which  would  have  made  the  features  of 
the  country  more  evident. 

Among  the  good  points  of  the  series  are 
the  small-scale  politically  coloured  maps, 
quite  sufficient  for  ordinary  school  purposes  ; 
the  sections  across  the  continents  or  coun- 
tries ;  and  the  small  inset  of  England  and 
Wales  on  the  same  scale  as  the  large  map, 
where  that  area  does  not  otherwise  appear 
on  the  map. 

The  world  sheet  deserves  special  mention, 
and  on  the  whole  is  the  best  wall-map  of 
the  world  we  know.  The  oval  map  on 
Mollweide's  projection  occupies  the  greater 
part  of  the  sheet  ;  the  Old  and  New  World 
hemispheres  are  shown  on  Lambert's  pro- 
jection ;  the  British  and  United  States 
territories  on  a  Mercator  map  ;  and  north 
and  south  polar  maps,  on  rather  a  small 
scale,  are  in  the  upper  corners.  If  the 
hemispheres  had  been  coloured  to  show 
vegetation  as  well  as  ocean  currents,  it 
would  have  added  to  the  value  of  the  map. 

In  some  other  minor  points  the  series 
might  be  amended.  The  projection  used 
should  be  stated  on  other  than  the  world 
maps,  and  each  map  should  be  dated. 
Taken  altogether,  this  is  the  best  and 
most  reasonably  priced  series  of  maps 
issued  in  this  country  ;  and  their  cost 
might  be  considerably  reduced,  without 
lessening  their  usefulness,  if  the  publishers 
would  issue  them  unvarnished,  but  mounted 
and  dissected  so  as  to  fold  into  six  or  nine, 
as  is  done  in  the  case  of  most  German  wall- 
maps. 

The  Historical  and  Modern  Atlas  of  the 
British  Empire,  by  C.  Grant  Robertson  and 
J.  G.  Bartholomew  (Methuen  &  Co.),  will  be 
of  great  value  to  those  concerned  with  tliL 
study  of  the  history  of  the  Empire.  The 
maps  appear,  upon  the  whole,  admirably 
adapted  for  their  purpose  ;  and,  in  combining 
information  as  to  physical  features  and  pro- 
ducts with  political  boundaries,  the  authors 
are  doubtless  on  the  right  track.  Such  work 
exposes  itself,  of  course,  to  criticism  of  de- 
tails. The  rough-and-ready  methods  of  the 
map-maker  lend  themselves  with  difficulty 
to  the  confusion  resulting  from  the  existence 
of  rival  claims  to  the  same  territories.  No 
attempt  is  here  made  to  mark  such  rival 
claims,  and  the  result  is  often  very  unsatis- 
factory :  e.g.,  in  the  map  of  British  North 
America  in  1841  the  boundary  between  the 
British  possessions  and  the  Lhiited  States  is 
calmly  placed  as  it  was  settled  five  years 
later,  in  1846.  The  map  does  not  even  mark 
the  significant  name  "  Oregon  ";  and  New 
Caledonia  exhibits  definite  boundaries, 
though  at  the  time  it  was  only  the  resort  of 
the  fur  traders,  and  cannot  be  claimed  as  a 
British  colony  till  the  foundation  of  British 
Columbia  at  a  later  date.  We  think  it  mis- 
leading, considering  the  vague  knowledgo  of 
the  time  and  the  claims  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  to  draw  a  distinct  line  of 
boundary  between  the  Hudson's  Bay  Terri- 
tory and  the  North-West  Territory.  On  the 
map  it  appears  as  if  the  Red  River  Settle- 
ment (which,  by  the  way,  is  not  marked) 
belonged  to  the  North-West  Territory,  as 
opposed  to  Rupert's  Land  or  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Territory  ;  but  in  fact  the  grant  to 
Selkirk  was,  of  course,  from  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  and  his  interests  were  bought 
back  by  them  in  1834.  The  maps  of  British 
North  America  in  1791  and  1841  convey  a 
very  false  idea  of  what  really  happened. 
The  student  would  infer  a  great  western 
development,  which  did  not  really  take 
place.  The  dates  1791  and  1841  are  significant 
on  account  of  the  Constitutional  Act.  which 


L8 


'I'll  E     A  Til  EN  .KIWI 


N    W81,  Jan.  i:{,  1906 


founded  the  two  ( 'nimdns,  and  of  the 
subsequent  union:  hut  they  have  little 
geographical  significance.  It  would  have 
been  better  to  give  a  map  of  Canada  under 
the  Quebec  Act,  to  compare  with  ite  boun- 
daries under  the  1783  settlement.  Again, 
the  value  of  the  map  of  the  North  American 
colonies,  1756-63,  is  seriously  diminished  by 
the  absence  of  any  suggestion  of  rival  claims. 
It  is  surely  wrong  to  place  the  date  1628  by 
North  Carolina  ;  it  is  true  that  there  was  an 
abortive  grant  of  that  date,  but  North 
Carolina,  a-s  a  British  colony,  belongs  to  the 
grant  of  1083  to  Ashlev  and  his  associates. 
The  maps  of  India  in  1707,  1765,  18.05,  and 
1858  are  especially  useful,  as  illustrating  the 
political  history ;  and,  in  spite  of  small 
omissions  and  mistakes,  the  atlas  thoroughly 
deserves  a  wide  popularity. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

In  reviewing  last  week  Mr.  Winston 
Churchill's  life  of  his  father  we  mentioned 
the  composition  of  "the  Fourth  Party," 
and  stated  that  the  account  given  was  based 
upon  the  articles  by  Mr.  Harold  Gorst  in 
The  Nineteenth  Century.  This  gentleman 
now  publishes  through  Messrs.  Smith  & 
Elder  a  volume  entitled  The  Fourth  Party. 
He  points  out  that  "  the  original  material 
on  which  this  more  comprehensive  account  of 
the  Fourth  Party  has  been  founded  was 
contributed  to  The  Nineteenth  Century 
Review  in  the  form  of  articles."  Mr.  Gorst, 
as  we  have  already  said  on  two  occasions, 
makes  his  father's  "  Party  "  consist  of  "  the 
four  belligerent  Tories  "  who,  according  to 
him,  formed  "  a  definite  political  compact." 
In  another  passage  he  alludes  to  them  as 
fcsing  "  inspired  by  a  definite  policy."  This 
view  we  have  contradicted,  and  continue  to 
oppose,  in  the  interests  of  historical  veracity, 
and  we  do  not  find  it  necessary  to  go  beyond 
the  pages  of  Mr.  Harold  Gorst  himself  to 
prove  our  case.  Even  when  he  is  writing 
of  1880,  the  one  session  in  which  Mr.  Balfour 
acted  with  the  three  members,  among 
whom  for  five  years  he  sat,  Mr  Gorst  quotes 
with  approval  Mr.  Lucy's  happy  phrase 
describing  Mr.  Balfour  as  "  the  odd  man  of 
the  Fourth  Party."  Mr.  Gorst  rightly  says 
that  the  present  Conservative  leader  "  always 
thought  it  impolitic  to  give  any  handle  to 
the  supposition  that  the  Conservative  party 
was  a  house  divided  against  itself,"  a  "  con- 
viction "  which  had  a  "  dampening  effect." 
The  others  "  were  perfectly  well  aware  of 
his  views  on  the  subject  of  the  Fourth  Party." 
His  attitude  "  was  certainly  not  "  that  "  gene- 
rally adopted  by  the  famous  group  below 
the  gangway."  It  was  in  the  session  of 
1880  that  Mr.  Balfour,  if  ever,  can  be  said 
to  have  belonged  to  Lord  Randolph's 
party,  yet  it  is  of  that  very  session  that 
Mr.  Gorst  writes  :  "  Mr.  Balfour  had  not 
yet  fully  imbibed  the  democratic  principles 
which  were  to  be  "  their  "  guiding  star." 
Mr.  Gorst  reaches  his  ninth  chapter  before 
he  admits  "  the  first  quarrel."  Yet  even 
this  began  in  1880,  "  at  the  close  of  the 
session."  Immediately  after  Christmas 
"  the  quarrel  developed  into  a  serious  one 
—  .  .  there  were  no  more  dinners,  or  minia- 
ture Cabinet  councils."  When,  later,  Lord 
Randolph  reconstituted  his  little  combina- 
tion, Mr.  Balfour  cannot  be  said  to  have 
acted  with  him.  The  quarrel  had  concerned 
at  one  time  Ireland,  at  another  democracy. 
When  closure  became  the  leading  Parlia- 
mentary subject,  Mr.  Gorst  states  that  "  the 
Fourth  Party  attacked  "  the  Tory  leaders. 
"  Three  of  its  members— the  fourth  disagreed 
— drew  up  a  comprehensive  indictment.  .  .  . 
Mr.    Balfour,    the    member    of   the    Fourth 


Party  who  had  disagreed  with  the  policy 
adopted  by  his  colleagues,"  fought  them 
publicly.  "They  were  also  not  altogether 
unanimous  on  the  subject  of  Sir  s.  worth- 
cote's  personal  merits.  ...  with  .Mr.  Balfour 
a  different  motive  was  in  operation."  Yet 
"the  four  colleagues— or  at  least  three  of 
them — continued  to  act  together  with  un- 
abated vigour."  In  the  session  of  L883  "  it 
neither  suited  Mr.  Balfour,  nor  could  he 
have  been  expected,  to  act  with  Lord  Ran- 
dolph and  the  Fourth  Party  in  the  new 
circumstances  that  had  arisen ....  .Mr.  Bal- 
four gradually  dissociated  himself  from  his 
colleagues,"  and  sometimes  "opposed  them 
actively."  In  the  session  of  1884  Mr.  Gorst 
names  "  the  Fourth  Partv — now  consisting 
of  Lord  R.  Churchill,  Sir  H.  Wolff,"  and  the 
author's  father  ;  nevertheless  Mr.  Balfour 
"  continued  to  sit  "  between  or  among  them. 
In  the  great  struggle  called  "  the  final 
victory  "  over  the  official  ring  "  Mr.  Balfour 
canvassed  actively  in  the  interests  of  the 
official  candidate  "  against  Lord  Randolph, 
who  beat  him.  Thus  the  Fourth  Party 
"achieved  final  victory  in  their  struggle 
with  the  Conservative  leaders  for  influence 
and  power,"  and  "  gained  the  objects  for 
which  it  had  fought."  We  prove  our  case 
from  the  mouth  of  Mr.  Gorst  himself. 

Messrs.  Methtjex  &  Co.  publish  an 
excellent  Port  Arthur  volume  under  the 
title  The  Great  Siege,  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Norre- 
gaard.  It  is  a  pity,  indeed,  that  so  good  a 
book  comes  late  among  the  volumes  upon 
the  subject,  and  follows,  after  a  long  gap, 
the  almost  simultaneous  publication  of  three 
works  dealing  with  the  same  topics  which 
we  reviewed  at  length.  Almost  the  only 
point  upon  which  we  are  disposed  to  question 
the  conclusions  to  which  our  author  has  come 
concerns  the  Japanese  cavalry  :  he  has  that 
low  opinion  of  them  which  was  universal 
before  the  war,  but  does  not  attempt  to 
meet  the  arguments  which  have  been  based 
by  other  writers  upon  their  success  against 
both  Russian  regular  cavalry  and  Cossacks. 

Mb.  Goldwin  Smith  publishes  through 
Messrs.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack  Irish  History 
and  the  Irish  Question,  in  regard  to  which 
little  fault  can  be  found  with  his  "  attempt 
to  trace  the  general  course  of  the  history," 
until,  indeed,  we  come  to  1885.  Gladstone's 
action  is  made  to  appear  more  sudden  than 
it  was  by  the  words  "  turned  round  and 
coalesced  with  Parnell."  It  is  not  possible 
to  treat  1885  and  1886  historically  without 
an  explanation  of  the  Randolph  Churchill 
and  the  Carnarvon  episodes,  to  which  we 
alluded  in  our  review  of  Mr.  Churchill's 
volumes.  While,  however,  Mr.  Goldwin 
Smith  writes  rather  as  a  Unionist  politician 
than  as  an  historian  at  this  one  point,  he 
will  be  thought  by  Unionists  to  travel 
dangerously  far  in  the  Home  Rule  direction 
in  his  last  pages.  He  suggests,  by  way  of 
"  devolution  "  and  "  local  self-government," 
that  the  Irish  members  should  "  sit  annually 
at  Dublin,"  and  seems  to  share  Lord  Dun- 
raven's  view. 

The  Tennysonian  will  be  eager  to  read 
once  more  In  Memoriam,  "annotated  by 
the  author,"  which  appears  beautifully 
printed  in  the  familiar  green  covers  (Mac- 
millan).  It  is  true  that  a  good  deal  of  the 
right  meaning  of  the  poem  has  by  now 
penetrated  even  the  brainpan  of  stubborn 
commentators,  but  it  is  well  to  have 
assurance  made  doubly  sure  by  the  poet's 
own  testimony,  carefully  presented  by  Lord 
Tennyson,  and  to  have  allusions  which  no 
one  could  settle  fixed  once  for  all.  Some 
of  the  matter  printed  here  has  appeared  in 
the  '  Memoir,'  or  in  sources  less  accessible ; 
in  other  points,  especially  the  classical 
references,   explanations  have  already  been 


Overdone.  But  here,  at  any  rate,  at  the  end 
of  the  right  text  is  gathered,  without  fuss  or 
verbosity,  the  essential  commentary.  It 
opens  with  views  of  the  poem  by  (Madstone, 
Henry  Bidgwick,  and  Westcott,  and  includes 
some  interesting  testimony  concerning 
;  Tennyson's  views  of  religion.  We  do  not 
.  by  the  by,  the  remark  he  made  to  Mr. 
Knowles,  recorded,  we  think,  in  Tfie  Nine- 
teenth Century  (January,  1803),  that  "  In 
Memoriam  '  is  more  hopeful  than  I  am." 
This,  of  course,  may  have  been  true  of  his 
mood  of  the  moment,  though  not  of  his 
belief  as  a  whole. 

To  pass  to  details,  the  "  stepping-stones  " 
of  i.  refer  to  Goethe.  The  "  plane  of  molten 
glass  "  in  xv.  is  a  calm  sea.  The  "  forgotten 
fields  "  of  xli.  still  remain  obscure,  though 
the  late  Sir  Richard  Jebb  is  quoted  as 
giving  an  explanation  which  is,  we  may  add, 
shared  by  Prof.  A.  C.  Bradley.  Lxiv. — on 
the  man  "  Who  breaks  his  birth's  invidious 
bar  " — was  written,  we  learn,  when  Tenny- 
son was  walking  up  and  down  the  Strand 
and  Fleet  Street  ;  while  the  beauties  of 
lxxxvi.  were  those  of  Barmouth.  Prof. 
George  Darwin  bears  tribute  to  the  accuracy 
of  the  expression  "  The  stillness  of  the 
central  sea  "  in  exxiii.  A  few  references 
are  given  to  earlier  poets,  but  this  kind  of 
note  could  have  been  largely  increased. 
Thus  we  can  hardly  dissociate 

Let  darkness  keep  her  raven  gloss 

from  Milton's 

Smoothing  the  raven  down 
Of  darkness  till  it  sniil'd  ('  t'onius.'  251). 

But  Tennyson's  well-known  sensitiveness  on 
the  subject  of  such  correspondences  may 
well  have  reduced  the  record  of  them  here, 
and  he  was  certainly  right  in  complaining 
that  such  parallelisms  were  overdone. 
After  all,  "  appropriate  things  are  meant  to 
be  appropriated,"  and  it  could  not  be  said 
of  our  great  stylist,  as  it  was  of  an  un- 
fortunate minor  poet,  that  he  touched 
nothing  which  he  did  not  deform. 

Mr.  Stttro's  translation  of  Maeterlinck's 
essays  The  Treasure  of  the  Humble  has  been 
reprinted  by  Mr.  Arthur  L.  Humphreys  in 
the  "  Belles-Lettres  "  section  of  "  The  Royal 
Library,"  which  means,  to  put  it  briefly, 
that  we  have  an  exquisite  book  in  a  form 
worthy  of  its  contents.  All  book-lovers 
must  rejoice  in  the  care  and  taste  that  go 
to  the  making  of  "  The  Royal  Library," 
which  is  beautiful,  yet  in  no  way  pre- 
tentious. On  Mr.  Sutro's  version  we  wrote 
at  length  in  1897,  when  it  first  appeared. 
It  is  sufficient  to  say  here  that  we  regarded 
the  book  as  "  in  some  respects  one  of  the 
most  important,  as  it  is  certainly  the  most 
purely  beautiful,"  of  Maeterlinck's  works. 
We  hope  it  will  fall  into  many  hands  in 
this  delightful  form.  Not  the  least  of  the 
merits  of  "  The  Royal  Library  "  is  that  it 
is  light  in  hand.  We  sometimes  doubt  if 
the  ordinary  large  editions  de  luxe,  in  spite 
of  their  advantages,  can  ever  be  read  with 
comfort,  unless  one  has  a  "  literary 
machine  "  instead  of  a  hand  to  hold  them, 
and  that  is  a  luxury  beyond  most  of  us. 

The  anthology  of  The  Hundred  Best  Latin 
Poems  {Lyrical),  selected  by  Mr.  J/W.Mackail 
(Glasgow,  Gowans  &  Gray  ;  London,  Brim- 
ley  Johnson),  should  be  a  delight  to  every 
cultivated  man.  It  costs  only  sixpence  in 
paper,  and  it  might  be  used  with  great 
advantage  in  the  higher  forms  of  schools, 
as  it  includes  poems  like  the  '  Pervigilium 
Veneris,'  which  are  unknown,  we  dare  say, 
to  many  classical  masters.  Mr.  Mackail  has 
a  rare  gift  of  taste,  and  prints,  besides  much 
of  Horace  and  Catullus,  a  piece  each  from 
Claudian,  Pentadius,  Petronius,  Prudentius, 
and  Statius,  while  there  are  five  selections 
each  from  Seneca  and  Boethius. 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHEXJEl'M 


49 


We  are  pleased  to  see  a  new  edition  of 
Hugh  Miller's  My  Schools  and  Schoolmasters 
(Edinburgh,  G.  A.  Morton),  a  story  of  the 
fifties,  which  will  well  bear  re-reading,  being 
full  of  interesting  characteristics  of  Scottish 
life  and  manners,  told  in  straightforward, 
racy  fashion.  The  introduction  suffieiently 
indicates  Miller's  merits  and  defects.  He  has 
passed  away  as  an  influence,  but  this  record 
of  his  life  will  always,  we  think,  retain  a 
delectable  freshness. 

We  have  received  The  Schoolmasters 
Yearbook  and  Directory  for  1906  (Sonnen- 
schein).  This  is  the  fourth  annual  issue  of  a 
useful  educational  guide.  '  The  Directory  of 
Schoolmasters  '  and  '  List  of  Secondary 
Schools,'  are  full,  and  generally  accurate  in 
detail ;  they  fail,  however,  to  include  some 
important  private  schools  and  their  masters, 
e.g.,  Mr.  A.  H.  Evans's  at  Horris  Hill,  New- 
bury. We  are  pleased  with  the  '  Biblio- 
graphy of  Educational  Books,'  which  shows 
judgment.  The  review  of  the  year  is  again 
ably  done,  and  the  book  keeps  up  the  record 
of  the  increasing  number  of  educational 
associations. 

Mr.  John  Long  has  added  to  his  capital 
"  Library  of  Modern  Classics  "  Tom  Brown's 
Schooldays  and  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities.  The 
illustrations  and  introduction  to  the  former 
are  good ;  but  we  find  nothing  about  the 
date  of  Dickens's  story  or  its  sources,  and 
the  pictures  here  have  a  hazy  effect  which 
is  not  pleasing. 

The  January  number  of  The  Dublin  Review, 
under  Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward's  editorship,  reaches 
a  high  level  of  interest,  and  should  be  wel- 
come to  all  cultivated  people.  Dr.  Gasquet 
writes  on  his  experiences  in  America ;  Mrs. 
Meynell  has  a  poem.  '  Manning  and  Glad- 
stone '  is  an  interesting  article  on  a  new  life  of 
the  former  now  in  the  press.  There  is  a  long 
article  on  'St.  Thomas  Aquinas  and  Medie- 
val Thought.'  Prof.  J.  S.  Phillimore  writes 
on  '  The  Greek  Anthology '  in  a  fantastic 
style  which  spoils  his  scholarship. 

We  have  on  our  table  The  Origin  of  Wor- 
ship, by  Rafael  Karsten  (Wasa,  F.  W. 
Unggren), — Should  Clergymen  Criticise  the 
Bible  ?  by  the  Bishop  of  Ossory  and  others 
(Nisbet), — The  Russo-Turkish  War,  1877,  by 
Major  F.  Maurice  (Sonnenschein),  —  Bio- 
graphic Clinics,  Vol.  III.,  by  G.  M.  Gould 
(Rebman), — Life  and  Letters  of  John  Colling- 
wood  Bruce,  by  Sir  G.  Bruce  (Blackwood), — 
On  Centenarians,  by  T.  E.  Young  (C.  &  E. 
Layton), —Trial  of  the  City  of  Glasgow  Bank 
Directors,  edited  by  W.  Wallace  (Sweet  & 
Maxwell), — The  Passing  of  the  Precentor,  by 
D.  Fraser  (Bagster), — A  Practical  Guide  to 
the  Death  Duties  and  Death  Duty  Accounts, 
by  C.  Beatty  (Effingham  Wilson), — Hints  on 
Building  a  Church,  by  H.  P.  Maskell 
('Church  Bells'  Office), — British  Imperialism, 
by  Baron  F.  von  Oppenheimer,  translated 
by  D.  Hayman  (Owen), — The  Teaching  of 
Modern  Languages,  by  C.  Brereton  (Blackie), 
— Fragments  Relating  to  Barton-on-H  umber, 
by  T.  Tombleson  (Barton-on-Humber,  Ball), 
— Via  Crucis,  by  W.  Hall  (Routledge), — A 
Harvest  of  Idleness,  by  Agnes  R.  Howell 
(Norwich,  Goose), — Stvdies  in  Browning,  by 
Susan  Cunnineton  (Sonnenschein), — Poems 
of  Love,  by  G.  K.  A.  Bell  (Routledge),— 
Love's  Metamorphosis,  by  T.  Folliott  (Fifield), 
— The  Three  Resurrections  and  the  Triumph 
of  Maeve,  by  Eva  Gore-Booth  (Longmans), 
The  Faithless  Favourite,  by  E.  Sauter  (St. 
Louis,  At  the  Sign  of  the  Leech), — Leaves  of 
Holly,  by  F.  Gurney  (Elkin  Mathews), — 
Midsummer  Eve,  by  G.  Bottom  ley  (Harting, 
Petersfield,  Guthrie),— The  Well  of  the  Saints, 
by  J.  M.  Synge  (Bullen),  —  To  Modern 
Maidens,  by  a  Modern  Matron  (Simpkin  & 
Marshall), — Rob  Lindsay  and  his  School,  by 


One  of  his  Old  Pupils  (Bagster), — A  Sicilian 
Marriage,  by  D.  Sladen  (White),  —  and 
Abrege  du  Journal  du  Marquis  de  Dangeau, 
edited  by  E.  Pilastre  (Paris,  Firmin-Didot). 


Vol 


III., 

A.   Lane, 


LIST   OF   NEW   BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Baptist  Handbook,  1906,  2  6  net. 
Bible  (H.  W.),  Tides  of  Thought.  4 

Carmichael  (F.  V. ),  Sermons  on  Different  Subjects,  2  ti  net. 
Congregational  Year-Book,  1906,  2  0 
Pastor's  Diary  and  Clerical  Record,  1906,  2  ti  net. 
Peabody  (F.  G.),  Jesus  Christ  and  the  Christian  Character, 

6  8  net. 
Stapleton  (Mrs.   B.).   A  History  of  the  Post-Reformation 
Catholic  Missions  in  Oxfordshire,  10/6  net. 
La  it: 
Alford  (C.  J.),  Mining  Law  of  the  British  Empire,  8  ti  net. 
Briggs  (W.),  The  Law  of  International  Copyright,  Id 
(Joddard  (Mgr.),   Manual  of   Ecclesiastical  Law  and  Prac- 
tice. 1  0  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archirolngy. 
Ishain  (S.),  The  History  of  American  Painting,  21    net. 
Stephens  (H.   H.),   Black-Board  and    Free-Ann    Drawing, 
4  (i  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Beglev  (Rev.  Y\\),   Bacon's  Nova  Resuscitatio, 

5/  net. 
Burns    (R.),    Selected    Poems,   Introduction    by 

1  (i  net. 
Debenham  (M.  H.),  Dialogues,  Duologues,  and  Monologues, 

1  6 
Fitch  (Clyde),  The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes,  :i  net. 
Madonna  of  the  Poets,  gathered  by  A.  Bartle.  2  (i  net. 
Piatt  (I.  H.),  Bacon  Cryptograms  in  Shakespeare,  and  other 

Studies,  .V  net. 
St.  John  (C),  Henry  Irving,  1/net. 

Music. 
Bison's  Music  Dictionary,  by  L  C.  Bison. 
Hathawav  (J.  \V.  G.),  How  Sweet  the  Moonlight  sleeps  upon 

this  Bank  !  1/ 
Tarnowski  (Count  S.),  Chopin  as  revealed  by  Extracts  from 
his  Diary,  2  6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Franklin    (Benjamin),   List    of    Papers    in   the   Library   of 
Congress. 

Philosophy. 
Hbffding  (H).  The  Problems  of  Philosophy,  translated  by 
G.  M.  Fisher,  4  (i  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Balfour  (A.  J.),  Fiscal  Reform,  2/6  net. 
Hare  (H.  K.).  Tariff  without  Tears.  1  0  net. 
History  and  Biography. 
Archer  (F.  B.),  The  Gambia  Colony  and  Protectorate,  in  net. 
Ardill  (J.  R.),  Forgotten  Facts  of 'Irish  History.  2  ti  net. 
Briscoe  (J.  P.).  Bypaths  of  Nottinghamshire  History.  :i  ti  net. 
Chronicles  of  London,  edited  by  C.  L  Kingsfdrd,  10  B  net. 
Churchill  (W.  S.),  Lord  Randolph  Churchill,  2  vols.,  88/ net 
Franklin  (15.),  Writings,  collected  by  A.  EL  Smyth,  Vols.  I. 

and  II.,  each  12  (i  net. 
Gorst  (H  K.),  The  Fourth  Party.  7/8  net. 
How;ird-Flaiiders(\V.),  King,  Parliament. ami  Army.  7  ti  net. 
MacMichael  (J.    H),  Hie  Story  of  Charing  Cross  and  its 

Immediate  Neighbourhood,  7'ti  net. 
Norregaard  (B.  \\\),  The  (ireat  Siege,  Investment,  and  Fall 

Of  Port  Arthur.  10/6  net. 
Smith   (Goldwin),   Irish    History  and   the   Irish   Question, 

6/  net. 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society.  New  Series, 
Vol.  XIX. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Colquhoun  (A.  R.),  The  Africander  Land,  16'  net. 

Geographical  Journal,  Vol.  XXVI.,  15/ 

Havell  (K.  R.).  Renares.  the  Sacred  City,  12  ti  net. 

Lippincott's  Pronouncing  (Jazetteer,  edited   by  A.  and   L. 
Heilprin,  42   net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Crowther  (S.)and  Ruhl  (A.),  Rowing  and  Track  Athletics, 
-      net. 

Philology. 

Catullus,  Tibullus,  and  Propertius,  by  R.  Kill's,  s;  ti 

Krckniann-Cha trinn  (}■'..),  Histoire  dun  Homme  du  People 
editeil  by  R.  K.  A.  Chessex.  :i 

Grandgent  (C.   H.I.  An  Outline  of  the  Phonology  and  Mor- 
phology of  Old  Provencal,  (>/  net. 

Ma  dan  (A.  ('.).  Senga  Handbook,  2/6  net. 

McLaren  (J.\  A  Oram  mar  of  the  Kaffir  Language,  .". 

Nodier  (('.).  Jean  Sbogar,  edited  by  D.  L  Savory,  2/ 

Pratt    (A.)  and    Ere  (A.),   A   Modern    English    Crammar, 
:i  (i  net. 

Smith  (A.    ID.   A   First    V  ear's    French  Book  on   the   Oral 
Method.  1  ti 

Tibullus,  edited  by  J.   IV   PosOJeeB,  1/B 
Science. 

Boole  (M.  V..).  Logic  taught  by  Love,  8/8  net.. 

Clerke(A.  M.),  Modern  Cosmogonies,  '.  ti  net. 

Dixon  (W.  K.).  A  Manual  of  Pharmacology,  l.'.'net. 

Geological    Survey    of    India,     Records    of.     Vol.     XXXII. 

Part  iv.,  ir. 

Buggard   fW.     R»),    A    Handbook    of   Climatic   Treatment, 

including  Balneology,  12  ti  net. 
Jordan  (I).   S. ).   A    Cuido  to  the  Studv  of   Fishes,   2    vols., 

60  neb 
Kellogg  (V.  I.. I  American  biuectu,  21   net. 
Loekwood'a      Builder's,      Architect's,     Contractor's,     and 

Engineer's   Price-Book   for  L9D8,  edited    by   F.   T.    W, 

.Miller.  I 
MacCofl  tilt.  Symbolic  Lngfc  and  its  Applications,  4  (i  net. 

Pinpoint  (A.  B .  >.  The  Blemanta  of  Geometry  in  Theory  and 

Practice,  2 ' 
Recetrl   Advances  in  Physiology  and  Bio-Chemistry,  edited 

b|  L.  Hill,  1-   net. 
Schoneld   (A.    T-),   The   Management   of  a    Nerve  Patient. 
'•/  neU 


J  ii  ten  He  Books. 
Adams  (H.  C),  Tales  of  the  Civil  Wars,  2 
Archibald  (G.    H.).    Bible    Lessons    for    Little    Beginners, 

Second  Vear,  2  (i 
Harvey  (T.  F:.).  Poor  Raoul.  anil  other  Fables.  1  ti  net. 
Nursery  Rhyme  Plays.  2   net. 

General  Literature. 
Campaign  Guide,  IVhk;.  5   net. 
Cleeve(L).  Soul  Twilight.  6/ 
Cross  (Victoria),  Six  Women,  (i 
Dawson  fF.  W.).  The  Scar,  ti 
Dickens  (C),  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities.  2   net. 
Fox  (A.  W.),  The  Rating  of  Land  Values,  3  8  net. 
Hughes  (T.l.  Tom  Brown's  Schooldays,  2   net. 
Huneker(.L),  Visionaries,  6 

Leahy  (A.  HA  Hemic  Romances  of  Ireland,  Vol.  II..  :'.   net. 
Little  Book  of  Graces,  2  6  net. 
Macmillan's  New  Globe  Readers,  Book  III..  1  2 
Maeterlinck  (Mi,  The  Treasure  of  the  Humble,  ti   net. 
Myrick  (II.),  Cache  la  Poudre.  7  ti 

Scott  (Sir  W.),  Ivanhoe.  edited  bv  Fanny  Johnson.  1  ti 
Sergeant  (A.),  The  Choice  of  Emelia,  6 
Summer  Nosegay  (A),  by  a  North-Country  Rambler.  :5  ti 
Sylva  (Carmen).  Suffering's  Journey  on  the  Earth,  translated 

by  M.  A.  Nash.  3  i;  net. 
limine  (G),  A  Lost  Cause,  1 
Willing's  Press  Guide,  1986,  1 
Wittigschlager  (\V.\  Minna.  Wife  of  the  Young  Rabbi,  6/ 

FOR  EKi  N. 

Fine  Art  ami  Arc/urology. 
Bouchot  (H.).  Les  Primitifs  Francais.  4fr. 
Naue(A.  W.),  Beiti-ig  zurpraehistorischenTenninologie.  5m. 
Rosenthal  (L),  Gericault,  3fr.  50. 

Drama. 

Truffier  ( J. ),  Athenes  et  la  Comedie  F'raneaise.  2fr. 

History  and  Biography. 
Boschot     (A.),    La    Jeunesse     dun    Romantique  :     Hector 

Berlioz,  1809-81,  4fr. 
(ioutel(K.  H.  de),    Memoires  du  General  Marquis  Alphonse 

iniautpoul,  17SV)-1S6.">.  7fr.  50. 
Moustafa  Kamel  Pacha.  Egyptaens  et  Anglais.  :ifr.  59. 
Nachotl   (<).),    Ceschiehte   v.    Japan:    Vol.    I.   Book   I.   Die 

I'rzeit.  9m. 
Pastor  (L.),  Ceschichte  tier  Papste  seit  tlem  Ausgang  des 

Mittelalters  :  Vol.  IV.  Part  I.  Leo  X..  8m. 
T;inzer(A.),  Die  Geschichte  der  Juden  in  Tirol  u.  Vorarl- 

berg.  Parts  I.  ami  II.,  17m. 
Thirion  (H.),  Matlame  tie  Prie,  16S4S-1727.  7fr.  50. 

Foljc-lore. 
Jubainville    (H.    d'Arbois    de).    Les   Druides   et    le-    Dienx 

Celtiques  a  Forme  d'Aniinaux,  4fr. 
Sports, 
Allemagne  (II.  R.  d'),  Les  Cartes  a  jouer  du  Quatorzicme  an 

Vingtieme  Steele,  2  vols.,  GOfr. 

General  Literature. 
Doumer  (P.),  Livre  tie  mes  Fils,  Sfr. 
Jaloux  (F..),  Le  Jeune  Hounne  an  Masque.  :>fr.  50. 
Paris-Hachette.  1906,  Sfr.  75. 
Rosny  (J.  HA  Sous  le  F'ardeau.  3fr.  58. 
Salomon  (M.).  L'Esprft  tin  Temps,  :ifr.  50. 
Tinseau(L.  de),  Les  Ktourderies  de  la  Chanoines.se,  Sfr.  50. 

*»*  All  books  received  at  the  ofice  up  to  Wednesday  morning 
trill  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously  noted. 


THE    CLASSICAL    ASSOCIATION . 

The  general  meeting  of  the  Classical 
Association  of  England  and  Wales  was 
held  on  the  oth  and  6th  inst.  at  King's 
College,  London,  under  the  presidencv  of 
Dr.  S.  H.  Butcher.  The  Chairman  "first 
offered  a  graceful  tribute  to  the  memory  of 
Sir  Richard  Jebb,  who  had  allowed  himself 
to  be  nominated  for  the  office  of  President. 
He  reminded  his  hearers  that  all  of  them 
were  in  some  sense  Jebb's  disciples,  and 
owed  him  a  priceless  debt  of  gratitude  for 
opening  up  new  regions  of  Greek  literature, 
and  enlarging  their  conception  of  what 
classical  learning  could  become.  He  doubted 
if  any  textual  critic  had  ever  combined  such 
brilliancy  and  such  divining  skill  with  so 
large  and  sane  and  sympathetic  a  judgment  ; 
and  in  the  field  of  beautiful  composition  he 
ventured  to  believe  Jebb  was  without  a 
rival.  Ho  was  in  the  best  sense  an  anima 
naturaliter  (iraca.  The  Association  also 
deeply  regretted  the  loss  of  another  of  its 
Vice-Presidents.  Dr.  D.  B.  Monro. 

The  Report  of  the  Council  showed  a  steady 
increase  in  membership,  and  among  other 
matters  expressed  cordial  thanks  to  Dr.  .1.  V. 
Postgato.  who  retires  from  his  arduous  duties 
as  one  of  the  hon.  secretaries,  after  two  \ 
of  devoted  service.  The  committee  ap- 
pointed to  consider  the  introduction  of  a 
uniform  pronuneiat  ion  of  Latin  was  not  in 
a  position  to  report. 

After  the  election  of  Lord  Cur/on  as  I 'resi- 
dent for  the  ensuing  year,  of  Vice-Presidents, 


50 


fHE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


six  members  of  Council,  and  other  officers, 
it  was  agreed  on  the  proposal  of  Dr.  Postgate 
to  alter  the  name  of  the  Association  to  "  The 
Classical  Association,"  by  the  omission  of 
the  words  "  of  England  and  Wales."  Prof. 
Conway  then  proposed  that  the  Council 
should  be  empowered  to  present  a  memorial 
to  the  Secretary  of  War  representing  that 
the  present  examinations  of  candidates  for 
the  military  colleges  are  of  an  injurious 
character,  and  virtually  exclude  from  a 
military  career  all  boys  on  the  classical 
sides  of  public  schools.  It  was  thought  by 
some  that  the  War  Office  should  be  asked 
without  ambiguity  to  restore  Latin  as  an 
obligatory  subject;  but  Prof.  Conway's 
motion  was  finally  adopted. 

In  his  paper  on  '  The  Religion  of  Prehistoric 
Greece,'  illustrated  by  lantern-slides,  Mr. 
D.  G.  Hogarth  expressed  the  view  that,  as 
the  result  of  recent  research,  writers  will 
in  future  be  more  cautious  in  talking  about 
Oriental  and  Asiatic  influences.  Excava- 
tions at  Cnossus  had  produced  phenomena 
in  comparison  with  which  anything  Phoe- 
nician yet  discovered  was  modern. 

At  Friday  evening's  conversazione  Prof. 
Clifford  Allbutt  entered  a  strong  plea  for 
the  speaking  of  Latin  in  the  class-room, 
urging  that  our  possession  of  a  foreign 
language  which  we  can  speak,  and  in  which 
therefore  we  think,  is  very  different  from 
that  of  another  language  which  appears 
to  us  only  in  the  simulacrum  of  a  book. 
By  the  act  of  speaking,  a  language  becomes 
built  into  and  integrated  with  the  fabric 
of  a  part  of  the  brain,  and  Latin  is  a  tongue 
which  can,  by  speaking,  be  built  intimately 
into  the  very  nature  of  the  pupil. 

At  Saturday's  meeting  the  committee 
nominated  to  consider  by  what  methods 
those  employed  in  classical  teaching  could 
be  kept  in  touch  with  recent  discovery  and 
investigation  recommended  the  publication 
every  autumn  of  a  report  on  the  progress 
of  classical  studies  in  the  various  branches 
of  literary  history,  comparative  philology, 
archaeology,  &c.  This  was  adopted,  as  was 
also  a  more  elaborate  document  from  the 
committee  which  had  considered  the  spelling 
and  printing  of  Latin  texts  for  school  and 
college  use._*  The  main  recommendations 
were  : — 

"  That  in  texts  of  Latin  authors  intended  for 
the  use  of  beginners  the  quantity  of  long  vowels 
be  marked  except  in  syllables  where  they  would 
be  also  'long  by  position.' 

"  That  v  and  u  be  continued  in  use  to  distinguish 
the  two  sounds  of  Latin  u  in  books  intended  only 
for  beginners,  but  that,/  be  discontinued  altogether. 

"That  it  is  desirable  that  a  hand  list  of  the 
words  in  which  the  natural  length  of  a  vowel  in  a 
syllable  where  it  would  be  '  long  by  position '  is 
definitely  established  should  be  prepared  and 
issued  by  the  Association  for  the  use  of  teachers." 

Beyond  this,  a  small  pamphlet  will  be 
issued  containing  a  statement  of  the  present 
principles  governing  Latin  orthography,  the 
spelling  recommended  for  adoption  in  school 
texts  being  that  of  the  epoch  of  Quintilian, 
or  the  earliest  attested  spelling  of  subsequent 
times.  Detailed  recommendations  were  also 
given  in  certain  cases  of  variation  occurring 
in  a  large  number  of  words. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  business 
before  the  meeting  was  the  report  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  consider  in  what 
respects  the  present  school  curriculum  in 
Latin  and  Greek  can  be  lightened  and  the 
means  of  instruction  improved.  Their 
interim  report,  which  was  debated  for  over 
two  Hours,  is  a  careful  document  based  on 
the  cpllection  of  much  information.  In 
dealing  with  boys'  schools  it  proceeds  : — 

"  It  seems  that,  in  view  of  the  legitimate  claims 
of  other  subjects,  the  amount  of  time  devoted  to 
the  study  of  classics  on  the  classical  side  of  boys' 


public  schools  is  as  great  as  can  reasonably  be 
expected  :  bul  the  Committee  is  of  opinion  thai 
time  and  effort  might  be  saved  and  better  results 

obtained  by  certain  changes  in  the  method  of 
teaohing  <  Ireek. 

'•  The  system  of  classical  teaching  in  most  schools 

seems  to  he  directed  towards  the  ultimate  pro- 
duction of  a  certain  number  of  finished  scholars 
both  in  Latin  and  in  Greek,  educated  for  the  most 
part  on  what  maybe  called  linguistic  lines,  <'.*., 
with  special  attention  to  grammar  and  composition. 
But  while  it  is  right  that  elementary  Latin  should 
be  studied  partly  (though  not  exclusively)  as  a 
linguistic  discipline,  the  Committee  thinks  that  it 
is  unnecessary  and  undesirable  in  the  ease  of  the 
average  boy  to  apply  precisely  this  method  of 
teaching  to  Greek  also. 

"  The  education  in  Greek  of  the  average  boy, 
with  whom  in  this  report  we  are  mainly  concerned, 
should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Committee,  be  directed 
to  the  reading  and  appreciation  of  Greek  authors, 
together  with  such  study  of  grammar  and  simple 
exercises  in  writing  (ireek  as  may  be  desirable  as 
a  means  to  this  end.  For  the  training  of  such 
boys  in  the  principles  of  language  and  the  acqui- 
sition of  the  linguistic  sense,  it  is  generally  admitted 
that  Latin  is  the  proper  vehicle.  And  if  this  kind 
of  training  has  been  thorough,  it  should  be  possible 
for  boys  when  they  begin  Greek  to  apply  the 
linguistic  experience  acquired  through  their  train- 
ing in  Latin  to  the  study  of  Greek,  and  to  pass  at 
an  early  stage  to  the  reading  of  Greek  literature." 

The  main  contention  of  the  Committee, 
as  presented  by  Prof.  Sonnenschein,  was 
that  Greek  composition  in  the  proper  sense 
was  not  an  end  of  school  study  for  the 
average  boy  in  the  lower  and  middle  forms. 
Two  resolutions  were  submitted  : — 

"  Resolution  I.  That  in  the  lower  and  middle 
forms  of  boys'  jjublie  schools,  whereas  Latin  should 
be  taught  with  a  view  to  the  correct  writing  of  the 
language  as  well  as  to  the  intelligent  reading  of 
Latin  authors,  Greek  should  be  taught  only  with  a 
view  to  the  intelligent  reading  of  Greek  authors. 

"  Resolution  II.  That  the  Association  petition 
the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  to  take 
into  consideration  the  abolition  of  the  separate 
Greek  grammar  paper  at  Responsions  and  the 
Previous  Examination  respectively,  and  the  sub- 
stitution for  it  of  an  easy  paper  in  unprepared 
translation." 

Of  these  the  former,  altered  by  the  omis- 
sion of  the  clause  referring  to  Latin,  was 
carried  with  two  dissentients,  the  latter 
with  one. 


THE    ASSISTANT    MASTERS    IN 
SECONDARY    SCHOOLS. 

Members  of  this  incorporated  Associa- 
tion from  all  parts  of  England  and  Wales 
met  on  Friday  last  week  in  St.  Paul's  School, 
Hammersmith,  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Chairman  of  the  year,  Mr.  C.  H.  Greene 
(Berkhamsted). 

The  retiring  treasurer,  Mr.  Paterson 
(Mercers'),  in  presenting  his  report  referred 
to  the  healthy  state  of  the  finances  shown 
by  the  balance-sheet. 

Mr.  Coxhead  (Liverpool),  the  outgoing 
Chairman,  reviewed  the  work  of  the  past 
year,  regretting  that  success  had  not  attended 
their  efforts  to  secure  the  federation  of  the 
various  bodies  interested  in  secondary  edu- 
cation. This  failure  was  due  to  a  lack  of 
professional  spirit,  arising  from  indefinite- 
ness  of  aim,  overlapping,  isolation,  and  pre- 
judice ;  this  was  particularly  injurious  at 
the  present  time,  when  the  Government  was 
entering  more  largely  into  the  sphere  of 
secondary  education,  and  united  effort  was 
demanded  by  the  true  interests  of  the  pro- 
fession. The  sinking  of  prejudices,  the  raising 
of  the  standard  of  attainments,  the  spread 
of  educational  ideas  and  methods,  would  be 
best  secured  by  concerted  action  of  the 
different  bodies,  and  their  own  Association 
would  not  relax  its  efforts  in  this  direction. 

A  strong  appeal  was  made  to  the  men 


teaching  in  our  great  public  schools.  WTas 
it  from  prejudice  that  they  stood  aloof  from 
this  Association,  which  was  doing  such  useful 
work  ?  In  the  present  year  every  effort 
would  be  made  to  secure  the  membership  of 
these  masters,  whose  responsibility  was  pro- 
portional to  their  power  of  doing  good 
work.  The  Board  of  Education  was  cen- 
sured for  its  attitude  in  regard  both  to  the 
Teachers'  Register  and  to  the  question  of 
appeal. 

The  case  of  dismissal  at  Warwick  School 
was  next  introduced  by  Mr.  Somerville 
(Eton),  who  pointed  out  the  injustice  of 
the  principle  involved.  An  animated  dis- 
cussion followed  the  speech  of  Mr.  Riches, 
bursar  of  the  school,  who  attempted  to 
defend  and  justify  the  action  of  the  head 
master,  Mr.  Keeling.  It  was  unanimously 
resolved, 

"  That  this  meeting  strongly  protests  against  the 
indefensible  and  unjust  conduct  of  the  governing 
body  of  Warwick  School  in  refusing  to  give  Mr. 
Richardson  the  opportunity  of  being  heard  in  his 
own  defence,  and  emphatically  condemns  the  prin- 
ciple that  a  master  should  be  dismissed  for  not 
introducing  pupils  to  the  school." 

Mr.  Pruen  (Cheltenham),  in  proposing 
that  the  attention  of  the  new  Government 
should  be  called  to  the  serious  condition  of 
the  Register  of  Teachers,  declared  that  the 
Register  was  at  present  virtually  a  dead 
letter  ;  while  Mr.  Heath  (Birmingham),  in 
seconding,  denounced  the  Board  of  Education 
as  guilty  of  a  breach  of  faith  with  the  pro- 
fession in  inducing  teachers  to  pay  fees  for 
registration,  and  then  refusing  all  recogni- 
tion of  the  Register  in  schemes  of  schools, 
&c.     The  motion  was  unanimously  carried. 

Mr.  Page  (Charterhouse)  next  moved 

"That  this  meeting  welcomes  the  proposal  for  a 
Federal  Council  of  Secondary  Teachers,  as  likely 
to  promote  the  co-operation  of  all  associations  of 
secondary  teachers  in  advancing  the  general  in- 
terests of  education." 

Having  urged  the  importance  of  secondary 
education,  and  shown  how  our  national 
greatness  is  dependent  on  it,  he  declared  that 
joint  action  was  essential  to  remedy  "  the 
delightful  confusion  of  admired  disorder  " 
existing  in  our  public  schools.  He  enu- 
merated as  the  outside  forces  affecting 
education,  the  wishes  of  parents,  the  medical 
men,  the  psychologists,  the  theorists  in 
education,  the  specialists  in  the  various 
subjects,  the  different  governing  authorities, 
the  War  Office,  and  lastly  outside  examina- 
tions. While  assistant  masters  were  ex- 
pected to  give  their  attention  to  all  these, 
they  themselves,  though  doing  nine-tenths 
of  the  work  in  our  schools,  had  no  voice  in 
the  affairs  of  their  profession.  They  must 
hammer  away  at  the  Board  of  Education, 
whose  treatment  of  the  important  deputa- 
tion of  head  and  assistant  masters  was 
described  as  the  minimum  of  personal 
courtesy  in  conjunction  with  the  maximum 
of  official  insolence.  The  motion,  seconded 
by  Mr.  Montgomery,  was  adopted  nem.  con. 

The  meeting  then  adopted  a  resolution, 
proposed  by  Mr.  Somerville  and  seconded 
by  Mr.  Thompson  (Plymouth),  welcoming 
the  proposal  to  establish  a  joint  examination 
to  qualify  for  matriculation  in  the  uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and 
hoping  that  the  standard  of  such  an  exam- 
ination would  be  higher  than  that  of  Respon- 
sions and  the  Previous  Examination. 

At  the  afternoon  meeting  a  large  concourse 
of  assistant  masters  and  others  interested  in 
teaching  assembled  to  hear  Lord  Roberts 
explain  his  scheme  for  strengthening  our 
national  defences  by  the  introduction  of 
rifle-shooting  and  military  drill  into  the 
curricula  of  our  schools.  The  veteran  field- 
marshal  affirmed  that  we  ought  always  to 
be  ready  to  put  in  the  field  an  army  of 


X°4081,  Jax.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


51 


;  500,000  men,  and  to  effect  this  the  youths  of 
our  schools  should  not  only  be  taught  to 
shoot,  but  also  urged  to  regard  this  as  a 
patriotic  duty.  The  great  drawback  to 
efficient  training  was  the  length  of  time 
required  for  it,  and  the  consequent 
interference  with  a  business  career,  if  this 
training  was  taken  after  schooldays  were 
over.  This  objection  might  be  to  a  great 
extent  overcome  by  taking  instruction 
in  rifle-shooting  and  military  drill  whilst 
still  in  statu  pupillari.  The  thorough  train- 
ing in  these  subjects  would  tend  to  develope 
the  character  of  the  boy,  even  though  he 
might  never  need  to  bear  arms  in  the  defence 
of  his  country.  Having  given  an  outline 
of  what  was  being  done  in  this  direction 
at  our  large  public  schools,  and  having 
shown  that  great  progress  was  being  made 
in  the  various  cadet  corps,  Lord  Roberts 
reminded  the  assistant  masters  of  their 
duty  to  the  country';  it  was  to  instil 
patriotism,  to  inculcate  a  lofty  idea  of 
self-sacrifice,  and  the  conviction  that  skill 
in  the  use  of  the  rifle  was  a  duty 
to  the  empire.  He  was  sure  that  the 
boys  would  prove,  morally,  mentally,  and 
physically,  better  men.  He  assured  his 
audience  that  the  only  means  of  avoiding  a 
lengthy  period  of  training  or  conscription 
was  to  adopt  the  course  he  recommended. 
He  was  convinced  from  experience  that 
much  of  the  time  now  devoted  to  classics 
might  with  greater  advantage  be  given  to 
such  subjects  as  history,  geography,  and 
science.  Support  should  be  given  by  the 
War  Office  and  the  Treasury  ;  sanction 
should  be  granted  to  the  formation  of  corps 
of  not  fewer  than  twenty  members  ;  a  rifle 
or  carbine  should  be  issued  free  for  every 
fifteen  boys,  with  free  ammunition  under 
conditions  ;  and  all  corps  should  be  under 
responsible  officers. 

Canon  Lyttelton  did  not  wish  to  criticize 
or  traverse  the  statements  of  Lord  Roberts, 
but  admitted  that  on  certain  points  raised 
he  was  not  in  full  agreement  with  him.  He 
suggested  that  the  most  practical  method 
of  dealing  with  the  subject  would  be  to 
make  rifle-shooting  compulsory  for  a  certain 
block  of  boys  or  section  of  the  school,  so 
that  every  pupil  would  have  to  pass  through 
it.  He  would  recommend  another  course 
at  a  later  period  of  the  school  career  to 
strengthen  the  earlier  work.  The  announce- 
ment by  the  head  master  of  Eton  that  the 
boys  of  that  noted  school  were  to  begin 
rifle-shooting  in  a  few  months  elicited  much 
applause.  Further  support  to  the  proposal 
was  given  by  Major  Hoare  (Haileybury), 
Mr.  Kinman  (Hertford),  and  Major  Somer- 
ville  (Eton). 

Lord  Roberts,  in  reply  to  a  hearty  expres- 
sion of  thanks,  hoped  that  the  movement 
would  result  in  the  supply  of  a  larger 
number  of  officers  from  the  Universities. 


EDUCATIONAL    NOTES. 

A  correspondence  has  been  started  in 
The  Times  by  some  doctors  who  wrote  con- 
cerning the  hours  of  sleep  allotted  to  school- 
boys. It  seems  as  if  the  present  race  were 
less  hardy  than  its  predecessors.  But 
perhaps  the  real  point  is  that  boys  do  not 
get  the  sleep  they  are  supposed  to  have 
because  the  older  among  them  sit  up  to 
strange  hours.  This  was  certainly  done  in 
public  schools  in  the  writer's  day,  and  the 
investigating  Committee  of  the  Head  Masters' 
Conference  may  be  reminded  that  the  modern 
system  does  not  encourage  supervision  by  a 
dormitory  master. 

It  is  now  generally  recognized  that  educa- 
tion is  forced  on  youngsters  who  are  not  fit 


for  it.  The  boy  who  takes  too  many'  sub- 
jects too  early  is  passed  in  the  race  by  the 
other  who  was  taught  things  later  and  more 
gradually.  It  seems  clear  from  ample  in- 
vestigation that  the  boys  who  began  Greek, 
say,  at  six  years  of  age,  are  at  sixteen  no 
better  off  than  the  boys  who  began  it  at 
twelve  or  thirteen. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  that  the  Head 
Masters'  Conference  either  did  not  under- 
stand or  did  not  appreciate  the  important 
memorandum  recommending  a  joint  exami- 
nation, to  be  held  at  schools  qualifying  for 
matriculation  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge.  We 
hope  that  this  scheme  will  have  the  fullest 
consideration,  for  here,  as  elsewhere,  co-ordi- 
nation tends  to  simplify  matters,  while  a 
reasonable  check  on  premature  specializa- 
tion will  be  afforded. 

The  public  schools  which  award  scholar- 
ships to  young  boys  would  do  well  not  to  con- 
fine themselves  to  a  knowledge  of  classics,  or 
■whatever  the  special  subject  may  be.  The 
examination  in  other  subjects  should  not  be 
a  farce,  as  it  often  is.  We  understand  that 
in  some  of  our  great  schools  combined  classics 
and  mathematics  can  secure  a  scholarship. 
This  arrangement  ought  to  be  widely  adopted 
by  examiners  for  scholarships  of  all  kinds, 
for  early  confinement  to  one  special  line  is 
a  great  menace  to  the  chance  of  a  liberal 
education  which  every  boy  of  ability  ought 
to  look  forward  to. 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  the  Association 
of  Assistant  Mistresses  in  Public  Secondary 
Schools,  which  meets  to-day,  is  asking  for 
an  extension  of  registration  which  will 
include  a  large  number  of  teachers  engaged 
in  kindergarten  and  other  forms  of  element- 
ary teaching.  Other  resolutions  concern 
freedom  of  movement  for  duly  qualified 
teachers  from  one  class  of  school  to  another  ; 
the  requirement  of  a  year's  "  recognized  " 
training  as  well  as  a  year's  "  recognized  " 
satisfactory  teaching  experience  for  both 
grades  of  the  Register  ;  and  the  presence 
of  a  due  proportion  of  registered  teachers 
in  secondary  schools  before  such  schools  are 
recognized  as  eligible  for  Government  grants. 
It  is  not  easy,  without  going  into  technical 
details,  to  exhibit  striking  features  from  the 
thick  Blue  -  book  of  '  Statistics  of  Public 
Education  in  England  and  Wales,  1903-4-5.' 
The  strength  of  the  female  side  in  education 
is  shown,  however,  by  the  fact  that  it 
represents  21,848  recognized  pupil-teachers 
in  public  elementary  schools,  as  against 
4,468  males.  The  statistics  of  "  schools  of 
art  "  give  230  schools  in  1903-4,  which  is 
one  less  than  the  figures  of  1902-3,  but  the 
number  of  students  is  higher — 52,634  to 
49,121.  The  number  of  technical  institu- 
tions receiving  grants  in  1903-4  was  only  19. 
In  '  Special  Optional  Courses  '  new  ideas 
are  visible  in  the  headings  '  Rural  Subjects,' 
'  Domestic  Science  and  Household  Manage- 
ment (for  Women),'  and  '  Advanced  Instruc- 
tion in  some  Recognized  Subject  of  Handi- 
craft.' The  numbers  here  are  very  small, 
as  might  be  expected,  but  a  useful  beginning 
has  been  made. 

The  '  General  Table  of  Ordinary  Public 
Elementary  Schools  '  gives  the  following  j 
figures  :  Council  schools,  6,145,  accommo- 
dating 3,172,622  children;  and  Voluntary! 
schools,  14,082,  accommodating  3,688,859. 
These'  figures  do  not  deal  with  higher  ele- 
mentary schools,  schools  for  defective 
children,  and  "  Certified  Efficient  "  schools. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  the  report  | 
for  the  year  1905  by  Dr.  Struthers  on 
'  Secondary  Education  (Scotland)  '  is  the  ■' 
failure  of  the  scheme  for  Commercial 
Certificates.  It  is  suggested  that  the  co- 
operation of  merchants  should  be  sought 
in  settling  the  curriculum  and  "  extending 
some    sort    off  practical    encouragement    to 


boys  to  equip  themselves  properly  before- 
theyX enter  an  office."  The  Edinburgh  and 
Leith  Chambers  of  Commerce  have  begun 
to  form  a  committee  for  this  purpose.  The 
"  Higher  Grade  Schools  "  established  by 
the  Code  of  1899  have  risen  from  31  in  1900' 
to  131  in  1905,  but  co-ordination  of  autho- 
rities is  needed,  since  they  are,  it  appears, 
entering  into  unnecessary  competition  with 
good  secondary  schools.  The  teaching  of 
English  was  strongly  urged  by  Sir  Henry 
Craik,  and  appears  to  be  advancing  slowly* 
We  learn  that 

"a  large  percentage  of  the  Honours  candidates 
who  wrote  on  Montrose  confused  him  with  Claver- 
house.  Similarly  William  the  Lion  was  dis- 
cussed on  the  supposition  that  he  was  William  the 
Conqueror,  while  one  candidate — an  Edinburgh 
candidate,  too — went  sn  far  as  to  ascribe  to  Jeanie 
Deans  the  exploit  of  Jenny  Geddes." 

The  "  Religious  Question  in  Schools  "  is 
too  complicated  to  be  dealt  with  briefly. 
We  may,  however,  direct  attention  to  an 
article  on  that  subject  in  the  current 
Hibbert  Journal,  and  to  a  memorandum 
recently  issued  by  the  Rationalist  Press 
Association,  which  states  that  religion 
would  be  best  taught  by  parents,  orr 
where  parents  are  incompetent,  by  the 
churches  to  which  they  belong.  This  is  a 
sensible,  but  perhaps  an  ideal  counsel. 
But  it  is  certain  that  the  "  Conscience 
Clause  "  is  unfair  as  marking  out  children 
for  possible  ridicule  or  unpleasant  notice. 
The  memorandum  mentions  that  "  lessons 
on  the  duties  of  citizenship  and  humanity  " 
are  moral  in  effect,  and  "  are  already 
employed  in  some  3,000  public  elementary 
schools,  including  no  less  than  1,270  schools 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  alone." 

Can  essential  virtues  be  separated  now 
from  Christianity,  or  inculcated  equally 
well  "  without  some  metaphysical  or  theo- 
logical views  of  morality  "  ?  That  is  the 
big  question — a  question  which  at  present 
we  cannot  undertake  to  answer. 


'  RUSSIA.' 


,,-We  have  received  a  long  letter  from  the 
author  of  the  above  book  (reviewed  by  us 
on  December  30th),  thanking  us  for  the 
notice,  but  bringing  forward  numerous  objec- 
tions. We  can  give  only  a  selection  of  the 
points  raised,  but  in  no  case  has  injustice 
been  done  to  the  author  by  omissions.  We 
number  the  points,  and  insert  our  reviewer's 
reply  to  them  at  the  end. 

Hotel  de  Malte.  Hue  <le  Richelieu,  Paris,  .Tan.  3rd,  1908. 

1.  With  regard  to  the  "  strange  seated 
stone  figures  "  to  which  your  reviewer  refers, 
I  fancy  he  can  only  have  seen  them  in  his 
dreams.  I  have  no  recollection  of  seeing 
them  during  my  travels  in  Russia.  The 
stone  figures  that  I  have  described  were 
standing,  not  seated. 

2.  Your  reviewer  complains  of  "  a  want 
of  careful  attention  "  in  my  allusion  to  the 
church  ohants.  I  should  like  to  tell  him  that 
the  words  are  quoted  exactly  as  I  and  main- 
others  have  heard  them  scores  of  times. 
The  continuous  repetition  of  the  two  words 
given  in  my  book  has  a  most  comic  effect 
on  the  ears  of  a  stranger,  which  it  is  unfor- 
tunately impossible  for  me  to  reproduce. 

3.  The  fault  which  your  reviewer  finds 
with  my  index  is  unanswerable,  I  admit,  but 
I  had  nothing  to  do  with  its  compilation, 
and  was  prevented  by  want  of  time  from 
going  through  it  before  publication. 

4.  Vmir   reviewer   has   not   only   misread, 
but  he  misquotes  what  I  say  about  the  win 
of  colonists   cooking   the   food   and   waiting 
on  their  husbands'  guests.      I  have  nowhere 
stated  that  this  is  a  practice  among  Russians: 


52 


THE    ATHENJET/M 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


it  is  purely  German,  and  found  only  among 
<  lermans,  and  imported  by  them  into  Russia; 
but  never  in  any  case  imitated  i>\  the 
Russians,     l    have  visited  Canada  and  the 

United  States,  and  cini  assure  VOUT  reviewer 

that  the  position  of  women  in  these  countries 
is^very  different. 

5.  Again,  "  the  depreciation  of  French 
caricature,"  which  "  will  not  bear  investiga- 
tion," is  merely  an  interesting  quotation 
from  a  book  published  in  1873,  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  it  is  criticized  as  coming  direct 
from  myself. 

G.  Your  reviewer  goes  on  to  remark,"  We 
do  not  understand  the  references  to  the 
Si  i  uve  family,  the  generations  appearing 
to  be  confused."  He  may  be  interested  to 
hear  that  all  the  facts  I  have  given  were 
taken  dowm  from  Prof.  Struve's  own  lips 
at  his  own  table  (in  Kharkoff ). 

7.  The  misspelling  of  the  name  Cathcart 
is  due  to  the  fact  of  my  having  copied  the 
inscription,  letter  for  letter,  from  that  hero's 
tomb  in  Sebastopol. 

8.  With  regard  to  Parker,  I  was  not  the 
only  person  who  heard  Tolstoy's  remark 
concerning  him,  and  I  could  easily  convince 
your  reviewer  that  the  Parker  referred  to 
was  the  American  Parker. 

Annette  M.  B.  Meakin. 

Our  reviewer's  replies  are  as  follows  : — - 

1.  The  figures,  which  still  abound  in  the 
Steppe  north  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  look  as 
though  seated.  See  also  Custine.  It  is 
probable  that  the  art  of  the  "  barbarian " 
sculptors  was  not  equal  to  the  task  of 
making  them  seem  to  stand  on  feet. 

2.  The  closing  words  of  the  verses  of  all 
the  litanies  are  not  those  given  by  the  author. 

3.  Authors  ought  to  insist  on  having  a 
good  index,  especially  if  they  are  not  novices. 

4.  Our  point  was  that  the  practice  is  as 
common  and  necessary  in  the  "  back  blocks  " 
of  Australia,  Canada,  and  the  United  States 
as  it  is  in  Russia,  whether  among  German 
Russians  or  among  Russians.  There  was 
no  quotation  of  the  words. 

5.  Why  is  the  passage  quoted  with  appa- 
rent approval  if  not  endorsed  ? 

6.  We  showed  by  dates  the  impossibility 
of  the  great  Struve,  the  astronomer,  being 
in  the  author's  mind. 

7.  The  author  repeatedly  writes  in  her 
own  person  of  the  well-known  general  after 
whom  the  famous  hill  was  named,  with  the 
same  misspelling. 

8.  It  is  quite  possible  that  our  conjecture, 
named  by  us  as  such,  was  wrong. 


MB,     LBE'6    'CENSUS    OF    SHAKESPEARE 
FIRST   FOLIOS.' 
108.V,  Lexhum  Gardens,  Kensington,  \\\,  January  5th. 

Mrs.  Letter,  of  Washington,  calls  ray 
attention  to  an  error  of  description,  which 
it  is  right  that  I  should  correct  without 
delay,  in  the  account  that  I  have  given,  in 
the  '  Census  of  Shakespeare  First  Folios,'  of 
the  copy  which  the  late  L.  Z.  Leiter  acquired 
of  the  late  Bernard  Quaritch  in  August,  1888, 
and  which  is  now  Mrs.  Leiter's  property. 

In  accordance  with  information  supplied 
me  by  a  member  of  the  late  Mr.  Leiter's 
family,  I  stated  in  the  '  Census,'  which  was 
published  in  1902,  that  this  copy  lacked 
the  preliminary  leaf  headed  '  A  catalogve 
of  the  seuerall  Comedies,  Histories,  and 
Tragedies  contained  in  this  Volume.'  A 
recent  examination  of  the  copy  by  Mr. 
Morrison,  of  the  Congress  Library  at 
Washington,  shows  that  the  '  Catalogue ' 
leaf  is  among  the  preliminary  leaves,  though 
it  is  not  in  the  precise  place  in  which  it  is 
usually  found.     Mrs.  Leiter's  copy  ought,  in 


view  of  Mr.  Morrison's  report,  to  occupy  a 
far  more  distinguished  place  in  my'  Census  ' 
than  the  one  which  I  have  allotted  to  it. 
With  the  exception  of  a  slight  repair  in  the 
last  leaf,  the  volume  is  quite  perfect,  and 
ought  to  be  included  in  Class  I.  of  the 
'Census,'  instead  of  in  Class  II. 

I  have  already  expressed  to  Mrs.  Leiter 
my  regret  that  I  should  have  under-esti- 
mated the  interest  of  the  copy,  which,  as  I 
have  already  stated,  is  one  of  the  very  few 
still  retaining  the  original  binding. 

Sidney  Lee. 


THE    1477    VENICE    EDITION   OF   THE 
•DIVINA   COMMEDIA.' 
Fiveways,  Burnham,  Bucks,  January  8th,  1906. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  point  out  that 
Mr.  Slater  is  in  error,  in  his  description  (in 
his  article  on  'The  Book  Sales  of  1905'  in 
to  -  day's  Athenceum)  of  the  1477  Venice 
edition  of  the  '  Divina  Commedia  '  as  "  con- 
taining for  the  first  time  the  Commentary 
of  Benvenuto  da  Imola."  It  is  true  that 
the  Italian  commentary  contained  in  that 
edition  is  attributed  to  Benvenuto  in  a 
sonnet  printed  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
But  this  is  a  false  attribution.  Benvenuto 
wrote  in  Latin,  and  his  commentary  (excerpts 
from  which  were  printed  by  Muratori)  was 
not  printed  in  full  until  1887,  in  which  year 
it  was  published  at  Florence  in  five  hand- 
some volumes  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  William 
Warren  Vernon.  The  Italian  commentary 
in  question,  which  was  reprinted  in  a  some- 
what different  form  in  the  1478  Milan 
edition  of  the  '  Divina  Commedia,'  was 
written  by  Jacopo  della  Lana,  of  Bologna. 
The  subject  is  discussed  at  length  by  Signor 
Luigi  Rocca  in  his  '  Di  Alcuni  Commenti 
della  Divina  Commedia  '  (pp.  127ff.). 

Paget  Toynbee. 


'THE   ROYAL  FORESTS   OF   ENGLAND.' 

Your  reviewer  expresses  surprise  that  I 
have  not  cited  from  Dr.  Nisbet's  books.  In 
common  with  every  one  else  of  intelligence 
who  is  interested  in  modern  forestry  and 
arboriculture,  I  regard  Dr.  Nisbet  as  facile 
princeps  on  all  such  subjects.  I  have 
read  and  enjoyed  almost  everything  he  has 
written.  But  I  am  not  aware  of  anything  of 
his  that  throws  any  light  whatever  on  the 
subject  of  my  book.  J.  Charles  Cox. 


Major  Martin  Hume  is  busy  with  a 
book  which  should  possess  a  topical  as 
well  as  an  historical  interest,  in  view  of 
the  approaching  Anglo  -  Spanish  royal 
marriage.  It  will  consist  of  the  strange 
and  romantic  stories  of  some  of  the  more 
interesting  of  the  earlier  Queens  of  Spain, 
drawn  in  many  cases  from  unpublished 
sources.  The  share  of  Isabella  the  Catholic 
in  the  expedition  of  Columbus ;  the  atti- 
tude of  Elizabeth  of  Valois  towards  her 
stepson  Carlos,  and  the  reason  of  her  pre- 
mature death  ;  the  action  of  Elizabeth  of 
Bourbon  in  the  overthrow  of  Olivares  ; 
and  the  vagaries  of  Luisa  Isabel  of 
Orleans  and  other  ladies  will  be  dis- 
cussed, with  many  points  which  remain 
problematical.  The  book  will  be  pub- 
lished in  the  early  autumn  by  the  firm  of 
E.  Grant  Richards. 


Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  in  the  spring 
a  book  entitled  'The  Continental  Out- 
cast :  Land  Colonies  and  Poor-Law  Relief,' 
by  the  Rev.W.  Garble,  of  the  ('lunch  Army, 
and  his  son  Mr.  Victor  W.  Carlile.  It 
contains  an  account  of  visits  paid  by  the 
authors  last  summer  to  the  famous  labour 
colony  of  Merxplas,  in  Belgium,  and  to 
similar  institutions  in  Holland.  Germany, 
and  Denmark,  together  with  a  number  of 
practical  suggestions  for  the  improvement 
of  English  methods  of  dealing  with  the 
unemployed,  the  aged  poor,  tramps,  and 
beggars. 

Mr.  Murray  is  issuing  '  Monographs,' 
by  Sir  Theodore  Martin,  which  con- 
sist of  sketches  of  Garrick,  Macready, 
Rachel,  and  Baron  Stockmar,  based  on 
Quarterly  articles.  '  Things  Indian,'  by 
Mr.  William  Crooke,  the  accomplished 
editor  of  '  Hobson  Jobson,'  will  be  looked 
for  with  eagerness  ;  and  '  Jottings  of  an 
Old  Solicitor,'  by  Sir  John  Hollams, 
represents  expert  knowledge  and  reflec- 
tion reaching  over  a  period  of  sixty  years. 
'  The  History  of  the  Papacy  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,'  by  Dr.  Nielsen,  trans- 
lated by  Canon  A.  J.  Mason  and  others, 
introduces  to  the  English  public  a  Danish 
author  who  is  both  lively  and  erudite. 

Mr.  Arthur  D.  Innes  has  edited  for 
the  Cambridge  Press  Burke's  speeches  on 
American  taxation  and  conciliation  of  the 
colonies. 

In  an  appendix  to  his  edition  of  the 
oration  of  Demosthenes  against  Midias, 
shortly  to  be  issued  by  the  same  Press, 
Prof.  W.  W.  Goodwin  illustrates  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  -po(3o\r)  by 
treating  it  in  connexion  with  the 
et'crayytAta  and  other  special  forms  of 
public  suits  in  which  the  authority  of  the 
State  appears. 

Mr.  E.  Temple  Thurston,  author  of 
'  The  Apple  of  Eden,'  has  just  finished 
another  novel.  It  is  entitled  '  Traffic,' 
and  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Duck- 
worth &  Co.  about  February  21st. 

Mr.  Ford  Madox  Hueffer's  new  novel 
1  The  Fifth  Queen,'  which  is  to  be  pub- 
lished next  month  by  Mr.  Alston  Rivers, 
is,  although  complete  in  itself,  to  be 
regarded  as  the  first  instalment  of  a 
trilogy  dealing  with  little-known  episodes 
in  the  short  career  of  Katharine  Howard. 

Mr.  Alston  Rivers  has  also  in  the 
press  a  book  entitled  '  The  Heart  of 
the  Country,'  in  which  Mr.  Hueffer 
supplements  his  '  Soul  of  London '  by  a 
survey  of  rustic  life  and  problems. 

We  notice  the  death  last  Wednesday  of 
Dr.  William  Rainey  Harper,  who  had  been 
President  of  Chicago  University  since 
1891.  He  was  only  forty-nine,  but  had 
already  made  his  mark  in  Biblical  litera- 
ture and  Oriental  languages.  He  was 
Professor  of  Hebrew  on  a  Baptist 
foundation  at  Chicago,  1879-86,  Pro- 
fessor of  Semitic  Languages  at  Yale, 
1886-91 ;  and  Professor  of  Biblical  Lite- 
rature, 1889-91.  He  was  head  Professor 
of  Semitic  Languages  at  Chicago,  and  pub- 
lished  books    on   '  Elements  of   Hebrew,' 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 

Hebrew  '  Syntax '  and  '  Vocabularies,' '  An 
Introductory  New  Testament '  with  R.  F. 
Weidner,  and  two  manuals  on  Latin  with 
I.  B.  Burgess.  He  was  an  associate  editor 
of  The  Biblical  World  and  the  American  j 
Journals  of  Theology  and  Semitic  Lan-  [ 
guages. 

The  Oxford  University  Press  is  about 
to  issue  '  Scenes  from  Old  Play  books,' 
arranged  as  an  introduction  to  Shakspeare 
by  Mr.  Percy  Simpson.  This  book  is  an 
attempt  to  solve  in  practical  form  some 
of  the  difficulties  involved  in  a  first  read- 
ing of  Shakspeare,  and  is  for  young 
readers.  The  only  notes  are  stage  notes, 
and  these  have  been  lavishly  supplied. 

Mr.  Murray  is  publishing  for  the 
Government  of  India  an  abridged  '  Official 
Account  of  the  Second  Afghan  War,  1878- 
1880.'  Among  the  fiction  he  announces 
are  the  first  novel  of  Mr.  Basil  Lubbock, 
'  Jack  Derringer,'  and  '  The  Hatanee,' 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Eggar,  a  novel  of  British 
Burma. 

Mr.  W.  C.  McBaest  is  to  lecture  to  the 
Old  Glasgow  Club  on  Monday  on  '  The 
Literature  o'f  Old  Glasgow.'  A  number 
of  old  Glasgow  books  in  choice  bindings 
will  be  on  view. 

Last  Monday  died  in  Newcastle  Mr. 
William  Duncan,  who  must  have  been 
one  of  the  oldest  of  journalists,  having 
reached  the  patriarchal  age  of  ninety- 
nine.  Born  and  bred  at  Aberdeen,  which 
produces  its  full  quota  of  strong  and 
vigorous  men,  he  was  for  thirty  years  sub- 
editor of  The  Newcastle  Chronicle,  and 
wrote  lives  of  Joseph  Cowen  and  George 
Stephenson. 

Another  venerable  figure  is  lost  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  George  Pv.  Fenton,  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  who  was  for  forty-four 
years  on  the  Parliamentary  staff  of  The 
Times. 

In  Chambers' 's  Journal  for  February 
Mr.  F.  Whitehouse  describes  '  The  Bash 
Vourmak,'  or  striking  of  the  head 
amongst  Mohammedans  at  Constantinople. 
A  writer  who  records  Ruskin's  opinions, 
received  in  conversation,  upon  '  The 
Hurry  and  Bustle  of  Modern  Life,'  adds 
much  of  his  own,  and  criticizes  motor- 
cars and  modern  architecture. 

Next  week  we  shall  print  the  first  of 
two  papers  on  Gray  at  Peterhouse,  em- 
bodying the  results  of  special  research  by 
Dr.  T.  A.  Walker.  Dr.  Walker  has  in 
the  press  a  '  History  of  Peterhouse,'  in 
the  well-known  series  of  "  College  His- 
tories," and  has  an  excellent  subject  in 
the  oldest  of  Cambridge  foundations. 

The  author  of  '  Latin  Hexameter 
Verse,'  Mr.  S.  E.  Winbolt,  is  about  to 
publish  immediately  with  Messrs.  Blackie 
.&  shorter  book  entitled  '  The  Latin 
Hexameter.'  The  former  work  being 
adapted  mainly  to  the  needs  of  teachers, 
the  forthcoming  one  is  intended  for  the 
use  of  sixth-form  boys,  and  fitted  to  a 
■course  of  six  terms.  It  will  be  interleaved 
with  blank  pages,  so  that  a  pupil  may 
conveniently  embody  notes  drawn  from 
his  own  reading. 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


53 


Mr.  Walter  A.  Locks  has  written  a 
series  of  historical  stories  connected  with 
old  Ilford  and  its  neighbourhood.  It  is 
announced  under  the  title  '  A  Maid  in 
Armour,  and  other  Tales  of  Old  Ilford,' 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

The  very  interesting  analysis  of  books 
of  the  year  issued  by  The  Publishers'' 
Circular  is  now  out.  The  total  of  books 
is  8,252,  as  against  8,334  in  1904.  Theo- 
logy has  increased — 745  volumes  against 
666.  Educational  works  show  a  decrease 
of  102 ;  and  there  has  been  a  lesser  isssue 
also  of  political  and  commercial  books  and 
reprinted  novels.  The  new  novels  are 
1,733,  as  against  1,731,  so  that  the  figure 
remains  curiously  steady.  The  totals  of 
history  and  biography,  and  books  on  the 
arts  and  sciences,  are  also  virtually  un- 
changed. In  belles-lettres  the  books  reach 
381,  as  against  220  last  year,  a  consider- 
able advance.  Poetry  and  drama,  and 
geography  and  travel,  also  show  a  slight 
increase. 

The  feature  of  this  list,  as  of  all  recent 
lists,  is  the  predominance  of  fiction. 
What  reader,  however  quick  and  practised, 
can  expect  to  cope  with  an  average  of 
thirty-three  new  novels  a  week,  and  give 
during  the  same  period  a  glance  at  twelve 
reprinted  ones  ?  Yet  we  are  told  that 
some  unfortunate  moderns  make  the 
attempt,  and  even  call  the  result  criticism. 

The  death  is  announced  in  Edinburgh 
of  the  Rev.  Paton  J.  Gloag,  author  of 
several  theological  works,  commentaries, 
and  translations.  He  was  born  at  Perth 
in  1823,  and  was  successively  minister  of 
Dunning,  Blantyre,  and  Galashiels,  from 
which  he  retired  in  1890. 

In  the  spring  a  novel  may  be  looked 
for  entitled  '  Stymied  !  The  Story  of  a 
Short  Summer  Sojourn  in  St.  Andrews.' 
The  author  is  Mr.  Murray-Maitland. 

A  Swedish  translation  of  Mr.  Gosse's 
'  History  of  English  Literature,'  under- 
taken by  the  Swedish  poet  Herr  K.  G. 
Ossian  -  Nilsson,  is  about  to  appear  in 
Stockholm.  It  will  be  published  by  the 
well-known  firm  of  Messrs.  Bonnier. 

Among  Royal  Institution  arrangements 
are  the  following : — On  Tuesday  next 
Prof.  E.  H.  Parker  will  deliver  the  first 
of  three  lectures  on  '  Impressions  of 
Travel  in  China  and  the  Far  East.'  On 
Thursday  Canon  Beeching  begins  a  course 
of  two  lectures  on  Shakespeare  ;  and  on 
Saturday  Mr.  J.  E.  C.  Bodley  delivers 
the  first  of  two  lectures  on  '  The  Church 
in  France.'  On  January  26th  Mr.  A.  C. 
Benson  will  lecture  on  Walter  Pater. 

The  death,  in  his  sixtieth  year, 
is  reported  from  Cassel  of  Wilhelm 
Benecke,  editor  of  the  Hessenland,  and 
author  of  a  number  of  novels  and  of  a 
history  of  the  Royal  Theatre  at  Cassel. 

Several  of  the  Paris  papers  have 
given  currency  to  the  rumour  that  M. 
Brunetiere  is  about  to  resign  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Revue  des  Dru.r  Monde*,  which 
he  has  directed  since  1893,  and  to  which 
he  has  been  a  contributor  for  thirty  years. 
It   was   even   stated    that    his    successor 


would  be  either  M.  d'Haussonville  or 
M.  de  Vogue ;  but  in  an  interview  pub- 
lished in  the  ficho  de  Paris  M.iBrunetiere 
makes  it  clear  that  he  has  no  intention  of 
resigning  his  post. 

The  Parliamentary  Paper  of  the  week 
of  the  most  interest  to  our  readers  is  the 
Historical  MSS.  Commission  Report  on 
the  Manuscripts  of  the  Duke  of  Rutland 
preserved  at  Belvoir  Castle.  Vol.  IV. 
(25.  9d.). 

SCIENCE 


CHARLES    JASPER    JOLY,    F.R.S. 

No  college  has  been  more  severely  tried 
by  the  loss  of  eminent  men  in  recent  years 
than  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  In  addition 
to  other  great  misfortunes,  it  has  lost  George 
Salmon,  George  Fitzgerald,  and  Charles  Joly 
within  four  years.  The  first  had  attained 
the  ripeness  of  full  age.  but  though  he  was 
long  past  scientific  work,  his  house  was  the 
meeting-place  of  the  learning  of  Europe,  and 
there  was  hardly  a  term  in  which  some 
scholar  from  England  or  from  Germany  did 
not  come  to  see  the  great  old  hospitable  man. 
George  Fitzgerald  was  second  only  to  Lord 
Kelvin  in  lus  influence  on  modern  science  ; 
and  now  Charles  Joly,  the  one  man  who 
promised  to  keep  his  college  in  contact  with 
European  mathematical  research,  has  been 
carried  off  (on  the  4th  inst.).  by  results 
from  typhoid  fever,  in  the  prime  of  life. 
He  was  just  beginning  to  make  his  in- 
fluence felt,  not  only  by  his  publication 
and  expositions  of  Hamilton's  epoch- 
making  work,  but  also  by  his  constant 
contact  with  Cambridge  and  with  foreign 
mathematical  scholars.  Apart  from  all 
this,  he  had  great  and  peculiar  qualities. 
There  are  others  who  may  rival  him  as 
mathematicians  ;  the  College  has  possessed 
them  for  generations  ;  but  in  the  burning 
problem  of  University  reform  this  was  the 
man  of  enlightened  views,  of  broad  European 
experience,  who  would  in  coming  years  have 
stimulated  wise  changes,  and  who  would 
have  helped  to  save  his  College  both  from 
stupid  adherence  to  effete  traditions  and 
from  dangerous  innovations.  As  such  he 
cannot  be  replaced  till  some  new  man  of 
his  outstanding  merit  arises,  and  there 
seems  little  chance  that  such  a  one  will  be 
found  for  some  years  to  come.  This  is 
what  must  be  said  regarding  the  public  loss 
resulting  from  his  deplorable  death. 

To  speak  calmly  of  his  personal  character 
is  not  easj-  for  those  who  loved  and  honoured 
him,  and  who  stood  but  yesterday  beside  his 
open  grave.  He  had  not  the  commanding 
personality  of  Fitzgerald,  and  did  not  obtain 
his  Fellowship  without  a  hard  struggle  ;  but 
this  was  due,  as  his  friends  well  knew,  to  his 
constant  pursuit  of  general  reading,  and 
so  that  wearisome  trial,  which  often  saps 
the  originality  and  impairs  the  character  of 
promising  men.  left  him  still  fresh  in  intellect, 
and  open  to  wider  interests.  Within  a  few 
years  his  reputation  obtained  for  him  the 
Andrews  Chair  of  Astronomy,  carrying  with 
it  the  title  of  Astronomer  Royal  in  Ireland. 
and  he  settled  with  his  young  wife  at  the 
Observatory,  which  removed  him  to  some 
extent  from  daily  intercourse  with  his 
colleagues,  but  also  from  the  petty  frictions 
and  distractions  of  tutorial  life. 

He  entered  on  his  new  duties  with  zeal, 
beeame  a  leading  spirit  among  the  serious 
members  of  the  British  Association,  and 
travelled  often  and  far  with  astronomical 
expeditions,  and  to  take  part  in  the  foreign 


54 


Til  E     AT  II  KN'iEUM 


X    K)81.  Jan.  l.'i,  1900 


con.  of   int'ii   of   Boienoe.      rhia   wide 

ezperianoe  taught  him  to  fear  that  the  once 
Eamoua   Dublin  school  of  mathematics  was 
becoming  provinoial  and  narrow     a  tendency 
which    he   earneetlj    strove   to   counteract. 
Senoe  to  the  old-fashioned  majority  in  the 
College  he  often  seemed  visionary,  to  some 
even    dangerous,    for    lie    always ,  advocated 
Lohanl   reforms  in  what  he  believed  the 
obsolete  methods  of  higher  education,  which 
led  to  obstacles  to  research.      His  mild  and 
gentle  manner  was  in  some  contrast  to  the 
advanced  nature  of  his  views,  and  he  never 
expressed    himself   violently,    even    when   his 
moral   indignation   was  roused  by  the  mis- 
oonduot    of   a  superior,   or  the   mismanage- 
ment of  College  affairs.     He   was   waiting, 
with  patient   impatience,  for  the  day  when 
the  voice  of  the  reformer  would  no  longer 
be  the  voice  of  one  crying  in  the  desert . 

But  now  a  cruel  fate  has  taken  him  from 
his  unfinished  labours,  from  his  wife  and 
little  children,  from  all  the  friends  who 
based  high  hopes  upon  his  future.  These 
hopes  were  well  founded,  for  as  his  presence 
did  not  manifest  at  first  sight  the  high 
quality  of  his  intellect,  so  the  work  he  has 
left  is  indeed  but  an  earnest  of  what  he  would 
have  done  in  years  to  come.  Fortunately, 
the  public  can  judge  thej  justice  of  i.  this 
estimate  by  his  '  Elements  of  Quaternions ' 
(1905),  which  shows  him  a  master  of  the 
highest  region  in  pure  mathematics.  The 
Royal  Society  and  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
have  been  long  familiar  with  his  abstruse 
papers.  M. 


*  AN  EXPLANATION  OF  MAGNETISM.' 

After  the  appearance  of  the  article-  under 
this  heading  in  The  Athenceum  of  Decem- 
ber 2nd,  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  wrote  to  us  the 
following  letter,  which  is  the  o-ne^alluded  to 
in  '  Research  Notes '  of  the  23rd;  of  last 
month : — 

Marieinont,  Kilghaston,  December  13th,  1905. 
It  is  astonishing  how  in  this  country  the  work 
of  Englishmen  seldom  attracts  attention  until  a 
foreigner  takes  it  up  ;  and  then  it  is  universally 
attributed  to  that  foreigner.  Your  article  of 
date  December  2nd  contains  nothing  new  to 
English  physicists.  M.  Langevin  obtained  it  all 
from  Cambridge,  it  is  due  chiefly  to  Prof.  Larmor 
and  others  of  the  Cambridge  school,  and  wlmt  you 
call  an  obiter  dictum  of  M.  Langevin.  is  a  definite 
and    certain    mathematical    proposition,     made     in 

England.  Oliver  Lodge. 

Since  then  we  have  heard  from  Sir  Oliver 
Lodge,  referring  us  to  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions, 1894  A,  pp.  806-18,  and  1897  A, 
pp.  286-8,  for  evidence  in  support  of  his 
contention  that  M.  Langevin  obtained  his 
theory  from  Cambridge. 

The  writer  of  the  article  in  question  sends 
us  the  following  comments  £.    • 

Sir  Oliver  Lodge's  references  are  taken 
from  two  papers  by  Dr.  Larmor,  both 
headed  On  a  Dynamical  Theory  of  the 
Electric  and  Luminiferous  Medium  '  In 
that  published  in  1894  Dr.  Larmor  defines 
an  atom  of  matter  as  a  "  vortex-ring  in  the 
present  rotational  aether  with  intrinsic 
rotational  strain  constituting  electric  charge  " 
and  developes  the  theory  of  electrons,  or, 
as  he  calls  them,  "  discrete  electric  nuclei," 
revolving  within  the  vortex-ring,  pretty 
much  as  it  has  since  been  accepted  by  Prof. 
u  (1Thom8on  and  others.  He  also  says 
that  "it  is  essential  to  any  simple  elastic 
theory  of  the  a-ther  that  the  charge  of  an 
ion  shall  be  represented  by  some  permanent 
state  of  strain  of  the  aether,  which  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  aether  and  carried  along 
with  it,  and  that  "  such  a  strain-configura- 
tion can  hardly  be  otherwise  than  sym- 
metrical  all   round    the   ion."     In  his  com- 


munication of  isiiT,  written  in  view  of  If, 
Curie's  discover]  that  the  paramagnetic 
state  varies  inversely  to  the  absolute 
temperature,     lie     says     that     Curie's     law 

indicates  that  the  same  is  sensibly 
Hue  for  all  paramagnetic  media  at  high 
temperatures :  at  lower  temperatures  they 
gradually  pass  into  the  ferromagnetic  con- 
dition," and  that  "  the  controlling  force 
[in  a  ferromagnetic  body]  that  resists 
the  orientating  action  of  the  field  is 
practically  wholly  derived  from  the  mag- 
netic interaction  of  the  neighbouring 
molecules."  But  this  must  be  considered 
as  in  some  sort  superseded  by  the  publica- 
tion of  '  /Ether  and  Matter  '  in  1900,  which 
Dr.  Larmor  declares  in  his  preface  to  be  in 
part  "  a  restatement  in  improved  form  of 
investigations  already  developed  in  a  series 
of  memoirs,  Phil.  Trans.  A.  1894-6-7."  In 
this  last  book  he  states  (p.  343)  clearly 
enough  that  "  it  appears  incidentally  that 
the  conception  of  paramagnetism  which  con- 
siders it  to  be  due  to  orientation  of  the 
molecule  as  a  whole  by  the  magnetic  field, 
as  if  it  were  a  rigid  system,  is  not  valid 
except  as  a  very  rough  illustration"  ;  and 
(p.  344)  that  "  the  exceptionally  great 
magnetic  coefficients  of  iron,  nickel,  and 
cobalt  at  ordinary  temperatures  may  possibly 
be  explained  as  an  effect  of  molecular  co- 
hesion or  grouping."  I  do  not  see  how 
this  bears  out  Sir  Oliver  Lodge's  contention 
that  M.  Langevin  obtained  all  his  theory 
from  Cambridge,  and  it  would  be  interesting 
to  know  if  Dr.  Larmor  himself  considers 
that  M.  Langevin  has  plagiarized,  either 
consciously  or  otherwise,  from  his  published 
researches. 

I  do  not  yield  to  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  in 
patriotism,  and  I  should  at  all  times  be 
naturally  inclined  to  prefer  the  work  of  an 
English  scholar  to  that  of  one  of  any  other 
nationality.  But  it  seems  to  me  that  some 
continental  nations — especially  the  French 
and  Dutch — have  a  great  advantage  over 
us  in  that  they  always  take  pains  to  state 
their  scientific  propositions  clearly  and  with 
precision,  in  opposition  to  the  unnecessarily 
technical  and  confused  language  in  which 
our  men  of  science,  at  Cambridge  and  else- 
where, clothe  their  thoughts.  This  reproach 
cannot  be  brought  against  Sir  Oliver  Lodge, 
who,  when  either  speaking  or  writing  on 
physical  subjects,  is  always  clearness  itself. 
But  if  he  could  persuade  some  of  his  col- 
leagues to  state  their  theories  with  some 
attention  to  literary  form,  he  would  go  far 
towards  making  English  science  at  once 
more  popular  and  better  understood,  both 
here  and  on  the  Continent,  than  it  is  at 
present.  At  a  tune  when  Mr.  Haldane's 
British  Science  Guild  is  calling  upon  the 
nation  to  extend  the  methods  of  science 
beyond  its  own  borders,  such  an  effort  is 
especially  needed,  and  it  is  not,  perhaps, 
too  much  to  ask  that  those  who  require 
their  countrymen  to  think  scientifically 
should  themselves  endeavour  to  write 
lucidly.  By  so  doing  they  would  form 
the  bridge  between  literature  and  science 
for  which  some  of  us  have  long  hoped. 


SOCIETIES. 


Okoi.oiikwi..  />,,-.  2o.  Dr.  J.  E.  Marr.  Pre- 
sident, in  the  chair.  -Mr.  T.  F.  Sibly  was  elected 
8  Fellow  ;  and  Prof.  Louis  Dollo,  of  Brussels,  and 
Dr.  August  Rothpletz.  of  Munich,  were  elected 
Foreign  Members.  The  following  communicat  ions 
were  read:  'The  Highest  Silurian  Rocks  of  the 
Ludlow  District,"  by  Miss  (}.  L.  Ellcs  and  Miss 
1.  L.  Slater,  and  'The  Carboniferous  Rocks  at 
Rush.  co.  Dublin,'  by  Dr.  C.  A.  Matley,  with  an 
account  of  the  faunal  succession  and  correlation 
by  Dr.  A.  Vaughau.  Prof.  <>.  F.  Wright,  in  ex- 
hibiting a  map  of  the   Lebanon  district,  gave  an 


interesting  description  of  the  evidence  which  he 
found,  in  a  recent  journey  to  that  district,  as  to  the 
height  and  extent  of  the  terminal  moraine.  lie 
remarked  also  that  the  water-level  in  the  Jordan 
valley  stood,  in  comparatively  recent  times,  7"»o 
feet  higher  than  at  present,  and  this  he  conni 
with  the  glaoiation  on  the  an  a.  \  >  rj  small  climatic 
change.-,  would  be  sufficient   to  Btart  the  Lebanon 

glacier  again. 

I.inmxn.     Dee.   21.— Mr.  C.    B,   Clarke,   v. P.. 
in  the  chair.     Viscount   Mountmorres  and  Mr.  J. 
Stuart  Thomson  were  admitted  Fellows.     Mr.  <     I 
Druery  exhibited  an  aposporous  Beedling  of  Poly- 
podium  vulgart,  with  a  frond  bearings  well-del 

plot  hallus  at    the  tip.       He  al-o  showed  8    new 

ot  apospory  in  Cyatopteris  montana.  The  ('hair- 
man  and  Prof.  •!.  Bretland  Farmer  contributed 
some  critical  remarks.  Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle  gave  & 
report  of  the  International  Botanical  Congret 
Vienna  in  June  last,  at  which  he  was  the  S 
delegate,  and  which  was  attended  by  more  than 
600  botanists  from  all  parts  of  the  world. — The 
discussion  was  opened  by  the  Chairman  and 
tinned  by  Dr.  Stapf,  Lieut. -Col.  Brain,  Mr.  J. 
Hopkinson.  Mr.  F.  X.  Williams,  the  General 
Secretary,  and  Mr.  H.  Groves. — A  paper  was  read 
from  Dr.  Fritz  Kranzlin.  entitled  '  Cyrtandreas- 
Malaya-  Insularis  Nova?,'  founded  on  specimens  in 
the  Herbarium  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  K>  w. 
—  Messrs.  H.  and  .T.  Groves  contributed  a  paper 
'On  Characea-  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  col- 
lected by  Major  A.  H.  Wofley-Dod,  R.A.,'  illus- 
trated by  the  specimens  themselves. 


Microscopical.  —  Dec.  20. — Dr.  1).  H.  Scott, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  President  called 
attention  to  a  donation  of  slides  prepared  by 
Andrew  Pritchard  about  fifty  yean  ago.  They 
had  been  presented  to  the  Society  by  Mr.  N.  1).  F. 
Pearce,  and  were  exhibited  in  the  room.  Mr. 
Rheinberg  described  an  exhibit  consisting  of  about 
twenty  photographs  of  diatoms  taken  by  the 
Zeiss  apparatus,  designed  by  Dr.  August  Kohler, 
of  Jena,  for  photomicrography  with  ultra-violet 
light.  A  photograph  of  Amphipleura  pt  llucida, 
taken  with  oblique  illumination,  showed  the 
diatom  clearly  resolved  into  dots. — Mr.  dirties 
said  the  photograph  of  Amphipleura  resolved  into 
dots  was  one  of  the  finest  yet  shown,  but  it  was 
not  the  first  time  this  diatom  had  been  so  resolved, 
for  a  photograph  showing  the  dotted  structure  was 
made  by  Mr.  Gifford,  and  Dr.  Spina  showed  the 
diatom  itself  at  one  of  the  Society's  meetings;  the 
resolution  was  not.  however,  in  cither  case  so 
distinct  as  in  the  photographs  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Rheinberg. — A  paper  on  'A  Fern  Fructification 
from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Shore,  Lanca- 
shire.' was  read  by  Mr.  I).  M.  S.  Watson,  who 
exhibited  a  large  section  of  the  coal  under  the 
microscope,  with  lantern-slides  in  illustration  of 
his  paper. — The  paper  was  followed  by  a  discus- 
sion, in  which  the  President,  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver, 
and  Nr.  E.  A.  Newell  Arber  took  part. 


Institution  of  Crvn,  Engineers.  ./'//>.  f). — 
Sir  Alexander  Binnie.  President,  in  the  chair. — 
Two  papers  were  read,  namely,  "The  Elimination 
of  Storm-Water  from  Sewerage  Systems,'  by  Mr. 
D.  E.  Lloyd- Da  \  ies.  and  •The  Elimination  OI  Sus- 
pended Solids  and  Colloidal  Matters  from  Sewage,' 
by  Lieut. -Col.  A.  S.  Jones  and  Mr.  YV.  ().  Travis. 
— It  was  announced  that  4S  Associate  Members 
had  been  transferred  to  the  class  ot  Members,  and 
that  -2()  candidates  had  been  admitted  as  Students. 
The    monthly    ballot   resulted    in    the  election   of  J 

Members  and  "is  Associate  Members. 


Aristotelian.-  -Jan.  I.— Dr.  Hastings  Bashdall, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  B.  Duniville  was 
elected  a  Member.— Mr.  J.  Solomon  read  a  paper 
on  'Is  the  Conception  of  Good  [Indefinable.?'    The 

predicate  "  good."  though  not  definable  as  a  com- 
plex of  partial  concepts,  is  not  properly  assimilated, 
as  Mr.  Moore  in  '  Rrincipia  Ethica 'assimilates  it,  to 
such  simple  predicates  as  ••yellow."     For  '•yellow 

is  not  merely  simple  in  itself,  but  is  apprehended  by 

a  simple  function;  while  '•good"  is  object  of 
apprehension  to  a  complex  function,  which  admits 
of  definition.  This  function  is  what  is  commonly 
called  reason  ;  and   from   Aristotle  to  Sidgwick  it 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


oo 


has  been  admitted  that  "good"  is  apprehended  by 
reason.  All  that  needs  to  be  added  to  this  is  that, 
discarding  the  old  unintelligible  views  of  reason  as 
an  organ  of  faculty,  or  "  lumiere  naturelle,"  we 
should  recognize  that  by  reason  we  really  mean  the 
exercise  of  a  complex  function  constructing  out  of 
the  remembered  past  and  the  imagined  future. 
The  larger  part  of  the  paper  was  devoted  to  main- 
taining (after  Hoffding)  the  entire  subjectivity  of 
the  moral  criterion,  its  entire  dependence  on  the 
individual.  For  all  moral  approval  or  judgment  of 
"what  ought  to  be"  is  at  bottom  a  liking,  pro- 
pensity, tendency — only  one  which  deserves  to  be 
called  rational,  because  it  is  comprehensive,  sys- 
tematic, and  on  the  whole  permanent.  — The  paper 
was  followed  by  a  discussion. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sit. 


Royal  Academy,  4.—'  "0_uality"  in  Colour,'  Prof.  G.  Clausen. 

Bibliographical,  5.— '  An  Episode  in  Anglo-French  Biblio- 
graphy UtilOi,'  Mr.  Sidney  Lee. 

London  Institution,  5.— 'Notes  on  the  Port  of  London,'  Mr. 
J.  G.  Brood-Bank  i  Tracers  Lecture.  I 

Surveyors'  Institution.  8.  — 'Modern  Surveying  Instruments,' 
Mr.  A.  T.  Walmisley. 

Geographical.  8.30.—'  British  East  African  Plateau  Land  and 
its  Economic  Conditions.'  Major  A.  St.  Hill  Gibbons. 

Roval  Institution,  5.—'  Impressions  of  Travel  in  China  and  the 
Far  East,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof.  E.  H.  Parker. 

Colonial.  8.—' The  Progress  and  Problems  of  the  East  Africa 
Protectorate.'  Sir  C.  Eliot. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  B.— Discussion  on  '  The  Elimi- 
nation of  Storm- Water  from  Sewerage  Systems'  and  'The 
Elimination  of  Suspended  Solids  and  Colloidal  Matters  from 
Sewage.' 

Zoological.  S.:S0.— '  Bones  of  the  Lynx  from  Cales  Dale,  Derby- 
shire.' Mr.  W.  Storrs  Fox  :  '  Mammals  from  South  Johore  and 
Singapore  collected  by  Air.  C.  B.  Kioss,'  Mr.  J.  L.  Bonhote  ; 
'Contributions  to  the  Anatomy  of  the  Ophidia.'  Mr.  F.  E. 
Beddard  ;  '  Minute  Structure  of  the  Teeth  of  Creodonts,'  Mr. 
i'    S   T. .in.--. 

Meteorological,  7. SO.— Annual  Meeting.  '  Meteorology  in  Daily 
Life.   Mr.  R.  Bentley. 

British  Archwolodcil  Association,  8.— 'St.  Clether,  his  Chapel 
and  Holy  Wells,'  Mrs.  Collier;  'The  Curtian  Lake,'  Dr. 
Russell  Forbes. 

Entomological.  8.— Annual  Meeting. 

Folk-lore,  8.— Presidential  Address. 

Microscopical.  8.— 'The  Life  and  Work  of  Bernard  Renault,' 
the  President. 

Society  of  Aits,  s.— 'The  Scientific  Assets  of  Voice  Develop- 
ment.' Dr.  W.  A.  Aikin. 
.  Royal  Academy.  4.—  The  Relative  Importance  of  Subject  and 
Treatment,'  Prof.  G.  Clausen. 

Royal.  4.30. 

Society  of  Arts,  4.30.— 'The  City  of  Calcutta,'  Mr.  0.  E.  Buck- 
laud". 

Historical.  5— 'The  Study  of  Nineteenth-Century  History.' 
Mr.  P.  Ashley. 

Royal  Institution,  5.  —  '  Shakespeare,'  Lecture  I.,  Canon 
iieeching. 

London  Institution,  6.— 'Russian  Broadsides  and  Illustrated 
Prints,   Mr.  M   (tester. 

Linnean.  8.— 'The  Life-Historv  of  ttOfgaritifera  paruueta.' 
Mr.  A.  W.  Allen;  Some  Endophytic  Algse,'  Mr.  A.  I). 
<  i>tt"ii ;  '  Jacobsons  Organ  of  Sphenodon,'  Dr.  R.  Broom. 

Society  of  Arts,   8. —  ' High-Speed   Electric  Machinery,   with 
i.il   Reference  to  Steam-Turbine  Machines,'  Lecture  I.. 
Prof.  S.  P.  Thoinpson  (Howard  Lecture). 

Chemical.  8.30.—  The  Refractive  Indices  of  Crystallizing  Solu- 
tions. Messrs.  II.  A.  Miers  and  F.  Isaac;  'The  Determina- 
tion of  Available  Plant-Food  in  Soils  by  the  Use  of  Weak 
Acid  Solvents.'  Part  II..  Messrs.  A.  I).  Hall  and  A.  Amos  : 
'The  Action  of  Ammonia  and  Amines  on  Diazobenzene 
Pic-rate,'  Messrs.  O.  Siltierrad  and  G.  Rotter;  and  numerous 
other  Papers. 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30— 'The  Ceramic  Art  in  Ancient 
Japan,'  Dr.  N.  Gordon  Munro;  'An  English  Chalice  and 
Paten  of  the  Fifteenth  Century.'  Rev.  E.  II.  Willson. 

Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.  —  Discussion  "ii 
'Behaviour  of  Materials  of  Construction  under  Pure  Shear.' 
Paper  on  '  Worm  Contact,'  Mr.  E.  A.  Bruce. 

Royal  Institution.  9.— "Some  Applications  of  the  Theory  of 
Electric  Discharge  to  Spectroscopy,'  Prof.  J.  .1.  Thomson. 

Roval  Institution, .:.— 'The  Church  in  France,'  Lecture  I.,  Mr. 
/.  E.  C.  Bodley. 


%tuntt  (Sossip. 

We  may  mention  a  few  facts  supplement- 
ing the  personal  notice  of  Prof.  Joly  which 
we  also  include  this  week.  He  died  in  the 
forty-second  year  of  his  age,  having  been 
born  at  Tullamore  on  June  27th,  1864.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  at  Galway 
Grammar  School,  after  which  he  passed 
through  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  spent 
also  some  time  at  Berlin  University.  He 
became  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ireland  in 
1897  ;  with  that  post  are  united  the  Andrews 
Professorship  of  Astronomy  at  Dublin  Uni- 
versity, and  the  Directorship  of  the  Dunsink 
Observatory.  In  addition  to  the  practical 
work  involved  in  these,  Prof.  Joly  wrote 
largely  on  mathematical  subjects,  especially 
on  quaternions,  a  branch  of  analysis  which 
owes  its  origin  and  its  name  to  one  of  his 
predecessors,  Sir  William  Rowan  Hamilton, 
whose  great  work  upon  it  appeared  in  1866, 
the  year  after  the  death  of  the  author,  who 
worked  at  it  nearly  till  the  end. 

In  view  of  the  decision  to  appoint  a 
Royal  Commission  on  Canals,  *  Our  Water- 
■ways,'  to  be  published  by  Mr.  John  Murray 


for   Mr.    U.    A.  Forbes  and   Mr.  W.  H.  R. 

Ashford,  will  be  of  interest.  Many  people 
besides  Mr.  Carnegie  have  wondered  that 
our  elaborate  canal  system,  which  cost  so 
much  money,  is  being  allowed  in  many  cases 
to  go  to  rack  and  ruin.  The  present  con- 
dition of  inland  navigation,  and  the  merits 
of  the  various  schemes  suggested  to  improve 
it,  will  be  fully  discussed. 

Mr.  Murray  will  also  issue  '  The  Transi- 
tion in  Agriculture,'  by  Mr.  Edwin  A.  Pratt, 
which  records  many  remarkable  facts  and 
figures.  Special  attention  is  paid  to  the 
problem  of  small  holdings. 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  will 
shortly  issue  Dr.  J.  L.  E.  Dreyer's  '  History 
of  the  Planetary  Systems  from  Thales  to 
Kepler.'  The  book  embodies  an  attempt 
to  trace  the  history  of  man's  conception  of 
the  universe  from  the  earUest  tunes  to  the 
completion  of  the  Copernican  system. 

Messrs.  Duckworth  &  Co.  are  issuing 
immediately  '  The  British  Woodlice,'  a 
monograph  of  the  terrestrial  Isopod  Crus- 
tacea occurring  in  the  British  Islands,  by 
Mr.  Wilfred  M.  Webb  and  Mr.  Charles 
Sillem.  Twenty-five  plates  and  fifty-nine 
figures  will  be  included  in  the  text,  the 
substance  of  which  lias  appeared  in  The 
Essex  Naturalist. 

The  Geological  Society  will  this  year 
award  its  medals  and  funds  as  follows  :  the 
Wollaston  Medal  to  Dr.  Henry  Woodward  ; 
the  Murchison  Medal  to  Mr.  C.  T.  Clough  ; 
the  Lyell  Medal  to  Prof.  F.  D.  Adams,  of 
Montreal  ;  and  the  Prestwich  Medal  to  Mr. 
William  Whitaker.  The  Wollaston  Fund 
goes  to  Dr.  F.  L.  Kitchin  ;  the  Murchison 
Fund  to  Mr.  Herbert  Lapworth  ;  the  Lyell 
Fund  to  Mr.  W.  G.  Fearnsides  and  Mr. 
R.  H.  Solly  ;  and  the  Barlow-Jameson 
Fund  to  Mr.  H.  C.  Beasley. 

The  new  and  fully  equipped  laboratories 
in  connexion  with  Edinburgh  University,  it 
is  expected,  will  be  formally  opened  in  the 
spring. 

Some  particulars  are  given  in  the  Indian 
papers  of  the  adventurous  journey  from 
China  to  India,  via  Tibet,  of  Count  de 
Lesdain  and  his  wife.  Leaving  China 
proper,  they  entered  the  Gobi  desert,  and, 
after  making  a  circuit  round  Koko  Nor, 
reached  the  salt  swamps  of  Tsaidam.  They 
next  visited  the  sources  of  the  Yangtse, 
and  during  this  stage  of  their  journey 
entered  a  region  absolutely  without  inhabi- 
tants. For  seven  weeks  they  did  not 
encounter  a  single  human  being.  In  another 
part  of  their  journey  they  traversed  a  mud 
plateau  nearly  20,000  feet  high,  and  lost 
all  their  baggage  animals  but  six  during 
the  crossing.  They  then  passed  a  succession 
of  lakes  until  they  came  to  Tengri  Nor,  and 
on  reaching  the  Sanchu  river  they  followed 
its  valley  to  a  point  near  Shigatse,  which, 
however,  they  did  not  visit.  They  con- 
tinued their  route  into  India  by  Gyantse 
and  the  Chumbi  valley.  The  Tibetans 
were  friendly  throughout  the  journey,  and 
the  travellers  attributed  this  attitude  to 
the  good  effect  of  the  Younghusband  expe- 
dition. 

It  is  reported  that,  besides  the  comet 
mentioned  in  our  '  Science  Gossip  '  on  the 
23rd  ult.  as  having  been  discovered  at  Flag- 
staff, another  was  afterwards  noticed  on 
the  same  plate.  But  no  further  information 
has  been  received  of  either  of  these  bodies  ; 
nor  has  the  redetection  of  Barnard's  peri- 
odical comet  of  1892  been  confirmed.  The 
strong  moonlight  this  week  has  made 
cometary  observations  difficult. 

We  have  received  the  twelfth  number 
(with    the    index)    of    vol.     xxxiv.     of    the 


Memorie  della  Societd  degli  Spettroscopisti 
Italiani,  which  contains  the  completion  of 
Signor  Bemporad's  paper  on  the  theory  of 
astronomical  refraction  ;  a  note  by  Prof. 
Ricco  on  the  international  scheme  for 
co-operation  in  solar  research  ;  and  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  spectroscopic  images  of 
the  sun's  limb  to  the  end  of  1903. 

A  new  small  planet  was  photographically 
discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  night 
of  the  17th  ult. 


FINE    ARTS 


COLOUR    BOOKS. 

India,  by  Mortimer  Menpes  ;  text  by 
Flora  Annie  Steel,  is  a  volume  of  Messrs. 
A.  &  C.  Black's  series  illustrated  in  colour, 
of  which  it  may  be  said  that,  ordinarily, 
the  chief  attraction  lies  in  the  sketches.  If 
they  are  artistic  and  pleasing,  the  text  is  of 
minor  importance.  But  that  cannot  be 
affirmed  in  the  present  case,  for  the  reading 
is  at  least  as  attractive  as  the  illustrations, 
whilst  the  balance  of  profit  lies  with  the 
text.  The  sketches,  which  are  undoubtedly 
clever,  vary  considerably  in  merit  and  in 
suitability  for  reproduction  by  the  method 
employed.  In  la  general  way  it  may  be 
said  that  the  cleaner  the  colouring  the 
better  is  the  plate  or  illustration  ;  but 
clean  work  does  not  necessarily  involve 
crude  work.  As  a  rule  the  yellows  are  too 
purely  gamboge  in  character,  a  shade  by 
no  means  predominant  in  India.  What 
we  mean  may  be  seen  in  '  A  Street  Corner, 
Peshawur,'  and  in  '  A  Woman  at  the  Well, 
Jeypore';  the  >  greenish  yellow  pervades 
the  picture.  The  buffaloes  and  figures  in 
'Leisure  Hours'  are  drawn  with  great 
fidelity. 

Mrs.  Steel's  work,  as  indicated,  is  excel- 
lent ;  from  her  sketch  of  the  country,  the 
people,  their  religions,  arts  and  crafts, 
buildings,  &c,  enough  may  be  learnt  to 
provide  the  average  reader  with  material 
for  conversation  on  the  subject  of  our 
great  dependency,  with  the  comfortable 
feeling  that  so  long  as  he  keeps  within  her 
limits  he  is  reasonably  safe. 

The  Casentino  and  its  Story.  By  Ella 
Noyes  ;  illustrated  in  Colour  and  Lme  by 
Dora  Noyes.  (Dent  &  Co.)— If  it  be  true 
that  modern  travelling,  with  its  time-saving 
appliances  of  fast  trains,  through  tickets,  and 
guide-books,  and  its  dutiful  adherence  to 
the  beaten  tracks  of  the  world,  has  in  great 
measure  ruined  the  romance  of  pilgrimage, 
it  is  at  least  a  comfort  to  know  that  there 
are  still  wanderers,  with  no  particular  time 
to  save,  nor  desire  to  cling  to  the  mam  roads 
of  sightseeing,  who  can  linger  lovingly  about 
the  retreats  of  reminiscence,  and  relate  m 
sympathy  what  thev  have  seen  and  learnt, 
for  the  benefit  of  those  who  will  rather  read 
than  run.  There  is  just  this  sense  of  sym- 
pathy— not  aggressive  nor  insistent,  but 
gracious  and  delightful— in  this  book  about 
the  Casentino.  It*  story  of  'The  \  alley 
Enclosed  '  is  a  pleasure  to  read,  as  it  takes 
us  hither  and  thither,  from  place  to  place 
and  from  time  to  time,  from  the  service  of 
the  sword  and  the  Cross  in  the  Middle  Ages 
to  the  utterly  simple  life  and  worship  of 
the  contadini  to-dav.  The  central  chapter 
is  naturallv  devoted  to  'The  Rock  of  San 
Franceaso  ;  :  and  shows  a  deep  conscious- 
ness of  the  peculiar  sanctity  which  has  clung 
ever  to  La  Yerna.  The  next  chapter, 
'  Dante  in  the  Valley."  is  also  full  of  interest 
for  all  who  would  study  the  mood  and  the 
verse  of  the  great  Florentine  in  exile. 


5(5 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  -Kl    M 


\    hi.si,  Jan.  13,  1906 


The  cult m rid  illustrations  are  really  beauti- 
ful:  whatever  the  subject  a  glimpse  oi 
lulls   and    lull  i"w  H-.    a    sweep   of   river,    a 

village  itreet,  an  interior  of  church  or  house. 

■  vintage  scene  the  artist  baa  invented  i1 
with  an  atmosphere  rich  in  breadth  and 
dignity,    in    warmth   and   simplicity,    which 

teatifiee  it-  own  faithfulness  to  the  tjcvi its  loci. 

But  waa  il  ool  a  pity  to  print  'Eons  Sarni'  in 
a  frontispiece  representing  the  source  ol  the 

Arno  '.'  The  little  black-and-white  drawings 
are  helpful  as  to  details  ;  and  the  map  is 
clear,  but.  alas  !  it  has  no  scale.  The 
preface  contains  a  few  hints  about  ways  and 
inns. 


THE    NEW    CALLEHY. 

Thi:  International  Society  has  never  had 
a  more  interesting  show  than  that  now  to 
be  seen  at  the  New  Gallery.  Nor  has  the 
Gallery  itself  ever  been  seen  to  such  advant- 
age. The  impression  on  entering  the  hall 
is  that  of  wonder  how  such  simple  means  as 
have  been  taken  should  produce  such  an 
extraordinary  change.  The  hall  lflas  good 
proportions,  which  were  previously  obscured 
by  garish  ornament  and  colour,  and  the 
present  tenants,  by  taking  out  the  coloured 
glass  and  covering  the  walls  and  the  balcony 
with  plain  white  hangings,  have  given  it  an 
unexpected  dignity  and  grace.  Against  the 
dull  w'hite  of  the  background  the  sculpture 
shows  to  perfection.  We  appreciate  the 
relief  without  the  fiercely  accented  contour 
which  newly  cut  white  marble  has  upon  a 
dark  or  uneven  background.  A  few  bay- 
trees  placed  among  the  sculpture  relieve 
the  monotony,  and  give  a  perfectly  just 
accent  to  the  whole  scheme  of  decoration. 

The  resulting  impression  is  so  agreeable 
that  the  critic  is  almost  in  danger  of  being 
misled  into  the  idea  that  the  hall  is  filled 
with  masterpieces.  This  it  is  not,  but 
nevertheless  the  average  is  extremely  high — 
higher  than  in  any  exhibition  of  modern 
sculpture  which  we  remember  to  have  seen 
in  London.  Along  one  wall  are  arranged  a 
series  of  bronzes  by  Meunier,  a  posthumous 
tribute  to  his  talent  we  welcome,  consider- 
ing how  little  in  his  lifetime  he  was  seen 
and  appreciated  in  England.  None  of  these, 
perhaps,  impresses  one  as  showing  a  great 
creative  genius,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
none  fails  of  a  fine  scholarship  and  a  genuine, 
if  somewhat  derivative  feeling  for  plastic 
design.  Among  the  most  striking  are  the 
Femme  du  Peuple  (No.  15)  and  the  Min  eur 
a  la  Lanterne  (32).  Then  there  is  Mr.  E.  P. 
Warren's  version  of  Rodin's  Le  Baiser  (1), 
a  marble  replica  which  scarcely  does  more 
than  indicate  the  great  beauty  of  the  design. 
The  surface  quality  seems  to  us  dull  and 
mechanical  when  compared  with  the  Paolo 
and  Francesco  (69),  in  which  one  notes  the 
peculiar  atmospheric  quality  of  surface 
which  M.  Rodin  has  aimed  at  so  success- 
fully in  his  later  marbles.  This  is  a  work 
which  strains  at  the  limits  of  plastic  expres- 
sion, so  completely  are  all  accents  and 
divisions  of  planes  suppressed,  so  entirely 
is  the  appeal  made  by  the  direct  effect  of  a 
complex  and  elusive,  but  wonderfully  sus- 
tained rhythm. 

There  are  two  important  works  by  M. 
Bartholome  :  an  almost  classic  Jeune  Fille 
se  coiffant  (2),  and  a  colossal  Adam 
and  Eve  (3)  which  is  much  more  rugged 
and  realistic,  but  with  the  particular  note 
of  pathos  which  one  associates  with  the 
artist  admirably  expressed.  Indeed,  if  we 
may  trust  a  first  impression,  we  have  never 
seen  anything  by  him  so  masterly  and  so 
nearly  approaching  to  a  real  sense  of  style. 

Two  exhibits  by  an  artist  whose  work  we 
have    never    noticed    before,    M.    Hoetger, 


seem  to  us  axtremeli   interesting.     One  is  a 

nude  torso  (-Jtili.  baa  other  a  head  (53). 
Tli<-\      both     show     Strong     reminiscence-     i>t 

sarh  art  the  lirst  of  Greek,  the  second  oi 
Gothic     The  torso,  in  tact,  has  something 

ot  the  archaistie  effect  of  the  SgUBea  ascribed 
fee  I'asitele-.  |,ut  with  a  vigour  and  vitality 
which  one  does  not  usually  associate  with 
such  stylistic  essays.  It  is  impossible  to 
speak  with  assurance  from  such  a  limited 
acquaintance  with  an  artist's  work,  but  we 
are  inclined  to  expect  much  from  M.  Hoetjjer 
in  t  he  future. 

Another  young  artist,  .Mr.  Paul  Martlett, 
exhibits  a  great  many  small  bronzes,  which 
range  over  a  variety  of  subjects.  He  shows 
a  strong  feeling  for  the  decorative  possi- 
bilities of  bronze,  and  great  technical  skill 
in  his  control  of  the  surface  quality,  the 
colour  and  patina  of  his  little  pieces.  In 
fact,  he  has  set  himself  to  emulate  the  per- 
fection of  Oriental  bronzes,  but  he  appears 
to  us  at  present  to  be  almost  entirely  experi- 
menting, and  more  the  ingenious  craftsman 
than  the  creative  artist.  This,  however,  is 
one  method  of  approach  to  great  art,  and 
one  too  little  in  favour  in  modern  times, 
so  that  we  welcome  this  attempt  to  find 
out  the  secrets  of  the  material  of  expression. 

Mr.  Charles  Ricketts,  who  is  perhaps  the 
most  varied  and  accomplished  technician  in 
England,  has  of  late  turned  his  attention 
also  to  sculpture,  and  his  bronzes  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  small  exhibi- 
tions. Nothing  that  we  have  seen  so  far 
comes  up  to  the  level  of  the  small  figure  of 
Silence  (52).  The  form  has  great  beauty 
and  unity  of  silhouette,  and  the  drapery  is 
disposed  with  Mr.  Ricketts's  intense  and 
instinctive  feeling  for  rhythm.  The  fact 
that  it  is  so  entirely  draped  is  in  its  favour, 
for  he  appears  to  us  to  treat  the  nude 
in  sculpture  too  much  in  the  wilful  and 
a  priori  method  which  drapery  alone  permits. 
— Mr.  Wells  continues  to  do  excellent  work, 
though  his  range  of  feeling  and  invention 
is  strictly  limited.  His  statuette  of  a  Wood- 
cutter (60)  is  perhaps  a  sign  of  new  develop- 
ment ;  while  his  First  Steps  (59)  is  the  most 
masterly  variation  he  has  made  of  his  usual 
theme. — We  have  never  seen  anything  so 
serious  and  accomplished  by  Mr.  Tweed  as 
the  head  of  Old  Netvman  (44)  ;  and  Mr. 
Stirling  Lee's  portrait  head  (12)  is  admirable 
as  treatment  of  marble,  though  a  little  want- 
ing in  the  sense  of  style. 

We  have  dwelt  thus  at  length  upon  the 
sculpture  because  it  seems  to  us  much 
more  significant,  so  far  as  contemporary 
effort  goes,  than  the  painting  in  the  adjoining 
galleries.  The  real  interest  of  the  paintings 
centres  round  the  pictures  contributed  from 
the  Bernheim  collection  in  the  North  Room, 
and  many  of  these  are  by  deceased  masters, 
some  of  whom,  like  Manet,  have  already 
taken  on  the  air  of  Old  Masters.  Here, 
indeed,  certain  aspects  of  the  Impressionist 
School  are  seen  as  never  before  in  London. 
There  were,  it  is  true,  a  few  of  M.  Cezanne's 
works  at  the  Durand  Ruel  exhibition  in 
the  Grafton  Gallery,  but  nothing  which  gave 
so  definite  an  idea  of  his  peculiar  genius 
as  the  Nature  Morte  (199)  and  the  Pay  sage 
(205)  in  this  gallery.  From  the  '  Nature 
Morte  '  one  gathers  that  Cezanne  goes  back 
to  Manet,  developing  one  side  of  his  art  to 
its  furthest  limits.  Manet  himself  had  more 
than  a  little  of  the  primitive  about  him, 
and  in  his  early  work,  so  far  from  diluting 
local  colour  by  exaggerating  its  accidents, 
he  tended  to  state  it  with  a  frankness  and 
force  that  remind  one  of  the  elder  Breughel. 
His  Tete  de  Femme  (188)  in  this  gallery  is 
an  example  of  such  a  method,  and  Cezanne's 
'  Nature  Morte '  pushes  it  further.  The 
white  of  the  napkin  and  the  delicious  grey 
of  the  pewter  have  as  much  the  quality  of 


positive  and  mteii-e  local  colour  as  the  vivid 

green  of  the  earthaovwars  j    and  the  whole 

r— tod  With  insistence  on  the  decorative 
\  allies  of  these  opposition-.  Light  and  shade 
are  subordinated  entirely  to  this  aim.    Where 

the  pat  tern  requires  it .  the  shadow  b  or  white 
an  pamted  black,  with  total  indifference  to 
those  laws  ol  appearance  which  the  scientific 

irony  of  the  Impressionist  School  has  pro- 
claimed to  be  eSBi  ntial.  in  the  '  I'aysage  ' 
we  find  the  same  wilful  opposition  of  local 
colours,  the  same  decorative  intention  ;  but 
with  this  goes  a  (piite  extraordinary  feeling 
for  light.  The  sky  and  its  reflection  in  the 
pool  are  rendered  as  never  before  in  land- 
si  ape  art.  with  an  absolute  illusion  of  the 
planes  of  illumination.  The  sky  recedes 
miraculously  behind  the  hill-side,  answered 
by  the  inverted  concavity  of  lighted  air  in 
the  pool.  And  this  is  effected  without  any 
chiaroscuro — merely  by  a  perfect  instinct 
for  the  expressive  quality  of  tone  values. 
We  confess  to  having  been  hitherto  sceptical 
about  Cezanne's  genius,  but  these  two  pieces 
reveal  a  power  which  is  entirely  distinct 
and  personal,  and  though  the  artist's  appeal 
is  limited,  and  touches  none  of  the  finer 
issues  of  the  imaginative  life,  it  is  none  the 
less  complete. 

Renoir  is  here  seen  almost  as  well  as  at 
Durand  Ruel's.  He,  indeed,  represents  the 
antithesis  to  Cezanne  in  his  mode  of  expres- 
sion. Here  local  colour  counts  for  nothing, 
and  silhouette  is  everywhere  lost  in  a  mist 
of  hatched  strokes  ;  but  from  this  mist  there 
emerges  an  undeniable  impression  of  life 
and  of  a  curious  lyrical  sentiment.  Le  Bal 
(203)  and  the  Paysage  (212)  are  both,  in 
their  curiously  realistic  way,  poetical. — 
By  Degas  there  are  two  pieces  which  show 
his  extraordinary  power.  One,  the  Savoisi- 
enne  (209),  might  almost  be  overlooked  at 
a  first  glance,  so  matter-of-fact,  almost 
commonplace,  is  the  general  effect.  But 
a  longer  study  reveals  beneath  the  tight, 
unemphatic  presentment  a  supreme  mastery 
of  modelling,  a  classic  perception  of  pure 
form.  The  other,  Les  Blanchisseuses  (204), 
is  more  interesting  and  more  dramatic, 
though  here,  too,  that  intellectual  aloofness 
which  characterizes  Degas's  attitude  is 
apparent.  The  strange  and  uninviting 
colouring  of  this  study  does  in  the  end 
resolve  itself  into  a  clearly  intentional  and 
deliberate  harmony. 

The  other  Impressionists — Monet,  Sisley, 
and  Pissarro — scarcely  interest  us  so  much, 
and  the  examples  shown  add  nothing  to 
what  is  familiar  to  all  English  amateurs. 
On  the  other  hand,  Forain  has  never  been 
seen  so  well  as  a  painter  in  this  country. 
Daumier  is  clearly  the  point  of  departure 
for  his  art :  his  satire  is  finer,  more  malicious, 
but  infinitely  less  genial  and  human.  But 
for  all  that  one  would  not  miss  the  fine  dis- 
crimination of  types,  the  sharp  and  delicate 
certainty  of  touch,  seen  in  such  a  piece  as 
Les  Avocats  (195). — Besides  the  picture  we 
have  mentioned,  Manet  is  represented  by  a 
delightful  little  seapiece,  Le  Bain  (184),  two 
figures  on  the  seashore,  and  by  a  large 
canvas,  Le  Linge  (177),  a  woman  and  child 
by  a  washtub  in  an  orchard.  Nothing  can 
be  imagined  more  full  of  life  and  colour 
than  the  child,  with  its  doll-like  stiffness 
of  pose  and  its  bright  intense  eyes,  or  more 
genial  than  the  figure  of  the  woman.  It  is 
an  idyllic  genre  piece,  painted  not  in  the 
style  one  usually  associates  with  such,  but 
with  a  large  generalization  of  form  and  a 
bluntly  direct  statement  of  the  central 
facts,  such  as  might  in  other  times  and  in 
other  intellectual  circumstances  have  made- 
a  great  heroic  composition.  Here,  as  always 
with  Manet,  however  much  the  accidental 
facts  of  plein  air  painting  may  seem  to 
have  occupied  his  attention,  he  really  has 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


57 


larger  conceptions  in  view  ;  unlike  Monet, 
he  is  always  the  artist  first  and  a  naturalist 
by  the  way. 

It  is  inevitable,  with  such  interesting  and 
already  historic  material  in  the  exhibition, 
that  the  work  of  contemporary  British 
painters  should  be  somewhat  overshadowed. 
And  indeed,  for  the  most  part,  the  pictures 
shown  here  have  rather  negative  than 
positive  merits.  Admirably  and  spaciously 
hung  as  they  are,  they  produce,  with  their 
discreet  tonality  and  non-committal  state- 
ments, a  very  agreeable  impression  ;  but 
the  more  one  examines  them,  the  less  one 
finds  of  sustained  and  decided  interest. 
Mr.  Strang  has  made  an  heroic  attempt  in 
his  Sea  Pool  (147)  at  clearness  and  gaiety 
of  colour  ;  but  the  composition  of  the  two 
figures  has  an  abstract  and  theoretical  air, 
the  despair  of  the  nude  figure  being  as  in- 
explicable as  the  vehement  straining  of  her 
companion  under  the  weight  of  a  loose  piece 
of  'drapery. 

Mr.  C.  Shannon  sends  an  important 
picture,  the  Mill  Pond  (222),  which  we  feel 
ought  to  move  us  more  than  it  does.  Here 
again  the  composition  is  extremely  learned  ; 
it  shows  the  subtlest  refinements,  the  most 
careful  rejections  of  the  obvious.  And  yet 
from  this  deep  research  no  motive  that  is 
directly  inteUigible  to  us  emerges.  We 
recognize  and  admire  the  intention,  and 
yet  we  scarcely  find  ourselves  sharing  the 
mood.  The  same  artist's  other  work,  a 
portrait  of  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Goldmann  (140), 
has  a  delicate  grace  and  a  refined  interpreta- 
tion of  character  ;  but  the  want  of  relief, 
either  plastic  or  decorative,  becomes  pain- 
fully apparent  on  this  large  scale. 

Mr.  Ricketts's  Good  Samaritan  (224)  is 
very  powerful  and  largely  handled  in  its 
design,  and,  although  it  is  almost  too  remi- 
niscent of  Daumier,  has  a  certain  intimacy 
and  tenderness  in  the  conception  of  the 
two  figures  (particularly  in  the  wounded 
man's  head)  which  make  it  a  personal  and 
genuine  interpretation  of  the  drama.  As 
usual  in  Mr.  Ricketts's  paintings,  the  land- 
scape is  entirely  abstract,  yet  is  not  only 
very  beautifully  painted,  but  also  singularly 
right  in  its  relation  to  the  theme.  His  other 
picture,  The  Expulsion  of  Heliodorus  (153), 
is  the  most  unreserved  fantasia  he  has 
hitherto  painted.  Here  Delacroix  replaces 
Daumier  as  the  point  of  departure,  though 
this  influence  is  overlaid  by  many  others, 
not  the  least  of  which  is  that  of  Mr.  Ricketts's 
own  earher  style  of  linear  design,  which 
lias  hitherto  not  made  itself  felt  in  his  paint- 
ing. The  action  is  vehement,  but  not  exactly 
clear,  except  for  the  delightfully  witty  inven- 
tion of  the  priest  creeping  towards  the  fallen 
figure  to  recover  the  treasure,  even  before 
his  celestial  protectors  have  completed  their 
triumph. 


ARCH^OLOGICAL    XOTES. 

The  thoughtful  article  by  M.  de  Morgan 
in  the  current  number  of  the  Recueil  de 
Travaux  is  full  of  interest  not  onljr  for 
Assyriologists,  but  also  for  all  those  who 
have  endeavoured  to  trace  man's  earliesl 
efforts  to  preserve  inscribed  records  for  the 
use  of  posterity.  He  tells  us  that,  of  the 
three  separate  systems  of  early  writing 
known  to  us,  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics 
were  speedily  debased  by  the  use  of  more 
tractable  materials  than  the  stone  or  wood 
on  which  they  wore  originally  carved,  until 
they  lost  all  but  a  distant  resemblance  bo 
the  original  characters;  while  the  Chinese, 
from  a  similar  cause,  became  mere  groups  of 
commas  arranged  in  a  conventional  order. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  writers  of  cuneiform, 
having  in  the  clay  used  by  them  a  medium 


occupying  a  middle  place  between  the 
excessively  hard  stone  and  the  easily  stained 
papyrus  or  paper,  preserved  more  com- 
pletely in  their  cursive  writing  the  trace 
of  the  original  pictographs  than  did  the 
Egyptians  or  Chinese  ;  and  M.  de  Morgan 
thinks  that  he  is  able  to  reconstitute  some 
of  these  on  the  tablets  of  uncertain  age  dis- 
covered by  him  at  Susa,  which  he  calls 
proto-Elamite.  Thus  he  thinks  he  can 
identify  in  the  groups  of  wedges  the  repre- 
sentation of  different  forms  of  pottery,  of 
plants,  of  forks,  combs,  and  axes,  and  of 
harps,  bows,  and  arrows,  besides  some 
more  doubtful  animal  forms.  The  instru- 
ment used  for  producing  these  was,  in  his 
opinion,  a  style  of  prismatic  form  ending 
in  a  triangular  point.  The  source  of  the 
clay  used  is  still  problematical,  as  he  found 
by  experiment  that  that  actually  existing 
in  the  country  is  unfit  for  the  purpose, 
having  too  great  a  proportion  of  sand  to 
bake  or  dry  well. 

Another  notable  work  by  the  same  author 
is  that  just  published  on  '  Les  Recherches 
Archeologiques,'  which  seems  to  have  origin- 
ally appeared  in  the  enterprising  publication 
called  La  Revue  des  Idees.  He  here  marks 
the  distinction  between  the  Babylonian  and 
the  Egyptian  records,  in  that  the  first 
named  were  consciously  historical  and  were 
written  for  the  sake  of  posterity,  while  the 
last  give,  as  the  others  do  not,  scenes  from 
the  daily  life  of  the  people.  He  thinks,  too, 
that  many  of  the  facts  of  Babylonian  history 
may  be  explained  by  the  theory  that  the 
different  provinces  of  Mesopotamia  were  at 
one  time  separated  from  each  other  by 
great  tracts  of  water  ;  and  he  throws 
some  doubt  upon  the  generally  received 
notion  that  the  Egyptian  fellah  is  a  better 
workman  for  explorers  than  the  Chaldean 
Arab.  Having  tried  many  different 
races,  he  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  a 
few  Greek  or  Italian  "navvies"  would  do 
more  work  than  several  times  their 
number  of  Orientals,  and  it  is  not  im- 
possible that  such  gangs  may  in  time  be 
organized.  He  also  gives  detailed  instruc- 
tions for  the  systematic  attack  on  the  site 
of  an  ancient  town  or  village,  and  even 
suggests  several  such  as  likely  to  yield  a 
profitable  crop  of  antiquities  ;  while  he 
concludes  with  a  dissertation  upon  ancient 
mines,  quarries,  and  lines  of  communication, 
with  many  practical  hints  on  the  conveyance 
and  preservation  of  objects  discovered,  and 
some  brief  remarks  on  the  best  means  of, 
publication.  If  he  is  a  little  too  much  in- 
clined to  counsels  of  perfection,  the  book 
is  yet  one  that  no  working  archaeologist  can 
safely  neglect. 

The  annual  Archaeological  Report  of  the 
Egypt  Exploration  Fund  is  now  out.  The 
chief  article  is  M.  Xaville  and  Mr.  Hall's 
account  of  their  work  at  Deir  el-Bahari,  and 
is  well  illustrated  by  photographs.  Much 
shorter  articles  by  Mr.  Xathan  Davies,  Prof. 
Petrie,  and  Drs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt  on  the 
different  works  entrusted  to  them  follow  ; 
and  then  comes  Mr.  Griffith's  record  of 
Egyptological  work  during  the  past  year. 
which  forms,  as  usual,  rather  dry  reading. 
He  is,  however,  unexpectedly  sound  in  his 
remarks  upon  the  attempts  of  the  German 
professors  Dr.  Mahler,  Or.  Meyer,  and  Dr. 
Sethe  to  "  settle,"  arbitrarily  and  in  a 
pontifical  manner,  the  lines  of  Egyptian 
chronology,  and  suggests  that  there  are  pos- 
sibly factors  in  the-  problem  yet  unrevealed 
which  may  upset  all  previous  calculations. 
The  reports  of  Mr.  Garstang,  Mr.  Weigall, 
M.  Legrain,  and  Mr.  Quibell  are  incorporated 
with  this  part  of  the  Report,  and  form,  with 
Mrs.  Petrie's  storyof  the  work  of  the  Egyptian 
Research  Account,  a  tolerably  complete 
record  of  the  excavations  of  the  past  year. 


Many  of  the  publications  reviewed  have 
already  been  noticed  in  The  Athenceum  ; 
but  this  part  of  the  work  is  well  and  care- 
fully done,  and  with  a  more  evident  striving 
after  impartial  criticism  than  was  noticeable 
in  former  years.  The  chapter  on  Graeco- 
Roman  Egypt  by  Dr.  Kenyon  is.  as  visual, 
a  model  of  what  such  work  should  be,  but 
calls  for  no  special  remark  ;  while  in  Mr. 
Crum's  equally  excellent  chapter  on  Chris- 
tian Egypt  we  can  only  notice  a  very  brief, 
but  sharp  and  just  criticism  of  some  recent 
work  of  M.  Revillout.  We  are  sorry  to 
notice  that  the  chapter  on  Arab  Egypt  has 
this  year  dropped  out. 

It  is  reported  that  the  excavators  under 
the  direction  of  the  Service  des  Antiquites 
at  Zawat  el-Aryan,  near  Abusir,  have  brought 
to  light  a  magnificent  tomb  of  a  king  of  the 
second  dynasty,  but  details  are  lacking. 
Otherwise  little  of  the  result  of  this  season's 
exploration  has  yet  reached  this  country. 
At  Deir  el-Bahari  the  work  seems  to  have 
been  confined  to  the  tracing  of  architectural 
details,  but  M.  Xaville  is  now  on  his  way 
thither,  and  his  arrival  will  no  doubt  give 
things  an  impetus.  Prof.  Petrie  is  reported 
to  be  at  Tell  el-Yahudiyeh.  but,  so  far.  to 
have  found  nothing.  Mr.  Ayrton,  on  the 
other  hand,  working  for  Mr.  Theodore  Davis 
at  Biban'el  Moluk,  is  said  to  have  discovered 
the  mummy  of  Siptah  Mineptah. 

A  disagreeable  instance  of  the  "  ratten- 
ing "  propensities  of  a  certain  class  of 
German  professor  has  come  to  light  in  the 
attack  lately  delivered  by  Prof.  Seybold,  of 
Tubingen,  upon  our  countryman  Mr.  Evetts's 
'  History  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Alexandria,' 
now  in  course  of  publication.  Prof.  Seybold, 
in  a  letter  to  the  Revue  Critique,  lately 
accused  Mr.  Evetts  of  plagiarism,  of  being 
a  very  poor  Arabic  scholar,  of  not  knowing 
a  word  of  Coptic,  and  of  other  high  archaeo- 
logical crimes  and  misdemeanours.  In  a 
reply  to  this,  which  lias  necessitated  the 
publication  of  a  special  supplement  to  the 
review  named.  M.  Xau  takes  up  the  cudgels 
in  defence  of  Mr.  Evetts.  and  shows,  with 
chapter  and  verse,  that  it  is  Prof.  Seybold, 
and  not  Mr.  Evetts,  who  is  in  fault.  His 
concluding  remark  is  that  there  are  about 
Arabia  thousands  of  camel-men  and  donkey- 
drivers  who  are  better  acquainted  with 
Arabic  grammar  and  literature  than  the 
professor  who  thus  takes  upon  himself  to 
lecture  others.  As  will  be  seen  from  this 
specimen,  Dr.  Xau  does  not  mince  matters. 

A  careful  series  of  articles  by  Mr.  E.  X. 
Gardiner,  in  The  Journal  of  Hellenic  Studies. 
on  '  Greek  Wrestling,'  deserves  more  ex- 
tended notice  than  we  can  at  present  give 
to  it,  but  the  likeness  of  some  of  the  "  locks  " 
here  figured  to  those  used  in  the  Japanese 
jiu-jitsu  may  be  mentioned. 


3finr-Art  (Gossip. 

• 

Last  Monday  Mr.  Edward  Stott,  painter, 
and  Mr.  F.  Vv.  Pomeroy,  Bculptor,  were 
elected  Associates  of  the  Royal  Academy  : 
and  Mr.  Frank  Short  and  Mr.  William 
Strang.  Associate-Engravers. 

On  Tuesday  evening  Mr.  Solomon  J. 
Solomon,  painter,  was  made  K.A.  ;  and 
Herr  Josef  Israels,  painter,  and  Mr.  Augus- 
tus Saint  Gaudens,  sculptor,  were  elected 
Honorary  Foreign  Academicians. 

Tin:  Arts  and  Crafts  Exhibition  Society 
hold  the  private  view  of  their  eighth  -how 
to-day. 

The  late  Mr.  Staate  Forbes  formed  a 
collection  of  over  a  hundred  examples  of 
drawings   in   chalk    and    charcoal    bj    Jean 


58 


THE     ATII  EN  .KUM 


X-4081,  Jan.  !■'*,  1906 


l-'nmcois  Millet.  This  is  shortly  to  be  dis- 
persed, and  has  been  placed  in  the  hands 
of  Messrs.  Ernest  Brown  &  Phillips,  who 
will  exhibit  it  in  the  Leicester  Galleries, 
Leicester  Square,  for  about  four  weeks  from 
Monday  next.  The  famous  pastel  of  'The 
elus  '  will  be  on  show,  also  several 
finished  chalk  drawings  of  subjects  which 
Millet  never  painted  in  oils. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  are  also  being 
shown  from  to-day  onwards  French  illus- 
trated books  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
a  series  of  water-colours  entitled  '  Idylls 
of  the  Country,'  by  Mr.  W.  Lee  Hankey. 

The  spring  exhibition  of  the  Royal  Scot- 
tish Academy  will  open  on  the  27th  inst. 
The  works  on  loan  include  pictures  by 
Mr.  E.  A.  Abbey,  R.A.,  Mr.  J.  S.  Sargent, 
R.A.,  Mr.  J.  M.  Swan,  R.A.,  Mr.  Mark 
Fisher,  and  Mr.  E.  Stott,  A.R.A. 

The  first  Leighton  House  exhibition  of 
works  by  artists  resident  in  Kensington — 
who  include  Mr.  J.  D.  Batten,  Miss  E.  F. 
Brickdale,  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  Mr.  A.  Drury, 
A.R.A.,  Mr.  Holman  Hunt,  Mr.  John  Lavery, 
Mr.  C.  Ricketts,  Mr.  C.  H.  Shannon,  Mr. 
Byam  Shaw,  Mr.  Hamo  Thornycroft,  R.A., 
and  others — wdll  be  held  from  Monday  next 
until  the  end  of  March. 

Fob  more  than  a  hundred  years  there 
has  been  a  Scottish  School  of  Painting. 
Raeburn  and  Wilkie  gave  this  school  its 
characteristics  ;  and  these  two,  together 
with  many  others  connected  with  the 
history  of  art  in  Scotland,  will  be  dealt 
with  by  Mr.  William  D.  McKay  in  '  The 
Scottisli  School  of  Painting,'  which  is  in 
preparation  for  Messrs.  Duckworth's  well- 
known  "  Red  Series." 

The  death  of  Mr.  Harrison  W.  Weir  on 
Thursday  last  week,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
one,  removes  a  veteran  whose  gifts  as  a 
draughtsman  and  animal  painter  were  more 
widely  appreciated  in  earlier  days  than  now. 
He  was  one  of  the  original  staff  of  The 
Illustrated  London  News,  and  one  of  the 
most  prolific  of  supporters  of  illustrated 
journalism  in  general.  He  was  a  pioneer  in 
accurate  drawing  from  nature,  and  many 
readers  now  no  longer  young  will  remember 
with  pleasure  his  '  Animal  Stories,  Old  and 
New,'  '  Our  Cats,  and  all  about  Them,' 
'  Bird  Stories,'  and  other  volumes  which 
included  engravings  with  his  familiar  signa- 
ture. '  Our  Poultry,  and  all  about  Them,' 
was  the  work  of  which  he  was  most  proud, 
and  on  which  he  lavished  many  years  of 
labour.  He  began  exhibiting  oil  pictures 
in  1843,  and  showed  such  work  frequently 
at  the  Society  of  British  Artists  and  the 
Royal  Academy. 

The  reviewer  of  Mr.  Holman  Hunt's  book 
writes : — 

"I  find  that,  by  a  slip  which  I  unfortunately 
had  not  the  opportunity  of  correcting,  I  wrote 
'Delacroix  !'  instead  of  'Delaroohe!'  in  my  review. 
It  is  needless  to  say  that  both  my  criticism  and  my 
exclamation  mark  would  have  ceased  to  apply  had 
Delaroohe  been  correct." 

Mr.  W.  Barclay  Squire  writes  : — 
"It  may  be  worth  pointing  out  that  the  Duke 
of  Northumberland's  'Portrait  Group'  by  W. 
Dohson  (No.  105),  now  exhibited  at  Burlington 
House,  is  incorrectly  described  in  the  Catalogue. 
The  figure  on  the  left,  in  white  satin,  holding  a 
sketch  in  his  hand,  represents  Sir  Balthazar 
Gerbier,  and  not  Dohson,  as  stated  in  the  Cata- 
logue. The  central  figure,  dressed  in  red,  is  that 
of  the  painter.  Reference  to  the  ages  of  Gerbier, 
Dohson,  and  Cotterell  should  have  been  sufficient 
to  correct  the  misdescription." 

We  referred  in  these  columns  on  Febru- 
ary 18th,  1905,  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Charles 


Freer,  of  Detroit,  had  offered  bis  collection 

of  pictures  to  the  I  "  r  i  1 1  <  .  1  States;  but  for 
some  reason  the  Smithsonian  authorities  at 
Washington  seem  reluctant  to  accept  this 
princely  gift,  which  includes  a  building  to 
cost  half  a  million  dollars,  and  so  the  offer 
may  be  withdrawn.  As  is  well  known,  the 
strength  of  the  collection  lies  in  the  Whistlers. 
The  pictures  are  valued  at  over  000,000 
dollars. 

A  commission  has  been  formed  in  Paris 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  a  law  with 
regard  to  the  "  droits  des  artistes  sur  leurs 
ceuvres  pendant  leur  vie  et  cinquante  ans 
apres  leur  mort."  The  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  and  Fine  Arts  is  in  favour  of 
some  such  law,  particularly  with  regard  to 
rights  of  reproduction.  There  are,  however, 
obvious  objections  to  any  such  scheme. 

The  Italian  nation  has  presented  M. 
Loubet  with  an  interesting  souvenir  of  his 
official  visit  to  Rome  in  the  form  of  a  picture 
depicting  an  incident  in  that  journey  by  a 
young  Italian  artist,  Joseph  Aprea,  who 
is  only  twenty-seven  years  of  age.  This 
artist  has  already  obtained  several  successes. 
In  1895  he  exhibited  at  Milan  a  picture 
called  '  Mater  Afflictorum,'  which  attracted 
a  great  deal  of  notice.  One  of  his  pictures, 
'  The  Dying  Christ,'  was  purchased  by  the 
Italian  Government,  and  is  now  in  the 
Gallery  of  Modern  Art  at  Naples.  In  1904 
the  Government  purchased  another  of  his 
pictures,  '  Love  and  Psyche,'  for  24,000  lire. 


'MUSIC 

LONDON    SYMPHONY    ORCHESTRA 

IN    PARIS. 

The  decision  of  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  to  give  two  concerts  in  Paris 
was  a  bold  one,  for  although  it  is  undoubt- 
edly a  fine  body  of  players,  the  French 
capital  can  also  boast  of  good  orchestras. 
Then,  again,  the  programmes  contain  several 
British  works,  and  it  cannot  be  said  that 
the  Parisians  have  hitherto  shown  any 
eagerness  to  become  acquainted  with  our 
home  produce.  But  the  visits  of  French 
orchestras  and  French  conductors  to  London 
have  shown  that  between  the  two  countries 
there  has  been  for  some  time  an  entente 
cordiale  in  musical  as  well  as  political 
matters  ;  and  it  is  pleasant  to  note  that 
at  the  concerts  in  question  all  the  orchestral 
numbers,  except  one,  are  being  performed 
under  the  direction  of  M.  Andre  Messager 
and  M.  Edouard  Colonne. 

The  concerts  are  being  given  with  the 
assistance  of  three  hundred  picked  members 
of  the  Leeds  Musical  Festival,  and,  as 
eminent  foreign  critics  have  acknowledged, 
the  Continent  has  no  choir  equal  to  it. 
Union  is  strength,  and  the  London  Sym- 
phony Orchestra  plus  the  Leeds  singers 
makes,  we  imagine,  success  doubly  sure. 
It  may  be  noted  that  this  is  not  the  first 
visit  of  an  English  choir  to  Paris.  Mr. 
Joseph  Proudman,  who  may  be  regarded 
as  a  pioneer  in  such  undertakings,  took 
over  a  Tonic  Sol-fa  choir.  There  was  a 
competi^'on  at  the  International  Exhibition 
of  1867,  but  the  choir,  being  a  mixed  one, 
was  excluded  ;  its  singing,  however,  at- 
tracted special  notice,  and  a  prize  was 
awarded  to  it  by  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 
Then  in  1878  a  programme  entirely  devoted 
to  "  English  "  music — a,  term  too  narrow 
for  some  of  the  composers  represented — 
was  given  -under  the  direction  of  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  with  the  assistance  of  Henry 
Leslie  and  his  choir.  Of  the  concert  one 
French   critic   remarked  :     "  There   are   fine 


things  and  charming  pages  in  that  Music 
of  which  we  know  so  little."  Orlando 
Gibbons,  Purcell,  and  Samuel  Wesley  were 
each  represented  by  their  best  music  ;  of 
modern  composers  there  were  G.  A.  Mac- 
farren,  Balfe,  Sterndale  Bennett,  Vincent 
Wallace,  and  Sullivan.  Virtually  only  two 
of  these  names — Balfe  and  Sullivan — are 
now  seen  on  concert  programmes.  Gibbons 
and  Wesley  still  stand  for  what  is  noble  in 
British  musical  sacred  art.  It  was  perhaps 
wise  on  the  present  occasion  not  to  devote 
the  whole  of  the  programmes  to  British 
music,  and  yet  on  such  a  rare  occasion  not 
only  would  it  have  been  pardonable,  but 
also  a  much  more  comprehensive  scheme 
might  have  been  drawn  up,  including  speci- 
mens of  rising  composers. 

The  first  concert  took  place  on  Wednesday 
afternoon.     M.    Loubet    was    present,    and 
there  was  a  large  and  appreciative  audience, 
comprising  many  distinguished  French  mu- 
sicians.     '  La  Marseillaise  '  opened  the  first 
part,  and  though  the  Leeds  Choir  sang  with 
good  will,  the  tone  of  the  voices  was  some- 
what  disappointing  ;     this  was   through  no 
fault  of  the  singers,   but  they  were  placed 
right  at  the  back  of  the  stage,   and   there 
was  a  consequent  lack  of  brilliancy.     This 
wyas  still  more  perceptible  in  their  rendering 
of  Sir  Hubert  Parry's  setting  of  '  Blest  Pair 
of    Sirens  '  ;     it    did    not    excite    the    same 
enthusiasm  that  it  does  when  sung  at  Leeds 
— we  refer  to  the  singing,  quite  apart  from 
the  stately  setting  of  the  words.     As  this, 
with  the  exception  of  '  La  Marseillaise,'  was 
the  only  number  in  the  first  part  in  which 
the    Leeds    Choir    was    engaged,    the    great 
reputation     which     it     enjoys     must     have 
seemed  to  many  of  the  audience  somewhat 
exaggerated.     But  in  Bach's  unaccompanied 
motet  for  double  choir  "  Singet  dem  Herrn 
ein  neues  Lied  "  the  singers,  by  their  fine 
rendering  of  the  very  difficult  music,  roused 
the    enthusiasm    of    the    audience.     It    was 
altogether  a  grand  performance.     They  had 
further  opportunity  of  showTing  their  power 
in  "  The  horse  and  his  rider  "  from  '  Israel 
in    Egypt  '  ;    and  in  our  National  Anthem, 
with  which  the  concert  ended. 

M.  Andre  Messager  conducted  Saint - 
Saens's  symphonic  poem  '  Phaeton  '  ;  Sulli- 
van's dainty  '  Dance  of  Nymphs  and  Shep- 
herds '  from  '  The  Tempest '  music  by  which 
the  composer  first  made  a  name  ;  Sir 
Alexander  Mackenzie's  expressive  '  Bene- 
dictus,'  and  Dr.  Cowen's  clever  Scherzo 
from  his  '  Scandinavian  '  Symphony  ;  also 
Strauss's  '  Don  Juan  '  and  Wagner's  '  Die 
Meistersinger  '  Overture. 

The  fine  playing  of  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  was  much  admired.  Sir  Charles 
Villiers  Stanford  conducted  the  Parry  ode, 
the  Bach  motet,  and  the  Handel  chorus, 
and  he  had  every  reason  to  be  pleased  with 
the  reception  given  both  to  him  and  to  the 
choir.  He  appeared,  too,  as  a  composer, 
and  conducted  with  success  the  Andante 
and  Finale  from  his  '  Irish  '  Symphony,  one 
of  his  ablest  works.  Of  the  second  concert 
we  shall  speak  next  week. 


I&ustral  (Oasstp. 

Miss  Vera  Warwick-Evans,  a  young 
violinist  who  has  been  trained  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Music,  gave  a  recital  at  Steinway 
Hall  last  Tuesday  evening.  She  has  a  well- 
developed  technique,  and  her  performances 
of  such  exacting  compositions  as  Bach's 
'  Chaconne  '  and  Joachim's  '  Variations  * 
proved  satisfactory  both  as  regards  exe- 
cutive  skill   and   insight    into    the   require- 


N°4081,  Jan.  13,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


59 


merits  of  the  music.     Miss  Warwick-Evans 
evidently  possesses  strong  musical  feeling. 

When  Mozart  as  a  boy  visited  Italy, 
Hasse,  the  most  popular  and  the  most 
influential  opera  composer  of  the  day,  is 
said  to  have  declared  that  "  the  boy  will 
soon  throw  us  all  into  the  shade."  An  inter- 
esting article,  '  II  Ragazzo  Mozard,'  signed 
Dr.  Carl  Mennicke,  in  the  first  January 
number  of  Die  Musik,  gives  some  letters 
by  Hasse  addressed  to  his  friend  Abate 
-Giovanni  Maria  Ortes,  to  which  attention 
was  first  drawn  by  G.  M.  Urbani  de  Gheltof 
some  years  back.  In  the  first  (Septem- 
ber 30th,  1769)  Hasse  speaks  of  having 
made  the  acquaintance  of  "  Herr  Mozard  " 
and  his  talented  boy,  whom  he  proclaims 
a  "wonder,"  but  fears  he  will  be  spoilt  by 
his  father's  flattery.  In  a  later  letter 
{March  2nd,  1771)  he  again  refers  to  some 
well-meant,  though  foolish  conduct  on  the 
part  of  the  father,  but  adds  :  "I  have, 
nevertheless,  such  a  good  opinion  of  the 
boy  so  gifted  by  nature,  that  I  hope,  in 
spite  of  the  father's  influence,  he  will  not 
fail,  but  become  '  un  brav'  uomo.'  '  From 
some  such  remark  must  have  come  the 
saying  above  mentioned. 

A  second  opera  festival  will  be  held  at 
Sheffield  from  February  26th  to  March  3rd. 
Eight  performances  will  be  given  by  the 
Moody-Manners  Company,  the  list  of  operas 
including  '  Figaro,'  '  Flying  Dutchman,' 
[  Tristan,'  '  Siegfried,'  '  Carmen,'  '  Eugen 
Onegin,'  '  Philemon  and  Baucis,'  and  '  Grey- 
steel,'  a  new  opera  by  Nicholas  Gatty. 

The  next  novelty  at  the  Paris  Opera 
Gomique  will  be  M.  Camille  Erlanger's 
|  Aphrodite.'  The  libretto,  by  M.  Louis  de 
Gramont,  is  based  on  the  novel  by  Pierre 
Louys,  which  appeared  about  ten  years  ago 
in  the  Mercure  de  France. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Edouard  Blau, 
who  wrote  many  libretti,  including  those  of 
r  Eselarmonde,' " '  Le  Cid,'  '  Le  Roi  d'Ys,' 
and  '  Werther  '  ;  and  also  the  words  of 
■Cesar  Franck's  symphonic  poem  '  La  Re- 
demption.' 

The  death  is  announced  of  the  stage 
singer  Gabrielle  Krauss,  in  her  sixty-fourth 
year.  She  was  born  at  Vienna,  and  studied 
at  the  Conservatorium  of  that  city,  making 
her  debut  there,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  in 
Rosaini's  '  William  Tell.'  She  took  part  in 
Gounod's  '  Polyeucte  '  and  '  Sapho,'  and  in 
Saint-Saens's  '  Henri  VIII.,'  when  these 
operas  were  produced  at  Paris. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT    WEEK. 


Sin. 


Fumlay  Society  Concert,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Bandar  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall 

,li--  I     Uraxendale's  Concert.  X.  Stein  war  Hall, 
liss  Ethel  Leginska  -  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechetein  Hall. 
Tin  as   London   leailemv  of  M  u~i.  Concert.  »,  Steinwav  Mill 
Fbi.       Miss  Hilda  Barnes  s  Violin  Rei  it.il,  H  SO.  IV,  h-t.  in  Hall. 

Madame  Ethel  Hueonin  -  Voi  al  Kccital.  S,  .Eoliari  Hall. 

Mr.  Lomond  -  Pianoforte  Rei  ital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mozart  v'"  iet  j .  S,  Portman  Rooms. 

Hvmphonv  Concert,  3,  Queen  »  Hall 

rrence  Kellie  -  Song  Rei  ital,  3  30,  Steinwaj  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Imperial. — The  Harlequin  King  :  a  "  Mas- 
querade "  in  Four  Acts.  By  Rudolph 
Lothar.  Adapted  by  Louis  N.  Parker 
and  Selwyn  Brinton. 

Not  wholly  pleasant  to  the  occupant  is 
sometimes  the  "  fierce  light  that  beats 
upon  a  throne."  In  The  Maid's  Tragedy  ' 
of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Charles  II. 
.  not  unnaturally  disapproved  of  the  assas- 


sination by  Evadne  of  the  monarch  whose 
mistress  she  had  been,  fearing,  it  is  sup- 
posed, that  the  act  might  establish  an  evil 
precedent.     An   altered   termination   was 
accordingly  substituted  by  Edmund  Waller 
for     that     which     had     displeased     the 
Court.     With  a  certain  difference,  history 
repeats  itself,  and  '  The  Harlequin  King  ' 
of  Herr  Lothar — which  shows  a  supposed 
monarch    beguiled,    with    a    purpose    of 
murder,  into  the  bedroom  of  an  actress 
whose  honour  he  has  attempted — though 
it    has    been    given    in    various    German 
country  towns,  and  has  reached  Paris  and 
London,   has  been  prohibited  in  Vienna 
and  Berlin.     Something  more  than  a  mere 
example  of  attempted  regicide  lies  at  the 
root     of     '  The     Harlequin     King.'     The 
purpose  of  the  original  piece  is  in  the  main 
satirical,  and  the  conditions  attendant  upon 
royalt}7,  as  the  word  is  understood  in  a 
country  where  the  established  government 
is  supposed  to  be  "  despotism  tempered  by 
assassination,"  are  depicted  with  a  cynic- 
ism so  frank  that  apprehension  may  well  be 
begotten.     What  the  adapters  can  do  to 
diminish  the  crudity  of  the  treatment  has 
been  done.    As  much  pageantry  as  the  sub- 
ject can  receive  is  introduced  ;   a  mordant 
satire  is  announced  under  the  promising, 
but  misleading  description  of  a  ''  masque- 
rade "  ;    and  such  sentimental  aspects  as 
the  play  presents  are  shown  "  for  all  they 
are    worth."     Nothing,     however,     of    a 
masquerade  is  there.     Histrionic  exposi- 
tion of  passion  and  suffering  is  furnished. 
Murder  and  adultery  stalk  through   the 
land.     The   shrine    of   Peor   and   that   of 
"  Moloch   homicide  "   are  erected  in   the 
same  palace,   "  Lust  hard  by  Hate."     A 
cowering,  furtive  figure  presents  itself,  an 
eidolon  in   the   apparel   of  royalty  ;     but 
the  play  has  no  more  of  masque  or  revel 
than  have   the  grim   conceptions   of  the 
danse  macabre,  and  the  proper  title  for  the 
piece  might  well  be  that  anticipated  by 
Lovell  Beddoes  in  '  Death's  Jest  Book.' 
As    romance,    however,    the    whole    was 
accepted,  and  the  more  banal  aspects  of 
the  story  pleased  a  public  which  its  deeper 
lessons  would  be  slow  to  reach.     Whether 
the  purpose  which  commended  the  theme 
to  Herr  Lothar  was  the  same  which  ani- 
mated   Hugo   in    writing    '  Ruy    Bias  '    is 
not  clear.     The  analogy  between  the  two 
pieces   is    remarkable.     In   the   latter   we 
see   the  queen  of   the  most   state  -ridden 
Court  in  Europe  avowing  openly  her  love 
for  a  self-proclaimed  lackey  ;   in  the  former 
we   find   the  government   of  a    mediaeval 
State  lapsing  into  the  hands  of  a  profes- 
sional mountebank. 

Modified,  and  to  a  certain  extent  emas- 
culated, as  it  is,  the  play  stimulates,  though 
scarcely  in  a  fashion  that  can  be  wholly 
gratifying  to  the  author.  It  is,  moreover. 
well  played,  from  the  standpoint  accepted. 
There  is  something  Fechterlike  about  Mr. 
Waller's  performance  of  the  Harlequin 
raised,  by  an  act  of  all-but-justifiable 
homicide,  fcp  the  throne.  A  charming, 
but  rather  modern  presentation  of  Colom- 

bine  is  given  by  Miss  Evelyn  Millard.  Mr. 
Norman  McKinnel  acts  with  remarkable 
breadth  and  virility  as  a  species  of  Russian 
grand  duke,  according  to  popular  concep- 


tions of  that  character  ;  and  Miss  Mary 
Rorke  as  a  blind  queen  shows  admirable 
style.  The  scenes — confined  to  the  first 
two  acts — in  which  she  appears  convey 
an  idea  of  the  influences  of  Maeterlinck.  . 


New  Royalty. — French  Comedy  Season  : 
La  Souris,  en  Trois  Actes.  Par  Edouard 
Pailleron. — Decore,  Comedie  en  Trois 
Actes.  Par  Henri  Meilhac. 
A  promising  start  has  been  made  by  the 
new  Theatre  Francais  in  London.  Not 
quite  a  masterpiece  is  '  La  Souris  of  M. 
Pailleron,  but  it  is  an  agreeable,  and,  as 
regards  its  main  interest,  idyllic  work,  and 
is  admirably  acted.  When  first  presented 
at  the  Comedie  Franchise  on  Novem- 
ber 18th,  1887,  it  had  a  magnificent  cast, 
including  M.  Worms  as  the  hero  (its  soli- 
tary male  character),  Mile.  Reichemberg 
as  the  souris  (so  called  on  account  of  her 
noiseless  and  shrinking  ways),  Miles. 
Bartet,  Broisat,  Samary,  and  Celine 
Montaland.  In  London  M.  Pierre  Mag- 
nier  replaces  M.  Worms,  acting  in  admir- 
able style  ;  while  Madame  Rejane  assigns 
unexpected  importance  to  the  part  of 
Pepa  Rimbault,  a  vulgar  and  passably 
immodest  product  of  Seville  and  Batig- 
nolles.  These  parts  were  played  to  per- 
fection, others  being  well  interpreted  by 
Miles.  Mareelle  Lender  and  Suzanne  Avril. 
On  the  playbill  are  printed  the  dedicatory 
lines  addressed  by  M.  Pailleron  to  Mile.  X.: 

De  cette  simple  et  tendre  et  chaste  comedie 
Vous  etes  l'heroine,  et  je  vous  la  dedie. 
Cest  mi  roman  d'amour  qui  se  passe  entre  nous, 
Un  tvve — pleio  de  vmis,  mais  ignore1  de  vous, — 
Car  j'ai  si  bien  cache  ee  que  j'ai  voulu  (aire, 
Que  iiiuii  leuvre  au  grand  jour  gardera  bod  mystere, 
Et,  nieine  en  la  voyant,  vims  ne  saurez  jamais 
Que  e'est  vous  dont  je  parietal  que  je  vous  aimais. 

It  is  scarcely  theatrical  criticism,  but  it  is 
a  matter  of  considerable  literary  interest, 
to  point  out  the  striking  resemblance  in 
sentiment  and  expression  between  these 
verses  and  a  memorable  sonnet  of  Felix 
Arvers  : — 

Mon  ame  a  son  secret  :   ma  vie  a  sun  nivstere, 

l*u  amour  eternel  en  un  moment  concu  : 
Le  mal  est  san--  espoir  aussi  j'ai  du  le  taire, 

Kt  eelle  qui  la  fait  n'a  jamais  rien  su. 
Helas  !  j'aurai  passe  pies  d'elle  inapereu. 

Toujours  a  ses  cotes  el  pourtant  solitaire  : 
Et  j'aurai  jusqu'au  bout  fait  mon  temps  sur  la  terre, 

N'osant  rien  demande  et  n'ayant  rien  recu. 

Pour  elle.  quoique  Dieu  l'ait  fait  douce  et  tendre. 
Kile  suit  son  chemin,  distraite  et  san-  entendre 

( !e  murmure  d'amour  si  iulevd  [elev6!  ]  sur  ses  pas. 
A  l'austere  devoir  pieusement  fidele, 
Elle  dira.  lisant  ses  vers  tout  remplis  d'elle. 

"Quelle     est      (lone     cette     fellime';"     et      ne    enm- 

prendra  pas. 

We  will  consummate  the  impertinence 
of  the  entire  proceeding  by  venturing  on 
a  free  and  inadequate  rendering  of    the 
sonnet  in  question  : — 
One  sweet.  sad  secret  holds  my  heart  in  thrall  : 

\  mighty  love  within  my  breast  has  grown, 

Unseen,  unspoken,  and  of  uo  one  known  : 
And  ut  mj  sweet,  who  gave  it,  least  oi  all. 
Close  as  the  shadow  that  doth  by  her  fall 

I  walk  beside  her  evei  more  alone, 

Till  to  the  end   m\    wcaix    days  li.ive  tli.wn. 

With  naught  t.i  hope,  to  wail  tor,  t"  reoalL 

For  her,  t li< »nurli  God  hath  made  her  kind  as  sweet, 

Selene  she  mOV68,   QOr  heat-  &DOUt    her  teet 

These  waves  <>t  love  which  break  and  overflow. 
Yea  '  she  will  read  these  lines,  where  men  may  see 
A  whole  ''••■  -  longingB,  marvelling,  "  Who  is  she 

Thai  nni'  can  move  him?"  and  will  never  know. 


T  II  i:     A  T  II  l.\  .1.  I    M 


N    K»81,  Jan.  l.'V  1 


\\  j    Mi -illiin-  nluli-  t    any 

aid    from    i 

I  i,  ,    :       •     •     .      \ 

,a<l  all  the  \Mt  ami 

<1  from  tin-  >  loston 
•i.     in  us  blending  <«f 
mtliiiic  tluit  might  almost  be 
<1   prurience,   it    might    nave  strayed 
the  pn  nd  one  was 

(lisjK.sril  to  ->  iutim/i-  u  I u>t her  theauthi 
name  might  not  be «  'harlee  ( '-'IK-  or  <  lauds 

.  ot  tl<-  Crebillon.     At  anj  i 
the  i  i  miracle  of  veiled  impropriety, 

and  "f  suggestion  which,  in  the  band 
Madame  rw  jane    j"< -  n>  i  urn)   I"- 

ealization.     Madame  Rejane  was  the 
I  in  *  hirh  tin-  intention  of 
tin-  author  MTins   fully   carried   out.     If 
only  for  thr  sake  <>f  contrast,  we  should 
like  •  -  i  'ii>i-  m  the  role. 


vt  (,H  i         fi  '.'In    Iitt-rlude  of 

Youth. 

Tin:  English  Drama  Society,  a  body  which 

aims  apparently  at  wearing  the  mantle  of 

defunct    Mermaid   Society  on 

Monday   afternoon   at    the   Great   Queen 

el    Theatre    a    performance    of 'The 

Interlude  of  Youth,'  an  anonymous  work 

which  amon-  moralities   came   not   very 

fai    aft  ivmaii.'     It   has  much    in 

common    in     subject,     and    a    little    in 

tim-nt.  with    "  Lusty  .Inventus.'  and  is 

written  in  verse  of   BOme   flexibility.     Not 

quite  the  first  time  is  it  that  the  play  has 

n  given  for  a  solitary  occasion.  Its 
interpreters  choose  to  remain,  like  the 
author  of  the  play,  anonymous.  Their 
performance,  consisting  mostly  of  pos- 
turing and  rec|tation,V  was  reverential 
and    imprec  One   or    two    further 

presentations   of   a   work   which   casts  a 

.lit     tight     upon     mediaeval      methods 

Jit  with  advantage  he  attempted. 


-  .  Jamxs's.-    .!  9  )'"(/  Lih  It. 

much    fragrance   clings  to  '  As   You 

Like  It  *  that  no  performance  of  it  fails  to 

administer    a    large    measure    of     delight. 

atmosphere  of   Shakspeare's  comedy 

i-  monopolized   by  Bhakspeare.    It  is  a 

land   of  enchantmenl    in   which,   to   use 

I  '  none   durst   walk  save 

he.       That    the   performance    given    on 

I  teeday  afternoon  at  the  St.  James's,  and 

ted,  i1-    ideal    may  not    he    said. 

It  may,  however,  be  seen  with  pleasure. 
Mi--  Lilian  Braithwaite  ae  Rosalind,  Miss 
Lattice  Fairfax  a-  Celia,  Mr.  Henry  Ainlej 

Orlando,  Mr.  Mollison   as  .Jacques,  and 
Mr.  <  L ;i r  1<  -  i  -  as  Touchstone  are  in 

the  main  satisfactory,  and  the  whole  must 

hi-  regarded  ae  i  reditable. 


Hamilton  .Mi     \.u  itli, 

Mi        \t  i,.  I     Strw  ail .     10 

worthy  ol   tin-  attention  of  some  manage 

i.  ok  "Ut  lor  it  tiov<  li  \ . 
'   \n   1 1 1  101  1  in  mi  '  liun   been  I  at 

tin-  ( treat  Q  irith  Ben 

Amu  I  »r.    .1  iiltmr,    in    \\  Imli    In- 

pre\  ioualj    -■•■  n      I  r&uletn    M 
made    a    delightful    Kathie,    unci    Hen    II 
k  an  acceptable  Prince  Karl  Heinrieh. 
I'w  1  1  1  1  n  Nii.nr  '  wa  I  on  Monde] 

ui    Hi-  Maji  1  ■  <  iitiv.  vrith  Mi.  Tree  a* 

Mah  oho.  \1 1-    In.    a-  \  11  ila,   M        Coiisl 
CoUier  as  i>li\m.  and  Mr.   Lionel  Bi 
.by. 
Vahxous    deviosi    are    in    oontemplation 
with  a  view  tn  oombal  tin-  ohanged  condi- 
tions   of    iournalistio    labour    in    connexion 
with    tlir    theatre.      The    early    hour-    of 
publication    render    difficult     tin     task    of 
supplying  in  a  daily  periodica]  an  adequate 
int   lit   a   piece  produced   tin-  previous 
evening.     It  seems  a--  it  tin-  Parisian  iminw 
of  inviting  critics  to  a  bears al  will 

l.c  frequently  adopted.     On  opening  T<  1 

Theatre    Mr.    .Ian.-    Welch    will,    it    is    said. 

begin,   for  one  at    least,   his    per- 

formance at  seven  o'clock  instead  of  eight, 

thus  giving  an  hour-  extension  to  tin-  tunc 
at  the  disposal  of  the  report) 

Wkdnksiiay  next  will  witness  the  I n-LTlIl- 
DJng    of    Mr.    Cyril    Maude's    tenure    oi     the 

Waldorf  Theatre,  when  that  actor  and  ktiss 
Winifred  Emery  will  appear  in  "  The  Superior 
Mifla    PellensW,'    by    Mr.    Sidney    Bowkett. 

The  farce  of  '  The  Partik'ler  I'd  '  will  also 
he  given. 

Ix  the  forthcoming  production  at  the 
Court  Theatre  of  Prof.  Gilbert  Murray's 
rendering  of  '  Klectra."  Mi->  Edith  Wynne 
Matthison     will     he     Klectra  :       Mi--      Edith 

Olive,  Clytemnestra  :  Mr.  Baroourt  Wil- 
liams, Orestes;    Mr.  .1.   BE.    Barnes,  an  old 

man  ;  and  Miss  Gertrude  Scott,  leader  of 
choru<. 

1  La  Mokt  nr  Tintaoii.ks  '  of  Maurice 
M.e  terlinck  ha-  been  given  in  Paris  at  the 
Mathurin-  by  a  company  comprising  Me-- 
dames  Georgette  Leblanc,  Nina  Russell, 
and  Ine-  Devrias,  and  M.  Stephens  Austin. 

death,  in  his  fifty-seventh  year,  is 
announced  from  Frankfort  of  Karl  Her- 
mann, an  actor  of  much  distinction,  and 
author  of  'Die  Technik  des  Sprechens,' 
which  has  passed  through  many  editions. 

Gerhart  Jlvt  i'tmann  linn  written  a 
play    called    '  Pipa    Dances,'    which    will    be 
performed   during   January   at   the    Leasing 
Theater,  Berlin. 


Dramatic  (H 0 c g i p . 

•     \  ..I  III    Mill    II.'       II       thle.         net 

P.i-rjl     an. 1  Hamilton. 

On     Monday     afternoon     at      the 

a    t  Inn    ami    iatli«r    OOnVt  n- 

tional    piece,    derived    from    a    story    which 

•a     tin-    light,     Ian     1-    brightlj 

written,     and     proved     vastly    entertaining. 

It     wa-    admirably    played    bj    Miss    Meryl 


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In  (  nKitl  SPONPl  NTS       II     K     K       w     1: 

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INDEX    TO    ADVERTISERS. 

kVTHORS'  AGKNTS  

Ragsti  k  a  Sons 

I'.i  1  1   a   mi\-  87  and  80 

I    VI  VI  i  ii.  I    I  ~ 

i  a  \  i  in  a  Wixnus 

in  M    A    In 

In  i  kwoh  in  a  in 

I    HI    ■    VI  IOK  11.  M 

I    \  II I  HI  1  IOJCB 

II i  K   A    H li  niN 

III   I   -I     A     Hi   U  I.I   I  I 

I  1 1  1 1  III  - 

I.n\|ni\    I. Mill  MO  ' 

l.i.M.  

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M  M.l/IM  >.     Al  

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Mi  niiO  

Null-    i\n  i/i  i  nil- 

I  IN  I  nllli     I    Mil   ll.l  rV    I  •  ti  1  —  

I'iiiin  IDRNT    I  n-i  1 1  i   i  iiiss 

I'l    IM«  •'• 

l/i  I  I  v  »   I    IKOI  '■' 

^  VI  I  ~    IU      Vl  i    1  ins 
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•-111     VI  I.  ■  N-~     W    VNII    h 

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who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Hatter  o.  Uppingham,  3li,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 


fFK 


Situations   iTacant. 

E    UNIVERSITY    OF    SHEFFIELD. 


The  UNIVERSITY   of  SHEFFIELD  proposes  to  appoint   a  PRO- 
FESSOB  of  EDUCATION. 
For  particulars  as  to  duties,  salary,  Ac,  apply  to 

W.  M.  "GIBBONS,  Registrar. 

ANCHE8TER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


M 


PUPIL  TEACHERS'  COLLEGE. 
APPOINTMENT      OF      PRINCIPAL. 
In  consequence  of  the  appointment  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Urwick,  M.A.Oxon.i 
,.n  the  Inspectorate  of  the  Secondary  Branch  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, the  Education  coMMiTTEEof  the  city  of  Manchester 

Invite    applications    for    the    PRINCIPALSHIP    of    the    PUPIL- 
TEACHERS'  COLLEGE  from  jiersons  of  academic  standing  and  of 
•  i  perience  In  the  principles  and  methods  of  Teaching. 
The  Salary  offered  is  660?.  per  annum. 

The  person  appointed  should  be  prepared  to  assume  the  duties  of 
the  Office  noi  later  than  APRIL  23,  1806. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  appointment  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  applications,  on  the  special 
ded  tor  the  purpose,  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
WEDNESDAY,  January  31     Canvassing  will  disqualify  Candidates. 
J.  II.  REYNOLDS,  Director  of  Higher  Education. 
Municipal  School  of  Technology,  Sackville  Street, 
Manchester,  January  16,  1906. 


B 


RISTOL       CHAM  MAR       SCHOOL. 


By  Hi.  resignation  of  Mr.  Robert  L.  Leighton,  M.A.,  the  Office  of 
HEAD  MASTER  will  become  VACANT  al  the  end  of  the  next 
m  MM  EH  TERM,  and  the  GOVERNING  BODY  will  Bhortbj  proceed 
to  •!•   t  e  HEAD  MASTER. 

i  itiested  to  forward  theii  applications,  accompanied 
by  Testimonials,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  particulars  ol  the 

tenure,    duties,    and    emoluments    of     the     Head      M  .  I  - 1  •  i  - 1 1  i  ] .     h 

procured  on  wi  Itten  application. 

FREDERICK  W.  NEWTON,  Clerk. 
Office  of  the  Governors.  St.  Stephen  ■  Street,  Bristol 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  MIXED  SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term,  APRIL  23' 
1906,  a  FORM  MISTRESS,  specially  qualified  to  teach  Mathematics- 
Salary  90t.  per  annum,  rising  to  1107.  by  increments  of  51. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  on  or  before 
JANUARY  31,  may  be  obtained  by  sending  a  stamped,  addressed 
foolscap  envelope  to  the  SECRETARY,  Education  Offices,  Guildhall, 
Bristol. 

January  10,  1906. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  DAY'  SCHOOL. 
WANTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term,  APRIL  23, 
1906,  an  ART  MISTRESS  holding  the  Art  Master's  Certificate. 
Salary  65?. ,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  51.  to  1007.  In  calculating 
the  initial  salary  credit  will  be  given  for  half  length  of  service  as  a 
Teacher  in  a  similar  capacity  under  other  Managers.  Fractions  of  a 
year  will  be  disregarded.— Applications,  stilting  age,  qualifications, 
and  experience,  together  with  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to 
the  undersigned  on  or  before  JANUARY  31,  1906. 

WM.  AVERY  ADAMS,  Secretary. 
Education  Offices,  Guildhall,  Bristol, 
January  10,  1906. 


HARTLEY  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE, 
SOUTHAMPTON. 

The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the  appointment  of  PRO- 
FESSOR of  EDUCATION  and  MASTER  of  METHOD. 

Commencing  minimum  Salary,  ;'007.  per  annum. 

Applications,  giving  particulars  of  age,  training  qualifications,  and 
experience,  with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to 
the  PRINCIPAL  on  or  before  JANUARY  20,  1906. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
REGISTRAR. 


c 


I  T  Y 


0  F 


WORCESTER. 


VICTORIA  INSTITUTE  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 


WANTED,  at  once,  an  ASSISTANT  ART  TEACHER  to  teach 
Freehand.  Model  Drawing,  and  Geometry  in  the  EVENING  SCHOOL, 
SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL,  and  the  PUPIL  -  TEACHERS' 
CENTRE.  Commencing  Salary  707.  per  annum.  Number  of  hours 
teaching  about  IS  per  week.  A  gooil  opportunity  for  any  one  desiring 
to  continue  his  studies  in  Art.  Applications,  with  copies  of  two 
recent  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  on  or  before 
FEBRUARY  5,  1906. 

THOS.  DUCKWORTH.  Secretary  for  Higher  Education. 


c 


ROY  DON     PUBLIC     LIBRARIES. 


An  ASSISTANT  is  REQUIRED  to  take  charge  nmder  the  Sub" 
Librarian)  of  the  CENTRAL  REFERENCE  LIBRARY.  Knowledge 
of  Systematic  Classification  and  Cataloguing  is  necessary,  and  the 
possession  of  any  Certificates  of  tin-  Library  Association  will  t>e  an 
additional  recommendation.  Salary  902..  rising  in  two  annual 
increments  of  51.  to  1001. — Applications,  enclosing  copies  of  not  more 
than  three  Testimonials,  and  endorsed  "  Assistant,"  to  be  sent  to  the 
undersigned  not  later  than  JANUARY  26. 

L.  STANLEY  JAST. 
p  Central  Library,  Town  Hall,  Croydon. 

ROYAL  INSTITUTE  of  BRITISH  ARCHI- 
TECTS.— LIBRARY  CLERK  WANTED  AT  ONCE.  Must 
possess  good  Education.  Commencing  Salary  607.  per  annum.— 
Apply,  by  letter  only,  to  THE  SECRETARY,  R.I.B.A.,  9,  Conduit 
Street.  W. 

WANTED,  the  ASSISTANCE  of  GRADUATES 
for  DIRECTORY  COMPILATION.  Good  remuneration  and 
permanent  work  to  capable  men,  Also  a  French  Translator,  one  who 
has  already  published  Translations  preferred.  —  U.  II..  Box  1076, 
Athenseum  Press,  13,  Breams  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


Situations    (K'tantro. 

HONOURS  SCIENCE  GRADUATE  would  give 
LESSONS  or  LECTURE  in  schools  (Visiting)  on  Physiology, 
Chemistry,  Hygiene,  or  German.  Experienced.  Address  c.esar. 
Box  1117.-..  Athenseum  Press,  i:i.  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

TO    AUTHORS     OF    DICTIONARIES.  —  The 
ADVERTISER  RECOMMENDS  as  SECRETARY  one  who  has 

a  passion  for  words.     Philology  flows  in  his  mental  veins.  — B.  S.  (.;., 
•i-i,  Kenwyn  Road,  Clapham. 


VMANUENSIS   to  well-known    Journalist    for 
five  and  a   half  years    seeks    RE-ENGAGEMENT    in    similar 
capacity.    Address  AMY  B.U'.M,  17,  Marlboro'  Place,  Brighton. 

AN    active   Y  0  U  N  (i     MAN   (23)    requires 
SITUATION  as  i-i  BLISHER'S  or  Booksellers  assis- 
tant.   Can  supply  good  references.    T.  Box  io7»,  Athenseum  Press, 

13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 


LITERARY  RKSKAKCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials,  \.  B.,  Box  i»ml\  Itnenseum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 
ings, Chancery  Lane,  e.c. 


A  PRACTICAL  BOOKBINDER,  useful  and 
ii  handy  man,  wishes  for  Post  in  a  LIBRARY  Several  years' 
experience  in  a  Gentleman's  Library,    0..23,  HaverneldGardens,"Kew. 

TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.    Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat 
Sei.  Tripos),  62a,  Conduit  Street,  Bond  street.  London,  W 

\  tii  K\  r,r\i     PRESS.    John    EDWARD 

il  FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athenaum,  Ifote*  andQueritt  Ik  is 
prepared  to  SI  BMIT  E8TIW  VI'lls  for  all  kinds  of  Hook.  NEWS 
and  periodical  PRINTING  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer] 
Loo      i;  i 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHEKEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK, 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE.  HYERES,  JUAN-LES  PINS. 
LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  (Est,  Nord.  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248.  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


WHITEHALL  REVIEW.— Offers  are  invited 
for  the  PURCHASE  of  this  old-established  WEEKLY 
JOURNAL,  dealing  with  Social,  Political,  Financial,  Literary,  and 
Dramatic  News— Apply  T.  TURKETINE,  Chartered  Accountant, 
.W,  Coleman  Street,  London,  E.C. 


®.utt*-tSEritera. 


THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd 
(CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY), 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  &  Skinner's.) 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING,  DUPLICATING,  TRANSLATING, 

TRACING,  Ae. 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  taken. 

"Living  Wage."    Little  overtime.    No  work  given  out 

lighted  and  healthy.     MSS.  kept  in  fireproof  safe 


<  Iffices  well 
1- (tieint  Staff 


TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E.  M.  TIGAR,  64,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Haverstoek  Hill.  N.W. 
Established  1884. 

A  UTHORS'     MSS.,     9d     per     1,000    words. 

A  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home  (Remington),  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  exe- 
cuted.—M.  L.  L.,  7,  Vernon  Road;  now  known  as  18,  Edgeley  Road, 
Clapham,  S.W. 

A  UTHORS' MSS.,  NOVELS, STORIES.  PLAYS, 

-LJL    ESSAYS   TYPE-WRITTEN    with   complete  accuracy.  M.  per 

1.000  words.  References  to  well-known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirl- 
bank,  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.— PLAYS, 
NOVELS,  ESSAYS,  &c,  with  promptitude  and  accuracy.  Carbon 
Copies  a  speciality.  Highest  references.— M.  KING, . '12,  Roxborough 
Road,  Hairow. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  He  vision,  Translation,  nictation  Kooin. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


JUitljors*    Anrnts. 


■pHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

«  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreement!  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  witli  Publishers. -Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHE8,  34,  Paternoster  Row. 

MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing,  Newspaper, 
Printing,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
carried  out  under  Mr.  burner's  personal  supervision.— 88,  20,  and  80, 
Paternoster  Row,  E.C,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 

T  ITERARY  AGENCY.— MSS.  wanted  toplaoe. 

±J  Good  work  promptly  dealt  with.  Typing.  Literary  Translations, 
Artistic  Printing  and  Duplicating.  Research  and  Indexing.  Inquiries 
invited   -GRAHAMS  &  CO.  (Depi    B  1 ,84,  Strand,  W.C. 


p    MITCHELL  4  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 

\j •  Purchase  of  Newspaper  Properties,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  or  Purchase,  Investigations  and  Audit  ol  Accounts,  fcc  Card 
of  Terms  on  application. 

Mitchell  House.  1  and  2,  Sn.ov   Hill.  HolbOID  Viadllet.  E.C. 


•Xatalonnrs. 


CATALOGUE  No.  44  -Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
England  and  Wales,  and  other  Engraving!  Lucas's  Monotints 
after  Constable  Etchings  by  Whistler,  a  Palmer,  ike  Drawings  by 
Turner,  Burne-Joucsi  Ruskin.  ta  Illustrated  Hooks-  Worl 
Ruskin.  P.^t  free,  Sixpence  WM,  w  \Ri>,  9,  Church  Terrace, 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

rpilK   INTERNATIONAL   BOOK  CIRCULAR, 

I  N,.  in.  containing  b  Special  Article,  entitled  'MODERN 
VIEWS  of  ELECTRICITY  and  MATTER  hj  Prol  VLKRED  v\ 
POKTEH  Specimen  Copiei  gratis  WILLIAMS  .".  NOROATE, 
Book  Importers,  14,  Henrietta  Street,  Covenl  Garden,  W  l 


66 


'I1  II  E     A  Til  KX.T.r  M 


X    M)82,  Jan.  20,  1906 


ANCIENT  and  MODERN    COINS.     Coll*  ton 

nil. I    Ann  .  Ippll    '"    HP'NK     *     SON, 

l.llni'  f  tlirlr  Nl'JUSH  \1  II  ■  i   ll:i   I 

I    III       The  In Il  •'•'Hi.  ..li   X  lew    in. I  lot 

Bala  M    Moderate  Prima      HPINK4KON    Liuitik,  K»|»rU.  Valuers 
mnl  Cataloguers,    IH    17.  and   IS,  l'i. .  adlllj .  London  .  u       tsUbUsbod 

u|.wAi.u  ..f  .i  i  sal 


CATALOGUE  of  FRENI  II   BOOKS,  at  greatly 
,i  .        I    I'M  1 1  <>-■  'I'll  \      II    RKLIQION,     III    Mis 
Tom       l\     PtlKTKi     l'i:  V  M  \     Ml'SIC     iV.  HKACX   \  I:  T>      \l 

II  WIIV       \  II     M  1  I.I  l.\  K\       Mil     II'    I  l"\       IX    i.l    Mi:  \l. 
LITKII  \  11  KJ5. 


Fli:>r    EDITIONS  ol    MODERN   AUTHORS, 
Ineludlni  Dickens,  Thackera;  worth :  Books  {Unt- 
il i  ruikahank.  Phis.  Rowl lson.Loech.4i      The 

UrgeM  ma  .1 -t  i  ..II..  1 1. .ii  offered  lot  Bala  In  the  World     OATA 

I.l  HI  I  KM  i— U..I  anil  will   post   free  "ii  application      Book*  Boi 
IVALTEH   I    SPENCER,  27,  Nov  Oxford  Street,  London,  u  C 


H|[.    PEACH,  87,  Belvoir   Street,  Leicester, 
.    Issues  CATALOGUES  of  M8S  and  RARE  BOOKS  pott  free 
lector*.     No.   n  contain!  ■  number  ol    Interesting  and  ran 
In.  iiii.iM.n  and  English  Books,  just   pnrchased  nt    the  Sale  oi   the 
Marcel  Schwob  Library,  Paris,  ana  other  sources  Abroad. 


G 


ALLOW  A  V    &    PORTER,   Booksellers, 

Cambridge, 

NKW  CATALOGUE  OP  BOOKS  In  all  Branches  of  Literature, 
Including  Books  under  Headings  of  Art,  Brewing,  Angling,  Classics, 
Mathematics,  Theology,  Ac,  i»'-t  free. 

T(  M '.  1 :  1 1  >  ( ;  ]•;  w  e  l  L  s.  — a  p  a  r  t  m  e  n  T  s. 
Comfortably  Furnished  Bitting-Room  and  One  Bedroom. 
Pleasant  and  central  No  others  taken.— 1!.  II..  66,  Grove  Hill  Road, 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


&aks  hi  Ruction. 

Valuable  Law  Books,  inetudxng  the  Library  of  n  Barrister 
ring  from  Practice— handsome  Carved  Oak  Bookca.se, 
ami  other  Library  and  Office  Furniture. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
U'ction.  at  their  Rooms,  116,  Chancery  Lane,  w<'.  on 
KHI1>  VY,  January 26,  at  l  o'clock,  valuable  LAW  BOOKS,  comprising 
a  Set  of  the  Law  Reports,  New  Series,  from  1876  to  1906,  247  vols,  half- 
call  i-i»  Journal  Reports,  from  the  commencement  in  l82Stol866— 
Reports  in  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and  Exchequer— Election 
and  Crown  Cases— Recent  Editions  of  Text-Books jalso  a  law  and 
handsome  Carred  <>ak  Winged  Bookcase.  Mahogany  Tables,  and  other 
Library  and  Office  Furniture— Prints  ami  Engravings. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Boohs,  including  Books  from  the  Col- 
lection  of  the  late  Sir  ROBERT  SMIRKE  (the  Property  of 

a  Latin),  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  JOSEPH 
GOVILT,  and  the  Library  of  the  late  WALTER  C.  MET- 
CALFE, Esq.  (by  order  of  the  Executor). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  116,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  January  31,  and  Two  Following  Hays,  valuable 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Genealogical,  Topographical, 
and  Architectural  Works,  including  eraser's  Family  of  Elpninstone, 
2  vols.,  and  Papworth  and  Morant's  Dictionary  of  Arms— Gould's 
Family  of  Trogons— Reichenbach's  [cones  Flora'  Germanics,  Coloured 
Plates,  -*J  vols.,  and  other  Natural  History  Books  —  Astronomical 
Society's  Monthly  Notices,  ji  vols..  1827-60— Pitt-Rivers's  Archaeo- 
logical Works,  B  vols.— Huskin's  Modern  Painters.  Complete  Edition, 
Large  Paper  8  vols  -Mrs.  Frankaus  John  Raphael  Smith,  with  the 
Portfolio  of  Engravings  -a  Set  of  the  studio  to  lliw.  and  other  Modem 
Fine  Art  and  Illustrated  Books  — Hui ton's  Arabian  Nights,  with 
Letchford's  Illustrations,  IS  vols,  in  morocco  ease— handsome  Sets  of 
Sett  Dickens,  Lytton,  and  others,  in  calf  and  morocco  bindings— 
Walnole's  Letters,  the  New  Edition.  Large-Paper  Copy,  16  vols.— 
Books  with  Coloured  Plates— First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray. 
Swinburne,  Stevenson,  and  others— Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  Tenth 
Edition.  36  volt  half-morocco:  also  BOOKS  from  the  COLLECTION  of 
the  late  Sir  ROBERT  SMIRKE,  removed  from  Canterbury,  the 
Property  of  a  LADY. 

( catalogues  on  application. 

LEEDS. 

Highly  interesting  Sole  of  the  Antiquarian  and  Artistic 
Property  of  the  late  J.  11.  WURTZBURG,  Esq.,  J. P., 
to  br  removed  from  Frens,  Ben  Bhydding,  to  the  East 
Parade    Auction   Rooms,   Leeds,  for  convenience  of  Sale 

(by  order  of  his  Executors). 

MESSRS.    EEPPER  &  SONS  beg  to  announce 
their  Instruction!  to  SELL  by  AUCTION;  on  WEDNESDAY 

and  Tlll'KSIiAV,  January  ::i  and  February  1,  in  their  Rooms, 
EAST  PARADE  LEEDS,  the  very  varied  and  valuable  ANTI- 
QUARIAN and  AUTISTIC  PROPERTY  collected  by  the  deceased, 
amongst  which  will  be  found:— 

B0  8EP1  \  DRAWINGS  of  <»I.I»  LEEDS,  by  W.  Braithwaite. 

About  mo  OLD  ENGRAVINGS,  PRINTS.  4c. 

A  number  oi  charming  WATER  COLOURS,  by  J.  N.  Carter,  Gilbert 
Foster    W,  T.  Webb,  W.  S.  Wright.  John  Storey,  and  others. 

The  major  portion  of  the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS,  including 
numerous  Topographical  Works,  relating  chiefly  to  Yorkshire. 

A  large  number  of  AUTOGRAPHS,  including  those  of  Queens  Anne 
and  Victoria  and  Napoleon  Buonaparte  Old  Deeds,  Letters,  News- 
papers, and  oiber  interesting  M88.  and  Printed  Matter 

A  COLLECTION  of  GOLD,  SILVER,  and  COPPER  COINS, 
TOKENS,  and  WAR  and  COMMEMORATION  MEDALS. 

Catalogues  i(W.  each]  will  be  readv  next  Saturday,  and  may  be  had  of 
thi    \i  CTIONEERS.  .      ,         ,    ,  _      , 

on  view  on  Tuesday,  January  ■■".  in  the  sale  Rooms.  East  Parade. 

Leeds. 


DUBLIS. 

VALUABLE  COLLECTION  of  JEWELS,  OLD 

V      SILVER   PLATE.  Including  an  almost  unique  William  and 

Mary  Toilet  Service-  t  Georgian   Dinner  Service  of  :i  dozen   Plates, 

n  shaped  Dishes,  and  Set  of  Entree  Dishes  en  Suite— Pistol  fflandle 

Table  Knives,  several  Salvers  and  Waiters.  Tea  I'm  of  tine  form. 
Silver  (iilt    Dessert  Sets.  Pair  of  lofty  Flagons,  bo.— fine  old  Sheffield 

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SATURDAY,  JANUARY  ,.'0,  1006. 


■84 


CONTENTS. 

Pi 
The  Letters  of  Horace  Walpole      

A  New  Translation  of  Turgenieff 

The  Company  of  Girdlers  

Madame  Geoffrin  and  her  Salon      

New  Novels  (A  Golden  Trust ;  Anna  of  the  Plains  ; 
For  the  White  Cockade  ;  The  Inseparables ;  The 
Coining  of  the  Tide  ;  A  Royal  Rascal ;  Who  was 
Lady  Thurne  ?  Rosamond's  Morality). .         ..  72- 

Calendars  and  Year-Books        

Our  Library  Table  (Sermons  and  Selections  of 
Creighton ;  The  Hearseys ;  Man  to  Man ;  The 
Cloak  of  Friendship  ;  Marie  Antoinette  ;  Addenda 
to  Bercher's  '  Nobility  of  Women ' ;  The  Haunts  of 
Men  ;  Mary  Moule  ;  John  Lyly  ;  Costumes  of  High- 
land Clans  and  Regiments  ;  Political  Parables)      74- 

List  of  New  Books 

Thomas  Gray  in  Peterhouse  ;  Incorporated 
Association  of  Head  Masters  ;  Sir  Mount- 
stuakt  Grant  Biff  ;  The  Book  Sales  of 
1905;  The  ]477  Venice  Edition  of  the  'Divina 
Commedia  '  ;  The  Early  English  Brama 
Society         76- 

Literary  Gossip         

Science  —  Research     Notes;     Anthropological 

Notes;    societies;    Meetings  Next    Week; 

Gossip  si- 

Fine   Arts  —  The   Old   Masters   at   Burlington 

House  ;  Academicians  at  the  Carfax  Gallery  ; 

The   Department   of   Coins    in    the    British 

Museum  ;  Gossip S4- 

Music— London   Symphony   Orchestra    in  Paris; 

Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..         86- 
Drama  —  French  Plays;    Alma  Mater;   A  Royal 

Divorce  ;    The    Electra    of    Euripides  ;    Le 

Sonnet  dArvers  ;  Gossip 87- 

Index  to  Advertisers       


LITERATURE 


The  Letters  of  Horace  Walpole.  Vols.  XIII.- 
XVI.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Paget  Toynbee. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

With  these  four  volumes  Mrs.  Paget 
Toynbee  completes  her  great  task,  which 
has  been  probably  one  of  the  most  formid- 
able of  its  kind  in  our  time.  As  she  began 
she  went  on,  and  the  conclusion  maintains 
her  high  level  of  editorial  efficiency.  The 
notes  remain  what  they  started  with 
being  —  adequate,  and  not  officious  ; 
friendly  guides,  and  not  encyclopaedic 
notices.  One  reads  Walpole  for  his 
own  sake,  and  he  is  sufficiently  explana- 
tory himself  at  times  to  render  an  inter- 
preter unnecessary  ;  but  when  there  is 
any  doubt  as  to  his  meaning  Mrs.  Toynbee 
is  at  hand  (or  rather  at  foot)  to  make  the 
necessary  explanations.  Thus  Walpole 
in  a  lengthy  letter  to  the  Countess  of 
Upper  Ossory  recounts  the  beginnings  of 
his  friendship  with  the  Miss  Berrys,  and 
our  editor  merely  adds  a  few  posthumous 
details,  and  makes  a  correction  :— 

"  It  was  not  Mr.  Berry's  father  who  dis- 
inherited him,  but  liis  maternal  uncle,  Mr. 
Ferguson,  a  successful  Scotch  merchant, 
who  made  a  large  fortune,  and  purchased 
the  estate  of  Raith  in  Fifeshire." 

The  coping  -  stone  of  this  editorial 
work  is  naturally  the  index,  which  forms 
the  sixteenth  volume,  and  unfortunately 
has  been  the  cause  of  differences  between 
Mrs.  Toynbee  and  the  Delegates  of  the 
Clarendon  Press.  Mrs.  Toynbee,  pre- 
paring an  index  on  her  own  lines,  desired 


the  postponement  of  the  publication  for 
a  few  months.  The  Delegates  could  not 
see  their  way  to  adopt  this  course,  and 
Mrs.  Toynbee  then  handed  over  her  work 
to  others.  She  states  that  her  plan  was 
subjected  to  alterations,  and  disclaims 
responsibility.  From  a  note  by  the  Dele- 
gates we  gather  that  the  Rev.  Andrew 
Clark  completed  the  indexing  of  persons, 
and  Messrs.  Greentree,  Berry,  and  Bell 
assisted  with  the  other  indexes  ;  and  the 
Delegates  express  regret  that  "  the  amal- 
gamation of  the  new  matter  with  that 
furnished  by  Mrs.  Toynbee,  and  the  com- 
pression of  the  three  indexes  within  the 
limits  of  the  volume,  have  necessitated 
alterations  of  her  work."  It  is  certainly 
to  be  deplored  that  so  important  and 
laborious  a  work  has  not  been  crowned 
by  a  complete  index.  That  supplied 
cannot  be  regarded  as  worthy  of  a  great 
scheme.  A  correspondent  points  out  that 
Anglo-Mania  (vi.  341),  London  Fog(x.  169), 
and  Influenza  (xii.  262),  are  all  missing  ; 
nor  is  there  sufficient  reference  to  bio- 
graphical particulars.  The  sixteenth 
volume  comprises  "  addenda  et  corri- 
genda," genealogical  tables,  a  list  of 
correspondents,  and  three  indexes  of  per- 
sons, places,  and  subjects. 

With  Walpole's  advancing  years  his 
correspondents  undergo  a  slight  change, 
but  he  is  already  an  old  man  now,  since  we 
resume  in  the  year  1783.  The  three  epis- 
tolary volumes  cover  the  time  between 
that  year  and  the  year  of  Walpole's 
death,  1797.  By  that  time  he  had 
enjoyed  the  honours  of  his  earldom  a 
few  years,  and  was,  in  Donne's  fine 
phrase,  ebbing  out  "  with  those  that 
homeward  go."  He  has  still  his  old 
confidant,  Sir  Horace  Mann,  at  the  other 
end  of  the  post  ;  the  Countess  of  Upper 
Ossory  also  is  faithful  ;  the  Rev.  William 
Mason  appears  with  periodicity,  and  Han- 
nah More  grows  more  prominent.  Walpole 
suffers  no  change,  unless  it  be  that  he  is 
a  little  sweetened  with  old  age.  At 
least  his  letters  have  the  look  of  it  some- 
times, and  he  does  not  seem  to  take  quite 
the  malicious  joy  in  the  humours  and 
scandals  of  society  that  he  was  wont  to 
take.  The  Walpole  of  seventy  is  cer- 
tainly not  the  Walpole  of  thirty.  His 
manners  are  as  fine  as  ever,  but  he  rings 
a  little  more  sincere,  as  when  he  writes 
to  "  Saint  Hannah  "  : — 

"  In  truth  I  am  nauseated  by  the  Madams 
Piozzi,  &c,  and  the  host  of  novel-writers  in 
petticoats,  who  think  they  imitate  what  is 
inimitable,  '  Evelina  '  and  '  Cecilia.'  Your 
candour,  I  know,  will  not  agree  with  me, 
when  I  tell  you  I  am  not  at  all  charmed 
with  Miss  Seward  and  Mr.  Hayley  piping 
to  one  another  :  but  you  I  exhort,  and 
would  encourage  to  write  ;  and  flatter 
myself  you  will  never  be  royally  gagged 
and  promoted  to  fold  muslins  ;  as  lias  been 
lately  wittily  said  on  Miss  Burney,  in  the 
list  of  five  hundred  living  authors.  Your 
writings  promote  virtues;  and  their  in- 
creasing editions  prove  their  worth  and 
utility.  If  you  question  my  sincerity,  can 
you  doubt  my  admiring  you,  when  you 
have  gratified  my  self-love  so  amply  in 
your  '  Has  Bleu.'  Still,  as  much  as  [love 
your  writings,  I  respect  yet  more  your  heart 
and  your  goodness.      You  aro  so  good   that 


I  believe  you  would  go  to  heaven,  even 
though  there  were  no  Sunday,  and  only 
six  working  days  in  the  week." 

In  these  volumes  most  human  interest 
centres  in  the  Berry  correspondence. 
The  "  Berries  "  occupied  a  big  position 
in  Walpole's  later  years.  He  was  seventy 
when  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  those 
two  girls  of  twenty-four  and  twenty-five  ; 
and  he  came  to  depend  upon  their  affec- 
tion increasingly.  He  paints  their  por- 
traits in  an  enthusiastic  letter  to  the 
Countess  of  Upper  Ossory  : — 

"  Mary,  the  eldest,  sweet,  with  fine  dark 
eyes,  that  are  very  lively  when  she  speaks, 
with  a  symmetry  of  face  that  is  the  more 
interesting  from  being  pale  ;  Agnes,  the 
younger,  has  an  agreeable,  sensible  counten- 
ance, hardly  to  be  called  handsome,  but 
almost." 

The  first  time  he  sat  by  Mary  he 
"  found  her  an  angel  both  inside  and 
out  "  ;  and  we  have  no  doubt  as  to 
which  of  the  two  was  his  favourite. 
Walpole  was  a  connoisseur  of  beauty 
beyond  contradiction,  but  we  are  bound 
to  say  that  the  miniatures  of  the  sisters 
by  Miss  Mee,  reproduced  in  these  volumes, 
do  not  altogether  suggest  the  charm 
they  had  for  Walpole.  They  are  two 
comely  young  women,  but  how  did  they 
accomplish  the  storming  of  Walpole's 
heart  ?  They  are  to  him  "  dearest  angels  "  ; 
he  claims  them  as  his  wives,  and  reproaches 
them  for  their  silence.  It  is  all  in  his  old 
way  ;   the  habit  is  inveterate  : — 

"  In  France,  where  nuptiality  is  not  the 
virtue  most  in  request,  a  wife  will  writ© 
to  her  consort,  though  the  doux  billet  should 
contain  but  two  sentences,  of  which  I  will 
give  you  a  precedent.  A  lady  sent  the 
following  to  her  spouse  :  '  Je  vous  ecris, 
parce  que  je  n'ai  rien  a  faire  ;  et  je  finis, 
parce  que  je  n'ai  rien  a  vous  dire.' 

Is  there  anywhere  his  equal  at  this 
light  badinage  ?  Yet  his  alfection  was 
no  light  matter.  Shortly  after  his  acces- 
sion to  the  title  through  the  death  of  his 
dissolute  nephew,  some  insinuations  on 
the  nature  of  his  relations  witli  the  young 
ladies  were  made  in  a  public  print,  and 
Mary  Berry  apparently  resented  this,  and 
sought  to  terminate  the  close  friendship. 
This  set  Walpole  in  a  panic.  "  My  dearest 
angel,"  he  writes  ;   and  he  pleads  : — 

"  Is  all  your  felicity  to  be  in  the  power  of 
a  newspaper  ?  who  is  not  so  ?  Are  your 
virtue  and  purity,  and  my  innocence  about 
you  ;  are  our  consciences  no  shield  against 
anonymous  folly  or  envy  ?  Would  you 
only  condescend  to  be  my  friend  if  I  were  a 
beggar  ?....  For  your  own  Bake,  for  poor 
mine,  combat  such  extravagant  delicacy, 
and  do  not  poison  the  few  days  of  a  life 
which  you,  and  you  only,  can  sweeten." 

Sincere  distress  rings  in  those  clamant 
sentences.  The  old  man  was  losing  his 
daughters.  Mrs.  Toynbee  states  in  a 
note,  "on  the  authority  of  Miss  Berry's 
maid,  who  survived  to  L896  or  1S97,  that 
Walpole  offered  his  '  hand  and  heart  '  to 
Mary  Berry,  and  his  '  hand  and  coronet ' 
to  Agnes  Berry — doubtless  with  a  view 
of  securing  their  constant  society."  This 
might  very  well  have  been  done  in  exten- 
sion of  that  badinage  so  characteristic  of 
him.      But    one    doubts    the    value    of    a 


70 


tii  i«:    Arii  EN  ;1-;um 


N    1082,  Jam.  20,  L906 


statement    made   after   a    long    lapse    of 

tunc    l>\    a    woman    who    must    1 1 .  i  \  <  ■    been 

young  when  the  two  Berrya  were  old 
women.  The  Berry  episode  remaina  no 
puzzle,  and  is  only  interesting  because 
it  happened  to  a  man  of  Walpole's  tem- 
perament. 

In  this  definitive  edition  it  was  probably 
considered  necessary  i<>  include  <-\  ery  scrap 
thai  Walpole  wrote.  Yet  there  is  no  vital 
interest  in  such  correspondence  as ; — 

Mr.  Walpole,  being  now  muoh  better, 
will  be  glad  of  the  honour  of  Boeing  Sir 
John  Kcnn  any  morning  after  eleven  that 
he  is  at  leisure. 

The  last  Letter  in  this  correspondence 
is  numbered  3021,  and  is  addressed  to 
his  old  friend  the  Countess  of  Upper 
Ossory,  who  had  been  showing  his  "  idle 
notes"  to  others.  It  was  written  but  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death.  He  remon- 
strates with  her  for  so  doing,  and 
deprecates  himself  as  some  one  past  his 
time.  He  is  regarded  by  his  fourscore 
nephews  and  nieces,  who  are  brought  to 
visit  him  once  a  year,  as  a  Methusalem 
to  stare  at ;  and  he  begs  to  be  let 
alone  : — 

"I  shall  be  quite  content  with  a  sprig  of 
rosemary  thrown  after  me,  when  the  parson 
of  the  parish  commits  my  dust  to  dust." 

These  volumes  are  his  rosemary,  and 
we  cannot  conceive  that  the  world  will 
ever  forget  them. 


The  Novels  and  Stories  of  Ivan  Turgenieff. 
Translated  from  the  Russian  by  Isabel 
Hapgood.     16  vols.     (Dent  &  Co.) 

In  these  well-printed  and  handsome 
volumes  Miss  Isabel  Hapgood  gives  us  a 
complete  translation  of  the  works  of 
Turgenieff,  thereby  entering  into  com- 
petition with  the  version  of  Mrs.  Garnet  t, 
which  first  occupied  the  field.  There  was 
need  of  a  translation  into  English  of 
the  writings  of  one  of  the  foremost 
novelists  of  his  time,  and  this  was  to  a 
certain  extent  furnished  by  Mrs.  Garnett. 
The  present  version,  however,  by  Miss 
Hapgood  is  more  extended,  as  it  includes 
all  the  well  -  known  works,  with  the 
addition  of  a  few  writings  of  minor 
importance  which  had  not  been  before 
translated.  We  have  thus  the  most 
complete  translation  which  has  been 
issued.  The  tales  were  known  to 
many  who  were  unacquainted  with 
Russian  by  means  of  French  versions, 
some  of  which  were  good  and  some  indif- 
ferent. There  appears  to  be  no  truth  in  the 
story  that  many  of  these  versions  were 
inspired  by  Turgenieff  himself. 

The  volumes  of  Mrs.  Garnett's  trans- 
lation have  been  reviewed  from  time 
to  time  by  us.  Her  version  is  in 
elegant  English,  and  perhaps  in  this 
respect  superior  to  that  of  Miss  Hapgood, 
who  indulges  in  an  occasional  American- 
ism. But  on  the  whole  the  translation 
of  the  latter  is  distinctly  good,  and  she 
has  the  advantage  of  giving  more  notes 
than  her  English  rival.  The  introductory 
remarks  to  each  volume  contain  very 
useful    matter,    on    the   circumstances    in 


which  eaoh  novel  appeared  and  the 
opinions  of  the  authors  countrymen  and 

i  ontemporariee,  especially  in  the 
Fathers  and  Children  :  and    Virgin  Soil.' 

\\  ■      know      that     .Miss     BapgOOd     1-     well 

acquainted    with    the    Russian    langu 
ana  Russian  literature  from  her  book  on 
'  The   Epic  Songs  of  Russia,'  which  met 
with    considerable    success.     It    is    not 

always  easy  to  get  an  exact  equivalent 
in  Knglish  for  the  titles  of  some  of  the 
novels,  but  we  cannot  applaud  the  render- 
ing 'A  Nobleman's  Nest,'  though  it  i- 
literal  ;  nor  is  odnodvorets,  in  '  The 
Memoirs  of  a  Sportsman,'  adequately 
translated  "freeholder."  lint  the  choice 
of  English  word-  in  both  these  cases  is  very 
limited. 

The  little  biographical  notices  intro- 
duced into  each  volume  are  valuable  and 
suggestive.  A  great  deal  of  the  writing 
of  Turgenieff  is  essentially  autobiogra- 
phical, although  he  sometimes  denied  it. 
We  are  surprised  that  Miss  Hapgood  has 
never  lighted  on — at  all  events,  makes  no 
allusion  to — the  valuable  papers  which 
appeared,  not  long  after  the  novelist's 
death,  in  the  Viestnik  Yevropi,  by  Madame 
Zhitov,  who  was  the  adopted  daughter  of 
Turgenieff's  mother,  and  tells  many  highly 
dramatic  anecdotes.  These  interesting 
papers  have  never  been  translated  into 
English.  From  them  we  learn  that  the 
story  of  Mumu  is  indubitably  based 
on  actual  facts,  and  that  the  author's 
mother  was  the  cruel  mistress  who 
caused  the  tragedy.  So  also  in  the 
striking  article  on  death  in  '  The 
Memoirs  of  a  Sportsman,'  we  find  the 
story  of  the  strong  -  minded  lady  who 
paid  the  priest  for  his  offices  at  her  bed- 
side, even  when  in  articulo  mortis  :  she 
was  Turgenieff's  grandmother.  He  wishes 
to  show  in  what  a  stoical  manner  Russians 
can  die.  There  are,  also,  many  allusions 
in  the  minor  sketches  to  the  author's 
father.  The  traditions  of  the  glories  of 
the  reign  of  Catherine,  in  '  The  Memoirs 
of  a  Sportsman '  and  other  tales,  were 
derived  at  first  hand  from  family  serfs — 
perhaps  the  old  family  doctor,  who, 
although  a  well-educated  man,  was  still 
a  serf,  and  liable  to  the  rudest  outbursts 
of  Madame  Turgenieff's  temper.  When- 
ever the  life  of  the  great  novelist  is  written, 
these  papers  must  be  carefully  studied. 

The  Russian  authors  and  men  of  action 
alluded  to  in  the  text  are  generally 
noticed  in  a  conscientious  manner  by  Miss 
Hapgood,  and  with  remarkable  accuracy. 
Perhaps  we  might  have  had  more  of  such 
guidance,  for  how  little  do  names  such  as 
Novikoff  mean  to  the  English  reader — or 
that  of  Venelin,  who  may  be  said  to  have 
discovered  the  Bulgarians  !  KatranotT. 
the  Bulgarian  alluded  to  in  the  introduc- 
tion to  '  On  the  Eve,'  will  be  found  duly 
chronicled  among  Bulgarian  authors  in 
the  'History  of  Slavonic  Literatures'  by 
Pi  pin  and  Spasovich.  But  undoubtedly 
these  notes  show  a  good  deal  of  reading. 
We  have  remarked  only  one  slip.  '  The 
Prisoner  of  the  Caucasus,'  by  Pushkin, 
is  assigned  to  Lermontov. 

As  regards  a  general  criticism  of  Tur- 
genieff, it  is  too  late  in  the  day  to  attempt 


one.     It    may   fearlessly    be  -aid   that    he 

taken    In-   place  a-    a   classic.       \\  < 

in    entire    agreement    with    the   eloquent 

-.    by  Mi .   Henry  Jamea  w hich  int 
duces   tin-  translation.     One  of  the  last 
occasions  on   which  Turgeniefl   w 
in    public    in    England    was    in    1879   at 

Oxford,  when  he  had  a  D.C.L.  (not  LL.D., 
a-    Mi        BapgOOd    say-,    which    i-    not    an 

Oxford  degree)  conferred  upon  him.  All 
were  struck  with  the  noble  appearance  of 
this  generouc  and  ij  mpathetic  man.  whom 
Mr.  Jamea  ha-  so  well  described.  Poor 
years  afterwards  he  was  to  expire  from  a 
most  painful  disease.  But  he  had  written 
enough  to  secure  a  deathless  name,  not 
merely  in  the  literat  ure  of  hi-  ow  n  country, 
but  also  in  that  of  the  whole  civilized 
world.  His  women  may  be  ranked  with 
those  Shakspearean  type-  which  fill  us 
with  wonder.  Liza,  Irene,  and  Helen 
may  be  classed  with  Cordelia,  Imogen, 
and  Juliet.  No  Russian  author  has  ever 
brought  before  us  so  forcibly  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  landscape  of  his  country. 
Throughout  the  tales  there  is  a  weird 
pathos  such  as  we  hear  in  the  compositions 
of  Chopin — 

The  still,  -ad  music  of  humanity. 

We  ought  to  add  that  each  volume  of 
this  translation  contains  a  characteristic 
and  well-executed  illustration. 


An  Historical  Account  of  the  Worshipful 
Company  of  Girdlers,  London.  By  W. 
Dumville  Sinythe.     (Chiswick  Press.) 

The  Girdlers'  Company  originally  existed 
as  a  fraternity  which  looked  upon  St. 
Laurence  as  its  patron  saint,  and,  as 
such,  assumed  for  its  coat  of  arms  the 
martyr's  emblem,  the  gridiron  on  which 
he  was  slowly  done  to  death.  It  became 
an  incorporated  company  by  charter  of 
Henry  VI.  in  1449  ;  and  with  the  Girdlers 
were  included  the  Pinners  and  also 
the  Wire-workers  by  charter  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  1568.  This  amalgamation 
of  crafts  gave  rise  to  so  much  friction 
between  the  craftsmen  and  the  governing 
body  of  the  Company  that  Charles  I. 
was  induced  in  1640  to  allow  the  Pinners 
to  sever  their  connexion  with  the  Girdlers, 
whilst  granting  a  fresh  charter  to  the 
Girdlers  and  Wire-workers  apart  from  the 
Pinners.  The  Wire-workers,  who  were 
closely  associated,  if  not  indeed  identical, 
with  the  Plate-workers,  appear  to  have 
remained  nominally  a  branch  of  the 
Girdlers'  Company  at  least  as  late  as 
the  Company's  last  Charter,  granted  in 
1685,  although  in  the  Appendix  to  the 
Report  of  the  Livery  Companies'  Com- 
mission of  1880  we  find  the  Tinplate- 
workers,  otherwise  Wire-workers,  claiming 
to  be  a  chartered  company  by  virtue  of 
a  grant  made  to  them  by  Charles  II.  in 
December,  1670. 

The  articles  manufactured  by  artisans 
of  the  Girdlers1  Company  were  many 
and  various,  embracing  as  they  did,  in 
addition  to  girdles  proper,  such  things 
as  garters  and  buckles  for  personal  wear 
as  well  as  fish-hooks,  needles,  sieves,  and 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


1 


household  utensils,  including  dripping- 
pans.  Certain  ordinances  for  regulating  the 
"  mistery  "  were  approved  by  Edward  III. 
-soon  after  his  accession.  These  forbade 
the  "  garnishing "  of  girdles  with  lead, 
pewter,  or  tin,  or  other  "  false  thing," 
and  authorized  the  appointment  of 
searchers  to  see  that  the  ordinances 
were  duly  observed.  In  1344  a  fresh 
set  of  ordinances  were  approved  by  the 
Court  of  Aldermen,  among  them  being 
one  forbidding  men  of  the  mistery  to 
work  either  at  "  roset "  or  "  tirlet." 
Mr.  Smythe  confesses  himself  unable  to 
■explain  these  terms  It  may  be  a  satis- 
faction for  him  to  learn  that  just  about  a 
century  later  this  ordinance  was  repealed 
at  the  express  wish  of  members  of  the 
■Company,  on  the  ground  that  the  terms 
were  to  them  of  that  day  "  so  strange  " 
that  they  had  no  knowledge  of  them. 

The  chief  sources  of  information  con- 
sulted by  Mr.  Smythe  (apart  from  the 
Company's  own  records)  appear  to  be 
the  printed  '  Memorials  of  London  '  com- 
piled by  the  late  Mr.  H.  T.  Riley,  for  the 
Corporation  of  the  City,  in  1868  from 
the  so-called  "  Letter-Books  "  preserved 
at  the  Guildhall ;  the  several  Calendars 
of  the  same  books  in  course  of  publi- 
cation, on  behalf  of  the  same  body,  at 
the  present  time ;  and  a  Calendar  of 
Wills  proved  and  enrolled  in  the  Court  of 
Husting  between  1258  and  1688.  It  is 
not  at  all  clear  that  he  has  personally 
examined  any  original  records  other  than 
those  of  the  Girdlers'  Company,  although 
his  style  might  at  times  give  one  a  con- 
trary impression.  However  this  may  be, 
for  the  early  history  of  the  Company  he 
is  almost  entirely  indebted  to  the  City's 
publications  just  mentioned,  the  Com- 
pany's own  minute-books  prior  to  1622 
having  been  either  lost  or  destroyed. 

The  earlier  surviving  minute-books  of 
the  Company  disclose  the  existence  of 
considerable  dissension  between  the  crafts- 
men and  the  governing  body,  the  former 
complaining  of  the  laxity  of  the  latter 
in  enforcing  the  ordinances  of  the  mistery. 
Fines  were  thereupon  imposed  on  those 
who  produced  bad  work,  but  this  mode 
of  promoting  efficiency  was  objected  to 
by  the  craftsmen,  who  on  several  occa- 
sions appealed  to  the  Court  of  Aldermen, 
but  without  effect.  Another  grievance 
that  the  craftsmen  had,  or  thought  they 
had,  was  not  being  allowed  to  make 
search  for  bad  workmanship  on  their 
own  account.  Whilst  the  governing  body 
expressed  themselves  as  willing  to  call 
in  a  number  of  craftsmen  to  assist  in 
making  search,  they  emphatically  de- 
clined to  give  craftsmen  liberty  to  search 
by  themselves.  This  formed  a  bone  of 
contention  for  several  years,  and  "  put 
the  Company  to  great  charges."  At  lengt  li 
a  compromise  was  effected,  and  a  new 
charter  was  obtained  in  1640  (as  already 
mentioned)  embodying  the  (runs  on 
which  all  parties  were  agreed. 

During  the  troublous  times  of  the 
Civil  War  the  Company  found  itself  un- 
able to  meet  the  numerous  calls  made  on 
its  funds,  and  its  plate  bad  to  be  sold,  and 
money  raised  by  summoning  "yeomen" 


of  the  Company  to  take  up  their  livery, 
and  imposing  fines  on  those  who  refused. 
The  Company's  hall  was  destroyed  in  the 
Great  Fire  of  1666,  and  was  not  rebuilt, 
for  lack  of  money,  until  1681.  Mr. 
Smythe  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
the  so-called  "  magic  carpet  "  presented 
to  the  Company  by  Robert  Bell  in  1634, 
and  now  hanging  on  the  north  wall  of 
the  Company's  hall,  having  luckily  escaped 
the  Great  Fire.  For  many  years  it  lay 
on  one  of  the  Company's  tables,  and 
little  notice  was  taken  of  it.  Recent 
investigations,  however,  in  the  books  of 
the  old  East  India  Company  have  estab- 
lished its  identity  with  a  carpet  made  at 
the  royal  factory  at  Lahore  for  Robert 
Bell,  whose  arms  it  bears,  together  Avith 
the  arms  of  the  Girdlers  and  two  bales 
of  merchandise  stamped  with  Bell's  initials 
and  trade-marks. 

All  this,  and  much  more,  is  pleasantly 
set  out  in  Mr.  Smythe's  pages,  but  his 
work  is  more  suited  for  popular  reading 
than  for  the  serious  student,  who  requires 
that  dates  of  charters,  &c,  should  be 
accurately  given,  and  extracts  correctly 
printed.  In  such  matters  we  find  Mr. 
Smythe  somewhat  careless,  whilst  the 
index  to  his  work  appears  to  have  been 
compiled  by  a  novice. 


Madame  Geoffrin  :  her  Salon  and  her 
Times.  By  Janet  Aldis.  (Methuen  & 
Co.) 

There  is  a  considerable  class  of  persons 
— victims  of  a  prejudice  having  its  roots 
far  back  in  the  seventeenth  century — 
whose  principles  will  by  no  means  permit 
them  to  confine  their  reading,  as  their 
inclination  bids,  to  works  of  fiction.  In 
order  to  tranquillize  their  consciences, 
these  people  keep  a  "  solid  "  work — the 
latest  biography,  the  newest  popular  book 
of  travels,  the  freshest  modern  abridgment 
of  some  old-time  memoir — continually  on 
hand.  About  Balzac  or  George  Meredith 
there  is  always  a  lurking  suspicion  of 
frivolity  ;  but  in  the  most  trivial  '  Life 
and  Letters,'  or  the  least  substantial 
rechauffe  of  bygone  gossip,  they  find  a 
safe  resting-place  for  the  intellect  and  a 
shelter  from  all  moral  misgivings.  By 
such  readers  as  these  the  volume  before 
us  will  be  warmly  appreciated.  It  does 
not  offer  a  living  picture  of  the  society 
with  which  it  deals,  nor  even  of  any  indi- 
vidual belonging  to  that  society.  But  it 
treats  of  an  interesting  age  ;  its  pages 
teem  with  famous  names  ;  and  the  scraps 
of  information  of  which  it  is  made  up  are 
of  exactly  the  right  kind.  That  is  to  say, 
they  will  add  nothing  to  the  student  of  the 
eighteenth  century  in  France,  while  they 
meet  perfectly  the  needs  of  those  who 
would  like  to  know  something  about  thai 
century  without  studying  it. 

We  doubt,  however,  any  general  par- 
ticipation in  the  author's  unqualified 
enthusiasm    for    her    principal    subject. 

As  a  personality,  a-;  a  social  phenomenon, 
still  more  as  a  social  type  modified  by 
peculiar  circumstances,  Madame  Geoffrin 
is  interesting.     But    hers   is   not    a   figure 


which  lends  itself  to  the  heroic  style 
of  portraiture  ;  on  a  moral  pedestal 
it  appears  sadly  out  of  place.  Yet 
on  a  moral  pedestal  Miss  Aldis  would 
fain  raise  and  maintain  it.  She 
has  built  up  a  touching  belief  in  her 
heroine's  greatness  of  soul,  and  clings  to 
it  in  face  of  well-established  facts  and 
unimpeachable  contemporary  testimony — 
in  face  of  Madame  Geoffrin's  acknowledged 
lack  of  enthusiasm  for  great  causes,  of  the 
cold-heartedness  which  could  find  Vol- 
taire's impassioned  plea  on  behalf  of  the 
tortured  and  oppressed  victims  of  t3^ranny 
and  obscurantism  "  crazy  "  and  "  com- 
mon," of  the  self-regarding  timidity  which 
declined  to  imperil  personal  popularitjr  on 
behalf  of  the  closest  friend  ;  even  in  face 
of  the  visit  thrust  upon  a  reluctant  royal 
host,  and  the  Masses  secretly  attended  lest 
religious  practices,  necessary  to  one  who 
desired  to  stand  well  both  with  Heaven 
and  the  Encyclopedists,  should  have  the 
fatal  issue  of  driving  from  her  salon  the 
brilliant  band  of  free-thinkers  who  were 
its  chief  ornament.  Miss  Aldis  sees,  appa- 
rently, no  inconsistency  in  the  lofty 
morality  which  excluded  Madame 
d'Epinay  from  a  dinner  -  table  at 
which  the  Due  de  Richelieu  was 
permitted  to  sit,  and  nothing  doubt- 
ful in  the  substitution  of  the  muti- 
lated edition  of  Montesquieu's  '  Lettres 
Familieres  '  for  the  genuine  article. 
Yet  she  reports  the  latter  transaction 
at  length ;  indeed,  to  her  honour  be 
it  said,  there  is  nowhere  in  her  book 
any  attempt  to  wrest  facts  in  favour 
of  her  theory.  Occasionally  her  whole- 
hearted championship  leads  her  to  under- 
value the  force  of  the  circumstances  that 
helped  to  shape  the  remarkable  social 
career  of  the  daughter  of  Rodet,  the 
Dauphin's  valet  de  chambre  ;  thus  she 
ignores  as  far  as  possible  the  fact  that 
Madame  Geoffrin's  salon  "  derived  "  from 
that  of  Madame  de  Tencin.  Once  or  twice 
it  makes  her  slightly  unfair  to  persons  : 
it  does  not,  for  instance,  strike  her  that, 
since  Rulhiere  had  not  "  his  price  "  for 
the  manuscript  which  displeased  Cathe- 
rine of  Russia,  he  was  wholly  within  his 
rights  in  resenting  Madame  Geoffrin's  high- 
handed demand  that  he  should  name  it 
forthwith  before  a  gathering  of  their 
common  friends. 

After  so  much  indiscriminate  Incense- 
burning,  it  is  a  relief  to  turn  to  the  calm, 
if  slightly  cruel  judgment  of  Horace  Wal- 
pole,  his  well-bred  impatience  of  Madame 
Geoffrin's  readiness  to  lay  down  the  law. 
his  contemptuous  dismisssal  of  her  claims 
to  taste  in  art.  (It  says  much  for  Miss 
Aldis's  candour  that  she  has  not  shrunk 
from  inserting  letters  which  take  so  little 
favourable  a  view  of  her  heroine.)  Wal- 
pole.  was.  of  course,  far  too  clever  to  he 
blind  to  Madame  Geoffrin's  pood  qualities 

— her  shrewdness,  common  sense  and  t  act  : 
for    these    he    gives    her   due    credit.      Hut 

his    testimony,    like    Mai'montel's.    i<    fatal 

to  the  cult  which  Mi>s  Aldis  seeks  to 
establish. 

In  spite  of  the  pains  taken  with  Madame 
Geoffrin,  it  cannot  with  truth  he  said  that 
she     emerges     from     our    author's     hand- 


72 


T  I!  E     A  T  II  E  X  .K  I'  M 


\ 


1082,  -I  ur.  20,  L906 


ling  a  very  lifelike  figure,  This  is  partly 
owing  t<>  her  biographer's  anxious  at- 
tempt- to  soften  angles  and  lighten 
shadows     ire  bare  onlj   to  turn  to  Mar- 

montcl.  who  was  at    m>  such   |»ains,  to 

the  woman  in  her  habit   as  she  lived 
partly  to  the  fart  that  grasp  of  character 

i-  not  a  Strong  point  with  Mi—  Aldis. 
Diderot  and  I)  Alembert  appear  fre- 
quently in  tin-  course  of  her  story:  but 
they  remain  shadows  to  the  end.  Konte- 
nelle    and    Grimm    are    somewhat     better 

"  materialized,"  ohiefly  l>\  the  help  of  con- 
temporary descriptions;  Mile,  de  I'Espi- 
nasse,  on  the  other  hand,  is  totally  out 
of  drawing.     It  seems  incredible  that  any 

one  who  has  read  the  famous  1,'Kspinasse 
love-letters  (as  Miss  Aldis  has  apparently 
done)  —  those  endless  variations  on  a  single 
art  <l,  <■'!  ur  :  "  Je  vis,  toute  en  vous  ; 
j'existe  parce  que  je  vous  aime  " — should 
refuse  to  believe  in  the  reality  of  the 
writer's  passion  for  the  man  to  whom  they 
are  addressed. 

A  chronicle  of  this  sort  should  be  salted 
with  humour,  if  possible.  In  the  present 
work  that  attractive  quality  is  not  con- 
spicuous, for  we  can  hardly  suppose  that 
the  author  intended  to  amuse  us  by  her 
grave  assurance  that  Madame  Geoffrin 
"never  quite  approved  of  Diderot.  There 
are  several  repetitions  which  more  careful 
proof  -  reading  would  easily  have 
discovered.  We  cannot  commend  the 
style  of  the  book,  which  is  un- 
pleasantly jerky  ;  the  French  phrases 
which  besprinkle  its  pages  are  so 
persistently  misspelt  as  to  raise  a  doubt 
whether  the  printer  is  in  every  case 
responsible  for  the  error.  Miss  Aldis  is 
fond  of  describing  Madame  Geoffrin  as  a 
"  saloniere  "  (sic) — a  word  sanctioned 
neither  by  Littre  nor  the  Academic.  The 
feminine  form  of  "  salonnier  "  denotes  a 
"  lady-  reporter  "  of  art  exhibitions — not  at 
all  the  kind  of  person  Miss  Aldis  has  in 
view. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


A     Golden    Trust.       By    Theo.    Douglas. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

We  have  here  a  story  which,  in  common 
with  many  latter-day  novels,  shows  in 
its  beginning  a  promise  scarcely  fulfilled 
by  the  conclusion.  There  is  perhaps  no 
great  originality  in  the  conception  of  the 
wrecker's  lost  treasure  and  the  adventures 
which  befall  those  seeking  it,  yet  the 
quaint  atmosphere  of  over  a  hundred 
years  ago,  and  the  grey  East  Coast  land- 
scape, flanked  by  the  wintry  sea,  are  sug- 
gested with  much  charm  and  distinction. 
But  when  the  tale  is  half  way  through,  we 
are  suddenly  transported  to  Paris,  and 
the  Paris  of  the  year  1792  has  loomed 
too  large  in  the  fiction  of  the  past  to  be 
a  theme  easy  of  manipulation.  Robes- 
pierre with  his  humanitarian  views, 
Madame  Roland  and  her  salon,  the 
10th  of  August,  and  the  massacres  of 
September— all  these  things  impress  us 
with  something  of  the  tediousness  of  a 
more  than  twice-told  tale.  We  are  spared 
the  guillotine,  however,  and  for  this  for- 


bearanoe  tin;  author  i-  fairly  entitled  to 
Borne  measure  i  >i  gral  itude. 


A  a /in  i,i  iln  Plains.     By  Alice  and  Claude 
kakew.    (White  &  Co.) 

In  Bpite  of  the  melodrama  of  its  opening 
pages,  this  is  a  romance  of  real  human 
interest  stimulated  by  a  pervading  atmo- 
sphere of  wide-rolling  veldt.  Michael 
O'Donoghan  (we  are  told  that  he  i-  an 
Irishman,  but  there  is  little  to  betray  his 
nationality  save  his  patronymic),  after- 
some  preliminary  knocks  from  unkind 
fate,  finds  himself  installed  as  overseer  on 
a  Boer  farm  under  a  stern  old  fanatic. 
The  old  man  is  no  new  type,  neither  is 
this  our  first  introduction  to  Tante  Sarah, 
his  second  wife,  coarse,  vindictive,  and 
elemental  ;  but  little  Anna,  the  daughter 
of  an  earlier  marriage,  is  as  fresh  as  Eve 
herself,  and,  mainly  on  her  account,  the 
book  is  worth  reading.  The  staginess  of 
the  first  chapter  and  the  vague  chaos  of 
the  last  are  to  be  regretted,  but  the  central 
figure  is  an  illuminating  study  of  girlhood 
and  womanhood, 


For  the  White  Cockade.    By  J.  E.  Muddock. 
(John  Long.) 

Mr.  Muddock  is  always  a  good  story- 
teller, but  on  this  occasion  has  not, 
perhaps,  chosen  the  best  field  for  his 
powers.  His  period  is  that  of  the  rising 
of  '45,  but  he  has  not  attempted  any 
general  view,  confining  himself  to  the  last 
wiles  and  gloomy  fate  of  that  arch- 
intriguer,  the  twelfth  Lord  Lovat.  His 
portrait  of  Mac  Shimi  is  well  drawn  on  the 
conventional  lines,  and  he  appears  to 
have  studied  the  style  of  diction  of  his 
hero.  One  fancies  that,  had  he  had  access 
to  the  quaint  domestic  letters  from  Lovat 
to  his  son's  "  governor,"  he  would  hardly 
have  converted  "  little  Sandy,"  or  "  the 
Brig,"  as  his  father  called  him,  into  an 
imaginary  Angus,  supposed  to  have  been 
killed  by  a  fall  in  escaping  from  Stirling 
Castle.  The  real  son  died  a  general  in 
the  Dutch  service.  Sybilla,  too,  "  my 
daughter  Siby,"  died  unmarried.  There 
is  no  harm  in  marrying  her  to  a  chivalrous 
English  officer,  except  for  the  reminiscence 
of  '  Waverley.'  Her  adventures  and 
escapes  are  excellently  set  forth,  but  we 
do  not  think  she  would  have  put  on  thick 
boots  to  dress  the  part  of  a  Highland 
dairy-maid  ;  and  we  must  protest  against 
broad  "  Lallands "  in  the  mouth  of  a 
Highland  prophetess  like  Miriam. 


The  Inseparables  :  an  Oxford  Novel  of 
To-day.  By  James  Baker.  (Chapman 
&  Hall.) 

Mr.  James  Baker  is  the  author  of  several 
stories  which  have  been  accepted  as  suc- 
cessful, so  that  he  may  be  said  to  have 
gauged  the  requirements  of  a  section  of 
the  reading  public  in  the  matter  of  fiction. 
It  is  not  the  most  intellectual  section  to 
which  he  makes  his  appeal — but  neither 
is  it  the  section  which  finds  enjojunent 
only  when  wild  incident  follows  hot-foot 


upon    wild   incident.     Here   he    presents 
a  \uriety  of  characters,  but  differentii 
them  more  by  descriptions  of  theii  doit 

than   by  any  re\  elation  of  what  they  ai>-. 

Pour  young  Oxford  men  form  the  central 

character--      the     hero,      the      villain,      the 

victim,  and  a  somewhat  shadowy  fourth, 

the  most  influential  of  all,  who 

disappears  out  of  the  pages  in  an  urn 
plained  fashion  and  remains  only  a«  a 
subtle  telepathic  influence.  Mr.  Baker, 
when  he  attempts  to  describe  crude 
crime  or  to  indicate  psychological  pheno- 
mena, is  not  convincing.  A-  the  teller 
of  a  pleasant  modern  story,  showing  vice 
vanquished  and  virtue  triumphant,  Mr. 
Baker  may  be  Baid  to  have  succeeded  with 
this  novel;  but  reader-  with  a  taste  for 
the  literary  graces  will  regret  a  score  of 
offences  against  them — such  tautology 
"  there  is  a  great  deal  of  vicarious  suffering 
goes  on  to  benefit  other  folk  "  ;  unm 
wrord-coining,  and  the  too  frequent  use 
of  "  ere,"  which  is  made  to  mean  both 
"  ever  "  and  "  before." 


The   Comiiuj   of   the    Tide.     By   Margaret 
Sherwood.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

A  strong  love  of  nature  is  a  conspicuous 
feature  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  numer- 
ous novels  now  imported  from  America. 
It  is  displayed  most  lavishly  in  '  The 
Coming  of  the  Tide,'  a  simple  love  story 
with  one  dramatic  situation.  The  story 
is  not  uninteresting,  and  the  character- 
ization is  not  wanting  in  vivacity  ;  but 
the  book  is  marred  by  its  pretentious 
descriptions  of  scenery.  The  heroine  has 
an  unpleasant  habit  of  talking  confiden- 
tially to  the  sea,  and  the  narrative  is  re- 
peatedly broken  by  lengthy  observations 
on  such  familiar  topics  as  "  the  mystery 
of  infinite  distance  "  and  "  the  joy  of  the 
oncoming  wave."  There  is,  however, 
enough  merit  in  the  book  to  justify  the 
belief  that  the  author  may  write  a  much 
better  novel  when  she  has  acquired  more 
restraint. 


A  Royal  Rascal.     By  Major  Arthur  Grif- 
fiths.    (Fisher  Unwin.) 

The  sub-title  of  this  well-written  novel  is 
'  Episodes  in  the  Career  of  Col.  Sir  Theo- 
philus  St.  Clair.  K.C.B.'  Though  it  pos- 
sesses the  inevitable  defect  of  episodic 
stories — a  lack  of  continuity  of  interest — 
'  A  Royal  Rascal,'  with  its  exciting  adven- 
tures by  land  and  sea  and  its  excellent 
series  of  historical  portraits,  is  decidedly 
readable.  The  story,  which  derives  it< 
title  from  the  sobriquet  earned  by  the 
Colonel's  regiment  in  the  Peninsula,  opens 
at  Gibraltar,  where  young  St.  (lair  wins 
his  commission  by  detecting  a  plot  against 
the  garrison,  and  closes  at  Waterloo,  where 
his  last  adventure  costs  him  a  limb.  Wel- 
lington. Napoleon,  Sir  John  Moore,  Mar- 
shal Ney,  and  Sir  David  Baird  are  among 
the  figures  of  whom  vivid  glimpses  are  to 
be  caught  in  the  Colonel's  company.  The 
book,  while  containing  much  that  is  attrac- 
tive to  readers  of  all  ages,  is  particularly 
suited  for  bovs. 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


TH'E    ATHEN^UM 


73 


Who   was    Lady    Thurne  ?    By    Florence 
Warden.     (John  Long.) 

Miss  Warden's  latest  novel  bears  the 
marks  of  perfunctory  work.  It  is  not 
new  in  idea,  nor  is  it  conscientious  in 
elaboration.  The  author  does  not  take 
the  trouble  to  render  the  events  probable. 
It  is  not  explained  how  the  first  Lady 
Thurne  was  shipwrecked,  and  why  she 
lost  her  memory  ;  nor  is  it  explained  why 
her  husband,  believing  her  dead,  married 
again.  The  second  Lady  Thurne  has  a 
lover,  and  the  first  Lady  Thurne  endea- 
vours to  save  her  from  him  and  herself, 
which  does  not  strike  us  as  very  convincing. 
Moreover,  she  refuses  to  reveal  herself  to 
her  husband  to  spare  him  and  his  children. 
This  is  a  case  of  '  Enoch  Arden  '  on  the 
feminine  side.  What  is  most  inexplicable 
is  that  the  lady  is  not  recognized  after  six 
or  seven  years'  absence  either  by  her 
schoolfellow  or  her  husband.  To  be  sure, 
she  has  been  in  an  asylum  and  her  hair  is 
white,  but  she  is  only  twenty-nine.  How- 
ever, she  succeeds  in  regaining  some  of 
her  youthful  brightness,  and  detection 
comes,  with  a  train  of  consequences.  It 
is  not  necessary  to  say  that  the  author 
manages  to  solve  the  problem  in  a  satis- 
factory way  for  the  virtuous  people. 


Rosamond's     Morality.     By     Gordon     C. 
Whadcoat.     (Greening  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  love  story  in  thirty-two  "  talks," 
and  all  the  talking  is  done  by  the  two 
lovers.  At  first,  when  Cecil  and  Rosa- 
mond are  boy  and  girl,  the  dialogue  has  a 
dainty  kind  of  humour,  but  as  the  story 
developes  it  loses  its  attractiveness.  The 
characters  are  wanting  in  vitality.  Rosa- 
mond has  a  worthless  cousin  whom  she 
hates,  but,  believing  that  she  alone  can 
reclaim  him,  she  deems  it  her  duty  to 
marry  him.  Hence  the  loquacity  of  the 
lovers  before  they  make  each  other  happy. 
Mr.  Whadcoat,  whose  earlier  novel,  '  His 
Lordship's  Whim,'  gave  promise  of  some- 
thing much  better  than  '  Rosamond's 
Morality,'  was  ill-advised  to  write  a  dia- 
logue story.  He  has  not  at  present  the 
craftsmanship  for  so  delicate  a  piece  of 
work. 


CALENDARS  AND   YEAR-BOOKS. 

In  his  Calendar  of  Letter-Books  of  the  City 
of  London  :  Letter-Book  0, 1352-1374  (printed 
by  order  of  the  Corporation)  Dr.  Reginald 
Sharpe  opens  up  to  scholars  a  new  instal- 
ment of  the  rich  treasures  of  the  City 
archives  of  which  lie  is  the  custodian. 
The  editing  and  the  introductory  matter 
are  on  the  whole  competent,  but  it  may  be 
complained  that  Dr.  Sharpe  does  not  always 
give  us  quite  as  much  help  as  he  might  render. 
Some  references  are  indefinite.  When  a 
document  is  dated  "the  Monday  after  the 
Feast  of  St.  Michael,  28  Edward  III.,"  the 
editor  tells  us  that  the  feast  of  the  archangel 
is  on  September  29th,  but  does  not  tell  us 
what  was  the  exact  date  of  the  Monday 
after  Michaelmas  in  the  year  1354.  Wc 
do  not  see  great  use  in  printing  in  the 
margin  (lie  occasional  headings  in  Latin 
and  old  French,  when  the  documents 
themselves  are  summarized   in    English  in 


the  text.  Some  of  the  annotations  are 
rather  vague^asTthat,  for  instance,  which 
tells  us  that  in  1373  "  the  marriage  of  the 
Duke  of  Lancaster  to  Constance  of  Castile 
....had  driven  the  actual  King  of  Castile 
to  join  forces  with  the  King  of  France." 
There  was  no  mystery  about  Thoresby's 
translation  from  Worcester  to  York,  as  the 
note  on  p.  5  would  almost  suggest.  Though 
not  enthroned  till  1354,  he  was  translated 
by  provision  on  October  23rd,  1352,  three 
months  after  the  death  of  his  predecessor. 
"  Franche  prison"  (p.  31)  surely  does  not 
mean  a  "  prison  for  freemen."  The  peace 
proclaimed  on  November  6th,  1360,  was 
not  the  "  peace  signed  at  Bretigni " 
(p.  123),  but  the  definitive  treaty  con- 
cluded at  Calais.  A  little  more  trouble 
in  ascertaining  the  modern  forms  of 
names  would  have  made  the  elaborate 
index  more  valuable.  On  the  other  hand, 
Dr.  Sharpe  is  to  be  commended  for  the 
pains  he  has  taken  to  indicate  where 
documents  have  been  printed  already,  and 
for  refusing  to  set  forth  at  length  such  as 
are  already  easily  accessible. 

The  fifth  volume  of  Mr.  G.  J.  Morris's 
Calendar  of  the  Patent  Rolls  of  Richard  II. 
(1391-1396)  appears  three  years  after  his 
fourth  instalment  of  this  important  collection 
(Stationery  Office).  The  documents  sum- 
marized include  many  which  throw  light 
on  the  practical  difficulties  caused  by  the 
schism  in  the  Church,  as,  for  example,  the 
inability  of  Cistercian  houses  to  elect  fresh 
abbots  since  the  abbot  of  the  mother  house 
of  Citeaux  was  a  "  schismatic,"  whose  juris- 
diction they  were  not  permitted  to  recognize. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  patents,  as  usual, 
illustrate  the  chronic,  disorders  of  a  mediaeval 
State,  as,  for  instance,  the  interesting  entry 
on  p.  605  which  describes  a  Lenten  riot  at 
Oxford  against  the  Welsh  students,  in  which 
bands  patrolled  the  streets  crying  in  English, 
"  War  !  War  !  Slay,  slay  the  Welsh  dogs 
and  their  helps  !  and  whoso  looketh  out  of 
his  house, he  shall  be  dead."  Thisshowsthat 
clerks  in  their  moments  of  relaxation  preferred 
the  vernacular  to  Latin.  The  Calendar 
also  contains  a  fair  number  of  earlier  docu- 
ments, enrolled  by  way  of  inspeximus,  as, 
for  example,  the  two  important  thirteenth- 
century  Hereford  Charters  printed  in 
extenso  on  pp.  422-5  Mr.  Morris  has  done 
his  work  well,  and  his  index  is  good.  None 
of  the  slight  slips  that  we  have  noticed  is 
likely  to  cause  difficulty  to  any  one  using 
the  volume. 

Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls,  1401-1405. 
(Stationery  Office.) — The  contents  of  this 
volume  cannot  be  said  to  throw  fresh  light 
on  the  political  history  of  the  period  it 
covers.  There  are  naturally,  however, 
entries  which  remind  us  of  the  trouble 
with  Glendower  and  the  rising  of  the  Percies  : 
orders  are  given  for  the  distribution  of  the 
four  quarters  of  Harry  Percy  and  the  heads 
of  the  Baron  of  Kinderton  and  Sir  Richard 
Vernon  after  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
we  have  interesting  glimpses  of  the  forfeited 
stuffs  of  Harry  Percy  and  the  Earl  of 
Worcester,  the  former  "  powdered  with 
white  turrets."  Of  the  defeat  of  the  French 
fleet  at  Portland  we  are  reminded  by  the 
apportionment  of  the  prize-money  repre- 
sented by  the  ransoms  of  the  prisoners. 
We  hear  also  of  the  rumours  of  conspiracies, 
based  on  the  belief  that  Richard  II.  was 
slill  alive,  culminating  in  the  arrest  of  the 
Esses  abbots  of  Colchester,  Si.  Osyth's,  and 

Beeleigh  in  1404.  The  burgesses  of  Col- 
chester had,  shortly  before,  been  excused 
from  sending  representatives  to  Parliamenl 
for  six  years  in  consideration  of  their  costs 

"  in  the  enclosure  of  the  town  with  B   w  .ill  of 

stonoand  lime"  against  "the  king's  enemies." 


For  the  history  of  religious  houses  and  for 
the  foundation  of  chantries  the  Patent  Rolls 
are  always  of  great  value,  but  they  are  not 
helpful  for  the  Lollard  movement,  though 
we  find  a  notable  protection  (Novem- 
ber 22nd,  1401)  for  Nicholas  Hereford,  who 
"  is  manfully  opposing  the  disciples  of  Anti- 
Christ  who  strive  to  attract  not  only  laymen, 
but  even  clergy  and  literates,  to  their 
heresies."  The  student  of  municipal  history 
should  note  the  confirmation  of  an  old 
charter  granted  by  an  Earl  of  Pembroke 
to  Tenby,  with  the  power,  in  addition,  to 
elect  mayor  and  bailiffs  ;  also  the  grant  of  a 
gild  merchant  to  Cirencester  in  1403,  and 
a  curious  lease  from  the  Bishop  of  London 
to  the  men  of  Maldon  of  his  buildings  and 
his  rights  in  that  town.  At  Maldon,  as  at 
Colchester,  there  was  then  a  "  Motehall," 
and,  as  at  Ipswich,  "  Portesmanmersh  " 
shows  us  there  were  "  portmen."  In  1401 
there  is  a  curious  order  for  the  "  usher 
of  the  company  of  '  la  Gartier  '  within  the 
castle  of  Wyndesore,"  concerning  his  duties 
and  the  custody  of  the  black  rod.  It  is 
to  the  rolls  of  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century  that  we  must  look  for  light  on  a 
process  still  somewhat  obscure,  the  diffe- 
rentiation of  the  peerage  ;  for  it  was  only  at 
this  late  period  that  lords  and  commoners 
began  to  be  clearly  distinguished  by  their 
styles.  It  is  evident  from  the  volume  before 
us  that  the  "  chivaler  "  of  writs  of  summons 
was  applied  broadcast,  whether  those  so 
styled  were  ever  summoned  or  not  ;  and 
although  at  first  sight  it  might  be  supposed 
that  "lord"  was  already  the  regular  style 
of  a  lord  of  Parliament,  careful  study  of 
these  pages  shows  that  the  style  was  used 
haphazard,  as  in  the  cases  of  John  de  Lovell, 
"  chivaler,"  and  John,  lord  of  Lovell ; 
Richard  Grey  and  Richard,  lord  of  Grey. 
The  process  as  yet  was  inchoate.  It  is  still 
necessary  for  historical  students  to  look 
right  through  these  excellent  calendars  in 
order  to  discover  what  of  interest  they 
contain  ;  and  it  is  to  be  wished  that  where 
early  charters,  such  as  that  of  Earl  Simon 
of  Northampton,  are  recited,  they  should 
be  specially  indexed  under  '  Charters.'  Paper 
and  print  strike  us  as  hardly  worthy  of  the 
labour  lavished  by  the  Record  Office  staff 
on  such  volumes  as  this. 

In  his  Year-Books  of  Edivard  III.  : 
Years  XVIII.  and  XIX.,  in  the  Rolls 
Series  (Stationery  Office),  Mr.  L.  O.  Pike 
gives  us  a  further  instalment  of  his  excellent 
and  scholarly  work.  It  is  not  the  editor's 
fault  that  "  unexplained  delays  "  have 
retarded  the  appearance  of  this  volume, 
and  he  tells  us  that  he  has  long  had  another 
ready  for  the  press.  It  is  so  important  for 
our  knowledge  of  medi;eval  history  that 
more  of  these  priceless  records  should  see 
the  light  in  modern  editions  that  we  cannot 
but  re-echo  Mr.  Pike's  complaint.  It  is 
much  to  be  regretted  if  financial  considera- 
tions cause  the  publication  of  this  series 
to  be  postponed  longer  than  is  necessary. 
If  the  Selden  Society  can  produce  a  volume 
a  year,  it.  is  not  very  creditable  that  the 
State  publications  should  Lag  behind  those 
of  a  private  body.  In  his  interesting 
though  brief  introduction  Mr.  Pike  discourses 
Upon  what  he  calls  "the  legal  and  other 
curiosities"  revealed  in  his  texts,  and  does 
not     scorn    to    note    the    jests    of    the    judges, 

their  disagreements  with  each  other,  their 
snubs  to  irrepressible  counsel,  their  occa- 
sional lapses  into  the  vernacular,  and  the 
other  traits  which  render  these  private 
reports  so  much  more  human  than  most 
official  records  of  the  Middle  Ages.  <>i 
special  importance  are  the  remarks  on  the 
stnt  us    of    villeinage,    which    is    frequently 

illustrated     by     the    cases    recorded     in     this 

9 


I 


T  II  e    atii  EN  .i:r  M 


N     in-.'.  .I-,-..  •.',).  t906 


Milium'.  \\'r  oannol  agree,  however,  with 
Mr.  Pike  thai  a  "clenoua"  is  aeoeaaarilj 
a  person  "admitted  ii ■  i < >  holj  orders,"  and 
we  i ii 1 1 1 _' i 1 1 « ■  In-  is  not  quite  clear  as  t<»  the 
wide  meaning  of  "  clergy  "  daring  the  four 
teenth  century.  Anil  we  should  be  more 
thoroughly  com  Lnoed  <>t'  tin-  argument  which 
In-  borrows  from  ETleta,  thai  it  was  the  duty 
nt  a  bishop  to  degrade  tin'  cleric  of  villein 
origin  it  he  were  disobedienl  or  ungrateful  to 
Ins  lord  and  manumitter,  if  any  case  could 
be  produced  of  such  a  degradation  having 
been  actually  accomplished  by  an  ecclesi- 
astical court.  Verj  interesting,  however, 
an-  the  analogies  between  the  villein  who 
becomes  a  clerk  and  the  villein  who  becomes 

a  knight.  And  we  are  not  sure  that  the 
hut     that     a    man's    surname    was    (been    is 

conclusive  evidence  that  he  was  of  "  peasanl 
extraction."     We  have  again  only  to  praise 

Mr.  Tike's  texts  and  translations,  and  to 
express  our  appreciation  of  the  skill  and 
labour  involved  in  extracting  from  the 
records  of  the  trials  a  large  amount  of 
personal  and  detailed  information,  not 
given  in  the  reports  because  it  illustrated 
no  legal  points  likely  to  interest  practi- 
tioners in  the  courts. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

.Mrs.  Crkighton  has  done  very  well  in 
publishing  her  husband's  sermons  to  under- 
graduates in  a  separate  volume,  called  The 
Claims  of  the  Common  Life  (Longmans). 
They  are  models  of  what  such  sermons 
should  be,  and  are  replete  with  all  that 
wealth  of  insight  and  sympathy  which  made 
the  great  bishop  what  he  was.  Xo  better 
leaving  present  could  be  given  to  a  serious- 
minded  schoolboy  than  this  book.  It  may 
safely  be  said  that  if  he  is  not  interested  in 
these  sermons  he  never  will  be  in  any. 
They  may  be  read  with  advantage  not  only 
by  undergraduates,  but  also  by  every  one 
who  has  ever  been  an  undergraduate.  We 
have  said  so  much  at  different  times  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  man  who  has  been 
termed  the  "greatest  man  in  the  English 
Church  since  the  Reformation  "  that  it  is 
needless  to  do  more  than  call  attention  to 
the  volume. 

We  should  like  to  do  the  same,  only  even 
more  emphatically,  for  the  little  book 
Counsels  for  the  Young  (Longmans),  which 
Mrs.  Creighton  has  compiled,  largely  from 
the  two  volumes  of  the  biography.  That 
work  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of 
recent  biographies,  but  there  are  many 
for  whom  it  is  too  long,  and  this  little 
book  contains  in  a  few  pages  virtually 
all  the  bishop's  thoughts  on  the  most  im- 
portant topics,  and  is  the  quintessence  of 
Ins  philosophy  of  life.  We  think  it  may  he 
more  useful  than  anything  else  he  ever 
wrote.  Compiled  nominally  for  the  young, 
it  would  be  equally  or  nearly  equally  valuable 
for  people  of  mature  or  middle  age.  Its 
influence,  we  predict,  will  be  wide,  and  in 
many  ways  it  is  becoming  evident  that 
Creighton's  power  to  help  his  countrymen 
is  greater  now  that  he  is  gone  than  it  was 
even  in  his  lifetime. 

The  Hearseya  :  Five  Generations  of  an 
Anglo-Indian  Family.  Edited  by  Col.  Hugh 
Pearse.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) — When  re- 
viewing the  '  Memoirs '  of  Col.  Gardner,  also 
edited  by  Col.  Pearse  (Athenaeum,  June  25th, 
1808),  we  expressed  regret  that  further  par- 
ticulars of  the  careers  of  European  adven- 
turers who   had    served    under  Asiatic    rulers 

had  not   been  published.     Since  their  daj's 
times  have  changed,  and    the  stories  of  men 


who  entered  the  service  oi  Ranjit  Pinch  In 
the  Punjabi  the  Nizam  in  Baidarabad, 
Bindhia  in  Gwalior,  and  other.-,  are  increa 

illgly     diffiCuU      to     collect.         Hence      v.  ■       w.| 

come   the    preaenl    volume,   partly  bees 

of    the     stories     of     the     earlier     Ihar-iys     or 

Seroys,  members  of  a  Cumberland  family 

Connected  with  India  since  the  middle  of 
the   eighteenth   century,  hut    chiefly  heciiu   > 

of  the  autobiography  of  Sir  John  B.  Sean 
which  is  by  fax  the  most   interesting  part  of 
the  I  look  and  fills  over  one-third  of  its  pa. 
It  was  apparently  dictated  to  his  daughter 

towards  the  end  of  his  life,  and  is  a  remark- 
able testimony  to  the  excellence  of  his 
memory  and  his  powers  of  description.  lb 
seems  equally  at  homo  when  telling  of  his 
birth  at  Midnapur  in  1793,  accompanied  as 
that  event  was  by  a  portentous  combat  in 
the  verandah  between  a  large  Newfoundland 
dog  and  a  panther,  presaging  a  career  of 
strife  and  adventure ;  and  in  recording 
minutely  the  circumstances  of  a  duel,  and 
the  accounts  of  armies  and  battles  in  which 
he  took  part.  Then,  as  now,  "  transporta- 
tion "  was  a  chief  problem  difficult  of 
solution. 

Besides  Sir  John's  history,  the  story  of 
his  relative  and  father-in-law,  Hyder  Young 
Hearsey,  is  told  ;  it  recalls  the  adventures 
of  the  Skinners,  for  both  obtained  large 
tracts  of  country,  which  they  administered, 
and  both  married  native  ladies.  Hearsey, 
indeed,  bought  the  parganas  (division  of  a 
district)  of  Dun  and  Chandi,  and  sold  the 
latter  at  an  excellent  profit  to  the  East  India 
Company.  For  the  Dun,  however,  he  seems 
never  to  have  had  any  consideration,  though 
it  is  now  of  great  value.  In  1812  he  accom- 
panied Moorcroft,  the  well-known  traveller, 
to  Lake  Manasarowar  in  Tibet,  near  the 
sacred  Kailas  Mountain,  whence  the  waters 
on  our  side  flow  by  the  Sutlej  and  Indus  to 
the  Arabian  Sea,  and  on  the  other  side  by 
the  Tsangpo,  or  Brahmaputra,  to  the  Gulf  of 
Bengal. 

The  stories  of  the  Hearseys  are  connected 
and  introduced  by  short  narratives  of  events 
in  India  at  various  times  ;  thus  there  are  a 
few  pages  about  the  Punjab  and  the  Sikh 
wars,  reasonably  correct  except,  perhaps, 
that  the  praise  of  Lord  Gough's  generalship 
is  as  much  too  flattering  as  contemporary 
opinion  was  the  reverse  ;  and  a  few  pages 
are  devoted  to  the  Mutiny.  The  volume  is 
well  produced  ;  paper  and  type  are  excellent. 

Man  to  Man.  By  the  Rev.  R.  E.  Welsh. 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton.)  —  Few  men  know 
better  than  Mr.  Welsh,  the  author  of  '  God's 
Gentlemen  '  and  '  The  Relief  of  Doubt,'  what 
qualities  should  go  to  make  up  a  young  man, 
and  few  are  more  likely  to  be  listened  to 
by  an  audience  of  young  men.  He  is  a 
sound  thinker,  engagingly  frank,  knows  well 
the  fevers  of  young  blood,  and  holds  up 
consistently  high  ideals.  Moreover,  he  is  a 
bright  writer,  able  on  most  occasions  to  give 
a  sentence  or  a  thought  some  original  turn. 
He  has,  too,  at  his  command  a  fund  of  tell- 
ing illustration.  We  would  gladly  put  this 
volume  into  the  hands  of  our  sixth-form 
public-school  boys  and  our  undergraduates, 
and  would  further  venture  to  commend  it 
to  those  who  have  the  privilege  of  preaching 
in  school  chapels.  Mr.  Welsh  gauges  well 
the  drift  of  our  times,  especially  in  their 
want  of  individuality  : — 

"  bank  and  outspoken  individuality,  running 
into  extravagance,  lias  its  own  risks,  but  it  will  be 
only  too  well  oarved  and  cut  down  to  the  ruling 
standard  in  oourse  of  time.  Greater  in  these  re 
taxing  days  in  the  risk  of  being  an  ape  of  others, 
a  chameleon  thai  takes  its  colour  from  n  s  surround 
ings,  an  easy  prey  of  the  social  drift." 

Our  educational  system  has  much  to  answer 
for  in  this  relation,  and  it  is  foolishly  thought 


that    change,    (,f    school    curricula   may 
things  right.     We  do  not  want   a  curriculum 
planned  to  promote  individuality,  but  rather 
some    l'ir,u,<i     voids    jirohmuUz    in     a    bo 
day,   in    which  he  may  be  I'  it   to  himself,  the 
un.  and   the   air.      Very  timely  are  the  pro- 
m  these  pages   against  "dulcet  feeble- 
ol  character." 

77c  Cloak  of  Friendship,  by  Laurence 
Housman  (John  Murray),  contains  seven 
little  itoriea  of  folk-tale  design  and  allegoric 

import,  written  in  the  author's  well-known 
style.  '  Damien.  the  Worshipper,'  is  perhaps 
the  rnosl  characteristic.  Damien  is  a  shep- 
herd of  a  district  which  might  be  on  the 
borders  of  the  Roman  Oampagna,  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  iJevoted  to  St.  Agnes,  he 
takes  part,  in  his  own  person,  in  the 
legendary  incidents  of  her  life,  even  down 
to  the  extinguishing  by  the  miraculous  in- 
tervention of  a  fall  of  snow  of  the  flames 
of  the  fire  lit  to  burn  him.  He  is  pursued 
with  love  by  a  beautiful  pagan  who  sells 
images.  His  devotion  to  the  saint  preserves 
him  from  her  wiles,  but  her  beauty  en- 
slaves the  town  populace  to  such  an  extent 
that  at  a  great  Church  festival  she  is  ac- 
claimed as  the  Madonna,  and,  by  a  sequence 
of  ideas  which  lias  not  been  uncommon  in 
literature  or  in  fact,  the  worship  of  the 
Holy  Mother  turns  into  acclamation  of  the 
pagan  Venus,  mother  of  Love.  Even  the 
Church  dignitaries  join  in  the  procession  in 
her  honour,  and  it  is  Damien  who  throws 
over  her  car  and  brings  destruction  upon 
her  following.  For  this  he  is  condemned 
as  a  wizard  to  be  burnt  alive,  and  to  his 
prison  comes  the  pagan  image-seller,  Love, 
to  release  him ;  but  he,  making  the  sign  of 
the  cross  upon  her,  refuses  to  purchase 
freedom  by  worshipping  her,  and,  escaping 
his  death  by  the  miracle  already  referred 
to,  returns  to  his  sheep  and  his  adoration 
of  St.  Agnes. 

The  story  of  «  The  Cloak  of  Friendship  ' 
itself,  laid  in  Finland,  gives  the  faculty  of 
speech  and  character  to  beasts.  '  The  House 
of  Rimmon '  is  a  study  of  a  priest  of 
pagan  times  inwardly  persuaded  of  the 
truth  of  Christianity,  though  the  later 
religion  has  died  of  persecution  in  his  land. 
Gradually  he  endows  his  god,  Rimmon, 
with  the  attributes  of  Christ,  and,  on  the 
second  coming  of  a  Christian  mission, 
Rimmon  goes  down  to  meet  their  ship  and 
is  engulfed,  while  "  the  ship  and  its  croziered 
Pilot  came  on,"  applauded  by  the  former 
worshippers  of  Rimmon,  who  accept  the 
incidents  as  signs  of  the  supersession  of 
Rimmon  himself. 

The  other  stories  are  just  as  full  of  gentle 
mysticism,  and  the  occasional  use  of  col- 
loquial words  would  jar  upon  the  poetic 
interest,  were  it  not  that  the  characters  are 
always  simple,  though  the  meaning  of  their 
words  and  actions  is  more  transcendent  than 
their  appearance.  The  yearnings  are  the 
yearnings  of  children,  not  the  less  complex 
because  they  are  put  forward  with  the 
apparent  inability  of  children  to  express 
things  not  entirely  understood  even  of  the 
author. 

Marie  Antoinette,  by  Pierre  de  Nolhac 
(Arthur  L.  Humphreys),  is  a  beautifully 
printed  and  bandy  edition  of  the  large  and 
splendidly  illustrated  work  brought  out 
seven  years  ago  by  Messrs.  Goupil  &  Co. 
It  will  be  welcomed  by  many. 

Addenda.  Glossary,  and  Index  to  WiUiom 
Bercher's  Xobilit;/  of  Women.  By  R.  War- 
wick Bond.  (Koxburghe  Club.) — We  are 
glad  to  see  this  complement  to  a  volume 
reviewed  by  us  (October  8th,  1904),  and  to 
observe  that  Mr.  Bond  has  been  able  to 
make  use  of  and  supplement  the  additional 
sources    of    information    then    pointed    out. 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


75 


Mr.  Marlay,  the  donor  of  the  work,  has 
prefixed  to  it  a  reproduction  of  a  very  grace- 
ful sketch  by  Stothard,  which  might  have 
been  designed  for  the  place  it  occupies.  On 
p.  8  Mr.  Bond  has  inadvertently  put  Hilary 
as  January  11th  instead  of  the  13th,  probably 
misled  by  the  fact  that  Hilary  term  has 
begun  on  that  date  since  1831.  Before  then 
it  began  on  the  23rd.  With  regard  to 
Barker's  property,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  a  search  (which  would  be  a  serious 
undertaking)  through  the  sheriffs'  accounts 
would  find  some  trace  of  him,  as  he  evidently 
had  property  in  the  Crown's  hands  from 
1571-2,  the  time  of  his  condemnation,  to 
1574,  when  he  was  pardoned. 

The.  Haunts  of  Men.  By  Robert  W. 
Chambers.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — Mr.  Cham- 
bers fully  understands  the  essentials  of  a 
good  short  story,  though  he  has  a  tendency 
to  overload  it  with  phrases  such  as  "  sheered 
to  the  earth  in  glimmering  swathes  as  gilded 
grain  falls  at  the  sickle's  sparkle."  Many 
years  have  gone  by  since  he  first  pictured 
life  in  the  Quartier  Latin,  the  scene  of  three 
of  the  dozen  stories  in  this  collection,  but 
the  canvas  remains  almost  photographic  in 
its  detail.  The  adventure  of  the  '  Ambas- 
sador Extraordinary  '  during  a  mellow 
period  of  maudlin  incapacity  is  excellent  of 
its  kind,  and  a  fair  example  of  the  author's 
humour.  The  greater  number  of  the  stories 
are  inspired  by  incidents  in  the  American 
Civil  War  :  some — such  as  '  Yo  Espero  ' 
and  '  The  God  of  Battles  ' — are  pathetic  ; 
others — for  example,  the  history  of  the 
presentation  cat  which  turned  out  to  be  a 

skoonk  " — have  a  boisterous  jocularity  of 
their  own.  All  are  obviously  meant  to 
appeal  primarily  to  the  American  reader. 

The  Bishop  of  Durham  has  written  a 
touching  Brief  Memorial  of  Mary  E.  E. 
Moule  (S.P.C.K.),  a  sweet  and  saintly  girl 
whose  early  death  from  consumption  was 
deeply  regretted  by  all  who  knew  her. 
Seldom  do  we  meet  with  so  bright  a  picture 
of  fortitude  and  serene  faith  under  trial. 
Some  of  her  verses  here  printed  show  that 
she  had  the  gift  of  expression  which  cha- 
racterizes all  the  Bishop's  distinguished 
family.  She  had  true  humility,  too,  which 
is,  perhaps,  a  rarer  gift. 

John  Lyly.  By  John  Dover  Wilson. 
(Cambridge,  Macmillan  &  Bowes.)  —  The 
value  of  this  essay  is  out  of  all  proportion 
to  its  length.  It  cannot  fail  to  interest  all 
who  care  for  the  historical  development  of 
literature.  Mr.  Wilson  establishes  the  enor- 
mous influence  of  '  Euphues,'  and  clearly 
proves  its  significance  ;  he  does  not  attempt 
to  say  much  of  its  value  as  a  work  of  art. 
It  seems,  however,  that  he  is  going  too  far 
when  he  asserts  that  Euphuism  is  at  the 
bottom  of  the  development  of  English 
prose  style.  That  it  was  the  first  experi- 
ment in  decadent  aestheticism  is  probably 
true  enough.  But  can  Mr.  Wilson  show 
that  what  Matthew  Arnold  called  "  the 
prose  of  the  centre  "  owes  much  to  Euphu- 
ism, except  so  far  as  both  were  influenced 
by  Ciceronian  models  ?  Where  is  the 
Euphuism  in  the  prose  of  Dryden  or  Swift, 
of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu,  of  Newman, 
or  Froude,  or  Arnold  himself  ?  The  further 
discussion  of  the  origin  of  the  English  novel 
and  of  comedy  is  also  of  great  value  and 
interest.  But  why  does  Mr.  Wilson  omit 
to  remark  that  Gascoigne's  satire  '  The  Steel- 
Glasse  '  is  the  earliest  extant  piece  of  blank 
vorse  ?  The  book,  however,  is  throughout 
so  suggestive  and  stimulating  that  we  can 
only  advise  the  reader  to  buy  it.  It  is  a 
pity  that  there  are  so  many  capital  I's  ; 
and  also  that  tho  famous  motto  of  tho 
house  of  Austria  is  given  in  a  form  which  does 
pot  scan. 


We  are  glad  to  see  Mclan's  set  of  cos- 
tumes of  The  Highland  Clans  and  Regiments 
of  Scotland  (Gay  &  Bird)  reproduced  in  an 
acceptable  form,  with  the  historical  letter- 
press brought  up  to  a  modern  standard  of 
accuracy  by  "  Fionn  "  (Mr.  Henry  Why te). 
Mclan  is  generally  excellent,  but  the  Glen- 
garry figure  in  the  first  number  is  an  un- 
fortunate exception. 

Political  Parables,  by  The  Westminster 
Gazette  Office  Boy  (Francis  Brown),  published 
by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin,  is  as  amusing  to  Tories 
and  friends  of  Mr.  Balfour  as  to  the  Liberals 
whose  opinions  it  reflects.  At  the  beginning 
and  end  the  inside  of  the  cover  represents 
the  flood  of  the  election,  but  in  it  Mr.  Balfour 
has  already  found  a  life-belt  of  safety. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Armstrong (6.  ('.),  Richard  Acland  Armstrong,  .".'net. 

Brett  (J.),  Humility,  2/ net. 

Carter  (J.  B.),  The  Religion  of  Numa,  3/6  net. 

Coutts  (J.),    The    Divine  Inheritance   as  Revealed   in  the 

Bible,  Man,  and  Nature,  0/  net. 
Frere  (W.  H.),  The  Principles  of  Religious  Ceremonial,  5/ 
Gospel   according  to   St.   Luke,   Annotations  by    Madame 

Cecilia,  4/ net. 
Hall(W.),  Via  Crucis,  3/0 
Haupt  (P.),   The   Book   of   Ecclesiastes,   a    New    .Metrical 

Translation,  3/0  net. 
Hoyt(A.  S.),  The  Work  of  Preaching,  0/0  net. 
Jackson  (F.  J.  Koakes),  A  History  of  the  Christian  Church, 

381-401,  7/0  net. 
Lansdell  (IL),  The  Sacred  Tenth,  2  vols.,  10/ 
Lepicier(A.  MA  The  Unseen  World,  0' 
Rackham  (Rev.  R,  R),  How  the  Church  Began,  1/ net. 
Stewart  (J.).  Dawn  in  the  Dark  Continent,  0/  net. 
Wilmshurst  (W.  L.),  Christianity  and  Science,  tut.  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Angelico  (Fra),  3/0  net. 
Hell  (M.),  Old  Pewter,  7/6  net. 
Bumpus  (T.  F.),  The   Cathedrals   of    England   and    Wales, 

6/  net. 
Oobden-Sanderson  (T.  J.),  The  Arts  and  Crafts  Movement, 

2/6  net. 
Gould  (F.  C),  The  Gould-en  Treasury,  1   net. 
Kinlocli  (M.  (i.  J.),  A  Chaplet  from  Florence,  10  o  net. 
Meryon  (( '.),  Etchings  of,  7/0  net. 
Political  Parables,   by  the   'Westminster  Gazette'  Office 

Boy  (Francis  Brown),  2/6  net. 
Selected  Drawings  from  old  Masters  at  Oxford  chosen  by 

S.  Colvin,  Part  IV..  ii.i   net. 

Poetry  ami  the  Drama. 
Begbie(A.  H.),The  Rosebud  Wall,  and  other  Poems,  3/ net 
( 'alveilev  (('.  S.),  Verses  and  Translations,  2/6  net. 

Campbell  (W.),  Collected  Poems,  o  net. 
Downes  (R.  PA  Hours  with  the  Immortals,  3  6 
Lowrv  (J.    M.),    A    Lav  of   Kilcock,   with   other    Lays  and 
Relays,  1/net. 

Mackail  (J.  W.),  Homer:  an  Address,  2  li  net. 
Shakespeare:  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew;  Macbeth,  edited 

by  E.  K.  Chambers,  1/0  net  each. 

Bibliography. 
Auction  Prices  of  Cocks,  edited  by  L  s.  Livingston,  4  Mils., 

168/ 
Congress,  Library  of,  Report   for  Year  ending  June  30th, 
1005. 

Philosophy. 

Kelley  (F),  Some  Ethical  Gains  through  Legislat  ion.  5]  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Campbell  (A.),  Fettered  Trade,  1/ 

History  ami  Biography. 
Barine(AA  Louis  XIV.  and  La  Grande  Mademoiselle,  12/6 

Boswcll  (J.),  The  Life  of  Samuel  Johnson,  1/net. 
Brown  (W.  G.),  The  Life  of  Oliver  Ellsworth,  8/6  net. 
Charlemagne,  Early  Lives  of.  bv  Eginhardand  the  Monk  of 

St.  < Jail,  edited  by  Prof,  A. '.I.  Grant,  1/0  net. 

Fleming  (W.  I,.),  civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in  Alabama, 

21/ net. 
Hume  (J.  FA  The  Abolitionists,  1830-64,5/ 

Smythe(W.   E.),  The  Conquest  of  Arid  America,  6/6  net. 

Sturlason    (s.).    The   stories   (>f    the    Rings   of    Norway, 

translated  by  E.  Magmisson.  Vol.  iv.,  12/6 net. 
War  in  South  Africa,  German  Official  Account  of,  March  to 

September,    L900,    translated    bv   Col.    II.    On    Cane,    16/ 
net. 

Geography  ami  Travel. 
Bard  (E.),  The  Chinese  at   Home,  adapted  bj  H.  Twitchell, 

7,0  net. 

Colquhoun  (A.  R),  The  Africander  Land,  L6  net. 

Gibson  (A,  G.  s.),  Between  Capetown  and  Loanda,  8/6  net. 

Laid  (A.  C),  Viking  of  the  Pacific,  B  6  net. 

Leland  (John),  Itinerary  in  Wales,  arranged  and  edited  by 

L.  T.  Smith,  10/6  net. 
Loyson  (Madame  li),  To  Jerusalem  through  the  Lands  "f 

[slam,  10/8  net 
Tan  (If.  s.),  \o«  Physical  Geography,  1/8  net. 

Education. 
Froebel  (F,),  The  Education  of  Man,  translated  bj  w  \. 

Ilailmaun.  6/ 


Ph  ilology. 

Blackie's  English  ('lassies:  Chaucer's  The  Squiere's  Tale, 
2d. 

Blackie's  English  School  Texts :  An  Embassy  to  the  Great 
Mosul  ;  A  Sojourn  at  Lhassa  ;  The  Voyage  of  Captain 
James  ;  T)e  la  Motte-Fouque's  Sintram ;  Prescott's 
Conquest  of  Peru:  The  Siege  of  Jerusalem;  The 
Adventures  of  Montluc,  0(7.  each. 

Blackie's  Illustrated  Latin  Series:  The  Captivi  of  Plautus, 

Blackie's  .Modern  Language  Series:  Stories  from  Grimm,  1  6 
Blackie's  standard  Dictionary,  2/  net. 

Science. 
Bertin  (L.  E.),  Marine  Boilers,  translated  by  L.  S.  Robert- 
son, 21/  net. 
Brotherston  (R.  P.),  The  Book  of  Cut  Flowers.  3/6  net. 
Horticultural  Note-Book,  compiled  by  J.  C.  Newsham,  7/0 

net. 
Jude  (R.  F.),  The  School  Magnetism  and  Electricity  .  ':  6 
Morse  (X.  ('.),  Post-operative  Treatment,  17/0  net. 
Ries  (H.).  Economic  Geology  of  the  United  States,  11/  net. 
Roosa  (D.    B.    St.  J.),   and   Others.    A  Text  -  Book   ,,f  the 

Diseases  of  the  Ear,  Nose,  and  Pharynx,  t2  0  net. 
Thesiger  (B.  S.),  Queries  in  Seamanship,  3/0  net. 
Titchener(E.  B.),  Experimental  Psychology:  Vol.  II.  Part  I., 

0/  net ;  Vol.  II.  Part  II.  10/0  net. 
Workman    (W.    P.)    and    Cracknel!    (A.    (J.),    Geometry, 

Theoretical  and  Practical,  Part  T.,  :'.  <; 
Zoological  Record,  Vol.  XLI. 

J  a  re  a  He  Hooks. 
Cule  (W.  E.),  The  Black  Fifteen,  and  other  School  Stories, 

2/6 
Quinn's  (Peter)  Marvellous  Fairy  Tales,  3/6 

General  Literature. 
Alston  (L.),  The  Obligation    of  Obedience  to   the    Law   of 

the  State. 

Bancroft  (P),  Her  Reuben,  6/ 

Bennett  (A.),  Hugo.  6 

Bourne's  Insurance  Directory,  1906,  .">'  net. 

British  Imperial  Kalendar,  1906,  5/ 

Children's  Answers,  collected  by  J.  H.  Burn,  2/  net. 

Denning  (J.  R.),  Indian  Echoes,  3/6  net. 

Fleet  Annual  and  Naval  Vear-Book,  1000,  compiled  by  ].. 

Vexlev,  1/net. 
Forster(R.  II.),  The  Arrow  of  the  North,  0/ 
Fox  (J.),  A  Mountain  Kuropa,  3/0 
George  (H.,  Jun.),  The  Menace  of  Privilege,  6/6  net. 
Gerard  (I).),  The  House  of  Riddles.  6/ 
Green  (C.  G.),  In  the  Royal  Irish  Constabulary,  :'.  6 
Jacobs  (W.  W.),  At  Sunwieh  Port.  6d. 
Jepson  (E.),  The  Lady  Xoiius,  Peeress,  6 
Lamb  (G),  The  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  2  (i  net. 
Leigh  (E.  ('.  Austen).  A  List  of  English  Clubs  in  all  Parts  of 

the  World,  1906,3/6 
Lowenfield  (II.).  Investment  an  Exact  Science,  2  o  net. 
Maxwell  (A.).  The  Condition  and  Prospects  of  Imaginative 

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Oxford  Vear-Book  and  Directorv,  1906,  5,  net. 
I'aiiish  (|{.),  A  Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier,  6 
Perkins (R.),  Barbara  Lavender,  6 
Pugh  (K.i.  Tlie  Spoilers,  6 

Saint  Maui  i  K.   v.),  A  Self-Supporting  Home,  7  0  net. 
Scott's  Old  Mortality,  2/6 

Stanton  (C. )  and  Hoskou  (II.),  The  Forbidden  Man.  6 
String  of  Black  and  White  Pearls,  by  C.  E.  B.,  2/6  net. 
Waltz  (K.  ('.),  The  Ancient   Landmark.  6 
Whisha*  (  I'.).  Her  Highness.  0 

Wilson  (II.  L.),  The  Uos>  of  Little  Arcady,  0 
W lrolfe(l).).  The  Beautx-Shop.  0/ 

FOR  EIG  X. 

Fine  .1  rt  ami  Arclweology. 
Bertrand (A.),  Versailles,  Sfr.  r>0 

Folles  (A.),  Zur  Deutung  des  Begriffes  Naturwahrheit  in  der 
bildenden  Kunst,  3m. 

llamel  (II. ),  (auseries  sin  l'Art  ct  les  Artistes,  Sfr.  .">" 

Jahrbuch  der  KSniglich  Preussischen  Kunstsammlungen, 
Vol.  XXVI.,  30m.;  Supplement  to  Vol.  XXVL.  10m, 

Munsterberg  (O.),  Japanlsche  Kunstgeschichte,  Part  II., 
lam. 

Drama. 

Allegro  (F),  Sophocle,  sfr. 

History  ami  Biography. 

Adler  (K.),  Hie  berulimteu  Krauen  der  fran/.osiscben  RevO- 
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Baguenanlt   de   Puchesse  (Cointe).  Lottie-  do  Catherine  de 

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4m.  25 
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MadelinfL.),  La  Home  de  Napoleon,  1809-14,  8fr. 
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Matter  (IV).  Bismarck  et  son  Temp-  :  1' Action,  1863-70,  10fr. 

Michon  (L).  Le  Gouvernement  Parlementaire  sous  la 
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Mathematics  ami  s<-;,  nee. 
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Sehoentjcs  (MA  Kleins  de  la  Glace,  (ill. 

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Emerj  tit).  Notre  Amour  Quotidien,  Sfr.  SO 
Levj  <<;  ).  Iprea la  Guerre:  Problemes Sud-africains,  Sfr.  50 
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Pierquin  ill).  La  Table  d'Rmerande,  Sfr.  60 

Saussa]  A.  UU),  La   Morphine.  :!f  i .  GO 

Theuriet  (A.),  Hon  Oncle  LI".  Sfr,  BO 

%•  .1//  books  received  at  th,  office  up  to  Wednesday  morning 
mil  he  included  in  this  l.>.->  "»;  '"  noted. 


re 


T  II  R    A 'I'll  EN  .i:r  M 


N    W82,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THOM  \S  GRAY  in   PETERHOUSE. 

i. 
'I'h i:  pil  Mm  in  the  ( Cambridge  shrine  of 
Graj  Lb  wonl  to  wend  bia  waj  to  Pembroke, 
where  he  may  Bee  the  fine  modern  busi  oi 
the  poet  and  rooms  which  he  once  inhabited, 
lit-  may  glanoe  en  route  at  a  bar  in  a  Peter 
house  window,  Inn  he  nol  uncommonly 
evinces  considerable  Burprise  when  informed 
that  Peterhouae  lias  other  claims  upon  Graj 
than  those  repreaented  by  that  iron  frame- 
work; that  ii  was  in  Peterhouae  that  Gray 
obtained  the  education  that  Cambridge 
afforded  him;    that  for  some  twenty  years 

— and    those   the   years    in    which    he   earned 

his  title  to  fame  lie  was  a  member  of  the 
Peterhouae  community  ;  and  that  it  was 
only  to  seek  a  quiet  Lodging  for  the  close 
of  a  working  Lifetime  that   be  crossed  the 

road  to  the  College  with  whose  name  his 
has  of  lato  been  habitually  and  well-nigh 
exclusively  associated.  Recent  search 
amongst  documents  reposing  in  Peterhouse 
throws  some  not  uninteresting  light  upon 
the  career  of  Gray. 

It  is  well  known  that  Gray  came  up  to 
Cambridge  from  Eton.  It  is  equally  known 
that  in  his  early  correspondence  Gray  reflects 
with  no  little  bitterness  upon  the  Cambridge 
which  met  his  undergraduate  view,  its 
"  owls  "  and  "  doleful  creatures." 

Upon  such  evidence,  and  upon  that  of  an 
incident  of  twenty-one  years  later,  a  recent 
biographer  has  thought  proper  to  represent 
Gray  as  a  divinely  endowed  scholar  of  fine 
ta>tes  launched  into  the  abode  of  barbarians. 
In  adjudicating  upon  an  indictment,  how- 
ever, we  do  well  to  consider  the  character 
of  the  witness.  Now  Gray  was  the  victim 
of  unfortunate  domestic  circumstances.  His 
father,  Philip  Gray,  lost  money  in  business 
and  was  estranged  from  his  wife.  It  was 
to  his  mother,  Dorothy  Antrobus,  who 
joined  her  sister  in  the  conduct  of  a  millinery 
establishment,  that  the  future  poet  was 
indebted  for  his  education.  It  was  to  Eton, 
where  his  mother's  brother,  Robert  Antrobus, 
was  usher,  that  he  was  first  sent.  It  was 
through  the  Antrobus  and  Etonian  con- 
nexion that  Gray  subsequently  entered  at 
Peterhouse.  Robert  Antrobus  was  a  Fellow 
of  Peterhouse.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Richard- 
son, D.D.,  Master  of  Peterhouse  from  1G99 
to  1733,  was  a  Fellow  of  Eton,  and  during 
his  Mastership  several  Etonians  of  note 
had  entered  at  the  College. 

Gray  entered  as  a  Pensioner  of  Peterhouse 
in  1734.  The  record  in  the  Admission  Book 
runs  as  follows  : — 

'•1734.  Jul.  4"'.  Thomas  (hay.  Middlesexiensis, 
in  Behold  publicS  Etonensi  institutus  annosque 
natus  is  (petente  Tutore  suo)  censetur  admissus 
ad  iiiciisani  Pensionariorum  sub  Tutore  et  Fidejus- 
Bore  M1"  Birkett,  sed  ea  Lege  ut  brevi  se  sistat  in 
( iollegio  el  examinatoribus  se  probet." 

Notwithstanding  Gray's  early  proficiency 
in  classical  learning  and  his  later  encyclo- 
paedic knowledge,  it  would  seem  that  he 
was  in  the  first  instance  lacking  in  some 
of  the  equipment  deemed  necessary  for 
entrance  upon  the  academic  career.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  he,  in  his  early  correspond- 
ence with  West,  expresses  a  distaste  for 
mathematical  studies.  However,  on  Octo- 
ber 9th,  1734,  immediately  after  coming 
into  residence,  he  satisfied  the-  examiners. 

At  a  later  period,  and  Subsequent  to  his 
succession  to  his  paternal  inheritance,  Gray 
liked,  we  are  told,  to  be  looked  upon  as  a 
private  gentleman  pursuing  study  tor  his 
pleasure,  but  the  narrowness  of  his  initial 
circumstances  seems  to  be  shown  by  the 
next  entry  in  the  College  books  : — 

"Oct.  17,  1731.  Thomas  day,  Middlesexiensis, 
in  sclmla  publieS  Etonensi  institutus  admit  t  it  ur  ad 


locum    Bibliotista;  ex    fundationo  Kpiscopi   Dunel 

1 1 1 ■  1 1  -i  ■  <|iii  in  1 1 1 1 1 >•  i  t.  unit  Thoma     I  loi  ft- 

li.itui  i  Him  li.f  \  ii  e  candidal  ua e  soholi 
I  taneh »i  nominal 

fiKO.  Tin  I       I 

•    Bibju  ii  .  I  tec.  Ben. 
M  in.  Ooi  i .  Dec.  .Inn'." 

The    Bible    clerkahip    or    scholarship    in 

question  was  one  of  five  founded  at  Peter- 
houae by  a  former  Master,  John  Cosin,  the 
famous     Royalial     Biahop    of    Durham,    and 

by  him  connected  with  the  schools  of  Durham, 

Northallerton,  and  Norwich.  For  his  nomi- 
nation Cray  w  as  doubtless  indebted  to  GeOTge 

Birkett,  Senior  Dean,  a  Northumbrian  from 

Cosin's  diocese,  who  was,  as  appeals  from 
the  Admission  record,  his  Peterhouse  Tutor. 
The  scholarship  was  worth  £10  per  annum, 
with  an  extra  allowance  of  five  shillings  on 
Founder's  Day.  Gray's  tenure  of  the  Cosin 
Bcholarahip  was  short. 

Under  date  July  12th,  1734,  below  the 
provisional  admission  of  Gray,  appears  in 
the  College  Admission  Book  the  entry: — 

"Gulielmua  Halo,  Armiger,  Middlesexiensis,  in 
sclmla  publica  Etonensi  institutus  annosque  natus 
IS,  examinatus  approbatur  admittiturque  ad 
mciisam  Pensionariorum  (M™  Collegii  absente)  Bub 
Tutore  et  Fidejussore  M"1  Birkett." 

Under  his  last  will  the  Venerable  Bernard 
Hale,  D.D.,  Master  of  Peterhouse  and  Arch- 
deacon of  Ely,  who  died  in  1663,  had  founded 
seven  scholarships  in  the  College.  To  these 
his  executors  subsequently  added  an  eighth. 
The  nomination  to  the  scholarships  was 
vested  in  the  heirs  at  lawT  of  the  founder.  One 
scholarship  was  offered  each  year  to  candi- 
dates from  Hertford  School  ;  in  default  of  a 
locally  qualified  competitor,  the  patron  wras 
free  to  choose  "  the  best  grammar  scholar  " 
he  could  find  elsewhere. 

In  June,  1735,  Gray  was  nominated  by 
William  Hale  to  a  vacant  Hale  Scholarship, 
wdiich  was  made  tenable  until  the  taking  of 
the  M.A.  degree  : — 

"Junii  27rao  173.1  Thomas  (day.  Middle- 
sexiensis (nominante  eum  <;ul">°  Hale,  Armigr), 
admittitur  ad  locum  Bibliotistse  ex  Fundatione 
W.  Dra  Hale  quem  nuper  tenuit  Joannes  Baldwin 
possidendum  (nisi  per  eum  steterit  quominus) 
usque  dum  cooptandus  sit  in  ordinem  Magistrorum 
in  Artibus." 

The  term  of  tenure  indicated  wras  the 
longest  allowed  by  the  founder,  and  the 
award  is  unique  amongst  contemporary 
appointments  to  Hale  Scholarships.  The 
term  may  mark  appreciation  of  the  scholastic 
merits  of  Gray  ;  it  may  also  represent  the 
ardour  of  the  admiration  of  his  county 
neighbour,  late  schoolfellow,  and  present 
fellow-freshman.  In  any  event,  a  Bible 
clerkship  of  20  marks  per  annum  was 
evidently  welcome  to  Gray.  He  held  it  until 
he  went  down  in  1738. 

It  may  be  interesting,  as  illustrative  of 
the  cost  of  eighteenth-century  education, 
to  reproduce  some  of  the  College  accounts 
of  Gray.  In  his  first  year  Gray's  expendi- 
ture was  very  modest,  the  item  "  Sizings," 
which  represents  specially  ordered  "  extras  " 
in  dietary,  amounting  to  a  few  shillings  only. 

In  later  undergraduate  years  ho  was  more 
luxurious.  In  respect  of  the  year  1736-7 
the  Bursar  presented  to  Mr.  Birkett  the 
following  bills  on  account  of  Cray  : — 

Quarter  to  Christmas.  1736. 

( 'i immons,  Hi  weeks    ... 
Sizings  ... 
Detriments 

Sacrist     ... 

Coals 

Tahlech .til  


E 

1 
1 

II 

<1. 
1 
ti 

I) 

in 

7 

0 

(i 

4 

0 

l 

ii 

1) 

2 

3 

:; 

9 

(i 

v  Day,  i" 


(  '•.mm'. ii  .   13  ■ 

I  *.  I  l  in..   :   ' 

Hall  Punish  mi 


.-'.7 

E 

-/. 

1 

lit 

1 

1 

19 

0 

o 

Ml 

7 

(1 

ii 

I 

11 

•  > 

■  < 

o 

(1 

a 

Quai  tor  to  Midsummei .  I T-JT 

e 

( '..mm   n-.  13  weeli  ...  I 

Sizing!  ...  ...         ...  1 

Detrimei  ...  ...        ...  0 

Sacrist    ...         ...  ...  u 


f. 

<l. 

10 

1 

is 

.") 

in 

•_> 

o 

4 

:{      1<I 


Quarter  to  Michaelmas,  1  T-*>7 

t; 

<  lommons,  )  n  eeks      ...        ...  0 

Sizings   ...         ...         ...         ...  0 

Detriments       ...        ...         ...  0 

Sacrist    ...          ...          ...          ...  0 

Tax          1 

Lecturer               ...           ...           ...  II 


Bt 

d. 

!l 

4 

.-> 

0 

0 

7 

0 

4 

0 

11* 

0 

8 

2     16     Hi?. 


T  tal  for  the  year.  L'14  s-.  s\,l. 

Some  of  these  charges,  such  as  those  for 
Sacrist  (i.e.  College  Chapel  support)  and 
Detriments  (i.e.  general  College  mainten- 
ance), were,  like  many  modern  College 
payments,  fixed  terminal  fees. 

Per   contra,    Gray   was   allowed,    as    Halt- 
Scholar,  for  the  year  1736-7  : — 

£  -.  i 

Quarter  to  Christmas,  Hi  weeks...     2  11  3 

Quarter  to  Lady  Day,  13  weeks...     3  6  8 

Quarter  to  Midsummer.  13  weeks     3  6  8 

Quarter  to  Michaelmas,  4  weeks...     1  (»  8 


m 


1 


These  accounts  show  the  student  of  the 
eighteenth  century  to  have  been  more 
regularly  resident  than  his  successor  of 
to-day.  The  scholarship  of  20  marks  was 
obviously  assigned  as  for  52  weeks.  It 
should  be  remarked  that  the  Tutor's  accounts 
do  not  represent  total  outlay  for  the  year. 
Certain  annual  charges,  such  as  rent  of 
rooms,  were  collected  in  an  independent  bill. 

Next  year  Gray  resided  in  the  four 
quarters  from  Michaelmas  to  Michaelmas 
6£  weeks,  13  weeks,  9  weeks,  1 1  weeks, 
respectively.  His  bill  reached  a  total  of 
£14  135.  1H<L  He  paid  "  Petizants  "  as 
an  absentee  on  Whit  Sunday.  His  scholar- 
ship   revenues    for    the   same   period   were 


£1     13s.     3fd.,     £3     6s.     8d.,     £2 


Ud., 


£2  16s.  A\d.  ;  total,  £10  2s.  5\d.     T.  A.  W. 


INCORPORATED  ASSOCIATION  OF 
HEAD    MASTERS. 

The  annual  general  meeting  of  the  Incor- 
porated Association  of  Head  Masters  was 
held  on  Friday  and  Saturday  in  last  week 
at  the  Guildhall.  A  fair  number  of  schools 
was  represented,  but  it  may  perhaps  be 
inferred,  from  complaints  made  in  the 
course  of  the  debates  about  "  oligarchical 
government,"  that  the  attendance  would 
have  been  more  numerous  and  influential 
if  there  were  not  -rightly  or  wrongly — an 
impression  that  the  ad minist ration  of  the 
Association  is  concentrated  in  too  few  hands. 

Mr.  .lames  Kasterbrook  (Owen's  School, 
Islington),  the  President,  in  his  address 
sketched  the  history  of  the  Association,  and 
claimed  that  it  had  been  a  great  factor  in 
making  the  general  public  take  an  interest 
in  secondary  education,  and  in  bringing 
together  those  responsible  for  it.     The  Act 


N°  4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


77 


of  1902  had  not  yet  done  so  much  as  was 
hoped  for  the  proper  organization  of  higher 
education.  Local  authorities  had  been  so 
occupied  with  elementary  education  that  in 
many  instances  they  had  not  touched  the 
question.  In  other  cases  secondary  schools 
of  an  inferior  type — secondary  only  in  name 
— had  been  set  up,  and  the  Association 
wished  to  put  on  record  that  they  considered 
this  policy  was  not  in  the  true  interests  of 
secondary  education.  The  policy  of  the 
Board  of  Education  with  regard  to  the  train- 
ing of  pupil  -  teachers  in  secondary  schools 
was  admirable.  The  pity  of  it  was  that  the 
material  was  so  poor.  This  was  all  the  more 
strange  as  the  prospects  of  elementary 
teachers  were  distinctly  better  than  those 
of  masters  in  secondary  schools.  The  supply 
of  masters  for  secondary  schools  was  de- 
cidedly dwindling  and  degenerating.  What 
was  wanted  was  that  an  efficient  assistant 
master  might  see  a  career  before  him  with 
a  fair  competency  in  his  later  years,  even 
though  he  might  never  become  a  head 
master.  A  well-considered  pension  scheme 
would  work  wonders.  The  desiderata  of 
secondary  schools  were  larger  and  better- 
paid  staffs,  and  a  simplification  of  the 
curriculum.  Schools  had  to  teach  so  many 
subjects  at  the  same  time  that  there  was  a 
danger  of  boys  leaving  school  without  know- 
ing any  one  subject  well.  The  majority  of 
local  authorities  were  either  unable  or  un- 
willing to  put  secondary  schools  on  a  sound 
financial  footing,  and  an  increased  Treasury 
grant  was  urgently  wanted. 

The  Board  of  Education  regulations  for 
secondary  schools  formed  the  first  subject 
for  consideration,  and  the  following  resolu- 
tions were  discussed  : — 

1.  "That  the  current  regulations  of  the  Board 
of  Education  for  secondary  schools  are  tending  to 
undue  restriction  of  the  freedom,  variety,  and 
elasticity  which  are  desirable  in  the  ease  of  public 
secondary  schools." 

2.  "That  the  policy  of  minute  regulation  of 
details  of  school  work  pursued  by  the  Board  of 
Education  constitutes  a  grave  danger  to  secondary 
schools." 

3.  "That  the  Board  of  Education  he  urged  to 
amend  the  regulations  for  secondary  schools  so  as 
to  permit  schools  taking  special  courses  throughout 
(a)  to  have  a  first  and  second  year  course  common 
to  all  boys,  (l>)  to  admit  both  a  Science  and 
Literary  course  in  the  third  and  fourth  year." 

4.  "That  in  the  award  of  grants  special  con- 
sideration should  be  given  to  the  case  of  schools 
formerly  called  '  A  Schools,'  of  which  the  efficiency 
is  threatened  by  the  reduction  of  payments." 

5.  "That  discretionary  power  should  be  given 
to  schools  to  enter  pupils  for  external  examinations 
in  the  first  and  second  years  of  the  course." 

The  first  was  moved  by  Dr.  McClure 
(Mill  Hill),  who  stated  that  while  they  appre- 
ciated the  enormous  difficulty  with  which 
the  Board  of  Education  had  been  faced, 
and  therefore  did  not  come  forward  as  carp- 
ing critics,  they  were  bound  to  protest 
against  a  course  of  action  which  was  fraught 
with  great  dangers  to  those  schools  which 
were  doing  the  best  work.  The  second  was 
moved  by  Mr.  Telford  Varley  (Winchester), 
who  condemned  the  increasing  tendency  to 
stereotype  methods  and  repress  individuality. 
Both  were  carried  nem.  con.  The  third, 
moved  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Carter  (Watford),  was 
referred  to  the  Council.  The  fourth,  moved 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Barber  (Leeds),  and  the  fifth, 
moved  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Shaw  (Thame),  were 
carried,  the  latter,  however,  only  by  a 
narrow  majority . 

On  tin-  in. >t  ion  of  the  Kev.  J.  Went 
(Leicester),  the  following  resolution  was 
added  to  the  series  :  — 

"That,  with  the  purpose  of  diminishing  the  pie 
sent  excessive  requirement  a  made  during  t  be  school 
year    by  the   Board   of   Education   and    by   Local 

auth  orities     for     statistics     to     be     furnished     by 


secondary  schools,  the  Association  should  endeavour 
to  obtain  an  effective  unification  of  such  require- 
ments." 

A  conference  between  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion and  delegates  from  local  authorities 
and  educational  associations  was  suggested. 
The  question  of  the  necessity  of  State 
aid  for  secondary  schools  was  next  vigor- 
ously discussed,  and  the  following  resolution 
was  eventually  unanimously  agreed  to  : — 

' '  That,  while  gratefully  recognizing  the  desire 
of  the  Board  of  Education  to  co-operate  with  head 
masters  in  the  improvement  and  extension  of 
secondary  education,  this  Association  is  of  opinion 
that  additional  State  aid  is  required  to  maintain 
and  develope  the  efficiency  of  already  existing 
secondary  schools." 

In  the  course  of  the  debate  Mr.  Varley,  who 
introduced  the  question,  complained  that 
secondary  schools  all  over  the  country  were 
languishing  for  want  of  sufficient  financial 
support.  Reliance  on  the  rates  in  many 
districts  had  virtually  broken  down,  and 
it  was  a  mistake  to  look  to  this  source  for 
everything.  The  Government  should  pro- 
vide a  definite  secondary  education  policy. 
Mr.  E.  F.  M.  MacCarthy  (Birmingham) 
agreed  that  the  cry  of  the  burden  of  the 
rates  was  killing  education  at  present,  and 
the  ratepayer  should  not  be  driven  too  hard. 
Secondary  education,  so  far  as  State  aid 
was  concerned,  was  in  a  worse  position  now 
than  it  was  before  the  Act  of  1902.  Mr. 
R.  C.  Gilson  (Birmingham)  was  of  opinion 
that  the  training  of  pupil  -  teachers  should 
be  a  national  charge.  Mr.  P.  Wood  (Dar- 
lington), whe  moved  the  resolution  in  its 
final  form,  deprecated  the  apparent  hostility 
to  the  Board  of  Education  in  some  of  the 
speeches  delivered. 

Canon  Bell  referred  to  the  proposed  fede- 
ration of  secondary  teachers,  and  moved 

"That  this  Association  approves  of  the  proposal 
to  form  a  Federal  Council  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  the  chief  bodies  of  secondary  teachers." 

This  was  carried  by  a  large  majority,  in 
spite  of  the  strong  opposition  of  Mr.  Gilson, 
who  said  he  had  never  been  able  to  see  any 
advantages  that  would  accrue  from  federa- 
tion. The  officers,  however,  in  spite  of 
representations  that  the  matter  was  urgent, 
were,  on  the  motion  of  the  Rev.  W.  Madeley 
(Woodbridge),  forbidden  to  take  any  step 
which  would  commit  the  Association  to  any 
definite  policy  until  endorsement  was  given 
to  the  proposals  at  the  next  annual  general 
meeting.  In  the  speeches  made  on  this 
topic  the  charge  that  the  Association  was 
"  oligarchically  "  governed  was  boldty  made. 

A  letter  from  Dr.  Warre  on  Military  Train- 
ing in  Schools  was  read,  and  it  was  agreed 
to  procure  the  statistics  asked  for.  The 
efforts  of  the  Classical  Association  to  maintain 
classical  education  in  secondary  schools  and 
to  improve  the  methods  of  classical  teaching 
were  approved  ;  and,  bolder  and  perhaps 
better  informed  as  to  its  objects  than  the 
Head  Masters'  Conference,  the  Association 
passed  a  resolution  in  favour  of  the  proposed 
joint  Matriculation  Examination  for  the 
Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  The 
re-election  of  Canon  Swallow  and  Dr. 
MacClure  as  honorary  secretaries,  and  the 
election  of  Mr.  W.  G.  Rushbrooke  (St. 
Olave's)  as  treasurer,  brought  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  first  day  to  a  close. 

Oil  the  second  day  the  resolution  sub- 
mitted by  Dr.   Flecker  (Cheltenham), 

"That  this  Association  regrets  the  tep  taken 
by  the  War  Offioe  to  insist  on  the  inspection  oi 
schools  of  which  pupils  intend  i  i  compete  for 
entrance  to  Woolwich  and  Sandhurst,  and  pai 
ticularly  deprecates  the  publication  of  an  official 
list  of  schools  which  Bubmit  to  such  inspection," 

was  rejected  by  an  immense  majority,  only 
the  mover  voting   in    its  favour;     but    the 


same  mover  obtained  unanimous  approval 
of  a  resolution 

"That  this  Association  reaffirms  its  conviction 
that  a  system  of  school  certificates  should  be 
established  by  University  authorities  acting  under 
a  board  of  control,  and  its  regret  that  there  is  as 
yet  no  adequate  decrease  in  the  number  of 
examinations  for  entrance  into  professions." 

The  education  of  pupil  teachers  was  the 
next  subject  of  discussion,  and  it  was  eventu- 
ally agreed — 

1.  "That  intending  pupil-teachers  should,  as 
far  as  possible,  enter  secondary  schools  not  later 
than  the  age  of  twelve  years,  if  not  already 
attending  such  schools,  and  remain  there  until  the 
age  of  sixteen  and  then  attend  a  secondary  school 
as  half-timers." 

2.  "That  the  inspection  of  pupil  teachers  in 
secondary  schools  should  be  restricted  to  His 
Majesty's  inspectors  of  secondary  schools." 

The  first  resolution  was  moved  by  Mr.  R.  E. 
Steel  (Northampton),  and  the  second  by 
Mr.  R.  C.  Gilson  (Birmingham). 

Higher  elementary  schools  formed  the 
subject  of  the  next  debate,  which  created 
more  general  interest  than  anything  else  in 
the  course  of  the  meetings.  Mr.  S.  Wells 
(Battersea)  moved — 

1.  "  That  this  Association  generally  approves  of 
the  new  Higher  Elementary  School  Minute, 
believing  that  a  properly  organized  system  of 
education  should  provide  for  schools  having  aims 
and  specialized  curricula  according  to  the  minute, 
and  intended  for  pupils  who  enter  the  lower  ranks 
of  industry  and  commerce  at  the  age  of  about 
fifteen,  and  for  whom  a  secondary  school  course, 
with  its  different  aim  and  later  leaving  age,  is 
consequently  unsuitable. " 

2.  "That  in  approving  the  curriculum  of  a 
higher  elementary  school  the  Board  of  Education 
be  asked  to  adhere  to  the  requirement  of  a 
specialized  course  of  one  or  two  years  having  a 
definite  relation  to  the  chief  occupations  of  the 
district  in  which  the  school  is  placed,  and  not  to 
sanction  such  a  curriculum  as  is  general  or 
secondary  in  aim  and  character." 

3.  "  That  in  view  of  the  comparatively  recent 
definition  and  organization  of  secondary  schools, 
and  of  the  fact  that  many  existing  secondary 
schools  doing  good  work  are  unable  to  at  once 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  Board  with  regard  to 
the  'leaving  age,'  this  Association  urges  the 
Board,  before  sanctioning  the  opening  of  higher 
elementary  schools  in  the  same  district,  to  con- 
sider fully  how  far   such   secondary  schools   in  ay  at 

least  temporarily  supply  the  specialized  curriculum 

of  a  higher  elementary  school." 

The  mover  said  that  the  new  higher  ele- 
mentary school  would  occupy  a  place 
between  the  elementary  school  and  the 
secondary  school,  and  its  curriculum  should 
have  a  definite  relation  to  the  immediate 
future  work  of  the  scholar.  The  Board  of 
Education  should  take  care  that  it  should  be 
of  a  special  technical  character,  and  that  the 
higher  elementary  school  should  not  be 
allowed  to  develope  into  an  inferior  second- 
ary school. 

The  majority  of  the  members  present 
were    obviously    of    opinion    that    there    wore 

no  guarantees  thai  such  would  be  the  case, 
and  that  the  establishment  of  higher  ele- 
mentary schools  would  introduce  serious 
overlapping  with  existing  secondary  schools. 
Mr.  W.  A.  Knigh!  (Bruton)  thought  higher 
elementary  schools  would   extinguish  many 

secondary  schools,  especially  in  rural  dis- 
tricts. Mr.  Gilson  said  thai  if  was  not  true 
thai    we    suffered     in     this    country     from 

want     of    manual    skill    on    the    part     of     our 

workmen,  bul   what   ought   to  be  done  was 

to   make   the   workmen   a    little   more   intelh 
gent.       Nb    higher    elementary    schools   could 

give  manual  training  in  trades  :   real  manual 

training  was  given  in   the  workshops.      They 

wanted  an  improvement  in  the  tops  of  ele- 
mentary schools,  but  not  such  schools  as 
were  contemplated  in  tho  minute  of   the 


\s 


TH  E     ATI!  EN  .KIWI 


X    M)82.  Jan.  •><>,  1906 


ii. I  of  Education.  The  mover  said  he 
was  willing  to  in-' it  the  words  "in  large 
oentree  ol  population  after  the  word 
bools  "  ;  but  the  majorit}  were  di  U  t 
mined  to  express  their  disapproval  <>f  the 
proposal!  and,  rejecting  the  previous  ques- 
tion, and  an  appeal  by  Canon  Swallow, 
carried  the  amenamenl  moved  by  Mr.  Knight, 
■    llmi    tins    Association    regards    with    appre- 

henaion  the  new  Higher  Elementary  Sol 1  Minute, 

believing  thai  the  promoters  of  the  A.ol  of  1902 
intended  t"  assist  existing  Beoondarj  aohoola,  and 
partionlarh  urges  the  Board  ol  Education  no1  to 
Banotion  higher  elementary  aohoola  in  areas  whioh 
already  supplied  «nli  seoondary  Bohools." 

The  following  resolutions  wore  thou  agreed 

to  after  a  short  discussion  :  — 

l.  "Thai  it  is  advisable  thai  steps  be  taken  t<> 
collect  data  of  the  physical  oondition  and  growth 

nt  pupils  in  secondary  schools." 

•J.  "Thai  the  Association  reoognizes  the  im- 
portance of  the  recent  medical  pronouncement  on 
hours  of  sleep  in  schools,  and  requests  the  Council 

to  give  the  matter  careful  consideration." 

.'{.  "That  in  the  interests  of  national  welfare 
the  influx  of  pupils  from  public  elementary  to 
secondary  schools  should  be  encouraged." 

After  the  usual  votes  of  thanks  the  Con- 
ference closed. 


SIR     MOUNTSTUART     GRANT     DUFF. 

By  the  death  last  Friday  week  of  Sir 
Mountstuart  Grant  Duff  we  lose  an  accom- 
plished man  who  combined  to  a  remarkable 
degree  the  interests  of  politics,  practical 
government,  and  literature  in  a  wide  sense. 
Born  on  February  21st,  1829,  he  was  the 
son  of  the  distinguished  Bombay  civilian 
who  wrote  the  '  History  of  the  Mahrattas,' 
while  his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the 
author  of  the  '  Materia  Indica,'  Sir  Whitelaw 
Ainslie.  Educated  at  Edinburgh  Academy 
and  Balliol,  where  he  took  a  Second  Class  in 
1850,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1854.  "The 
chief  interests  of  his  life,"  however,  were,  as 
he  said,  "  politics  and  administration," 
which  he  was  able  to  indulge  as  Under- 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  1868-74  ;  Under- 
Secretary  for  the  Colonies,  1880-1  ;  and 
Governor  of  Madras,  1881-6.  He  was 
member  for  the  Elgin  Burghs  from  1851  to 
1881,  and  his  'Elgin  Speeches'  (1871) 
hardly,  perhaps,  had  the  effect  on  the 
Empire  which  the  orator  himself  supposed. 
He  wrote  Lives  of  Sir  Henry  Maine  (1892), 
Kenan  (1893),  and  Lord  de  Tabley  (1899). 
He  published  also  '  Notes  of  an  Indian 
Journey'  (1876)  and  'Miscellanies,  Political 
and  Literary  '  (1879). 

More  than  all  these,  however,  his  '  Notes 
from  a  Diary  '  are  likely  to  keep  his  name 
before  the  public.  He  was,  in  fact,  gifted 
with  that  all-round  accomplishment  which, 
backed  by  assiduous  curiosity  concerning 
the  many  interests  of  life  and  remarkable 
vitality,  makes  a  diarist.  His  '  Notes  ' 
reached  fourteen  volumes,  and  actually 
extend  from  the  New  Year's  Day  in  1851 
when  he  had  just  taken  his  degree  at  Oxford, 
and  reached  Avignon  on  his  way  to  see 
Rome,  to  a  period  fifty  years  later,  Janu- 
ary 23rd,  1901,  when  the  Privy  Council 
took  the  oaths  to  King  Edward  VII.  These 
'Notes'  are  not  concerned  with  politics, 
and  he  adds  in  t  he  Preface  to  his  last  volumes 
(1905)  that  "in  most  lives.  ..  .there  are 
whole  tracts  of  interests,  lying  outside  the 
boundaries  of  the  chief  ones."  Such  ex- 
tended versatility  is,  however,  a  very  rare 
equipment,  and  IS  felicitous  when  it  is  com- 
bined with  literary  instincts  and  unwearied 
diligence.     To  degenerate  into  miscellaneous 

information  which  nobody  wants  except    the 
class  who  rejoice  in   Tit-Hits  and  their  like 


.Imi.-t    ini  \  [table   in  such   a  MM       N 
it    often,    perhaps,   that    such   11   mind   reveal- 
real  critical    power   in   many   directions.       In 

competence  and  confident  xnolism,  ai  in 
the  caricature  of  "  Uncle  Joseph  "  in  'The 
Wrong  Box,'  seem  perilously  reads  to 
encroach   on   the  all-round   man.     Bui    Sir 

Mountstuart  was  a  keen,  if  not  an  excellent, 
classical  scholar  and  historian  ;    he  travelled 

frequently  on  the  Continent,  and  he 
moved  in  the  besl  society  of  his  time,  or,  at 

least,  the  best  informed.  So  his  budgel  of 
amusing  and  interesting  things,  even  if 
some  of  them  are  vieux  jeu,  holds  many  pa 
which  are  both  enlightening  and  valuable. 
Mingled  with  much  of  merely  antiquarian 
value  are  the  graces  of  scholarship  in  Latin 
jest  ;  striking,  though  occasionally  pre- 
judiced, characters  of  famous  men  ;  and  an 
extraordinary  keenness  about  such  varied 
allurements  as  sermons,  coincidences,  last 
words,  stories  about  gems,  and  botany.  The 
last  was  one  of  his  pot  pursuits,  and  he 
thought  nothing  of  going  a  long  way  by 
train  to  see  a  special  wild  flower  when  he 
was  advanced  in  years. 

It  is  impossible  to  smile  perpetually  on 
such  botanical  details  in  print,  to  admire 
the  taste  which  preferred  the  lyrics  of 
Mrs.  Hemans  to  those  of  Christina  Rossetti 
— difficult  not  to  grow  weary  of  the  over- 
laudation  of  the  '  Recit  d'un  Sceur,'  or  other 
forgotten  luminaries  of  an  earlier  time.  But 
on  the  whole  the  diarist,  engaged  with  The 
Club,  with  the  Dilettanti,  busy  with  Cicero 
or  the  latest  book,  in  any  place  or  company 
likely  to  yield  matter  of  interest,  trium- 
phantly extracts  the  good  thing  to  be  had, 
and  reveals  himself  as  a  master  of  omnivo- 
rous gusto.  He  did  not  expect  that  his 
'  Notes  '  would  survive  in  entirety,  but  they 
offer  things  which  will  run,  in  the  phrase  of 
Ennius,  "  lively  o'er  the  lips  of  men  "  for 
many  years,  and  we  dare  say  that  in  the 
future  they  will  be  graced  with  a  commentary, 
and  lead  to  strange  theories  or  unjustified 
conclusions.  To  prevent  such  a  catastrophe 
we  hope  to  see  soon  a  memoir  of  the  diarist, 
presenting  a  fair  account  of  his  frailties, 
merits,  and  prejudices.  He  has  left  us,  at 
any  rate,  books  that  are  worth  several  bales 
of  belauded  fiction.  He  is  not  a  Greville  or 
a  Pepys,  but  he  philosophized  in  society 
(which  means,  as  Goethe  said,  "  to  talk  with 
vivacity  about  insoluble  problems  ")  as  well 
as  any  one  ;  he  was  always  kindly  ;  he  was 
not  frightened  into  bitterness  or  silence  by 
the  stress  and  complexity  of  modern  life  ; 
and  he  coped  with  "  the  modern  malady  of 
unlimited  appreciativeness  "  as  well  as  any 
sufferer  from  it  can  hope  to  do. 


THE    BOOK    SALES    OF    1905. 

11. 

On  March  21st  and  four  following  days 
Messrs.  Sotheby  held  a  most  important 
miscellaneous  sale.  The  1,346  lots  in  the 
catalogue  realized  very  nearly  8,500/.,  a 
sum  distributed  very  evenly,  so  that  there 
are  comparatively  few  high  prices  to  record. 
A  copy  of  Ben  Jonson's  '  VVorkes  '  on  large 
paper,  1616,  brought  29/.  10s.  (morocco 
extra).  Only  three  or  four  perfect  copies 
on  large  paper  are  known,  and  this  one 
would  have  brought  more  but  for  the 
fact  that  several  leaves  had  been  supplied 
from  the  smaller  edition  of  the  same  date. 
The  identical  copy  appeared  again  on 
December  8th,  when  it  realized  24/.  Spen- 
ser's '  Faerie  Queene,'  2  vols.,  1590  96, 
brought  76/.  (old  calf;  the  Welsh  words 
on  p.  332  of  vol.  i.  printed,  and  several 
leaves  supplied  from  another  edition).  A 
collection    of    works    from    the    Kelmscott 


all  printed  on  vellum,  realized  con- 
liderabl]  feet  than  they  would  have  done 
a  1.  a  1.     The   'Chancer,'  for   bv 

lold     for    no     more    than     30b/.,    as 

againsf  5101.  a1  the  Ellis  sale  in  November, 

1901  ;  and  '  S\  r  Ysambracc  '  for  no  11. 
than  ~>l.  5s..  a-  against  -"/.  In  some 
ni-tain.  -  the  disproporl ion  was  not  so 
marked,  but  the  depression  was  neverthe- 
less great  throughout.  Notice  should  be 
taken  of  a  work  printed  at  Paris  in  1584, 
under  the-  title  '  I).-  PJ.d  d« •-  Hois  et  de  la 
Justice. '  This  tract  fetched  18/.  15*.;  it 
is  important,  as  it  has  lately  been  proved 
to  be  written  by  Montaigne.     At  this  same 

sale  several  tracts  by  George  Keith  sold  for 
substantial  amounts.  These  are  rlnnortd 
among  Americana.  Special  mention  must 
also  be  made  of  Seymour  Haden's  '  Etudes 
a  1'Eau-Fortc,'  1866,  folio,  which  brought 
159/.  Two  hundred  and  fifty  copies  of 
this  series  were  announced,  but  only  180 
appeared,  as  some  of  the  more  delicate 
plates  failed.  Stephen  Harrison's  '  Seven 
Archs  of  Triumph,'  n.d.  (1603),  folio,  is 
rarely  met  with.  A  copy  of  the  complete 
work,  consisting  of  the  engraved  title-page 
and  a  plate  illustrating  each  of  the  tri- 
umphal arches  erected  in  honour  of  James  L, 
realized  50/.  Among  other  important  works 
the  editio  princeps  of  the  '  Imitatio  Christi  ' 
sold  for  125/.  ;  Purchas's  'Hakluytus  Post- 
humus,'  5  vols.,  1625-6,  the  vellum  covers 
perfectly  fresh  and  clean,  110/.  ;  Cover- 
dale's  Bible,  printed  at  Antwerp  by  Jacob 
van  Meteren,  October  4th,  1535,  80/.  (im- 
perfect, as  usual  :  this  was  the  Ashburnham 
copy,  96/.)  ;  Herrick's  '  Hesperides,'  first 
edition,  1648,  75/.  (contemporary  morocco); 
Shakspeare's  Second  Folio.  Robert  Allot, 
1632  (131  b.y  8 Jin.),  108/.  (some  leaves 
mended)  ;  and  the  Fourth  Folio,  1685,  47/. 
(portrait  rubbed).  Several  valuable  manu- 
scripts were  also  sold.  Keats's  first  draft 
of  ten  stanzas  of  '  Isabella  ;  or,  the  Pot  of 
Basil,'  realized  215/.  ;  the  original  MS.  of 
Charles  Reade's  '  Hard  Cash,'  95/.  ;  Thacke- 
ray's original  MS.  notes  for  lectures  on  '  The 
Four  Georges,'  199/.  ;  and  part  of  his  '  Pen- 
dennis  '  (18  pages  only),  290/.  An  imperfect 
copy  of  the  first  edition  of  Shakspeare's 
'  Poems.'  1640,  brought  205/.  (original  sheep., 
5*  by  3|  in.). 

To  do  more  than  refer  in  a  very  casual 
way  to  the  large  and  noteworthy  library 
of  the  late  Mr.  John  Scott  would  be  im- 
practicable. The  sale  commenced  at  Sotheby's 
on  March  27th,  and  continued  for  eleven 
days,  the  3,523  lots  bringing  18.259/.  During 
the  last  hundred  years  but  sixteen  sales  held 
in  this  country  have  realized  more.  Exactly 
a  hundred  pages  of  '  Book-Prices  Current ' 
are  occupied  by  the  report,  and  some  excep- 
tionally high  prices  are  recorded,  as  for 
example,  101/.  for  a  copy  of  the  first  edition 
of  John  Stubbs's  'Discoverie  of  a  Gaping 
Gulf,'  1579,  which  in  ordinary  circumstances 
brings  a  little  more  than  30/.  Mr.  Scott  had 
two  Caxtons,  both  incomplete.  One,  the 
'  Chronicles  of  England,'  1482.  realized  102/. 
(165  leaves  onlv)  ;  and  the  other,  the  '  Poly- 
chronicon'  of*Higden,  c.  14S3,  201/.  (406 
leaves  only).  Another  old  English  book, 
'  Bartolomeus  de  Proprietatibus  Rerum,' 
translated  by  John  of  Treves  and  printed 
by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  without  date,  folio, 
sold  for  251/.,  and  would  no  doubt  have 
brought  more,  had  it  not  been  rebound  in 
modern  russia.  Berthelet's  edition  of  the 
same  work,  1535,  folio,  brought  25/.  The 
collection  of  books  and  manuscripts  relating 
to  Mary.  Queen  of  Scots,  was  probably  the 
most  extensive  in  private  hands,  and  it  was 
a  pity  that  it  had  to  be  broken  up.  The 
collection  of  works  on  shipping,  navigation, 
and  the  navies  and  naval  affairs  of  aU 
countries    was    also    most    extensive    anc 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


79 


important.  As  announced  in  The  Athen- 
ceum  at  the  time,  these  books  were  offered 
in  one  lot  at  the  reserve  price  of  1,000?., 
and  were  eventually  bought  on  behalf  of 
Mr.  Charles  C.  Scott,  son  of  the  late  owner, 
for  1,510?.  Among  the  other  books  sold 
on  this  occasion  was  a  vellum  copy  of  '  De 
Re  Militari '  of  Robertus  Valturius,  1472, 
folio,  which  realized  200?.,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  five  leaves  had  been  supplied 
from  a  copy  on  paper.  Knox's  Liturgy, 
'  The  Book  of  Common  Order,'  printed  at 
Edinburgh  by  Bassandine  in  1575,  8vo, 
made  109?.  (contemporary  Scotch  calf)  ; 
the  excessively  rare  first  edition  of  the 
'  Basilikon  Doron,'  1599,  small  4to,  174?.  ; 
Hamilton's  '  Catechisme,'  1552,  small  4to, 
14:11.  (russia  extra)  ;  and  Gawin  Douglas's 
'  Palis  of  Honoure,'  printed  by  Copland  in 
small  4to,  without  date  (but  1553),  95?. 
This  copy  brought  SI?,  at  the  Ashburnham 
sale.  Many  other  high  prices  were  ob- 
tained for  the  scarce  works  which  abounded 
in  this  library. 

The  next  few  sales  recorded  were  com- 
paratively unimportant,  but  on  May  25th 
and  two  following  days  Messrs.  Sotheby 
offered  an  extensive  collection  of  books  by 
or  relating  to  Shakspeare,  his  works,  times, 
and  influence  on  subsequent  writers.  The 
catalogue  of  this  sale  is  replete  with  refer- 
ences to  old  or  modern  authors  who  may 
be  taken  to  be  associated  in  some  way  with 
the  great  dramatist.  It  will  doubtless  have 
been  preserved,  since  it  is  of  great  educa- 
tional value  and  excellently  compiled.  More 
than  6,5001.  was  realized  for  this  collection, 
a  copy  of  the  Second  Folio  selling  for  225?. 
(some  leaves  repaired)  ;  a  sound  example 
of  the  Third  Folio  (12 J  by  8£  in.)  for  500?.  ; 
and  an  equally  good  copy  of  the  Fourth 
for  130?.  '  Romeo  and  Juliet,'  1637,  4to, 
brought  1201.  (unbound,  mended)  ;  and 
'  Othello,'  1630,  4to,  90?.  (a  number  of 
leaves  in  facsimile).  Other  substantial 
amounts  abounded  ;  e.g.,  401.  for  Allot's 
'  England's  Parnassus,'  1600,  12mo  (mended); 
68?.  for  the  first  English  translation  of  '  Don 
Quixote,'  2  vols.,  4to,  n.d.  and  1620  ;  55?. 
for  Herrick's  '  Hesperides,'  1648,  8vo  ;  100?. 
for  Painter's  '  Pallace  of  Pleasure,'  2  vols., 
1569,  small  4to  (title  to  vol.  i.  in  facsimile), 
and  220?.  for  another  copy  of  Spenser's 
'Faerie  Queene,'  2  vols.,  1590-96  (the  Welsh 
words  printed).  A  copy  with  the  blank 
spaces  for  the  Welsh  words  realized  160Z. 

On  June  1st  several  of  Blake's  works 
were  sold  at  Sotheby's.  '  The  Marriage  of 
Heaven  and  Hell,'  no  imprint,  brought 
150?.  (this  was  Lord  Crewe's  copy,  which 
realized  260?.  at  his  sale)  ;  '  Visions  of  the 
Daughters  of  Albion,'  1793,  105?.  ;  and 
'The  Book  of  Thel,'  67?.  This  sale 
realized  nearly  6,000?.,  a  considerable 
proportion  of  which  was,  however,  ob- 
tained for  autograph  letters  and  manu- 
scripts, some  of  the  latter  being  of  very 
considerable  literary  interest,  as,  for  example, 
Bret  Harte's  '  A  Ward  of  the  Golden  Gate,' 
on  144  folios,  which  brought  51?.,  and  De 
Quincey's  'Journal,  written  during  the  Year 
1803,'  74  leaves,  66?.  This  brings  us  to  the 
very  extensive  portion  of  the  library  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Knight,  which  was  sold  at  Sotheby's 
on  June  19th  and  five  following  days.  Many 
of  the  books  were  sold  together,  and  the 
2,007  lots  catalogued  comprised  an  enormous 
number  of  volumes,  probably  some  35,000 
or  40,000  (one  estimate  placed  the  number 
at  50,000),  gathered  with  great  judgment. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  the  collector  of 
books,  and  not  merely  of  curiosities,  this 
collection  was  one  of  the  most  notable  offered 
for  sale  during  recent  years,  and  might  well 
have  been  secured  en  bloc,  if  that  had  been 
possible.     The    total    realized    was    2,155?.  | 


The  Latin  edition  of  Bacon's  works,  edited 
by  Rawley,  and  printed  at  Basle  in  1623, 
during  the  lifetime  of  the  author,  small 
folio,  sold  for  64?.  (original  vellum).  This 
edition  contains  the  editio  princeps  of  the 
'  De  Augmentis,'  and  may  have  been 
privately  issued.  At  any  rate,  it  is  very 
rarely  met  with.  The  rest  of  the  season 
was  occupied  in  selling  collections  of  a 
miscellaneous  character,  from  which,  how- 
ever, some  valuable  books  peeped  here  and 
there.  The  majority  of  these  were  alluded 
to  in  the  first  part  of  the  former  article,  and 
need  not  be  mentioned  again.  On  June  29th 
and  later  Ben  Jonson's  Latin  Bible,  having 
his  signature  and  an  inscription  in  his  hand, 
brought  54?.;  a  complete  set  of  Lever's  works, 
all  first  editions,  52  vols.,  morocco  extra,  100?.; 
the  '  Opere  '  of  Metastasio,  12  vols.,  4to, 
1780-82,  morocco  extra,  with  the  arms  of 
Marie  Antoinette  as  queen  on  the  sides, 
165?.  ;  and  the  '  CEuvres  de  Racine,'  3  vols., 
8vo,  1767,  with  the  same  arms,  91?.  Shak- 
speare's'  King  John,'  1622,  4to,  brought 
79?.  on  July  19th  ;  and  on  the  28th  a  Fourth 
Folio,  1685,  110?.  (damaged). 

The  new  season,  hereafter  to  be  quoted 
as  that  of  1905-6,  opened  slightly  before  the 
usual  time  at  Messrs.  Hodgson's,  but  nothing 
of  much  importance  is  noticeable  till  Novem- 
ber 1st,  when  that  firm  sold  the  library  of 
the  late  Rev.  F.  Procter  and  other  properties. 
Mr.  Thwaite's  '  Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied 
Documents,'  73  vols.,  1896-1902,  stands 
steady  at  24?.  10s.  ;  and  mention  must  be 
made  of  '  A  Compendious  Treatise  on 
Modern  Education,'  1802,  30?.  (boards).  This 
book,  which  is  exceedingly  scarce,  contains 
eight  coloured  plates  by  Rowlandson.  Another 
scarce  work  called  '  The  Twelve  Moneths,' 
small  4to,  1661,  by  Matthew  Stevenson, 
sold  for  23?.  10s.  The  library  of  the  Earl 
of  Cork  and  Orrery,  sold  by  Messrs.  Christie, 
Manson  &  Woods  on  November  21st,  will  be 
well  within  the  recollection.  It  was  at  this 
sale  that  2,600?.  was  paid  for  an  illuminated 
MS. — '  Le  Livre  de  Rustican,'  probably  the 
finest  work  of  its  kind  in  existence — and 
285?.  for  the  identical  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  which  Charles  I.  "  carried  with  him 
wherever  he  travelled,  even  to  the  day  of 
his  Death."  This  takes  the  mind  back  to 
that  gold  pattern  five-broad  piece  which  the 
king  also  carried  with  him  wherever  he  went, 
and  which  he  handed  to  Bishop  Juxon  on 
the  scaffold  outside  Whitehall.  Mr.  Hyman 
Montagu  had  it  at  last,  and  at  one  of  the 
sales  of  his  coins — that  of  November  13th, 
1896 — it  realized  the  largest  amount  ever 
paid  up  to  that  time,  and  perhaps  since, 
for  a  single  specimen,  viz.  770?. 

On  November  22nd  and  two  following 
days  Messrs.  Hampton  &  Sons  sold  the 
library  of  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Hawley. 
This  sale  was  held  at  Leybourne  Grange, 
Mailing,  near  Maidstone,  The  books  were 
of  a  general  character,  useful  rather  than 
rare.  Purchas's  '  Hakluytus  Posthumus,' 
5  vols.,  folio,  1625-6,  fetched  50?.  (morocco 
by  Pratt)  ;  and  Smith's  '  Generall  Historie 
of  Virginia,'  1624,  folio,  127?.  (old  calf).  It 
is  but  seldom  that  this  book  is  found  in 
perfect  condition,  one  or  more  of  the  four 
maps  being  nearly  always  in  facsimile.  It 
is  recorded  that  Sir  Edward  Bunbury's 
perfect  copy  realized  2ot?.  in  July,  1896. 
Thirty  years  before  that  the  price  stood  at 
about  10?. 

Three  sales  of  considerable  importance 
complete  the  series.  Some  of  the  high- 
priced  books  from  that  of  December  6th 
and  three  following  days  (Sotheby's)  have 
already  been  mentioned,  and  the  report 
which  appeared  in  The  Athcna-urn  of  Decem- 
ber 16th  is  sufficiently  recent  to  render  any 
further    remarks     unnecessary.     Tho    same 


may  be  said  of  Sir  Henry  Irving's  library 
(Christie's,  December  18th  and  19th),  and 
the  collection  of  military,  mathematical, 
and  miscellaneous  works  from  the  library 
of  the  Royal  Military  College  at  Camberley 
(Hodgson's,  December  20th  and  21st,) 
which  brought  the  year's  sales  to  a  close. 
That  the  result  of  these  sales,  some  fifty 
in  number,  has  not  been  good,  is  perfectly 
clear  on  analysis.  As  already  stated,  an 
unusual  number  of  very  scarce  and  valuable 
books  have  found  their  way  to  the  auction- 
rooms,  but  the  vast  majority  were  of  a 
very  ordinary  character,  and  brought  much 
less  than  they  would  have  done  three  or 
four  years  ago.  On  going  through  so  much 
of  the  last  published  volume  of  '  Book- 
Prices  Current '  as  relates  to  the  sales  held 
since  January  and  the  new  one  now  in  course 
of  preparation,  which  completes  the  record,  I 
find  that  about  120,000?.  has  been  realized 
from  first  to  last,  and  that,  if  the  sixty  very 
high-priced  books  are  left  out  of  the  calcu- 
lation, the  average  is  no  higher  than  about 
2?.  5s. — the  lowest  since  1896,  when  it  stood 
at  1?.  13s.  10c?.  This  is,  of  course,  very  satis- 
factory from  the  point  of  view  of  the  buyer, 
and  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  just 
at  the  moment  there  is  no  "  craze  "  to 
chronicle,  and  consequently  no  inflation  of 
prices  observable  anywhere,  except  in  a 
few  instances  which  do  not  affect  the  book- 
collector  of  average  means.  In  what  direc- 
tion he  will  next  turn  his  steps  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say  with  any  pretensions  to  accuracy, 
but  if  a  guess  might  be  hazarded,  it  may  be 
towards  a  class  of  books  hitherto  somewhat 
neglected,  namely,  books  written  and  pub- 
lished by  our  kinsmen  across  the  seas.  To 
think  "  imperially  "  is  but  the  prelude  to 
some  form  of  practical  appreciation  which 
will  assuredly  manifest  itself  sooner  or  later. 
J.  Herbert  Slater. 


THE   1477   VENICE   EDITION   OF   THE 
'DIVINA  COMMEUIA.' 

Wood  End,  YVeybridge. 

The  fact  that  the  commentary  to  Vindelin 
da  Spira's  edition  of  the  '  Commedia  ' 
(Venice,  1477)  was  that  of  Jacopo  della 
Lana,  and  not  that  of  Benvenuto  of  Imola, 
has  of  course  long  been  familiar  to  all  people 
interested  in  the  matter.  It  is  noted,  for 
instance,  in  the  introduction  to  Dr.  Carlyle's 
'  Inferno,'  first  published  in  1848.  But  it 
has  always  been  assumed  that  the  mistake 
arose  from  a  claim  made  in  the  sonnet 
("  vehement  and  helpless  verses,"  Dr. 
Carlyle  calls  it)  which  serves  as  colophon 
to  the  book.  I  do  not  feel  sure  that  this 
was  intended.  The  sonnet  opens  with 
some  lines  on  Dante,  and  proceeds  : — 

D' Imola  Benvenuto  mai  fla  pi  ho 
D'  ctevna  fainn,  che  sua  mansuets 
Lyra  opero,  commentando  il  poets 
Per  cm  il  testo  a  noi  <■  Intellective 

If  the  writer  of  these  lines  was,  as  seems 
probable,  the  Cristoval  Berardi  of  Pesaro 
who  is  in  the  next  tercet  spoken  of  as  the 
"  indegno  correttore  "  who  looked  after  the 
edition,  it  seems  incredible  that  he  should 
have  been  mistaken  as  to  the  source  of  the 
comment.  I  have  always  taken  the  lines 
quoted  as  merely  acompliment  to  Benvenuto, 
who  well  deserves  it.  Why  Lann's  com- 
mentary should  have  been  chosen  to  accom- 
pany the  text  one  cannot  say.  Possibly 
his  were  the  fashionable  notes  at  that  day, 
and  Vindelin,  like  a  prudent  publisher,  may 
have  looked  chiefly  to  his  sales. 

The  mistake,  anyhow,  is  very  early.     In 

my  own  OOpy  some  sixteenth-century  owner 
has  been  at  tho  trouble  of  writing  a  title- 
page   in   fine    Gothic    letters,    in    which    the 


BO 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  .i:r  M 


N    I"-/.  Jan.  20,  1- 


oommentari  i  i  oribed  i"  Benvenuto.  It 
would  l>i-  interesting  t<>  know  it  the  oopj 
referred  to  bj  Mr.  Slater  had  been  similarly 
treal  L  J.  Bxttleb. 


INK    i:.\i;n     ENGLISH    DRAMA    SOCIETY. 
L8,  r.ui >  street,  Bloomabury,  W.C 
Mai   I  ask  the  courtesy  of  publication  for 
our  or  two  items  of  possible  interest  ? 

1.  The  next   two  volumes  of  the  *'  Early 

Dramatists  Series  "  of  this  Society,  are  now 
ready,  and  will  bo  issued  immediately — 
'Anonymous  Plays,'  Series  III.,  and  'The 
Dramatic  Writings  of  K.  Wever  and  Thomas 
[ngelend.'  The  first  named  includes 
(amonpl  five  other  plays)  '  Gammer  Gur- 
t on's  Needle  '  ;  and,  through  the  courtesy 
of  Dr.  Bradley  and  Messrs.  Maemillan  &  Co., 
I  am  able  to  summarize  the  evidence  to  date 
in  favour  of  and  against  Dr.  Bradley's  ascrip- 
tion of  this  play  to  William  Stevenson  v. 
"M1  W.  Sftill],  M1  of  Art,"  together  with 
facsimile  title-pages  illustrating  one  of  Dr. 
Bradley's  points. 

2.  Prof.  Ward,  in  his  introduction  to  the 
farewell  volume  issued  by  the  Spenser 
Society,  mentioned  a  "  MS.  Index  and 
Glossary  "  to  John  Hey  wood's  '  Works,' 
which,  prepared  and  promised  in  1807,  had 
unfortunately  been  lost.  It  is  now  found. 
While  preparing  my  edition  of  Heywood's 
'  Proverbs,  Epigrams,  and  Miscellanies  '  for 
the  E.E.D.S.,  I  received  not  a  little  courtesy 
from  Mr.  C.  W.  Sutton,  the  librarian  to  the 
Manchester  Corporation.  Amongst  other 
things  sent  "as  of  possible  utility  "  was 
what  proved  to  be  the  MS.  volume  in  ques- 
tion. I  immediately  recognized  the  hand 
of  Dr.  Furnivall  ;  and  Mr.  Sutton's  replies 
to  my  remarks  and  inquiries  soon  established 
the  identity  of  the  volume.  No  one,  I  am 
sure,  will  be  more  pleased  than  Dr.  Furnivall 
himself  to  know  that  work  done  thirty  years 
ago,  apparently  to  no  purpose,  will  after  all 
be  utilized  ;  especially  as  he  has  recently, 
in  company  with  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  Mr.  A.  H. 
Bullen,  and  others,  shown  his  sympathy 
with  our  efforts  by  consenting  to  become  one 
of  the  honorary  vice-presidents  of  the  Early 
English  Drama  Society. 

John  S.  Farmer. 


Not  long  since  it  was  said  that  all 
the  clever  young  men  were  on  the  Tory 
side.  Thisjias  certainly  not^been  true 
of  recent  years,  and  the  Parliament  now 
being  elected  can  already  boast  a  literary 
distinction  on  the  Liberal  side  unknown 
to  its  predecessor.  Mr.  Winston  Churchill 
lias  signalized  his  accession  to  his  new 
faith  by  publishing  the  book  of  the 
season ;  and  Mr.  A.  E.  W.  Mason,  who 
has  won  a  manufacturing  constituency, 
has  reached  the  pleasant  position  of  a 
popular  novelist.  Mr.  Herbert  Paul  is 
well  known  in  the  literary  world. 

Of  the  younger  men,  Mr.  Hilaire 
Belloc  has  written  brilliantly  on  many 
subjects,  including  some  excellent  verse, 
both  of  a  light  and  serious  kind.  Mr. 
C.  F.  G.  Masterman,  who  looks  after  the 
literature  of  The  Daily  News,  is  effective 
both  as  speaker  and  writer.  He  made  a 
stir  by  that  striking  little  book  'The 
Abyss,'  and  recently  published  'In  Peril 


of  Change.1  Mr.  <■.  p.  Qoooh  is  a  Cam- 
bridge historian,  and  baa  written  'The 
History  of  English  Democratic  [deal  in 
the  Seventeenth:  Century  '  and  '  Annals  of 
Politics  and  Culture,  I  $2-1899.' 

Mi:.  ( '.  W.  I'.(A\  i.km  \\.  u  ho  i-  alflO 
among  the  new   members,  was  originally  a 

compositor  on   Tht   Daily  Tdegra/ph,  and 

holds  the  position  of  secretary  of  the 
London  Society  of  Compositors. 

In  TheCornhitt  Magazine  for  February 
■  From  a  College  Window '  deals  with  the 
writing  of  books.  In  'Freeman  versus 
I'Youde  '  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  revives  an  old 
question,  a  new  one  being  ^discussed  in 
'  Grandeur  et  Decadence  de  Bernard 
Shaw,'  by  "A  Young  Playgoer."  In 
'George  Eliot's  Coventry  Friends'  Mr. 
W.  H.  Draper  presents  a  memory  of  the 
last  century,  while  '  Society  in  the  Time  of 
Voltaire,'  by  Mr.  S.  G.  Tallentyre,  con- 
cerns a  very  different  period.  Poetry  is 
represented  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Godley's 
'  Pegasus,  Quiet  in  Harness.' 

The  opening  article  in  the  February 
Independent  Review  will  be  '  The  Revolu- 
tion of  the  Twentieth  Century,'  by  Mr. 
W.  T.  Stead.  Mr.  G.  L.  Dickinson  will 
follow  with  an  essay  entitled  '  Quo  Vadis  V 
a  plea  for  consideration  of  the  ultimate 
ideals  which  should  underlie  political  con- 
troversy. Mr.  G.  L.  Strachey  is  writing 
on  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  and  Mr.  A.  Tho- 
rold  on  '  Maeterlinck  as  a  Moralist.' 
Among  the  other  contributions  will  be 
'  Flowers  and  the  Greek  Gods,'  by  Miss 
Alice  Lindsell ;  '  Leonidas  Andreieff,'  by 
Mr.  Simeon  Linden ;  and  '  From  the 
Second  to  the  Third  Reform  Bill,'  by  Mr. 
Graham  Wallas. 

Mr.  Filson  Young  is  at  present  en- 
gaged on  a  '  Life  and  Account  of  the 
Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus,'  which 
the  firm  of  E.  Grant  Richards  hopes  to 
have  ready  for  publication  in  the  autumn 
of  this  year.  English  literature  on  the 
subject  of  Columbus's  life  is  comparatively 
meagre,  partly  owing  to  the  fact  that 
most  of  the  original  documents  are  widely 
scattered  throughout  Spain  and  Italy.  As 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  English 
collectors  have  in  their  possession  a  good 
many  original  charts  and  documents 
relating  to  Columbus's  voyages,  Mr. 
Filson  Young  hopes  that  any  who  have 
materials  of  the  kind  will  assist  him  by 
communicating  with  him  on  the  subject 
at  the  address  of  his  publisher. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  expect  to 
have  the  'Memoir of  Archbishop  Temple,' 
in  two  volumes,  ready  about  the  middle 
of  February  It  is,  as  we  have  already 
announced,  the  work  of  seven  friends. 

Another  biography  of  interest  is  an- 
nounced by  the  same  firm  —  that  of 
Henry  Sidgwick,  written  by  his  widow 
and  his  brother  Mr.  Arthur  Sidgwick. 
The  materials  for  their  account  are  an 
autobiographical  fragment  dictated  by 
Sidgw  ick  in  his  last  illness;  a  journal  kept 
between  1884  and  1892,  and  sent  at  in- 
tervals to  John  Addington  Symonds  at 
Davos ;  and  a  large  number  of  letters 
lent  by  relations  and  friends.     The  book 


will  probably  be  ready  about  the  same 
time  as  the  life  df  Temple. 

'I'm.  Rev.  .1.  X.  Figgis,  ReCtOl  <>f  .Main- 
hull,  has  been  entrusted  by  Lord  Acton 
with  the  ta-k  of  completing  the  edition  of 
his  father's  '  Lec< ures  and  I  It  i  — 

hoped,  if  possible,  to  publish  the  Cam- 
bridge lectures  in  a  very  tew  months. 
These  lectures  alone  will  Buffioe  to  refute 

the  idea  that  Acton  was  a  man  who  talked 
about  erudition,  but  did  nothing,  foi  they 
are  likely  to  prove  the  most  valuable  COn- 
t  ribul  ion  to  the  philosophy  of  history  pub- 
lished in  this  country  01  recent  years. 
.Mr.  Figgis  is  laying  aside  a  book  of  his 
own  on  "  Political  Thought  in  the  Fif- 
teenth and  Sixteenth  Centuries'  in  order 
to  complete  the  Acton  remains  a-  speedily 
as  possible. 

A  new  story  by  -Mi.  Robert  Hichens  is 

to  appear  in  the  autumn,     its  title  will, 
it  is  said,  be  '  The  Call  of  the  Blood,'  and 
ene  of  action  Sicily. 

Besides  their  "Early  Dramati-ts 
Series,"  the  Early  English  Drama  Society 
have  in  preparation  photo-litho,  collotype, 
or  photogravure  facsimiles  of  rare  books 
and  manuscripts  in  all  departments  of 
literature.  The  size,  script  or  print,  and 
other  details  of  the  originals  will  be 
followed.  The  volumes  proposed  for  this 
year  are  Massinger's  '  Believe  as  You 
List,'  '  Ralph  Roister  Doister,'  and 
'  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle.'  The  con- 
ditions of  publication  are  too  elaborate  to 
be  exhibited  briefly. 

Mr.  Sidney  Lee.  in  the  paper  which 
he  read  last  Monday  before  the  Biblio- 
graphical Society,  on  early  translations  of 
English  books  into  French,  noticed  in- 
cidentally the  impossibility  of  pursuing 
his  research  exhaustively  in  this  country, 
owing  to  the  small  number  of  early 
French  publications  of  the  kind  in  the 
British  Museum  or  any  other  public 
library.  At  the  British  Museum  the  gaps 
in  this  department  of  foreign  literature 
are  very  numerous,  and  it  is,  unfortu- 
nately, by  no  means  the  only  department 
of  the  sort  which  betrays  deficiencies.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  some  systematic 
efforts  will  be  made  to  remedy  this  defect 
in  the  library. 

Mr.  Arthur  Lewis  writes  from  Wincot, 
Chorleywood,  Herts  : — 

"The  death  of  the  Rev.  Basket!  Smith, 
F.R.G.S.,  on  Friday,  the  12th  inst.,  deprives 
tin1  world  of  one  of  its  ablest  lecturers,  and 
his  friends  of  a  most  genial  and  interesting 
personality—a  vigorous  thinker,  an  admir- 
able raconteur,  and  a  humourist  of  the  best. 
But  of  all  he  had  to  tell  us,  nothing  was  so 
peculiarly  his  own  subject  as  that  life  in  the 
Holy  Land,  to  which  he  lirst  went  as  com- 
panion of  Laurence  Oliphant,  with  whom 
upon  Mount  Carmel  he  lived  so  long.  How 
much  we  wish  now  —  too  lata!  —  that  we 
had  induced  him  to  put  on  paper  the 
whole  story  of  thai  solitude  of  two  among 
the    Syrian    Druses!      Some   aspect    of    that 

strange  experience  he  wrote  in  the  form  of 
fiction  in  his  "For  God  and  Humanity:  a 
Romance  of  Mount  Carmel':  but  the 
intimate  facts  of  Oliphant's  life  near  Haifa 
have  yet.  perhaps,  to  be  extracted  from  the 
papers  of  his  friend  now  lost  to  us.  May 
this  some  day  be  done  1 " 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


81 


Mr.  Smith  was,  we  may  add,  the  author 
of  Murray's  Handbook  to  Syria  and 
Palestine. 

At  last  week's  meeting  of  the  Edinburgh 
Bibliographical  Society,  Mr.  Robert  Steele, 
of  the  London  Bibliographical  Society, 
read  a  paper  on  '  Materials  for  the  History 
of  the  Lithuanian  Bible.'  This  transla- 
tion, of  which  only  two  or  three  fragments 
are  known,  is  one  of  the  puzzles  of  inter- 
national bibliography,  made  none  the  less 
difficult  because  its  literature  is  found  in 
such  languages  as  Polish,  Lithuanian, 
Russian,  and  Bohemian.  Mr.  Steele  ex- 
pressed the  belief  that  the  Lithuanian 
Bible  was  never  completed  or  published, 
and  that  it  was  printed  in  London.  Of 
the  few  proofs  which  got  into  circulation 
some  two  or  three  still  exist. 

A  meeting  of  the  friends  of  the  late 
Dr.  William  Hastie,  Professor  of  Divinity 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow  from  1895 
to  1903,  was  held  last  week,  when  certain 
memorials  of  the  Professor  were  handed 
over  to  the  University.  These  included 
a  marble  bust  of  Prof.  Hastie,  a  lecture- 
ship to  which  an  appointment  will 
be  made  triennially,  and  600  valuable 
volumes  from  the  Professor's  library. 
Principal  Story,  who  presided  at  the 
meeting,  paid  a  high  tribute  to  Dr.  Hastie's 
versatility  as  scholar  and  writer,  philo- 
sopher and  poet. 

Dr.  Wallis  Budge,  of  the  British 
Museum,  has  made  a  translation  of,  and 
written  a  commentary  on,  the  curious 
Egyptian  books  known  as  '  The  Book  of 
what  is  in  Hades  '  and  '  The  Book  of  the 
Gates '  respectively.  These  two  works 
give  pictures  of  the  life  after  death  which 
differ  in  many  respects  from  that  which 
can  be  drawn  from  the  more  generally 
known  '  Book  of  the  Dead,'  and  they  are 
a  good  deal  later  in  date,  not  having  been, 
apparently,  reduced  to  writing  until  the 
eighteenth  or  nineteenth  dynasty.  Dr. 
Budge's  translation  will  be  published 
early  next  month  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul 
&  Co.,  and  will  form  the  first  English 
version  of  these  books  which  has  yet 
appeared. 

We  find  that  in  our  last  issue  we  have 
given  Mr.  John  Long  as  the  publisher  of 
'  A  Pretender,'  by  Annie  Thomas,  whereas 
Messrs.  Digby,  Long  &  Co.  are  the  pub- 
lishers. We  are  very  sorry  to  notice  this 
mistake,  which  we  rectify  as  soon  as 
possible. 

During  the  occupation  of  the  Straits 
Settlements  by  the  Portuguese  and  the 
Dutch  during  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries  a  number  of  notable  men 
of  both  nationalities  died  and  were  buried 
in  Malacca.  Many  of  their  tombs  survive 
to  the  present  day.  Mr.  R.  N.  Bland  lias 
written  a  volume  under  the  title  '  His- 
torical Tombstones  of  Malacca,'  contain- 
ing the  most  interesting  of  the  epitaphs, 
with  numerous  photographs.  A  short 
introduction  gives  historical  references  to 
the  monuments.  Mr.  Elliol  Stock  is  the 
publisher. 

Temple  Bar    for    February  contains   a 
paper     on     Richard     Jefferies     by     Mr. 


Edward  Thomas,  dealing  with  his  strong 
personality  both  as  a  man  and  a  writer. 
Mr.  Cecil  Chesterton,  in  '  The  Comedy  of 
Elections,'  shows  how  locality  affects  the 
views  and  temperaments  of  electors.  Miss 
Netta  Syrett  describes  '  The  Fascination 
of  a  Doll's  House,'  which  is  not  Ibsen's ; 
and  Miss  V.  H.  Friedlaender  in  '  The 
Little  Lad '  shows  the  attraction  the  sea 
has  for  the  children  of  seamen.  Miss  C.  S. 
Foster  contributes  a  poem  called  '  The 
Eastern  Exile.' 

The  Home  Counties  Magazine,  which 
has  just  completed  its  seventh  volume, 
will  in  future  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Reynell  &  Son,  of  Chancery  Lane.  The 
new  editor  is  Mr.  W.  Paley"  Baildon, 
F.S.A. 

Mr.  Alston  Rivers  announces  for 
publication  next  month  a  number  of 
Thackeray  essays,  now  collected  for  the 
first  time,  and  edited  by  Mr.  Robert  S. 
Garnett,  entitled  '  The  New  Sketch-Book.' 

The  presentation  to  Mr.  Walter  Wells- 
man  to  celebrate  the  Diamond  Jubilee  of 
'  The  Newspaper  Press  Directory,'  of 
which  he  has  been  so  long  editor,  will 
take  place  at  a  luncheon  at  De  Keyser's 
Royal  Hotel" at  one  o'clock  on  Tuesday 
next,  when  r  Sir  William  Treloar  will 
preside. 

The  candidates  for  the  Regius  Pro- 
fessorship of  Greek  at  Cambridge  have  to 
expound  some  Greek  for  the  benefit  of 
members  of  the  Senate,  and  are  now 
announced  as  follows.  Prof.  Ridgeway 
on  January  23rd  takes  a  passage  of  the 
'  Supplices  '  of  iEschylus  ;  Dr.  Jackson 
on  January  25th  part  of  Plato's  '  Cra- 
tylus  '  ;  Dr.  Adam  on  the  same  day  a 
fragment  of  Pindar  ;  and  Dr.  Verrall  on 
the  26th  a  passage  of  the  '  Eumenides  ' 
of  iEschylus.  Dr.  S.  H.  Butcher  is  not, 
as  was  suggested  in  some  quarters,  a 
candidate  for  the  Greek  Chair. 

Dr.  Oscar  Levy  some  time  ago  made 
an  appeal  in  our  columns  to  friends  of 
Stendhal  to  contribute  to  a  memorial  to 
him.  He  now  informs  us  that  a  monu- 
ment is  about  to  be  erected  in  France,  and 
that  M.  Adolphe  Paupe,  the  secretary  of 
the  committee  who  are  arranging  it,  is 
bringing  out  a  new  annotated  edition  of 
Stendhal's  letters.  This  will  be  published 
shortly,  and  will  contain  560  letters,  instead 
of  the  272  in  the  Calmann-Levy  edition.K- 

The  manuscripts  of  Victor  Hugo, 
scrupulously  preserved  by  the  late  Paul 
Meurice  in  his  house  in  the  Rue  Fortuny, 
are,  in  accordance  with  his  wishes,  to  be 
transferred  in  a  week  or  two  to  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale.  This  has  been 
decided  in  a  conference  with  the  poet's 
executors  and  M.  Henry  Marcel,  the  direc- 
tor of  the  French  National  Library.  The 
transference  will  not  affect  the  greal 
edition  of  Hugo's  works  now  in  progress, 
for  the  new  editor,  M.  Gustave  Simon,  will 
have  free  access  to  the  various  manuscripts 
until  his  task  is  completed.  Although 
nominally  public  property  from  the 
moment  they  are  received  at  the  Biblio- 
theque  Nationale,   they  will  presumably 

not   be  open  for  inspection  for  some  vcars. 


The  one  important  exception  is  the  manu- 
script of  '  Hernani,'  which  was  given  to 
the  Comedie  Francaise  by  the  expressed 
desire  of  Hugo. 

According  to  the  official  fists  just 
issued  42,390  students  matriculated  at 
the  German  universities  during  the  winter 
term,  showing  an  increase  of  2,674  as 
compared  with  the  corresponding  term 
last  year.  Of  these,  8,081  are  at  Berlin, 
5,147  at  Munich,  4,224  at  Leipsic,  2,908 
at  Bonn,  and  1,443  at  Heidelberg.  There 
are  1,908  women  studying  at  the  univer- 
sities, but  only  a  small  proportion  of  these 
are  matriculated  students. 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  is 
announced  from  Breslau  of  Prof.  Hermann 
Markgraf,  director  of  the  town  library, 
and  author  of  several  interesting  works, 
dealing  chiefly  with  the  history  of  Silesia. 

A  prominent  Hungarian  journalist  has 
passed  away,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven,  in 
Siegmund  Brody,  editor  of  the  Neue  Pester 
Journal.  Brody,  who  was  of  very  humble 
origin,  first  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  ; 
but  the  dissecting-room  proved  too  much 
for  his  nerves,  and  he  turned  to  journalism, 
where  his  practical  business  capacity  and 
instinct  for  discerning  what  the  reading 
public  required,  soon  enabled  him  to  raise 
his  paper  to  eminence.  He  is  said  to 
have  possessed  a  singular  power  of  dis- 
covering talent  in  others,  but  to  have 
been  unable  to  retain  his  contributors, 
owing  to  his  petty  ways  in  dealing  with 
them  —  a  peculiarity  combined  with 
generosity  as  a  philanthropist^  _He  was 
the  first  journalist  to  become^a~member 
of  the  House  of  Magnates. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  general 
interest  to  our  readers  this  week  is  a  Re- 
port on  the  London  County  Council  Rules 
as  to  Employment  of  School  Children  (3d.). 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  Theological  Books,  and  also  insert 
our  annual  notice  of  Italian  Literature, 
which  has  been  unavoidably  delayed. 


SCIENCE 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

In  his  Presidential  address  to  the  Rontgen 
Society  on  the  4th  inst.  Prof.  Soddy  "  put 
the  dots  on  the  i's "  of  Prof.  Rutherford's 
investigations  into  the  transformations  of 
radium,  which  were  referred  to  in  these 
Notes  some  months  back  (see  The  Athenosum, 
No.  4063).  Prof.  Soddy  told  his  hearers 
that  the  Alpha-particle  expelled  from  radium 
was  an  atom  of  helium,  and  that  it  is  the 
loss  of  successive  atoms  of  the  same  sub- 
stance that  brings  about  the  seven  changes 

which   have  already  been   observed,  antl   (he 

eighth  which  botli  lie  and  Prof.  Rutherford 
agree  takes  place.  Thus  the  expulsion 
of  the  first  atom  of  helium  changes  radium 

into  the  gaseous  emanat  ion  which  Sir  William 

Ramsay  calls  ex-radio,  and  reduces  the 
atomic  weight  from  225  to  221.  The  loss 
of  another  atom  produces  radium  A  (atomic 
weight  217).  the  film  of  "  imparted  activity.*' 

invisible    and    imponderable,    which    ex-radio 

leaves    upon    any    solid    object    with    which 

it   is  long  enough  in  contact  and    which  emits 

Alpha  rays  only.     Radium  P  (atomic  weight 


82 


T  II  E     A  Til  KN'.KT  M 


\   U)82,  Jam.  20,  1906 


213)   is  rayless,  hut  chan;.''  •  in  .t  I  >.  .1  il    twenty 

minutes  into  radium  <'.  whioh  emits,  aooord 
ing  to  Prof.  Rutherford,  Upha,  Beta,  and 
Gamma  rays  alike,  changing  in  rather 
than  half  an  hour  into  radium  l>  (atomic 
wi dghl  200).  This,  which  forma  the  active 
principle  of  radio  active  lead,  is  also  rayleas, 
and  takea  forty  yean  to  undergo  its  nexl 
transformation  and  beoome  radium  E.  The 
radiations  of  this  arc  of  Beta  and  Gamma 

rays  only,  bul  in  six  days  it  beoomee  radium 
!•'.  which  Prof.  Rutherford  identities  with 
the    polonium    of    Madame    Curie    and     the 

radio-tellurium    of     Prof,     Bfarckwald.     As 

this  also  expels  an  Alpha  or  helium  particle, 
it  should  by  analogy  form  radium  (!,  with 
nil   atomic    weight    of   205.       But    this,    l'rof. 

Soddy  agrees  with  Prof.  Rutherford,  is 
sufficiently  near  to  the  atomic  weight  of 
lead  (206*7)  for  lead  to  he  regarded  as  the 
final  product  of  the  transformations.  Thus, 
the  problem  of  the  alchemists  has  been  solved, 
not  by  us,  but  by  Nature;  and  could  we 
find  out  how  to  hasten  the  process,  we 
should  have  at  our  disposal  forces  compared 
with  which  all  those  hitherto  handled  by 
man  are  trifling.  The  sudden  disintegration 
of  30  milligrammes  of  radium  would,  says 
Prof.  Soddy,  about  equal  the  explosion  of  a 
hundredweight  of  dynamite.  Wherefore  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  the  discovery  will  not 
be  made  just  yet. 

If  the  view  of  the  phenomena  above 
given  be  correct — as  to  which  the  curious 
can  consult  The  Philosophical  Magazine  for 
September  of  last  year — the  position  of 
helium  among  the  elements  becomes  ex- 
tremely curious.  We  already  know  that 
it  cannot  be  liquefied,  having  resisted  all 
the  processes  to  that  end  which  have  proved 
effectual  with  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  even 
hydrogen  ;  and  that  its  rate  of  diffusion  is 
more  rapid  than  that  of  any  other  known 
substance.  Yet  it  is  impossible  to  obtain 
proof  of  its  existence  otherwise  than  with 
the  spectroscope,  and  the  behaviour  of  the 
helium  emanating  from  radium,  which  dis- 
appears if  left  long  enough  in  a  glass  bulb, 
does  not  seem  to  correspond  with  that  pre- 
pared by  Sir  William  Ramsay's  process, 
which  can  apparently  be  retained  in  a 
Plucker's  tube  for  an  indefinite  period. 
Dr.  B.  Walter  has  recently  stated  that  the 
Alpha  particle  of  polonium,  which  is,  as 
we  have  just  seen,  according  to  other  obser- 
vers the  helium  atom,  renders  the  air 
luminescent  in  passing  through  it,  and  has 
a  very  pronounced  photo-chemical  effect, 
which  seems  to  correspond  to  the  spectral 
rays  A350-A290.  This  effect  is  said  to  be 
more  marked  in  the  presence  of  nitrogen. 
Is  it  another  case  of  a  double  spectrum  ? 

Not  unconnected  with  this,  perhaps,  are 
the  phenomena  observed  by  M.  Charles 
Nordmann  at  Philippeville,  in  Algeria, 
during  the  late  solar  eclipse.  Taking  with 
him  an  instrument  which  he  calls  an  iono- 
graph,  and  which  apparently  registers  the 
number  of  ions  present  in  a  given  portion 
of  the  atmosphere,  he  found  that  up  to 
45  minutes  after  the  first  contact  the 
number  of  positive  ions  remained  normal. 
At  the  expiry  of  that  time,  however,  they 
began  to  grow  fewer,  reaching  their  mini- 
mum 40  minutes  after  totality.  Then  the 
curve  began  to  rise  again,  until  20  minutes 
after  the  last  contact  it  had  regained  its 
normal  value.  He  declares  that  this  is  in 
accord  with  the  theories  of]  Dr.  Lenard  and 
MM.  Elster  and  Geitel,  according  to  which 
solar  radiation  plays  a  chief  part  in  the 
ionization  of  the  atmosphere.  But  the 
phenomenon  can  also  be  compared  with 
what  happens  when  a  large  Tesla  trans- 
former, which  appears  to  discharge,  as  has 
been   noticed,    only   positive   ions   into   the 


unrounding    atmosphere,    w    maxked    by    a 
en  on  Ol   metal  or  Other  good  conductor. 

Prof.  Stark,  of  Gdttingen,  baa  also  been 
making  experiments  on  the  Bpectrum  of  the 
Alpha  rays,  his  theory  being  that  it  is  the 
positive  ion  he  calls  ll  the  "atom-ion, "bul 
the  change  in  nomenclature  does  not  aeem 

to     convey     any     additional      information 

which  is  the  carrier  of  the  line  spectrum  of 
an  element,   while  the  hand  spectrum  is  due 

to  the  recombination  of  the  positive  and 
negative  electrons.  On  this  theory  the 
Alpha  particles  should  emit  t  he  line  spectrum 

of  the  gas  in  which  they  are  produced,  and 
the  gas  itself  the  hand  spectrum  which 
should  he  superposed  on  the  other.  Accord- 
ing to  the  summary  of  his  experiments 
which  alone  has  reached  this  country,  he 
finds  a  difference  between  the  behaviour  of 
nitrogen  and  that  of  other  gases,  spectro- 
scopic examination  here  showing  the  appear- 
ance of  the  band  and  line  spectrum  simul- 
taneously. With  hydrogen,  the  line  spec- 
trum emitted  in  a  direction  at  right  angles 
to  the  Alpha  rays  shows  sharp  lines  of  the 
known  wavo-lene;th  ;  while  that  emitted  in 
the  same  direction  as  the  rays  themselves 
shows,  on  the  ultra-violet  side  of  these,  new 
and  wider  lines,  which  he  thinks  are  due  to 
displacement.  The  full  account  of  Prof. 
Stark's  experiments  which  is  promised  will 
be  looked  forward  to  with  interest. 

Prof.  E.  Marx  has  lately  made  another 
attempt  to  measure  the  speed  of  the  Rontgen 
rays  by  a  process  which  he  declares  to  be 
relatively  simple,  to  be  applicable  to  any 
species  of  radiations,  and  to  be  accurate 
within  a  margin  of  5  per  cent.  According 
to  this,  the  speed  of  the  X-rays  is  equal  to 
that  of  light,  or  300,000  kilometres  per 
second.  With  this  may  be  read  the  experi- 
mental proof  by  Dr.  W.  Seitz  that  the 
Rontgen  rays  can  be  produced  with  a  much 
lower  voltage  than  is  generally  supposed, 
and  that  as  long  as  any  glow  light  reaches 
the  anti-cathode,  they  will  be  produced 
even  with  an  electromotive  force  of  only 
600  volts.  The  difficulty  that  weak  or  soft 
rays  find  in  penetrating  the  walls  of  the  tube 
is,  he  thinks,  the  reason  why  this  has  not 
been  observed  before,  but  he  points  out  that 
soft  rays  are  more  easily  absorbed  by  a 
sensitized  photographic  plate  than  hard  ones. 

A  new  species  of  radiation  is  announced 
by  Dr.  F.  Streintz,  who  thinks  that  slow 
oxidation  will  cause  certain  metals,  such  as 
magnesium,  aluminium,  zinc,  and  cadmium, 
to  give  out  rays  detectable  by  a  photographic 
plate.  These  rays,  which  he  compares  to 
the  ultra-violet,  ionize  gases,  as  is  shown  by 
their  action  on  iodide  of  potassium  paper, 
but  are  incapable  of  penetrating  more  than 
a  few  hundredths  of  a  millimetre  of  air. 
All  these  metals  can  be  protected  against 
oxidation  by  a  charge  of  positive  electricity, 
and  it  is  suggested  that  this  fact  may  be 
made  use  of  for  industrial  purposes. 

Another  curious  discovery  is  that  of  Dr. 
Auer  von  Welsbach  that  some  of  the  metals 
derived  from  the  rare  earths,  such  as  lan- 
thanum, didymium,  and  yttrium,  when 
alloyed  with  iron,  increase,  to  an  unexpected 
extent,  its  power  of  giving  out  sparks  on 
concussion.  Thus  he  finds  that  an  alloy  of 
lanthanum  containing  50  per  cent,  of  iron 
will  give  out  long  and  brilliant  sparks  under 
the  action  of  a  steel  file.  These  sparks 
appear  to  be  too  rapid  to  possess  much  heat, 
but  if  they  develope  sufficient  to  inflame  a 
mixture  of  petrol  vapour  and  air  they  might 
be  of  use  in  the  motor-car  industry,  and  the 
suggestion  might  be  worth  a  few  experiments. 

Lord  Rayleigh  has  made  some  calcula- 
tions as  to  the  rate  at  which  the  electrons 
are,  on  the  electronic  hypothesis,  supposed 
to  rotate  within  the  atom,  and  has  come  to 
the  conclusion  that  their  motion  can  never 


be  entirely  -t<  adv.       HonOO,  he  think 

must  he  a  tendency  to  radiation  at  all 
t iiii*  . -. i i ■  r i  thi    lystem  i-  undisturbed 

by  external  which   would   aeem   to 

confirm   the   views  of   M.    I..-    I'.on  and  oti 

bo  the  universal  disintegration  of  msttor 

The    spectrum,    he    suggests,    mas-    be    due    to 

the  upsetting  of  the  balance,  and  the  fre- 
quencies will  then  correspond  to  the  original 

distribution    of    the    electrons    as    it    I  \.   ••.! 

before  the  disturbance.  He  also  makfii  tome 
remarks  as  tot  he  frequencies  of  electric  vihra- 
tions,  and  says  that  the  principles  which 
have  led  to  the  formulae  he  gives  have 
affinity  rather  with  the  older  view  a-  to  the 
effect  of  electricity  upon  conductors  than 
with  that  of  Maxwell.  All  this  is  to  be 
found  in  The  Philosophical  Magazine  for 
this  month. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Royal  S  ><  iety 
of  Edinburgh  Or.  G.  E.  Fawsitt  gave  par- 
ticulars of  some  curious  experiments  lately 
made  by  him  on  the  electrical  polarity 
of  metals.  He  found  that  the  precious 
metals  silver,  platinum,  and  gold  in  their 
amorphous  form  were  electro-positive  when 
placed  in  dilute  acid  with  specimens  of  the 
same  metals  which  had  been  annealed. 
Hence  it  appears  that  the  same  element  can 
be  positive  when  its  molecular  structure  is 
not  crystalline,  and  negative  when  it  is. 
This  should  give  reflection  to  those  who  have 
too  rashly  founded  arguments  on  the  assump- 
tion that  accidents  like  valency  and  polarity 
are  the  fundamental  properties  of  any 
elements.  F.   L. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Prominent  among  the  original  memoirs 
in  U Anthropologic  (xvi.,  Nos.  4  and  5)  is 
one  by  M.  Hugues  Obermaier  on  Quaternary 
human  remains  in  Central  Europe.  He 
observes  that  the  osseous  remains  of  Quater- 
nary man  are  as  rare  as  the  archaeological 
remains  are  numerous,  and  specifies  the  dis- 
coveries in  the  caves  of  Sipka  and  Krapina 
and  at  Willendorf  and  Predmost,  and  the 
skeleton  of  Bruenn,  as  assuredly  Quater- 
nary ;  other  discoveries  in  Bohemia,  Mo- 
ravia, Austria,  Hungary,  and  Poland  he 
dismisses  as  erroneous,  doubtful,  or  insuffi- 
cient. M.  Armand  Vire  describes  the  Solu- 
trean  cavern  of  Lacave  (Lot),  which  yielded 
many  objects  of  reindeer  horn,  some  bearing 
carvings  (one  a  spirited  head  of  antelope), 
and  well-worked  flint  implements.  M.  6mile 
Cartailhac  and  the  Abbe  Breuil  continue 
their  account  of  the  mural  paintings  and 
engravings  of  the  Pyrenean  caverns.  MM. 
Anthony  and  Hazard  furnish  notes  of  the 
muscles  of  a  negro  who  was  brought  to 
France  from  Africa,  and  died  of  sleeping 
sickness  at  the  hospital  of  Auteuil. 

L'Honunc  Prchistorique  (1905,  No.  11) 
contains  a  report  of  the  proceedings  at  the 
inauguration  of  the  monument  to  Gabriel 
de  Mortillet,  designed  by  M.  A.  La  Penna. 
and  erected  in  the  Square  des  Arenes  de 
Lutece,  Paris,  with  photographs  of  the  monu- 
ment. Upon  a  marble  column  is  a  bronze 
bust  of  De  Mortillet,  and  in  front  of  the 
column  a  figure  of  a  young  woman  reading, 
typifying  youth  engaged  in  the  study  of  the 
prehistoric,  the  future  looking  into  the  past. 
Between  the  column  and  the  bust,  forming 
a  four-sided  capital,  are  representations  of 
the  Chellean,  Mousterian,  Solutrean,  and 
Magdalenian  types  of  mankind  :  the  first 
of  pronounced  simian  type  ;  the  second. 
still  simian,  but  modified,  and  having  better 
formed  lips  ;  the  third,  a  female  figure,  less 
prognathous  than  the  former,  and  bearing 
traces  of  an  instinct  for  personal  adornment  ; 
the  fourth,  a  girl's  head,  enlarged  from  one 
of  the   figures  discovered  at  Brassempouy. 


N°  4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


83 


and  representing  both  physical  beauty  and 
intelligence. 

Mr.  Rafael  Karsten,  of  the  University  of 
Helsingfors,  has  published,  in  excellent 
English  (Wasa,  F.  W.  Unggren),  an  aca- 
demical dissertation  on  the  '  Origin  of 
Worship,'  presented  by  him  for  public 
criticism  on  November  25th,  1905,  in  the 
hall  of  the  Historico-Philological  Section  of 
the  Philosophical  Faculty  of  the  Alexander 
University  of  Finland.  It  is  the  result  of 
studies  carried  on  in  1903  and  1904,  mainly 
in  the  British  Museum,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Dr.  Westermarck.  Mr.  Karsten  holds  that 
in  the  lowest  religions  only  those  objects  or 
spirits  of  objects  from  which  the  savage 
apprehends  danger,  or  which  in  one  way  or 
another  interfere  in  his  welfare  and  destiny, 
became  gods  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word 
and  the  objects  of  propitiation  ;  and  that 
religious  worship  has  originated  in  the 
instinct  of  self-preservation,  out  of  which 
animism  has  grown  up  by  degrees.  He 
rejects  Herbert  Spencer's  theory  of  ancestor- 
worship,  except  in  so  far  as  it  forms  a  branch 
of  the  general  animistic  belief.  He  main- 
tains, in  opposition  to  Robertson  Smith, 
the  theory  that  religion  was  born  of  fear, 
and  holds  that  that  writer's  view  of  a  blood 
covenant  between  man  and  the  superhuman 
powers  belongs  to  an  advanced  stage  of 
religious  evolution.  The  industry  with 
which  Mr.  Karsten  has  pursued  his  studies 
may  be  indicated  by  the  fact  that  his  list 
of  authorities  contains  230  entries,  and 
includes  nearly  all  that  has  been  written 
on  the  subject. 


SOCIETIES. 


Asiatic. — Jan.  9. — Sir  Raymond  West,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair.- — Mr.  Fleet  read  a  paper  on  the  inscrip- 
tion on  the  relic- vase  which  was  found  in  1898  in  a 
ruined  stupa,  or  memorial  mound,  at  Piprawa,  in  the 
Basti  district,  United  Provinces  of  Agra  and  (hide. 
An  ancient  Pali  book  the  '  Mahaparinibbanasutta ' 
tells  us  that,  on  the  death  of  Buddha,  his  corpse 
was  cremated.  Everything  was  consumed,  save 
only  the  bones.  The  bones  were  divided,  as  relics, 
into  eight  portions,  and  were  distributed  to  various 
claimants.  One  portion  was  allotted  to  the  Sakyas 
of  Kapilavatthu  on  the  strength  of  their  claim, 
"The  Blessed  One  was  our  chief  kinsman."  And 
the  Sakyas  built,  at  Kapilavatthu,  a  memorial 
mound  over  their  share  of  the  relics.  It  has 
hitherto  been  believed  that  the  inscription  on  the 
Piprawa  relic-vase  stamps  the  mound  in  which  it 
was  found  as  the  stupa  which  was  erected  by  the 
Sakyas  in  these  circumstances.  Mr.  Fleet  now 
showed  that  that  interpretation  of  the  record  is 
erroneous.  What  the  record  really  says  is  :  "  This 
is  a  deposit  of  relics  of  the  brethren  of  the  Well- 
famed  One,  the  kinsmen  of  Buddha  the  Blessed 
One,  together  with  their  sisters  and  their  children 
and  wives."  And  the  event  witli  which  it  is  in 
reality  connected  is  a  great  massacre  of  the  Sakyas 
of  Kapilavatthu  which  was  perpetrated  l>v  Vidfi- 
dabha,  King  of  SavatthI,  as  fully  recorded  in  the 
Buddhist  hooks.  The  remains  and  relics  found  in 
the  Piprawa  Stupa  are,  in  tact,  the  remains  and 
relics  of  the  townspeople  of  Kapilavatthu  who 
were  then,  with  a  few  except  ions,  ruthlessly 
slaughtered,  men,  women,  and  children.  And  now, 
for  the  first  time,  we  see  the  meaning  of  the 
curious  nature  of  the  articles  (numbering  more  than 
seven  hundred)  which  were  found  in  the  stupa 
along  with  the  inscribed  relic-vase.  Those  articles 
include  women's  trinkets  and  household  treasures, 
children's  playthings,  and,  in  short,  many  a  thing 
unnecessary,  if  not  actually  unsuitable!  in  con 
nexion  witli  any  enshrining  of  the  relics  of  a 
teacher  or  a  saint,  but  most  appropriate  in  con- 
nexion witli  whal    we  now  see  was  the  real  State  of 

the  case.     The  value  of  the  record,  in  fixing  the 
position  of  Kapilavatthu  at  or  verycloseto  Piprawa, 

remains     unimpaired.       A     new     point     of     interest 

brought  out  by  Mr.  Fleet  is  that  the  record 

the  origin  of  the  tribal   name  of  the   people   from 
whom  Buddha  sprang.    The  "  Kinsmen  of  Buddha," 


Buddhassa  sakiya,  became  the  tribe,  the  Sakiyas, 
and  then  by  contraction  the  Sakyas,  of  the 
traditional  literature  which  afterwards  grew  up. 
And  from  the  tribal  name  which  thus  originated 
there  came  the  appellation  of  Buddha  as  Sakyamuni, 
"the  Sakya  saint,"  which,  so  far  as  definite  dates 
go,  is  first  found  in  the  Rummindel  inscription  of 
Asdka,  incised  238  years  after  the  death  of  Buddha. 
A  full  exposition  of  the  whole  matter — including 
the  proof  of  the  meaning  of  the  text  of  the  record, 
and  the  evidence  that  it  is  the  oldest  Indian 
record  yet  obtained  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Fleet's 
article  to  appear  in  the  January  number  of  the 
Society's  Journal.  There  are  other  mounds  at 
Piprawa  and  in  its  neighbourhood  which  have  not 
yet  been  examined.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a 
judicious  selection  may  be  made,  and  that  further 
explorations  may  be  carried  out.  There  is  no 
reason  why  the  stupa  which  was  erected  by  the 
Sakyas  of  Kapilavatthu  over  their  share  of  the 
relics  of  Buddha  should  not  be  found,  and 
identified  by  some  recoi'd  deposited  in  it. — A 
discussion  followed,  in  which  Di\  Grierson,  Dr. 
Hoey,  Prof.  Rapson,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Thomas  took 
part. 

Society  of  Antiquaries. — Ian.  11. — Mr.  W. 
Gowland,  V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — This  being  an 
evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows,  no 
papers  were  read.  The  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  :  Rev.  R.  H.  Lathbury,  Rev.  the  Hon. 
Kenneth  F.  Gibbs,  and  Messrs.  Horace  W. 
Sandars,  M.  F.  Tweedie,  J.  MacLehose,  and 
George  Marshall. 


Meteorological. — Jan.  17. — Animal  Meeting. — 
Mr.  Richard  Bentle}',  President,  in  the  chair. — 
The  Council  in  their  Report  stated  that  the 
new  scheme  of  lectures  and  exhibitions  had 
been  successfully  inaugurated  during  the  year, 
and  that  they  had  appointed  Mr.  W.  Marriott 
as  the  lecturer.  The  work  of  the  Kite  Com- 
mittee had  been  continued,  the  special  observa- 
tions being  carried  out  by  Mr.  G.  C.  Simpson  on 
board  the  Mission  steamer  Queen  Alexandra  in  the 
North  Sea.  The  number  of  Fellows  is  674,  being 
an  increase  of  16  on  the  year. — After  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  Symons  Gold  Medal  to  Sir  Richard 
Strachey,  the  President  delivered  an  address  on 
'  Meteorology  in  Daily  Life,'  in  which  he  referred 
to  the  increasing  interest  shown  throughout  the 
country  in  the  study  of  that  science,  and  to 
the  recent  advances  made  in  it,  more  especially 
in  the  analysis  of  the  composition  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  in  the  investigation  of  the  upper  currents  of 
the  air.  He  also  laid  stress  on  the  urgency  of  safe- 
guarding the  water  supply,  pointing  out  that  in 
the  reign  of  William  the  Conqueror  there  were 
barely  two  millions  of  inhabitants  in  these  islands, 
and  no  water  then  used  for  sanitation  or  manufac- 
tures, while  to-day  the  population  has  risen  to 
over  forty-two  millions,  and  most  of  the  surface 
lands  have  either  been  drained  or  built  over. — The 
officers  and  Council  for  the  ensuing  year  were 
elected. 


Philological.  Jan.  12.— Rev.  Prof.  Skeatin  the 
chair. — A  paper  by  Dr.  T.  K.  Abbott,  of  Dublin, 
'On  an  Marly  Lai  in-Knglish-  Basque  Dictionary." 
was  read  by  Dr.  Kurnivall.  Edward  Lhwyd,  the 
Celtic  antiquary,  1670-1700,  imagined  that  close 
affinities  existed  between  Irish  and  Basque,  and 
seems  to  have  directed  the  compilation  of  a  Latin- 
English-Basque  dictionary  which  is  among  his 
MSS.  in  Trinity  College.  Dublin.  The  compiler 
did  not  know  Latin.  He  took  Leicarraga's  transla- 
tion in    tin-   dialed    of  bower  Naval  re.  of  the   New 

Testament  (printed  1571),  made  from  the  Genevan 
French  Testament,  and  collated  it  with  the 
English    Authorized    Version,     So    he    naturally 

came    to   grief.      Many  of   the   examples   cited    will 

lie  found  in  Dr.  Abbott's  paper  vaNoteaand  Queries 

for  August    I9thlast.       Mr.  .1.   \V.     H.    Atkins    read 

'Some  Notes  on  "The  Owl  and  Nightingale.'"  The 
two  thirteenth-cent  ury  MSS.  were  stated  to  be  inde- 
pendent copies,  since  the  later  one.  .1  (MS.  Jesus 
('oil.  29),  supplies  certain  lines  which  are  wanting 
in  ( '  (  MS.  Cotton  Calig.  A.  i\. ).  .1  is  also  free  From 
certain  abBurd  forms  found  in  (':  while  1.  1721. 
inserted  in  C  after  1.  1735,  i  correctly  placed  in  .1. 
A  further  comparison  of  the  MSS.  buows  thai  •!  is 
greatly  inferior  to  C,  and  that  its  inferiority  arises 
from  systematic  scribal  alteration.     .1  persistently 


omits  unimportant  monosyllabic  words,  which  are 
not  always  necessary  for  the  sense,  but  which  the 
metre  requires.  In  the  same  MS.  the  word-order 
is  occasionally  varied,  not  always  for  the  better  ; 
and  there  also  occur  eight  instances  of  indefensible 
alteration  of  verbal  flexion.  Still  more  frequently  is 
the  diction  of  C  altered  ;  and  such  rhymes  as  manne: 
barme  (389-90),  hue.:  teone  (457-8),  of  J,  as  con- 
trasted with  manne :  banne,  leue  :  reue,  of  C,  illus- 
trate the  nature  of  these  substitutions.  With 
regard  to  the  language,  it  was  suggested  that  the 
regularity  of  the  orthography  of  J  is  due  to  the 
scribal  methods  already  mentioned.  Such  J  rhymes 
as  hayhte :  wrauhte  (105-6),  lifdayt :  islawe 
(1 141-2),  alongside  those  of  C,  hayfe  :  wra$te,  -daje  : 
islawe,  seem  to  point  to  a  falsification  brought 
about  in  the  course  of  adapting  the  original  forms 
(such  as  those  of  C)  to  a  certain  orthographical  sys- 
tem. O.  E.  to  is  with  one  exception  self-rhyming  : 
it  does  not  appear  to  have  fallen  together  as  yet 
with  O.E.  e.  Similarly  O.E.  long  as  and  ea  are  self- 
rhyming,  and  were  therefore  possessed  of  distinct 
sound-values.  In  1.  14  breche  (C)  might  be  retained 
in  preference  to  beche  (J).  Parallel  forms  exist  in 
Germanic  and  Mod.  English  dialects,  and  breche  on 
the  whole  seems  to  suit  the  context  better  than 
beche.  Spene  (165),  with  loss  of  d  after  n,  is  not 
necessarily  due  to  analogy  with  M.E.  went,  wende. 
It  more  probably  represents  the  beginning  of  an 
independent  linguistic  tendency,  the  effects  of  which 
are  frequently  found  in  M.E.  and  also  in  Mod.  Eng. 
dialects  (S.  and  S.W. ).  Faleici  (456),  cf.  iredi 
(488)  :  both  are  clue  to  analogy  with  O.E.  adjectives 
in  -ig.  On  account  of  the  numerous  feminine 
rhymes  in  the  poem  (masc. :  fern.  =1:3*7) — more 
numerous  than  in  certain  sections  of  Chaucerian 
verse — that  Chaucerian  characteristic  need  not  be 
due  to  Italian  influence,  for  no  such  influence  is  at 
work  here.  It  might  easily  be  the  mere  result  of 
setting  English  words  (with  accent  on  the  first 
syllable)  to  the  iambic  metre,  for  unless  the  final 
word  of  a  line  were  monosyllabic,  as  a  rule  a 
feminine  rhyme  wovdd  be  formed.  As  to  the  mean- 
ing which  underlies  the  poem  ;  it  is  a  debate  con- 
cerning two  distinct  types  of  poets  and  poetry  (cf. 
11.  927-8  and  1339).  Its  ultimate  intention  is  to 
bring  before  English  readers  the  merits  of  the  new 
love-poetry,  and,  while  recalling  the  virtue  of  the 
earlier  didactic  kind,  to  advocate  the  adoption  of 
love  as  a  legitimate  theme  of  the  native  poetry. 


Mathematical. — Jan.  11. — Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth, 
President,  in  the  chair.  —  Miss  Hilda  Phoebe 
Hudson,  Mr.  W.  F.  S.  Churchill,  and  the  Hon. 
B.  A.  W.  Russell  were  elected  Members. — The 
President  referred  to  the  loss  sustained  by  the 
Society  by  the  death  of  Prof.  C.  J.  Joly,  and  gave 
an  account  of  his  scientific  work.- — The  following 
papers  were  communicated  :  '  On  the  Monogeneity 
of  an  Algebraic  Function,'  by  Dr.  H.  F.  Baker, — 
'  On  the  Diffraction  of  Sound  by  Large  Cylinders,' 
by  Mr.  J.  \Y.  Nicholson, — and  'On  the  Expression 
of  the  so-called  Biquaternions  and  Triquaternions 
by  ineans  of  Quaternary  Matrices,'  by  Mr.  J. 
Brill. — Dr.  E.  W.  Hobson  made  an  informal  com- 
munication '  On  the  Representation  of  Functions 
of  Real  Variables.' 


resi  - 


Bibliographical. -/bb,  15. — Mr.   Faber,  lYe; 

dent,  in  the  chair.      Mr.  Sidney  bee  read  a  paper  on 

'An  Episode  in  Anglo-French  Bibliography  (1610).' 

After  alluding  tot  lie  numerous  English  translations 
from  the  French  during  the  sixteenth  century,  Mr. 
bee  showed  that  while   More's  'I'topia'    and   some 

other  works  originally  written  in    Latin,  mostly 

by    Scottish    professors,    had    been   translated    into 

French,  the  only  vernacular  literary  works  (as 
opposed  to  political  manifestoes)  which  found 
French  translators  were  those  of  .lames  I.,  and  for 
their  publication  in  French  the  king  himself 
arranged.  In  1610,  however,  Hall's  'Characters' 
(the  first  of  the  numerous  imitations  of  Theo 
phrastus)  was  translated    by  the   Sieur  I )e  Tourvel, 


and  to  Windebank  are  preserved  in  the  Record 
Office,  lie  was  a  friend  of  Cotgrave,  and  a  pane 
gyrical  letter  From  Ins  pen  appears  m  all  the 
earlj  editions  of  the  dictionary.  He  seems  to  have 
been  oonoerned  with  the  Frenoh  translations  of 
James  I. 's  works,  and  one  of  Ins  letters  complains 

thai    his    journeys    to    France    with  this  object  had 


84 


T  II  K     AT  II  EN  -K  I    M 


N    1082,  .i-n.  20,  1006 


been  left  unrewarded,  Thii  translation  bj  I  >• 
Tourvel  proved  tl  '    onch 

versions  ol  Ball's  worki    some  printed  it  l 
others  st  Paris,  the  latter  being  the  more  inti 
Ing,  u  produoed  without,  ana  even  in  -|nt<    of, 
In   lei/.  ( (reene'a  '  Panda  to     wt 
translated  into  French,  and  enjoyed  a  considerable 
populai  itj  in  l  ■  nun  \  and  a  half.     In 

li.r.i  Ba essayi  were  published  at    Paris  in  a 

version  whioh  was  reprinted  in  1021  and  1622,  and 
had  reai  bed  it-  seventh  edition  in  Hi.'iT.  The  same 
translator,  Baudonin,  also  brought  onl  a  French 
version  "i  'The  \\'i-cl"in  of  the  Ancients'  almost 
simultaneously  with  it-,  publication  in  English  in 
London.  The  chief  other  works  "t  Bacon  also 
found  Frenoh  translations,  and  several  ol  his  Latin 
writings  appeared  in  Fundi  earlier  than  in 
Enghan.  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury'a  'De  Veri- 
tate'  «,i-  published  in  Paris  in  Latin  in  1624,  and 
a  French  translation  appeared  in  1636.  No 
English  translation  lias  yet  been  undertaken.  In 
1624-5  two  French  versions  of  Sidney's  'Arcadia' 
appeared  simultaneously,  and  a  bvelj  quarrel 
ensued  between  its  translators.  'The  Man  in  the 
Moon,1  liv  Francis  Godwin  (1638),  and  'The  World 
in  the  Moon'  (1638),  by  Bishop  Wilkins,  were  also 
translated,  and  exercised  a  considerable  influence 
on  French  literal  inc.  Thus  the  rendering  nt 
English  literary  works  in  prose  into  French,  which 
began  in  1610,  soon  established  itself  as  a  custom, 
and  in  the  eighteenth  century  became  a  factor  of 
the  greatest  importance  in  the  development  of 
French  thought,  though  English  poetry  and 
English    drama    attracted    lint     little     attention. — 

Dr.  Garnett,  Mr.  Steele,  and  Mr.  Almack  took 
part  in  the  discussion. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEKK. 


M..v 


Ti  iv 


London  Institution,  6. — 'The   inner   life  of  the   House  of 

imons,  i  *i  W.  us.  Aubrey. 
Sociological,  s     'Sociolo  Academic   Subject,1   Prof. 

l!   U.  Werdey. 
Royal  Institution,  s,    '  impressioni  "i"  Travel  In  Chins  and  tin- 

K.ii  i  ii  .  Prof,  E.  il   Parker. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.    Discussion  on  "The  Blimiinv 

t i. >i»  of  Storm-Water  from  Sewerage  8ystenu'  and  'The 
Elimination  of  Suspended  Solids  and  Colloidal  Matters  from 
Sewage.1 

—  Ajithropologioal  B^0.— Annual  Meeting;  President's  Address, 

'Copper  and  i t >  Alloys  in  Antiquity 
Wed.     British  Numismatic, 8. — " Coinage  at  St.  David's  in  the  Time  of 
William  L,' the  President ;    A  Remarkable  Penny  of  Alfred 
the  Great,'  the  Direi  tor 

—  Qeological,  B.  -'The  Buttermere  and  Ennerdale  Qranophyre,' 

Mr.  It.  II.  Rastall:  'The  igneous  and  Associated  Sedi- 
mentary Hocks  of  Uangynog,  Caermarthenshire,'  Messrs.  T. 
Crosbie  Oantrill  and  H.  B.  Thomas. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.    'The  Planting  of  Waste  Lands  for  Profit,' 

Dr.  J.  NIebet, 
Tin  rag.  Royal 

—  Royal    Institution,    6.— 'Shakespeare,'    Lecture    II.,    Canon 

Seeching. 

—  London  Institution,  8.  -'Legal  History  of  Trades  LTnionism,' 

Mr  M.  N.  Drucquer.    (Travers  Lecture.) 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.—' Technical  Considera- 

tions in  Electric-Railway  Engineering,'  Mr.  P.  W.  Carter. 

—  Society  of  Ait-,    B.— "High-Speed    Electric    Machinery,    with 

Special  Reference  t«»  Steam  Turbine  Machines,'  Lecture  II.. 
l'rof.  s.  P.Thompson.    iHoward  Lecture.) 

—  s.niety  of  Antiquaries,  8.30.— '  Westminster  Hull  ami  Palace,' 
Mi    W   It.  LeUiaby. 

Institution  of  civil  Engineers,  B.— 'Prince  of  Wales  Pier, 
Falmouth,'  Mr.  T.  1!.  Qrigson  ;  '  Perro-Conorete  Pier  al  I'm 
fleet'  Mr.  II.  o.  II.  Btheridge     IStudents  Meeting.) 

Royal  Institution,  9  -'Waltei  Pater,   Mr.  A.  C.  Benson. 

Mathematical,  3.    Animal  Meeting. 

Koyal   institution,  8. — 'The  Church  in  Prance,'  Lecture  II.. 
Mr  ,i    B.  0.  Bodley. 


Em. 


Srtitntt  O3055ip. 

The  death  occurred  suddenly  on  Sunday 
last,  in  Pimlico,  of  Dr.  Hermann  Johann 
ftprengel,  a  scientific  writer  of  note,  who  dis- 
covered the  value  of  lyddite  as  a  powerful 
explosive.  Dr.  Sprengel  was  horn  near 
Hanover,  and  had  his  education  in  Germany, 
but  settled  in  London  in  18G2. 

A  m.w  small  planet  was  discovered  photo- 
graphically by  l'rof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Kbnig- 
Btunl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  27th 
ult.  Amongst  those  registered  there  by  Hen 
Kopff  on  the  same  night  was  one  which 
had  been  discovered  visually  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Metcalf  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  on  the  night  of 
December  5th. 

Dr.  Stbomoben  publishes  in  No.  40<>.">  of 
the  Astronomische  Xarliriclil.cn  a  continua- 
tion of  his  ephemeris  of  Giacobini's  comet 

(c,   1905).      Alter  passing  its  perihelion  early 

next  week,  ii  will  probably  be  visible  to  the 

naked    eye    in    the    evening,    situated    in    the 

south-western  part  of  the  constellation  Capri- 

COmUS,  so  that    it    will   he  low    in  the  heavens 
as  seen  in  any  part  of  Europe. 


FINE    ARTS 

■■  ♦ 

Till]    old    MASTERS     vi 

i;i  i:i.i\(.  ion    iiui  BE. 

(Second  N 

Tiir  second  room  at   Burlington  IL" 
mainly    devoted    to    Victorian    nit.      Wilkie 
is  seen  at  In    best   m  a  brilliant  pasticht  ol 
Teniers,  Sheep  washing  (No.    17).  and  as  a 

genera]  imitator  of  the  Dutch  in  an  exquisite 

composition.    The    Errand    l><>!/    (•'{").     His 
more  original   style  of  genre,   seen   in   The 
Rabbit  on  the  Wall  (68),  is  incomparably  li 
artistic.     The  curious  failure  of  the  sense  of 

fine  colour  and  rich  tone  which  befell  artists 

in  the  first  hah'  of  the  nineteenth  century  Lb 
manifest  in  the  dull  accomplishment  of 
Herring,     Webster,     Stark,    and     Vincent  ; 

while  the  abysmal  depths  to  which  artistic 

intelligence  sank  are  seen  in  Sir  E.  Land- 
seer's  Cat's-paw  (50).  Perhaps  the  most 
novel  picture,  though  by  no  means  the  best, 
in  this  room  is  the  Hilton,  Portraits  of  Mrs. 
de  Wint  and  her  Daughter  (02).  This  is 
handled  with  a  mastery  of  the  brush  which 
still  recalls  Kaeburn.  but  the  pink-and-white 
flesh  and  the  blankness  of  the  design  already 
prepare  the  way  for  the  later  Millais  and  Mr. 
James  Sant. 

It  is  a  relief  to  hasten  to  the  third  gallery. 
dominated  as  it  is  by  Reynolds's  triumphant 
portrait  of  Dr.  John  Ash  (73).  It  is  one 
of  those  splendid  compositions,  at  once 
simple  and  rich,  which  show  that  Reynolds 
had  acquired  a  greater  command  of  artistic 
resource,  and  used  it  with  a  more  unerring 
taste,  than  any  other  British  painter.  This 
is  worthy  almost  of  Titian  or  Rubens,  and 
scarcely  another  portrait  painter  can  lay 
claim  to  have  given  so  much  pictorial 
splendour  to  the  subject.  The  building-up 
of  the  design  upon  a  diagonal  line  is  masterly 
in  its  art  and  in  the  subtle  concealment 
thereof  ;  and  the  colour-scheme  is  wrought 
out  with  such  unity  that  one  is  conscious 
not  so  much  of  colours,  rich  though  they 
are,  as  of  colour.  Reynolds's  own  portrait 
of  himself  (86)  is  another  masterpiece  of 
perfectly  unified  handling,  and  here  again 
the  colour  becomes  entirely  elusive,  so  that, 
while  one  has  an  impression  of  intensity 
and  richness,  one  could  scarcely  name  a 
single  tint.  The  sumptuous  portrait  group 
of  Jane,  Countess  of  Harrington,  and  her  Two 
Sons  (87),  is  pitched  in  a  different  key,  more 
obvious  in  its  effects,  and  for  once  Reynolds 
seems  to  have  sacrificed  distinction  of  style 
to  a  vivid  impression  of  life  in  the  head  of 
the  Countess.  He  redeems  himself  from 
this  charge  in  the  delicately  refined  portrait 
of  Miss  McQitt  (SO),  where  French  rather 
than  Italian  or  Flemish  influences  seem  to 
prevail.  Of  great  interest  as  portraits 
d'apparat  are  the  two  gigantic  canvases  of 
George,  III.  and  Queen  Charlotte  (82  and  84), 
which  are,  we  believe,  the  result  of  Key- 
nolds's  refusal  to  continue  his  office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  Academy  unless  he  was  at  least 
once  called  upon  to  paint  its  royal  patrons. 
In  spite  of  their  magnificence  and  tin'  extra- 
ordinary technical  skill  they  display,  they 
are  uninspired  and  laboured  productions,  and 
might  well  justify  the  king  in  preferring 
Gainsborough's  more  spontaneous  attitude. 

Of   the   Gainsboroughs   in    this   room,    and 
indeed    in    the    whole    exhibition,    the    finest 

is  Col.   Shuttleworth's  portrait    of  Oiardini 

(78).     It   is  one  of  the  purest  and  most  perfect 

expressions  of  Gainsborough's  genius.     The 

gesture    <>t    the    hands    and    the    play    of    the 

features    have    the    momentariness    ^i    life 

itself:      the    colour,    with    its    daring    scarlet 
ami  pale  luminous  tlesh  with  bluish  shadow-. 


idinarily  happ>         I    ■  ■  '  •  thing  in  the 

•ht,   but    it    i-   the  rightnesa  of 
instinct,  and  ict   oi  calculation:    and  it   i- 

.  -ised  wit  h  so  delicate,  rapid,  and  flatter- 
ing h  touch  that  one  (eelfl  us  though  the 
painter  had  only  to  think  the  vi-mn,  and  it 

there  upon  the  canvas  ;   hand.-,  brushes, 

and   paint-  seem   toolfl   tOO  clumsy   for  such  a 

re-uh.     Very  different,  much  1.  — sductive, 

but    noble   and   sincere   none   the   less,    i-    Mr. 

Fairfax   Mm'  igfa  of  Thomas 

Havtland  ('.Mi.  an  earlier,  more  careful  work, 

but  showing  already  in  the  hands  Grains- 
borough's  tremulous  certainty  <>f  touch. 
The    Duke    of    Rutland's    landi  7  'hi 

Woodcutter's  Home  (05),  in  spite  oi  certain 
exquisite  passages  in  the  figures  and  in  the 
extreme  distance,  is  too  coppery  in  tone  to 

•  her. 

The  post  of  honour  at  this  end  of  the 
gallery  is  given  to  an  early  copy  oi  Van 
Dyck's  portrait  of  The  DuJa  of  Richmond. 
The  original,  which  belonged  to  Lord  Mcthuen 
is  now  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum.  New 
York.  The  present  version,  though  quite 
respectable  as  a  copy,  can  hardly  claim 
anything  of  Van  Dyck's  handiwork.  On 
the  other  hand,  Col.  Warde'.-  St.  Sebost 
(97) — hitherto,  we  believe,  unknown  to 
connoisseurs — is  an  interesting  early  at- 
tempt at  a  subject  which  fascinated  thearti-t. 
In  tiiis  he  has  not  arrived  at  an  entirely  satis- 
factory disposition  of  the  figures.  The  horse- 
man to  the  right  is  scarcely  a  part  of  the 
composition,  and  seems  drawn  with  un 
tainty  for  that  reason.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  passages — such  as  the  gaily  dressed 
negro  boy  with  the  sheaf  of  arrows  and  the 
reflection  of  the  white  cloth  in  the  execu- 
tioner's armour — which  are  painted  with 
intense  delight  and  certainty  of  effect.  But 
of  all  the  Van  Dycks  here  the  quite  early 
portrait  of  Snyders's  Wife  (104)  is  the  fin 
Indeed,  it  ranks  high  among  all  the  works 
of  this  period.  The  cold  grey  colour-scheme, 
with  its  inky  distance  and  slaty  curtain,  is 
as  original  as  it  is  perfect,  and  against  this 
the  flesh  tells  with  a  relief  and  luminosity 
that  are  marvellous.  The  near  neighbour- 
hood of  a  very  fine  Dobson,  Portraits  of  Sir 
C.  CotiercU,  W.  Dobson,  and  Sir  Balthazar 
Gerbicr  (105),  raises  some  interesting  points 
of  comparison.  No  doubt  Van  Dyck  him- 
self had  lost,  by  the  time  Dobson  was  under 
him,  something  of  the  full  force  and  intensity 
of  his  early  manner  ;  but  with  Dobson 
everything  is  still  further  smoothed  down: 
the  drawing  becomes  more  stylistic,  and  the 
modelling,  even,  polished  and  unaccented. 
But  for  all  that  Dobson's  is  a  fine  picture, 
painted  with  careful  taste  and  a  manly- 
sense  of  character. 

We  have  only  alluded  in  passing  to  the 
great  Franz  Hals  which  hangs  on  this  wall. 
It  is  described  as  a  Portrait  Croup  of  the 
Painter  and  his  Family  (102).  The  man's 
face  is  certainly  like  Hals  as  seen  in  the 
Amsterdam  picture  of  himself  and  his  second 
wit'.-,  but  the  likeness  is  by  no  means  abso- 
lute. The  woman  in  Col.  Warde's  picture 
is  evidently  not  the  Lysbeth  Keyniers  of  the 

Amsterdam  picture,  so  that,  if  this  picture 
is  of  Hals  and  his  family,  she  must  be 
the  first  wife.  But  this  makes  it  clear 
that  the  picture  cannot  properly  be  called 
Eals's  family.  Hals  married  his  first  wife. 
Anneke  Hermans/.,  in  Hill,  and  she  died 
in  1616,  so  that  the  son  horn  in  the  first 
year  could  not  possibly  in  his  mother's 
lifetime  have  attained  the  age  here  repre- 
sented. On  the  whole,  then,  we  must  decide 
that,  in  spite  of  a  certain  likeness  in  the  man's 
face   to    Hals   himself,  another   title   must    be 

Found    for    this    remarkable    picture.     The 

Canvas  has  at  one  time  been  folded  in  half. 
and  has  Buffered  considerably  in  the  central 
portion  ;    but  otherwise  it   is  a  magnificent 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


85 


example  of  Hals's  handling  at  its  boldest. 
The  splendid  assurance  and  the  certainty 
with  which  the  simplest  means  are  made 
to  convey  so  vivid  and  intense  a  present- 
ment are  admirable  ;  so,  too,  are  the  daring 
economy  of  colour  on  so  large  a  scale,  and 
the  genuinely  humorous  and  naive  interpre- 
tation of  life.  But  the  picture  fails  to  please 
entirely  as  a  composition.  The  figures — 
each  excellent  by  itself — are  related  with  too 
little  art  for  the  picture  to  have  great  deco- 
rative charm,  and  the  marvellous  success 
in  mere  verisimilitude  appears  too  slight  a 
motive  to  justify  this  grand  scale. 

Before  leaving  this  gallery  to  treat  in  a 
subsequent  article  of  the  more  modern 
painters,  we  must  notice  the  Earl  of  Darnley's 
Jordaens,  a  portrait  of  The  Artist's  Wife 
(103).  The  man  behind  is  somewhat  feebly 
modelled,  but  the  woman's  figure — painted 
in  variations  upon  scarlet  and  with  large 
aggressive  modelling — gives  the  measure  of 
Jordaens's  very  individual  talent.  It  would 
not  have  been  such  as  it  is  without  Rubens  ; 
still,  it  is  no  mere  adaptation,  but  another 
vision  which  Rubens  could  not  himself  have 
conceived.  If,  as  we  believe,  the  Lady  with 
a  Dog  (99)  is  also  by  Jordaens,  he  was  not 
always  so  well  able  to  assert  himself  against 
the  pervading  influence  of  his  greater  rival. 


ACADEMICIANS    AT    THE 
CARFAX   GALLERY. 

The  announcement  that  the  Carfax 
Gallery,  hitherto  associated  with  the  younger 
school  of  English  painting,  had  invited 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy  to  exhibit 
onjjits  walls,  has  aroused  no  little  curiosity, 
further  piqued  by  the  simultaneous  report 
that  the  painters  of  the  New  English  Art 
Club  and  others  who  are,  so  to  speak,  "  of 
the  Opposition  "  are  to  have  their  work 
hung  at  Messrs.  Agnew's.  The  latter  show 
has  been  postponed  ;  but  the  Carfax  Gallery 
has  already  opened  its  doors.  We  do  not 
know  that  the  Gallery  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  what  many  will  think  a  desertion  of  its 
colours.  But  the  Academicians  can  con- 
gratulate themselves  on  being  seen  really 
to  advantage,  instead  of  in  the  jostling 
crowd  and  glare  of  Burlington  House. 
Here  the  pictures  have  elbow-room  and 
pleasant  relief  in  a  well-chosen  background 
of  quiet  colour.  Yet  the  effect  of  the  collec- 
tion is  not  striking.  It  is  true  that  it  does  not 
represent  the  utmost  of  which  the  present 
members  of  the  Academy  are  capable,  and 
Mr.  Orchardson  is  absent.  But  it  reflects 
in  small  the  general  atmosphere  of  the 
regular  Academy  exhibition,  its  variety  and 
incoherence  of  aim  and  method. 

What  does  the  Academj'  stand  for  ? 
What  tradition  does  it  uphold  ?  What 
does  it  inculcate  on  its  students  ?  A  visit 
to  the  Carfax  Gallery  ought  to  enable  one 
to  find  some  answer  to  these  questions  ;  but 
we  fear  they  remain  purely  rhetorical. 
Some  traces  of  a  tradition  linger  in  the  work 
of  Mr.  Sant,  who  sends  a  picture  called  A 
Fair  Disputant  (No.  13).  The  hands  and  parts 
of  the  dress  are  finely  painted,  and  we  find 
delicacy  and  expressiveness  both  in  the 
drawing  and  in  the  handling  of  the  pigment  ; 
but  the  face  is  uninteresting.  Next  to  this 
hangs  a  study  of  two  children  reading  by 
firelight  (19),  by  Mr.  Bramley.  The  paint 
is  laid  on  frankly  and  directly — that  is, 
with  entire  sacrifice  of  luminosity.  It  is 
undeniably  clever,  and  sonic  years  ago  such 
work  could  have  been  called  novel,  though 
now  it  has  a  "  day  before  yesterday  "  air. 
The  Royal  Academy  may  prido  itself  on 
its  enlightened  liberality  in  encouraging 
modern  phases  and  advanced   movements  ; 


but  unfortunately  its  efforts  to  catch  up 
with  popular  opinion  are  nearly  always 
belated.  It  would  earn  much  more  respect 
if,  instead  of  making  what  appear  to  be  more 
or  less  unwilling  concessions  to  outside 
movements,  now  in  one  direction  and  now 
in  another,  it  moved  on  a  line  of  its  own. 
We  would  rather  see  it  given  over  to  aca- 
demic art,  capable  of  being  reproached  for 
the  academic  weaknesses  of  dryness,  austerity, 
and  coldness,  if  it  fostered  the  academic  in- 
sistence on  strenuous  discipline  and  severity 
of  draughtsmanship.  Whistler  disliked  the 
art  of  Ingres  ;  yet  he  wished  he  had  been  his 
pupil,  he  felt  how  much  that  severe  training 
would  have  strengthened  him.  But  even 
more  than  such  discipline  we  should  welcome 
a  devotion  to  the  principles  upheld  by  the 
Academy's  first  and  greatest  President.  The 
artist  who  reigns  in  Sir  Joshua's  place  con- 
tributes a  water-colour  of  Bamborough 
Castle  (6).  It  would  be  unfair  to  judge  this 
as  if  it  were  an  important  work  ;  but  un- 
deniably it  would  have  shocked  Reynolds, 
for  it  contravenes  his  habitual  precept  to 
concentrate  severely  on  essentials,  and  avoid 
that  "high  finishing  of  the  parts"  which, 
as  he  says,  so  far  from  being  really 
conscientious,  can  be  done  "  in  ease  and 
laziness."  The  Castle  on  its  seamed  crags 
is  a  magnificent  subject.  Cotman's  small 
etching  proves  how  impressive  it  can  be 
made.  Sir  Edward  Poynter's  treatment  is 
different.  The  Castle  itself  is  in  a  back- 
ground of  veiled  atmosphere,  and  one 
carries  away  an  impression  chiefly  of  red- 
roofed  barns  and  cows  in  a  meadow.  The 
bold  disdain  of  conventional  perspective  in 
these  roofs,  which  recede  in  beautiful  parallel, 
is  a  welcome  touch  of  vivacity  in  a  drawing 
which,  it  must  be  confessed,  inclines  to 
tameness. 

Under  this  hangs  what  is  probably  the 
best  thing  in  the  room,  a  small  portrait 
group  (7) — not  a  recent  work — by  Sir 
Laurence  Alma  Tadema.  Great  subtlety 
and  quiet  skill  are  shown  in  the  modelling 
of  these  heads  in  luminous  shadow,  their 
eyes  fixed  on  the  picture  before  them,  of 
which  the  spectator  sees  the  back.  Yet 
here  again  the  evenness  of  finish  all  over 
the  painting  prevents  the  real  charm  of  the 
picture  from  telling  as  it  ought.  Emphasis, 
fire,  concentration  ;  something  expressed 
at  the  cost  of  a  sacrifice,  but  expressed  with 
passion  and  conviction — this  is  what  one 
looks  for  in  the  work  of  artists  who  claim 
to  be  leaders  ;  but  this  is  what  is  painfully 
lacking  from  the  typical  Royal  Academy 
picture  of  to-day.  Hence  the  vigour  and 
dash  of  Mr.  Sargent's  sketch  of  a  Venetian 
interior  (17)  are  indeed  refreshing.  It  is  a 
pity  that  Mr.  Farsons's  landscape  (8) — so 
thorough  and  admirable  up  to  a  certain 
point — has  not  just  the  extra  gust  of  energy 
to  make  it  a  fine  picture.  Of  Mr.  Leader 
and  Mr.  MacWhirter  it  is  unnecessary  to 
speak  :  they  follow  their  chosen  ideals  with 
unswerving  loyalty. 

Mr.  Solomon  is  an  able  draughtsman  and 
an  accomplished  handler  of  paint  :  but  he, 
too,  might  learn  from  Reynolds  some  of  the 
reasons  why  he  fails  in  imaginative  subjects. 
His  Psyche  ( 1">)  is  a  clever  painting  of  a  nude 
figure  ;  but  in  an  ideal  subject  we  demand 
infinitely  more.  Forms  and  features  that 
suggest  only  a  pretty  model,  quite  out  of 
relation  with  the  attempt  at  imaginative 
background,  tin-  light  of  common  day  (as 
it    comes    into    the    studio) — those    have    no 

power  to  cany  us  into  the  world  where 
Psyche    lives.     To    think    for    the    briefest 

moment  of  Watts's  picture  is  to  feel  a  kind 
of  indignation  thai  Psyche — ono  of  the 
most  adorable  creations  of  the  human  mind. 

Vanima  sempKcetla  che  ea  nulla   -should  he 

handled  so  cheaply.     Sir  W.    B.    Richmond 


has  been  better  advised  in  his  treatment  of 
the  legend  of  Phaethon  (1).  He  has  made 
Phaethon  himself  an  insignificant  figure,  and 
painted  a  vision  of  earth  and  (we  suppose) 
moon  rolling  among  clouds,  while  the  white 
horses  of  the  sun-chariot  stagger  and  stumble 
in  the  blue  above.  Sir  William  Richmond's 
work  would  always  be  more  enjoyable  if 
we  did  not  feel  its  derivativeness.  In 
gravity  of  mood  and  dignity  of  design  his 
two  upright  Assisi  landscapes  (23  and  26) 
are,  however,  among  the  best  things  in  the 
room.  Mr.  Clausen  sends  four  contribu- 
tions of  various  dates  and  manners — none 
of  them  really  adequate  to  represent  his 
talent,  but  all  good  and  the  work  of  a  serious 
artist.  Another  of  the  strongest  artists  of 
the  present  Academy,  Mr.  Swan,  is  also  not 
at  all  typically  represented  by  his  Mole- 
Catchers  (35).  Mr.  Hubert  von  Herkomer 
sends  a  brilliant  Spanish  study  (33)  ;  Mr. 
Wyllie  an  ugly  Pool  of  London  subject  ; 
Mr.  Napier  Henry  two  water-colours  which 
look  like  oils  ;  and  Mr.  Frith  an  oil  (30) 
which  looks  like  a  highly  finished  water- 
colour.  Mr.  Gow's  largish  canvas  of  a  trivial 
incident  (10);  Mr.  Macbeth's  most  adequate 
illustration  of  an  absurdly  sentimental 
drawing-room  song  (9)  ;  Mr.  Solomon's 
admirable  stage  "  super,"  labelled  St.  George 
(21)  ;  and  the  rich  streaks  of  colour  in  Mr. 
Hacker's  thoroughly  decadent  La  Cigale  (4) 
attract  attention,  and  should  prove  popular. 


THE   DEPARTMENT   OF   COINS   IN  THE 

BRITISH   MUSEUM. 

The  British  Numismatic  Society, 
43,  Bedford  Square,  W.C. 

In  your  issue  of  the  6th  inst.  under  this; 

heading  you  say  :— 

"We  regret  to  find  that  in  our  notice  of    The 
British  Numismatic  Journal,  on   December  23rd, 

reiving  on  the  statements  there  made,  some 
misconceptions  and  misstatements  were  inad- 
vertently admitted,  which  may  have  conveyed  to 
our  readers  a  wrong  impression  with  regard  to  the 
honour  and  efficiency  of  the  staff  of  the  Coin 
Department  of  the  British  Museum." 

As  the  writer  of  the  article  in  The  British 
Numismatic  Journal  referred  to,  I  should  be 
obliged  if  you  or  the  Department  will  say 
what  statements  it  contains  which  could 
lead  to  either  misconception  or  misstate- 
ment. I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  any 
such  suggestions,  as  each  and  every  offmy 
criticisms  were  based  on  the  authority  of 
the  officials  of  the  Coin  Department  them- 
selves, as  testified  by  (1)  their  writings,  (2) 
their  publications,  (3)  their  replies  to  my 
inquiries,  (4)  their  information  supplied  to 
the  Blue-books.  If,  therefore,  they  will 
specify  any  alleged  inaccuracy  on  my  part. 
I  will  vouch  it  by  quoting  my  authority. 
P.  Caklyox-Brittox. 


Jfiur-Art  ©OSStp. 

Yesterday  and  to-day  was  the  private 

view  of  an  exhibition  of  water-colour  draw- 
ings of  '  Gardens  '  by  Mr.  George  S.  Elgood 

at  the  Fine-Art  Society's  rooms. 

Thh  private  view  of  the  eleventh  annual 
exhibition  of  tin-  Royal  Society  n\  .Miniature 

Painters  takes  place  to-day  at   the  Modern 
Gallery,  New  Bond  Street.     The  exhibition 

will    he    open    to    the    public    from    Monday 

next  to  February  24th. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Council  of  the 
Royal  Society  of   Painter-Etchers  and   En- 
gravers  Miss    Ethel   Stewart    was  elected   an 
\  jociate. 


.X(i 


T  II  E     A  T  II  EN  -i:  I'  M 


X    K)82,  Jah.  20,  L906 


K  oonnezion  with  the  exhibition  of  the 

■>taats    I'orbcs    collection   of   Millet    din-.' 

now  being  held  at   the   Leioeeter  Galleriea, 

Mi     1  [<  incmann  announces  a  volume  of   fifty 

facsimile  reproductions  of  Millet's  drawings. 

The  edition  i--  limited  to  300  copies,  and  will 
1m-  published  in  the  Bpring. 

'I'm:  new    Foreign  Associates  of  the  Fine- 
Art    section   of   the   Academic    Itoyale   ot    Be] 

gium  are  MM.  Jean  Paul  Laurens,  II.  Sfesdag, 

Rodin,  and  Sir  Aston  Webb. 

A\    interesting  discovery   has    just    been 

made    in     Parte      a    series    of    85    copperplates 

by    Rembrandt,    including   such    important 

ones  ns   'The   Descent    from  the  Cross,'   'The 

I U  Burrection  of  Lazarus,1  '  The  I  leath  of  the 

Virgin,'  '  Dr.  Faust,'  &C.  Out  of  the  collec- 
tion 45  have  been  found  to  be  in  perfect  con- 
dition.     It   has   been   presented   to  the    Kyks 

Museum  by  the  proprietors  of  IS  Artiste,  but 
a    limited    number    (100)    of   examples    on 

Japanese  paper  will  be  offered  for  subscrip- 
tion at  l,000fr.  per  album.  The  collection 
is  said  to  have  belonged  to  Mariette,  who 
was  "  Controleur  General  de  la  Grande 
Chancellerie  de  France "  and  a  collector 
and  author.  He  died  in  1774  ;  but  we 
have  not  found  any  entry  in  his  sale  of 
1768,  nor  in  either  of  the  sales  in  the  year 
after  his  death,  to  correspond  with  these 
copperplates.  Their  history  will  probably 
be  fully  discussed  in  the  preface  which  will 
accompany  the  above-mentioned  limited 
issue  of  the  reprint. 

The  existence  of  several  almost  unknown 
drawings  by  Fragonard  is  reported.  In  the 
library  of  the  Faeulte  de  Medecine  at  Mont- 
pellier  there  are  seven  drawings  by  this  artist 
— six  in  red  chalks  and  one  in  bistre.  The 
public  library  at  Besancon  contains  over 
thirty  drawings  by  Fragonard,  bequeathed 
in  1819  by  the  artist's  friend  the  architect 
Paris.  Some  of  these  were  probably  in- 
tended for  illustrations  to  La  Fontaine's 
*  Contes,'  and  they  will  for  the  first  time  be 
exhibited  to  the  public,  with  other  drawings 
by  artists  of  the  eighteenth  century,  at  the 
forthcoming  Exposition  Retrospective  des 
Arts  Comtois,  to  be  held  at  Besancon  under 
the  direction  of  MM.  Georges  Berger  and 
Henri  Bouchot. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  of  New  York, 
which  is  showing  an  enterprise  very  different 
from  the  apathy  of  our  own  authorities,  has 
just  secured  M.  Leon  Lhermitte's  picture 
'Chez  les  Humbles,'  which  figured  in  last 
year's  show  of  the  Societe  Nationale. 


MUSIC 


LONDON  [SYMPHONY    ORCHESTRA 
IN    PARIS 

The  second  London  Symphony  Concert 
at  the  Chiitelet  Theatre  on  Friday,  the  12th 
inst.,  attracted  a  ver^v  large  audience,  and 
the  |  programme  gave  far  better  oppor- 
tunities to  the  Leeds  singers.  It  opened 
with  Berlioz's  '  Benvenuto  Cellini  '  Over- 
ture, '  given  under  the  direction  of  M. 
Edouard  Colonne,  who  is  in  strong  sym- 
pathy with  the  music  of  the  great  French 
master  ;  and  at  the  close  not  only  the 
audience,  but  also  the  orchestra,  gave  him 
a  special  welcome.  '  The  Challenge  of  Thor,' 
from*  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  'King  Olaf,' 
though  well  sung,  was  scarcely  impressive  ;  it 
was  only  a  brief  excerpt,  and  more- 
over it  does  not  represent  the  com- 
poser at  his  later  and  stronger  period. 
The  difficulty  of  selecting  anything  from 
'The  Dream  of  Gerontius  '  or  from  'The 
Apostles  '    is.     however,     self-evident.       On 


tin-   other    band,    the-    three    movements — 

lie,1        l-aeryinosa,'     and     '  ( MTer- 

torium  '     Erom  Sir  Charles  Villier   Stanfoi 
Requiem '  gave  a  fair  idea  of  the  oompo 
reoenl     art  work.     The     ohorus     and     the 

soloists      Miss       Perceval       Allen,       Madame 

M.irie  Brema,  and  Messrs.  John  Coatee  and 
Plunkel  Greene  were  all  (and  very  natu- 
rally) determined  to  render  justice,  BO  far 
as    lay    in    their    power,    to    the    coiupo 

work.  French  critics  cannot  fail  to  recog- 
nize the  masterly  writing,  but  it  will  be 
curious  to  hear  what  they  think  of  Sir 
Charles  Stanford's  music,  which  in  itfl 
sedateness  is  so  different  from  that  of  French 
composers.  We  shall  hope  next  week  to 
quote  from  one  or  two  notices  by 
well-known  French  critics.  The  '  Sanctus  ' 
from  Bach's  B  minor  Mass  was  superbly 
sung,  yet,  owing  to  the  drawback  men- 
tioned last  week,  the  choral  singing  seemed 
shorn  of  some  of  its  brilliancy  and  power; 
the  performance,  however,  evidently  gave 
high  satisfaction.  After  a  short  pause  came 
Beethoven's  Ninth  Symphony,  and  the  three 
instrumental  movements  proved  a  triumph 
for  the  orchestra  ;  the  rendering  of  the 
Scherzo  was  particularly  fine.  A  French 
musician  with  whom  we  conversed  after  the 
concert  was  specially  pleased  with  Sir 
Charles's  tempo  for  the  slow  movement  ;  the 
French  conductors,  he  inferred,  made  of  the 
movement  a  "  linked  sweetness  long  drawn 
out."  The  choral  part  was  very  good,  the 
high  and  long-held  A  of  the  sopranos  being 
remarkably  firm  in  tone.  The  soloists  were 
the  same  as  in  the  '  Requiem.'  After  the 
symphony  '  La  Marseillaise  '  was  sung, 
followed  by  '  God  save  the  King.'  Then 
there  was  hurrahing  and  frantic  applause — 
for  some  time,  indeed,  the  excitement  was 
intense.  It  was  gratifying  to  find  that  the 
bold  step  on  the  part  of  the  London  Sym- 
phony Orchestra  was  so  successful.  The 
demonstrations  of  approval  should  not, 
however,  be  misunderstood  ;  a  great  part 
was  obviously  intended  for  the  fine  playing 
and  the  fine  singing. 

It  remains  to  be  seen  how  far  the  exhibi- 
tion of  British  musical  art  was  appreciated 
by  the  public  and  the  critics.  The  pro- 
grammes were  not  all  that  could  be  desired  ; 
but,  let  us  add, Pt here  were  many  practical  diffi- 
culties, and  moreover  there  was  evidently  a 
desire  to  introduce  as  many  British  names 
as  possible  into  the  programmes.  LeMenestrel 
of  January  14th,  in  a  sympathetic  notice  of 
the  first  concert,  says  :  "  We  cannot  quite 
understand  why  works  like  Saint-Saens's 
'  Phaeton,'  Strauss's  '  Don  Juan,'  and  the 
'  Meistersinger '  and  '  Cellini  '  Overtures 
figured  in  the  programmes."  The  reason, 
however,  is  simple  :  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  of  course  wished  to  show  what 
they  were  capable  of  doing.  We  have  spoken 
about  the  disadvantage  at  which  the  choir 
was  heard  ;  but  the  orchestral  players, 
though  in  front,  were  all  on  a  level,  whereas 
M.  Colonne's  orchestra  is  arranged  in  tiers, 
whereby  much  more  sonorous  effect  is 
obtained. 


iHusical  (Gossip. 

'  Bluebell,'  which  is  now  being  given  at 
the  Aldwych,  was  spoken  of  in  our  dramatic 
column,  when  it  was  produced  in  1901.  as 
one  of  the  prettiest  of  Christmas  entertain- 
ments. We  wish  to  say  a  word  about  the 
music,  which,  if  in  one  or  two  places  not  far 
removed  from  the  commonplace,  is  as  a 
rule  refined  and  very  daintily  scored.  There 
really  seems  a  genuine  attempt  in  it  to  rise 
above  the  ordinary  dance  rhythms  prevalent 
•n  musical  comedy. 


\  imi  b  read  at  the  Lowestoft  oonfei 

of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians 
aroused  inten  -t  and  provoked  discussion. 
I >r    I-'.   .).   Sawyer'i   subject    was    'Modem 

Harmony  a-  exemplified  in  the  Works  of 
Blgar,  St  ran-,  and  DebuSSy,1  three  promi- 
nent men,  "all  earnestly  desirous  of  ad- 
vancing our  e>  which  can  at 
stand  still."'  He  reminded  those  who  scofl 
.■i  modern  music  of  Elusion's  saying,  "The 

gibes  of  one  gen.  ration   are   the   seeds   from 

which  spring  the  praises  of  the  next";  but 
Dr.  Cummings  in  the  discussion  quoted 
Edward  Poynter,  who,  in  a  lecture  recently 
delivered    at   the   Royal   Academy  of    Art, 

advised  his  hearers  "not  to  be  misled  by 
eccentricity."  it  i-  certainly  well  to  i. 
abreast  of  the  times,  but  not  to  be  carried 
away  by  mere  novelty  ;  and,  like  some,  to 
look  upon  the  masters  of  the  past  as  little 
more  than  Stepping-stones  hading  to  the 
mixed  art  of  the  present  day. 

An  interesting  paper  was  read  by  Mr. 
Clifford  Edgar  before  the  members  of  the 
Musical  Association  last  Tuesday.  It  was 
entitled  '  Mozart's  Early  Efforts  in  Opera,' 
and  illustrations,  instrumental  and  vocal, 
were  given  from  works  known  only  by  name 
to  many  musicians. 

The  Xora  Clench  Quartet  announces  a 
series  of  six  chamber  concerts  at  the  Bech- 
stein  Hall  on  the  evenings  of  February  5th 
and  19th,  March  5th,  19th,  and  27th,  and 
April  0th.  The  scheme  includes,  in  addition 
to  various  standard  classical  works,  quartets 
by  Hugo  Wolf  and  Debussy,  Sir  Charles  V. 
Stanford's  Pianoforte  Quintet  in  d  minor, 
and  Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke's  Quintet  for  horn 
and  strings. 

A  Vocal  Recital,  given  at  the  Erard 
Rooms  in  Paris  on  the  11th  inst.,  deserves 
a  word  of  mention.  The  artists  were 
Madame  Marie  Brema,  Miss  Rose  Ettinger, 
and  Messrs.  John  Coates  and  Francis  Braun. 
The  programme  was  of  exceptional  merit, 
and  the  artists  met  with  great  and  de- 
served success,  especially  Mr.  John  Coates, 
who  sang  in  Paris  for  the  first  time. 

Mozart  is  being  specially  honoured  at 
Ratisbon  this  week.  The  '  Zauberflote  '  was 
announced  for  yesterday,  '  Don  Juan '  is  to 
be  given  to-day,  and  '  Figaro '  to-morrow, 
by  members  of  the  Munich,  Vienna,  and 
Dresden  court  opera-houses  respectively. 
General musikdirektor  Mottl  has  been  invited 
to  conduct  all  three  performances.  The 
AUgemeine  Musik  -  Zeitung  notes  the  fact 
that  the  birth-house  of  Schikaneder,  who 
wrote  the  libretto  of  the  '  Zauberflote,'  is 
still  standing  in  Ratisbon. 

Madame  Wanda  Landowsea,  the  cele- 
brated performer  on  the  harpsichord,  gave  a 
recital  at  Vienna  last  month  with  the 
following  original  and  attractive  title:  'Pas- 
toral Music  of  the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth, 
and  Eighteenth  Centuries." 

We  learn  with  deep  regret  of  the  death  of 
Lady  Bridge,  wife  of  Sir  Frederick  Bridge, 
organist  of  Westminster  Abbey 

The  Tdgliche  Rundschau  ""recently  pub- 
lished three  hitherto  unknown  letters  from 
Richard  Wagner  to  Ferdinand  Luube.  The 
latter  had  taken  Wagner  under  his  pro- 
tection in  early  days,  and  had  written  in 
the  Zeitung  fur  die  elegant*  Welt  a  highly 
favourable  notice  of  Wagner's  symphony 
produced  at  Leipsic  in  1S33.  For  years 
they  were  on  very  friendly  terms,  as  the 
firsl  two  of  the  above-named  letters  show. 
But  a  scathing  criticism  by  Laube  of  the 
•Meistersinger'  put  a  sudden  end  to  the 
friendship.  The  last  letter,  written  from 
Lucerne,  runs  as  follows  : — 

Dbab  Laube  !  1  should  feel  greatly  obliged  to 
you  if  yon  would  use  your  influence  at  the  Leipsic 


N°4082,  Jan.  20,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


87 


Stadttheater  so  that  my  operas  may  never  he  given 
there  again.  In  anticipation  of  a  friendly  fulfil- 
ment of  my  request,  I  remain  yours  truly,  R.  W. 

Laube,  it  may  be  added,  was  director  of 
thetheatre  in  question. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Sun. 


Mon. 

Tuns. 


Wed. 
Thi-rs 


Sat. 


Sunday  Society  Concert.  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hail. 

iMr.  F.  Warren's  Song  Recital,  8.30.  .Eulian  Hall. 

Miss  Sunderland   and    Mr.  Thistleton's  Old  Chamber  Music 

Concert,  4,  Broadwood'B. 
Alma  Mater  Male  Chorus,  K.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Mr.  Theodore  Bvards  Concert,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Mile.  Marie  Dubois  and  Mr.  .Ian  Hambourg's  Pianoforte  and 

Violin  Recital.  :>,.  .Eolian  Hall. 
Miss  Barbara  Thornlev  s  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Mr.  B.  Ansell's  Concert.  8.16,  Stcinway  Hall. 
Royal  Choral  Society.  8,  Albert  Hall. 
Broad-WOOd  Concert.  8.30,  /Kolian  Hall. 
Cnappell's  Ballad  Concert, ;>.  Queen's  Hall. 
Popular  Concert  for  Children  and  Young  Students.  :i,  Steinway 

Hall. 
Miss  Agnes  Fencing's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8.30,  .Eulian  Hall. 
Scotch  Concert.  7.OT.  Albert  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

New  Royalty. — Heureuse,  Comedie  en 
Trois  Actes.  Par  Maurice  Hennequin 
et  Paul  Bilhaud. — La  Rafale,  Piece  en 
Trois  Actes.  Par  Henry  Bernstein. — 
Le  Paon,  Comedie  en  Trois  Actes  et  en 
Vers.     Par  Francis  de  Croisset. 

First  given  at  the  Paris  Vaudeville  on 
February  26th,  1903,  '  Heureuse '  suc- 
ceeded in  provoking  to  a  species  of  hostile 
comment  a  portion  of  the  ordinarily  lenient 
Parisian  press,  and  was,  in  one  quarter 
■at  least,  taxed  with  Sadisme.  It  is, 
indeed,  more  than  a  little  repellent,  and 
it  needs  the  eminent  gifts  of  Madame 
Rejane  to  secure  a  condonation  of  the 
liberties  it  takes.  Though  announced  as 
a  comedy,  it  was  played  as  broad  farce,  and 
as  such  only  could  it  obtain  acceptance. 
The  theme  seems  to  have  been  suggested 
by  '  Divorcons,'  but  the  treatment  goes 
far  beyond  that  of  M.  Sardou's  in  some 
respects  epoch-marking  work.  Weary  of 
a  husband  whom,  on  account  of  his  addic- 
tion to  bucolic  pursuits,  she  pronounces 
a  rustre,  Gilberte  de  Chateau-Laplante 
tells  him  that  she  has  taken  a  lover,  and, 
with  some  little  difficulty,  induces  him 
to  believe  and  divorce  her.  In  the 
second  act  we  discover  her  married  to 
what  is  in  England  called  the  co- 
respondent. She  is,  however,  as  far 
removed  as  ever  from  being  happy,  and 
applies  to  herself  the  lex  talionis  in  a 
fashion  not  previously  essayed.  Having 
cuckolded — euphemisms  are  in  this  case 
futile — husband  number  one  witli  husband 
number  two,  she,  so  to  speak,  retraces  her 
steps,  and  cuckolds  number  two  with  num- 
ber one.  A  proceeding  of  the  kind  clearly 
escapes  the  charge  of  incest,  but  seems 
hardly  less  repugnant  to  social  or  ethical 
teaching.  By  rendering  it  in  her  broadest 
style  Madame  Rejane  contrived  t<>  mitigate 
its  unpleasantness.  In  so  doing  she  was 
supported  by  M.  Pierre  .Marnier,  who 
succeeded  M.  Dubosc  as  husband  number 
one,  and  played  in  similar  fashion, 
Madame  Suzanne  Avril  resumed  her 
original  part  of  Helene  Grisolles.  The 
play  commended  itself  to  a  public  which 


readily  accepts  anything  with   a  foreign 
cachet. 

'  La  Rafale  '  is  one  of  the  latest  and 
most   gruesome   of   the   social   satires   of 
M.  Bernstein.     It  was  given  at  the  Gym- 
nase  Dramatique  so  lately  as  October  20th, 
and  did  something  to  establish  the  reputa- 
tion   of    Madame    Simone    le    Bargy.     A 
world    more    despicable    than    that    into 
which    M.    Bernstein    introduces    us    has 
seldom  been  presented,  and  a  story  more 
repellent  has  rarely  been  told.     Married 
by    her    father    to    the    worthless    trans- 
mitter   of    a    noble    name,    Helene,    the 
heroine,   makes  no  attempt  to  take  her 
union  seriously,  but  furnishes  herself  with 
a  lover  even   more   despicable   than  her 
husband,  since  he  is  a  professional  gambler 
and  not   far  from   a   blackleg.     A   crisis 
soon  arises.     Robert — so  the  lover  is  called 
— has  lost  at  baccarat  not  only  all  he  him- 
self possesses,  but  also  a  large  sum  of  trust 
money,  and  is  face  to  face  with  open  dis- 
honour.   Vainly  Helene  tries  to  obtain  the 
required  sum  from  her  father  or  from  the 
sale  of  her  jewels,  and  she  has  ultimately 
to  secure  it  as  the  price  of  her  shame 
from    a    cousin-lover    she    has    formerly 
rejected.     Possessed    of    the    sum    thus 
earned,   she  hastes  to  Robert's  room  in 
time  to  hear  the  pistol  shot  with  which 
he  ends  his  crapulous  existence.     Repel- 
lent as  is  this  story,  it  gives  rise  to  some 
powerfully    written    and    eminently    dra- 
matic scenes,  the  best  of  which  is  that 
between  father  and  daughter,  when  from 
her    eagerness    and    passion    the    former 
learns   her    secret   and   chides    her,   only 
to    be    rebuked    by    her    for    the    loath- 
some marriage  contract  to  which  she  has 
been  subjected  by  him.     Madame  Rejane 
was  scarcely  seen  at  her  best  in  the  part 
of    the    heroine,    the    creator    of    which, 
as  has  been  said,  was  Madame  Simone  le 
Bargy.     M.  Pierre   Magnier  as  the  lover 
acted    with    admirable     brightness     and 
precision. 

Had  '  Le  Paon  '  of  M.  de  Croisset,  first 
produced  at  the  Comedie  Francaise  on 
July  9th,  1 904,  continued  as  it  opened,  it 
might  have  been  regarded  as  a  master- 
piece. It  begins,  however,  with  a  story, 
its  hold  of  which  in  progress  it  relin- 
quishes ;  its  verse  is  facile  rather  than 
inspired  ;  there  are  periods  when  a  sense 
of  dullness  is  begotten ;  and  its  characters 
are  not  true  to  themselves.  At  the  most, 
then,  it  can  be  credited  with  being  a 
pretty,  agreeable,  and  fantastic  enter- 
tainment. The  Baron  de  Boursoufle, 
known  for  his  vanity  and  braggart  airs 
as  "  le  paon,"  has  bet  his  friend  De  Brecy 
a  thousand  francs  that  he  will,  within  a 
week,  win  an  avowal  of  love  from 
Annette,  the  innkeeper's  pretty  niece. 
The  wager  he  wins  by  paying  the  girl 
extravagant  compliments,  derived  prin- 
cipally from  the  poets.  She  accompanies 
him  to  Paris,  where  he  tries,  on  the  shortest 
notice,  to  bring  her  out  as  a  great  artist, 
but  fails,  owing  to  her  nervousness.  In 
the  end  he  falls  in  love  with  and  marries 
her.  M.  de  Feraudy  gave  a  fine  piece  of 
acting  as  the  peacock  ;  and  Mile.  Marie 
Leconte  was  full  of  archness  and  charm 
as  Annette. 


Great  Queen  Street. — Alma  Mater,  in 
Four  Acts.     By  Victor  Stephany. 

The  new  play  by^Herr  Stephany  given 
at  the  Great  Queen  Street  Theatre  may 
be  regarded  as  an  amalgam  of  '  Alt- 
Heidelberg  '  and  '  Zapfenstreich,'  but  is 
inferior  in  treatment,  as  in  interest,  to 
either.  It  was  noisily  played,  and  can 
scarcely  be  regarded  as  a  satisfactory 
specimen  of  German  acting.  Fraulein 
Margarete  Russ  maintained,  however,  the 
precedency  among  her  companions  which 
she  has  established. 


La  Scala. — A  Eoyal  Divorce  :    a  Drama 
in  Five  Acts.     By  W.  G.  Wills. 

As  a  popular  and  spectacular  treatment 
of  the  later  life  of  Napoleon,  '  A  Royal 
Divorce,'  produced  at  the  Olympic  on 
September  10th,  1901,  has  some  merit. 
As  drama  it  is  of  small  account,  and  as 
history  of  none.  It  has  now  been  pro- 
vided with  an  altered  termination  by 
Mr.  George  Gervaise  Collingham,  showing 
Napoleon  on  July  31st,  1815,  in  Plymouth 
Harbour,  and  produced  at  the  Scala 
Theatre  with  Mr.  Frank  Lister  as  Napoleon, 
Miss  Edith  Cole  as  Josephine,  Mrs.  Cecil 
Raleigh  as  Marie  Louise,  and  Miss  Mary 
Jerrold  in  the  sympathetic  little  part  of 
Stephanie  de  Beauharnais.  A  favourable 
reception  was  awarded,  and  the  theatre 
seems  to  have  found  the  class  of  pieces 
for  which  it  is  best  adapted. 


Court.  — Afternoon    Performance:    The 
Electra  of  Euripides. 

In  producing,  in  a  rendering  by  Prof. 
Gilbert  Murray,  the  '  Electra '  of  Euri- 
pides, the  management  of  the  Court 
Theatre  lays  a  further  obligation  upon 
the  scholars  who  seek  for  the  master- 
pieces of  classic  tragedy  the  added  viva- 
city of  interpretation.  Not  so  well  as  in 
the  edifices  in  Orange  or  Avignon  may 
we  realize  the  features  of  an  open-air 
performance  on  the  Acropolis ;  but  a 
representation  such  as  was  given  on 
Tuesday  conveys  the  best  idea  to  be 
obtained,  under  unprosperous  conditions, 
of  an  Attic  performance.  Compared  with 
'The  Libation-bearers'  of  /Eschylus  and 
the  '  Electra '  of  Sophocles,  which  deal 
with  the  same  subject,  as  well  as  with 
the  '  Hippolytus  '  and  '  The  Trojan 
Women,'  the  '  Electra'  of  Euripides 
seems  tame,  spiritless,  and  undramatic. 
The  mere  task  of  perusal  is  not,  indeed, 
wholly  inspiriting.  When  given,  however, 
as  at  the  Court,  with  a  competent  Orestes 
and  an  admirable  Electra— with  a  Cly- 
temnestra  who  is  pleading,  and  a  chorus 
which  in  a  shuddering  fashion  shares  the 
malignity  as  well  as  the  craving  for 
justice  of  Electra  the  severe,  relent- 
less tragedy  asserts  itself,  and  the  whole 
impassions  "and  thrills.  The  appearance 
of  the  Dioscuri  at  the  close  was  well 
arranged,  and  the  rhymed  and  rhythmic 
chant  of  the  chorus  was  impressive.  One 
can  fancy  the  influence  of  the  former 
augmented    by  means    known    to  the  his- 


^s 


T  II  E     AT  II  EN  Ml)  M 


N    M)82.  Jam.  20,  1906 


trions,   but  the  genera]  effect   wsb  o 
powering  and  the  ezeoution  worthy. 

Prof.      Murray's     translation,     which     is 
that      used,      is    lofty,   grave,    and    solemn, 

oonveying  an  adnuraole  idea  of  the 
obligations   of   Hamlet    to   Orestes,    and 

the  less  direct,  hut  not  less  sensihle  in- 
debtedness oi  Milton  to  the  author.  The 
final  address  of  the  chorus  : — 

Farewell,  farewell !     Bat  he  who  oan  so  fare, 
And  Btumbleth  not  on  miaohief  anywhere, 

ed  i 'ii  cut li  is  he  ; 

recalls  to  as  the  no  less  magnificent  closing 
chorus  of  '  Samson  Agonistes,'  beginning, 

All  i-  beat,  though  we  oft  doubt, 
and   ending  with    the    noble    lines    telling 
how  He  His  servants 

With  peace  ami  ((insulation  hath  dismissed, 

And  calm  of  mind,  all  passion  spent. 


I.K  SONNET   D'ARVERS. 

7i,  Grosvenor  Road,  Highbury,  .V 
Nul  doute  que  la  dedicace  en  vers  a 
Mademoiselle  X.  dont  Pailleron  a  fait 
preceder  sa  piece  '  La  Souris '  ne  fut  inspiree 
par  le  celebre  sonnet  d'Arvers.  II  n'y  a  pas 
jusqu'a  la  difference  de  la  forme  qui  ne  fasse 
ressortir  l'identite  de  la  pensee,  la  parente  de 
sentiment  et  d'expression  des  deux  morceaux. 
Mais  l'interet  litteraire  de  la  question  n'est 
point  epuise  par  ce  rapprochement.  II  reste 
un  autre  a  constater.  II  n'y  a  pas  que 
Pailleron  qui  a  pris  son  bien  ou  il  l'a  trouve, 
car  le  sonnet  d'Arvers  n'est  pas  plus  original 
que  la  dedicace  de  'La  Souris.'.  ..  .Ovez 
plutot.  J 

Bst-il  tonrment  plus  rigourenx 

Que  de  bruler  pour  une  belle 

Et  n'oser  declarer  sea  feux  : 

Hi  las  !  tel  esl  mon  sort  affreux  ! 

Quoiqueje  sois  tendre  et  fidele, 
L'espoir,  qui  des  plus  malheureux 
Adoui  it  la  peine  mortelle, 
Ne  saurait  me  flatter  comme  eux. 

Et  ma  contrainte  est  si  cruelle 
Que  celle  vers  qui  vont  mesvoeux 

Lira  cc  ivcit  amoureux 

s.ins  savoirqu'il  est  fait  pourelle. 

C'est  moins  beau  peut  -  etre,  mais  il  est 
loisible  de  supposer  que  c'est  a  ces 
quatrains  presque  oublies  que  nous  sommes 
redeyables  du  sonnet  qui,  inspire  par  eux,  a 
inspire  a  son  tour  les  vers  de  Pailleron. 

Et  l'auteur  de  ces  quatrains  ? 

Un  nomme  Cocquard,  tout  court.  lis  se 
trouvent,  parait-il,  dans  un  petit  volume 
intitule  '  Poesies  de  Cocquard,'  Francois 
Desventes,  Editeur,  Dijon,  1754. 

A  tout  seigneur  tout  bonneur. 

D.  X.  Samson. 


Oram  at  ic  Out;, '.up. 

At  His  Majesty's  '  Oliver  Twist  '  has  been 
played  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednesday, 
and  '  An  Enemy  of  the  People  '  during  the 
remainder  of  the  week.  Mr.  Tree  announces 
a  forthcoming  revival  of  'Macbeth,'  with 
himself  as  the  Thane,  and  Miss  Constance 
Collier  as  Lady  Macbeth,  Mr.  Lyn  Harding 
as  Macduff,  and  Mr.  Basil  (Jill  as  Malcolm. 

'What's  the  Matter  with  London?' 
is  not,  as  might  be  supposed,  a  conundrum 
suggested  by  the  elections.but  the  title  of  a 
new  play  by  Judge  Parry  and  Mr.  Mouillot. 
which  is  to  be  tried  in  the  country  with  a 
view  to  its  ultimate  production  in  London. 

'  As  You  Like  It,'  with  the  cast  already 
announced,  has  been  transferred  from  the 
afternoon  to  the  evening  bill  at  the  St. 
James's. 


\.  English  adaptation  "t  'Alms  Mater/ 
the  production  <>f  which  is  noticed  above, 
i^  promised  for  tin-  approaching  spring. 

Tin:  Mi  i:i  ii  wr  oi    Vim.i    '  is  given  this 

evening  at  the  Garrick  for  the  last  time,  i> 
run  of  over  a  hundred  performanoei  would 
at  no  distant  date  have  been  considered  mar- 
vellous. Mr.  Bourchier  contemplates  a  re- 
vival of  'Much  Ado  about  Nothing.'  When  the 
run  concludes  of  '  Brother  Officers, '  Mr.  Leo 

Trevor's    military    comedy,    which    is    to    be 

revived  on  Monday,  Mr.  Bourohier  will  play 

the   hero  of   Mr.    Alfred    Sutro's   new  comedy 

'The  Fascinating  Mr.  Vanderveldt,'  a  | 

which  will  fir-t   be  jeen  in  America. 

Lights  Out  '  was  transferred  on  Monday 
bo  the  Savoy,  Miss  Eva  Moore,  Mr.  Churles 
Fulton,  and  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond  retaining  the 
principal  characters. 

Tin:  season  of  French  plays  at  the  Royalty 
will  be  suspended  at  the  close  of  February, 
to  begin  again  on  May  28th,  when  M. 
Coquelin  will  appear  with  the  company  of 
the  Gaite. 

Mii.  Axfbed  Sitro's  comedy  'The  Walls 
of  Jericho  '  has  obtained  a  warm  welcome  in 
the  Hague  and  other  Dutch  towns. 

Herr  Ludwto  Barnay,  the  well-known 
German  actor,  has  come  out  of  his  retire- 
ment to  undertake  the  management  of  the 
Schauspielhaus,  Berlin. 

'  The  Merchant  of  Venice,'  which  has 
run  for  fifty  nights  at  the  Deutsches  Theater, 
Berlin,  will  soon  give  place  to  '  Twelfth 
Night.' 

The  death  occurred  last  Sunday  evening 
of  the  author  and  dramatist  Herman  Charles 
Merivale,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  Never 
in  the  first  rank;  he  had  considerable  success 
with  some  of  his  pieces  for  the  stage,  such  as 
'Fedora,'  from  Sardou,  and  ' Ravenswood,' 
from  Scott's  novel  '  The  Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor.'  'The  Don'  is  perhaps  the  best 
known  of  his  comedies. 


Erratum.  —  P.  59,  col. 
dem  md;    read  </  nande 


:i,   in  line  s  of  the  sonnet   for 


To  Correspondents.— G.  n.  S. — J.  R. — received. 
R.  B.— Writing.  R.  F.  G.— Not  suitable  for  us. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


T 


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THIRD      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Translations  of  Galen — Books  on  Gaming — John  Gilpin's  Route 
to  Edmonton — Mrs.  Glasse — 'Globe'  Centenary — Goethe — 
Oliver  Goldsmith — Thomas  Gray — Greene's  '  Frier  Bacon  and 
Frier  Bongay ' — Grub  Street — A.  H.  Hallam's  Publications — 
Harvey,  Marston,  Jonson,  and  Nashe — Hawker  of  Morwen- 
stow — Heber's  '  Racing  Calendar  ' — George  Herbert's  Proverbs 

Herrick — Heuskarian    Rarity  in    the    Bodleian — '  Historical 

English  Dictionary  ' — Hood's  '  Comic  Annual.' 

BIOGRAPHY. 

"  The  Starry  Galileo  " — Letters  of  German  Notabilities — W.  E. 
Gladstone — Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey— Duchess  of  Gordon — 
Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord  Thurlow— Thomas  Guy's  Will — Nell 
Gwyn — Serjeant  Hawkins — Sir  John  Hawkwood — Sir  Richard 
Hotham — Victor  Hugo. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Genesis  i.  1 — Nameless  Gravestones — Greek  Church  Vestments 
— Hagioscope  or  Oriel — Heretics  Burnt — Hexham  Priory  and 
the  Augustales — Holy  Communion,  Substitutes  for  Bread — 
Honest  Epitaphs — Huxley  on  the  Bible — '  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.' 

FINE  ARTS. 

Gainsborough's  lost  '  Duchess ' — Grinling  Gibbons's  Statue  of 
James  II. — Sir  John  Gilbert's  Drawings  in  the  '  London 
Journal ' —  Miss  Gunning's  Portraits  —  Haydon's  Historical 
Pictures  —  Pictures  by  Sir  G.  Hayter — Hogarth — Holbein 
Portraits — Hoppner  Portraits. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Caimacam  or  Kaimakam — Camelry — Cecil,  its  Pronunciation 
— Celtic  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Districts — Chaperon  applied  to 
Males — Chic  recognized  by  the  French  Academy — Chi-ike — 
"Chink"  of  Woods — Comically — Corn-bote — Creak  as  a  Verb 
— Crowdy-mutton — Deadfold — Dewsiers — "  Different  than  " — 
Dive,  Peculiar  Meaning — Dude — Electrocute — English  Accentu- 
ation— Ey  in  Place-names — Fashion  in  Language — Fearagur- 
thok,  Irish  Word — Felibre — Filbert — Flapper,  Anglo-Indian 
Slang— Irish  "  Flittings"— Floyd  v.  Lloyd— Folk  or  Folks— 
Foulrice — Frail — Gallant,  its  Varying  Accent — Gallimaufry — 
Gambaleery — Gaol  and  Goal — Garage — Gavel  and  Shieling — 
Ghetto— Ghost-words — "  Good  afternoon  " — Doubtful  Grammar 
in  A.V.  and  Prayer  Book — Greek  Pronunciation— Gutter- 
snipe— Gwyneth — Halsh — Hattock — Help  with  an  Infinitive — 
Helpmate  and  Helpmeet — Henbane — Heron — High-faluting — 
Hooligan  —  Hopeful  and  Sanguine  —  Huish  —  Hullabaloo  — 
Hurtling. 


Daughter 


of 


Boat     Sonjj ' — 


PROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

"  Cambuscan  bold  " — "  Carnage  is  God's  daughter  n — "  Chalk  on 

the   door  "  —  "  Lug  the   coif  "  —  "  Comparisons  are  odious  " 

«  Crow  to  pluck"— "Crying  down  credit "—"  Cutting  his  stick" 
— "Who  sups  with  the  devil" — "  Down  to  the  ground" — "Dutch 
courage"  —  "Embarras   des  richesses"— "English  take  their 

pleasures  sadly" — "Enjoy  bad    health" — "Fall    below  par" 

"Farewell,  vain  world  "—"  Fegges  after  peace"—"  Fert,  Fert,. 
Fert,"  on  Italian  Coins—"  First  catch  your  hare  " — "  Flea  in 
the  ear'' — "  Forgive,  blest  shade" — French  Sermon  in  Proverbs- 
— Familiar  French  Quotations — "  God  works  wonders  now  and 

then  "— "  Gone  to  Jericho  "— "  Green  grief  to  the  Grahams" 

"  Grass  widow  "—Gratitude  Defined — "  Green-eyed  monster  " 
— "  Heart  of  grace  "— "  Hook  it "— "  Hop  the  twig  "— "  Horse- 
marine." 

SONGS,  BALLADS,  and  NURSERY  RIMES. 

"Ask    nothing    more  of    me,  sweet" — 'Bailiff's 

Islington  ' — '  Beggar's     Petition  ' — '  Canadian 

'Charlie    is  my  Darling '—' Cherry  Ripe '— ' Comin'  thro'  the 

Rye'—'  Dulce  Domum '— "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  "— 

"God  bless  the  King! — I    mean    the    Faith's    defender" "I 

dwelt  in  a  city  enchanted  " — "  I  '11  hang  my  harp  on  a  willow 
tree  " — "  In  the  days  when  we  went  gipsying." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Acacia  in  Freemasonry— Adelaide  Waistcoat— Adulation  Extra- 
ordinary—Old Advertisements— ^Eolian  Harp,  its  Construction 
—Albino  Animals  Sacrificed  —  Ale,  Bottled,  Burton,  and 
"  Lanted  "—Anagrams  on  Various  Subjects— Apostle  Spoons- 
Athens,  the  City  of  the  Violet  Crown  —  Autographs,  how 
to  keep  them  —  Bagman,  for  Commercial  Traveller— Bank 
of  England  and  Heberfield— First  Lady  Barrister— Birch-sap 
Wine— Ancient  Boats  Discovered — Bows  and  Arrows  last  used 
in  War— Bread  by  Troy  Weight— C.I.  V.  Nicknames— Originator 
of  Christmas  Cards— Beginning  and  End  of  Centuries— Clerks 
in  Chancery— Chess  Legend— Chimneys  in  Ancient  Houses- 
Introduction  of  Chocolate  —  Twenty-four-hour  Clocks  — Con- 
vivial Clubs— Local  Names  for  the  Cowslip— Earliest  Cricket 
Match— Death  from  Fright— Dutch  Fleet  captured  by  Cavalry 
—Standing  Egg— Brewers'  "  Entire"— Earliest  Envelopes- 
Epigrams  and  Epitaphs— Farthings  Rejected— Feeding- Bottles 
First  Used— Five  o'Clock  Tea— Flats  in  London— Flaying  Alive 

— Franciscans   v.    Freemasons— Earliest     Funeral     Cards Gas 

and  Locomotive — Gates  on  Commons  —  Genius  and  Large 
Families— Gentleman  Porter— Germination  of  Seeds— Slang 
for  Gin— Gipsy  Wedding  and  Funeral— Golf  and  Pall-mail— 
Goths  and  Huns— Guillotine— Gun  Reports— Hair  Powder  last 
Used— Hansom  Cab,  its  Inventor— First  Silk  Hat  in  London. 


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•*  She'  should  take  care  that  he  has  no  important  work  on  at  the  time,  for  he  will  not  lay  the  book  down  until  he  has  read  it  from  cover  to  cover." 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'THE  GARDEN  OF  LIES,'  &c. 

TOMMY  CARTERET.  By  Justus  Miles  Forman.    6s. 

BIRMINGHAM  POST. — "  Rarely  do  we  get  a  novel  of  such  high  quality  and  powerful  dramatic  interest  as  this.'; 


A  MAKER  OF  HISTORY.  By  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim.    6s. 

DAILY  EXPRESS. — "  Mr.  Oppenheim  is  one  of  my  favourites.  The  whole  story  is  wonderfully  plausible.  I  always  enjoy  this  author,  but  I  never 
enjoyed  him  more  than  in  '  A  Maker  of  History.'  " 

THE  PILLAR  OF  LIGHT.  By  Louis  Tracy.    6s. 

EVENING  STANDARD. — "  So  admirable,  so  living,  so  breathlessly  exciting  a  book.  The  magnificent  realism  of  the  lighthouse  at  its  perils,  the 
intense  conviction  of  the  author,  brings  the  very  scene  he  pictures  before  the  reader's  eyes  with  hardly  a  line  of  detached  description,  the  interest  of  the 
terrible  dilemma  of  the  OUt-off  inhabitants  of  the  Pillar  arc  worthy  of  praise  from  the  most  jaded  readers." 


WARD,  LOCK  &  CO.,  Limited,  Salisbury  Square,  London,  E.C. 


Editorid  C'uiniinini.ations  6hould  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  ami   Business  Letters  to  "THE  Fl'BLISHEK  "— at   the   office.   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.   EC. 
Published  Weekly  liy  J  ol  IX  v.  FRANCIS  and  ■>.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Ohanoorj  Lane,  E.(  .,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenasum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,   Messrs.   BELL  &  BKADFUTE  and   Mr.   JOHN    MENZIES  lEdinburgh.-Saturday,   January  BO,    1906. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Jmmtal  of  <&tt$Mt  att&  fomga  f  iterator*,  SSatntt,  tljt  fmt  $0*,  ffi^m^H^mau 


No.  4083. 


SATURDAY,   JANUARY    27,    1906. 


,M> 


Wtduxtz. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY,  W. 

THURSDAY  NEXT,  February  1,  at  5  o'clock,  BENJAMIN  KIDD, 
-Esq.,  FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES  on  THE  SIGNIFICANCE  OF 
THE  FUTURE  IN  THE  THEORY  OF  EVOLUTION.'  Haifa- 
Guinea  the  Course. 

SATURDAY,  February  3,  at  3  o'clock,  JOHN  W.  GORDON,  Esq., 
FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES  on  'ADVANCES  IN  MICROSCOPY.' 
Haifa-Guinea. 

Subscription  to  all  the  Courses  in  the  Season,  Two  Guineas. 

KING'S  COLLEGE. 

(UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON.) 
Prof.  SPIERS  will  deliver,  at  KING'S  COLLEGE,  a  FREE 
COURSE  of  THREE  LECTURES  on  'THE  METHOD  OF  TEACH- 
ING THE  PHONETIC  SYMBOLS  IN  FRENCH  CLASSES'  on 
alternate  SATURDAYS  during  the  Lent  Term,  viz.,  on  SATURDAYS, 
.February  3,  17,  and  March  :!,  at  10  a.m. 

All  interested  in  the  subject  are  invited  to  attend.  No  Cards  are 
needed. 


(Ssljtbittons. 


CARFAX  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  24,  Bury  Street, 
St.  James's.  EXHIBITION  of  PICTURES  by  living  Members 
and  Associates  of  the  Royal  Academy.  Open  10  till  6  every  day, 
including  Saturday.    Admission  One  Shilling. 

THE  GRAFTON  GALLERY,  Grafton  Street, 
Bond  Street,  W.— ARTS  and  CRAFTS  EXHIBITION  SOCIETY 
(WALTER  CRANE,  President).  EIGHTH  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN,  10  to  6.     Admission,  Is. 


(Educational. 


T 


H    E 


LAW 


SOCIETY. 


r  The  COUNCIL  is  prepared  to  AWARD,  in  JULY  NEXT,  TEN 
SCHOLARSHIPS  of  the  annual  value  of  FIFTY  POUNDS  each, 
tenable  for  Three  Years,  on  condition  of  pursuing  a  course  of  study 
approved  by  the  Council.— Copies  of  the  regulations  at  the  Society's 
Office,  109,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  or  by  letter  to  the  Principal  and 
Director  of  Legal  Studies.  E.  W.  WILLIAMSON,  Secretary. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London   W 


M 


Situations   Itacant 

ANCHESTER  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


PUPIL-TEACHERS'  COLLEGE. 
APPOINTMENT      OF      PRINCIPAL. 


In  consequence  of  the  appointment  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Urwick,  M.  A.Oxon., 
■on  the  Inspectorate  of  the  Secondary  Branch  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, the  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  of  the  CI  TV  of  MANCHESTER 
invite  applications  for  the  PRINCIPALSHIP  of  the  PUPIL- 
TEACHERS'  COLLEGE  from  persons  of  academic  standing  and  of 
sound  experience  in  the  principles  and  methods  of  Teaching. 

The  Salary  offered  is  650?.  per  annum. 

The  person  appointed  should  be  prepared  to  assume  the  duties  of 
the  Office  not  later  than  APRIL  21,  1906. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions   of   appointment  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  applications,  on  the  special 
forms  provided  for  the  purpose,  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
WEDNESDAY,  January  31.     Canvassing  will  disqualify  Candidates 
J.  H.  REYNOLDS,  Director  of  Higher  Education. 

Municipal  School  of  Technology,  Sackville  Street, 
Manchester,  January  16,  1906. 

HE    UNIVERSITY    OF    SHEFFIELD. 


T 


The   UNIVERSITY   of  SHEFFIELD  proposes  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR of  EDUCATION. 
For  particulars  as  to  duties,  salary,  4c,  apply  to 

W.  M.  GIBBONS.  Registrar. 


B 


RISTOL       GRAMMAR       SCHOOL. 


By  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Robert  L.  Leighton,  M.A.,  the  Office  of 
HEAD  master  will  become  vacant  at  the  end  of  the  next  Summer 
Term,  and  the  GOVERNING  BODY  will  shortly  proceed  to  elect  a 
HEAD  MASTER. 

Candidates  are  requested  to  forward  their  applications,  accompanied 
by  Testimonials,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  particulars  of  the 
tenure,  duties,  and  emoluments  of  the  Head  Mastership  may  lie 
procured  on  written  application. 

._        .„_  FREDERICK  W.  NEWTON,  Clerk. 

Office  of  the  Governors.  St.  Steph.  n's  Street,  Bristol. 


FEL8TED  SCHOOL.  —  The  HEAD-MASTER- 
snip  will  be  VACANT  at  EASTER.  Applicants  must  be 
Graduate*  of  some  University  in  the  United  Kingdom  —Information 
as  to  Salary  and  all  other  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  Mi  H  J 
cunninGton,  Clerktothe  Oovemors/Bralntree,  Essex! 

HE         C  II  K  ,M  I  (J  A  L         SOCIETY. 


T 


The  COUNCIL  of  the  CHEMICAL  SOCIETY  desire  to  appoint  an 

EDITOR  of  the  SOCIETY'S   PUBLICATIONS,  at  a  S ,V  ,.f  WW 

per  annum.  The  new  Editor  will  t,e  precluded  from  holding  any 
other  paid  appointment  -Applications,  stating  Literary  and  Scientific 
qualifications  and  experience,  will  be  received  until  f'KP.KU  \1( Y  12 
by  the  HON.  SECRETARIES.  Chemical  Society,  Burlington  House 
V.,  from  whom  the  conditions  of  the  appointment  may  be  obtained.   ' 


WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT,  1889. 

THE    COUNTY    SCHOOL,    ABERDARE, 
SOUTH  WALES. 
WANTED  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  a  SCIENCE  MASTER,  to  teach 
principally  Chemistry  and  Botany  to  the  Upper  Forms.    Commencing 
Salary  14.")?.  per  annum. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  with  copies  of  recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

W.  CHARLTON  COX,  M.A.,  Head  Master. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  MIXED  SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term,  APRIL  23, 
1906,  a  FORM  MISTRESS,  specially  qualified  to  teach  Mathematics. 
Salary  90?.  per  annum,  rising  to  110(.  by  increments  of  5L 

Forms  of  Application,  which  must  be  returned  on  or  before 
JANUARY  31,  may  be  obtained  by  sending  a  stamped,  addressed 
foolscap  envelope  to  the  SECRETARY',  Education  Offices,  Guildhall, 
Bristol. 

January  10,  1906. 

"DRISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 

FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL. 
WANTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term,  APRIL  23, 
1906,  an  ART  MISTRESS  holding  the  Art  Master's  Certificate. 
Salary  65?.,  rising  by  annual  increments  of  5?.  to  100?.  In  calculating 
the  initial  salary  credit  will  be  given  for  half  length  of  service  as  a 
Teacher  in  a  similar  capacity  under  other  Managers.  Fractions  of  a 
year  will  be  disregarded. — Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications, 
and  experience,  together  with  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to 
the  undersigned  on  or  before  JANUARY  31,  1906. 

WM.  AVERY  ADAMS,  Secretary. 
Education  Offices,  Guildhall,  Bristol, 
January  10,  1906. 


pHIEF  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN  WANTED 

\J  to  take  charge  of  the  CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT  of  the 
NORFOLK  and  NORWICH  LIBRARY.  Must  be  thoroughly 
experienced.  Application,  in  the  Candidate's  handwriting,  stating 
age,  experience,  and  salary  required,  and  accompanied  by  copies  of  not 
more  than  three  recent  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the  Librarian 
by  FEBRUARY  7,  1906. -JOHN  QUINTON,  Librarian,  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Library,  Norwich. 


WANTED,  to  TAKE  CHARGE  in  large 
PUBLISHER'S  ESTABLISHMENT,  a  GENTLEMAN  (under 
40)  experienced  both  in  Commercial  and  Geographical  Work. — Apply, 
with  references  and  salary  expected,  to  Box  1079,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.G. 

TTNIVERSITY  MAN  desires  GENTLEMAN  of 

U  ability  as  PERMANENT  SECRETARY  ami  SUB  EDITOR, 
who  can  invest  2,000?.  in  Pref.  Shares  in  Limited  Company,  Proprietors 
of  several  well-known  Publications.  Dividends  legally  guaranteed. 
Remuneration  400?.  per  annum,  rising  to  550Z.  Balance  Sheets, 
Solicitors,  and  Bank  references,  and  fullest  investigation  courted.— 
Address  I.  Y.,  Box  1078,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

ART   GALLERY.  —  MANAGER  and   SALES- 

-£A_  MAN  WANTED.  —  Good  address  and  education ;  thorough 
knowledge  of  Art  Business,  Exhibitions,  and  Publishing  indispensable. 
Must  be  energetic  and  reliable.  Responsible  position  in  West-End 
firm  of  highest  standing.  State  experience  and  Salary. — ART,  Box  1081, 
Athenceum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lime,  E.C. 


Situations    Tiotantro. 

T  ITERARY  ASSISTANCE  (Articles,  Research, 

-Li  Sub-Editing,  Proofs,  &c.l  offered  Writer,  Editor,  or  Publisher,  by 
well-educated,  experienced  JOURNALIST.  Interview  requested.— 
AVrite  F.  T.  S.,  35,  St.  Anne's  Hill,  Wandsworth,  S.W. 


YOUNG  LADY,  trained  Secretary,  fluent  French 
and    German    (acquired    abroad!,    Shorthand,    Typing,    Proof 
Correcting,  desires  SECRETARYSHIP.— Box  1080,  Athenaeum  Press, 

13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


PRIVATE  SECRETARY  to  the  late  George 
Jacob  llol.voake  for  five  and  a  half  years  seeks  RE-ENGAGE- 
MENT in  similar  capacity.— Address  AMY  1SAUM,  17,  Marlborough 
Place,  Brighton. 


A 


N    active  YOUNG     MAN   (23)    requires 

SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— Tm  Box  107o,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


flENTLEMAN,    well    read    in    Modern    History 

\T  and  Lit.r;, tun.  is  willing  to  UNDERTAKE  RESEARCH 
Work  in  British  Museum  or  elsewhere  on  very  moderate  terms.— 

Apply  HISTORICUS,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  E.C. 

T  ITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
_Li  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.  — A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Atnenicuiu  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 
ings, chancery  Lane.  E.C. 

SEARCHES  at  British  Museum  and  other 
Libraries  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  128, 
Alexandra  Road.  Wimbledon,  B.W. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing.  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship,  classics.  French,  German,  Italian. 
Spanish.  Anglo-Saxon  Special  subjects :  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms  —  Mill  BKLBY,  Go,  Talbot  Road,  W. 

EGYPTOLOGY.       GENTLEMAN    can  give  a 

Jj  FEW  PERSONS  lessons  in  ancient  EGYPTIAN,  at 
their  own  residences  if  desired,  -Address  Box  1077,  Athenaeum  Press, 
18,  Bream'l  Buildings,  chancery  Line.  EC. 


Yearly  Stifescnption,  free  by  post 
15s.  3d. ;  Tortito&^kT  ;E$pre$j)$ 
York  Post  Office  as  Becoad^asstfatler. 

A  LADY  offers  refined,  artistic  HOME  to  GIRL 
wishing  to  learn  ENAMELLING  and  SILVERWORK.  Daily 
Tuition,  and  opportunity  to  attend  Classes  with  Lady's  Daughter  (211. 
Liberal  terms.  Highest  references  given  and  required.— Mrs.  M.,  12, 
Albert  Road,  Regent's  Park,  N.W. __ 

TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.-Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat. 
Sci.  Tripos),  5'2a,  Conduit  Street,  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 


®irp*-Mrifcrs. 


A  UTHORS'     MSS.,     M.     per     1,000     words. 

A  SERMONS,  PLAYS,  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
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cuted.—M.  L.  L.,  7,  Vernon  Road;  now  known  as  18,  Edgeley  Road, 
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A  UTHORS' MSS.,  NOVELS, STORIES,  PLAYS, 

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TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
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Languagesl.  Research,  Revision.  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


JVntljors'   Agrnts. 


-THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-1.  The  interests  of  Authora  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  witli  Publishers. —Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES,  34,  Paternoster  Row. 

NORTHERN     NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 
KENDAL,  ENGLAND. 

Supplies  Editors  withall  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 
from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts— which  should  be  submitted  by 
arrangement. 


(ftatalotnus. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
No.  141,  containing  a  Special  Article,  entitled  'MODERN 
VIEWS  of  ELECTRICITY  and  MATTER,  by  Prof.  ALFRED  W. 
PORTER.  Specimen  Copies  gratis.— WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE, 
Book  Importers.  14.  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

A  NCIENT  and  MODERN   COINS. —Collectors 

-i\_  and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  &  SON, 
limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
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and  Cataloguers.  16,  17,  and  IS,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
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CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 

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HH.  PEACH.  37,  Bel  voir  Street,  Leicester, 
.  issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS.  and  RARE  BOOKS  post  free 
to  Book  Collectors.  No.  u  contains  s  number  of  Manuscripts  on 
\  dlum  and  1  aper— Incunablee  and  Er.rlv  lrinting— intercstins  Books 
prior  to  1800,  &c. 

pATALO<;UH  No.  44.    -Turner's  Li  her  Studioruin, 

\J  England  and  Wales,  and  other  Engravings— Lucas's  Mezzotints 
after  Constable— Etchings  by  Whistler.  S.  Palmer,  ic.— Drawings  by 
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►  OOKS.  —All  OUT-OF-PRINT    and    RARE 


TNCUNABULA    BIBLIOGB  WHY.      Now 
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torium  Blbliographicum.    Paso,  l  .  ll  .  containing  ■  full  description 
of  79*2  Incunabula  unknown  to  both  Writers,  more  t&an  818  (our,  tions. 
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DE  IMITATIONS  CHRISTL  —  Now  ready. 
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pHINA,  JAPAN,  and  the  PHILIPPINE  tSLl  - 
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!U 


T  ii  E    a  t  ii  en  .1:  r  M 


N    1083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74.  m:w   OXFORD  BTREKT,  LONDON,  W  I 

— • — 

REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART  BY  THE 
AUTOTYPE  PERMANENT  PROCESS. 


/  •  I : — 

SELECTIONS  from 
The  NATIONAL  GALLERY,  London. 
The  WALLACE  COLLECTION. 
The  TATE  GALLERY. 
The  WALKER  ART  GALLERY,  Liverpool. 

DRAWINGS  by  HOLBEIN  from  the  Royal 

CoUectfoo,  wimUi.r  Castle, 
SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of    Sacred    Art 

bom  virions  Collections, 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 
DRAWINGS  by  ALBERT  DURER. 
PICTURES  from  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 

B0T7BG,  I'AKls. 
Prospectuses  of  above  Issues  will  be  tint  free  on  application. 


Full  particulars  of  all  tJu   Company's  Publications 
are  given  in 

THE      AUTOTYPE      FINE  -  ART 

( IATALI IGUE.  N.>w  ready,  NEW  EDITION, 
with  upwards  of  150  Miniature  Photographs  of 
Xi  itable  Autotypes  and  '23  Tint-Block  Illustra- 
tions. Tor  convenience  of  reference  the  Pub- 
lications are  Arranged  Alphabetically  under 
Artists"  Names.     Post  free,  One  Shilling. 


A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

TIMES    Newspaper,  from    1S71    to  June,    1905, 
mating   lfT6,    FOR    SALE.-T.    TOON,    IS,    Walton    Street, 
Chelsea.  8  W. 

XTEWKPAPERS    FOR    SALE.— TIMES,    1854- 

JLl  1901  inn  vols.;  ILLUSTRATED  LONDON  NEWS.  1852-1904 
102  vols.;  SATURDAY  REVIEW,  1865-1899,  SS  vols.;  BELL'S  LIKE, 
1861-1888,  2?  Mils.  All  Beta  well  and  substantially  bound.— Offers  are 
invited  lor  .my  or  all  of  the  above  l>y  THE  STEWARD,  University 
Pitt  Club,  Cambridge. 


%ahs  lirr  ^.urtion. 

AT  THE  CONDUIT  STREET  AUCTION'  GALLERIES. 

By  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  JOHN  G.  WALLER, 
Esq.,  F.S.A. 

The  LIBRARY  of  ARCII.EoLi  KiY,  ART.  and  SCIENCE,  com- 
prising Arehawlogia,  1840-1904,  40  vols.— Publications  of  the  Essex. 
Surrey,  London,  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Societies— Quekett 
Microscopic  Club  Journal,  1868-1903— Dodoens's  Herbals,  Antwerp, 
1616,  London,  1619— Florios  World  of  Words,  1811— Montaigne's 
Essayes.  una— p.  ,ic  Natalilms's  Catalogus  Sanctorum,  Venice, 
1606— Books  on  Art,  Armour,  Old  Brasses,  fee— Oil  Paintings- 
Drawings— Engravings— Old  China,  Glass,  and  Curios,  including 
Specimens  of  Old  Leeds  Ware  -Oriental  Bowls— a  Worcester  Tea 
Service  a  Chain  Mai]  Corselet  and  Coif— a  Binocular  Microscope 
li.v  ll.  Crouch,  with  numerous  Objectives— FURNITURE  :  a  Chip- 
pendale Mahogany  Bookcase— a  Chippendale  China  Cabinet— a 
Pair  of  Carved  Walnut  Queen  Anne  chairs-old  English  Arm 
Chair — an  Ebony  Italian  Cabinet— Inlaid  Satin-wood,  Laoqn  r, 
and  carved  Oak  Cabinets-  a  Tall-boy  Chest  of  Drawers— and  other 
old  English  Bedroom  Furniture— and  Miscellaneous  Effects,  the 
whole  removed  from  Charlton  Road.  Blackheath,  which  will  he 
SOLD  bj  AUCTION  by  Messrs. 

TTNIGHT,     FRANK    &    RUTLEY,    at    their 

wJ;  v  ,'":',\7'  ?•  Colldult  *"''■'■»■  ■""!  »*.  Maddos  Street,  w„  on 
\\  EDNE8DAY,  January 31,  at  i  oclook  precisely. 

.,""! ,'ew  t».i  days  prior.  Catalogues  free  of  the  Solicitors,  Messrs 
HORES,  PATTI&ONA  BATHDRST.58,  Lincoln's  Inn  PieMs  W.c 
or  of  the  Al(  TIONEER8,  at  their  Offices,  9,  Conduit  Street,  W. 


TV/TESSRS.    CHRISTIE,    M ANSON   &    WOODS 

b?i  ,^','"'l:'',,'-,,f.:i,,,J\fiv"  ,"-",ir''  "'M  fte3  "m  >'"M  ""'  following 
BALESbj  lUCTION.  at  their  Greal  Rooms,  King  Street.  SI  Jamesl 
EMluare,  tie  Bales  i  ommenclng  at  l  o'clock  precisely.— 

On    MONDAY,    January  29,  MODERN  PIC- 

RE8  and  hi;a\\  in(,s. 


TIRES 


On  TUESDAY,  January  30,  ENGRAVINGS  of 
BARLY  ENGLISH  SCH ,  Turner's  Liber  Studioram. 

On    FRIDAY,    February   %  OLD    ENGLISH 

■RNlTCRKan.l  .i!,|.  ni:rssi:i,s  TAPESTRY,  the  Property  of 
;  Hon.  Mrs  RKEFFINOTON  BMYTB  -  Poroelain,  Deooratlve 
lectS,  and  V  uriiilure. 


FUR 

the 

Object 


On  SATURDAY,  Februan  ::,  MODERN  pic- 
tures and  drawings,  the  Probity  of  a  tk-ntleman  and  others. 


[   P  I:    1/    /;    l:r  i:i:il.l., 

i         and  a  Portion  q/ths  1  Bon.  M 

/'  i  i 

MRF   SOI  HEBY,  WILKINSON  I  BODGE 
Mill  M  I  I.  I  v    ll'CTKl  Wellington 

sir.  .t    -ii  mil    \\  i      on   MOND>  .  ml  T»n  K..1 

I  it  I  ofl.Kk  prccl.ch    RooKHun.l  M  ANl'KCItlPTH.  inch 

l'ortl.  L1IIHAKY  ol    H..    l.,i.    It.  i     .-.Ii.     I 

.--t..k.-.  comprising  Mn    ImhUld  «  llrltl.h  Tl 

Val|  1  Itll  Kll/.tln   I  I,   .1 

I  ooki  relatiiu  to  the   East     Poema  bj  J.  I; 
■  ■ii   Copy,    v»nd   an    [nMTiptioii     Punch,    104 
i-li  'M  ;  lie    I  K.  M.  It.  HURKKLl     1  old  by 

Ordi  i   ■■<  Hi.    I  ■  .,  i  [IritUh  Itll 

the   Writings  oj    Dickens  and  Tin.  k.  Novels, 

«  ..is-  on    Natural    Histoi ■■    and    '  ludlng 

Gould 
Extra  lllusti  i  ON,  1 

ContaJllillg    ■'  "lit    and     l  Ii  n.    and    the 

\\..ik-   .a    Marlowe,    Peel.      11  id  die  ton,    and    other    Earl)    l)i 
Literatun       Freeman's   Norman   Conquest.  6  roll 
?  »ol«     I'M  -.  .ii  -  Works.  12  vols.-   Bankc's  England,  l  vol 

rd  Works,  to    ;    Portion   of  th<    LIBRARY   of   the   Hon    Mr. 

Justice    DAY,   deceased   Iremoved   from   Beaufort  House,  oo    Kcrryl, 

Scotl  -  Novels,  "  Ablwtsford   Edition  "—the  Bibliographical 

Writings  ..i   t    F.   Dlbdtn     Barb    Printed    Books— Milton's   Paradise 

1  i    in-i    Edition    Theology,   Biography,  to    ;  othci    PROPE1 
Including  Shakespeari  -  Worki   Fourth  Folio    Lepsius'i  Denkmaeler, 
12  vols.    Sander's  Reiohenbachia,  I  vols.     Early  Trad 

May  be  \  i.u.-.l      OatalogueS  ma\  I..- had. 

THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTIOXS. 

Ths  valuable  Library  of  the  late  EDWIN  TRUMAN, 

Esq.,  M.R.C.S. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  ft  EODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION    by  order  "f  the  Executors  .  al  theii 
lions.-.    No.    v.\.    Wellington   Street,    Strand,    W.C.   on    TUESDAY, 
February  IS.  and  Three  Following   I >.<■.  -    al    i  o'clock  precisely,  the 
valuable  LIBRARY  of  the  late  EDWIN  TRUM  IN,  Esq.,  M  I:  i   - 
.May  in-  riawed  two  days  prior.    Oatalognes  msj  be  had. 

Autograph  Letters  and  Signed  Documents  relating  to 
Napoleon  Buonaparte  and  hie  Family,  the  Property  oj  the 
late  Mr.  FREDERIC  BARKER 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will -HI. I,  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  strand.  W.C.  on  MONDAY.  February  19,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  and  SIGNED  DOCUMENTS,  mostly 
relating  to  Napoleon  Buonaparte  and  his  Family,  French  Generals, 
ftc,  the  Property,  of  the  late  Mr.  FREDERICK  BARKER. 

May  lie  viewed  two  days  prior.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

]'aluable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Honks  from  the  Col- 
lection of  the  late  Sir  ROBERT  SMIRRE  (the  Property  of 
n  Lady),  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the  late  JOSEPH 
QWILTjOnd  the  Library  of  the  lute  WALTER  C.  MET- 
CALFE, Es<j.  (by  order  of  lite  Exeoitor). 

MESSRS.    HODGSON    &    CO.   Mill  SELL   by 
\l  CTION,   at    their    Rooms,   115,    Chancery   Lt W.C,   on 

WEDNESDAY,  January  31,  and  Two  FoUowing  Days,  valuable 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Genealogical,  Topographical, 

and  Architectural  Works,  Including  Eraser's  Family  of  Elphinstone, 

2  vols.,  and  Papworth  and  Morants  Dictionary  of  Arms— Gould's 
Family  of  Trogons— Reichenhach's  Icones  Flonc  Germanica\  Coloured 
Plates.  22  M.ls,  and  other  Natural  History  Rooks  —  Astronomical 
Society's  .Monthly  Notices.  21  vols..  1827-60—  Pitt-Riveras  Archaeo- 
logical Works,  S  vols. — Ruskin's  Modern  Painters.  Complete  Edition, 
Large  Paper,  K  vols- Mrs.  Frankaus  John  Raphael  Smith,  with  the 
Portfolio  of  Engravings— a  Set  of  the  Studio  to  1H02,  and  other  Modern 
Fine-Art  and  Illustrated  Books— Burton's  Arabian  Nights,  with 
Letihfoids  illustrations,  12  vols,  in  morocco  case— handsome  Sets  of 
Scott,  Dickens,  Lytton,  and  others,  in  calf  and  morocco  bindings- 
Shelley's  Copy  Of  Seneca,  presented  to  him  by  Clara  Clainnont.  with 
the  Poet's  Autograph— Walpole's  Letters,  the  New  Edition,  Large- 
Paper  Copy,  lii  vols.  — Rooks  with  Coloured  Plates— First  Editions  of 
Dickens.  Thackeray.  Swinburne,  Stevenson,  and  others— Encyclopedia 
Rritannica.  Tenth  Edition,  36  vols,  half-morocco  —  a  Collection  of 
Early  Armorial,  Jacobean,  and  Chippendale  Book-Plates  (Ex-Libris) 
formed  l.v  JOSEPH  GWILT:  also  BOOKS  from  the  COLLECTION 
of  the  late  Sir  ROBERT  SMIKKE,  removed  from  Canterbury,  the 
Property  of  a  LADY. 

To  be  Viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.  on 
WEDNESDAY,  Februarys  and  Following  Days,  valuable  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS rooks,  including  Orme's  Military  Anecdotes,  half- 
morocco,  uncut— Combe's  Life  of  Wellington,  and  other  Rooks  with 
Coloured  Plates— Strutts  Dress  and  Habits  of  the  People  of  England, 
Sc  ::  \ols.  Coloured  Copies — Malton's  View  of  Dublin,  and  other 
Topographical  Rooks— First  Editions  of  Modern  Authors— Standard 
Works  in  Ueneral  Literature.  4c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing 


Highly  interesting  Sale  of  (he  Antiquarian  and  Artistic 
Property  of  the  late  J.  H.  WURTZBURG,  Esq.,  J.P., 
to  be  removed  from  Frens,  Ben   Rhydding,  to   the   East 

Parotic    Auction   Rooms,   Leeds,  for  oonvenience  of  Sale 
(b>/  order  of  his  Executors). 

MESSRS.  HEPPER  &  SONS  beg  to  announce 
their  instructions  to  SELL  by  Al'CTloN.  on  WEDNESD  \Y 
and  THURSDAY  NEXT,  Januarys]  and  February  1,  commencing  each 
day  at  ll  o'clock,  the  very  varied  and  raluahle  ANTIQUARIAN 
and  artistic  PROPERTY  collected  by  the  deceased,  amongst 
which  will  be  found  :— 

Ii4  SEPIA  DRAWINGS,  principally  of  OLD  LEEDS,  l.y  W. 
Braithwaite. 

28  oil.  PAINTINGS  and  23  WATER-coLorR  DRAWINGS,  pre- 
senting examples  by  W.  Gilbert  Foster,  I.  N.  Carter,  Lester  Sutchffe, 
J.i snt clitt'c.  w.  s.  Webb,  E.  c.  Booth,  Gilbert  S.  Wright,  P.  Wouvermans, 
E.  T.  Jones,  4c. 

Ovar  600  Framed  and  Unframed  old  ENGRAVINGS,  principally 
relating  to  Yorkshire,  and  including  Castles.  Abbeys,  Cathedrals. 
Churches,  Towns,  Mansions.  Portraits.  4c. 

A  number  of  Original  PENand-INK  and  PENCIL  SKETCHES,  and 
other  Curios.  Pictures,  Modem  Engravings  and  Etchings,  Photo- 
graphs, I'hologravurcs,  fee 

rii.     moioi     portion    of    the    LIBRARY    of    books,    amongst 

which  will  lie  found  Hoinesday  I'.inik,  I  vols.— Thoresbys  Leeds.  1715— 
Whitaker's  Leeds.  2  vols. — Whitaker  S  Whallcy  — Drake  s  York  a  large 
number  of  Yorkshire  Topographical  Works  interesting  Books 
relating  to  Leeds  Thoresby  Society  Publications  Royal  Historical 
Society  Transactions  Yorkshire  Archaeological,  Camden  Society,  and 
other  Antiquarian  Works  many  old  and  Curious  Rooks  and 
Pamphlets  Che  Encyclopaadia  Britannica,  Ninth  Edition,  wiili  die 
new  'Times'  additional  volumes  1361  an  Original  Edition  of  Oliver 
Twist.    Educational  and  statistical  Works,  and  General  Literature. 

A  large  number  of  AUTOGB  aim  is,  including  those  of  Queens  Anne 
and    Victoria,   Qeorge    ill  .    Napoleon    Buonaparte,    Frederick    the 

Great,  l.onisXIll  and  XIV.  of  France.  Dean  Swift.  Cardinal  Wise- 
man, and  Rev.  Joseph  Priestley— Old  Deads,  French  and  German 
Letters.  Newspapers,  and  other  interesting  MSS.  and  Printed  Matter 

A  COLLECTION  of  GOLD,  SILVER,  and  COPPER  COINS 
TOKENS,  and  WAR  and  COMMEMORATION   MEDALS. 

A  small  quantity  of  old  CHINA  and  BRONZES,  WTIoi  R 
BRASS  GOODS,  TROPHY  of  ARMS.  y.ULU  and  othei  WEAPONS, 
and  a  QUEEN  S  CHOCOLATE  BOX 

Catalogues   lad   each)    may   be  had  of    (he   AUCTIONEERS 
Parade.  I, Is.  and  the  Property  will  be  arranged  for  view  on  TUES- 
DAY NEXT,  the  80th  inst..  from  Hi  to  4  o'clock. 


Vakta       '  ii  ;/.'  pull  M 

Ml:     .1      '       SI  I. VIA-    W1il    Oil  l 

KlttDAl      I 

i    -  A    Nai)  Pal 


ill.  - 


/  /  Phot  liic 

Appai    ■ 

IlilhA  )  ■  .rk. 

Ml:.    .1.    C.    81  EVENS    will    OF]  I  l:    »(    hk 
R.miiiin       >        K:  '  ■  ■'.'  I        W    I 

OlTII    \l.   I    VN'l  1  IN-    hi  :    -I.I  J.i  - 
and  I 

on   (i.w   day   pnoi    |  tei  8.  and  morning 
application. 


rapt)  Ap|«niUis 
.1  Astronomical 

stl    Al'paiulus— 

■  -i  ilsjsjBjgf  ..n 


'  pidopterm. 

MONDA  )'.  /  ■  half  past  U    duck. 

MP.  J.  C.  STKVENS  will  OFFER,  at  ; 
-     K  ■       -!   .  El'.AL 

i  ol.I.Ei  TIONSol  BRITISH  and  EX<lTI<   LEPIDOPI  ERA.  including 
nnedbytbelateA   BEAUMON1    I-      I   I  -  ..ompruingiuany 
rare  \  ai  i.-tio.  in  go<«l  condition. 

■  on. 

'    rttc. 

MP.    J.    C.     STEVENS'S     NEXT    SAL] 
|  l  BIOS  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY.  February  6.  snd  will 

include  Dory  Carvings,  Bronx*  -   Enamels,  4c.  from  <  bins  and  Japan 

—  Mandarins    Fur-lined  and  other    R 

Aim*,  and  Curios  various  from  the  Congo— New  / 

Bronzes   from    India  — Victorian.    N'.-lson.    and    otl  Native 

Weapons  and  Curios  of  every  description  from  all  ]«rts. 

on    \  icw  day   prior   10  to  4  and    momiiu-  talogues  OB 

application,  from  Mr.  J.  C.  >TE\  ENS,  38,  K;  ...rden. 

London,  w.c. 

DUBLIN. 

VALUABLE  COLLECTION  of  JEWELS,  OLD 

V       SILVER    PLATE,  including  an    almost   unique  William  and 
Mary  Toilet  Ser\i..  -   -Nice  of  ;t  dozen   Plates, 

11  shaped  Dishes,  snd  Set  ot  Entree  D  -  Pistol  Handle 

Table   Knives,   several   Salvers  and   Waiters,  Tea  Urn  of  fine  form. 

Silver  (iilt    I ii   Beta,  Pair  of  lofty  Flagons,  ic—  fine  old  Sheffield 

Plated    Ware— Two  Lirpe  Panels   of   old   French    '.  :    ucher 

Subjecte)  —  an  exipiisite  Enamel  Miniature  of  Francis  I., 
Emperor  of  Austria.  Father  of   Marie   Antoinette,  by  Ronquct—  (>il 

Paintings  —  Engraving raluahle   Collection    of  Gold.    Silver,    and 

Bronze  Medals  and  Coins— Musical  Instruments,  including  Violins  by 
Guarnerins.  Fechler,  and  othen — Violas— Violoncello  by  liautmann. 
&c.  To  be  sold  by  Auction  at  the  Sale  Rooms,  6,  Upper  orniond 
Quay,   on    THURSDAY.    February    1.  loofi.  the  a'  lc  Pro- 

perty  la  portion  hy direction  of  FI.oRl'.Ni  E.  VIS  SS   MA8- 

SEREENE  ami  FERRARD,  and  the  remainder  removed  from  a  Man- 
sion in  the  <  ountv  Louth).  Catalogues  will  he  ready  for  distribution 
one  week  preceding  Sale.  —  BENNETT  i  Son.  Auctioneers.  6.  Upper 
Ormond  Quay. 


s 


D 


S 


ft 


0. 


THE  EXTINCTION  OF  THE  ANCIENT  HIER- 

ARCHY.  An  Account  of  the  Death  in  Prison  of  thi 
Bishops  honoured  at  Rome  amongst  the  Martyrs  of  the  Elizabethan 
Persecution  :  Archbishop  Heath,  of  Vol  k.  Bishoi*Tunsiall,  Bonner, 
and  Companions.  By  the  Rev.  <;.  E  PHILLIPS.  With  10  Full- 
Page  Illustrations.  Demy  Bvo,  price  in*.  Sot  net. 
"A  serious  eontrihution  to  historical  knowledge,  and  one  that  is  of 
the  most  extraordinary  interest  to  English  Catholics."— Mist 

STUDIES    FROM    COURT    AND    CLOISTER. 

Being  Essays,  Historical  and  Literary,  treating  mainly  of  sol 
connected  with   the   sixteenth   and    Seventeenth  Centuries.    By 
.1.  M.  STONE.  Author  of  'Mary  1  .  Queen  of  England,  4c    With 
s  Full-Page  Illustrations.    Demy  Bvo,  price  ii<.  •£  nab 
LONDON,  B*.  BEDFORD  STREET.  STRAND;  and  Edinburgh. 

MOZART  ANNIVERSARY. 

T         E.       CORNISH,        Limited, 

vj  .  HAVE  FOR  SALE 

AN    ORIGINAL    MANUSCRIPT 

Ry  MOZART. 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  B  flat  BBS   K\  original   full  score,  has  the 
follow  ins-  inscription,  also  in  Mozart's  own  handwriting  :  "N  8  Concerto 
di  Cembalo  del  Sgr.  Oav.  Amadeo  Mozart  Del  gennaro  1..0  a  Salit.urg." 
lt  is  a  small  oblong  score.  Isautifnlly  written  and  in  gooil 
preservation  180  ps 
idlers  and  Stationers.  16,  St.  Ann's  Square.  Manchester. 

EBENEZER     P  R  O  U  T '  S      WORK  S. 
Bound,  each  net.  5s. 
HARMONY:    its    Theory    and    Practice.      Nineteenth     Impr- - 

Revised  and  largely  Rewritten. 
ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE   EXERCISES  in  the  Same.    Net  S*. 
COUNTERPOINT:  Strict  and  Free. 
DOUBLE  COUNTERPOINT  AN1>  I  ANON. 
FUGUE. 

UH.  \l.    \N  M.YSIS. 
MUSICAL  FORM 
APPLIED  FORMS. 
Tin    0R(  HESTRA.    2  vols. 
AUOENER,  Ltd.,  6,  New  Burlington  Stnvt.  and  22,  Newgate  Street. 


THF.    VEIL    OF    TRUTH.      Now    ready.      By 
Ul'sil.oN      A  new   Biblical   Review  hy   a    New   Writer,    who 
treats  the  sul.ie.t  ma  masterly  manner,  calculated  to  help  Students 
to  arrive  at  the  Truth  of  Revelation.    s,o.  paper  OOVta,  Is.  net. 
London:  tiEnRi.E  RoUTI.ETH.E  A  SONS.  Lihitkd. 


T  BE  BUB  DEB  i  founded  1S42).  Githerine  Street, 
London,  W  i    .  .1  AM  A  R  Y  27.  contains:-  .       -    .        ■ 

Mud, nls  Designs  at  the  Institute  ot  Architects;  An  Eminent 
Berlin  Architect:  Royal  Academy  Lectures;  Metal  work  (Institute 
of  \rcbitcts.  The  Consideration  of  Sculpture  by  Architects  (Archi- 
tectural Association):  Illustrations  of  the  Wertbeim  Warehonse, 
Berlin-  The  Palazzo  Pubblioo,  Siena;  Houses,  Nos.  IS,  Harley  Street, 
and  S3.  Cavendish  Sipiare  ;  Design  for  »  Pair  of  Laliourers  CotUges. 
4c— Front  Otlofl  «s  aliove  i4d. ;  by  pott,  4jd.';  or  through  any 
n  nt. 


N°4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


95 


MUDIES  LIBRARY. 

POUNDED  1842. 
For  the  CIRCULATION  and  SALE  of  the  BEST  BOOKS 
in  ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  GERMAN,  RUSSIAN,  ITALIAN, 
SPANISH,  DUTCH,  and  SCANDINAVIAN. 

The  Collection  comprises  the  Best  Standard 

Works  published  during  the  past  Sixty  Years. 

TERMS  PER  ANNUM. 


£3  3  0 


£2  2  0 


O    Volumes  in  the  Country  ;  or, 

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N°  4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


97 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  27,  1906. 


99 
100 
102 
102 
103 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Recent  Italian  Literature        97 

Cambridge  Theological  Essays  

New  Editions  of  Blake's  Poetry      

Aids  to  the  Old  Testament       

The  Psalms        

The  New  Testament  

Our  Library  Table  (The  German  Official  View  of 
the  War  in  South  Africa  ;  Main  Currents  in  Nine- 
teenth-Century Literature  ;  In  our  Convent  Days  ; 
The  Life  of  Adeline  Sergeant ;  What  is  Truth?  The 
Green  Sphinx  ;  Creatures  of  the  Night ;  Lyrics  of 
the  Restoration  ;  The  Marriage  of  Heaven  and  .ff3 
Hell ;  Lodge's  Peerage  and  other  Year- Books  ;  The 
Library)  103—105 

List  of  New  Books 100 

George  Jacob  Holyoake  ;  Thomas  Gray  in  Peter- 
house  ;  The  Fire  of  Rome  and  the  Christians  ; 
'A  Curious  Dance  round  a  Curious  Tree'; 
Froude's 'Nemesis  of  Faith'  ..        ..      106— 109 

Literary  Gossip        109 

Science  — Lord  Avebury  on  British  Flowering 
Plants;  Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week; 
Gossip 110-112 

Fine  Arts— Millet  Drawings  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries  ;  The  Rokeby  Velasquez  ;  The 
British  School  at  Rome  ;  The  Turners  at 
the  "Old  Masters";  Proposed  Glass  Ex- 
hibition ;  An  Unidentified  Picture  ;  Sales  ; 
Gossip 112—114 

Music— London  Symphony  Concert  ;  Gossip  ;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         114—115 

Drama  — The  Superior  Miss  Pellender  ;  The 
Partik'ler  Pet  ;  Brother  Officers  ;  French 
Plays;  Liselott  ;  Gossip       115—116 

Index  to  Advertisers       116 


LITERATURE 


ITALIAN    LITERATURE. 

The  appraisal  of  literature,  in  face  of 
such  a  deluge  of  books,  is  a  most  difficult 
problem  for  the  student  and  the  librarian. 
Even  more  serious  will  it  become  in  the 
future,  when,  owing  to  the  increase  of 
international  points  of  contact,  every 
student  is  obliged  to  know  everything 
that  is  printed  and  published  throughout 
the  world  ;  because  certain  nations  and 
certain  peoples  that  as  regards  know- 
ledge are  now,  as  Carlyle  said,  dumb 
giants,  will  make  their  voices  heard  in 
that  future  concert  which  will,  I  fear, 
much"resemble  the  Tower  of  Babel. 

In  Italy  the  great  reviews  have  abolished 
the  bibliographic  bulletin,  which,  however, 
served  as  a  guide  to  those  who  could  not 
see  everything  for  themselves.  The  pub- 
lishing houses  send  to  the  complaisant 
journals  anticipatory  critiques,  all  nicely 
printed,  of  books  "just  out  "  ;  and  with 
us  also  the  reader  does  not  know  whom 
to  believe,  and  thinks  twice  before  buying 
a  book,  and  then  does  not  do  so  at  all,  or, 
if  he  has  a  particular  desire  to  read 
it,  waits  to  borrow  it  from  a  friend. 
Twenty-five  years  ago,  when  we  had  a 
true  literary  activity,  there  were  journals 
like  the  Fanjulla  della  Domenica,  like  the 
Preludio,  that  exercised  a  real  literary 
dictatorship.  The  lashes  of  the  Fanfulla 
delta  Domenica  will  remain  classic.  Now- 
adays there  is  less  need  of  these  exemplary 
punishments,  because  the  quality  of  pro- 
duction has  somewhat  improved,  and  there 
is  greater   respect    for   art    and    science  ; 


but     we     lack     the     work    of     any     one 
who   conscientiously  appreciates    current 
literature.      The    best    judges    would    be 
the  publishers,  if  all  had  the  culture  and  the 
taste  of  Piero  Barbera,  who 
the  house  of  from  the  archives  of  his  pub- 
barbera      lishing  house  has  collected 
curious  and  important  mate- 
rials for  the  history  of  the  works  published 
by  his  father  Gaspero  and  by  himself  in 
the  twenty-five  years  from  1854  to  1880. 
These    '  Annali    Barberiani,'    which    have 
been  printed  for  private  circulation,  form 
a    precious    document    for    the    literary 
history  of  the  prime  of  the  past  century, 
as  well  as  a  delightful  and  attractive  work. 
In    reading    them    we    take    part    in    the 
making  of  each  book  ;    we  see  discussed 
by  the  author  and  the  publisher  the  pur- 
pose, the  form,  and  the  price  ;    we  share 
in  the  difficult  negotiations  respecting  the 
compensation    due    to    the    author  ;     and 
finally     the     sincerity     of     the     younger 
Barbera  reveals  the  secret  of  the  number 
printed  of  each  work  and  the  commercial 
success   that  it  had.     To  tell  the  truth, 
in    looking    through    these    '  Annali,'    we 
learn   how  few  are  the  fortunate  books, 
in  contrast  with  the  many  that  a  publisher 
is  obliged  to  print ;   and  of  those  elect  the 
copies    printed    have    been    only    a    few 
thousand,    apart    from    scholastic    books, 
to  which  the  house  of  Barbera  owed  much 
of  its  prosperity.     Felice  Le  Monnier,  of 
whom  Gaspero  Barbera  was  at  first  the 
partner  and  then  the  adventurous  rival, 
founded  his  fortune  on  political  publica- 
tions, upon  that  patriotic  literature  which 
was   chiefly   valued   because  it   was   pro- 
hibited,   and   it    is     astonishing    to     find 
that    the    works    of    the    poet    Giovanni 
Battista  Niccolini,  now  forgotten,  had  an 
enormous     success.     The     '  Annali     Bar- 
beriani '  show  us  what  a  good  influence 
a  publisher  can  have  upon  young  authors. 
Men  like  Giosue  Carducci  or  Edmondo  De 
Amicis  had  the  good  fortune  to  receive 
from   the  Barbera    their  first  encourage- 
ment   and    hard    cash.     To    this    house 
the   correspondence   of   its   authors   is    a 
source   of   sincere   pride,    since   it   brings 
together  the  finest  names  of  Italy,  from 
Massimo  d'Azeglio  and  Gino  Capponi  to 
Giovanni     Prati    and    Giacomo    Zanella, 
besides  the  two  named  above  ;    and  side 
by  side  with  these  Italian  names  I  find 
those  of  Samuel  Smiles,   William  Smith, 
and   George    P.    Marsh,    whose   scholastic 
works  have  had  a  large  circulation  amongst 
us. 

But  those  times  were  not  as  ours 
even  for  the  publishers  :  there  was  no 
rivalry,  and  production  was  limited  in 
comparison  with  demand.  To-day  the 
contrary  is  the  case,  whilst  the  number 
of  readers  does  not  increase  in  propor- 
tion :  newspapers,  occupations,  sport 
and  travel  offer  distractions  from  serious 
and  quiet  reading  ;  so-called  light  lite- 
rature invades  the  field,  and  good  and 
useful  books  remain  modestly  in  hiding, 
ignored  by  the  majority.  And  for  (his 
reason  I  am  obliged  to  make  diligent  and 
minute  research,  and  to  mention  as  many 
works  as  possible  worthy  of  study,  which 
otherwise  would  pass  unobserved. 


This  year  we  have  a  moderate  harvest  : 
nothing  very  extraordinary,  but  a  number 
of  important  works. 

Apparently  the   Italians  are  beginning 
to  belie  their  reputation  of  not  believing 
in  geography,  and  of  being 
geography     one  of  the  European  peoples 
and  travel  least  given  to  travel.     Nar- 
ratives of  travel  are  begin- 
ning to  be  well  received  and  circulated,  as 
the  chairs  of  geography  are  beginning  to 
have   a  special  importance  in  university 
teaching,  where  twenty  years  back  they 
did   not   exist.     I   shall   mention    various 
books  of  travels  :   Enrico  Catellani,'  L'  Es- 
tremo  Oriente  e  le  sue  Lotte,'  an  exhaustive 
work  on  China,   dealing  with  its  various 
states,  its  public  law,  its  ideal  and  practical 
life,    its    politics,    and   its    relations    with 
Europe  ;     Carlo    Rossetti,    '  Corea   e    Co- 
reani  '  ;      Salvatore     Minocchi,     '  Per     la 
Manciuria    a    Pechino '  ;     T.    Carletti,   '  I 
Luoghi  Santi  '  (Judcea),  a  book  of  thought 
and  feeling,  with  descriptions  of  countries 
and  customs,  and  beautiful  illustrations  ; 
Vico     Mantegazza,      '  L'  Altra     Sponda,' 
which   deals   with    Italy   and   Austria   on 
the   Adriatic,    Bosnia,    Herzegovina,    and 
Albania;    Licurgo    Santoni,    'Alto    Egitto 
e  Nubia  ' ;     Giusseppe    Caprin,    '  LTstria 
Nobilissima ' ;    Ruffillo    Perini,    '  Di    qua 
dal  Mareb  ' ;    and  '  Le  Valli  di  Lanzo,'  a 
most     valuable     and     useful     publication 
issued    by    the    Club    Alpino.     Lastly    I 
must  mention  a  very  fine  '  Atlas  of  Africa  " 
in    thirty-six     maps,     published    by    the 
Istituto    d'  Arti    Grafiche    of    Bergamo, 
from  original  researches.     To  geographical 
literature     belongs     the     artistic     volume 
'  Figure    e     Paesi    d'  Italia,'     by    Mario 
Protesi,   a  romancist  and  novelist  of  re- 
fined   taste    and    polished   style.     Loreto 
Pasqualucci,  the  librarian  at  our  Foreign 
Office,  has  compiled  an  '  Annual  Review  of 
Italy   as   regards   Exports   and   Imports,' 
which   deserves    to    be   studied   by   mer- 
cantile men  and  statisticians,  on  account 
of  the  fullness  and   soundness  of   his  in- 
formation.     Englishmen   should    read    a 
volume   by   Achille   Tanfani,    '  Nel   Paese 
delle  Stravaganze,'  which  treats  of  London 
life  and  of  the  spirit  of  association  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons,  and  of  their  clubs,  among 
which,  says  the  author,  some  are  bizarre. 

In  theology  there  are  very  few  works, 
because  religious  problems  seem  little 
adapted  to  the  minds  of  Italians.  I  may 
therefore,  without  further  comment,  pass 
to  law,  in  which  we  have  numerous 
some  possessing  singular 
interest  because  they  deal 
with  questions  new  or  pecu- 
liar to  our  country.  On 
Roman  law  studies  abound  :  in  honour 
of  Senator  Vittorio  Scialoja,  one  of  the 
luminaries  of  the  University  of  Rome,  on 
the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  his  teach- 
ing was  published  a  collection  of  mono- 
graphs in  two  volumes  with  the  title 
'  Studi  di  Diritto  Romano,  di  Diritto 
Moderno,  e  Storia  del  Diritto'  ;    Roberto 

Bozzoni  published  at  Naples  a  work  of 
his  on  '  Medical  Men  and  Roman  Law  '  ; 
and  Giovanni  Paochioni,  an  Italian  pro- 
fessor at  Innsbruck,  there  printed  his 
'Course   of    Roman    Law,'    which    in    the 


publications, 


law 


'.!> 


T  II  E     AT  II  KN  .K  I'  M 


\    1083,  Jan.  27,  L906 


first    volume    treat*    of    the   constitution 

and  the  -<>ii!  es  oi  lam .     Another  notable 

c--.iv  mi  the  l,i-ii>i\  '.i  li\\  i-  thai  <>f 
Enrico  Loncao,  '  Stat.-.  ( 'h!.       •    Famiglia 

in      Si    ilia      dalla      (  'adiita      d<  II'       I  m  pern 

Romano  al  Regno  Nbrmanno,1  of  which 
the  first  volume  has  appeared,  dealing 
with  the  barbarian  invasions  and  the 
kingdom  of  the  Goths.  But  perhaps  of 
more  interest  for  English  readers  will  be 
other  monographs  on  subjects  of  greater 
actuality.     A  question  of  some   political 

importance     lias     inspired     the     study     of 

Giuseppe    Francese    on    'The    .Juridical 

Personality  of  the  Catholic  Church,' 
while  questions  that  interest  other  coun- 
tries also  are  developed  by  Dionisio  An/.i- 
lotti  in  the  volume  "  II  Diritto  Inter- 
nazionale  nei  Giudizi  Intend.'  Another 
book  of  a  political  character  is  '  The 
Indemnity  to  Deputies,9  studied  by  the 
Deputy  Nerio  Malvezzi  -now  that  the 
Socialists  are  opposed  to  the  non-payment 
of  members  compensated  only  by  free 
transit  on  railways  and  mail  steamers. 
We  have  in  this  section  a  work  of  great 
value,  due  to  the  illustrious  professor 
Cesare  Lombroso,  on  'The  Psychiatrico- 
legal  Report  with  Methods  for  compiling  it, 
and  Penal  Casuistry  Classified  Anthropo- 
logically,' with  the  addition  of  a  glossary 
of  criminal  anthropology  by  C.  Leggiardi- 
Laura.  Allied  to  this  is  the  book  of  Luigi 
Anfosso  on  '  Legislation  relating  to  Lunatic 
Asylums  or  to  Lunatics,'  a  commentarv  on 
the  law  of  February  14th,  1904.  In  Italy 
these  works  have  a  particular  interest. 
But  for  foreign  jurists  a  greater  curiosity 
will  be  the  volume  of  Giuseppe  Cesare 
Pola  entitled  '  Commento  alia  Legge  sulla 
Condanna  Condizionale,'  a  law  similar  to 
the  French  one  that  bears  the  name  of 
Berenger,  and  that,  promulgated  on 
June  26th,  1904,  has  here  acquired  the 
name  of  the  "law  of  pardon."  Senator 
Carlo  Francesco  Gabba,  who  is  the  pride 
of  the  Ateneo  of  Pisa,  has  published  a 
valuable  volume  entitled  '  Nuove  Ques- 
tioni  di  Diritto  Civile.'  On  the  law  concern- 
ing accidents  to  workmen  we  have  two  good 
commentaries  by  Guido  Bortolotto  and 
Arnaldo  Agnelli.  In  1904,  besides  this 
law,  promulgated  on  January  31st,  which 
is  of  great  importance  for  what  the 
Americans  call  "  industrial  betterment," 
we  had  the  law  for  public  charity  of 
July  18th,  the  purposes  of  which  Carlo 
Schanzer  and  Camillo  Peano  have  ex- 
plained in  an  elaborate  commentary.  On 
the  legal,  economic,  and  administrative 
scope  of  our  railways  there  is  a  good 
little  treatise  by  Filippo  Tajani,  entitled 
'  Le  Strade  Ferrate  in  Italia.' 

On  archaeology  there  is  not  an  abundance 
of  publications,  at  least  in  book  form.     In 

addition     to     the     learned 

fine  arts     studies    of    Luigi    Adriano 

and  Milani,   '  Monumenti  Scelti 

archaeology  del  R.  Museo  Archeologico 

di  Firenze,'  and  the  collec- 
tion edited  by  him,  '  Studj  e  Materiali 
di  Archeologia  e  Numismatica,'  which 
already  numbers  three  volumes,  and  the 
various  monographs  that  see  the  light  in 
the  Proceedings  of  our  academies,  I  may 
mention  a  volume  by  V.  Malfatti  on  '  The 


Roman    Ship-    of    the    hake    of    Wini      ;     a 

valuable  monograph  by  Jacopo  Gelli  on 
'The  Siilanese  vrquebus,  Industry, Trade, 
and  Use  of  Firearms  in  Lombardy  '  ;  two 
Btudies  by  Senator  Lues  Beltrami,  the 
restorer  of  the  Castello  Bforzesco  of  Milan. 

on  "  Angera  and  its  Rook  '  and  on  '  Arona 
and  its  Art  Monuments  '  ;  and  one  by 
Attilio  Rossi  on  Santa  .Maria  in  Vultu- 
rella.'  near  Tivoli. 

On  the  history  of  art   hooks  are  copious 
— more  so  than  would  have  been  expected 
some  years  ago.      But  art  has  now  become 
fashionable  :     it    is    spoken    of    in    elegant 
drawing-rooms,  and  many  gentlemen  have 
devoted  themselves  to  this  kind  of  "  sport," 
which  is  less  dangerous  than  others.   More- 
over, some  excellent  art  critics  have  formed 
a  school,  and  we  are  to-day  as  far  from 
the    vacuous    generalities    of    the    acade- 
mician as  from  the  rhetoric  of  the  amateur. 
Great  strides  have  also  been  made  in  the 
technique     of     illustration,    so     that     we 
find    printed    cheaply,   with    a   wealth    of 
reproductions,    solid   works   of   an   incon- 
testable scholarly  value.     I  mentioned  in 
my  last  article  the  Istituto  di  Arti  Grafiche 
at    Bergamo    and    the    house    of    Fratelli 
Alinari    at   Florence    as    worthy    of    high 
praise      for      the      elegance       of       their 
editions  :  this  time  I  may  add  that  both 
these  houses  seek  to   maintain   this   pre- 
eminence.    Corrado  Ricci,   the  indefatig- 
able   director    of   the    Florence    Galleries, 
edits    for    the    Istituto    of    Bergamo    two 
collections,  one  of  illustrated  monographs, 
and  the  other  entitled  "  Italia  Artistica," 
which  are  as  good  as  this  kind  of  publica- 
tion can  be,  both  in  substance  and  in  form. 
Many   strangers   who   come   to   Italy   are 
surprised  by  the  clearness  of  the  illustra- 
tions and  the  moderateness  of  the  price, 
and  some  shrewd  English  publisher  should 
acquire  the  right  of  translation.     In  the 
first  of  these  collections  Ricci  has  published 
a  study  on   '  The   Artistic   Collections   of 
Ravenna,'  and  Ugo  Monneret  de  Villard 
a  bit  of  his  handiwork  on  '  Giorgione  da 
Castelfranco.'      Ricci     gives     trustworthy 
notices  of  Ravenna  artists,  while  De  Villard 
offers    reproductions    of    the    works    that 
certainly    belong    to    Giorgione,    and   ex- 
pounds them  with  the  help  of  documents. 
In  the  same  way  Francesco  Malaguzzi- 
Valeri    in    another    volume    analyzes    the 
works,     studies,     and    tendencies     of    G. 
Antonio  Amadeo,  the  active  sculptor  and 
architect,  whose  name  is  connected  with 
the  Carthusian  monastery  and  the  Duomo 
of  Pavia,  the  Duomo  of  Milan,  and  who 
represents  the  characteristics  of  Lombard 
art   at   its   best   period.      Corrado   Ricci, 
who  organized  the  exhibition  of  ancient 
art  held  at  Siena  in  1904,  has  sought  to 
perpetuate  the  remembrance  of  it  in  his 
volume   '  II  Palazzo  Pubblico  di  Siena  e 
la  Mostra  d'Arte  Antica  Senese,'  which  is 
one  of  the  best  illustrated  of  this  splendid 
collection.      In    "  Italia    Artistica,"    the 
following  new  volumes    are    to    be    had  : 
'  Prato    e    i    suoi    Diutorni,'    by    Enrico 
Corradini  ;    '  Gubbio,'   by  Arduino   Cola- 
santi  ;      '  Perugia,'    by    R.    A.    Gallenga- 
Stuart,  a  young  student  passionately  fond 
of  art ;   '  Vicenza,'  by  G.  Pettina  ;   '  Pisa." 
by  Igino  B.  Supino  ;   and  '  Da  Comacchio 


ad    Argenta,'     by    Antonio    Beltramellu 
Prom    Prof.     I     B    Supino,    the    worthy 
Director   of    our    National    Museum, 
have  a  work  of  paramount  importai 

Arte  Pisana,1  divided  into  tine.-  parts — 
architecture,  sculpture,  and  painting.  The 
chapter  on  architecture  is  the  newest  and 
most  practical  in  tin--  conscientious  p 
of  work.  In  that  on  sculpture  Supino 
speaks  at  length  of  Niccola  Pisano ;  that 
on    painting   deal-    with    Giunta  di  Ciu- 

dettO     del     Colic      the      first      painter     of 

the  thirteenth  century  who  emerged 
from  Byzantinism,  and  the  work  of 
Francesco  di  Traino  Traini,  the  author 
of  several  of  the  disputed  !  of  the 

Camposanto.  1  must  mention  some  other 
hooks,  worthy  of  note  :  the  volume  of 
Vittorio  Alinari.  '  Eiglises  et  Couvents  de 
Florence,'  richly  illustrated  ;  that  of  A. 
Rocca villa,  '  L'Arte  nel  Biellese  ' ;  the 
'  Pagine  d'Antica  Arte  Fiorentina  '  of  the 
illustrious  philosopher  Alessandro  Chiap- 
pelli  ;  and  vol.  iv.  of  the  '  Storia  dell' 
Arte  '  of  Adolfo  Venturi. 

I  was  able  to  say  in  1904  that  we  had 
a  conqueror  and  a  masterpiece.   At  present, 

if  there  is  no  master- 
poetry  and  piece,  I  have  to  note  a  new 
the  drama    victory  by  Gabriele  d'An- 

nunzio  with  his  drama  '  La 
Fiaccola  sotto  il  Moggio,'  which  is  terrible 
in  its  tragedy.  In  comedy  I  have  to 
record  '  Fiamme  nelT  Ombra,'  by  Enrico 
Butti,  and  '  La  Crisi,'  by  Marco  Praga, 
two  good  productions.  But  the  best 
authors  are  either  silent  or  are  about  to 
vanish  from  this  world's  scene,  and  the 
blanks  are  not  easily  filled.  In  the 
field  of  poetry  no  new  laurels  have 
been  gathered  :  D'Annunzio  has  not 
recently  published  any  verses  ;  Giovanni 
Pascoli  and  Giovanni  Marradi  are  pre- 
paring new  volumes.  The  most  active 
writer  is  Giulio  Orsini,  the  grey-haired 
young  poet,  whose  sixty-five  years  have  not 
deprived  him  of  poetic  fire  nor  of  fresh 
inspiration,  as  is  proved  by  his  latest 
volume,  '  Jacovella.'  A  gentle  lady 
writer,  Teresah,  has  offered  '  Nova  Lyrica,' 
and  from  Trieste  Riccardo  Pitteri  has 
sent  us  his  harmonious  verses  '  L'  Olivo,' 
and  Signora  Nella  Doria  Cambon  her 
odorous  '  Petali  al  Vento.'  Francesco 
Pastonchi,  who  has  restored  recitation,  or 
rather  the  delivery  of  verses,  to  a  place 
of  honour,  has  published  some  new  ones, 
as  usual,  very  fine,  in  the  volume  *  Sul 
Limite  dell'  Ombra.1 

To  the  "  Annali  Barberiani  '  I  need  not 
recur.     In    addition    to    this    fine    contri- 
bution   to    the    history    of 
bibliography  modern    literature    I    must 
\nd  mention  the  "  Lexicon  Typo- 

pal.eographv  graphicum  Italia-  '  of  Giu- 
seppe Fumagalli,  which  is 
a  valuable  geographical  repertory,  of 
service  for  the  history  of  typography  in 
Italy.  It  not  only  completes,  but  also 
in  some  parts  corrects,  the  work  of  Des- 
champs  which  forms  the  supplement  to 
the  'Manuel  du  Libraire '  of  Brunet. 
The  volume  of  Fumagalli  is  embellished 
with  a  quantity  of  reproductions  and  fac- 
similes, and  is  of  real  importance  to 
bibliographers.     It    is    also    necessary  to 


N°4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


99 


record  '  Un  Decennio  (1893-1904)  di 
Bibliografia  Dantesca,'  described  and  illus- 
trated with  some  diligence  by  G.  L.  Pas- 
serini  and  C.  Mazzi  ;  and  the  '  Biblio- 
grafia ragionata  per  servire  alia  Storia 
di  Napoleone  II.,  Re  di  Roma,  Duca  di 
Reichstadt,'  of  Baron  Alberto  Lumbroso. 
Among  minor  bibliographies  I  may  mention 
'  II  Tricolore  Italiano,'  a  bibliographical 
essay  by  Orazio  Viola  ;  the  '  Bibliografia 
Generate  Parmense  '  of  Stefano  Lottici 
and  Giuseppe  Sitti  ;  the  '  Dizionario 
Biografico  dei  Parmigiani  Illustri '  of 
Ambrogio  Pariset  ;  and  the  '  Nuovo 
Annuario  della  Stampa  Periodica  d'  Italia.' 
In  palaeography  there  is  a  solitary,  but 
most  important  work,  '  I  Papiri  della 
Collezione  Fiorentina,'  published  by  G. 
Vitelli,  to  whom  it  is  due  that  Italy  has 
participated  in  the  discoveries  of  the 
waste-papyrus  baskets  of  Egypt. 

Books  of  philosophy  are  meagre.  Worthy 
of  note  are  the  study  of  Benedetto  Croce, 
'  Lineamenti  di  una  Logica 
philosophy  come  Scienza  del  Concetto 
Puro  '  ;  that  of  A.  Marucci 
on  '  The  New  Philosophy  of  Criminal  Law'; 
and  various  special  monographs,  such  as  : 
Giovanni  Gentile,  '  Dal  Genovesi  al  Gal- 
luppi,'  a  picture  of  the  changes  of  thought 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  from  1750  to 
1850  ;  Rodolfo  Mondolfo,  '  Un  Psicologo 
Associazionista  '  ;  Benedetto  Pergoli,  '  II 
Condillac  in  Italia  '  ;  and  E.  Santamaria, 
'Le  Idee  Pedagogiche  di  Leone  Tolstoi.' 
Original  and  weighty  is  the  study  of  Sante 
De  Sanctis,  '  La  Mimica  del  Pensiero,' 
which  is  a  development  of  a  celebrated 
book  by  Darwin  ;  and  also  noteworthy 
are  those  of  Luigi  Valli,  '  II  Fondamento 
Psicologico  della  Religione,'  and  Giuseppe 
.Zuccante,  '  Fra  il  Pensiero  Antico  e  il 
Moderno.' 

Social  problems  seem  to  Italians  more 
attractive  than  philosophical  speculations. 

In  this  class  we  have  various 
political  interesting  studies,  and 
economy     among  the  first  are  those  of 

Francesco  Saverio  Nitti,  a 
young  and  energetic  Neapolitan  professor 
and  politician  He  has  thoroughly  studied 
two  great  problems,  that  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  wealth  in  Italy,  and  that  of  the 
nationalization  of  hydraulic  forces,  and 
has  compiled  two  weighty  works.  The 
industrial  transformation  of  Naples,  which 
is  in  course  of  accomplishment,  is  the 
fruit  of  the  tenacious  endeavours  of  this 
powerful  intellect,  full  of  bold  thought  and 
profound  teaching.  We  have  other  books 
of  a  financial  character,  such  as  the  study 
of  Guido  Sensini  on  '  The  Variations  of 
the  Economic  State  of  Italy  in  the  Last 
Thirty  Years  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,' 
that  of  Jacopo  Tivaroni  on  '  Direct  Taxes 
on  Income,'  and  that  by  G.  Fontana  on 
'  The  Systematic  Classification  of  the  Italian 
Tributary  Institution.'  Other  mono- 
graphs, rather  of  an  historical  character, 
are  those  of  Emilio  Conti  on  '  Funded 
Property  in  the  Past  and  flic  Present' 
and  of  Gino  Arias, '  II  Sistema  della  ( 'osl  il  u- 
zione  Economica  e  Sociale  Italiana  nell' 
Eta  dei  Comuni.'  A  present-day  subject 
is  treated  in  the  monograph  of  Carlo  ('ar- 
eola on  '  Industrial  Syndicates  '  and  that 


of  Antonio  Agresti,  '  L'  Internazionale 
Verde,'  or  the  International  Institute  of 
Agriculture,  proposed  by  David  Lubin, 
and  initiated  by  the  King  of  Italy.  I  may 
mention  as  a  curiosity  the  book  of  A.  R. 
Levi,  'Come una  Nazione  diventa  grande,' 
which,  as  you  may  imagine,  treats  of 
your  country's  affairs. 

Next  week  I  shall  conclude  my  article 
with  a  notice  of  History,  Belles-Lettres, 
Fiction,  &c.  Guido   Biagi. 


Cambridge  Theological  Essays.     Edited  by 
H.  B.  Swete,  D.D.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

This  volume  is  not  destined  to  make  a 
sensation.  Therein  lies  its  value.  It 
will  arouse  neither  the  enthusiasm  nor 
the  antagonism  of  the  general  public,  as 
did  '  Lux  Mundi,'  '  Contentio  Veritatis,' 
and  that  almost  forgotten  display  of  fire- 
works 'Essays  and  Reviews.'  It  is  not  the 
production  of  a  single  school  of  thought. 
The  first  essayist  is  a  strongly  convinced 
High  Churchman,  but  Canon  J.  M.  Wilson 
is  also  among  the  contributors.  Nor  is 
there  any  unity  in  st3de.  The  noble  and 
dignified  rhetoric  of  the  Master  of  Trinity 
and  the  brilliant  epigram  of  Dr.  Foakes- 
Jackson  are  far  removed  from  the  dry 
scholasticism  of  Dr.  Caldecott  or  the 
rugged  baldness  of  Dr.  Askwith.  Indeed, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  two  essays 
above  mentioned,  and  perhaps  those  of 
Mr.  Bethune  -  Baker  and  the  Master  of 
Pembroke,  we  fancy  that  the  reader  will 
find  little  difficulty  in  avoiding  the 
dangers  supposed  by  Acton  to  lurk  in 
"the  charm  of  literary  beauty  and  style." 
Some  of  the  essays  are,  we  think,  scarcely 
intelligible  except  to  persons  of  consider- 
able reading  in  philosophy. 

Yet  for  all  this,  and  possibly  because 
of  it,  we  fancy  that,  better  than  any  of 
its  competitors,  this  volume  will  advance 
what,  in  the  words  of  its  editor,  is  the 
most  important  work  now  lying  before 
theology — "  to  assimilate  the  new  views 
of  truth  suggested  by  modern  knowledge, 
without  sacrificing  any  part  of  the  primi- 
tive message."  While  it  does  not  complete 
this  task,  it  sets  forward  some  of  the  main 
lines  on  which  Christianity  is  likely  to  be 
justified  to  thoughtful  and  cultivated  men. 
Even  to  agnostics  it  should  be  of  service ; 
it  will  help  to  show  them  what  religion 
means  to  a  number  of  men  whose  work 
in  different  lines  is  sufficient  evidence  that 
faith  does  not  mean  to  them  the  suppres- 
sion of  reason,  but  rather  its  conse- 
cration and  development ;  for  the  various 
writers,  however  widely  divergent  may 
be  their  theological  and  even  their 
philosophical  views,  are  at  one  in  this, 
that  they  are  all  what  the  French  term 
intellectuels. 

We  cannot,  of  course,  either  describe 
or  criticize  these  essays  in  detail.  But 
we  may  indicate  those  which  are  most  im- 
portant and  freshest.  Many  —like  those  of 
Prof.  Barnes  on  the  Old  Testament,  and 
Mr.  J.  0.  F.  Murray  on  the  miracles 
do  little  more  than  repeat  statements  and 
arguments  familiar  already  to  readers  of 
this   kind   of   literature.     Dr.    Robinson's 


paper  on  prayer  is  well  argued,  but  we  do 
not  know  that  it  is  very  original,  or  that 
in  substance  it  contains  much  more  than 
the  early  essay  of  G.  J.  Romanes  on  the 
subject.  His  account  of  the  controversy 
of  the  seventies,  and  the  general  tone  of 
the  discussion,  are,  however,  illuminating. 
Dr.  Mason's  essay  on  the  primitive  portrait 
of  Christ  is  also  very  freshly  and  pleasantly 
written,  and  has  distinct  value. 

But  the  most  useful  and  original  of  the 
contributions  are  those  of  Dr.  Cunningham 
on  '  The  Christian  Standpoint '  ;  Dr. 
Foakes-Jackson  on  '  Christ  in  History  '  ; 
and  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  on  '  Christian 
Doctrines  and  their  Ethical  Significance.' 
It  is  these  which  really  give  the  book  its 
importance.  In  the  first  place,  all  are 
written  in  a  way  to  be  apprehended  of  the 
people.  The  "  general  reader,"  if  he  will 
not  be  deluded  by  mere  rhetoric,  will 
certainly  not  be  repelled  by  'any  techni- 
calities of  language  or  allusion,  or  annoyed 
by  any  roughness  of  style.  While  Dr. 
Foakes-Jackson's  essay  is  not  merely 
lucidly,  but  brilliantly  written,  Dr.  Cun- 
ningham's is  in  some  ways  the  most 
original,  and  his  discussion  affords  another 
witness  of  the  breadth  of  his  mind,  chiefly 
known  for  studies  of  a  very  different 
nature.  The  real  gist  of  his  argument 
is  the  need  of  emphasizing  the  fact  that 
the  religious  consciousness  in  claiming 
recognition  cannot  be  adequately  criti- 
cized merely  from  without.  Either  God, 
in  the  Christian  sense,  can  be  an  object 
of  knowledge,  or  He  cannot.  If  not,  of 
course  the  religious  consciousness  is  a 
form  of  delusion  akin  to  that  of  persons 
in  a  lunatic  asylum,  who  imagine  they 
are  daily  conversing  with  friends  who  are 
either  dead  or  absent.  If,  however, 
Christians,  and  indeed  all  believers,  are 
not  deceived,  their  knowledge,  though  a 
real  knowledge,  is  of  that  kind  which 
intimate  friends  have  of  one  another  :  it 
depends  on  sympathy  and  mutual  like- 
ness ;  and  it  can  never  be  fully  demon- 
strated, or  even  described,  to  those  who 
are  different,  and  it  is  never  completed, 
but  ever  developing  : — 

Man  partly  is,  and  wholly  hopes  to  be. 

Yet  this  knowledge  of  some  person  or 
persons  is  not  merely  present,  but  is  the 
most  real  and  active  power  in  the  life  of 
an  immense  number  of  men  and  women. 
We  are  convinced  that  this  analogy,  the 
argument  from  the  knowledge  which 
springs  of  human  love,  is  the  only  means 
whereby  a  personal  faith  can  be  ade- 
quately defended.  As  Creighton  put  it  : 
"  The  joy  of  lite  lies  in  self-knowledge,  and 

love  is  the  one  key  to  that    knowledge 

The  love  of  parents,  the  love  of  friends,  the 
love  of  married  life,  the  love  of  Cod  all  are 
but  stops  in  one  great  process  whereby  one 
wins  oneself." 

We  cannot  here  develope  this  point; 

only  we  must  notice  Dr.  Cunningham's 
essay  as  a  distinct  step  forward.  The 
defenders  of  Christianity,  since  the  seven- 
teenth    century      at     any     rate,     till     well 

into  the  nineteenth  -have  suffered  from 
two  main  defects,  which  have  been  largely 
disastrous  :  they  have  allowed  their  oppo- 
nents to  choose  the  ground,  and  since  the 


100 


THE     AT  II  KN'jEUM 


Ne4083,  Jan.  27,  1006 


days  (if  the  Deists  ha\e  adopted  an  apolo- 
getic tone,  almosl  abjeol  at  timet 
though  Christianity  were  t<>  beg  for  scanty 
recognition  at  the  bands  <>f  rationalists. 
Now,  it  the  Christian  faith  be  n<>t  a  delu- 
siun.  it  Lb  the  orown  and  completion  of 
knowledge,  the  right  course  of  human 
development  not  a  mere  pensioner  on 
the  bounty  of  science,  indulged  grudg- 
ingly with  the  Lowest  place  at  the  feast 
of  reason.  Secondly,  and  Largely  owing  to 
the  academic  atmosphere  it  lias  breathed, 
apology  is  too  apt  to  forget  sin.  or  to 
thrust  it  into  an  appendix.  Sin.  or  at 
Least  its  consciousness,  is  an  awkward 
fact  for  idealist  philosophy  :  which  finds 
it  very  convenient  to  establish  its  system 
first,  and  to  account  for  evil  later.  We  do 
not  say  that  Christian  writers  do  this,  but 
we  think  far  too  many  agree  on  the  line 
acceptable  to  persons  possessed  of  high 
ideals,  to  whom  the  grosser  passions 
make  small  appeal,  and  sin  seems  little 
worse  than  measles.  A  man  so  austere 
as  Kant  may  be  excused  for  a  very 
imperfect  recognition  of  a  fact  sadly 
evident  to  less  fortunate  persons.  It  is 
a  great  pity  that  so  many  apologists 
themselves  Lived  sheltered  lives,  and  were 
content,  not  to  ignore,  but  to  place  on 
the  winn;s.  what  ought  to  be  in  the  fore- 
front of  the  battle.  The  question  lately 
raised,  "  Can  man  sin  against  God  ?  " 
goes  to  the  root  of  the  matter  ;  and 
everything  depends  on  the  answer.  Now 
Dr.  Cunningham,  starting  from  the  per- 
sonal basis  of  the  religious  consciousness, 
puts  this  fact  (or  feeling)  in  its  right  place, 
although  we  wish  he  had  been  followed 
by  a  more  adequate  account  of  the  Atone- 
ment than  that  offered  by  Dr.  Askwith. 
Whatever  form  it  eventually  takes,  this 
doctrine  of  the  Cross  of  Christ  will  fill 
a  more,  not  a  less  prominent  place  in  the 
thought  of  the  future  than  it  has  in  the 
past,  especially  with  the  last  two  genera- 
tions, which  have  been  occupied  largely 
with  other  topics. 

Mr.  Bethune-Baker's  essay,  again,  is 
valuable  for  its  insistence  on  two  points. 
The  first  is  the  absurdity  of  supposing 
that  doctrine  can  have  no  influence  on 
ethics,  and  that  the  rules  of  conduct  will 
remain  the  same,  whatever  be  the  system 
of  belief  adopted  by  men.  The  appari- 
tion in  the  serene  firmament  of  philosophy 
of  that  strange  meteor  Nietzsche  is  the 
best  proof  of  this  ;  and  Mr.  Bethune- 
Baker  does  well  to  point  the  moral  of 
this  intellectual  comet's  story — a  story  now 
often  retold  by  Mr.  John  Davidson  and 
others.  Secondly,  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  in- 
sists on  the  importance  of  distinguishing 
between  Christian  conduct — which  is  essen- 
tially and  in  idea  a  life  inspired  by  love  to 
a  Person — and  codes  of  ethics  of  all  kinds. 
Probably  one  of  the  least  valuable  results 
of  the  influence  of  some  forms  of  philosophy 
upon  religion  has  been  the  willingness  to 
identify  Christian  ethics  with  a  mere  code, 
and  so  to  subject  them  to  the  destructive 
ciiticism  of  writers  like  Mr.  G.  E.  Moore, 
to  whom  codes  of  ethics,  categorical 
imperatives,  and  the  like,  are  food  for 
mockery,  much  of  it  legitimate.  Per- 
sonal affections  he  does  not   mock  at,  but 


considers  a  •'  true  good*';  and  these 
are  I  be  ee  tenoe  of  ( Ihrisl  Lan  et  bics 
although,  ot  course  (in  the  oa  e  of  a 
christian),  Mi   Moore  believee  theii  Object 

i o  be  non-existent .  In  Mr.  Bethune-Baki 

iv   we  find  the  personal  appeal  and  the 

importance  of  Bin  adequately  recognized. 

('anon     Koakes-, Jackson's    essay    gOOS    a 

step    further.     It    is    by    implication    an 

attempt  to  answer  the  objection  that 
Christianity  at  its  best  is  but  an  episode 
in  the  story  of  human  life,  an  episode  which 
is  fast  becoming  a  mere  survival.  He 
attempts  to  set  forth  the  Incarnation  as 
the  true  philosophy  of  history.  The  idea 
is  not  new,  and  the  essay  makes  no  claim 
to  add  to  our  knowledge  of  facts.  But 
as  an  interpretation  of  them,  freshly  and 
brightly  written,  and  as  a  mingling  of 
genuine  thought  with  erudition,  it  is  in 
some  respects  the  most  valuable  in  the 
book,  as  it  certainly  is  the  most  suggestive. 
We  are  very  glad  to  see  that  Canon  Foakes- 
Jackson  realizes  the  significance  of  Mr. 
J.  M.  Robertson's  writing.  That  ex- 
tremely able  and  bitter  anti-Christian 
critic  has  seen  that,  if  the  records  be  in 
any  way  trustworthy,  we  are,  in  Canon 
Jackson's  words,  "  driven  by  the  investi- 
gation of  the  Human  Christ  to  acknow- 
ledge that  he  must  be  also  Divine  "  ;  and 
since  to  Mr.  Robertson  the  one  alterna- 
tive is  impossible,  the  other  is  adopted 
of  denying  the  historicity  of  Jesus  in 
toto.  Such  is  the  result  of  the  purely 
rationalistic  position,  only  very  few  people 
have  the  candour  or  logical  fearlessness  of 
Mr.  Robertson,  and  consequently  disguise 
it  from  themselves. 

We  will  conclude  with  a  quotation 
which  expresses  the  net  result  of  the  whole 
situation  as  here  conceived  : — 

"  How  few  thinking  people,  to  take  but 
the  simplest  instances,  are  now  able  to 
accept  the  Mosaic  cosmogony  as  literally 
true,  or  to  acknowledge  the  inerrancy  of 
Holy  Scripture  in  the  sense  which  would 
have  satisfied  our  forefathers  !  The  question 
therefore  that  the  men  of  our  generation 
have  to  decide  is  briefly  this  : — Does  the 
surrender  of  these  things  imply  the  aban- 
donment of  Christianity  ?  The  answer  to 
it  seems  to  depend  on  what  we  consider  to 
be  the  essence  of  the  religion  of  Christ.  If  we 
consider  that  Christ  is  His  own  evidence 
and  needs  not  that  any  man  bear  witness 
of  Him,  all  these  matters,  however  inter- 
esting, are  unessential,  and  then  we  can 
survey  the  battle  with  the  feelings  of  a 
commander  whose  lines  of  communication 
with  an  impregnable  fortress  and  illimitable 
supplies  are  secure.  But  if  we  regard  our 
Faith  as  a  system  of  doctrines  resting  on 
the  authority  of  the  past,  a  scheme  of 
salvation  elaborately  constructed  out  of 
infallible  Scriptures,  an  ecclesiastical  organi- 
sation fixed  and  unalterable  since  the  days 
of  the  Apostles,  or  a  stereotyped  theory 
of  the  Universe,  we  are  compelled  to  admit 
that  the  least  fragment  cannot  be  removed 
from  the  structure  without  endangering  the 
whole." 

We  have  said  enough  to  indicate  that 
these  essays  are  in  the  best  sense  apologetic 
— not,  that  is,  an  elaborate  argument  in 
defence  of  Christianity  as  a  defendant  in 
a  trial,  but  the  setting  forth  of  a  definite 
view  of  the  meaning  of  life  and  the 
nature  of  all  knowledge — a  view  based   on 


personalities    and   their   intercourse      I- 
those    m    whom   such   a    \hu  i-  already 

implicit   in  their  thought  and  practice    the 

book  will  serve  the  great  end  of  making 
i!  explicit .  and  showing  it 

in   the   sphere   of   religion  ;     to   those   who 

bave    already   rejected    such    a    view  it 

can      make     no    appeal,     and     may     teem 

merely  silly.  I >w1  it  has  the  great  merit 
of  attacking  the  problem  in  the  right  way, 
and  not  attempting,  like  some  apologies, 
to  prove  too  much,  or  taking,  like  others, 
a  low  and  pleading  tone  of  expostulation. 
The  attitude  of  faith  ought  to  be  one  of 
certainty,  leading  to  triumph — not  that 
of  an  Old  Bailey  barrister  asking  for  an 
acquittal,  and  hoping  no  more  than  that 
the  jury  will  disagree. 


The    Poetical    Works    of    William    Blake. 

Edited    by    John    Sampson.     (Oxford, 

Clarendon  Press.) 
The    Lyrical    Poems    of    William    Blake. 

Text    by    John    Sampson.     With    an 

Introduction  by  Walter  Raleigh.   (Same 

publishers.) 

Mr.  Sampson's  edition  of  Blake  is  a 
masterpiece  of  editing,  and  Blake,  of  all 
modern  English  poets,  was  most  in  need 
of  a  good  editor.  The  text  of  Blake,  as 
it  can  be  read  in  the  two  most  accessible 
editions — Mr.  W.  M.  Rossetti's  in  the 
"  Aldine  "  series,  and  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats's 
in  "  The  Muses'  Library  " — differs  widely, 
and  in  neither  edition  does  it  even  profess 
to  be  printed  as  Blake  wrote  it.  It  is 
to  D.  G.  Rossetti  that  we  owe  the  recovery, 
if  not  almost  the  discovery,  of  Blake  ;  it 
is  to  Mr.  Swinburne  that  we  owe  the  most 
generous  and  penetrating  study  of  his 
work  that  has  yet  been  made.  Yet  it  is 
to  Rossetti,  and  in  a  minor  degree  to  Mr. 
Swinburne,  that  we  owe  that  adulteration 
of  the  original  text  which  has  left  it,  as 
Mr.  Sampson  truly  says,  "  a  sort  of  poor 
palimpsest  where  each  new  owner  has 
overwritten  his  own  poetry."  The  text 
of  Mr.  Yeats  is  more  faithful  than  that  of 
Mr.  Rossetti,  but  it  rearranges  the  mate- 
rial with  much  freedom,  omits  and  emends 
many  poems,  and  contains  numerous 
inaccuracies.  "  It  will  be  seen,"  say& 
Mr.  Sampson,  referring  to  the  various 
editions,  "  that  scarcely  a  single  poem  or 
even  epigram  has  been  suffered  to  remain 
as  Blake  wrote  it." 

In  this  new  edition  the  text  is  printed 
verbatim  from  the  manuscript,  engraved, 
and  letterpress  originals  ;  *  Blake's  final 
version  is  uniformly  adopted  as  the  text, 
while  all  earlier  or  cancelled  readings  are 
supplied  in  foot-notes."  All  the  poems 
are  arranged  exactly  as  they  are  found, 
and  each  group  is  given,  as  far  as  is 
known,  in  chronological  order.  The  two 
main  MS.  sources,  the  Rossetti  and  the 
Pickering  MSS.,  are  now  printed  for  the 
first  time  from  careful  and  accurate  tran- 
scripts, made  by  the  present  owner,  Mr. 
W.  A.  White,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
whose  generous  and  scrupulous  labour 
deserves  grateful  recognition  from  every 
student    of    Blake.     Each    section    has    a 


M°  408.3,  Jan.  27,  l90r) 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


ioi 


comprehensive  and  minute  bibliographical 
introduction  ;  the  greater  part  of  the 
poems,  in  addition  to  the  variorum  read- 
ings, have  foot-notes  explaining,  com- 
pleting, or  interpreting  the  text,  in  many- 
cases  snowing  Blake  at  work  on  his  mate- 
rial, stage  by  stage  ;  and  there  is  a  con- 
densed, but  excellent  catalogue  raisonne 
of  the  Prophetic  Books.  Many  dates  are 
now  fixed  for  the  first  time  ;  a  few  frag- 
ments are  for  the  first  time  printed  ; 
in  short,  it  is  now  possible  to  read  the 
whole  of  Blake's  poems  exactly  as  he 
wrote  them. 

In  an  edition  so  nearly  faultless  as  Mr. 
Sampson's  we  may  point  out  a  small  but 
important  matter  which  is  overlooked  by 
him,  as  it  is  by  many  editors.  The  dates 
of  Blake's  birth  and  death  are  nowhere 
clearly  stated  ;  the  more  important,  the 
date  of  his  birth,  is,  indeed,  not  given  at 
all.  So  essential  a  point  should  always  be 
made  clear,  and  it  could  not  be  made  clearer 
than  in  the  arrangement  adopted  by  Mr. 
Waller  in  the  "  Cambridge  Classics," 
where  the  dates  of  birth  and  death  are 
printed  in  large  type  opposite  the  title- 
page.  Then  we  would  ask  why,  in  a  com- 
plete edition  of  Blake's  poems,  the  poems 
contained  in  the  later  half  of  the  '  Poetical 
Sketches  '  should  "  fall  somewhat  outside 
the  scope  of  this  edition,"  and  merely 
"  be  supplied  in  an  appendix,"  and  in 
smaller  type,  "  in  order  that  the  reader 
may  be  enabled  to  judge  of  Blake's 
first  volume  in  its  entirety."  In  the 
bibliographical  preface  to  the  '  Poetical 
Sketches '  Mr.  Sampson  tells  us  that 
"  W.  M.  Rossetti  places  the  pieces  in  an 
order  of  his  own,  and  omits  the  prose,  with 
the  exception  of  the  '  Prologue  to  King 
John '  and  '  Samson,'  which  he  prints  as 
blank  verse.  Ellis  and  Yeats  follow  the 
Aldine  edition,  omitting  '  Samson.'  " 

This  is  true  of  the  text  in  vol.  iii.  of  Ellis 
and  Yeats,  but  Mr.  Sampson  overlooks 
the  fact  that  on  pp.  177-82  of  vol.  i.  both 
the  '  Prologue  to  King  John  '  and  '  Sam- 
son '  are  printed  in  a  metrical  arrange- 
ment made  by  the  editors,  and  different 
from  that  of  Mr.  Rossetti.  The  other 
two  prose  pieces,  omitted  in  the  Aldine 
edition,  follow  on  pp.  183-5  "  in  their 
natural  form  as  prose." 

On  one  of  the  pages  in  which  Messrs. 
Ellis  and  Yeats  make  the  unjustifiable 
statement  that 

"  if  the  present  version  had  been  read  aloud 
to  Blake  within  twenty-four  hours  of  the 
composition  of  his  own  piece,  he  would  not 
have  known  that  he  had  not  written  what 
is  here  printed," 

they  add  : — 

"  But  if  the  best  of  originators,  he  was 
the  poorest  of  correctors,  most  of  all  in 
cases  where  his  lines  may  really  be  said  to 
correct  themselves." 

It  has  been  the  error  of  all  Blake's 
editors  to  think  this,  and  to  act  on  their 
theory  that  Blake's  lines  "  correct  them- 
selves." Mr.  Sampson  proves  by  his 
edition,  in  which  only  Blake's  own  correc- 
tions of  his  lines  are  supplied,  that  Blake 
was  as  great  a  corrector  as  be  was  an 
originator.  In  but  one  or  two  instances 
did  Blake  prefer  finally  an  obviously 
inferior  reading,  while  his  improvements 


are  visible  on  almost  every  page  to  any 
one  who  goes  carefully  through  the 
variorum  readings.  Here  and  there,  of 
course,  are  slips  of  grammar  and  jolts  of 
metre  ;  but  even  when  these  have  been 
rectified  by  the  best  of  emendators.  some- 
thing— and  something  characteristic  of 
Blake — is  almost  invariably  lost.  Take, 
for  instance,  the  beautiful  early  lines  '  To 
the  Evening  Star,'  which  are  written  in 
a  form  of  blank  verse  whose  very  incorrect- 
nesses foreshadow  that  later  measure  of 
the  Prophetic  Books  in  which  Blake  pro- 
fesses to  have  "  produced  a  variety  in 
every  line,  both  of  cadences  and  number  of 
syllables."  The  germs  of  this  later  style 
are  clearly  visible  in  such  lines  as  : — 

Smile  on  our  loves,  and  whilst  thou  drawest  the 
Blue  curtains  of  the  sky,  scatter  thy  silver  dew 
On  every  flower  that  shuts  its  sweet  eyes 
In  timely  sleep. 

That  is  how  they  are  printed,  but  in 
Rossetti's  version  they  read  : — 

whilst  thou  drawest  round 
The  curtains  of  the  sky,  scatter  thy  dew  ; 

and  in  Mr.  Swinburne's  : — 

while  thou  drawest  round 
The  sky's  blue  curtains,  scatter  silver  dew. 

Both  also  alter  "  shuts "  to  "  closes." 
The  two  versions  are  extremely  character- 
istic— of  Rossetti  and  of  Mr.  Swinburne, 
whose  facture  of  verse  might  almost  be 
divined  from  them  ;  but  they  have 
ceased  to  be  characteristic  of  the  Blake  of 
1783,  and  they  no  longer  help  to  explain 
the  Blake  of  1793. 

The  chief  instance  of  a  poem  perma- 
nently spoilt  by  Blake,  and  thus  necessarily 
represented  in  Mr.  Sampson's  text  by  an 
inferior  reading,  is  the  poem  generally 
known  as  '  Love's  Secret,'  which  begins 
"  Never  seek  to  tell  thy  love."  Blake 
omitted  the  beautiful  first  stanza,  and 
altered  the  lovely  ending,  "  He  took  her 
with  a  sigh,"  into  the  harsh  and  grotesque 
"  0  !  was  no  deny."  Mr.  Sampson,  of 
course,  gives  the  earlier  readings  in  his 
foot-notes,  but  this  is  an  instance  in  which 
he  would  have  done  well  to  print  both 
versions  in  full,  as  he  has  done  in  several 
other  not  more  important  instances.  Two 
pages  later  there  is  a  fine  example  of  those 
generally  wise  changes  which  are  now 
seen  for  the  first  time  in  the  text  :  the 
change  of  "  And  'twixt  earnest  and  joke  " 
to  the  more  concrete,  less  didactic,  cer- 
tainly more  imaginative  "  And  still  as  a 
maid,"  in  the  poem  beginning 

I  asked  a  thief  to  steal  me  a  peach. 

On  p.  198  a  lovely  new  reading  has  been 
recaptured  in  the  poem  called  '  Morning,' 
which  has  always  been  printed  : — 

Sweet  morning  leads  me  <>n  ; 

Wit  li  sofl  repentant  moan 

I  see  the  break  of  day. 

What  Blake  really  wrote  was  : — 

Sweet   merry  leads  me  Oil 
With  sofl   repentant   niuan  : 

1  see  t  he  break  of  day. 
The  most  important  of  the  new  readings, 
however,  is  the  final  text  of  the  poem,  first 
called  '  In  8  Myrtle  Shade.'  This,  origin- 
ally sixteen  lines  in  Length,  was  altered 
and  cut  down  again  and  again,  and  these 
different  versions  are  given  inaccurately 

in  flic  edition  of  Mr.  Yeats,  who  prints  as 
Blake's  final   text   a  version   which  ends 


with  two  lines  omitted  by  Blake.  The 
final  version,  as  given  by  Mr.  Sampson,  is 
reduced  from  sixteen  to  six  lines,  and  has 
attained  perfection. 

The  pages  of  Mr.  Sampson's  edition 
from  178  to  182  will  repay  careful  study. 
There  we  see  Blake  for  once  unable  to 
extricate  himself  from  the  tangle  of  his 
own  twisting,  attempting  again  and  again 
to  mould  the  substance  and  straighten  the 
form  of  what  had  never  been  wholly 
mastered  by  his  imagination.  Not  even 
the  five  pages  which  give  us  the  whole 
process  of  gestation  of  what  came  at  last 
to  be  the  masterpiece  of  '  The  Tiger  '  are 
more  significant  in  their  revelation  of 
Blake's  manner  of  work.  In  the  first 
version  of  '  The  Fly,'  whose  "  tiny  metre  " 
seems  as  if  it  must  have  been  twin-born 
with  its  thought,  we  find  Blake  beginning 
in  a  heavy  metre,  thus  : — 

Woe  !  alas  !  my  guilty  hand 
Brushed  across  thy  summer  joy  : 
All  thy  gilded  painted  pride 
Shattered,  fled 

The  four  lines  called  '  The  Lily,'  now  so 
placid  a  song  of  innocence,  are  seen  in 
one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  notes 
to  have  been  begun  in  exactly  the  opposite 
mood  : — 

"  Beginning  by  writing  : — 

The  rose  puts  envious .... 
he  felt  that  '  envious  '  did  not  express  his 
full  meaning,  and  deleted  the  last  three 
words,  writing  above  them  '  lustful  rose,' 
and  finishing  the  line  with  the  words  '  puts 
forth  a  thorn.'     He  then  went  on — 

The  coward  sheep  a  threat'ning  horn  ; 
While  the  lilly  white  shall  in  love  delight, 
Ami  the  lion  increase  freedom  and  peace. 

at  which  point  he  drew  a  line  under  the 
poem  to  show  it  was  finished.  On  a  subse- 
quent reading  he  deleted  the  last  line,  sub- 
stituting for  it — 

The  priest  loves  war,  and  the  soldier  peace, 

but  here,  perceiving  that  his  rime  had  dis- 
appeared, he  cancelled  this  line  also,  and 
gave  the  poem  an  entirely  different  turn  by 
changing  the  word  '  lustful  '  to  '  modest  ' 
and  '  coward  '  to  '  humble,'  and  completing 
the  quatrain  (as  in  the  engraved  version) 
by  a  fourth  line  simply  explanatory  of  the 
first  three." 

In  more  than  one  poem  we  find  Blake, 
after  he  had  written  it,  realizing  that, 
though  it  was  clear  to  his  own  mind,  it 
would  be  to  the  reader  no  more  than  a  lock 
without  a  key,  and  promptly  supplying 
the  key  in  the  form  of  an  introductory 
stanza,  as  in  '  The  Wild  Flower's  Song  ' 
(p.  170).  Throughout,  indeed,  we  are 
able  to  realize,  and  for  the  first  time,  the 
sane  and  alert  critical  quality  which 
accompanied  or  followed  Blake  in  what 
have  seemed  to  many  his  almost  uncon- 
scious improvisations. 

In  the  separate  edition  of  Blake's 
'Lyrical  Poems'  (to  which  Mr.  Walter 
Raleigh  has  contributed  a  brilliant  study 
of  Blake's  mental  attitude  and  a  vivid 
representation  of  that  mental  attitude 
which  responds  to  Blake)  Mr.  Sampson 
prints  such  poems  as  he  gives  in  tin1  same 
text  as  in  his  larger  edition,  hut  without 
Blake's  eccentricities  of  spelling,  and  to 
some  extent  rearranged  in  a  more  generally 
convenient  form.     It    should   have   been 

stated  that  this  is  not  a  complete  edition 
of  even  the  lyrical  poems,  but  that  many 

9 


111-.' 


Til  E     A  Til  i:\  .KUM 


N   U)d3.  Sam.  %t.  t90d 


of  the  fragments,  and  a  few  oomplete 
poems  (such  as  '  Long  John  Brown  and 
Little  Mary  Bell  '».  have  been,  ven 
reasonably,  omitted  iti  an  edition  prepared, 
not  for  the  student.  hut  for  the  general 
lover  of  poetry.  Aa  it  is.  it  is  fuller  than 
either  the  "  Aldine  "  or  "  Muses'  Library  " 

edition,  ami  contains,  in  an  absolutely 
accurate     text,     all     of     Blake     that      can 

possibly  be  required  for  general  reading, 
unencumbered  by  any  of  the  notes  that 
swarm  over  the  pagea  of  the  larger  edition, 
too  enticingly   For  mere  pleasure  in   the 

poems.  That  we  should  have  two  such 
editions  at  the  same  time  is  a  double 
boon,  for  which  the  student  and  the 
epicure  of  letters  should  render  equal 
thanks.  And  to  some  students  and  to 
some  epicures  there  will  seem  to  be  a 
special  fitness  in  rendering  thanks  for  so 
great  a  service  done  to  Blake,  "  the  mental 
traveller"  of  English  poetry,  by  one  who 
is  already  known  as  the  best  Romany 
scholar  in  England. 


AIDS  TO  THE  OLD   TESTAMENT. 

Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament.  By 
John  Edgar  McFadyen.  (Hodder  &  Stough- 
ton.)  — -  Prof.  McFadyen  has  written  this 
book  not  for  specialists,  but  for  theological 
students,  ministers,  and  laymen  who,  while 
wishing  to  understand  the  modern  attitude 
towards  the  Old  Testament,  may  be  unable 
to  follow  the  details  of  criticism.  The 
purpose  of  the  author  is  good,  since  there 
are  crowds  of  men  with  a  religious,  historical, 
or  literary  interest  in  the  Old  Testament. 
but  without  the  knowledge  even  of  the 
shape  of  a  letter  of  the  Hebrew  alphabet, 
who  seek  for  information  to  which  their 
ignorance  should  not  prove  a  barrier.  It 
is  obvious  that  an  account  of  or  introduction 
to  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament  cannot 
furnish  a  series  of  undisputed  conclusions  of 
criticism,  since  there  is  no  such  series  ;  but 
while  a  writer  sets  forth  his  own  opinions, 
to  which  competent  critics  may  give  assent 
or  offer  objection,  he  may  illustrate  the 
general  attitude  of  modern  scholars  towards 
the  materials  with  which  he  deals.  There 
is  abundant  evidence  to  prove  that  Prof. 
McFadyen  is  acquainted  with  the  works  of 
well-known  writers  ;  but  he  does  not  weary 
his  readers  by  setting  one  scholar  against 
another,  nor  amuse  them  by  accounts  of 
the  petty  battles  of  pedants,  nor  edify  them 
with  reflections  about  the  vagaries  of  Higher 
Critics.  To  each  book  of  the  Old  Testament 
he  furnishes  an  introduction  which  is  written 
in  the  free  critical  spirit  characteristic  of 
modern  scholarship,  and  written,  too,  with 
a  power  to  stimulate  the  interests  of  his 
readers,  and  satisfy  their  just  and  reasonable 
demands  for  information  concerning  the  his- 
tory and  character  of  writings  regarded  by 
so  many  as  sacred  Scriptures.  The  book 
of  Job,  for  example,  receives  the  same  kind 
of  literary  treatment  which  Froude  gave  to 
it  in  one  of  his  '  Short  Studies.'  Of  the 
Song  of  Songs  it  is  said  that 

"the  true  view  of  this  perplexing  book  appears  to 

be  that  it  is.  as  Herder  called  it,  'a  suing  of 
pearls'    an  anthology  <>f  love  or  wedding  songs 

BUng  (luring  the  festivities  of  the  'king's  week,' 
as  the  first  week  after  the  wedding  is  called  in 
Syria." 

The  book  of  Esther  is  described  as  "not   a 

history,  but  a  historical  novel  in  miniature." 
"  What  we  regretfully  miss  in  the  book," 
says  Prof.  McFadyen, 


i  trulj    religious  note.     It   it   national  to  the 

••I.    ;    Init.  tut    urn  e    in    the   Old   Testament,  nation 

aht\  is  no!  wedded  to  a  worthy  conception  ol  God. 
I  hi  popularity  ol  the  Imok  shows  how  little 
the  prophetic  elements  in  Israel  religion  had 
touched  the  people's  heart,  and  how  stubborn  a 
resistance  was  sure  to  be  offered  to  the  generous 
.i\\>\  emancipating  word  ol  Jesus." 

Israel  h  II ' istoriml  mui  liioi/rn  phical  iVuff* 
tin*.  By  Charles  Foster  Kent.  (Same 
publishers.)  -This  volume  of  "The  Stu- 
dent's old  Teetamenl  "'  treats  ol  the  history 

of  Israel  as  written  in  the  hooks  from  Samuel 

to  the  Maccabees.  Prof.  Kent  attempts  to 
set  forth  the  narratives  in  chronological 
sequence,  so  as  to  make  the  history  of  Israel 
more  intelligible.  The  book  is  written  for 
the  use  of  Bible  classes;  and  the  author 
hopes  that  such  classes  will  "  abandon  the 
unsystematic  and  largely  fruitless  methods 
still  in  vogue,  and  enter  upon  a  graded, 
unified  course  of  study,  which  will  in  the 
end  give  a  complete  and  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  contents  of  both  Testaments."  It 
would  be  possible  to  object  to  details  of 
the  arrangement  adopted  by  Dr.  Kent,  but 
not  to  his  plan  or  purpose,  which  is  simply  the 
presentation  of  events  in  their  logical  order. 
In  an  interesting  and  scholarly  introduction 
he  deals  with  the  origin  and  present  literary 
form  of  the  historical  and  biographical 
narratives,  the  earlier  histories  and  bio- 
graphies incorporated  in  Samuel  and  Kings, 
the  Chronicler's  ecclesiastical  history  of 
Judah  and  the  Temple,  the  original  sources 
and  historical  value  of  Ezra-Nehemiah,  the 
records  of  the  Maccabean  age,  and  the 
recovery  of  the  original  text  of  the  historical 
books.  These  subjects,  suggestive  of  many 
problems,  are  not  made  too  difficult  for  the 
ordinary  intelligent  reader  ;  but  the  treat- 
ment of  them  shows  him  the  nature  of  the 
questions  which  must  be  considered  in  the 
study  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  methods 
of  the  Higher  Criticism  are  followed,  but 
Dr.  Kent  does  not  depart  from  the  way 
of  sanity  or  the  path  of  soberness.  In  a 
paragraph  with  the  heading  '  Popular  Judean 
David  Stories '  he  writes  (and  the  words 
illustrate  his  style  of  exposition)  : — 

"  From  the  lips  of  the  people  also  doubtless 
came  the  variant  versions  of  the  more  important 
incidents    in  David's  early  life,  as.  for  example,  his 

contest  with  Goliath A  comparison  shows  that 

they  are  clearly  duplicates  of  the  corresponding 
early  Judean  narratives,  but  here  the  stories  are 
told  with  slight  variations;  details  and  names 
are  usually  forgotten,  the  colouring  is  heightened, 
and  the  language  illustrates  the  effects  of  their 
having  been  retold  from  generation  to  generation. 
The  same  love  and  admiration  for  David  are 
revealed,  only  he  has  been  so  completely  idealized 
that  his  faults  and  sins  have  keen  forgotten." 

The  book,  with  the  introduction  and  the 
notes  to  the  English  text  of  the  narratives, 
should  be  of  value  to  those  who  study  the 
Old  Testament  as  the  history  of  a  nation 
or  race,  and  as  the  record  of  the  progress 
of  a  religion. 

Man's  Estate.  By  F.  E.  Coggin.  (John 
Murray.) — This  book  is  an  interpretation 
of  Genesis  ii.  4-iv.  26,  and  has  nothing  to 
do  with  questions  of  Higher  Criticism.  Mr. 
Coggin  may  be  congratulated  on  providing 
a  Bible  study  refreshingly  free  from  state- 
ments of  the  historical  origins  of  narratives, 
from  detections  of  the  literary  work  of  this 
or  that  hand,  and  from  attempts  to  reconcile 
science  and  revelation.  He  is,  of  course, 
not  ignorant  of  what  modern  learning  has 
done  with  the  passage  from  Genesis  which 
he  interprets;  and,  while  admitting  that 
tin-  passage  has  lost  several  meanings  it 
had  acquired  in  the  course  of  centuries,  he 
seeks  to  find  what  meaning  abides.  "  It 
appears  to  me,"  ho  says, 


"  that  what  we  find  111  I 

in n  bt  oompared  with  the  work  01  an  artist  who, 
wit).  ioi   nothing  but   tie    beauty  and  im- 

1   .1   land  faithful  in  bis 

drawing  and  colouring  that  a  botanist  m  geoli 
with   wh  il    knowledge  the  artist   bs 

acquaintance,  is  10  touched  bj  i. 
that    the    man   oi    science   opens    hi  the 

artist's    beautiful    vision         Notwithstanding    the 
long    lapse    ol    time    since    these    writ, 
finished,  they  seem  to  have   kepi   ■■  im- 

bo  awaken  this  laal  generation  to  their 
solemn  and  inspiring  n 

The  story  ifl  treated  as  a  parable,  but 
should  the  reader  take  it  as  history  he  will 
imt  find  himself  at  variance  with  .Mr.  Coggin 
as  an  interpreter.  Among  the  subji 
cussed,  with  special  reference  to  the  narrative, 
are  Providence,  good  and  evil,  marriage, 
male  and  female,  wages  of  sin,  death,  and 
the  carnal  mind,  in  the  discussions  (and 
this  Ls  an  admirable  feature  of  the  book) 
there  are  constant  references  to  modern 
thinkers.  Browning  is  often  quoted  ;  and 
Emerson,  Carlyle,  Buskin,  Lecky,  and  other 
teachers  are  brought  to  our  help.  The  notes, 
too,  testify  that  Mr.  Coggin  has  more  than 
a  slight  acquaintance  with  the  works  of 
modern  scholars,  such  as  Lightfoot,  Hort, 
and  Canon  Driver.  An  illustration  of  Mr. 
Coggin's  style  of  interpretation  may  be  given. 
"  The  love,"  he  says, 

'•  which  in  body  and  in  soul  binds  heart  to  heart 
ami  mind  to  mind  is  the  final  outcome  of  the 
process  of  sex  distinction  which,  as  at  last  it 
affects  humanity,  is  figured  in  our  story  by  the 
conversion  of  the  representative  of  humanity 
from  one  being  into  two  persons,  who  are  brought 
together  by  God  to  lead  one  life  in  fellowship." 


THE    PSALMS. 


The  Psalter  of  the  Church  :  the  Septuagint 
Psalms  compared  with  tlie  Hebrew.  With 
Various  Notes.  By  F.  W.  Mozley.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — Besides  the  Sep- 
tuagint  translation  of  the  Psalms,  which  is 
the  original  "  Psalter  of  the  Church,"  as 
opposed  to  the  Synagogue  Psalms  repre- 
sented by  the  Masoretic  Hebrew  text,  there 
come  here  into  consideration  the  translations 
contained  in  the  Vulgate  and  the  English 
Prayer  Book.  The  Vulgate  Psalter  is  con- 
nected with  the  Septuagint  through  the 
medium  of  the  old  Latin,  of  which  it  is  a 
revision  made  by  St.  Jerome.  The  claim  of 
the  Prayer  Book  version  to  be  regarded  as 
an  offshoot  of  the  Septuagint  i>  less  decisive. 
It  rests  mainly  on  certain  additions  from 
the  Vulgate  which  in  the  Great  Bible  of 
1539-41,  from  which  the  version  is  taken, 
were  distinguished  by  smaller  type  enclosed 
within  parentheses,  a  system  of  differentia- 
tion which  has  been  substantially  readopted 
in  Dr.  Driver's  '  Parallel  Psalter.'  Mr. 
Mozley  lias  brought  to  his  task  scholarship, 
patience,  and  a  sound  judgment  in  all 
matters  affecting  textual  criticism.  His 
careful  comparison  of  the  Septuagint  with 
the  Hebrew  text  is  sure  to  be  a  very  great 
help  to  students  at  the  universities  and  else- 
where ;  and  his  notes  on  the  Vulgate  and 
the  Prayer  Book  version  will  also  be  found 
very  useful.  We  note  with  pleasure  that 
attention  has  been  paid  to  certain  peculiar 
usages  of  English  words  in  the  Psalter.  The 
author's  defence  of  the  "  ruder  versions,"  as 
speaking  "  with  the  tone  and  authority  of  an 
original,  without  anxiety  about  the  finer 
shades  of  meaning  "  (p.  viii),  will  strike  some 
readers  as  a  sort  of  special  pleading  :  but 
this  by  no  means  detracts  from  the  excellence 
of  the  main  part  of  the  work. 

The  Hook  oi  Psalms.  With  Introduction 
and  Notes  by  W.  K.  Cobb,  D.D.  (Methuen 
&  Co.) — As  a  justification  for  adding  another 


N°  4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


103 


commentary  on  the  Psalms  to  the  many 
already  in  use,  the  author  refers  to 
"the  absence  of  any  extended  work  in  English 
which  treats  the  '  Psalms  of  David  '  freely  as 
documents  of  religion  in  its  historical  setting, 
apart  from  the  after-thoughts  of  theology,  and 
from  the  meaning  read  into  them  by  Christian 
writers." 

The  new  book  is  certainly  free  in  its  tendency, 
without  ever  losing  sight  of  the  religious 
character  of  the  subject.  It  is  also  in  many 
respects  up  to  date,  and  there  is  an  air  of 
freshness  about  every  part  of  it.  The  author 
has  used  the  best  authorities  available,  and 
exercised  sound  judgment  in  leaning  to 
this  side  or  that.  It  is,  however,  surprising 
to  find  that  the  introduction  begins  with  the 
erroneous  statement  that  the  Old  Testament 
name  of  the  Psalter  is  "  T'hillim,"  and  that 
"  T'phillim  "  (prayers)  was  by  a  copyist's 
error  written  instead  of  it  at  the  end  of 
Ps.  Ixxii.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  neither  of 
these  forms  occurs  in  the  Old  Testament, 
the  title  "T'hillim"  (praises)  being  the  later 
Synagogue  name  of  the  book.  Dr.  Cobb 
also  gives  a  fresh  translation  of  the  Psalms. 

The  Book  of  Psalms.  Translated  by  T.  K. 
Cheyne,  CD.  (Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) — Neither 
the  title-page  nor  any  other  part  of  this 
book,  one  of  "  The  Dryden  Library,"  affords 
a  hint  regarding  the  history  of  this  work 
on  the  Psalms  ;  but  it  is  in  reality  a  reprint — 
page  for  page  and  word  for  word — of  Prof. 
Cheyne's  introduction,  translation,  and  notes 
published  by  Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  in 
1884.  Even  the  words  "  O  Lord,  Jehovah 
Sabaoth,"  which  had  been  accidentally 
omitted  from  Ps.  lxix.  6  in  that  edition,  are 
also  omitted  in  the  reprint.  The  only 
alterations  seem  to  be  in  the  wording 
of  the  introduction  "  Any  version  of  a 
masterpiece  like  the  Psalter  can  be  only 
in  a  slight  degree  successful,"  instead  of 
"  'partially  successful  "  ;  the  omission  of 
the  note  of  fifteen  lines  which  followed  the 
sentence  just  quoted ;  and  the  addition,  at 
the  end  of  the  explanatory  notes,  of  a  list 
of  passages  which  involve  important  correc- 
tions of  the  Hebrew  text.  The  republication, 
however,  of  this  book  at  the  present  time 
serves  to  emphasize  the  difference  between 
Prof.  Cheyne's  recently  published  extensive 
work  on  the  Psalms  and  his  work  of  about 
a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  There  are  verjf 
many  who  will  unhesitatingly  prefer  the 
old  to  the  new.  Others  will  say  that  the 
old,  instead  of  being  republished  in  its  exact 
original  form,  might  here  and  there  have 
been  improved  by  the  introduction  of  some 
of  the  more  cautious  elements  of  advance 
that  are  to  be  found  in  the  learned  critic's 
recent  work. 

The  Psalms  :  their  Spiritual  Teaching. 
By  Rev.  J.  Elder  Gumming,  D.D.— Vol.  I. 
Psalms  I.-XLI.  (Religious  Tract  Society.) 
— Dr.  Cumming's  object  is  to  provide  a 
devotional  commentary  on  the  Psalms  from 
the  standpoint  of  Evangelical  doctrine.  This 
is  perfectly  justifiable.  The  spiritual  tone 
pervading  the  Psalter  appeals  to  each  reli- 
gious man,  whatever  lus  theological  position 
may  be.     Tennyson's  famous  lines  regarding 

liim  who  sin^s 
'I'u  one  ilc.n  harp  in  divers  tones 

might,  in  fact,  be  made  to  apply  not  only 
to  the  divers  themes  treated  in  the  Psalter, 
but  also  to  the  appeal  which  the  book  as  a 
whole  makes  to  various  kinds  of  men.  Dr. 
Cumming  has,  therefore,  done  well  to  write 
his  commentary.  His  language  is  simple, 
crisp,  and  direct  ;  and  an  air  of  sincerity 
marks  its  expression.  It  is,  of  course, 
well  known  how  difficult  it  is  to  main- 
tain the  true  devotional  spirit  for  any 
length  of  time,  and  one  must,  therefore,  be 
prepared  to  como  across  passages  exhibiting 


a  diminished  degree  of  force.  Occasionally 
there  is  even  bathos.  We  have  noticed  this 
especially  in  connexion  with  the  fanciful 
rendering  "  Think  of  that  "  assigned  to  the 
problematic  "  Selah,"  when  it  appears  in 
places  where  the  supposed  English  equivalent 
does  not  at  all  suit  the  sense.  The  intro- 
duction is  interesting  as  recounting  several 
methods  employed  in  the  spiritual  inter- 
pretation of  the  Psalter. 


THE  NEW   TESTAMENT. 

Johannine  Vocabulary.  By  Edwin  A. 
Abbott.  (A.  <ft  C.  Black.)— Dr.  Abbott 
tells  us  that  he  wrote  a  rough  draft  of  a 
'  Johannine  Grammar,'  and  that,  studied 
with  the  aid  of  it,  "  the  author  of  the 
Johannine  Gospel  revealed  himself  in  a  new 
light,  as  a  prophet  and  yet  a  player  on  words  ; 
one  of  the  most  simple  of  writers,  yet  one 
of  the  most  ambiguous  :  with  a  style,  in 
parts,  careless,  parenthetic ....  but,  in  gene- 
ral effect,  an  inspired  artist."  As  the  title 
indicates,  the  book  professes  to  be  a  study 
of  the  use  of  words  by  the  writer  of  the 
Fourth  Gospel.  Those  who  know  Dr. 
Abbott's  work  will  be  prepared  to  find  in 
this  volume  evidence  of  his  wide  and  varied 
scholarship  ;  and  even  those  who  suspect 
or  are  convinced  that  ingenuity  leads  him 
to  strange  conclusions  will  welcome  this 
contribution  to  the  study  of  New  Testa- 
ment Greek.  This  book,  however,  is  not 
intended  only  for  students  of  Greek.  "  There 
is  nothing,"  he  says, 

"to  prevent  an  'unlearned'  reader  from  under- 
standing, for  example,  that  a  difference  is  intended 
(as  Origen  says  there  is)  when  the  Fourth  Gospel 
describes  some  as  'believing  in'  our  Lord,  and 
others  as  'believing  in  His  name'  :  and  that  a  play 
on  words  describes  the  people  in  Jerusalem  as 
'trusting  in  His  name.'  whereas  'Jesus  did  not 
trust  Himself  to  them':  and  that  a  contrast  is 
drawn  between  'the  beloved  disciple'  and  Thomas, 
both  of  whom  'saw  and  believed' — but  in  what 
different  circumstances. " 

The  "  unlearned  "  reader,  it  may  be 
pointed  out,  will  probably  find  difficulty 
in  understanding  what  circumstances  have 
to  do  with  belief  as  a  mental  act  or  process. 
Variety  in  the  circumstances  which  excite 
or  create  belief  in  different  persons  does  not 
cause  variety  in  the  act  or  process  of  belief. 
The  act  is  one  and  the  same,  whoever  the 
persons  and  whatever  the  circumstances  may 
be.  Dr.  Abbott  styles  his  first  chapter 
'  Believing,'  and  uses  as  a  sub-title  the  words 
'"Believing,"  or  "Trusting,"  a  Key-Word  in 
the  Fourth  Gospel.'  There  are  many  things 
in  this  chapter,  and  also  in  others,  which 
seem  irrelevant  to  a  study  of  the  Johannine 
vocabulary,  and  which  belong,  rather,  to 
the  teaching  of  the  Evangelist.  It  may  be 
true,  for  example,  that  the  Evangelist 
regards  "  belief  "  upon  detailed  ocular  evi- 
dence as  inferior  to  "  knowledge  "  given 
to  us  by  the  Spirit,  and  that  he  wishes  to 
show  that  there  were  many  different  roads 
to  the  "  knowledge  "  of  the  risen  Saviour  ; 
but  the  book  claims  to  deal  with  the  Johan- 
nine vocabulary.  And  in  a  book  with  this 
claim  we  have  many  passages  such  as  the 
following  : — 

"Mary  Magdalene  did  not  'believe' SO  soon  as 
the  beloved  disciple.  After-  he  had  'believed,'  she 
remained  'weeping.'  Nor  did  she  'set  and  believe. ' 
On  the  contrary,  she  '««/>'  without  'bettering''  ; 
tor  slir  'supposed  it  was  the  gardener.'  Hut  she 
was  the  first  In  '  hear.'  " 

The  Testimony  of  St.  Paul  t<>  Christ.  By 
R.  J.  Knowling.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.)— 

This    volume    contains    the    Boyle    Lectures. 

190.'!  5,  delivered  by  Prof.  Knowling.  There 
aro  three  scries,  of  which  the  first  deals  with 


the  documents,  the  second  with  St.  Paul's 
testimony  in  relation  to  the  Gospels,  and  the 
third  with  the  Apostles  testimony  in  rela- 
tion to  the  life  of  the  Church.  It  is  no  doubt 
necessary  in  writing  or  speaking  about  that 
testimony  to  be  sure  of  the  documents  which 
are  to  be  received  as  sources,  and  there  may 
be,  therefore,  some  justification  for  the  first 
set  of  lectures  in  this  volume.  One  set  of 
lectures  of  ordinary  length  is  insufficient, 
however,  to  exhaust  the  problems  connected 
with  the  Pauline  literature,  and  to  set  forth 
and  test  the  external  and  internal  evidence 
for  the  acceptance  or  rejection  of  this  or 
that  epistle.  Prof.  Knowling  prefers  to 
follow  authorities  rather  than  to  lead  with 
arguments  of  his  own,  though,  while  almost 
apologizing  in  his  preface  for  his  references 
to  Van  Manen,  he  pleads  that  he  has  at- 
tempted to  deal  with  such  theories  at  first 
hand.  He  refers,  too,  to  the  fact  that  these 
theories  have  been  popularized  in  Germany 
by  "a  certain  Pastor  Kalthoff,"  and  in 
England  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Robertson  in  '  Pagan 
Christs,'  and  by  the  publications  of  the 
Rationalist  Press  Association.  From  his 
lectures  it  is  evident  that  he  seeks  to 
crush  such  theories.  The  crushing  may  be 
necessary,  and  Prof.  Knowling  evidently 
thinks  it  is,  as  a  preliminary  to  the  study 
of  the  subject  implied  in  the  title  of  the 
book.  Throughout  it,  and  not  only  in 
the  first  set  of  lectures,  he  shows  a  most 
extensive  knowledge  of  the  relevant  lite- 
rature, from  German  treatises  down  to 
magazine  articles  ;  and  readers  are  made 
aware  of  the  problems,  or  at  least  that  there 
are  innumerable  problems,  connected  with 
the  Pauline  writings,  and  that  the  answers 
to  them  are  many.  His  own  position  is 
extremely  conservative,  it  may  be  said, 
even  in  relation  to  the  Pastoral  Epistles. 
He  trusts  that  the  first  series  of  these 
lectures  has 

"at  least  shown  us  how  the  evidence  for  the 
authenticity  of  a  large  majority  of  St.  Paul's 
Epistles,  if' not  for  the  whole  of  those  claimed  for 
him,  is  commending  itself  to  the  consideration,  and 
in  no  small  degree  to  the  acceptance,  of  men  of 
very  varied  schools  of  thought,  and  that  no  serious 
importance  attaches  to  recent  attacks  upon  posi- 
tions already  won." 

The  testimony  which  is  examined  in  this 
volume  is  of  the  greatest  interest  as  a  con- 
tribution to  the  study  of  the  mind  of  Christ, 
and  also  as  evidence  regarding  the  life  of 
the  historical  Jesus.  Prof.  Knowling  recog- 
nizes the  value  of  the  inquiry,  and  he  is  to 
be  praised  for  undertaking  the  considera- 
tion of  it.  But  his  weight  of  learning  presses 
heavily  on  the  reader,  if  not  on  the  writer. 
On  the  first  page  of  Lecture  X.,  '  The  Testi- 
mony of  St.  Paul  to  the  Facts  and  Teaching 
of  the  Gospels,'  we  are  told  that  the  subject 
is  one  of  permanent  interest  in  New  Testa- 
ment criticism  ;  and  then,  when  our  interest 
is  awakened,  we  are  brought  face  to  face  on 
the  same  page  with  Strauss.  H.  Holtzmann, 
J.  Weiss,  and  l'fleiderer. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mr.  John  Murray  publishes  The  War  in 
South  Africa  :  The  Advance  to  Pretoria,  the 
Upper  Tugela  Campaign.  dkc,  prepared  in 
the  Historical   Section   of  the   Great   General 

Staff.    Berlin,  authorized   translation  by  Col. 

Euberl  Du  Cane.  The  originals  of  this  and 
former  German  accounts  are  written  with 
the  kindness  which  every  regular  army  dis- 
plays   towards    other    professional    armies 

engaged  against  amateurs.  At  the  same 
time,  contempt  for  our  work  in  South  Africa 
peeps  out  here  and  there.  The  general 
conclusion,  of  course,  is  that   the  old  "  prin- 


II 


'I'll  R     A 'I1  II  KNvEUM 


N    M)83,  .1        .'7.  1906 


oiples . .  • .  have  retained  nil  their  worth.... 
Success  will  riot   be  denied  to  the  attack. 
K\ ,  \\   [ail in  ribed  to  t he  generals,  or 

to  the  m  n  usualh  to  the  former.  Lord 
Roberts  i  blamed  for  leafing  to  expose  his 
t r. .. >| is  to  loss.  The  present  Firsl  Militan 
Member  ol  the  Armj  Counoil  is  "dilatory.' 
Neither  Sir  Redvers  Buller  (p.  202)  nor  Sir 
Charles  Warren  (|>.  139)  could  write  Orders, 
sir  John  French  failed,  not  only  at  Poplar 
Grove,  hut  at  Driefontein,  where  he  "dis- 
played    remarkable    Bupineness."     In     the 

'  Retrospect  '     we     read  :         '  The     leader- 

superior  and  subordinate  bad  no  mental 
grasp    of    the    requirements    of    a    modern 

battle. l'he   fighting    methods   adopted 

by  the  British  may  be  looked  on  as  the 
natural  outcome  of  the  inferior  quality  of  a 
mercenary  army."      The  one  point    in  which 

the  Prussian  Great  General  Staff  have  been 

willing  to  learn  from  our  experience  concerns 
the  employment   of  heavy  guns.       Here  they 

differ  from  General  Langlois,  who.  with  at 
least  equal  competence,  was  last  week 
preaching  the  opposite  doctrine.  The  trans- 
lation is  good.  In  avoiding  German  idioms 
Col.  Du  Cane  sometimes  strays  into  English 
of  too  popular  a  kind,  as,  for  example,  by 
the  use  of  the  fourth  word  in  "  as  soon  as 
ever." 

Main  Currents  in  Nineteenth-Century  Lite- 
rature. By  George  Brandes. — Vol.  VI. 
Young  Germany.  (Heinemann.) — The  final 
volume  of  Dr.  Brandes's  great  work  deals 
with  a  period  which  generally  receives  very 
unsympathetic  treatment,  if  not  from  the 
historian  proper,  yet  certainly  from  the 
literary  historian.  Nor  is  this  greatly  to 
be  wrondered  at.  The  German  literature 
of  opposition  and  revolution  from  about 
1820  to  1848— Dr.  Brandes  extends  the 
signification  of  "  Young  Germany  "  to  the 
whole  of  this  period — does  not  contain 
much  that  purely  aesthetic  criticism  can 
regard  as  superlatively  good,  and  it  does 
contain  a  great  deal  that  such  criticism  is 
apt  to  resent,  or  at  least  neglect.  In  spite 
of  this,  or  rather  because  of  this,  the  present 
volume  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
admirable  in  the  series.  It  gives  the  author 
abundant  opportunity  for  the  display  of  his 
extraordinary  psychological  gifts  ;  for  his 
forte  is  not  so  much  the  appraisal  of  litera- 
ture as  such  as  the  analysis  of  the  spiritual 
life,  the  character,  and  the  aims  of  an  author 
or  an  age,  especially  in  connexion  with 
modern  thought.  That,  indeed,  is  what 
makes  his  work  so  vivid  and  stimulating. 
For  him  the  subject  is  still  alive  ;  he  will 
take  hold  of  some  writer  whom  we  have  been 
accustomed  to  pass  by  and  consider  of  no 
special  consequence  —  some  Buckler,  or 
Herwegh,  or  Dingelstedt — and  will  pluck 
out  the  heart  of  his  personality,  and  present 
him  to  us  in  his  true  significance,  which 
often  is  not  a  literary  one  at  all.  We  are 
given  in  the  present  volume  a  wonderful 
series  of  such  portraits,  from  Borne  and 
Heine  down  to  Hartmaim  and  Sallet  ;  and 
even  if  we  cannot  always  accept  the  painter's 
point  of  view  without  reservation,  yet  he 
constantly  manages  to  bring  out  a  certain 
aspect  of  the  truth  with  such  force  and 
freshness  as  permanently  to  modify  our 
estimate  of  the  character  in  question.  The 
rigidly  literary  critic  may  perhaps  object 
that  certain  important  figures  are  absent 
from  the  gallery — authors  like;  Hehhel  and 
Ludwig,  for  example,  are  merely  named — 
but  the  objection  would  he  unfair.  Dr. 
Brandes,  as  lie  expressly  states,  has  selected 
and  grouped  his  subjects  from  the  personal 
point  of  view  and  with  a  perfectly  definite 
aim,  and  his  success  amply  justifies  the 
method. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  discuss  the  volume 
in  detail,  but  we  cannot  refrain  from  calling 


attention    to   the  charmim.'   and    illuminating 

chapter  on    Rahel,    Bettina,   and   Charli 

Stieglitz,    and     to    what     many    readers    will 

probablj  regard  as  the  mosi  interesting 
portion    of    the    hook     the    long    and    full 

account      of      Heine      and      his      work.       If-  t  - 

Dr.  Brandes  has  indeed  a  congenial  subject, 
for  his  delight  in  the  poet  whom  he  consii 
"probably  the  wittiest  man  that  ever  lived, 

or    at     least      the    wittiest     man     of     modern 

times,"  is  unmistakable.  His  sketch  oi 
Seine's  life  is  admirable;    and  his  criticism 

of  the  poems,  especially  the  Suggestive  com- 
parison of  Goethe  with  Heine,  is  exceed- 
ingly clever.  And  his  analysis  of  Heine's 
character,     with    its    puzzling    contradictions 

that  urged  him  now  to  vehement  utterances 

of  radicalism  and  again  to  equally  vehement 
disclaimers  of  being  in  any  sense  a  repub- 
lican, is  wonderfully  penetrating.  ''The 
explanation,"  says  Dr.  Brandes, 

"is  that  Heine  was  at  one  and  the  same  time  a 
passionate  lover  of  liberty  and  an  out-and-out 
aristocrat.  He  bad  tin-  freedom-loving  nature's 
thirst  for  liberty,  pined  and  languished  for  it,  and 
Loved  it  with  his  whole  soul  ;  hut  be  had  also  the 
great  nature's  admiration  for  human  greatness  ami 
the  refined  nature's  nervous  borror  of  the  rule  of 
mediocrity." 

This  recalls  Dr.  Brandes's  well-known  cha- 
racterization of  Nietzsche  as  "  an  aristo- 
cratic radical,"  and  the  fact  that  these  two 
authors  have  much  in  common  is  certainly 
worthy  of  consideration. 

In  introducing  her  book  of  reminiscences, 
In  our  Convent  Days  (Constable),  Miss  Agnes 
Repplier  wonders  if  her  successors  in  the 
schools  of  to-day  "  live  their  lives  as  vehe- 
mently as  we  lived  ours."  We  should  guess 
that  the  successors  referred  to  are  very  much 
what  Miss  Repplier  and  her  companions 
were  when,  at  eleven  or  thirteen,  they  fell  in 
love  with  Marianus,  the  Italian !  acolyte, 
and  strutted  the  stage  in  the  immaculate 
scenes  of  '  Zuma,'  "  a  Peruvian  play  in  which 
an  Indian  girl  is  accused  of  poisoning  the 
wife  of  the  Spanish  general,  when  she  is 
really  trying  to  cure  him  of  a  fever  by  giving 
him  quinine."  It  was  a  wonderful  day  when 
the  archbishop  begged  a  holiday  for  them, 
and  was  escorted  through  the  woods  ;  and 
it  must  have  been  thrilling  when  he  asked 
for  a  song,  and  himself  broke  into  a  non- 
sensical rigmarole  concerning  a  miller  and  a 
weaver  and  a  little  tailor  boy.  Miss  Repplier 
writes  with  a  grave  humour  which  makes 
easy  reading,  but  naturally  her  chronicle 
is  somewhat  "  small  beer."  The  children 
played,  w-ere  naughty,  and  were  punished, 
and  selected  goddesses  among  the  bigger 
girls  to  worship,  all  in  the  way  of  small  girls 
and  immature  wandering  minds.  We  assume 
that  the  names  scattered  throughout  the 
pages  are  real  names  since  some  are  obviously 
so.  The  bearers  of  them  will  find  Miss 
Repplier's  reminiscences  very  grateful  and 
graceful,  if  they  happen  to  come  across  her 
book. 

The  Life  of  Adeline  Sergeant.  By  Winifred 
Stephens.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — It  is 
always  interesting  to  note  the  influences  of 
environment  and  heredity  to  which  a  popular 
author  has  been  subjected.  Miss  Sergeant's 
mother  was  an  Evangelical  writer,  and  her 
father  a  Wesley  an  minister.  Shewas  brought 
up  and  educated  as  a  Wesleyan,  joined  the 
Church  of  England  whilst  living  as  a  gover- 
ness in  Canon  Burn  Murdoch's  household, 
and  after  passing  through  a  series  of  "  spirit- 
ual revolutions,  to  which  an  imaginative 
and  highly  strung  temperament  exposed 
her.  was  ultimately  received  into  the  Church 
of  Kome.  Miss  Stephens  has  written  a 
detailed  and  affectionate  account  of  her 
friend's  life  and  work,  which  shows  her  to 
have  been  a  woman  of  warm  affections  and 


Miputhy    for    other-,    and    of    a    very 

cheerful  courage  where  her  own  difficult 
and  troubles  w«re  concerned.     Mi--  Step] 
yielded  to  the  temptation     common 
hex    e\     of  i,(  i i j •_-  a  little  too  defiled  in 
phv  •  cially    in    the    matter    of    M 

Sergeant         early      love     affair,      which     was 

accompanied  by  all  the  morbid  emotions — 
bravely    combated,    however       inseparable 

from  such  a  youthful  experience.  Jt  is  of 
-renter    interest    to   learn    the    methods   of 

work  of  this  most  fertile  author,  who  wrote 
with    such    rapidity    that    she    produced    two 

serials  annually,  and  whose  novels  were  at 

least  remarkable  for  their  well- woven  pli  I 

What  is  Truth?     By  L  Gn  Smith. 

(John   Murray.) — The  question   ol    "  jesting 

Pilate,"  for  which,  Bacon  say.-,  he  "  would 
not  stay  for  an  answer,"  gives  a  title  to 
Mr.  Gregory  Smith's  book,  which  he  himself 
describes  as  "  an  attempt  to  elucidate  first 
principles  in  belief."  Very  properly,  he 
begins  with  an  essay  on  the  freedom  of  the 
will— too  short  to  exhaust  the  subject,  but 
long  enough  to  show  the  destructive  con- 
sequences of  Determinism.  Freedom  is 
necessary  to  morality,  which,  we  are  told, 
"  is  the  only  sure  footing  for  man  with 
quicksands  under  his  feet,"  and  which  is 
further  declared  to  be  "  the  surest  criterion 
of  the  truth  of  a  creed."  Dealing  with 
Christianity  itself,  Mr.  Gregory  Smith  natur- 
ally gives  pre-eminence  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  Incarnation  ;  but  though  he  desires  to 
elucidate  first  principles,  he  does  little  more 
than  make  reverent  assertions  regarding 
this  doctrine.  Most  interesting,  and  most 
suggestive,  too,  are  many  of  the  author's 
statements,  and  the  whole  atmosphere  of 
the  book  is  religious  ;  but  many  difficulties 
present  themselves,  for  overcoming  which 
no  help  is  offered.  We  are  told,  for  instance, 
that  "  an  intelligent  Cliristian  accepts  what 
is  incomprehensible  to  him  in  Cliristianity, 
because  he  has  ethical  reasons  for  giving 
credence  to  Christ,  for  trusting  Him."  Is 
the  incomprehensible,  it  may  be  asked,  in 
the  Christianity  of  Christ  Himself  or  in  that 
of  the  Church  ?  and  what  is  the  precise 
import  of  "  trusting  Him  "  ?  Another  state- 
ment may  be  quoted  :  "  About  the  swine  in 
Gadara,  for  instance,  a  Christian,  if  per- 
plexed by  the  incident,  is  content  to  wait 
for  an  explanation  till  '  the  shadows  shall 
flee  away  '  and  he  '  shall  know  even  as  he 
is  known.'  "  The  statement  surely  contra- 
dicts experience.  There  are  men  who  do 
not  forfeit  their  Christian  name  simply 
because  they  engage  in  a  criticism  of  the 
Scriptures,  seek  to  determine  the  significance 
of  the  idea  of  the  inspiration  of  the  Bible, 
and  desire  to  ascertain  the  credibility  of  all 
the  narratives  (including  that  of  the  swine 
in  Gadara)  set  forth  in  the  Gospels.  A 
Christian  eager  to  elucidate  first  principles 
in  belief  is  not  content  to  wait  for  explana- 
tions if,  while  believing  in  the  duty  of  seeking, 
he  can  find  them.  It  may  be  pointed  out, 
too,  that  the  Christian  cannot  wait  for  ex- 
planations till  "  the  shadows  shall  flee  away." 
since  the  incidents  of  tin-  life  of  Christ 
are  in  part  the  materials  from  which  are 
derived  the  "  ethical  reasons  for  gi>- '.ig 
credence  to  Christ,  for  trusting  Him  '  Mr. 
Gregory  Smith  recognizes  the  use  of  these 
incidents  for  creating  or  fostering  trust  in 
Christ.  He  will  not  reject  the  incident  of 
the  swine,  and  will  not  wait  for  an  explana- 
tion of  it,  but  declares  that  in  it  "there  is, 
for  those  who  care  to  see  it,  an  object-lesson, 
more  telling  than  language,  of  the  awful- 
ness  of  submission  to  evil."  He  is  not 
afraid  of  modern  discoveries  in  science 
or  of  the  results  of  criticism,  as  he 
is  able  without  hesitation,  following  St. 
Augustine,  to  ask  the  question,  "Can 
any  other  teacher  say,  '  Come  unto  Me,  and 


N°4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


105 


I  will  give  you  rest '  ?  "  He  knows,  too, 
the  value  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Incarnation, 
and  sees  most  clearly  the  significance  for 
conduct  of  a  trust  in  Christ.  Yet,  while 
it  may  be  at  once  admitted  that  no  one  in 
a  small  volume  can  adequately  discuss  the 
problems  of  Christology,  any  elucidation  of 
first  principles  in  Christian  belief  demands 
a  demonstration  of  the  personality  of  Christ 
which  will  explain  the  "  ethical  reasons  for 
giving  credence  "  to  Him. 

The  Green  Sphinx.  By  B.  Kennedy. 
(Methuen  &  Co.)  —  The  author,  being 
"on"  the  Daily  Mail,  might  be  reason- 
ably supposed  to  have  entered  on  his  busi- 
ness without  Nationalist  bias.  Yet  if  he 
were  the  son  of  an  Irish  emigrant  to  America, 
and  brought  up  on  no  other  food  than  the 
articles  on  Ireland  in  the  American  Fenian 
press,  he  could  not  be  more  prejudiced. 
Here  is  his  summary  of  the  present  state  of 
the  country  : — 

"Martial  law,  police  Cossacks,  false  priests, 
vampire  landlords,  and  Dublin  Castle.  No  wonder 
the  lifeblood  was  streaming  from  the  country.  No 
■wonder  Ireland  was  a  land  of  gloom  and  sadness 
and  desolation." 

This  is  the  verdict  of  an  old  peasant  woman, 
which  his  whole  book  amplifies  and  seeks 
to  justify. 

There  follows  on  the  same  page  an  out- 
burst against  a  splendid  mansion — appa- 
rently Kylemore  Castle — "  which  is  wrung 
out  of  the  world's  poverty-stricken  by  gold." 
"  Gold  is  the  world's  supreme  thief.  Gold 
neither  toils  nor  spins,"  and  so  on  for  a  page 
of  rhetoric  from  which  it  would  follow  that 
barter  was  the  only  honest  mode  of  exchang- 
ing produce.  "  And  gold  insolently  vam- 
pires this  produce."  The  verb  is  new 
to  us,  but  in  harmony  with  the  author's 
Transatlantic  style.  Gold  is  "a  yellow 
omnipotent  devil,"  which  is  to  fall  when 
light  comes  into  the  world.  How  an  omni- 
potent power  can  be  a  thief,  and,  if  omni- 
potent, how  it  can  fall,  we  leave  the  author 
to  explain. 

We  are  not  criticizing  the  politics  of  the 
book,  a  matter  outside  our  sphere  ;  we  only 
protest  that  acknowledged  facts  shall  not 
be  contradicted — that  history  shall  not  be 
falsified.  Thus,  in  an  account  of  a  Land 
Court  for  hearing  claims  of  tenants  to  have 
their  rents  reduced,  the  author  declares  the 
whole  thing  a  sham  because,  out  of  nineteen, 
only  two  had  their  rents  reduced,  and  this 
he  attributes  to  a  mere  desire  of  saving 
appearances.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
majority  of  Irish  tenants  have  had  their 
rents  reduced,  so  that  in  this  case  their 
claim  must  have  been  bad.  He  says  their 
failure  to  obtain  a  reduction  was  owing 
to  their  having  subdivided  their  farms. 
Very  probably  they  were  receiving  more 
rent  for  parts  of  their  farm  than  they  were 
paying  for  the  whole. 

The  author  seems  to  have  no  sus- 
picion that  his  wild  generalities  may  have 
many  exceptions.  There  is  one  made  for  a 
policeman  who  showed  him  personal  atten- 
tion. The  rest  are  all  Cossacks,  with  nothing 
to  do  but  to  await  orders  from  the  Castle  to 
invade  houses  by  night,  shoot  and  stab  the 
people,  and  make  false  reports  to  the  Govern- 
ment. And  Dublin  Castle  is  nothing  but  a 
sink  of  iniquity. 

Asmight  be  expected,  the  book  is  written 
in  journalese.  When  such  writing  is  trans- 
ferred to  a  volume  and  exposed  to  deliberate 
study,  its  faults  are  very  obvious.  We  do 
not  complain  of  the  myriad  use  of  full  stops. 
It  saves  the  writer  bom  most  of  the  pitfalls 
of  English  syntax,  and  the  reader  from  any 
continuous  attention.  But  even  in  a  master 
like  Macaulay  such  jerkiness  is  very  irritating. 
And  what  is  worse,  the  writer  is  betrayed 


into  the  making  of  aphorisms,  and  the  use 
of  epithets,  which  are  generally  false  or 
inept.  The  book  before  us  shows  ample 
instances  of  both  faults. 

What  the  author's  faculty  of  observation 
is  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  he 
describes  the  Rock  of  Cashel  without  one 
word  on  Cormac's  Chapel,  and  Oughterard 
without  mentioning  its  picturesque  river, 
in  which  (though  not  in  the  adjoining  lake) 
pearls  are  found.  His  knowledge  of  history 
is  shown  by  his  telling  us  that  assembled 
bishops  of  Ireland  conferred  on  Henry  II. 
and  his  heirs  the  kingdom  of  Ireland. 
Neither  Henry  II.  nor  his  heirs  were  kings 
of  Ireland.  *  He  thinks  most  of  the  fertile 
land  of  Connemara  was  carried  there  by  the 
natives  !  And  lastly,  he  thinks  the  com- 
mercial traveller  the  most  genuinely  edu- 
cated and  delightful  type  of  companion. 

Mr.  Alfred  W.  Rees  is  admirably 
equipped  as  a  winter  on  nature,  as  he  has 
already  demonstrated  in  '  Ianto  the  Fisher- 
man '  ;  and  consequently  his  new  book, 
Creatures  of  the  Night  (John  Murray),  is  sure 
of  its  reception.  It  is  a  handsome,  friendly 
book,  full  of  the  colour  of  earth.  Mr.  Rees 
writes  of  Wales — of  a  delightful  valley 
somewhere  in  the  West,  where  wild  life 
is  more  prominent  than  in  less  fortunate 
districts.  His  chapters  concern  the  his- 
tories of  several  animals  :  the  otter,  the 
water-vole,  the  field-vole,  the  fox,  the  brown 
hare,  the  badger,  and  the  hedgehog.  His 
plan  is  to  catch  his  creature  young  ;  dub  it 
Lutra,  or  Brighteye,  or  the  like,  so  as  to 
constitute  it  a  definitely  nominate  hero  ;  and 
then  pursue  its  course  through  life  to  the 
known  or  unknown  end.  Thus  Lutra,  the 
otter,  finds  peace  in  the  gorge  of  Allty- 
cafn  ;  Brighteye,  the  water-vole,  merely 
vanishes  off  the  face  of  the  earth  ;  and  Vulp, 
the  fox,  dies  of  old  age  in  distant  mountains. 
It  is  significant  of  Mr.  Rees's  studies  that  he 
is  more  of  a  naturalist  than  a  sportsman. 
On  several  hands  there  is  proof  that  the  two 
may  be  joined  ;  otherwise  should  we  have 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  writing  so  pleasantly 
for  us  ?  But  Mr.  Rees,  we  are  assured,  has 
a  diffidence  in  the  dual  character.  Of  the 
hunt  he  writes  :  "  The  scene  that  followed 
marred  for  some  of  us  at  least  the  beauty  of 
the  bright  March  morning."  Yet  he  writes 
with  no  sentimentality  such  as  is  apt  to 
spoil  the  notes  of  the  lover  of  nature.  His 
observations  are  keen  and  faithful,  though, 
as  he  says,  "  night  watching  involves  pro- 
longed exposure,  unremitting  vigilance,  abso- 
lute quietness."  In  one  chapter  he  describes 
how  he  kept  a  watch  during  moonlit  nights 
for  several  months  on  a  small  community 
of  animals.  These  included  half  a  dozen 
badgers,  a  vixen  and  her  cubs,  a  rabbit  and 
her  young,  and  a  woodmouse.  This  "  set" 
occupied  a  common  lodging-house  on  amic- 
able terms,  and  Mr.  Rees's  account  of  them 
is  engrossing.  He  writes  excellent  English, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  specimen: — 

"Yet  the  'mask'  suggests  a  hundred  pictures, 
and  when  I  turn  aside  and  forget  tni'  a  moment 
the  unreality  of  this  poor  imam'  of  deal  h.  I  wander, 
led   by  fancy,  among   the  moonlit   WOods,  where  the 

red  mouse  rustles  past,  and  the  mournful  cry  of 
the  brow  n  owl  Heats  through  t  he  beeches'  shadowed 

aisles,  then  I  heal'  a  sudden  wail,  thai  echoes  from 
hill-side    to    hill  side,    as    the    vixen    (alls    Id    Vulp: 

'The  night  is  white;  man  is  asleep ;  1  hunt  alone!' 
And  the  tux,  standing  at  tin'  (due  of  the  clearing, 
sends  hack  his  sharp,  glad  answer,  '  1  come.'" 

This  may  be  open  to  the  criticism  that  it 
is    a    little    over-assonant .  bid     its    charm    is 

undeniable. 

Lyrics    <>j    the    Restoration,    selected    and 

edited  by  John  and  Constance  Mnsolicld 
(E.  Grant  Richards),  is  the  first  of  a  series 
called  "  Tho  Chap-Books."     The  booklet  is 


one  of  the  daintiest  things  we  have  seen 
for  many  a  day,  bound  in  white  vellum  with 
old-fashioned  ties.  The  selection,  too,  is 
judicious  and  by  no  means  hackneyed.  We 
are  not  in  accord  with  all  the  views  expressed 
in  the  Introduction,  but  it  is  a  clever  piece 
of  work,  and  not  so  affected,  we  are  glad  to 
find,  as  some  modern  remarks  of  the  sort. 

In  the  "  Venetian  Series,"  published  by 
the  same  firm,  we  have  The  Marriage  of 
Heaven  and  Hell  by  Blake,  a  little  paper 
book  which  is  pleasingly  quaint  in  form. 

We  have  received  Lodge's  Peerage, 
Baronetage,  and  Knightage  for  1906  (Kelly's 
Directories),  a  fine  volume  which  is  admir- 
ably produced,  as  might  be  expected  from 
the  publishers.  No  book  of  the  sort  can 
expect  to  cope  fully  with  the  recent  flood 
of  honours,  but  '  Lodge '  is  well  up  to  date 
in  detail,  and,  in  all  cases  in  which  we  have 
examined  it,  laudably  accurate. 

The  Oxford  Year-Booh  and  Directory  for 
1906  (Sonnenschein)  is  an  admirable  guide 
to  Oxford  graduates.  It  occupies  764  pages, 
and  the  editor  is  to  be  warmly  congratulated 
on  the  research  and  resource  which  have 
made  it  so  full.  In  every  case  we  have 
tested  we  find  names  and  details  correctly 
supplied.  We  think  the  term  '  Year-Book  ' 
is  misplaced,  as  there  are  no  annual  details 
of  Oxford  life  supplied,  and  the  volume  is 
simply  a  directory  of  names  alphabetically 
arranged. 

The  Englishwoman's  Year-Book  for  1906, 
edited  by  Emily  Janes  (A.  &  C.  Black),  is 
now  an  established  annual,  and  deserves 
credit  for  the  width  of  its  range,  being  a 
useful  record  of  the  extending  activities  of 
women.  We  are  pleased  to  see  notice, 
under  '  Sports  and  Pastimes,'  of  the  oppor- 
tunities for  play  provided  for  the  poorer 
classes.  The  section  on  '  Literature  '  needs 
improvement.  The  practical  advice  sup- 
plied is  verbose  and  sentimental  ;  most  of 
the  book,  however,  is  businesslike  and 
satisfactory. 

Messrs.  A.  &  C.  Black  also  publish  The 
Writers'  and  Artists'  Year-Book  for  1906. 
This  is  a  rehandling  of  'The  Writers' 
Year-Book,'  giving  details  as  to  the  matter 
papers  want,  conditions  of  pay,  &c.  There 
is  also  a  directory  of  publishers,  to  which 
more  American  firms  should  be  added.  The 
whole  is  eminently  practical,  and  should 
save  both  editors  and  intending  con- 
tributors much  time  and  wasted  labour. 

No.  25  of  The  Library,  now  published  by 
Messrs.  Moring,  contains  an  article  by  Dr. 
Osier  on  Sir  Thomas  Browne  and  the  '  Religio 
Medici,'  illustrated  by  the  Norwich  portrait 
of  Browne.  A  facsimile  of  tho  frontispieces 
of  the  first  (surreptitious)  edition  and  of  the 
third  (the  first  author's)  edition  will  be  of 
interest  to  collectors.  The  paper  is  a  grace- 
ful and  charming  account  of  Sir  Thomas 
Browne  and  his  work  by  one  peculiarly 
fitted  to  appreciate  his  character  and  stand- 
point, personal  and  professional.  The  most 
interesting  article  in  the  number  is  a  sort  of 
symposium  on  '  The  Municipal  Librarian's 
Aim  in  Bookbuying,'  which  the  librarian 
who  opens  the  discussion  thinks  should 
be  to  exclude  all  but  the  best.  Headers 
who  want  Miss  Worboise,  Mrs.  Henry 
Wood,  or  Miss  Hraddon.  as  they  do,  to 
the  extent  of  borrowing  their  total  pro- 
duction at  tho  rate  of  a  million  and  a 
half  issues  a  year  should,  he  thinks. 
find  their  Supply  suddenly  cut  oft".  The 
editors  ask:  (1)  Does  tie'  educational  use 
fulness,  which  (-very  one  is  agreed  that 
municipal  libraries  should  possess,  constitute 
their  whole  legitimate  scope  ?  (2)  Is  it  in- 
consistent with  educational  usefulness  for  a 


km; 


THE    ATITENiEUM 


N    1083,  Jah.  27,  1906 


lii.nir\  to  circulate  silly  novels  !  They 
suggest  dial  tit*-  readers  of  penny  novellettes 
are  the  sort  of  persona  ■  librarian  ruM  to 
reclaim,  and  thai  thej  will  require  verj 
oareful  tending  t<>  lead  them  to  higher 
things.  Lord  Avebury,  Prof.  Hodgkin,  and 
Mr.  Sidney  Lee  do  nol  think  thai  public 
funds  oughl  t<»  be  applied  •  <>  the  "provision 
of  such  frivolous  amusement  as  ephemeral 
action  affords."  Prof.  W.  M.  Dixon,  Mr. 
Passmore  Bdwards,  and  .Mr.  Sidney   Webb 

take    an     opposite    view.      Their    answer    to 

objeotors  is  that  their  argument  proves  too 
much :  it.  is  as  fatal  to  public  libraries 
without  fiction  as  with  it.  Mr.  John 
Balunger,  Dr.  Garnett,  and  .Mr.  Faber  take 
a  via  media;  and  Dr.  Garnetl  defends  the 
ladies  named  by  the  opener.  Their  works 
are  "  by  no  means  silly,  but  are  adapted 
with  much  skill  to  meet  the  taste  of  a  large 
body  of  readers  unable  to  appreciate  fiction 
of  a  higher  class,  and  an-  actually  useful  in 
so  far  as  they  depict  phases  of  modern  life 
with  spirit  aiid  accuracy."  Altogether  t he- 
article  is  a  very  good  synopsis  of  the  argu- 
ments which  arise  round  every  public 
library  in  the  kingdom.  Mr.  Homer  sends 
an  interesting  paper  on  the  cost  of 
printing  in  the  seventeenth  century  ;  Mr. 
Jacobi  writes  on  early  printers'  inks  ;  and 
the  usual  notice  of  recent  foreign  literature, 
reviews,  and  book  notes  complete  an  excellent 
number. 


LIST   OF    NEW    BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 
Theology. 
Abbott  OV.),  Tlu-  Life  of  Hope,  2 
Brant  (C  H.),  Adventure  for  Uod,  :>   m  t. 
Ludem&nn  (II.),  Biblical  Christianity,  translated  by  M.  A. 

Canney,  -  net. 
Vivian  (P.),  The  Churches  and  Modern  Thought,  (i  net. 
Wells  (A.  R.),  The  Young  People's  Pastor,  -i: 

Law. 
Oppenheim  (I,.),  International   Law:    Vol.   II.    War  and 

Neutrality,  svo,  is   net. 
Parry  (K.  A.),  Ten  Years'  Experience  of  the  Manchester 
anil  Salford  County  Courts,  1    net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Hind  (('.  L.),  Days  with  Velasquez,  7  i;  net. 
Ilyainson   (A.    M.),    Dictionary  Ol   Artists  and    Art   Terms, 

1/  net. 
Lewis  (C),  Lost  in  Blunderland,  -i  ii 
Lowden  (A.  E.  1).),  A  Drawing  Scheme  for  Country  Schools, 

■id 

Macquoid  (P.),  A  History  of  English  Furniture:    Vol.   II. 

The  Age  of  Walnut,  42/  net. 
Tartans  of  the  Clans  and  Septs  of  Scotland,  i  vols. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Campbell  (A.),  Reveries.  .'(,<' 

Cams  (P.),  Kriedrich  Schiller,  3/6  net. 

Dorchain   (A.),    Lea    Cent    Meilleurs    Poemea  (Lyriques), 

Oil.  net. 
Baton  (A.  W.),  Acadian  Ballads  and  De  Soto's  Last  Dream; 

Poems  of  tin'  <  Ibristian  Year,  each  4/  net. 
Lyrists  of  the  Restoration,  selected  by  J.  and  C.  Masefleld, 

:i,  (i  net. 
Narayana  (It.),  A  Tale  of  Behar. 
O'Dowd  (B.),  The  Silent  Land,  and  other  Verses,  1/ 
Salmon  (A.  I..),  A  Book  of  Verses,  2/6  net. 
Simpson  (P.),  Scenes  from  Old  Playbooks,   !,ii 

Music 
Liyhtwood  (.1.  T.),  Hymn  Tunes  and  their  Story,  .'.    net 

Pronouncing  Pocket-Manual  of  Musical  Terms,  edited  by 

Dr.  T.  Baker,  1/  net. 
Young (I'ilson),  Slastersingers,  5/ net, 
Bibliography. 
Winternitz  (M.)  and  Keith  (A.  1'..),  Catalogue  of  Sanskrit 
Mss.  in  the  Bodleian  Library,  VoL  II.,  26/  net. 
Uietory  ami  Biography, 

Account!  of  the  Lord  High   Treasurer  of  Scotland,  edited  l>\ 

Sir. I.  Balfour  Paul:   VoL  VI.,  1631-8. 
Carl(K.  A.),  With  the  Empress  Dowagei  of  China,  in  i;  net. 
Parmer  (.1.  K.),  Versailles  and  the  Court  under  Louis   XIV., 

IE   net. 
Giffen  (J.  K.),  The  Egyptian  Sudan,  8/6  net. 
Hungry  Forties,  Life  under  the  Bread  Tax,  Introduction  by 

.Mrs.  Cobden  Cnwia,  Qd. 
Morley  (.).),  The  Life  of  Richard  Cobden,  Part  I.,  o(/.  net. 
Underwood  (L.  II.),  With  Tommy  Atkins  in  Korea,  4/ net, 
Whibley  (C),  William  Pitt,  o  net 

Geography  ami  Travel. 
Maxsted(H.  EL),  Three  Thousand  Miles  in  a  Motor-Car,  2/6 
net. 

Sciincouit  (E.  de),  Wordsworth's  Guide  to  the  Lakes,  2/6 
net. 

Sports  ami  Pastimes. 
w.ilkci  (P.  i,  [low  to  Phi)   Association  foothill,  1/net 

Folk-lore, 
Anderton    (I.    M.),  Tuscan    Folk-lore   and   Sketches,    2  o 
net. 


Philology. 

w,\„,\  i  - 1     \       in  1 1 1  ti  i  ii  <  i  Iramnuu    16  *•  net 

pholl,      II.  1 1.  Ml.  .. .     I'M      bj     I.      I        M..M  ll.Hlt.    II.  .le-     D) 

I,,  i    i  mil  i lull   !  '■  net 
Scht 
kngtu  (A    'I  i    v   en  lnniii.il>  (-hi-,    in   Differentia]  and 

ml  Ciilculu 
Bamell  ill    J  >    PracticaJ  Object  Lemwna  from   tin-   Plant 

World,  3 
Blackie'ri  KiirHhIi  Sehool  Texts:  Travew  in  Thibet     Livy, 

1 1 : 1 1 1 1 1  i  l  >.  1 1  in  It  il>  :  De  Oulneey's  English  Mail  I 

Travels  of  CapU  John  Smith,  6a,  each. 

Blackie's  Little  French  i  lassies  .  <  bans la  Roland,  Id. 

c in  (M.  «    ).  The  Function  ol  Word 

,  iCera    I',..  Lege  Manilia,  ed.  by  W.  .1.  W Ihouse,  i  :  Pro 

Sexto  Roscio  Awerino  Oratio,  ed.  )■>  J.  C.  Nicol,  -i  6 
llariold  (.1- 1.  Digi wtine  Returns  into  Summaries,  2  6  net 
.i.uk-  Concentric    Histories:    our    [stand's   Story;    Step 

Four;  The  Making  of  Europe,  i  Beach. 
Wail  (A.   F.)  ;i it'l  Hayes  (B.  J.),  Matriculation  Select ■ 

from  I.  it  in  Authors,  2  6 

Science. 
Berri  (ft,  J.  A.)  Surface  Anatomy,  '  8  neb 
Campbell   (l>.    H).    Tbe   structure   and    Development  of 

Mosses  and  Ferns  (Archegoniat»),  18  6  net 
DalbyfW    I'..).  V'alvesand  Valve  Geai  Mechanism,  21/ net 
Gentscn  (W.),  Steam  Turbines,  translated  by  A.  EL  Lnldell, 

21   net.  ,       ,    , 

Haeckel  (EA    Last    Words   on    Evolution,  translated    by 

.1.  McCabe,  H  net 
McCabe  (.).),  The  Origin  of  Life,  6tt 
Naturalist's  Directory,  1906-7,  I  6 net. 
Prince  (M.),  The  Dissociation  of  a  Personality,  10/6  net 
Reed's  Naval  Seaman's  Assistant,  by  Vulcan,  2  net 
Thomas  (J.  W.),  The  Ventilation,  Beating,  and  Lighting  of 

Dwellings,  6 

General  Literature. 
Blake  (W.),  The  Marriage  of  Heaven  and  Hell,  6d.  net. 
Chemical  Manufacturers'  Directory,  1906,  2  6  net. 
(lurk  (Margaret),  All  Weathers,  .'(;  net. 
Ellis  (Appleton),  The  Hour  on  the  Latch,  ::  6 
Englishwoman's  Year-Book  and  Directory,  1906,  edited  by 

E.  .lanes,  2/6  net. 

Hunter  (A.  C),  A  Prince  in  the  Garret,  6 

Howe(F.  C),  The  City,  the  Hope  of  Democracy,  7/6  net. 

Kernahan  (('.),  The  Sinnings  of  Seraphine,  6/ 

Lodge's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  1906,  31/6  net. 

Mann  (M.  EA  Rose  at  Honeypot,  6/ 

Mathieson's  Highest  and  Lowest  Prices;  Provincial  Highest 

and  Lowest,  2  6  each. 
Moore  (.1.  II.),  The  Universal  Kinship.  4/6  net. 
New  Zealand  Official   Yearbook,  1905,  prepared  by  E.  J. 

von  Dadelszen. 
Penny  (!■'.  E.),  Caste  and  Creed,  6/ 
Roberts  (TA  Hemming  the  Adventurer,  (i, 
Thorn's  Official    Directory   of  Great    Britain   and   Ireland, 

1906,  svo,  -l\l 
Tolstoy  (Count  I,.),  Christianity  and  Patriotism,  and  other 

Essays,  2/  net. 
Tytler(S.)i  The  Bracebridges,  6/ 
"Wha-oo-ool  "  by  E.  V.  A.,  3/6 
Writers' and  Artists'  Year-Book,  1906,  1/  net. 

FOR  EIGN. 

Fine  Ait  ami  Archaeology. 
Moreau-Vauthier  (Ch.),  Heroine,  1'Homme  et  1' Artiste. 

Music 
Hubert  (H.),  Johannes  Brahms,  sa  Vie  et  son  CEuvre,  6fr. 

Philosophy. 
Pachen  (.1.),  Du  Positivisnie  an  Mysticisme,  Sfr.  50. 

History  ami  Biography. 
An  Irieux  (L.),  La  Commune  a  Lyon  en  1S70  et  1871,  Sfr.  50. 
Bildt   (Baron   de),    Christine   de   Suede  et  le   Conclave  de 

('lenient  X.,  1GISD-70,  Sfr. 
Chambrier(J.  de),  De  Sevastopol  ii  Solferino,  Sfr.  50. 

Erb  (General),  L'ArtUlerie  dans  les  Bataillesde  Met/.,  12fr, 

Niox  (Ct'iieral),  La  Cuerre  Russo-.laponaise,  2fr. 
S^gur  (Marquis  de),  Julie  (le  Lespinasse,  7fr.  50. 

Geography  ami  Travel. 
Bordeaux  (A.),  LaGuyane  Inconnue,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff  (U.  von),  Bucolici  Grseci,  rec.  et 
emend.,  2m.  80. 

Science. 
Thierry  (M.  de),  Introduction  a  l'Ktuile  de  la  Chiniie,  lOfr, 

General  Literature. 
Adam  (P.),  Les  Lions,  Sfr.  5ft 
Bray  (M.  de).  Sans  Defense,  Sfr.  50. 

Cheradame  (A.),  Le  Monde  et  la  Guerre  Russo-Japonaise, 
9fr. 

Civet  (A.),  L'Officier  Allemaud,  Ofr. 

Roster  (E.  B.),  Over  Navolging   en    Overeenkomst  in  de 

Litoratuur. 
Leroy-Allais  (JA  Ames  Vaillantes,  Sfr.  5ft 

Kcniiis.it  (M.).  L'InouMiable  Passe,  Sfr.  5(1. 

Ribera  (J.),  Lo  Uientiflco  en  la  Historia. 

Tinnier,  Coccinelle,  3fr.  50. 

%*  All  books  received  at  the  office  mi  to  Wednesday  morning 
n-ill  he  included  in  tin's  List  unless  previously  noted. 


GEORGE    JACOB    HOLYOAKR. 

When,  on  the  25th  of  February  last,  we 
reviewed  Mr.  Holyoake's  'Bygones  Worth 
Remembering,'  we  little  thought  thai  before 
twelve  months  bad  passed  wo  should  have 
tin*  sorrow  of  recording  that  our  veteran 
friend  was  among  tlie  bygones.  Although 
born  as  tar  back  as  the  1 3th  of  April,  IS  17, 
the  "young  patriarch,"  as  ho  loved  to  be 
called,  was  so  full  of  vigour  that  even  at  his 


advanced   age  than  appeared   to   b 

time   i"i    ii-  ml   work    before   him.     I  ft.  ml 

he  whs  to  th.  lu-t,  and  tull  ot  that  cheerful 
optimism  thai  gave  colour  to  Ins  life. 

Many  ol  the  reform-  in  which  he  took 
-mli  a  leading  part  were  advocated  in  The 
Athenaeum  until  they  were  accomplished, 
that  we  regard  with  special  interest  a  life 
which  u,i-  -pint  in  securing  improvementa 
in  th.-  condition  of  the  poor,  in  his 
1  Bygones  '  Eolyoake  describee  vividly  their 

Bufferings,  their"  unhealthy  homes,  the  adul- 
terated food,  and  the  entire  absence  of 
innocenl  recreation  for  their  boon  of  l>i-  i 

He  makes  hut  modest  reference  to  bii  share 
in  the  work  of  reformation  ;  indeed,  he 
was  ever  eager  to  secure  credit  for  others, 
himself  modestly  withdrawiri";  from  praise. 

Holyoake  was  weakly  as  a  boy,  and  it 
was  often  said  of  him  that  it  was  doubtful 
Whether  he  would  be  reared,  and  be  humor- 
ously records  that  "after  the  predictions 
recounted  as  to  my  early  decease,  it  was 
unimaginable  to  me  that  1  should  be  writing 
at  seventy-five  in  pleasant  health."  In  his 
youth  his  delight  was  in  mechanical  con- 
trivances, and  not  having  the  raerns  to  buy 
mathematical  instruments,  he  made  two 
pairs  of  compasses  for  pencil  and  pen, 
hammered  out  of  bits  of  sheet  iron.  His 
tutor  was  so  pleased  with  them  that  he  caused 
them  to  be  laid  on  the  table  at  the  annual 
distribution  of  prizes  of  the  Mechanics' 
Institute,  and  as  the  result  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman 
publicly  presented  Holyoake  with  a  proper 
case  of  mathematical  instruments.  After 
this  Holyoake's  name  was  placed  on  George 
Stephenson's  list  of  young  engineers  and 
of  this  he  was  very  proud,  though  nothing 
came  of  it.  That  he  would  have  been  a 
successful  engineer  there  can  be  but  little 
doubt,  for  he  had  the  mechanical  faculty, 
and  he  relates  that  he  "could  tell  tie 
quality  of  steel  and  other  metals  just 
as  others  can  tell  textile  fabrics  at  a 
glance."  He  considered  mechanical  employ- 
ment far  preferable  to  any  other  open 
to  men  born  in  cities,  there  being 
more  independence  in  handicraft  pursuits, 
and  more  time  for  original  thought,  than 
in  clerkship  or  business.  His  capacity  to 
work  as  a  whitesmith  or  engineer  was  a 
source  of  pride  to  him,  and  he  records  that 
"  anything  I  could  do  in  my  mechanic  days 
I  could  do  ever  after.  It  gave  me  a  sense  of 
independence.  If  speaking,  teaching,  or 
writing  failed  me,  I  was  always  ready  for 
the  bench." 

The  details  of  Holyoake's  long  and  useful 
life  it  is  needless  to  recall,  for  he  has  given 
them  to  us  in  the  '  Bygones  Worth  Remem- 
bering,' already  mentioned,  and  in  '  Sixty 
Years  of  an  Agitator's  Life,'  reviewed  in 
The  Athenaeum  on  the  31st  of  December, 
1892.  The  idea  of  writing  these  was  first 
suggested  to  him  in  the  later  fifties  by  Mr. 
White,  of  the  House  of  Commons,  father 
of  "Mark  Rutherford."  Holyoake  also, 
towards  the  close  of  1899,  wrote  an  intro- 
duction to  his  friend  Collet's  '  History  of 
tin-  Taxes  on  Knowledge  '  (Athcn.,  Jan.  20th, 
1900),  and  in  this  he  pays  a  generous  tribute 
to  the  Bervi06S  rendered  by  my  father  in 
freeing  literature  and  the  Press  from  these 
taxes.  In  1901,  when  The  Sun  started  the 
novel  idea  of  a  portion  of  the  paper  being 
edited  by  a  different  editor  each  week, 
Holyoake  was  chosen  to  succeed  his  friend 
Dr.  Parker,  then  of  the  City  Temple,  and  he 
was  responsible  for  the  first   page  for  the 

six  numbers  ending  the  21st  of  December. 
In  his  manifesto  be  stated  his  "  loyalty  to 
Liberal  principles  and  to  the  party  which 
represents  them":  "One  tiling  time  has 
taught  all  who  think — that  there  is  no  free- 
dom without  responsibility.  Liberty  with- 
out it  is  another  name  for  despotism." 


N°  4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


107 


Holyoake  was  an  occasional  contributor 
to  Notes  and  Queries,  the  subjects  on  which 
he  wrote  including  his  recollections  of  old 
Chartists. 

His  death  on  Monday  came  naturally  and 
peacefully,  the  death  of  old  age,  and  his 
last  words,  whispered  to  his  friend  Mr. 
Applegarth,  were, 

I  warmed  both  hands  before  the  tire  of  Life  ; 
It  sinks,  and  I  am  ready  to  depart. 

Those  who  have  enjoyed  his  friendship 
know  what  a  privilege  it  was.  A  kindness 
shown  to  him  he  never  forgot,  and  I  have 
never  known  a  man  more  affectionate  and 
sincere.  It  is  pleasant  to  hear  that  he  had 
finished  the  revision  of  '  The  History  of 
Co-operation,'  and  also  his  autobiography. 

F. 


THOMAS    GRAY    IN    PETERHOUSE. 
II. 

What  was  the  character  of  the  education 
which  Gray  received  in  Peterhouse  ?  In 
December,  1736,  Gray  is  found  writing  to 
his  friend  West,  "  You  must  know  I  do  not 
take  degrees."  This  has  been  too  hastily 
taken  as  representing  a  general  repudiation 
by  Gray  of  academic  courses.  It  amounts 
to  no  more  than  a  declaration  that  Gray  did 
not  propose  to  proceed  to  the  B.A.  degree, 
which  in  the  ordinary  way  he  would  have 
taken  in  the  ensuing  year.  Gray  came  up 
in  the  Dark  Ages  of  academic  exercises,  a 
generation  before  the  efforts  of  reformers 
like  Dr.  John  Jebb  of  his  own  College  had 
introduced  examination  tests  of  a  sub- 
stantial educational  value.  The  men  of 
the  eighteenth  century  were  preserved  from 
a  fatal  modern  conception  :  they  could  not 
regard  the  taking  of  a  degree  either  as  the 
end  of  University  education  or  the  final 
demonstration  of  the  possession  of  ability. 
When  graduation  commonly  represented 
certain  obsolete  formalities  and,  as  Gray 
put  it,  mere  "  impertinencies,"  men  of  first- 
rate  distinction,  who  were  not  candidates 
for  University  appointments,  might  well 
complete  their  course  without  submitting 
themselves  to  the  formalities  of  the  Schools. 
Henry  Cavendish  went  down  from  Peter- 
house  without  a  degree.  Charles  Babbage, 
the  subsequently  famous  mathematician,  as 
an  undergraduate  of  the  same  College 
declined  to  be  a  Tripos  candidate.  That 
Gray  pursued  a  regular  curriculum  is  reason- 
ably certain.  He  had  in  1736,  as  he  com- 
plained, attended  lectures  and  disputations 
daily  and  hourly  since  coming  up.  Some- 
thing of  the  character  of  his  studies  may 
be  gathered  from  general  knowledge  as  to 
the  disputations  in  Hall  and  other  College 
exercises,  attendance  upon  which  was  in- 
cumbent upon  all  students.  Something  of 
a  more  particular  nature  may  be  extracted 
from  the  conditions  of  tenure  of  the  scholar- 
ships which  he  held. 

The  provisions  of  tenure  of  the  Cosin  and 
the  Hale  Scholarships  were  drafted  on  the 
same  model.  They  aimed  at  securing  pro- 
priety of  demeanour  and  the  regular  pursuit 
of  definite  studies.  With  regulations  as  to 
the  wearing  of  wide-sleeved  gown  and 
squared  cap,  the  avoiding  of  extravagance 
in  dress,  and  modest  deportment  in  Hail 
and  elsewhere,  were  combined  some  par- 
ticular requirements  as  to  the  student's 
mental  fare.  As  Cosin  Scholar,  Gray  would 
be  forbidden  to  wear  long  Locks  or  use  hair 

powder.  Whether  as  Cosin  or  its  Hale 
Scholar,  he  would  be  required  to  study 
music  under  the  College  organist,  so  as  to 
take  part  in  the  chanting  and  singing  of  the 
Chapel  choil  :  on  each  Sunday  and  least 
day  he  would  produce  to  the  Master  and  to 
the  President  or  Senior  Dean  at  dinner  hour 


fair  copies  of  Greek  and  Latin  verses  on  a 
subject  taken  from  the  Gospel  for  the  day. 
Once  each  quarter,  at  9  a.m.,  on  a  day 
appointed,  two  Hale  Scholars  were  called 
upon  to  dispute  in  Hall  on  a  proposition  pre- 
viously approved  by  the  Master,  a  fair  copy 
of  the  argument  being  subsequently  depo- 
sited with  the  Master  by  each  disputant. 
Each  year  for  further  tenure  the  Master 
and  two  Deans  must  be  satisfied  as  to  the 
progress  of  the  scholar  in  his  studies. 

Gray  did  not  take  the  B.A.,  but  he  con- 
fessedly amassed  knowledge,  and  in  par- 
ticular a  knowledge  of  the  classics,  which 
excited  the  admiration  of  his  contemporaries, 
and  has  moved  later  biographers  to  ecstasy. 
And  however  eminent  may  be  a  young 
man's  genius,  such  knowledge  is  not  to  be 
gathered  in  a  few  short  years  absolutely 
without  instructor.  Who  were  Gray's 
teachers  ?  It  is  possible  to  identify  one, 
at  least,  with  more  than  probability.  Gray, 
as  an  undergraduate,  combined  the  licensed 
self-admiration  of  the  poet  at  once  with 
constitutional  idleness  and  with  a  young 
man's  habitual  contempt  for  the  acquirements 
of  his  seniors.  A  reader  of  the  letters  in 
which  the  youthful  student  depicts  his 
contemporaries  in  Cambridge  as  sunk  in 
sloth  and  ignoranoe  would  hardly  expect 
to  find  in  a  Peterhouse  Senior  Fellow 
of  the  time  the  finest  classical  scholar 
of  the  day,  and  a  classical  scholar  fit 
to  take  high  rank  in  any  age.  Yet 
Jeremiah  Markland,  the  commentator  upon 
Cicero  and  upon  Euripides,  was  ranked  as  a 
critic,  by  authority  worthy  of  deference, 
as  second  only  to  Bentley,  and  it  may  be 
more  than  suspected  that  Gray  was  in  no 
small  degree  indebted  for  some  sparks  of 
his  classical  brilliancy  to  habitual  associa- 
tion for  many  years  with  the  modest  scholar 
who  twice  declined  the  Greek  Professorship. 
Nor  was  Markland  alone  in  Peterhouse 
other  than  "  barbarian."  If  the  Peterhouse 
of  Gray's  day  attracted  young  "  bloods  " 
like  Augustus  Henry  Fitzroy,  subsequently 
Duke  of  Grafton,  Chancellor  of  the  Uni- 
versity, and  Premier  ;  James  Lowther, 
"  the  bad  Earl  "  of  Lonsdale  ;  and  Henry 
Liddell,  first  Earl  of  Ravensworth,  she  also 
produced  not  a  few  men  worthy — whether 
in  "  religion,  manners,  or  learning  " — to 
stand  in  the  niches  of  History  beside  the 
author  of  the  '  Elegy.'  Henry  Cavendish, 
the  world-renowned  chemist,  and  his  cousin 
Lord  John  Cavendish,  Secretary  of  State, 
a  statesman  of  the  highest  character,  were, 
with  others  who  might  be  mentioned,  no 
bad  foils  for  the  glory  of  Thomas  Gray. 

At  Michaelmas,  1738,  Gray  went  down 
from  Peterhouse  with  the  intention  of  reading 
for  the  Bar.  Instead  of  settling  in  the 
Temple,  however,  he  accepted  an  invitation 
to  travel  with  Horace  Walpole.  His  name 
remained  on  the  Peterhouse  books  as  that 
of  an  undergraduate  Pensioner  until  Michael- 
mas, 1739.  Three  years  later  he  reappears 
as  "  Mr.  Gray." 

No  formal  record, suchasonthelike  occasion 
usually  appears,  has  been  found  of  his  trans- 
ference to  the  grade  of  Follow  Commoner, 
but  his  name  is  included  amongst  those  of 
Fellows  and  Fellow  Commoners  on  the 
Buttery  Roll,  and  as  an  undergraduate  he 
could  not  have  joined  the  table  in  any  other 
character. 

From  October,  1742,  to  the  beginning 
of  1756  he  was  continuously  in  residence. 
In  1743  he  took  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Civil  haw.     It  was  at  the  Peterhouse  tligh 

Table   that    Cray    met  the    Duke  of  Oration. 

then  Earl  of  Euston,  to  whose-  patronage  he 
was   later   to   owe   his  appointment   to   the 

Professorship  of  Modern  History;  and 
then>,  too,  he  contracted  a  close  friendship 
with  Richard  Stonehewer,  who  subsequently 


acted  as  Grafton's  secretary,  and  held  a 
Civil  Service  appointment.  Stonehewer 
graduated  from  Trinity  as  eighth  Wrangler 
in  1749-50,  but  in  1751  was  elected  a  Ramsey 
Fellow  of  Peterhouse. 

And  now  for  the  occasion  of  Gray's 
migration  to  Pembroke  : — 

"  Two  or  three  young  men  of  Fortune,  who  lived 
in  the  same  staircase,  had  for  some  time  intention- 
ally disturbed  him  with  their  riots,  and  carried 
their  ill-behaviour  so  far  as  frequently  to  awaken 
him  at  midnight.  After  having  borne  with  their 
insults  longer  than  might  reasonably  have  been 
expected,  even  from  a  man  of  less  warmth  of 
temper,  Mr.  Cray  complained  to  the  Governing 
part  of  the  Society ;  and,  not  thinking  that  his 
remonstrance  was  sufficiently  attended  to,  quitted 
the  College." 

So  writes  the  biographer  Mason,  a  Fellow  of 
Pembroke.     The  incident  belongs  to  1756. 

Gray  himself  writes  to  Dr.  Wharton  from 
Pembroke  on  March  25th,  1756,  in  his 
habitual  manner  of  quiet  jest :  "I  left  my 
Lodgings  because  the  rooms  were  noisy 
and  the  people  of  the  house  uncivil."  He 
declines  to  give  particulars,  but  refers  his 
correspondent  to  the  bearer  of  the  letter, 
"  who  was  witness  to  them,"  for  details  of 
facts  and  minute  circumstances.  The  bearer 
was  Stonehewer. 

Tradition  has  eked  out  the  accounts  of 
biographers  in  furnishing  the  details  with- 
held by  Gray. 

Under  Dr.  Keene  and  his  successor  Dr. 
Law  a  steady  stream  of  men  of  good  birth 
had  set  towards  Peterhouse.  Amongst  the 
young  Fellow  Commoners  so  entering  were 
some  disorderly  "  bloods."  Gray  was  timor- 
ous. He  occupied  rooms  in  the  top  floor  of 
the  three-story  New  Buildings,  which  abut 
on  St.  Mary's  Churchyard  and  on  Trump- 
ington  Street.  Becoming  alarmed  lest  a 
fire  should  result  from  the  nightly  disorders 
in  apartments  below,  he  had  an  iron  bar 
fixed  outside  his  bedroom  window  for  use 
in  emergency  as  the  support  of  a  rope  ladder. 
The  outbreak  was  not  long  delayed.  In  the 
middle  of  a  February  night  Gray  was  aroused 
by  shouts  of  "  Fire  !  "  was  met  at  his  door 
by  volumes  of  smoke  ascending  the  staircase 
from  a  fire  of  shavings,  and  promptly  de- 
scended from  his  window  into  a  tub  of  water 
placed  for  his  reception  in  the  Churchyard 
below.  In  this  plight  he  was  found  by 
Stonehewer.  Complaints  to  Dr.  Law  not 
exciting  the  sympathy  he  expected,  Gray 
migrated  to  Pembroke,  where  everybody 
was  "  as  civil  as  they  could  be  to  Mary  of 
Valence  in  person." 

The  substantial  accuracy  of  this  story 
seems  capable  of  conclusive  confirmation. 
The  date  of  Gray's  migration  can  be  fixed 
with  accuracy  by  reference  to  the  Peter- 
house Butler's  Book.  He  was  in  residence 
during  the  week  ending  March  5th,  1756. 
His  namo  was  entered  on  the  list  for  the 
following  week,  but  the  butler's  pen  has 
been  drawn  through  it. 

In  the  previous  January  Gray  had  written 
to  a  correspondent  as  to  the  purchase  of  a 
rope  ladder  in  view  of  his  neighbours'  con- 
duct. 

In  Moultrie's  edition  of  Gray's  'Works' 
Dr.  Gretton,  Master  of  Magdalene,  is  cited 
as  having  furnished  to  the  biographer  tho 
names  of  three  of  the  perpel rat ors  of  the 
practical  joke.  Dr.  Gretton  was,  as  is 
proved  by  th«>  aforesaid  Butler's  Hook,  an 
undergraduate  in  residence  at  Peterhouse 
on  March  5th,  L756.  The  names  he  gave 
were  Williams,  Forester,  and  "  Perceval,  after- 
wards Earl  of  Egmont,"  Fellow  Commoners. 
Perceval,   heir  in    17.">(>  to  the   Earldom  of 

Egmont,  was  never  a  member  of  Peterhouse. 
and  may  bo  dismissed  from  the  indictment. 


108 


Til  E     A  Til  KX^TM 


N    1083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


With  r.  ^j ..  .  t  In  Bennot    William-  and   (iriir^'u 

Forester    1 1 1<-    oase    [a    otherwise.     In    the 

fateful  week  when  Gray's  name  \\  as  re ved 

from  the  Peterhouse  boards  Ki  i  Williams 
and  Forester  were  two  of  three  Fellow 
Commoner!  dining  at  ih>'  HiL-ii  Table  with 
Gray.  The  third  was  Franou  Dawes,  latex 
Fellow  and  Bursar. 

.Mason  says  that  tin"  rioters  lived  upon 
Gray's  stuirca  •  A  rough  Bursar's  BOOK  in 
the  Peterhouse  Treasury  gives  the  names  of 
the  occupants  of  the  six  sets  of  rooms  in 
the  New  Buildings  at  Michaelmas,  1765.  In 
set  1  on  the  top  floor  was  Mr.  Gray.  Opposite 
to  him  was  Air.  Forester.  In  set  6  on  the 
ground  floor  below  was  Mr.  Williams. 

It  may  bo  added  that  Stonehewer  was  in 
residence  in  the  week  ending  March  5th. 
And  the  bar  remains  at  the  churchyard 
window  of  set  1  of  the  New  Buildings  to 
the  present  hour. 

Gray,  according  to  the  testimony  of 
Horace  Walpole,  "  never  was  a  boy."  He 
had  a  distaste  for  all  athletic  pursuits,  was 
effeminate,  and  at  times  affected.  He 
invited  attack. 

In  December,  1756,  Gray  communicated 
to  Mason  a  Christmas  dinner  menu  of  an 
ancient  Duke  of  Norfolk  and  finished  an 
amusing  account  of  its  contents  with  a 
query  as  to  its  cost.  We  may  now  retaliate 
on  Gray. 

On  Christmas  Day,  1755,  Gray  sat  down 
to  dinner  in  Peterhouse  together  with  six 
Fellows  and  five  Fellow  Commoners.  Their 
menu  and  the  cost  of  the  provision  stand 
thus : — 

£  g.  d. 
Hott  Salmon  &  Lobster  Sauce  Oil  0 
Potates  and  Sal  lad      ...         ...     0       1       0 

Loine  Beef        0       9       6 

Wildfowl  0       7       6 

Mince  Pies        0       3       (i 

Rost  Turkey  &  forstmeat       ...     0       6       0 


Pane. 
Potu. 
Poc.  Gr. 


The  last  entries  represent  bread,  beer,  and 
"Grace  Cup."  This  might  pass  for  some- 
thing more;, modern.  But  what  of  the 
following  ^Candlemas  dinner  —  Gray's  last 
Peterhouse  feast — when  the  poet  fed  with 
seven  Fellows  and  four  Fellow  Commoners 
in  company,  including  the  graceless  Forester 
and  Williams  ? 

.£      a.      d. 

Pikes  and  Eyls  0     14       6 

Round  Reef       Oil       8 

Greens  k  Brokly         ...        ...     0      16 

Leniinon  Puding  0      3      0 

Basht  Calf  s  Head       0      5      0 

Wild  Fowl        0      6      0 

Mince  Pies        0       4       0 

Lobsters  ...         ...         ...     0       5       (5 

Sweet  Breads    ...  ...  ...     0       (i       !) 

Turkey 0       5       6 

3    3    J 


Pane . 
Potu. 
Poo.  Gr. 


Over  the  subsequent  and  consequent 
expenditure  on  French  and  Spanish  wines 
and  punch  in  the  parlour  time  has  merci- 
fully drawn  a  veil.  We  may  ask,  as  Gray 
asked  concerning  the  ducal  supplies,  "  What 
would  these  provisions  cost  nowadays  ?  " 

T.  A.  W. 


1 

19 

0 

t. 

d. 

0 

6 

0 

3 

1 

5 

2 

2 

8. 

d. 

1 

<; 

0 

9 

5 

10 

8 

l 

THE    FIRE    OF    ROME    AM»    THE 

CHRIST!  INS. 

'l'lu  Nineteenth  Otntwry  for  December  last 
oontaine  a  very  interesting  article  from  Un- 
pen of  Mr.  .1.  c.  TarveTi  oi  which  the  main 

object     i^    to    prove    that     the    charge    agam-t 

tin-  christians  oJ   bavins  helped  to  kindle, 

or  to  spread,  the  great  lire  at  Rome  under 
Nero  Hih  probably  not  unfounded;  or,  to 
use  his  own  words,  "  that  members  of  some 
extreme  sect  of  men  culling  themselves 
Christians  were  actually  concerned  in  the 
lire  of  Rome." 

The  main  foundation  for  such  a  charge 
must  of  course  be  the  famous  passage  of 
Tacitus,  Ann.  xv.  44  ;  and  on  the  various 
evidence  adduced  by  Mr.  Tarver  in  support 
of  his  position  from  other  sources  I  have 
nothing  to  say.  But  1  demur  entirely  to 
making  Tacitus  responsible  for  Mr.  Tarver's 
conclusions  ;  and  1  submit,  with  great  con- 
fidence, (1)  that  Tacitus  neither  affirms,  nor 
suggests,  the  guilt  of  the  Christians,  but,  on 
the  contrary,  clearly  indicates  his  own  dis- 
belief in  it ;  and  (2)  that  the  words  of 
Tacitus,  read  in  their  context,  do  not  carry 
the  meaning  that  the  Christians  confessed 
to  their  own  guilt. 

1.  The  words  used  by  Tacitus  make  it 
clear  that  he  thought  the  charge  against 
the  Christians  was  a  false  charge,  trumped 
up  by  Nero  to  divert  suspicion  from  himself  : 
"  ergo  abolendo  rumori  Nero  subdidit  reos." 
Now  the  verb  subdere  occurs  fifteen  times 
in  Tacitus.  In  six  of  these  passages  it  has 
its  natural  meaning  of  "  placing  "  one  thing 
"  under  "  another.  In  the  other  passages 
it  is  used  in  an  applied  or  metaphorical 
sense  ;  in  all  of  these  it  has  the  meaning 
of  substituting  something  which  is  false 
for  something  which  is  true.  Twice  it  is 
used  in  the  sense  of  "suborning";  twice 
it  is  used  of  a  false  rum'  ur  purposely 
spread  ;  once  of  forging  a  will ;  in  the 
remaining  passages,  including  the  present, 
it  is  used  either  of  charges  that  are  false,  or 
of  innocent  persons  falsely  accused.  Hence 
the  phrase  subdidit  reos,  from  the  pen  of 
Tacitus,  necessarily  means  that  the  Chris- 
tians were  falsely  substituted  as  scapegoats 
in  place  of  the  true  criminals. 

2.  The  language  of  Tacitus,  I  submit, 
gives  no  support  to  the  view  that  the  Chris- 
tians pled  guilty  to  incendiarism.  After 
mentioning  the  name  of  Christians  as  ac- 
cused persons,  Tacitus  goes  on  to  give  his 
amazing  description  of  that 

"detestable  superstition,  which,  though  checked 
for  a  time,  broke  out  again,  not  in  Judaea  only, 
where  the  mischief  began,  but  even  within  our  own 
city,  into  which  pours  every  horrible  and  shameful 
thing  from  every  part  of  the  world,  and  finds  a 
welcome." 

In  the  full  swing  of  this  terrible  indict- 
ment he  proceeds  : — 

"  Igitur  primum  oorrepti  qui  fatebantur,  deinde 
indicio  eorum  multitudo  ingens  hand  proinde  in 
crimine  incendii  quam  odio  humani  generis  convicti 
sunt." 

Now  what  was  it  that  these  unhappy  men 
confessed  ?  The  whole  context  makes  it 
clear  that  what  they  confessed  was  not  acts 
of  incendiarism,  but  that  they  belonged  to 
the  detested  body  called  Christians,  and  that 
the  information  which  they  gave  was  of  the 
names  of  brethren  belonging  to  the  same 
sect.  The  charge  of  incendiarism  broke 
down  ;  but  the  unhappy  prisoners  had  to 
be  convicted,  and  l luy  were  convicted  on 
the  charge  which  the  Romans  were  ever 
ready  to  bring  against  the  Jews,  or  of  persons 
supposed  to  be  Jews,  that  of  "  hatred  of  the 
whole  human  race." 

Thus  Tacitus  must  disappear  from  the  list 
of  witnesses  against  the  Christians  on  the 


charge  of  anon  :   and  Mr.  Tarver's  q 

Why     Should     they     declare    their     guilt     if 

they  were  nnt   guilty  I   '  admits  of  a  \ 
Bimple  answer. 

1  have  dealt  elsewhere  in  detail  with  many 
oi  the  point!  on  which  Mr.  Tarvei 

what    1   regard    a-   unju-t    and   tinappreciative 

comments  on  Tacitus  in  hi  but 

one-sided  book,  '  Tiberius  the  Tyrant  '  :  and 
•  ii,-  to  me  a  pity  that  even  into  the  diffi- 
cult question  oi  the  <  Ihristians  at  Rome  under 

Nero   he  should    introduce   the   spirit   of   the 

pamphleteer.  Jt  does  not  further  the  cause 
of  scholarly  and  sober  criticism  to  speak  of 
Tacitus   as    "constitutionally    incapable   of 

letting  Nero  off  the  charge  of  having  bin 
caused  the  (ire  "  ;  or  to  say  that  "  <>!,• 
the  unamiable  peculiarities  of  Tacitus  is  a 
tendency  to  contradict  himself  when  he  sees 
an  opportunity  of  imputing  unworthy 
motives  to  the  men  or  the  classes  which  he 
dislikes."  The  contradiction  in  this  case 
does  not  exist  ;  Tacitus  neither  asserts,  nor 
implies,  that  he  thought  the  Christians 
guilty  of  the  fire;  though  his  prejudices 
would  undoubtedly  have  led  him  to  believe 
that  a  sect  originating  in  Judaja  would  be 
capable  of  any  crime,  however  heinous  And 
when  Mr.  Tarver  adds  that  "  Tacitus  has 
spoiled  his  case  against  the  Christians  by 
his  use  of  the  word  subdidit''1  he  has  himself 
spoiled  his  case  against  Tacitus  by  showing 
the  true  meaning  of  that  word  (ignored 
before),  and  relieved  us  from  the  necessity 
of  attributing  to  Tacitus  either  "  contra- 
diction "  or  the  "  desire  to  impute  unworthy 
motives,"  on  the  ground  of  the  passage  now 
before  us. 

And  as  to  the  "  unamiable  peculiarities 
of  Tacitus,"  I  venture  to  think  that  it  would 
be  at  once  more  just  and  more  critical  to 
paraphrase  Mr.  Tarver's  judgment  as  follows : 
"  One  of  the  peculiarities  of  Tacitus  is  that, 
even  where  his  prejudices  are  strongest  and 
his  judgments  harshest,  his  historic  sense 
leads  him  to  put  into  the  reader's  hands 
the  materials  for  correcting  him." 

G.  G.  Ramsay. 


•A  CURIOUS  DANCE  ROUND  A 
CURIOUS  TREE.' 

As  that  hardy  annual  'A  Curious  Dance 
round  a  Curious  Tree  '  has  been  lately 
discussed  in  The  Athenaeum  (July  to  Decem- 
ber volume,  pp.  308,  370,  437,  473)  I  am 
tempted  to  contribute  my  little  quota  to 
the  discussion. 

The  late  W.  H.  Wills  gave  me  his  book, 
then  just  published,  containing  a  number 
of  his  light,  scattered  papers — among  them 
one  called  *  A  Plated  Article.'  Not  long 
after  appeared  Dickens's  '  Reprinted  Pie* 
and  to  my  surprise  among  them  this  very 
paper  of  Wills's.  When  I  saw  him,  I  men- 
tioned the  matter,  which  he  explained  thus. 
He  and  Boz  had  paid  a  visit  to  some 
works  at  Sheffield,  and  Wills  had  written  an 
account  of  tin-  processes,  machinery.  <vc.  Boz 
had  then  added  what  he  recollected,  besides 
"touching"  the  whole  up  with  humorous 
strokes.  I  may  say  no  one  did  this  so 
thoroughly  and  effectively  as  he  did, 
provided  he  liked  and  was  interested  in 
the  paper.  He  would  make  it  his  own. 
adding  sentences,  substituting  words,  alter- 
ing the  ideas,  &C.  I  have  "proofs" 
of  my  own  work  which  he  has  treated  in 
this  fashion,  and  which  are  a  perfect  net- 
work  of  such  emendations. 

Now  the  fact  that  this  'Curious  Dance' 
appeared  with  Wills'fl  name  and  also  with 
Boz's  has  "  intrigued  "  many,  and  also  has 
confused  the  matter  a  good  deal.  As  the 
instance  I  have  just  given  makes  it  all  but 


N°  4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


109 


certain  that  it  was  a  joint  concern,  I  hope 
that  the  '  Curious  Dance  '  will  now  be  given 
a  long  rest.  Percy  Fitzgerald. 


FROUDE'S   'NEMESIS  OF   FAITH.' 

As  there  are  several  accounts  of  the 
burning  of  this  book,  perhaps  your  readers 
will  be  interested  to  know  another.  I  have 
in  my  possession  a  copy  of  the  1849  edition 
of  the  'Nemesis'  containing  the  book-plate 
of  Charles  Dickens,  a  printed  label  "  From 
the  Library  of  Charles"*TDickens,  Gadshill 
Place,  June,  1870."  Fronting  the  title-page 
is  the  autograph  "  John  Forster,"  and  pasted 
in  at  the  end  of  the  volume  the  following 
letter  in  the  holograph  of  the  author  : — 

14-2,  Strand,  Feb.  28/40. 
Should  the  Editor  of  The  Examiner  take  occasion 
to  review  the  'Nemesis  of  Faith,'  hy  J.  A.  Fronde, 
M.A.,  sent  to  him  a  few  days  since,  he  will  he 
interested  to  learn  that  the  Authorities  fed  the 
flames  of  the  Hall  fire  in  Exeter  College  with  a 
copy  of  the  hook  on  the  27th  of  February.  It  was 
done  with  due  solemnity — Dr.  Sewell  officiating. 

The  late  Mr.  Froude  has  been  much 
blamed  for  his  want  of  accuracy  as  an 
editor,  but  his  critics  are  sometimes  quite 
as  bad  with  less  excuse,  as  witness  the 
following  curious  example.  In  vol.  Hi.  of 
•  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  of  English  Litera- 
ture,' pp.  502-3,  Mr.  P.  Hume  Brown  writes 
thus  : — 

"  To  take  but  one  example  of  his  [Froude's]  negli- 
gence— surely  Froude  should  have  laid  his  hand  on 
his  heart  when  he  made  Carlyle  speak  of  his  friend 
Sir  Henry  Taylor's  morbid  ranity,  when  the  words 
he  actually  wrote  were  marked  veracity." 

Now  I  find,  on  referring  to  Carlyle's  '  Remi- 
niscences,' vol.  ii.  p.  312,  that  what  Froude 
printed  was  "  morbid  vivacity,"  not 
"vanity."  John  Morgan. 


1  itmuxi  ©nssxp. 

The  centenary  of  Pitt's  death,  which 
occurred  last  Tuesday,  recalls  the  two 
versions  of  his  last  words,  the  orthodox 
dictum  being,  "  0  my  country !  How  I 
leave  my  country ! "  Lord  Rosebery 
mentions  in  an  appendix  to  his  '  Pitt '  the 
"sardonic  story"  told  by  "Mr.  Disraeli, 
in  the  more  genial  and  less  majestic  days 
before  1874,"  to  the  effect  that  an  old 
House  of  Commons  waiter  was  called  up 
in  the  night  and  told  to  dress  and  take 
some  pork  pies  to  Pitt  at  Putney. 
According  to  this  venerable  domestic, 
"  I  think  I  could  eat  one  of  Bellamy's 
pork  pies"  were  the  "  ultima  verba." 

The  happiest  tribute  to  Pitt  some  may 
still  think  Scott's  in  the  introduction  to 
'  Marmion.'  Scott's  two  songs,  written 
some  years  later  for  the  anniversary  of  his 
hero's  death,  are  now  hardly  remembered ; 
but  one  of  them,  says  Lockhart  in  the 
'  Life,'  "  has  ever  since,  I  believe,  been 
chaunted  at  that  celebration."  Scott 
himself  took  a  great  interest  in  such  meet- 
ings.    As  late  as  1821  he  wrote  : — 

"  Our  late  Pitt  meeting  amounted  to  about 
800,  a  most  tremendous  multitude.  I  had 
charge  of  a  separate  room,  containing  a 
detachment  of  about  250,  and  gained  a 
headache  of  two  days,  by  roaring  to  them 
for  fiyo  or  six  hours  almost  incessantly," 


The  question  of  speed  in  naval  tactics 
is  discussed  in  the  February  Blackwood 
by  the  author  of  '  A  Retrograde  Admiralty,' 
under  the  title  '  Lessons  from  the  Battle  of 
Tsu  Sima.'  There  is  also  a  paper  by  the 
Warden  of  Wadham  on  '  An  Oxford 
Trimmer,'  which  gives  a  sketch  of  a 
former  Warden,  Dr.  Wilkins,  a  brother- 
in-law  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  '  To  Equa- 
toria  !  '  by  Dr.  Andrew  Balfour,  of  the 
Gordon  College,  describes  a  voyage  from 
Khartoum  to  Central  Africa  ;  and  '  The 
Physicians  of  the  Western  Isles  '  gives  a 
curious  account  of  a"  family  which  prac- 
tised medicine  in  the^  Hebrides  by  here- 
ditary right.  The  number  also  contains 
a  hitherto  unpublished  humorous  sketch 
by  William  Carleton  ;  a  poem  by  Mr. 
Barry  Pain  ;  and  '  Scenes  and  Studies 
from  the  Life  of?Marshal  Soult,'  by"  Col. 
Hanbury  Williams. 

Dr.  E.  G.  Hardy,  Vice-Principal  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  is  publishing 
through  Messrs.  Sonnenschein  a  volume 
of  '  Studies  in  Roman  History,'  contain- 
ing an  elaborate  treatment  of  the  attitude 
of  the  Roman  Government  towards  Chris- 
tianity, besides  contributions  to  the 
scientific  study  of  Roman  history.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  author's  impaired 
vision  will  not  altogether  preclude  the 
possibility  of  a  successor  to  the  volume. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  will  publish  early  in 
the  spring  a  story  by  Mrs.  Archibald  Little, 
entitled  '  A  Millionaire's  Courtship.'  A 
yachting  cruise  in  the  Far  East  forms  its 
groundwork,  and,  though  the  love  interest 
is  predominant,  there  is  much  description 
of  Eastern  scenery  and  manners. 

Under  the  title  '  Browning  and  Dogma' 
Messrs.  Bell  will  shortly  publish  a  volume 
by  Miss  Ethel  M.  Naish,  containing  seven 
lectures  delivered  at  Birmingham  on 
Browning's  attitude  to  dogmatic  religion, 
as  illustrated  by  'Caliban  upon  Setebos,' 
'  Cleon,'  '  Bishop  Blougram's  Apology,' 
'Christmas  Eve  and  Easter  Day,'  and  'La 
Saisiaz.' 

Prof.  Walter  Raleigh's  essay  on 
'  The  English  Voyages  of  the  Sixteenth 
Century,'  which  was  originally  issued  in 
their  edition  of  Hakluyt's  '  Principall 
Navigations,'  will  be  published  next  week 
as  a  separate  volume  by  Messrs.  Mac- 
Lehose  &  Sons.  The  essay  has  been 
revised  by  Prof.  Raleigh,  and  the  volume 
will  contain  as  a  frontispiece  a  photo- 
gravure portrait  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Cambridge  University  could  not  have 
a  better  representative  on  the  side  of 
education  than  Dr.  S.  H.  Butcher,  who 
headed  the  poll  last  week.  He  is  an 
excellent  speaker  and  a  humanist  of  wide 
sympathies. 

The  death  is  announced,  at  Stirling  on 
Friday  last  week,  of  Mr.  William  Drysdale, 
who  did  much  to  preserve  the  literary  and 
other  antiquities  of  the  ancient  royal  city 
of  bis  birth.  His  '  Old  Faces,  Old'  Places, 
and  Old  Stories  of  Stirling  '  (2  vols., 
1898-9)  embody  a  vast  amount  of  record 
and  reminiscence,  valuable  to  the  student 

of  social   manners  and  customs. 


The  Senatus  Academicus  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  have  appointed  the 
Rev.  Prof.  Flint,  Emeritus  Professor  of 
Divinity  in  the  University,  to  be  Gifford 
Lecturer  on  Natural  Theology  from  Octo- 
ber, 1907,  to  October,  1909. 

Mr.  Alfred  Henry  Poultney,  who 
died  last  Thursday  week  in  his  sixtieth 
year,  retired  from'  the  editorship  of  The 
Birmingham  Daily  Post  last  October,  a 
position  he  had  held  since  1898.  Pre- 
viously he  had  edited  The  Somerset  County 
Herald,  The  Westminster  Gazette,  and  The 
Bristol  Evening  News. 

Some  interesting  presentations  were 
made  to  the  Advocates'  Library,  Edin- 
burgh, during  last  year,  including  a  col- 
lection of  papers  relating  to  the  Darien 
expedition,  presented  by  Col.  Leven.  Mr. 
T.  D.  Wanliss  presented  James  Boswell's 
Consultation  Book.  The  autograph  in- 
scription is  as  follows:  "  The  Consultation 
Book  of  James  Boswell ,  Esq . ,  of  Auchinleck, 
Advocate,  who  put  on  the  Gown  29th  July, 
1766.  Written  with  his  own  hand."  The 
entries  are  for  six  years,  during  which  the 
fees  earned  amounted  to  1,1 19|  guineas. 

Messrs.  Archibald  Constable  &  Co. 
are  taking  on  this  month  the  publication 
in  this  country  of  The  Atlantic  Monthly, 
issued  in  Boston  and  New  York  by  Messrs. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

Mr.  W.  M.  Voynich's  new  catalogue 
contains  some  books  of  exceptional  rarity. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  is  a  copy  of  the 
1494  edition  (printed  at  Barcelona  by 
Pedro  Posa)  of  the  '  Consolat  del  Mar,' 
the  foundation  of  modern  maritime  law. 
Only  two  other  copies  are  known  :  one  in 
the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  and  the  other 
in  the  University  Library  of  Cagliari,  in 
Sardinia.  Still  more  interesting  to  English 
collectors  are  the  two  works  from  the 
Oxford  press  of  Joseph  Barnes  :  Alfonso 
J.  de  Valdes's  '  Dialogo  en  que  particular- 
mente  se  tratan  las  cosas  acaecidas  in 
Roma,  el  ano  de  1527,'  and  '  Reglas 
Gramaticales  para  aprender  la  Langua 
Espanola  y  Fracesa.'  Both  works  are 
dated  1586  and  bear  a  Paris  imprint,  but 
Mr.  Voynich  produces  strong  evidence  in 
favour  of  their  Oxford  origin.  Another 
interesting  English  publication  is  a 
fine  copy  of  the  very  rare  edition  of 
Boccaccio,  'The  Modell  of  Wit,  Mirth, 
Eloquence,  and  Conversation,'  printed  by 
Isaac  Jaggard  for  Matthew  Lownes,  in 
two  volumes.  This,  the  second,  edition 
is  much  rarer  than  the  first.  Under 
Shakspeariana  Mr.  Voynich  enumerates 
over  forty  items,  some  of  which  are  scarce. 

Mr.  Bodley's  two  lectures  at  the 
Royal  Institution  on  'The  Church  in 
France  '  will  be  published  in  extensso  in 
The  Guardian. 

Lord  Montagu  of  Beaulieu,  editor 
of  The  Car.  has  promised  to  preside  at  the 
Readers'  Dinner,  which  will  be  held  at 
the  Trocadero  on  Saturday,  March  3rd. 

Capt.  H.  F.  S.  Amf.uy.  of  the  Black 
Watch,  who  is  at  present  attached  to  the 
Egyptian  army,  has  in  the  press  an 
'  English  -  Arabic  Vocabulary  for  Sudan 
Government  Officials.' 


110 


THE     AT  II  KN. KIWI 


\"  if  is:;.  Jan.  f.'7.  1906 


'  Bvibymah's  Library,"  the  Rrs1  fifty 
numbers  of  which  Messrs.  Denl  &  Co. 
have  in  the  press,  i-  a  oomprehensive 
scheme  for  providing  good  literature  <>f 
Jill  sorts  at  a  oheap  price.  Thus  generally 
stated    the   Boheme    is    not    novel.     Hut 

"good  literature"  in  such  eases  is  gene- 
rally restricted  to  books  thai  are,  in 
Transatlantic  phrase  "  best  sellers."     We 

are  to  have  here  such  books  as  Kinlav's 
fascinating  '  Byzantine  Empire  '  ;  ser- 
mons by  Latimer,  edited  by  Canon 
Beeohing  :  Speke's  '  Source  of  the  Nile  '  ; 
'The  Golden  Book  of  Coleridge,'  edited 
by  Dr.  Stopford  Brooke  ;  Balzac's  '  Wild 
Ass's  Skin,'  edited  by  Prof.  Saintsbury  ; 
and,  later,  versions  of  .Eschylus  and 
Euripides.  Further,  we  are  promised 
carefully  printed  texts,  brief  indications 
of  the  authors'  main  writings,  and  intro- 
ductions by  critics  with  claims  to  special 
knowledge  or  distinction.  The  Library 
is  to  include,  inter  alia,  a  course  of 
English  history  in  fiction,  children's 
books  and  belles-lettres,  as  well  as  the 
familiar  classics.  The  firm's  reputation 
for  good  work  assures  us  that  cheapness 
will  not  mean  inferiority  in  production. 

About  February  15th  there  will  appear 
in  Paris  a  new  novel  by  M.  Abel  Hermant, 
'Les  Grands  Bourgeois,'  in  which  we  shall 
doubtless  find  gossip  about  well-known 
living  Frenchmen. 

The  Abbe  Paul  Sabatier  has  just  pub- 
lished a  book  '  A  propos  de  la  Separation 
des  Eglises  et  de  l'Etat,'  which  is  to  be 
had  for  the  small  sum  of  one  franc  from 
the  Librairie  Fischbacher. 

'  De  Sebastopol  a  Solferino,'  by 
"  James  de  Chambrier,"  is  a  new  book  of 
anecdote  on  the  Court,  the  theatres,  and 
the  life  of  Paris  between  1855  and  1859, 
from  a  pen  which  has  already  produced 
two  volumes  of  the  kind. 

The  veteran  writer  and  journalist 
Henry  Sutherland  Edwards,  whose  death 
is  announced,  is  best  known  as  a  musical 
critic,  and  is  noticed  by  us  in  that  section 
of  the  paper.  But  he  was  also  the 
author  of  books  on  'The  Russians  at 
Home  and  Abroad'  (1861  and  1879), 
'Russian  Projects  against  India' (1885), 
and  'The  Romanoffs'  (1890).  He  wrote 
on  '  Old  and  New  Paris  '  in  1893-4.  His 
'  Personal  Recollections'  (1900)  are  full  of 
interesting  stories  of  men  like  Oxenford, 
Douglas  Jerrold,  and  G.  H.  Lewes  ;  and 
he  composed  a  '  Life  of  Sir  William 
White '  in  1902. 

Last  Tuesday  the  presentation  to  Mr. 
Walter  Wellsman  of  a  testimonial  to 
celebrate  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  editor- 
ship of  Messrs.  Mitchell's  '  Press  Guide  ' 
was  the  occasion  of  a  pleasant  meet- 
ing at  De  Keyser's  Hotel.  Sir  W.  P. 
Treloar,  an  Alderman  of  the  Ward  which 
includes  Fleet  Street,  suitably  occupied 
the  chair,  and  made  the  presentation. 
Mr.  Wellsman  gave  some  interesting 
details  as  to  the  paucity  of  newspapers 
and  magazines  in  1846,  when  he  was  a  boy. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
of  the  Booksellers'  Provident  Institution 
held  on  Thursday  week  last  the  sum  of 


961.  was  granted  to  fifty -four  members  and 
widows  of  members. 

Dr.  Gustav  Biokxll,  whose  death,  in 

his  sixty-eighth  year,  is  announced  from 

Vienna,     was     Oriental     IV  at      the 

University,  and  author  of  '  Grundrisa  der 
Eebraischen     Grammatik,'    '  Dichtungen 

der  Hebracr,'  iV'c. 

Among    Parliamentary     Papers,     that 

described  as  Board  of  Agriculture,  Annual 

Report  on  Grants  for  Agricultural  Edu- 
cation in  1904-5  [lid.),  is  of  interest. 
Cambridge  figures  in  it,  but  not  Oxford. 
The  report  on  school  gardens  has  the 
attraction  of  anew  subject. 


SCIENCE 


Notes  on  the  Life  History  of  British  Flower- 
ing Plants.     By  Lord  Avebury.     (Mac- 

millan  &  Co.) 

Lord  Avebury's  many  contributions  to 
the  natural  sciences  have  shown  him  to 
entertain  the  keenest  interest  in  several 
of  its  branches,  and  to  be  a  student  gifted 
with  the  power  both  of  observation  and 
of  expression.  We  might  infer  from  past 
experience  of  his  writing  that  the  present 
volume  would  be  no  mere  compilation  of 
facts  culled  from  text-books,  but  that  it 
would  exhibit  the  living  personality  and 
original  work  of  its  author.  Nor  are  we 
disappointed,  for  within  its  pages  are 
various  interesting  results  of  personal  ob- 
servation, and,  in  many  cases,  refreshingly 
untrammelled,  if  not  entirely  academic, 
views  of  the  structure  and  adaptations  of 
plants. 

The  aim  of  the  book  is  excellent,  and 
we  cannot  but  feel  the  strongest  sympathy 
with  any  attempt  to  give  some  account 
of  the  many  points  of  living  interest  to  be 
found  in  the  flowering  plants  of  our 
country.  As  the  author  remarks  in  his 
short  preface,  Floras  generally  confine 
themselves  to  structural  points  of  syste- 
matic importance,  and  there  is  surpris- 
ingly little  literature,  in  a  generally  avail- 
able form,  relating  to  the  many  features 
of  more  biological  value  occurring  in  our 
flowering  plants. 

The  volume  is  divided  into  two  very 
unequal  sections,  the  first  being  an  intro- 
duction which  gives  the  reader  some 
insight  into  the  general  principles  which 
govern  plant  structures,  and  this  in  a 
manner  which  should  prepare  him  to 
appreciate  the  further  details  to  be  found 
in  the  systematic  section.  With  the  help 
of  the  glossary  of  scientific  terms  at  the 
beginning  of  the  book,  any  reader,  even 
if  he  is  unscientific,  should  be  able  to 
follow  this  with  pleasure  and  profit.  As 
it  is  planned  for  those  who  have  not  had 
a  complete  scientific  training,  several 
terms  used  in  the  text  might  with  advan- 
tage have  been  added  to  the  glossary. 
Such  words,  for  example,  as  cotyledons, 
mycelium,  and  many  others  would  have 
been  more  readily  understood  had  they 
been  defined  in  the  glossary,  particularly 
as  such  words  as  berry,  bract,  nectary,  and 
others  equally  simple  find  space  within  it. 


Oui  chief  criticism  concerning  the  o 
of  terms  is  that   the  wmd  fertilization 

which  has  been  rejected 
l>v     modern     botai     I         -     inadequat 
Throughout    the    Look    insects   and    wind 
are  frequently  spoken  of  bs  "fertilizing*' 

the  flower.  Fertilization  is  the  union  of 
the   sexual   cells,    and   only   the   male   cells 

within   the   pollen   grains  can   have   this 

eiTect    on   the  female  Organs  of  the   flic. 

so  that   in  referring  to  insects  or  to  the 

wind  BS  the  carriers  of  pollen  from  flower 
to    flower    it    would    be    better   to    use    the 
term   "pollinating,"   as   is  done  by  St  i 
burger,  Vines,  and  most  careful  botanists 
of  to-day, 

The  second  section  is  devoted  to  notes 
of  varying  length  and  interest  about  true 
British  species  and  some  of  the  commonly 
cultivated  ones.  In  many  cases  tl 
are  fresh  and  valuable,  and  bring  together 
facts  from  a  number  of  sources  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  ordinary  reader,  adding  to 
them  original  remarks  and  observations 
of  considerable  importance.  But  appa- 
rently the  desire  to  say  something  about 
all  the  plants  has  led  the  author  to  make 
many  bald  entries  of  the  following  cha- 
racter : — 

"  Simetliis  bicolor. — The  filaments  of  the 
stamens  are  very  woolly.  It  occurs  in 
Britain  onlv  near  Bournemouth,  and  in  a 
locality  in  Kerry,  Ireland." — P.  422. 

"  Polyqonatum  verticillatiim . — A  very  rare 
British  plant,  onlv  found  in  woods  in  North- 
umberland and  Perth."— P.  423. 

Such  entries  as  these  do  not  add  an  iota 
to  the  accounts  given  in  the  usual  Floras, 
and  it  would  have  been  far  better  to  save 
the  space  they  occupy,  or  to  utilize  it  for 
the  expansion  of  entries  where  the  account 
of  the  original  work  of  the  author  might 
have  been  given  at  greater  length.  Fre- 
quently also  we  feel  a  great  lack  of  a  sense 
of  proportion,  both  in  the  points  on  which 
stress  is  laid  and  in  the  amount  of  space 
allotted  to  different  plants.  Although 
five  pages  are  devoted  to  the  little  wood- 
sorrel,  three  lines  alone  are  devoted  to 
the  marram  grass,  which  equals  it  in 
biological  interest  on  account  of  its  well- 
developed  xerophytic  adaptations,  and  is, 
in  addition,  one  of  the  principal  natural 
defences  of  our  coasts  against  the  inroads 
of  the  sea. 

In  the  group  of  Conifera?  the  larch 
receives  no  recognition,  which  is  surpris- 
ing when  mention  is  made  of  the  spruce. 
The  larch  has  been  long  planted  in  many 
parts  <>f  England,  and  is  one  of  our  most 
beautiful  trees.  If  it  had  been  remem- 
bered, it  might  have  saved  the  author 
from  making  the  misstatement  (p.  382) 
about  Conifers  as  a  whole  that  "  they  are 
all  evergreen."  for  the  larch  is  a  noted 
exception,  losing  its  green  leaves  every 
autumn. 

The  book  is  well  illustrated  with  many 
drawings  -  some  original,  and  others  bor- 
rowed from  recognized  scientific  sources. 
A  few.  however,  are  not  up  to  the  high 
standard  of  the  rest.  For  example,  fig.  87 
is  an  exceedingly  inaccurate  representation 
of  the  bean  embryo,  as  neither  the  shape 
nor  the  relations  of  the  parts  are  shown 
correctly  ;    while  figs.  26  and  27  would. 


N°  4083,  Jan.  27,  i906 


THE    ATHE^^UM 


111 


hardly  be  accepted  from  a  young  stu- 
dent. 

In  any  book  the  index  is  of  considerable 
importance,  but  in  a  scientific  work  such 
as  the  present,  which  should  be  constantly 
referred  to  if  it  proves  itself  of  value,  the 
index  is  a  vital  point.  We  regret  that  in 
this  case  it  is  exceedingly  defective.  In 
relatively  few  cases  do  the  English  names 
of  plants  occurring  in  the  text  appear  in 
the  index.  For  example,  the  daisy  is 
entered  once,  but  the  buttercup  is  not 
included,  nor  are  the  violet,  bluebell,  pine, 
bean,  and  very  many  others,  although  we 
find  that  the  anemone,  ash,  blackberry, 
cabbage,  &c,  are  mentioned.  It  looks  as 
if  chance  alone  had  regulated  the  choice 
of  plants  for  the  index.  Many  important 
subjects  are  left  out  altogether,  such  as 
bees,  evergreens,  forests,  fertihzation, 
seedlings,  and  so  on.  Except  in  five 
instances  each  subject  given  in  the  index 
has  but  one  reference  appended,  although 
the  subject  may  be  referred  to,  and  even 
figured,  several  times  in  the  text,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  lime,  to  quote  one  example 
from  many.  This  defect  is  still  more  serious 
when  it  concerns  a  scientific  name,  such  as 
Ranunculus,  covering  many  species  which 
are  known  by  different  common  names, 
not  any  of  which  are  supplied. 

Although  we  have  had  to  criticize  the 
book  adversely  in  some  respects,  it  should 
appeal  to  field  botanists  and  those  who 
"  hunt  flowers "  with  a  Elora  and  a 
vasculum.  It  is  written  in  a  popular 
style,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  syste- 
matic part,  which  follows  Bentham's 
Flora,  should  greatly  facilitate  the  use  of 
the  two  books  together.  Lord  Avebury's 
work  will  certainly  open  a  wide  field  of 
interest  to  many  who  are  too  readily 
content  to  name  a  plant  and  have  done 
with  it. 


SOCIETIES. 


Astronomical.  —Jan.  12. — Mr.  W.  H.  Maw, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Astronomer  Royal 
exhibited  a  photograph  of  comet  c,  100.5,  taken  at 
the  Royal  Observatory  on  .January  8th.  The 
photograph  showed  a  bright  nucleus  and  a  faint, 
straight,  divided  tail  extending  two  degrees  from 
the  nucleus  :  the  comet  is  now  too  near  the  sun  for 
observation. — A  paper  was  read  by  Prof.  E.  E. 
Barnard  on  '  The  Ring  Nebula  in  Lyra.'  A  long 
series  of  measures  of  the  stars  associated  with  the 
nebula  showed  that  the  central  star  lias  neither 
parallax  nor  proper  motion. — The  Astronomer 
Royal  communicated  a  paper  on  the  mean  areas 
and  heliographic  latitudes  of  sunspots  in  L904, 
deduced  from  photographs.  —  Prof.  Turner  showed 
specimens  of  photographic  reproductions  of  reseaux 
tor  stellar  photography  made  by  M.  11.  Bourget. — 
Mr.  Maunder  described  a  report  on  observations  of 
Jupiter  in  1904-.")  made  at  Trincomali,  Ceylon,  by 
Major  Molesworth.  He  specially  called  attention 
to  the  motion  of  the  south  tropical  dark  area, 
which  moved  across  the  bay  of  the  great  red  spot 
in  the  summer  of  1904  with  remarkable  velocity. 
The  same  phenomenon  had  been  observed  in  HID.!. 

Mi.  Lewis  presented  the  Rev.  T.  E.  Espin's 
measures  of  double  stars.  I'rof.  Turner  drew 
attention  to  the  action  of  the  wood  of  dark  slides 
upon  exposed    photographic    plates.       The    plates    in 

question  were  negatives  of  the  late  solar  eclipse 
taken  at  Aswan,  Egypt,  by  Mr.  J.  II.  Reynolds, 
and  they  were  spoilt  by  the  strong  impression  of 

the   grain  of   the  Wood  of    t  In-  dark  slides    in  which 

they  were  placed.  Other  slides  exposed  t.,  the 
same  temperature  had  produced  no  suoh  effect,  the 
real  cause  of  which  \\a,  very  obscure.  Mr.  W. 
Coodaere   read   a    paper    on    lunar    nomenclature, 


supporting  Mr.  Saunder's  proposal  for  a  revision  of 
the  present  system.  —  The  Astronomer  Royal 
described  the  recent  measures  of  the  lunar  Crater 
Mosting  A  made  at  the  Royal  Observatory. 


Geological. — Jan.  10. — Dr.  J.  E.  Marr,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  S.  E.  Thomas  and 
Mr.  Bristow  J.  Tully  were  elected  Fellows. — The 
following  communications  were  read  :  '  The  Clay- 
with-Fhnts  :  its  Origin  and  Distribution,'  by 
Mr.  A.  J.  Jukes-Browne, — and  '  On  Footprints 
from  the  Permian  of  Mansfield,  Nottinghamshire,' 
by  Mr.  G.  Hickling. 


Bkitish  Archaeological  Association. — Jan.  17. 
— Mr.  R.  H.  Forster,  Hon.  Treasurer,  in  the  chair. 
— Dr.  Winstone  exhibited  two  rushlight  stands 
brought  from  Llandiloes,  in  Wales,  inserted  in 
massive  blocks  of  oak  and  in  perfect  condition. 
— Mr.  Gould,  in  explaining  how  the  rushes  were 
applied  and  burnt  in  order  to  produce  the  most 
light  and  to  collect  the  falling  tallow  for  reuse, 
said  these  rushlight  stands  were  of  a  similar  type 
to  those  occasionally  found  in  Essex. — The  Chair- 
man exhibited  a  coin  of  Carausius,  dredged  up  in 
Putney  Reach  with  many  other  coins,  which 
unfortunately  were  lost,  together  with  the  dredger, 
almost  immediately  afterwards,  and  could  not  be 
recovered.  This  coin  is  of  somewhat  rare  type 
among  the  vast  number  of  coins  of  Carausius  found 
in  England.  It  is  nearly  identical  with  Cohen's 
No.  "217,  Carausius. — Mrs.  Collier  read  a  paper  on 
'St.  Clether's  Chapel  and  Holy  Wells.'  The  sub- 
merged ruins  of  a  well  and  other  buildings  had 
long  been  known  to  exist  upon  the  slope  of  a  hill 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Clether's  Church,  in 
the  limy  valley,  Cornwall ;  but  it  was  not  until 
1897  that  steps  were  taken  to  unearth  them  (with 
the  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  land)  by  the  Rev. 
S.  Baring-Gould.  The  work  was  not  easy,  as  the 
ruins  lay  in  a  swamp,  and  the  water  had  to  be 
drained  off  and  diverted  before  excavations  could 
be  undertaken.  The  first  discovery  was  that  of 
the  upper  holy  well,  which  received,  and  still 
receives,  its  water  from  a  spring  higher  up  the  hill, 
which  may  have  been  a  pagan  well  consecrated  to 
Christian  uses  by  St.  Clether.  Here  were  found 
stone  jambs  in  position  ;  an  arch,  but  broken  ;  and 
sufficient  of  the  walls  to  enable  the  size  and  outline 
to  be  obtained.  The  trough  beneath,  cut  out  of 
granite,  was  found  in  perfect  condition.  A  few- 
feet  lower  down  the  slope  other  portions  of  walls 
were  visible,  which  on  being  cleared  of  the  earth, 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Malan, 
proved  to  be  the  remains  of  the  chapel  or  oratory 
of  St.  Clether.  Four  feet  of  the  height  of  the  east 
wall  was  found,  with  the  altar-slab  in  position, 
still  resting  on  four  upright  stones  and  fixed  with- 
out mortar.  Close  to  the  north-east  corner  of  the 
east  wall  a  small  recess  was  disclosed,  and  another, 
but  larger,  at  the  south  end  of  the  altar  in  the  same 
wall.  At  the  south-east  corner  a  slab  of  granite, 
resting  on  a  set-oft',  remained  in  position.  The 
most  interesting  feature  of  the  exploration  is  that 
the  water  from  the  upper  well  was  conducted  in  a 
channel  through  the  north  wall,  flowing  under  the 
base  of  the  altar,  and  emptying  itself,  through  the 
south  wall,  into  a  lower  well  hollowed  out  on  the 
outside  of  the  building.  This  was  proved  by  clear- 
ing the  passage  with  rods,  when  the  water  came 
running  swiftly  through  the  conduit,  and  docs  so 
still,  as  it  did  centuries  ago.  The  building  inter 
nally  measures  Pitt.  1  in.  by  lift.  4 in.,  with  a 
door  on  the  north  and  another  on  the  west.  The 
upper  well  is  not  square  with  the  chapel,  but  is 
situated  7ft.  from  the  northeast  angle.  Concern- 
ing   the     date    of     tile    upper    Well     discovered     by 

St.  Clether  there  can  only  be  conjecture,  but 
sufficient   architectural  remains  of  the  chapel  were 

met  wit  h  to  show  it  to  be  a  building  of  the  fifteenth 
Century.  Il  has  been  very  carefully  restored 
through  the  liberality  of  Mr.  Spry,  of  \Vit  herdon, 
the   owner  of   the   land,    Mr.    Baring-Gould,   and 

others.      The    paper    was    illustrated     by     sketches 

;iinl  photographs.  A  paper  by  Dr.  Russell  Forbes, 
of  Rome,  on  'The  Curtian  bake,' was  read  by  the 

Chairman.  The  natural  condition  of  the  forum, 
situated   in   the   valley  between  the   Palatine   and 

Capitol lull  ,    w.i      a    boggy    hollow.     Ii     was 

called  the  Curtian  bake  from  a  leader  oi  the 
Sabines  getting  mired  in  it  in  the  war  with 
I :  omul  us,  and  although  it  was  afterwards  drained, 
it    retained     the    name.      A    small    part    was   con- 


secrated to  the  memory  of  Mettius  Curtius,  near 
the  centre  of  the  Forum,  represented  in  the  present 
day  by  a  shallow  brick  basin  16  ft.  from  east  to 
west  by  lo^ft.  from  north  to  south,  and  2\  ft. 
below  the  present  level.  It  is  over  the  north  end 
of  the  fourth  or  eastern  underground  corridor  of 
Caesar,  and  one-third  down  the  south  side  of  the 
Basilica  .Emilia.  A  vase,  some  fragments  of 
pottery,  and  sacrificial  bones  were  found  within  it, 
and  remain  on  the  spot.  The  incident  of  Curtius 
floundering  in  the  marsh  is  commemorated  in  a 
relief  of  peperino  stone  now  on  the  staircase  of  the 
Palazzo  dei  Conservatori,  found  in  15.53  near  the 
column  of  Phocas.  This  spot,  the  Curtian  Lake, 
was  believed  to  have  been  struck  by  lightning,  and 
was  enclosed  by  Caius  Curtius,  Consul,  with  the 
sanction  of  the  Senate,  B.C.  443.  An  altar  was 
built  there,  the  remains  of  which  were  discovered 
in  the  Forum,  between  the  column  of  Phocas  and 
Domitian's  pedestal,  on  April  loth,  1904.  It  is 
related  bj'  Procilius  that,  B.C.  360,  the  earth 
opened  in  that  place,  and  the  auspices  being  con- 
sulted by  direction  of  the  Senate,  the  response  of 
the  god  demanded  a  sacrifice  to  the  manes.  Then 
a  certain  Curtius  (Marcus  Quintus  Curtius),  a 
valiant  man,  armed  and  mounted  on  horseback, 
threw  himself  into  the  chasm,  when  the  earth 
closed  up,  burying  his  body  divinely.  Dr.  Russell 
Forties  asks,  "Is  the  story  of  Marcus  Curtius  a 
poetical  legend  of  self-sacrifice,  founded  on  the 
story  of  Mettius  Curtius  ?  or  did  the  Forum  open 
in  an  earthquake,  and  did  Marcus  Curtius  immo- 
late himself?"  "If  he  plunged  into  the  chasm 
the  remains  of  Curtius  and  his  horse  are  existing, 
and  will  assuredly  see  the  light  of  another  day  in 
the  course  of  further  explorations.  If  they  are  not 
found,  then  the  story  is  but  a  poetical  legend." — 
The  Chairman,  Mr.  Gould,  Mr.  Kershaw,  and 
others  took  part  in  the  discussion  which  followed. 


Royal  Numismatic.  — Jan.  18. — Sir  John  Evans, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  Robinson  McClean 
and  Mr.  C.  Sawyer  were  elected  Fellows.  — Miss  H. 
Farcpihar  exhibited  and  described  a  half-crown  of 
Charles  I.  with  the  mint-mark  a  horizontal  anchor 
on  the  obverse  and  a  triangle  on  the  reverse,  and 
with  the  square  garnished  shield  for  type.  This 
design  was  evidently  copied  from  Briot's  half- 
crown,  but  the  mint-mark  on  the  reverse  changed 
from  an  anchor  to  a  triangle. — Mr.  P.  Webb 
exhibited  some  forgeries  of  Roman  imperial  coins  ; 
and  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  a  "second  brass"  of  Manlia 
Scantilla,  wife  of  the  Roman  emperor  Didius 
Julianus,  with  type  of  reverse  Juno  and  peacock, 
and  also  a  "large  brass"  of  Valerian  with  "Fides 
Militum"  struck  on  a  large  flan. — Lady  Evans 
read  a  paper  on  '  Hairdressing  of  Roman  Ladies.' 
Having  referred  to  the  Latin  writers  who  had 
mentioned  the  subject  of  female  dress,  especially 
Ovid,  who  said  that  it  would  be  easier  to  number 
the  leaves  on  an  oak-tree  than  to  enumerate  the 
variety  of  hairdressing,  Lady  Evans  gave  an 
interesting  chronological  description  of  the  modes 
of  arranging  the  hair,  showing  how  the  simple 
knot  at  the  back  of  the  head  of  the  republican 
period  quickly  developed  into  the  curlings  and 
crimpings  of  early  imperial  times.  The  elaborate 
fashions  of  dressing  the  hair  do  not  appear  to  have 
continued    after    the    second    century,    from    which 

time  more  simple  forms  were  again  adopted,  The 
paper  was  illustrated  by  a  large  series  of  photo- 
graphs from   coins,    extending  from  the   period  of 

the  republic  to  the  end  of  the  fifth  century  a.i>. 


Entomological,    Juu.   17.     Annual  Meeting. — 
Mr.  1''.  Merritield,  President,  read  an  address  on 

'The  General  Operation  of  Temperature  on  the 
(bowing  Organism  of  Lepidopterous  Insects,'  based 

on  a  series  ot  experiments,  especially  with  reference 
to  the  remarkable  limitations  imposed  by  climatic 

and  artificial  conditions.  The  Report  showed  that, 
for  the  tirsl  tunc  in  the-  history  ol  the  Society,  the 
number  of  ordinary  Fellows  had  i  cached  five 
hundred.      The    officers   and    Counoil    Were    elected 

for  the  session  1906-7,  as  follows:  President, 
Mr.    F.    Merrifield;    //mi.    Treasurer,    Mr.    A.    II. 

.lone.;    Ilmi.    Si  iv.  In  rii  8,    Mr.    H.    Ibiw  lam  I   Hrow  n 

and  Commander  J.  J.  Walker;  Librarian, 
Mr.  G.  ( '.  Champion ;  other  Members  of  tin  Council, 
Mr.  <b  .1.  Arrow.  Mr.  A.  J.  Chitty,  Mi.  .1.  K. 
Collin,  Hi.  I'.  A.  Dixey,  Mr.  II.  Goes,  Mr.  W.  J. 
Ka\e,  Mr.  II.  .1.  Lucas.  IVof.  K.  B.  Poulton, 
Mr.  L  I?.  IVout,  Mr.  E.  Saunders,  Mr.  lb  s. 
Standen,  and  Mr.  0.  O.  Waterhouse, 


112 


THE    A  Til  KX/TCUM 


\    1083,  Jan.  -!7.  1!",.; 


Histobii  m.  Jan.  Ift  R"  *.  W.  Hunt,  Pre- 
sident, m  t!i«-  ohair.  The  following  were  elected 
Fellowi :  Mi-.  Banks,  Mi  <utli.ll,  the  Berl  ol 
[loheeter,  and  Me—n.  J.  V.  Abbott,  G.  A.  Greene, 
I  Korairwky,  and  R.  J.  A.  Bhelley.  A  P*P°' 
«rai  read  by  Mr.  Peroj  Aahlej  on  'The  Btudj  oi 
Nineteenth-Century  History.'  A  discussion  fol- 
lowed, in  whioh  the  Preaident,  Mr.  Hall.  Mr. 
Oscar  Browning,  Mr.  Foster  Palmar,  and  others 
took  part.  

II,  i  mm,.  Jan.  16.  Prof.  Percy  Gardner  in 
the  ohair.-  The  Chairman,  the  newly  eleoted 
Preaident  of  the  Sooiety,  delivered  an  eloquent  and 
striking  address  to  the  memory  of  his  predeoeaaor, 
Sir  Richard  Jebb.  Prof.  W.  C.  P.  Anderson  read 
a  paper  on  Greek  and  Roman  ships  with  mul- 
tiple l>anks  of  oars.  Theproblemoi  thearrange- 
niciit  of  oars  in  the  Greek  warship  is  old,  and  was 
first  discussed  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Practical 
seamen  held  that  the  warships  of  the  ancients  were 
similar   to  those   of   their  Own  day     a    view  which 

was  never  accepted  by  scholars.     For  the  last  two 

centuries  it  has  been  generally  agreed  that  Soaliger 
and  Palmerius  had  proved  that  the  hanks  or 
benches  were  superposed,  giving  horizontal  rows  of 
cars.     There  has,  however,   been   much  difference 

of  opinion  as  to  the  way  in  which  this  was  d, me. 
Mr.  Tarn's  attempt  to  revive  Bayfield's  theory  that 
the  thranite,  zugite,  and  thalamite  were  squads 
rowing  in  the  stern,  in  the  middle,  and  the  bows  is 
not  justified  hy  the  passages  he  quotes,  and  can 
only  succeed  if'  we  admit  that  dvw  means  "aft," 
and'  Kara),  "forward."  Similarly  his  explanation 
of  tfirporof  and  rpiVporof  as  referring  to  these 
squads  is  not  home  out  by  their  use  in  classical 
authors.  The  literary  evidence,  both  (deck  and 
Latin,  cannot  be  reconciled  with  the  theory  that 
the  oars  were  all  on  the  same  level.  The  monu- 
mental evidence  is  also  equally  clear,  although  few 
representations  show  more  than  two  hanks.  The 
linguistic  evidence  is  also  strong,  as  the  terms 
"thranite,"  &c,  have  a  natural  meaning  if  the 
hanks  are  superposed.  Further,  the  Byzantine 
dromoua  had  two  rows  of  hanks,  one  above  the 
other  ;  and  the  Venetian  galley,  with  several  oars 
to  one  port,  was  an  attempt  to  secure  a  lower  free- 
board without  loss  of  power.  The  sixteenth- 
century  galley,  with  long  sweeps  and  five  to  seven 
men  pulling  each,  was  intended  to  provide  a  gun 
platform.  It  was  not  a  new  invention,  but  merely 
the  conversion  of  a  lighter  or  barge  into  a  warship, 
as  the  additional  weight  made  the  use  of  short  oars 
less  effective.  The  objections  to  the  accepted 
theory  have  always  been  the  length  of  oars  in  the 
upper  banks  ;  but  the  use  of  long  oars  on  vessels 
with  a  high  freeboard  was  shown  in  the  tapestry  in 
the  old  House  of  Lords,  where  two  Spanish  men-of- 
war  were  depicted  using  sweeps  from  their  upper 
deck.  Even  in  the  fifties  of  last  century  10-gun  brigs, 
such  as  Darwin's  Beagle,  were  aided  by  sweeps 
when  chasing  slavers.  A  parallel  to  Greek  and 
Roman  ships  is  to  be  found  in  Burmese  vessels, 
which  are  very  like  them  in  structure,  and  repre- 
sent about  the  same  stage  of  development.— The 
paper  was  illustrated,  and  a  photograph  of  the 
Cataphract  on  the  Ulubad  relief  was  shown  for  the 
first  time. — In  the  discussion  which  followed  Mr. 
S.  H.  Butcher,  Mr.  Cecil  Smith,  Dr.  Edmond 
Wane,  and  Mr.  A.  B.  Cook  took  part.  Mr.  Cook 
showed  a  model  (built  by  Messrs.  Swan,  Hunter 
&  Richardson)  of  part,  of  an  ancient  trireme  in 
elucidation  of  his  views. 


T,  u. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

infinite  of   Actuaries  r>.— 'The   Variations  in   Masculinity 

under  Different  Conditions/  Messrs.  J.  N.  and  C.  J.  Lewis. 
London  institution,  6.—'  A  walk  through  Westminster,'  Canon 

lilTlllMIII.  

Surveyors'  institution,  8.— The  Valuation  of  Machinery  for 

the  Purposes  oi  Rating,'  .Mr.  !•'.  Marshall. 
Geographical,  s.:ifl.— 'The  Geographical   Functions  ol  oertain 

u  ater  Plants  in  Chile.'  Prof.  Q.  V.  Boott  Elliot. 
Royal  institution,  •">.  -'  Impressions  of  Travel  in  China  and  tin- 

Far  Bast,'  Lecture  III.,  Prof.  E,  II.  Parker. 

—  Bngtirti  Uoethe,  8     '■'.  I'.  Eokermann,   Prof.  J.  <J   Robertson, 

—  Faraday    B     'The  Electric  Furnace;  its  Origin,  Transforma- 

tions, and  Applications,'  Part  III..  Mr.  A.  Minet  i  '  Mote  on 
i  be  Production  of  Ozone  by  Electrolysis  of  Alkali  Fluoi  ides, 
\ii    E.  It.  K.  Prideaux. 

—  Institution  ol  Olvil  Engineers,  8.  -'The  Railway  Gauges   oi 

India.'  Mr.  V.  It.  tTpcott. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— The  Chemistry  oi  the  Painters  Palette, 

Prof  J.  M.  Thomson. 
w,i,     Bocietyoi  Irts,  8.    'The  Garden  City  and  the  Cheap  Cottage, 
Mr.  T.  Adams. 

—  Dante,   B.30.— 'Overbook  and   the  German    Pre-Raphaelitea, 

i  lounl  Plunketti. 

Turns.  Royal,  4.30.  

_        Knval  Institution,  :>.   -'The  Siunim-anee  of  the   Future  in  the 

Th v  of  Evolution,'  Lecture  I..  Mr.  It  Ki,l,l. 

_       London  Institution,  8.    'The  Microscopic  Plants  of  our  Waters 

and  their  Part  in  the  World  s  Economy.  Mr.  F.  B,  Frits,  h. 

—  Linnean,  m.  -   'I'll,'  Percy  Sladen   Expedition   to   the    Indian 

Oi;eau,'  Mr.  J.  Stanley  Ganiiner. 


Mnrrj     with 

III 


I", ..I     >      I  llolUllMUl  ,llo« 

_        I  lii     l(.  lation    l«i 

ll    (on. Ill,, lion  :     l',il    I       Tin     '  lieuileal    Ittsi 
i, ,ni   ,,i   ii,,   i  ubunyl  Group,    Mi  un    A    W     -'■ 

i .  i    I     i  ilj  .  I  •  ighl  oil,,  i  papers 

_        K»  let)    oi     Vntl«|ii  ery  ol     \imln  - 

Antiiiu  \h    i      11     i 

I' , 1 1  ..i    in    IngloH  i. .oii.l   at    Pershore  In  177V, 

\l,    ,      It     I' 
I'm.  ' 

ihi  • 
—       Philological,  -      Paper  In  Mi    u    II    Stevenson 
_       Royal   Institution,  9     'The   Bleotrli    Production  ol    N 

i i  Hi.    ttuuMphere,   Prol   8   P  Thompson 

s,.        Royal  Institution.  3      Advances  in   Mici py,    Lectur    I 

Mi   .1    u    Gordon. 


fbmxitt  (Gossip. 

Among    Parliamentary    Papers  *we    oote 

another  report  on  fisheries  : — Hoard  of 
Agriculturo  and    Fisheries,   Annual    Report 

nt  Proceedings  under  Acts  relating  to  Sea 
Fisheries,  for  1904  (Id.).  There  is  contained 
in  the  volume  much  statistical  information 
as  to  sea-fish  caught  in  Northern  and 
Western  Europe. 

Mb.  J.  H.  Metcalf,  of  Taunton,  Mass., 
observed  a  small  planet,  which  is  probably 
a  new  discovery,  with  his  12-inch  portrait 
lens  on  the  night  of  the  24th  ult.  Besides 
the  one  announced  last  week  as  having  been 
detected  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  27th, 
another  was  registered  there  by  Herr  Kopff 
on  the  same  night. 

An  extended  ^ephemeris  of  ^Giacobini's 
comet  (c,  1905,  and  I.,  1906)  has  been  pub- 
lished, from  elements  calculated  by  himself, 
by  Herr  Wedemayer,  of  Schlachtensee, 
near  Potsdam.  After  this  week  it  will  be 
receding  (from  the  earth  as  well  as  the  sun, 
so  that  its /visibility  to  the  naked  eye  in 
the  evening"  will  not  last  long.  4It  will 
attain  its  greatest  southern  declination 
(nearly  ..26°)  to-morrow,  and  4will  after- 
wards move  in  a  north-easterly  direction, 
passing  from  the  constellation  Capricornus 
into  Aquarius. 

FINE   ARTS 


MILLET    DRAWINGS    AT    THE 
LEICESTER    GALLERIES. 

One  hundred  Millet  drawings  from  the 
famous  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  Staats 
Forbes  are  now  to  be  seen  at  the  Leicester 
Galleries.  It  is  an  exhibition  by  no  means 
to  be  missed  ;  for  Millet's  work  is  all  too 
rarely  seen  in  England.  There  seems  little 
likelihood  at  present  of  the  nation's  acquir- 
ing one  of  his  oil  pictures  to  supplement  the 
few  examples  in  tiie  lonides  collection.  We 
can  only  hope  that  some  of  the  drawings 
will  be  secured  while  there  is  yet  time. 
Millet  at  his  best  holds  his  own  with  the 
greatest  draughtsmen  of  the  world.  But 
he  is  unequal.  He  has  that  quality  which 
for  want  of  another  word  we  call  creativeness 
— the  quality  we  associate  pre-eminently 
with  Michelangelo.  To  come  among  a 
collection  of  his  drawings  is  to  feel  stimulated 
at  once  as  if  by  actual  contact  with  an  energy 
abounding,  yet  controlled.  He  is  the  more 
impressive  that  he  never  seeks  to  impress. 
Like  all  creative  natures,  he  has  a  strong 
sense  of  rhythm,  and  a  genius  for  discovering 
the  latent  rhythm  in  natural  gesture.  This 
gift  is  magnificently  seen  in  La  Tondeuse 
(No.  31),  to  name  one  among  the  finest 
studies  in  this  exhibition.  The  groups  of 
studies  for  Les  Glancuses  and  for  Les  La  run - 
dieres  show  the  artist  searching  for  this 
rhythm  not  merely  in  the  pose  and  action 
of  a  single  figure,  but  also  in  the  relation 
of  figures  to  each  other.  ATo  seize  this 
latent  rhythm,  yet  not  to  cheapen  its  beauty 


by   forcing  or  ^sophisticating   the   BX] 
,,i  \\  Hi.-  and  academic  painten  are 

,|,t    to  do     this   is   the   problem   which 
.Mill,  i     at     In-    best    triumphantly    solves. 

When    he   fails,   ■ 

th,-    more    elaborate    studies    such    as    Les 
Vignerona   (59).     hike   Michelangelo,   Millet 

not    at   home   with  detail  ;     and   wfal  : 
subject    required    act  and    more    or 

elaboration,  a  hint  of  self-conscioueneei 

and    worry    betrays    itself    in    his    execution, 
.-.mi.  tin.  v<n  a  sort  of  tameness. 

We  feel  that  the  pastel  version  of  the  famous 
Angelus  (82)  is  not  so  impre  it  ought 

to  be.     The  question  ol   colour  here  was  an 
additional  problem,  and  the  colou  out 

of  relation  with  the  mood  of  the  picture. 
Too  much  has  been  written  of  Millet  as  the 
interpreter  of  peasant  life.  It  is  true  he  did 
interpret  it  as  no  one  else  has  done,  entirely 
from  the  inside  as  he  saw  it.  But  it  was 
certainly  not  a  preoccupation  with  peasants 
as  a  social  class  that  drew  him  to  his  subj. 
it  was  the  discovery  that  among  the  labour- 
ing figures  in  the  fields,  with  their  world-old 
occupations  and  gestures  at  once  traditional 
and  spontaneous,  with  the  simple  and  un- 
fretted  lines  of  their  dress  and  broad  types 
of  feature,  there  was  the  stuff  for  the  heroes 
and  Titans  of  his  dreams.  How  Greek  is 
his  Vanneur  (13),  whose  basket  looks  like 
a  buckler,  and  whose  gaiters  look  like 
greaves  !  Millet's  men  and  women  have  the 
power  and  virtue  that  real  peasants  have 
in  never  having  lost  intimate  contact  with 
primitive  earth.  His  landscape  backgrounds 
are  of  a  piece  with  his  figures  ;  the  one  is 
never  put  in  for  the  sake  of  the  other.  Among 
the  landscape  studies  we  may  note  how  in 
dealing  with  broken  forms,  as  in  Le  Hameau 
de  Gruchy  (42),  he  is  puzzled  and  compara- 
tively unsuccessful  ;  whereas  from  the  barest 
and  simplest  elements,  scarcely  more  than 
an  horizon,  as  in  tltude,  a  Barbizon  (30),  he 
evokes  a  vision  that,  with  all  its  slightness, 
has  significance  and  suggestions  of  grandeur 
— something  akin  to  the  power  we  feel  in 
that  line  of  Virgil's  in  which  Millet  himself 
found  such  charm  :  — 

Majoresqne  cadont  alti*  de  montflms  urubne. 


THE    ROKEBY    VELASQUEZ. 

It  is  with  the  greatest  possible  pleasure 
that  we  have  received  from  the  secretary 
of  the  National  Art  Collections  Fund  a  state- 
ment to  the  effect  that  only  three  thousand 
pounds  more  have  to  be  raised  to  complete 
thespufchasetof  this  masterpiece  for  the 
nation,  and  that  Mr.  Lockett  Agnew  has 
generously  allowed  ample  time  for  the  col- 
lection of  this  sum.  No  pains  must  be 
spared  to  make  good  this  small  deficit,  and 
we  can  hardly  doubt  that  after  so  much  has 
been  done  by  the  generosity  of  private  donors 
the  public-spirited  appeal  of  the  Fund  will 
meet  with  a  fitting  response. 

We  have  expressed  before  our  conviction 
not  only  that  this  is  one  of  Velasquez's 
finest  works,  but  also  that  it  counts  among 
the  greatest  masterpieces  in  this  country. 
There  are,  indeed,  few  renderings  of  the  nude 
in  painting  that  can  be  compared  with  this, 
and  scarcely  any  .that  can  be  said  definitely 
to  surpass  it.  It" cannot,  we  fear,  be  denied 
that,  had  this  picture  been  placed  on  the 
market  under  the  ordinary  conditions  of 
picture-dealing,  it  would  probably  have  left 
the  country  by  now  ;  it  is  impossible,  there- 
fore, to  be  too  grateful  to  the  energetic 
secretaries  of  the  National  Art  Collections 
Fund,  or  to  the  patriotic  forbearance  of 
the  present  owner,  by  whose  united  efforts 
we  may  yet  hope  to 'see  the  Venus  placed 
on  the  walls  of  the  National  Gallery. 


N°4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


113 


THE     BRITISH     SCHOOL     AT     ROME. 

The  first  open  meeting  of  the  British 
School  at  Rome  took  place  at  the  School 
on  Thursday,  January  4th,  and  was  well 
attended,  among  those  present  being  the 
British  Ambassador,  the  Swedish  Minister, 
Profs.  Korte  and  Hulsen  (first  and  second 
secretaries  of  the  German  Institute),  and 
other  foreign  scholars,  and  also  many 
British  residents  in  Rome. 

The  first  paper  was  read  by  the  Assistant 
Director    (Dr.    T.    Ashby,    jun.),    upon    the 
subject   of   '  Sixteenth  -  Century   Engravings 
illustrative     of     Classical     Sculpture.'     He 
began  by  remarking  upon  the  special  import- 
ance of  the  subject  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
the   School   has   recently   entered   upon   the 
preparation  of  a  scientific  catalogue  of  the 
museums    of    sculpture    belonging    to    the 
municipality    of    Rome — the    two    museums 
on  the  Capitol  and  the  Magazzino  Archeo- 
logico,     near     the     Arch     of     Constantine. 
Although     in    the    majority    of    sixteenth- 
century   engravings,    as   in   other   works    of 
art  of  the  period,  the  influence  of  the  antique 
is  general  rather  than  direct,  and  accurate 
representation  of  existing  sculptures  is  not 
so  frequent  as  at  first  sight  it  seems  to  be, 
in   certain   cases   something   may   be   learnt 
from  them ;  and,  besides,  a  certain  number 
of  representations  of  famous  statues  appear 
among  the  works  of  Marcantonio  Raimondi 
and   his   school.     The    Laocoon   group   is   a 
fair    example,    and    a    comparison    of    the 
original    engraving    by    Marco    Dente    with 
the    close    copies    of    it    made    by    Nicolas 
Beatrizet  shows  the  gradual  progress  of  the 
restorations     to     which     it    was    subjected. 
Many    plates    of    this    nature    found    their 
way   into   the    '  Speculum   Romanae   Magni- 
ficentise,'     a     collection     of     engravings     of 
Roman  antiquities  and  also  of  contemporary 
buildings,    published    by    Antoine    Lafrery, 
of  Salins  in  the  Jura,  whose  activity  in  Rome 
may    be    traced    from    1544    to    1575.     The 
first    collection    of    engravings    exclusively 
relating  to  sculpture  appeared  before    1570 
('  Antiquarum  Statuarum  Urbis  Romae  Liber 
Primus  ')  ;    the  52  plates  are  from  the  hand 
of  Joannes  Baptista  de  Cavalleriis,  and  deal 
with  a  few  of  the  more  important  collections 
only.     As  works  of  art  they  are  far  inferior 
to  the  plates  of  the  '  Speculum,'  but  they  are 
not  mere  copies  of  these.     An  enlarged  work 
of   100  plates   (Books  I.   and  II.)  appeared 
before    1578,    among   the   most   noteworthy 
additions  to  which  rank  the  plates  relating 
to  the  Vatican  sculptures,  which  during  the 
reign   of   Pius   V.  had   been    virtually   inac- 
cessible ;     and   in    1595    100  more  plates  of 
very     inferior     execution     were     issued     as 
Books    III.    and    IV.     In    the    interval    an 
album    of    75    plates    had    been    issued    by 
Lorenzo  della  Vaccaria  in  1584  :    this  work 
shows,   however,   less   original   study.     Two 
collections  of  busts — those  of  Achilles  Statius 
(1569)    and    Fulvius    Ursinus    (1570) — were 
published  by  Lafrery,  and  are  also  of  con- 
siderable importance. 

Mr.  Ashby  then  gave  a  short  description 
of  the  famous  woodblock  plan  of  Venice  of 
1500,  a  copy  of  which  he  exhibited.  It  is  in 
six  sheets  and  covers  a  total  area  of  10  feet  by 
5  feet,  and  is  perhaps  the  finest  work  of  the 
kind  in  existence.  Tt  is  intermediate  be- 
tween a  plan  and  a  bird's-eye  view,  and  the 
fullness  and  accuracy  of  detail  are  remark- 
able— especially  when  we  remember  that 
the  first  known  woodblock  view  of  Rome, 
which  is  less  than  six  inches  square,  dates 
from  only  ten  years  earlier,  and  that  none 
of  the  sixteenth-century  panoramas  of  Rome 
approaches  it  in  beauty  of  execution.  The 
authorship  of  it  is  unknown,  though  often 
attributed  to  Jacopo  de'  Barbari. 


The  second  paper  was  read  by  Mr.  A.  J.  B. 
Wace,  Librarian  of  the  School,  and  Fellow 
of  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge.  He  dis- 
cussed the  provenance  of  some  reliefs  which 
were,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  Palazzo 
dei  Conservatori,  and  were  drawn  by  several 
artists  of  that  period,  including  Panvinius 
and  Pierre  Jacques  of  Reims.  Only  two 
of  these  reliefs  are  now  in  existence  :  in 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
they  were  in  the  Borghese  collection,  and 
thence  passed  to  the  Louvre.  One  shows 
an  extispidum  before  the  Temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus,  the  representation  of  the 
pediment  of  this  temple  having  been  broken 
off  since  the  sixteenth  century,  inasmuch 
as  it  figures  in  the  drawings  referred  to  ; 
and  the  other — clearly  of  later  style — the 
sacrifice  of  two  bulls.  Mr.  Wace  proved, 
by  reference  to  a  sketch  by  Antonio  da 
San  Gallo  the  younger,  who  exactly  describes 
the  lost  pediment,  that  the  first  relief  was 
found  in  Trajan's  Forum  in  1540  ;  and  from 
a  passage  of  Flaminio  Vacca,  who  mentions 
the  excavation  of  many  fragments  of  tri- 
umphal reliefs,  including  one  representing 
a  Dacian  swimming  a  river  on  horseback 
(which  is  now  in  the  Villa  Medici),  he  con- 
jectured that  all  formed  part  of  the  decora- 
tion of  Trajan's  Forum.  The  extispicium 
scene  probably  represents  the  nuncitpatio 
votorum  before  Trajan  set  out  on  his  Dacian 
campaign,  and  is  Trajanic  in  style  ;  while 
the  sacrificial  scene,  together  with  the  frag- 
ments drawn  by  Panvinius,  represents  a 
triumph  which  is  probably  the  Parthian 
triumph  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius 
Verus  in  166.  From  these  and  other  indica- 
tions he  concluded  that  Trajan's  Forum  was 
not  finished  until  the  reign  of  Hadrian 
(which  is,  indeed,  by  no  means  improbable), 
and  that  its  decoration  was  continued  under 
the  Antonine  emperors. 

All  these  reliefs  probably  formed  part  of 
the  collection  of  Prospero  Boccapaduli,  who 
was,  from  1555  onwards,  in  charge  of  the 
building  of  the  Palazzo  dei  Conservatori, 
and  this  explains  their  presence  there. 
Perhaps  his  collection  was  sold  after  his 
death  in  1585  ;  this  would  explain  the 
dispersal  of  the  reliefs.  Vacca  mentions 
that  those  which  he  saw  were  in  Bocca- 
paduli's  possession. 

Prof.  Hulsen  added  a  few  words  empha- 
sizing the  importance  of  this  discovery, 
especially  as  regards  the  architecture  of 
Trajan's  Forum. 


THE     TURNERS     AT     THE 
"  OLD    MASTERS." 

In  the  present  exhibition  of  "  Old  Masters" 
at  Burlington  House  there  are  five  oil  pic- 
tures attributed  to  Turner.  Of  these,  three 
are  wrongly  described,  and  a  fourth  is  of 
more  than  doubtful  authenticity.  I  will 
take  them  seriatim  : — • 

No.  28,  '  Venus  and  Adonis.' — This  pic- 
ture was  in  the  H.A.  of  1849.  But  it  was 
painted  much  earlier,  probably  before  1810. 

No.  56,  '  Rouen.' — In  the  style  of  a  Turner 
of  about  1840.     But  surely  not  by  him. 

No.  60,  Sir  Donald  Currie's  '  Venice  '  is 
described  as  "  on  the  Grand  Canal  "  !  This 
picture  was  in  the  H.A.  exhibition  of  1841 
under  the  title  of  '  Giudecca,  la  Donna  della 
Salute  and  San  Giorgio.'  This  is  the  view 
that  would  be  had  on  approaching  Venice 
from  Fusina,  just  before  entering  the  Canal 
of  the  Giudecca;  we  have  the  Redentore 
Church  to  the  right;  S.  Giorgio  in  front, 
and  S.  Marc's  to  t  he  left. 

No.  77.  'The  Pilot  Boat.'  From  Karnley. 
This  is  doubtless  the  '  Fishermen  hailing  a 
Whitestable    Hoy'    that    was    in    Turner's 


studio  in  1809.  The  word  "  Whitestable  " 
I  is  to  be  read  on  the  sails  of  the  hoy.  The 
j  picture  is  signed  "  J.  M.  W.  Turner,  R.A." 

No.  83,  the  Duke  of  Northumberland's 
'  Classical  Composition.' — This  is  the  pic- 
ture exhibited  in  the  R.A.  of  1816  (and  pro- 
bably also  in  the  British  Institution  of  the 
next  year).  I  abridge  Turner's  description  : 
"  Temple  of  Jupiter  Panhellenius  in  the 
Island  of  ^Egina,  with  the  Greek  national 
dance  of  the  Romaika.  The  Acropolis 
[view  of  Athens,  over  sea  to  left]  in  the  dis- 
tance. Painted  from  a  sketch  taken  by 
H.  Gaily  Knight  in  1810."  In  the  same 
year  Turner  exhibited  another  view  with  the 
temple  restored  and  classical  figures.  This 
last  picture  is  well  known  from  the  engraving 
of  John  Pye,  but  it  cannot  now  be  traced. 

I  add  a  few  notes  on  the  Turner  drawings 
in  the  Water-Colour  Room. 

No.  203,  '  Val  D'Aosta.'— This  drawing  is 
signed  and  dated  1813.  The  date  is  impor- 
tant on  stylistic  grounds. 

No.  204,  '  Powis  Castle.' — A  mere  ghost 
of  a  drawing  ;  from  the  Gillott  collection. 
The  incident  in  the  foreground  of  a  man 
aiming  at  a  heron  is  described  in  the  cata- 
logue as  "a  man  lying  on  the  ground  "  ! 
Engraved  by  Willmore,  1836,  for  '  England 
and  Wales.' 

No.  207,  '  The  Lake  of  Thun.'— From 
Farnley.     Compare  'Liber,'  No.  3  (1808). 

No.  209,  the  Farnley  '  Bonneville.' — 
"  About  1820-25,"  says  the  catalogue.  But 
surely  this  date  is  at  least  ten  years  too 
late.     Compare  '  Liber,'  No.  64  (1816). 

No.  218,  Lord  Armstrong's  '  Lucerne.' — 
This  is  a  very  late  drawing  of  the  Bay  of  Uri 
from  Brunnen.  Notice  the  steamer  below 
the  Seelisberg. 

No.  219,  '  Vevay  and  the  Lake  of  Geneva/ 
— -Formerly  in  the  Farnley  collection.  The 
signature,  in  centre  below,  is  partly  covered 
by  the  mount. 

No.  220,  '  Windermere.' — Also  from  Farn- 
ley.    Signed  and  dated  1821. 

No.  236,  '  Corfe  Castle  '  is  banished  to  the 
corner  of  a  screen.  This  is  the  drawing 
engraved  by  G.  Cooke  in  1814  for  the  '  South 
Coast  '  series. 

The  catalogues  of  the  "Old  Masters"  are, 
or  rather  might  be,  invaluable  records  for 
future  use.  But  at  present  the  student 
makes  use  of  them  with  fear  and  trembling. 

Edward  Dillon. 


PROPOSED  GLASS   EXHIBITION. 

In  consequence  of  the  interest  that  has 
of  late  years  been  aroused  in  the  subject  of 
old  English  glass  drinking  vessels,  it  is  pro- 
posed to  hold  an  exhibition  in  London  in 
the  course  of  the  present  year.  The  con- 
templated display  is  to  includ  !  the  sparkling 
vessels  of  tables  and  taverns — "society" 
and  "household"  glasses — as  well  as  the 
degraded  vessels  of  "  Beer  Street  "  and 
"Gin  Lane,"  in  English  "flint  glass," 
i/hiss  of  lead,  from  the  period  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  throughout  the  Georgian  era,  or, 
in  other  words,  from  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century  to  about  the  middle 
of  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth. 

Such  are  tin-  glass  vessels  which,  since  tin1 
decay  of  the  old  Venetian  and  the  Altarist 
industries,  took  the  place  of  the  artistio 
and  delicate  vessels  which  graced  the  cabinets 
of  princes  and  artists  when  "  tons  les  rois  et 

princes   desiraient   et   affectaient    avoir   en 

leur     royaume     cette     science,"     and     which 

appear  in  many  a  masterpiece  of  still  life 

or  joyous  I  hitch  interior. 

in  the  renascence  of  the  industry  another 

style  of  glass  vessel  was  evolved,  suited 
rather  to  the  wants  of  all  classes  than  to 
the  adornment    of  cabinets.       In   this  revival 


Ill 


'I'll  E    AT  ii  i:\  .i:r  m 


N    1083,  .1       .:.  1906 


land    i<",k    ( he    most     impoi  tanl    

mil  part,  and  the  result*  ol  her  arti  tic 
include    not    onlj     the    picturesque 
r,  lies    ..I    t  he    Slum  i    i  »bite 

glasses,  Itut  also  an  abundance  ol  historic 
and  patriotic  vessels  to  which  no  country 
can  offer  parallel  , 

It  is  proposed  thai  1 1 ■ « -  glass  vi 
should  !»■  arranged  in  1 1 1 « ■  exhibition  in 
periods  and  groups,  in  accordance  with  the 
classification  Bel  forth  bj  Mr.  Alberl  Eiarts 
home  in  his  aul  horitat  h  <■  work  '  <  >l«l 
English  Glasses,'  and  thai  there  should  be 
a  minor  section  of  old  examples  of  pictorial 
and  heraldic  glass,  painted,  Btained,  or 
enamelled.  Another  group  is  to  represenl 
continental  glasses,  such  as  preceded  1 1 1<  ■ 
revival  ;  and  a  modern  Beet-ion  is  to  show 
the  beel  results  of  presenl  English  efforts. 

Communications  concerning  the  scheme 
may  !>«•  addressed  to  Mr.  Charles  Edward 
Jerningham,  9,  North  Terrace,  Alexander 
Square,  S.W. 

AX    UNIDENTIFIED   PICTURE. 

::.  Park  Bill,  Ealing,  W. 

I  shall  be  grateful  to  any  of  your  readers 

who  will  assist  to  identity  a  picture  in  my 
possession.  In  the  centre  stands  Oliver 
Cromwell,  dressed  in  a  crimson  jerkin, 
brown  leather  hoots  whose  tops  come  above 
the  knee,  sloueh  hat  with  large  feather, 
sword,  &c.  He  has  lilted,  and  is  holding 
open,  the  lid  of  a  coffin,  which  rests  upon 
two  high-hacked  chairs  upholstered  in 
crimson  velvet.  Within  the  coffin  are  the 
bod}'  and  head  of  Charles  I.  The  picture 
measures  9  inches  long  by  1\  inches  high, 
and  is  painted  on  wood  (oak).  A  well- 
known  expert — who  suggests  this  reference 
— is  of  opinion  that  it  is  not  more  than 
150  years  old.  For  the  last  100  years  it 
has  been  in  the  possession  of  my  family. 
Before  that  it  was  the  property  of  the 
Revolution  Society,  a  London  political  club 
which  originated  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 
Is  any  picture  with  a  similar  subject  known 
to  exist  ?  Frank  Penny. 


BALES. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  20fch  inst.  a  picture 
by  B.  J.  Blommers,  Going  to  meet  the  Fishing- 
Boate,  -KYH.  :  and  a  drawing  by  Sam  Bough,  Ulls- 
water,  1367. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  22nd  inst.  a  picture 
by  P.  Nasmytb,  A  View  near  Tonbridge,  with 
cottages,  pool,  and  peasants,  110/.  ;  and  on 
the  23rd  the  following  etchings  and  engravings. 
After  Meissonier  :  1806,  by  J.  Jaoquet,  44/.  ;  1SH7, 
by  the  same,  I'M.  After  Constable  :  Dedham  Vale, 
by    I».     Lucas,     4  1/.       After    Lawrence:     Countess 

Gower  and  Daughter,  by  8.  Cousins,  -Jii/.  After 
Turner:  Calais  Pier,  by  T.  Lupton,  31/.  After 
Gainsborough:  Signora  Bacclli,  by  .1.  Jones,  30/. 
After  Fragonard  :  Lea  Basards  Heureus  del'Escar- 
polette,  by  De  Launay,  17/. 


Jfinr-iXrt  (Gossip. 

Yesterday  was  the  press  view  at  Messrs. 
H.  Graves  &  Co.'s  Pall  Mall  Gallery  of 
water-colours  by  Early  English  masters. 

Messrs.  Dickinson  invite  us  to  a  private 
view  to-day  of  water-colour  drawings  of 
Biskra,  the  Desert,  Poole  Harbour,  &c,  by 
Miss  Sophia  Beale,  and  portraits,  pastorals, 
and  various  sketches  by  M.  Edouard  van 
Goethem. 

At    the     Rowley    Gallery,    Silver    Street, 

South  Kensington,  a  collection  of  works  by 

Prof.  Rudolph  Bellwag  is  on  view  until  the 

•end  of  February.     Be  is  German  in  training, 

but  began  to  paint  English  scenes  in  1899. 


'I'm    International  >■  exhibition  at 

the  New  Gallery   «ill  clow    i>>   the  iniddli 
February,  to  make  a*a\  for  the  mow 

t  ha1  of  the  1  eel  ion.     In  t  his  t  he 

collection  of  sculpture  will  l>e  n, 
while  among  the  water-colours,  pastels, 
engravings,  and  drawings  will  be  shown 
large  groups  ol  works  bj  Prof.  Menzel, 
Arnold  Bocklin,  Mas  Klinger,  Otto  Grenier, 
and  other  German  artists.  French  and 
American  art  will  also  be  Btrongl; 
sented. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  February  number 
of    The    BwKngton    Magaziru    1-   s    photo 
gravure  of    'The    Letter'    by    Vermeer    of 

Delft,  one  of    the  two   works  of   that    painter 

fomerly   in    the   Secretan    collection.      The 

first  article,  by  Mr.  Claude  Phillips,  deals 
with   the  dramatic  element   in   portraiture, 

and  is  followed  hy  the  second  part  of  Sir 
Richard  Holmes's  paper  on  Nicholas  Billiard. 

Mr.  H.  .1.  Powell  writes  on  'The  Picture 
Windows  at  New  College,  Oxford.'  and 
suggests  that  they  are  the  work  of  "  Thomas 
Clasier,"  the  maker  of  the  east  window  of 
Winchester  College  Chapel,  in  which  he  is 
depicted.  Mr.  Herbert  Cook  contributes  an 
article  on  '  Some  Venetian  Portraits  in 
English  Possession';  Mr.  James  Wcale 
writes  on  'Simon  Rinnink,  Miniaturist,'  who 
was  the  father  of  Livina  Binnink,  Court 
painter  to  Edward  VI.  ;  and  Mr.  Lionel 
Cust  describes  the  relations  between  the 
goldsmith  John  of  Antwerp  and  Hans 
Holbein.  Some  pictures  recently  acquired 
by  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  New  York 
are  published  by  Mr.  C.  J.  Holmes ;  and 
Mr.  A.  G.  B.  Russell  writes  on  a  portrait  by 
Velasquez  recently  bequeathed  to  the  Prado 
by  the  late  Duchess  of  Villahermosa,  who 
had  refused  an  offer  of  60,000Z.  made  for  it 
by  an  American  dealer.  The  articles  on 
1  The  Classification  of  Oriental  Carpets '  are 
concluded ;  and  in  the  American  section 
Mr.  B.  H.  Hill  publishes  three  Greek  mirrors 
recently  acquired  by  the  Boston  Museum, 
and  Mr.  C.  FitzGerald  writes  on  '  A  Project 
for  the  Advancement  of  Architecture.' 

M.  Harpignies  has  announced  his  inten- 
tion of  presenting  the  Luxembourg  Museum 
with  a  series  of  his  own  drawings,  which 
should  be  welcome.  Until  recently  the 
Luxembourg  has  been  deficient  in  the 
section  of  drawings  by  the  great  artists; 
now,  however,  it  contains  some  important 
examples  of  Puvis  de  Chavannes  and 
Meissonier. 

Among  other  articles  The  Antiquary  for 
February  will  contain  the  following:  'A 
Human  Sacrifice  in  Italy  in  1841  '  (illus- 
trated), condensed  from  the  report  of  the 
trial  by  Miss  E.  C.  Vansittart ;  '  Notes  on 
Faversham  Abbey  from  Parishioners'  Wills 
proved  at  Canterbury,'  by  Mr.  Arthur 
Hussey  ;  the  second  part  of  '  Old  Heraldic 
Glass  in  Brasted  Church,'  by  Dr.  W.  E. 
Ball  (illustrated);  'The  Egyptian  Hall, 
Piccadilly,  1813-73,'  an  exhaustive  history. 
by  Mr.  Aleck  Abrahams  ;  and  an  illustrated 
appreciation  of  Mr.  Bond's  new  work  on 
'  Gothic  Architect ure."  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox. 


MUSIC 


Queen's 

Conart. 


THE 

Hall.  - 


WEEK. 

-  London 


Symphony 


Sir  Charles  V.  Stanford's  new  Sym- 
phony in  E  flat,  "  in  honour  of  the  life 
work  of  a  great  artist :  George  Frederick 
Watts,"  was  performed  for  the  first  time, 
at  the  fourth  London  Symphony  Concert 


.it  Qui  en      Mall,  on  the  1  -  under 

the  dm-  tion  of  the  <  ompoaei       1 
■  it    painting   and   marie  nave  features  in 
common      and      frequently     ten 
longing    tn  the  former   are   employed    in 
describing   the   latter.     Again,    the   tym- 
phonic  poem  hat  largely  taken  the  phv  <•  <«f 
the  old  symphony,  and  the  form 
determined   by  the  poetic    basis,  and   in 
son  by  a  u nt ten  programme. 

Charles  Stanford   keepe    to   the   old   • 
and   to  the  usual  symphonic  form.      I 

analyst      -Lite-      that      his     work 

programme  thai  it  should  be  listened  to 
simply  as  inu-ic.  There  is  certainly  no 
written  programme  for  the  public,  bul 

composer  had  one  iii  his  mind  whilst  at 
work,  or  rather  a  -cries  of  program! 
notably  two  pictures,  Love  and  I. 
and  'Love  and  Death"  by  the  artist  in 
whose  honour  the  work  has  been  written. 
That  is  the  right,  the  highest  kind  of 
programme    music.      There  harm, 

however,  in  trying  to  trace  the  influence 
of  those  pictures  on  the  general  chars 
of  the  music  ;  there  is  no  doubt,  for 
instance,  that  the  phrase  played  by  the 
tragic  trombones  in  the  first  movement 
typifies  Death;  the  composer.  1 
offers  a  symphony,  and  not  the  modern 
substitute  for  it. 

One  thing  strikes  us  particularly  in  the 
music :  the  absence  of  anything  sensa- 
tional or  extravagant.  Much  modern 
music  produces  an  immediate  effeot  by 
means  of  strange  rhythms,  strong  colour- 
ing, and  striking  contrasts  :  yet  when  one 
comes  to  study  the  scores  the  actual 
musical  substance  often  proves  to  be  very 
slight.  In  the  symphony  under  notice 
all  the  interest  created  is  produced  by 
natural,  not  artificial  means.  The  work- 
manship is  sound,  and  there  is  organic  de- 
velopment ;  the  orchestral  colouring,  too, 
is  of  the  best.  We  must  frankly  say  that  the 
impression  produced  on  as  was  not 
because,  in  spite  of  all  the  skill  displayed, 
the  thematic  material  of  the  first  and  last 
movements  did  not  strike  us  as  v.  iv 
original ;  but  possibly  familiarity  with  the 
work  might  modify  our  opinion.  We  listen 
again  and  again  to  the  symphonies  of  the 
classical  masters,  and  we  find  that  each 
fresh  hearing  seems  to  reveal  new  and 
unexpected  beauties.  With  our  native 
composers  years  may — do.  in  fact,  in 
many  cases — elapse  before  a  second  hear- 
ing of  their  works  is  granted.  How,  then, 
can  they  be  properly  appreciated,  properly 
judged  I  The  slow  movement  of 
Charles's  symphony  seems  to  us  the  most 
poetical,  and  the  Scherzo  the  most  piquant. 
The  performance  was  good,  though  the 
composer  did  not  display  quite  his  usual 
firmness  and  energy. 


^tuciirnl  (finssip. 

On  this,  the  160th  anniversary  of  Mosart's 

birthday,  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  name  the 
principal  musical  autographs  of  the  com- 
poses in  the  British  Museum  :  they  are  not 
numerous,  but  on  that  account  are  all  the 
more  precious.  The  Berlin  Library,  among 
other  treasures,  possesses  the  full  scores  of 
1  Figaro  'and  '  The  Magic  Flute,' also  those  of 


N°  4083,  Jan. 


27,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


115 


the^three  great  symphonies  of  1787,  in  e  flat, 
<j  minor,  and  c  major  ('  Jupiter  ')  ;  the  Paris 
Conservatoire,  the  score  of  '  Don  Juan  '  ; 
and  the  Vienna  Library,  all  that  Mozart 
wrote  of  the  '  Requiem.'  These  works  rank 
among  the  most  important  which  Mozart 
bequeathed  to  the  world.  But  if  of  less 
importance,  the  autographs  in  the  British 
Museum  are  of  great  interest.  There  is 
the  anthem  "  God  is  our  refuge,"  pre- 
sented to  the  Museum  by  Mozart  in  1765. 
Then  there  is  the  Quintet  in  c  minor 
for  strings,  composed  1782  -  4  ;  also  the 
Quartet  in  b  flat,  composed  at  Vienna  in 
1773.  Further  may  be  mentioned  the  score 
of  the  Fugue  in  c  minor  for  two  pianofortes, 
arranged  for  strings,  and  the  Pianoforte 
Duet  in  b  flat,  written  in  1780.  An  inter- 
esting document  is  a  copy  of  the  recitative 
"  Giunse  alfin,"  and  aria  "  Deh  vieni," 
from  '  Figaro,'  used  by  Mozart  when  accom- 
panying his  wife  ;  while  at  the  end  there  is 
an  autograph  cadenza  which  he  wrote  out  for 
her.  There  is  also  a  charming  little  Menu- 
etto  of  sixteen  bars,  in  Mozart's  handwriting, 
presented  by  his  widow  to  Vincent  Novello. 
Mr.  H.  Sutherland  Edwards,  who  died 
last  Sunday  in  his  seventy-eighth  year,  was 
the  author  of  '  History  of  the  Opera,'  2  vols. 
(1862);  'Life  of  Rossini'  (1869);  'The 
Lyric  Drama,'  2  vols.  (1881);  'Rossini,' 
for  the  "Great  Musicians  Series"  (1881); 
'Famous  First  Representations'  (1887); 
and  '  The  Prima  Donna,'  2  vols.  (1888).  He 
wrote  musical  criticisms  in  The  Musical 
World,  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  and  also  in  The 
St.  James's  Gazette.  The  translation  of  the 
libretto  of  Tschaikowsky's  '  Eugene  Oniegin,' 
for  the  production  of  that  work  in  1892  at 
the  Olympic  Theatre,  under  Mr.  Henry  J. 
Wood,  was  the  joint  production  of  himself 
and  his  wife.  He  was  a  well  -  informed, 
genial  writer,  and  as  a  man  was  much 
respected  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was 
kind-hearted,  and  always  ready  to  give 
information  and  assistance  to  his  colleagues. 
As  a  journalist  his  name  is  specially  well 
known  ;  he  was  war  correspondent  to  The 
Times  during  the  Franco-German  War. 

We  have  more  than  once  expressed  regret 
that  a  harpsichord  is  not  used  at  the  Sunder  - 
land-Thistleton  concerts  of  old  chamber 
music.  In  the  last  programme  it  is  stated 
that  "  unfortunately  Mr.  Thistleton  has 
been  unable  to  hire  a  suitable  instrument." 
The  records  of  the  Lord  Chamberlain's 
department,  which  have  hitherto  been  little 
explored,  have  lately  been  examined  by 
the  Rev.  Henry  Cart  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
piling (for  the  use  of  students  of  musical 
history)  a  calendar  to  the  entries  which 
bear  on  music  and  musicians.  Mr.  Cart  has 
•so  far  noted  the  documents  down  to  the 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Bacon  (nee  Poole),  who 
died  at  Langley,  Buckinghamshire,  on  the 
15th  inst.,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty- 
six,  had  formerly  a  rich,  sympathetic 
soprano  voice.  She  made  her  debut  in 
opera  at  Drury  Lane  in  1834,  visited  America 
in  1839,  and  two  years  later  was  engaged  by 
Bunn  for  his  English  operas  at  Drury  Lane. 
We  announced  in  The  Athenazum  of  the 
13th  inst.  the  death  of  Gabrielle  Krauss, 
and  in  Le  Menestrel  of  the  14th  there  is  an 
account  of  the  funeral  ceremony  at  St. 
Philippe  du  Roule,  Paris,  and  of  the  speeches 
delivered  at  the  grave  in  the  Montparnasse 
cemetery.  The  A  llgemeine  Musik-Zeitung  of 
the  19th  inst.,  however,  states  that  the  re| « >i  i 
of  the  artist's  recent  death  is  cither  an  error 
or  a  "  mystification,"  and  adds  :  "  Gabrielle 
Krauss  died  at  Paris,  October,  1903  "  !  And 
as  a  matter  of  fact  her  death  was  thua 
prematurely  announced  in  the  A.M.Z.  of 
October  23rd,  1903  ! 


Ein  Brahms  Bilderbuch,  edited  by  Viktor 
von  Miller  zu  Aichholz,  with  explanatory 
text  by  Max  Kalbeck,  lias  just  been  published 
by  Herr  R.  Lechner,  of  Vienna.  It  contains 
about  120  pictures  and  portraits,  facsimiles, 
concert  programmes,  &c.  The  net  profits 
of  the  sale  of  this  work  will  be  given  to  the 
fund  for  the  erection  at  Vienna  of  a  Brahms 
monument. 


Sun. 

Tuks 


Wed. 

TlIL'llS 


Fm. 
Sat. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  :;  :;n.  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Mildred  Carrington's  Concert.  3,  Steinway  Hall. 

M.  Tivadar  Nachez  and  Mr.  Plunket  Greene's  Recital,  8,  Bech- 

stein  Hall. 
Miss  Irene  Scharrer's  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  JEolian  Hall. 
Royal  Amateur  Orchestral  Concert,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
.Mi^s  Man-  MunchhofTs  Vocal  Recital  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Chamber  Concert,  4.31),  Lek'hton  House. 
Miss  Maud  MaeCarthy's  Violin  Recital.  S.:i0,  Queen's  Hall. 
London  Ballad  Concert,  ::.  Queen's  Hall. 
Symphony  Concert,  .'l.  Queen's  Hall. 
Mile.  Henriette  Schmidt's  Violin  Recital,  3.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 

THE    WEEK. 

Waldorf.— The  Superior  Miss  Pellender  : 
Comedy  in  Three  Acts.  By  Sidney 
Bowkett.— The  Partikler  Pet.  Adapted 
by  Edward  Knoblauch  from  Max 
Maurey's  '  L'Asile  de  Nuit.' 
Recent  theatrical  productions  are  almost 
confined  to  the  houses  occupied  by  foreign 
companies  in  London,  whereat  change  is 
necessarily  continuous.  The  one  English 
novelty  that  has  been  witnessed  is  '  The 
Superior  Miss  Pellender,'  with  which  Mr. 
Cyril  Maude  begins  his  tenure  of  the 
Waldorf.  A  piece  flimsier  and  less  verte- 
brate than  this  has  seldom  solicited  the 
suffrages  of  a  London  public.  It  is 
pretty,  however,  in  spite  of  its  thinness, 
and  original  in  motive,  even  though  it 
recalls  in  a  portion  of  its  environment 
'  Sweet  Nancy,'  Robert  Buchanan's  render- 
ing of  Rhoda  Broughton's  '  Nancy.'  A 
widow  with  four  children — young,  asser- 
tive, and  turbulent  —  has  arranged  a 
second  marriage  with  a  neighbouring 
squire.  So  timid  are  both,  however,  and 
so  apprehensive  concerning  the  action 
likely  to  be  taken  by  Miss  Pellender, 
the  eldest  girl — a  model  of  all  prim- 
ness and  propriety  —  that  neither  of 
them  dares  to  tell  the  secret,  and  an 
elopement  is  arranged  and  carried  out. 
There  is  something  whimsical  in  the 
attempt  of  these  two  elderly  lovers  to 
shuffle  out  of  the  responsibility  for  their 
action,  and  make  lad-and-lass  elopement 
for  fear,  not  of  their  seniors,  but  of  their 
juniors.  What  acting  can  do  for  a  piece 
is  done.  The  Mr.  Tister  of  Mr.  Maude 
is  pleasant  and  humorous  ;  Miss  Winifred 
Emery  is  sweet  and  natural  as  the  widow  ; 
and  Miss  Beatrice  Ferrar  is  a  terror  in  her 
conscientiousness  and  inflexibility. 

'  The  Partik'ler  Pet,'  a  farce  for  throe 
characters,  given  a  few  weeks  ago  in 
Brighton,  shows  the  spoiling  of  a  visitor 
to  the  workhouse,  in  whom  the  super- 
intendent fancies  he  detects  an  "  amateur 
casual."  As  the  man  thus  pampered 
Mr.  Maude  supplies  a  wonderful  picture 
of  grime  and  filth. 


Garrick. — Revival  of  '  Brother  Officers,'  in 

Three  Acts.     By  Leo  Trevor. 
Given  in  May  last  at  the  Garrick  for  a 
benefit,  '  Brother  Officers  ' — a  piece  which, 


with  a  different  termination,  had  been 
played  during  1898  at  the  same  house — 
obtained  an  encouraging  amount  of  success. 
As  we  predicted  would  be  the  case,  it  has 
now,  in  its  altered  shape,  been  mounted 
for  a  run.  It  presents  the  adventures  of 
a  "ranker"  who,  having  obtained  for 
conspicuous  valour  a  commission  in  a 
crack  regiment,  does  not  know  how  to 
wear  decorously  his  new  honour,  but  in 
the  end  wins,  by  his  modesty  and  virtue, 
condonation  for  offences  of  taste.  What 
is  the  precise  alteration  that  has  been 
made  we  fail  to  grasp.  Mr.  Bourchier 
plays  in  his  breeziest  and  mellowest  style 
the  officer  in  question  ;  and  Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh  repeats  her  presentation  of 
Lady  Roydon,  who,  helping  the  ranker 
to  conquer  his  gaucheries,  wins  an  affection 
which  is  as  sincere,  ardent,  and  loyal  as 
it  is  hopeless. 


New  Royalty. — Cabotins  :  Comedie  en 
Quatre  Actes.  Par  Edouard  Pailleron. 
— Les  Affaires  sont  les  Affaires  :  Comedie 
en  Trois  Actes.  Par  Gustave  Mirbeau. 
— Brichanteau  ;  ou,  la  Vie  d'un  Come- 
dien :  Piece  en  Quatre  Actes  et  Cinq 
Tableaux.  Tiree  du  Roman  de  Jules 
Claretie  par  Maurice  de  Feraudy. 

Though  far  short  of  '  Le  Monde  ou  Ton 
s'ennuie,'  on  the  whole  the  most  brilliant 
comedy  of  modern  days,  '  Cabotins  '  is  a 
scathing  and  well-merited  satire.  In  order 
to  establish  his  point,  M.  Pailleron  has  to 
force  upon  the  word  cabotins  a  sense  it 
scarcely  bears,  and  to  represent  cabolinage 
as  a  species  of  log-rolling.  A  number  of 
youthful  Meridionals,  chiefly  from  Var  and 
Les  Bouches  du  Rhone,  form  themselves 
into  a  mutual  admiration  and  aid  society, 
pledged  to  secure  their  joint  and  individual 
advantage.  Thanks  to  their  efforts,  men 
of  no  merit  are  promoted  to  positions  of 
importance  in  the  Senate,  the  Institute,  or 
elsewhere.  Such  men  M.  Pailleron  lashes 
as  cabotins.  A  love  interest  —  pretty 
enough  in  its  way,  but  of  no  special 
originality  or  significance — is  introduced. 
M.  de  Feraudy  acted  in  admirable  style 
as  an  energetic,  designing,  and  unscru- 
pulous journalist,  and  the  play  proved 
vastly  entertaining  to  those  who  per- 
ceived its  point. 

In  '  Les  Affaires  sont  les  Affaires  '  M. 
de  Feraudy  distinguished  himself  as  the 
latest  type  of  unscrupulous  financier,  the 
vulgarest  of  a  brood  that  includes  Mer- 
cadet  le  Faiseur,  Sir  Giles  Overreach, 
Turcaret,  and  a  score  of  well-known  cha- 
racters. His  performance  of  the  part 
was  fine,  but  the  play,  though  it  gives 
rise  to  one  or  two  strong  situations,  may 
easily  be  overrated.  The  difficult  and 
not  too  sympathetic  pari  of  Germaine 
Lechat,  the  daughter  of  the  financier, 
who  finds  no  better  way  of  rebuking  the 
greed  and  dishonesty  of  her  father  than 
by  dispensing  with  civil  and  eoclestiastica] 
consent  to  her  amorous  arrangements,  was 
played  intelligently,  but  with  an  unneo- 
cessarv  display  of  prudery,  by  Mile.  Lara, 

socic'tairc  of  the  Comedie  Krancaise.  It 
is  not  a  very  worthy  world  into  which 
M.   Mirbeau   introduces  us,   but    many   of 


tie 


T  ii  k    atii  EN  .i:r  M 


N    1083,  Jan.  27.  1906 


the  ohvaoten  exhibited  seem  drawn  from 
life. 

Whimsical  and  <  lr\n  a>  it  is.  '  Biiihan- 
t'  in  '  adapted  hy  .M .  de  Fciaudv  limn 
a    novel    of    the    director    of    the    (oniedie 

Francaiee,  and  not  ye(  produced  in  Paru 
— is  Dearer  burlesque  than  fane,  and  is 
destitute  of  any  strong  dramatio  quality. 

It  serves  to  show  a  wide  range  of  talent 
on  the  part  of  the  principal  exponent,  a 
fact  which  doubtless  commended  it  to  his 

attention.  It  is,  we  think,  quite  ununited 
to  the  Theatre  Francais.  on  to  the  boards 
of  which  it  will,  we  fancy,  not  easily  find 
it-  way.  '  Briohanteau  deals  with  the 
humours  of  an  actor  playing  with  a  tra- 
velling company,  and  at  the  outset  estab- 
lished at  Perpignan.  Under  the  influence 
of  passion  for  a  woman,  Brichanteau 
forgets  his  Btage  tricks  and  mannerisms, 
and  expires,  giving  for  the  first  time,  as 
he  boasts,  a  thoroughly  natural  perform- 
ance, unmarred  by  affectation  or  grimace. 
In  its  early  scenes  it  was  admirably  droll, 
and  the  general  performance,  by  actors 
few  of  them  known  to  fame,  was  eminently 
creditable.  The  piece  took  the  place  of 
'  Le  Barbier  de  Seville,'  withdrawn  on 
account  of  the  illness  of  Mile.  Leconte. 
We  should  like  to  have  seen  M.  de 
Feraudy's  Figaro. 


Great  Queen  Street. — Liselott :  Lust- 
spiel  in  vier  Akten.  Von  Heinrich 
Stobitzer. 

A  romantic  and  quasi-historic  play  of 
Herr  Stobitzer  reveals  the  German  com- 
pany in  a  new  and  moderately  favour- 
able line.  Liselott  is  the  familiar  name  of 
the  Princess  Palatine,  the  wife  of  Philippe 
of  Orleans,  brother  of  Louis  XIV.,  a 
princess  concerning  whose  turbulent  and 
not  very  courteous  manners  Saint -Simon 
has  left  an  animated  account.  The  drama 
depicts  the  sensation  caused  at  Court  by 
her  brusque  and  unconventional  behaviour, 
her  subjugation  of  the  French  Court,  her 
conquest  over  a  dangerous  and  attractive 
French  rival,  and  her  ultimate  empire 
over  the  heart  of  her  weak  spouse.  Frau 
Else  Gademann  played  the  part  with 
much  vivacity  and  mirthfulness  ;  and 
Herr  Stamburg  gave  a  satisfactory  sketch 
of  le  roi  solei/. 


Dramatic  (fiosstp. 

Rehearsals  are  progressing  of  the  new 
play  of  Capt.  Robert  Marshall,  in  which 
during  next  month  Mr.  John  Hare  will 
appear  at  the  Comedy,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Arthur  Chudleigh. 

Ibsen's  '  Lady  Inger  of  Ostrat  '  will  be 
given  at  the  Seala  Theatre  on  Monday 
afternoon  by  the  Incorporated  Stage  Society, 
with  a  cast  including  Misses  Edith  Olive 
and  Alice  Crawford,  Mr.  Henry  Ainlev,  Mr. 
Alfred  Brydone,  and  Mr.  Harcourt  Williams! 

Thk  representations  of  'As  Yon  Like  It  " 
at  the  St.  James's  end  with  the  present  week 
and  the  theatre  passes  again  into  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Alexander. 

Mr.  Nat  GOODWIN,  who  is  now  in  London 
will  before  his  return  to  America  h,  -,  ,  ,,  at 
the  Shaft  sbury  in  'A  Gilded  Fool,'  a  piece 


in  winch  In-  ha*  I. «iii  favourably  received  in 
New  York. 

\    sutufl   "t    afternoon    i- 1 formam  ■ 

George      Column's      live  n<  t      OOmedj       'The 

Ihirat  Law'  will  be  given  at  the  Waldorf 

by     .Mr.     Cyril     .Maude,     who     uill     play     Dr. 

Pangloas.     others   concerned   m   the   inter- 
pretation are    Mi     i       -   dnej    Brough  and 
Charles    Allan.    Sirs.    Calvert,    Bfiai    Janet 
Alexander,  and  .\li>s  Jessie  Bateman. 
'  Tin:  Little  Stranokr,'  by  .Mr.  Michael 

Morton,     produced     at     the     (hand     Theatre, 

Middlesbrough,  on  the  9th  of  October  last, 
will  shortly  1"  given  in  a  revised  version  in 
the  West-End.     It  Beema  to  be  based  on  a 

curious  development  of  heredity. 

'DEB  111:1111. i:  I!i:i  nm-:\,'  translated  by 
Herr  Meyerfeld  from  -  The  Well  of  the 
Saints  '  of  Mr.  .J.  M.  Synge,  has  been  given 
at  the  Deutsches  Theater,  Berlin.  The 
original  was  played  at  St.  George's  Hall  on 
November  27th.  Oscar  Wilde's  '  Florentine 
Tragedy  '  was  also  performed  in  a  rendering 
by  Herr  Meyerfeld.  'The  Well  of  the  San 
forms  the  fourth  volume  of  '  Plays  for  an 
Irish  Theatre,'  issued  by  Mr.  Bullen. 

The  death,  on  the  22nd  inst.,  in  his 
sixty- seventh  year,  of  B.  C.  ("Charlie") 
Stephenson  (known  also  as  Bolton  Rowe  in 
collaboration  with  Clement  Scott  as  Saville 
Rowe)  removes  a  once  familiar  figure  in 
London  dramatic  circles.  A  nephew  of 
General  Sir  Frederick  Stephenson,  and  also, 
we  believe,  of  Sir  Rivers  Wilson,  he  was 
held  one  of  the  most  promising  of  the 
bright  band  at  the  Treasury,  but  disappointed 
expectation,  and  is  best  known  as  an 
adapter  from  the  French.  Works  wholly 
or  partly  by  him  include  'Peril'  ('Nos  In- 
ternes'), 'Diplomacy'  ('Dora'),  'The  Little 
Duke'  ('Le  Petit  Due'),  'Impulse'  ('La 
Maison  du  Mari'),  'Comrades,'  "A  Woman 
of  , the  World,'  and  'The  Passport.'  He  is 
also  responsible  for  the  libretto  of  'Dorothy,' 
and  for  some  dramatic  trifles  produced  at 
the  Gallery  of  Illustration  and  elsewhere. 


(I'.s.)—  W.  F.— T.  M.  I» 


To  Correspondents.— M.  a.  s 

-K.  11. — received. 
II.  M.— Many  thanks. 
W.  .1.  s.— Later. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  df  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 


AUTOTYPE  Co 

ai  thors'  Agents   

BAOSTER  A-   Sons 

Bell  a  sons       

Behrose  &  Sons         

Catalogues        

(II  VI  10  it   WlNDUS  

t.  a  T.  Clark 

Kl'l  CATIONAI 

Exhibitions        

Harper  A  Bros.         

HODDER  A   STOUOBTON 

III  RST  A    BLACKS!! 

LECTl  RES 

Longmans  A  Co 

Sampson  Low,  biarston  a  Co. 

M  ICMILLAN   A    CO.  

M  10  LZINES,  Ai 

Mudie's  Library         

Oliphant,  Anderson  a  Ferrier, 

Pi  in im       

Sales  nv  auction       

si  111  1  /1:  ,\   Co 

Situations  V  icant      

sin  \ noNS  W  \n iki) 

T.     l'ISIIKK    I'NW  IN  

TVI'K-WKI  1  I'.KS         


P*OI 

■ 

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..  lis 

..  110 

.  .  '.>.'. 

. .  '.>:; 

..  117 

..  119 

. .  '.>'! 

. .  !>:! 

. .  '.>:. 

. .  ;>ii 

. .  ;« 

..  110 

..  11s 

.  .      '.Hi 
IT..  IIS 

. .    '.>:. 

..   119 

..   120 

M 

.  .  I  .') 
. .  ;>:! 
. .  U 
M 
. .     M 


MESSRS.    BELLS 

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TIOX.     Studies    in   the    Religious    Life    and 
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WOMEN.     By  A.   K.   ('.   DUNBAR. 
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Roman  Martyrology,  and  so  forth,  and  authorities 

are  given  for  each  article The  value  of  the  book 

is  enhanced  by  the  fact  that,  when  a  story  is  said 
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Church   Tivus. 

••  The  authoress  of  this  Ixmk  undertook  a  work 
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Catholic  Tir 

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lives    of    holy    women who    in  all    ages  of  the 

Christian  era  have   illustrated  God's  Church 

Much  historical  information  concerning  the  Middle 
will  be   found  in   the   lives  of  saints  of   that 
period."     Tablet, 

London:     GEORGE    BELL    &    SONS, 
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lis 


Til  E     ATI!  EN  .!•:  D  M 


N    1083,  Jan  27,  1906 


B 


Jltaan miu'O.  Ovr. 

L        A         ('         K         W        O       O 
WEBRUARl  — 


D 


I.]  SSON8  i  ROW  i  in   B  vi  i  LE  "1"  T8U  sim.v 
l'.\  tin  ■  Autli i  'A  Retrograde  Admiralty.' 

A\  n\i  ORD   I  EUMMER 

Bj  the  Warden  of  Wadham. 

EL  LNGLESTTO. 

THE  m:i:am  OF  I  HE  DEAD  WORLD. 

Bj  Barry  Pain. 

TO  EQUATORIA  I  Bj  Andrei  Balfonr. 

(  mini    i,i  NKER  Chaps.  7-12.  Bj  J.  Cloturton. 

BCENE8  AND  STUDIES  FROM  THE  LIFE  OF 

FIELD  MARSHAL  SOULT,  Dnka  i  i  Dalmatia. 

Bj  OoL  J.  1I.imI.ui  %  Williama,  G.V.O.  O.M.G. 

••THE  MASTER  OF  THE  PENSION." 

By  Charles  Oliver. 

THE    PHY610IAN8     OF     THE     WESTERN 
[SLES. 

A   NEW    PYRAMU8    AND    THISBE.       (The 
Battle  of  Aughrim.)    An  Unpublished  Sketch. 
By  William   Oarleton,  Author  of  'Traits 
and  Stories  of  the  Irish  Peasantry.' 

MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 

The  General  Election — The  Triumph  of  Pic- 
torial Falsehood — Free  Trade  and  Protection 
— The  Parliament  of  1832 — Lord  Randolph 
Churchill. 

"WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  A  SONS,  Edinburgh  and 
London. 

THE       EDINBURGH       R  E  V  I  E  W. 
No.  415.    JANUARY.  1906.    8vo.  price  6». 

1.  PROTECTION  AM)  THE  WORKING  CLASSES. 

2.  RELIGION  UNDER  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

3.  NOVELS  WITH  A  PHILOSOPHY. 

4.  FANNY  BURNET  :  her  Diarj  and  her  Days. 

5.  THE  BRITISH   MUSEUM  LIBRARY  AND  ITS  CATALOGUE. 

6.  LUCRETIUS  AND  HIS  TIMES. 

7.  THE  VISIONARY  ART  OF  WILLIAM  BLAKE. 

8.  THOUGHT  IN  ARCHITECTURE. 

9.  NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE,  MAN  AND  AUTHOR. 

10.  THE  GROWTH  OF  AMERICAN  Foreign  POLICY. 

11.  THE  FALL  OF  MR.  BALFOUR'S  GOVERNMENT. 


T 


IE     ENGLISH     HISTORICAL     REVIEW. 
Nn.  m.    JANUARY.    Royal 8vo, price 6a. 

Edited  by  REGINALD  L.  POOLE,  MA.  Ph.D., 

Fellow  in  Magdalen  College  and  I  ecturer  in  Diplomatic  In  the 

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Contents. 


1.  Arlitlr*. 

ANTIQUITIES   OF  THE    KINGS   COUNCIL.     By  James   F 
Baldwin. 

THE    LONG    PARLIAMENT   OF   CHARLES    II      By   Prof 
\\  ilbur  c.  Abbott. 

THE    MISSION    OF   FABRICE   TO   SWEDEN,   1717-1718      Bv 
J.  F.  Chain  '         J 

2.  Aotenand  I>ocum 

The  Letters  of  Queen  Eleanor  of  Aqnitaine  to  Pope  Celestine  III 

By  Mist  Beatrice  A.  1 B.— The  Mythical  Town  of  Orwell     Ry 

R.  g.  Marsden.— The  Name  i>r  Kararino.  liy  w  Miller— Wot 
Tyler  and  Jack  straw.  By  Friedrich  W.  1).  Brie  —Cardinal 
l;  iton  and  the  Will  of  .lames  v.  By  II.  F.  Horland  Simpson  — 
''",'-    K',V"''1V",lt  ,*"','""    """''',       SJ    ,,u'    Rev-    William    Hunt. 

D.Litt.  roe  French  Losses  in  the  Waterloo  Campaign  isv  Prof 
Oman,  and  others. 

R       m  of  Hooka.  gnort  xut,-m. 

Jobs  published  in  FEBRUARY,  uniform  indie  with  the  ENGLISH 
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Probable  Respective  Dates. 

By  \Y.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 
London:  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS.  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 

NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENffiUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  Sir  HERBERT  MAXWELL'S 
THE  STORY  OF  THE  TWEED,  and  THE 
VICTORIA  HISTORY  OF  DERBY.  \ 

Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lano,  E.C. 


N°4083,  Jan.  27,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


119 


OLIPHANT,  ANDERSON  &  FERRIER'S  LIST. 


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THE  FAITH  OF  ROBERT  LOUIS 

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THE   MOSLEM   DOCTRINE    OF 

GOD.  A  Treatise  on  the  Character  and  Attri- 
butes of  Allah  according  to  the  Koran  and 
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ZWEMER,  Author  of  '  Arabia,  the  Cradle  of 
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DR.  WHYTE'S  NEW  BOOK. 

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BY  REY.  LOUIS  H.  JORDAN,  B.D. 

COMPARATIVE  RELIGION :  its  Genesis 

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GREGORY  THE   GREAT; 

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STONE,  M.A.,  Librarian  of  the  Pusev  House,  Oxford. 

OUR     LORD'S     RESURRECTION. 

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LONGMANS,  GREEN  *  CO., 

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1 2< » 


T  II  E     A  T  H  EN  .i:  I'  M 


N     Ms;;.  .|,-,.     <;.   ] 


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PHYSICAL  EFFICIENCY.    A  Review  of  the  Deleterious  Effects  of  Town  Life  upon  the  Population 

of  Britain,  with  raggeattoni  for  their  arrest     By  JAMES  CANTLIE,  MA.  Ml;   D.Ph,     Witi  Preieoo  byte  LAUDER  BRUNTON,  M.D. 
D.8     I.I.  I'  i.K.s.,  and  a  Foreword  by  8ir  JAMES  CRICHTON-BROWNE,  M.D.  LL.D.  P.R.8.    ninatreted.    Crown  8vo,  olrt 

[Itnmedia 

In  this  new  book  Dr.  c.inilio  is  leads  to  ihdm  tli.it  the  physical  health  of  tin'  int i . . 1 1  is  not  what  it.  should  in-  at  the  present  moment    Il>-  ii»'j >ii ■  ■  rand  reason 

modern  iit\  life  should  be  detrimental  to  tin-  pablic  health  in  oertain  senses,  while  at  the  mm  time  city  condition*  are  undoubtedly  better  than  those  that  -till  prevail  in 
districts.    Having  thus  discovered  the  deleterious  (acton,  and  tendencies  Ukeh  to  remit  from  them,  in  a  city  environment,  Dr.  Cantlie  proceed*  to  ask  u)o-rc,  and  under  what 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race    which  la  undoubtedly  physically  the  fittest  -has  not  only  obtained  it-i  best  development  but  tends  to  iua.inui.in  ii.    Ifce  practical  portion  of  the  book  dea: 
the  way  in  which  the  city  dweller  m  iy,  ami. 1st  the  most  unfortunate  conditions,  i=till  hope  to  maintain  bis  ph.  Isncj. 


LOUIS   XIV.  AND  LA  GRANDE   MADEMOISELLE.     By  Arvede  Barine.    Authorized  English 

Version.     Illustrated.     8vo,  cloth  extra,  in  box,  12*.  6ci.     (Uniform  with  •  The  Yontb  of  La  Grande  Mademoiselle.')  BmSf. 

All  French  history  Is  interesting,  but  then  an  few  of  its  pages  more  fascinating  than  the  kaleidoscopic  caraer  of  La  Grande  Mademoiselle.    Khewasrel  ted      I.        Mil    bj 

both  father  ami  mother;  sin-  was  the  richest  heiress  in  Prance  ;  she  aspired  to  be  an  empress,  a  nun,  a  political  power.    Her  memofn  pave  unique  and  valuable  pictures  of  life 
<ourt  of  Anne  of  Austria,  ami  of  the  wars  ,,f  the  Fronde,  in  which  she  played  a  manly  part. 


THE    RELIGION    OF   CHRIST    IN    THE    TWENTIETH   CENTURY.      Crown    8vo,    cloth, 


.'{s.  Ii'/.  not. 


§        <!y. 
the  idea  of  ecclesiastical  organisation,  the  idea 


The  distinction  made  between  the  Christian  Religion  and  the  Religion  of  Christ  is  that  the  former  includes  a  combination  of  ideas  ;  tr 
of  doctrine,  and  as  an  adjunct  the  idea  of  a  way  of  life.     The  Religion  of  Christ,  on  the  other  hand,  consists  in  a  way  of  life  alone.      A  particularly  striking  feature  of  this  book  is 
brilliant  and  fair-minded  examination  of  three  representative  Christian  denominations,  the  Roman  Catholic,  the  Episcopal,  and  the  Unitarian.     The  work  is  not  controversial,  but  rather 
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PRACTICAL   RIFLE  SHOOTING.    By  Walter  Winans,  Author  of '  The  Art  of  Revolver  Shooting,' 


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very  near  the  centre  instantly  at  any  reasonable  range,  and  at  whatever  rate  it  is  moving  ;  and  who  has  had  experience  in  stalking  game,  and  in  taking  cover,  should  make  a  more  useful 
soldier  or  scout  than  the  man  who  has  only  shot  at  a  stationary  target,  and  then  only  in  a  prone  position,  and  who  would  lose  himself  were  he  turned  out  in  a  deer  {■ 


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Conspiracy.     By  RANDALL  PARRISH. 
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HEALTH  AND  THE  INNER    LIFE.      An    Analytical 

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PORTRAITS     OF     THE     EIGHTEENTH     CENTURY. 

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THE  LIFE  OF  GOETHE.    By  Albert  Bielschowsky.    Authorized  Translation  from  the  German. 

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GEORGE  WASHINGTON,  Patriot,  Soldier,  Statesman :    THE  ACTS  OF   THE  APOSTLES,  REVELATION,  THE 


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GOSPEL  OF  JOHN.  THE  THREE  EPISTLES  OF  JOHN.  Bv  HENRY  P. 
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Craig  Professor  of  Biblical  Language  and  Literature.    Crowu  Bvo,  cloth,  Is 

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Jtftmtai  0f  (Bttgifelj  atttr  Jfamgn  fitoatm*,  %amtt,  tljt  Jfitu  ^rts, 


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No.  4084. 


SATURDAY,    FEBRUARY    3,    1906. 


THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


Uertitm. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
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w 


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An  ELECTION  will  take  place  in  MARCH  NEXT  to  a  STUDENT- 
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The  Studentship  is  of  the  value  of  150/.  per  annum,  and  will  be 
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Candidates  must  have  passed  the  Examinations  required  for  the 
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Extract  from  the  Terms  of  the  Trust. 

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the  progress  he  may  have  made  in  the  approved  subject." 

January  26, 1906. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
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Situations   Vacant 

UNIVERSITY     OF     BIRMINGHAM. 
(FACULTY  OF  BOEBNGB.) 
SPECIAL  LECTURESHIP  IN  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 
The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the  poet  of  SPECIAL  LEG 
'TURKR   IX  GEOLOGY  AND  O  Hon  R  A  I'll  Y.  vacant,  by  the  appoint- 
ment of   Prof.  W.  W.  Watts,    P.R.S.,  to  the  Chair  of  Geology  in    the 
Royal  <  allege  of  Science,  South  Kensington.    Stipend  2602,  per  annum. 

Applications,  ace panied  by  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  or  such 

other  credentials  as  the  <  Candidates  may  prefer  to  offer,  should  be  sent 
to  the  undersigned  on  or  before  FEBRUARY'  15. 

I  lie  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  on  his  duties  as 
soon  as  possible,  but  in  any  ease  not  later  than  APRIL  23, 
Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.   II.  MORLF.Y,  Secretary. 


T 


HE 


CHEMICAL 


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•  llo\.  SECRETARIES.  Chemical  Society,  Burlington  House, 
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rpH 


E    UNIVERSITY    OF     SHEFFIELD. 


T 


The  UNIVERSITY   of  SHEFFIELD  proposes  to  appoint  a  PRO- 
FESSOR of  EDUCATION. 
For  particulars  as  to  duties,  salary,  &c,  apply  to 
W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 

WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT,  1889. 

HE    COUNTY    SCHOOL,    ABERDARE, 

SOUTH  WALES. 
WANTED  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  a  SCIENCE  MASTER,  to  teach 
principally  Chemistry  and  Botany  to  the  Upper  Forms.    Commencing 
Salary  1482.  per  annum. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  with  copies  of  recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

AV.  CHARLTON  COX,  M.A.,  Head  Master. 

BLACKHEATH  SCHOOL  OF  ART.  —  Re- 
quired AT  ONCE,  the  Services  of  a  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT 
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PHIEF  ASSISTANT  LIBRARIAN  WANTED 

\J  to  take  charge  of  the  CIRCULATION  DEPARTMENT  of  the 
NORFOLK  and  NORWICH  LIBRARY.  Must  be  thoroughly 
experienced.  Application,  in  the  Candidate's  handwriting,  stating 
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by  FEBRUARY  7.  1906.— JOHN  QUINTON,  Librarian,  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Library,  Norwich. 


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The  Public  Library,  Greenock,  January  30,  1906. 


Situations    Titftantefr. 

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A    N    active   YOUNG     MAN   (23)    requires 

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pares for  all  Examinations,  and  Translates  Books,  4c,  from  and  into 
German,  English,  French,  Spanish,  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew.— 
EDWIN  HAMBURGER,  '28a,  High  Holborn,  W.C.  (entrance  Great 
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0  PUBLISHERS.  —  YOUNG   GENTLEMAN 

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well-educated  experienced  JOURNALIST.  Interview  requested.— 
Write  F.  T.  S.,  35,  St.  Anne's  Hill,  Wandsworth,  S.W. 


T  ITERARY    RESEARCH   WORK   undertaken 

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TO  BOOKBUYKKSan.l  LIBRARIANS  of  FREE 
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upon  application  !•>  W  II.  SMITH  ,t  sun,  Library  Department, 
186,  Strand.  London.  W  < '. 


T1IK   INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
No    hi.   containing  a   Bpecial    Article,   entitled    'MODERN 
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1    -    . 


Til  !•;    AT  il  i;.\  &  I   \i 


N    tOW,  I  I  ».  3,  1906 


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L  BIG  H  1  ON'S 
I  LLU81  i:  A  l  ED   I   ITALOGUE   -i    EARLY 

1    PRINTED  and  othci  IXTEUESTINU   HOOKS.  MANCSCHIPT8 
B1ND1NOM 
OFFERED  FOR  BALE  BY 

J   A  .i    i.i  [GHTON,  i".  Brawei  Street,  Golden  Bqnara,  H . 

Tlii'  i  i -  -nil  npwaj  | -i  -in.  Hans 

in  Fa<  ilmiie 
1  in  :ul  •  loth    -tilt  •  ill  tops,  30». 


.n  8T  l'i  l.i-i-ii  li- 

CATALOGUE   (No.  CIV.)  ol    SECOND-HAND 
FRENCH     BOOKS,     oomprialnf     History    and 

Mc In    Biography   and  Correspondence    Ait    Folk-Lore    Travel— 

Fii  ii-  i 

MONTHLY  LIST  (FEBRUARY)  of  SECOND- 
BAND  BOOKS,  chieflj  English,  including  Works  on  An  and 
Architecture  Antiquarian  Literature  Bibliography,  A-  ;  also  ut" 
NEWLi   l'l  BUSHED  BOOKS   English  and  Foreign. 

1;    li    r.l.M  K\\  Kl. I.,  .hi  .ui.i  51,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 

TNCUNABULA    TYPOGRAPHICA.—  Now 
L    ready.  CATALOGUE  XL.    2.000  Incunabula  for  Sale.    With  SM 
dies  of  Prints.   PriceSi     JACQ1  ES  ROSENTHAL, Karl Str.  10, 
Muni(  ii,  Bavaria. 


I  NCUNABULA     I'.l  BLIOGRAPHY.— Now 

1     readj     RED  HLING.    Appendices  ad  Heinii  Copingeri  Reper- 

:  i  urn  Fa*  I.  IX.  containing  a  rail  description 
1. 1  raa  incunabula  unknown  to  both  Writers,  more  than  813  Corrections. 
Price  90s.-  .i  \i  IJI  ES  ROSENTHAL,  Karl  Str.  10,  Munich,  Bavaria. 

DE     I.MITATIOXE     CHRISTL  — Now     ready. 
CATALOGUE   «     H88.,  Editions,  Translations  in  62  different 
Languages,  Ac.,  "i  the  Imitation  of  Christ.    Splendid  printing  in  the 
French  Livree  .1  Heures  fashion,  Red  and  Black,  with  Borders.    Price 
M  0,1  l>  ROSENTH  IL,  Karl8tr.  10,  Munich,  Bararia. 

fTHIXA,  JAPAN,  and  the  PHILIPPINE  [SLES. 

\j  Now  ready,  CATALOGUE  ;•'  MSS.  and  Printed  Books  from  the 
Sixteenth  t«.  the  Eighteenth  Century  aboot  the  above.  '1'"  be  had 
post  tree.— JACQUES  ROSENTHAL,  Karl  Str.  10,  Munich,  Bavaria. 

VTEWSPAPERS    FOR    SALE.— TIMES,    1854- 

1.1  1904  ]"•<  vols.:  ILLUSTRATED  LONDON  NEWS.  1852-1904, 
102  vols.;  SATURDAY  REVIEW,  1886-1899,  85  vols.;  BELL'S  I. IKK. 
1881-1886,  -i~  vols.  All  sets  well  and  substantially  hound.— Offers  are 
invited  for  any  or  all  of  the  above  by  THE  STEWARD,  University 
Pitt  cluli,  Cambridge. 


halt's  bu  Auction. 


The  Collection  of  En 


ngsofthe  late  JAMES  A. 


SLAT  Kit,  Esq. 

\\  ESSKS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
-iM.  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No,  13.  Wellington 
street.  Strand,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  Februarys,  and  Following  Day, 
:,t  I  o'clock  precisely,  ENGRAVINGS  I  Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio), 
ding  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  JAMES  A.  SLATER,  Esq., 
.•t.;*.  Me-  klenbnrgh  Square,  comprising  Engravings  after  Old  Masters, 
Drawings,  &-  ;  other  Properties,  including  a  Collection  of  Coloured 
Ap:;. tints  att.r  T.  Rowlandson  —  K.ui.  \  Subjects  by  K.  Bartolozzi, 
\V.  Ward,  T.  Qangain.  J.  K.  Sherwin,  and  others  Arundel  Society 
Publications  — Mezzotint  and  ..tier  Portraits  —  Etchings  by  J.  M. 
Whistler,  Seymour  Haden,  D.  V.  Cameron,  &< .— a  tew  Sporting  Prints 
—Drawings  m  Water  Colours,  Jfec. 

May  he  viewed,    i  atalogues  ma]  be  had. 

THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTIONS. 

The  valuable  Library  of  the  late  EDWIN  TRUMAN, 

Esq.,  M.R.C.8. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
«ill  SELL  bj   AUCTION    In  order  of  the  Executors!,  at  their 
House,    No.    13,    Wellington    Street,    Strand,    W.C.   on    TUESDAY, 
February  13,  and  Three   Following   Days,  at    i  o'clock  precisely,  the 
valuable LIBB  \i;\  ol  the  late  EDW  [N  TRUM  \Y  Esq.,  M.R.C.S. 
vi      be  viewed  two  .lavs  prior,    Catalogues  may  be  had, 

Valuable  Engravings. 

M ESsks.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  .V-  HODGE 
will  SELL  bj  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  \\  C,  on  SAT1  i:i>  \\     I  ebruarj  it.  at  I  o'clock   pre 

\  M.l   ABLE  ENGRAVINGS    I  I   and   In  the  Portfolio), 

prising  Portraits  after  sir  ,i   Reynolds  R.  Cosway,  SlrT.  [iiwrei 

i.   Itomney,  and  others,  Including  a  brilliant  Impression  Printed  in 

Colours  ■*!   Mrs.  Fitzherbert.  bi  .'    Conde    Proofs  bet Letters  <>t 

Mast,  i  Lambton  and  Ladj  reel,  by  Samuel  Cousins  tie-  Duchess  of 
Devonshire  ami  Child,  bj  o.  Keating,  Ac.  Pancj  Subjects  ot  the 
English  School,  bj  I'  Bartolozzi,  i;  Earlom.  R  Strange,  w  War. I. 
ana  others,  including  A  si   James's  Beaut)  and  A  si   Giles's  Beauty, 

'    II    Benwell  iclj  printed  in  Colours,  4c.    Etchings 

by  Rembrandt,  J.  M.  Whistler,  .v. 

m.i\  i..-  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  i«-  had. 


Autograph  Letteri  and  Signed  Documents  relating  to 
Hapoteon  Buonaparte  and  his  Family,  the  Property  of  the 
late  Mr.  FREDERIC  BARKER. 

Mess lis.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  HODGE 
will  SELL  bj   AUCTION,  at  theii   House,  No   13,  •Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.(    ,  on  MONDAY,  February  la.  at  i  ...  lock  precisely, 

M'I'iM.it  U'll     LETTERS    and    SIGNED     DOCUMENTS,    jtly 

relating  t"  Hanoi Bu inrte  and  in.  Family,  French  Generals, 

fc     Hi.   Property  ol  the  late  Hi    FREDERIC  BARKER 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prioi     Catalogues  ma]  be  had. 

Valuable  Books. 

M Essks  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION  .i  theii  Qalleries,  it.  Lelcestei  Square, 
\\c.  EARLl  IN  FEBRUAR1  raluahle  BOOKS,  including  the 
LIBRARY  ol  a  GENTLEMAN,  removed  from  Hertfordshire  (by 
order  ot  the  Executors!  a  PORTION  «•(  the  LIBRARY  ot  a 
i  "1. 1. lit  TOR    ifl     'tl       Pro sa 


/,     ' 
V"  S  /'  I  I      / 

MR.  .ii        I  i.\  ENS  will  OF]  i.i  Roonu, 

i.  Ira     l>.i..|.  KKAL 

i  i)LI  I  ■   I  !••  ■       •  II   i  1  1    i  l<  I.Kl'llwil 


that  foi I  '-.  ih.  I  iU    \    I.I   M 

in  h-.--t  .  ..mlltloli 


Cut 
\|K.    .1.    c.     STEVENS'S     NEXT    BALE    ol 

Li  1      CURIOS  will  Uke  il i  TUEMDA1     Feliruary  «.  and  *ill 

Include  Ivory  Carviiigs,  1J  .  from  China  and  Jajmn 

M  mi. In  ins    Km  lined   and  othel    H  I    Drtnkiiig   'ut*. 

Aims,  and  Curios  rarious  from  the  Congu    New   /ealand  Cat 
Bronzes   icm    India      Victorian,    Kelson,    and    othel    R. 
Weapons  and  Curios  of  ever]  deal  ription  from  all  i*rt«. 

On  rlsm  day  prim   in  t..  i  an. I  moinni-' 
application,  from  Mr  J.  (    s'l  K\  ENH 
1 ilon,  U  ,C. 


FRIDA  Y,  February  \  ■•>  half-past  I 

Ml!.   .1.    ('.    STEVENS,    ol    38,    King    Street, 
Covenl  Garden,  London,  W  (   .  will  offei  f..i  Kale  S(  ll.Nl  ii  (. 
IN8THCM  KVrs  ,.t  .,11  dew  riutions  Includii 

Lanterns,   .V:-      togethei     \wtli    i   large    numiiei    of    Mm pii    and 

Lint. an  slides;   ..No  s  quantit;   ot    PHoTOGRAPHIl     PLA 
Printing  Paperand  Mounts    ana  Qanenl  HisoaUaneoni  I  B 

mi  view  day  prior  8  to  •'•.  and  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogni 
applii  iti.ui. 

Siinjl  Boxes,  Patch  Boxes,  Medals,  Samplers,  <bc.,from 
/-,  ivate  Collections. 

TUESDA  >'.  February  13,  at  half-past  IS  o'clock. 

IK.    J.    ('.    STEVENS    will    OFFER    at    his 


M 


Rooms,  38,  King  street.  Corent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  (  II IN  A 
SNUFF  BOXES,  Medals,  Fob  Seals,  Patch  Boxes  a  large  Collection 
of  Samplers,  Miniatures.  &,-..  the  Property  of  the  late  W.  W.  ROBIN- 
SON,   Ks.i  ;   als,,  a   choice   Collecti( I    MINERALS,    POIJ8HED 

STONES,  GEM  CABINETS,  Ac.,  from  the  Collection  oi  M  .1  PELE- 
GRIN,  Esq.;  als,.  „,„,,.-  MANDARINS  Kill  ROBES,  China,  Dank 
Note-,  Stamps,  lio..ks.  Jtc.,  from  China  ami  Japan— Antique  Watches- 
arid  a  great  variety  of  Miscellaneous  Curios. 

on  view  .lay  prior  in  to  4,  ami  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogues  on 
application. 


M 


Bare  and  Valuable  Books. 
ESSKS.    HODGSON   &   CO.   will    SELL    by 

AUCTION,  at    their    Rooms,   US,  Chancery  I- W.C.   on 

WEDNESDAY.  February7,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  10  o'clock, 

RARE    ANli    VALUABLE    BOOKS,   including    C be's   \* 

Wellington  —  Orme's  Military  and  Naval  Anecdotes-  Willian 
oriental  Field  Sports,  Original  Edition-  BoydeU's  Views  ol  tie- 
Thames  Fielding's  Tom  of  the  English  Lakes,  and  other  fine  Hooks 
with  Coloured  Plates  Stuart  and  Rerett's  Athens,  4  vols.— Malton's 
Views  ol  Dublin  -Strutt'a  Dies,  ami  llai. its  of  the  People  of  England, 
&.-.. :;  vols., Coloured  Copies,  and  other  Topographical  and  Antiquarian 
Works— Books  relating  to  Norfolk— Eden  a  state  of  the  Poor,  I  rols.— 
Owen  Jones's  Grammar  of  Ornament,  Original  E&tfon— Hamerton's 
landscape  and  the  Graphic  Arts,  2  rols.— other  Kim- Art  Book — 
Early  Printed  and  Black-letter  Books— Books  on  Natural  History  and 
Microscopy,  with  two  Microscopes  and  a  Collection  of  Slides— Nature, 
a  Complete  Set  to  1905— Chemical  Society's  Journal,  from  187B  toiixw, 
67  vols.— Lever's  Works,  chiefly  First  Editions,  i:  vols,  half-calf— 
Jesse's  Historical  Works,  Library  Edition,  SO  vols.— The  Edinburgh 
Scott,  4s  vols.— First  Editions  of  Wordsworth,  Stevenson.  Surtees,  and 
others — j^ngravings  relating  to  America,  &c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


M 


ESSRS.  CHRISTIE,   MANSON    &    WOODS 

_  respectfuUy  give  Notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  l  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY.  February  5,  OLD  PICTURES, 
the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN  and  others. 

On     TUESDAY,     February    6,    OBJECTS    of 

VERTU,  from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  H.  J.  PELEGRIN, 
Esq.,  and  COINS  and  MEDALS  of  Dr.  ALEXANDER  PATTER- 
SON. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  February7,  BOOKS,  from 

the  LIBRARIES  of  the  late  <;.  B.  WIELAND,  Esq.,  C  WENT- 
woKTll  WAss.  Esq.,  deceased,  and  the  late  Sit  ROSS  0  CONNELL, 
Bart. 

On  THURSDAY,  February  8,  OLD  ENGLISH 

SILVER    PLATE,   the    Pi irty  of  sir  GEORGE   ELLIOT,   Bart., 

deceased ;  THOMAS  GRAHAM    GRAHAM,  Esq.,  deceased;    M     1 
PELEGRIN,  Ks<i  .  deceased  ;  and  others. 

On   FRIDAY,    Eehrnarv    !>.    PORCELAIN    and 
DECORATIVE    FURNITURE    oi     FREDERICK    BOWER      IN.,.. 

,l used:    also    ORIENTAL    PORCELAIN     and     DECORATIVE 

FURNITURE  from  various  sources, 

On     SATURDAY,     February    10,    MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS. 


Bd.  TI1K   FEBRUARY  8s. U 

0  N  T  E  Ul'ORA  R  Y        RE  VI  EW. 


C 


i:i\  \i.  n  \\  IBS     B]  the  Right  Hon  t;  Shaw  Lefevre, 

an  AGNOSTICS  PROGRESS     il.    By  William  Scott  Palmer. 

SCOTCH    EDUCATION:   HOV5   OUGHT  IT  TO   BE  ORGANISED 
By  James  Donaldson,  LL.D.,  Principal  of  St   Andrews  University, 

THE  CELTIC  SPIRIT  in  LITERATURE    B]  Ha velock Ellis. 

A    nkw    DEPARTURE    in    AMERICAN    POLITICS,     Bj  H    11 

l'.owen 

NERVOUS  BREAKDOY!  n     Bj  i.utbii.  Rankin,  M.D. 

THE  MAKING  OP   1  STATESMAN     ByJ.  8.  Mann. 

THOUGHT:  CONSCIOUSNESS:    LIFE.     Bj   the   Right    Hon    su 
Edward  Frj . 

CAN    UNIONISTS  SUPPORT   A   HOME   RULE   GOVERNMENT! 
Bj  1'iot   a   \    Dicey. 

vicToitv,  and  n  H  at  TO  DO  W  nil  it.    By  il.  W,  Maiingham 

rORXIGN  AFFAIRS.    Bj  Dr.  E.  J.  Dillon. 

lom'.on  :  HORACE  MARSHALL  m  80S 


\>> 


«  K         \V         0 

SBBUARI  i     ■  i 


LESSON*  I  ROM  l  HE  BATTLE  "I    I  80  BOCA, 

the  A utli"!  >>\  '  A   I  uinralty.' 

AN  OXFORD  J  SIMMER, 

•  ii'li-n  of  Wd/Jham. 

EL  LNGLESTTO 

I  Hi:  DREAM  OT  THE  DEAD  WORLD. 

By  Ba 

TO  BQUAT01  Bj  Andreii  Balfoot. 

I  'ii  N'T  BUNKER  '  bap*.  7-1Z  ByJ.  Clouston, 

M  ■;>  AND  STUDIES  FROM  THE  I.I  I  J 
FIELD-MARSHAL  80ULT,  Duke  i  f  DalmAtia. 
Bj   <  "1.  .1.   Hanl.uiy  Willi.u.i-.  O.V.O.  C.l 

•THE  MASTER  OF  THE  J-I-.' 

J5\-  Cbarles  <Jliver. 
THE     PHYSICIANS      OF     THE      VV] 
[8LE8. 

A    NEW    PYRAMUS     AND     THTSBE       (The 
Battle  of  Aughrim.)    An  Unpuliliisho     - 

Jiy   William  Carleton,  Author  of  ' Traits 
ruod  Stories  "f  the  Iriata  Pea«aiit!y.' 

MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 

The  Genera]  Election — The  Triumph  oi   Pic- 
torial Falsehood 
— The    Parliament   of    1832 — Lord   Randolph 

Churchill. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  <V  SONS,  K.linlmrgh  and 
London. 


N 


THE 

LNETEENTH     CENTURY     AND    AFT! 

FEBRUARY 

THE  FLOOD.    Bj  Herbert  Paul,  M  P. 
THE  '  KNTKN  \i:v  OF  PITT.    ByT.  B  EebbaL 
MR.    JOHN    BURNS,    THE    WORKMAN-MINISTER.     Br  Robert 
Donald. 

A  GREAT  MORAL  UPHEAVAL  IB   AMERICA.     By  Admiral  8ir 
Cvprian  A.  o.  Bridge,  Q  '    B 

TIIK  BISHOP  OF  LONDON  "N  THE  DECLINING  BIRTH  RATE. 
By  John  W.  Taylur.  Professor  of  Gyi  . :  luingham  rniver- 

sit.v. 

THE  CHILDREN  OK  THE  CLERGY.     By  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop. 
V  elldon. 

AN    OFFICIAL   REGISTRATION   OF    PRIVATE    ART    v"LLKa- 

TION8.    Bj  Mis.  s.  Arthur  Strong,  LLI'. 
A  VISIT  To  THE  (  OURT  OF  THE  TA8H1  LAMA.    By  C.  Vernon 

Hagniac,  late  1'rhan    -  the  Ifritish  t'omnjistioner  in 

Tibet 

THE    DEANS   MEMORIAL   AND   THE   ATHANASIAN   (.REEK. 
By  the  Wry  Rev.  the  Dean  of  I.i.  hrit-1.1. 

THE  READING  OF  THE  MODERN  CilHL.    By  Florence  B.  Low. 

THE  REVIEWING  OF  FICTION.    By  Richard  B 

CHURCH  AND  STATE  IN   RUSSIA      ByJ.  Ellis  ILjrker. 

THE     NATIVE    AND   THE    WHITE    IN    SOUTH    AFRICA      By 

W.  F.  Bailey,  F.E.G.8.,  Irish  Land  ( ..ruinissioner. 
I..I   VI.   LUTONOM1    \ND    IMPERIAL   I'XITV  :   the  Eian. 

Germany.    I  ttrelL 

London:  SIMTTISWooDE  i  (O.  I.iviti  -      ire. 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine  Street, 
London,  W  C,  FEBRUARY  t,  oontains  :  - 
The  Cypms  Mnseum  <>f  Ancient  Pottery;  A  WldeOosJo 
from  Pans ;  Note*  on  New  liuildinp?  in  London  .VI.   ;  The  l'.i>:<-«nt  at 
Warwick  Castle  :  The  Ia.ii. ion  County  Council  ami  1 
Mathematical  Data  for  Architect*  iStudent  s  Column   :  Sedilin    !■ 
Catheilral;  Workinc  Men  st'olleire  Camden  To* n  :  The  Nem  Or. 
School,  Lincoln  :  s.  h.s.l  and  Houses.  Brisbane,  Australia;  Jtc-  I 
Office  as  above  +'. :  by  is.st  tyi.  .  or  throosjb  any  Newaaflent, 


Limited, 


MOZART  ANNIVER8ART. 

T        E.       C  O  R  N  I  S   H. 

fj  .  11  \\  E  FOB  SALE 

AN    ORIGINAL    MANUSCRIPT 

By  MOZART. 

Pianoforte  Concerto  ii    I  dnal  full  scire.  h»*  the 

following  inw  ription,  also  in  Mozart's  o»n  handwriting  :  "  N  »  Concerto 
di  Cembalo  del  agr.  Oav.  Aui:nloo  Mozart  nel  gennaro  1776  »  Salxborg." 

It  is  :i  small  oblong  score  beantifnUy  written  and  in  good 
Booksellers  and  Stationers.  H  -  B    .ire,  Manchester. 


.  \  idvertised  (or  ■  mililj  in 

'THE  PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR  AND 
BOOKSELLERS'  RECORD' 

Est  iBuam 

Which  also  gives  Lists  of  th<    Pi        Books  mtbUrhed  during 
the  week,  Announcements  of  New  Hooks,  fkc 

Subscribers  have  the  privilege  of  a  Fref  Adreitisement  for 

i  .in  Hooks  Wanted  wiwilj 

sent  ioi  52  weeks,  post  free,  for  s-s.  inf.  home  ami  ii*.  foreign 
Subscription. 

I'KH  1     I  llKIK  IIAL1TKNCK  WKKKLY. 

()rti«.e  :  .'St.  Donstan's  Honae,  Ketter  Lane,  London. 


N°4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


123 


MUDIE'S  LIBRARY. 

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EDWARD  STANFORD'S 
STANDARD  GEOLOGICAL  WORKS. 

♦ 

STANFORD'S  GEOLOGICAL 
ATLAS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

WITH  PLATES  OF  CHARACTERISTIC  FOSSILS. 

By  HORACE  B.  WOODWARD,   F.R.S.    F.G.S. 

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Crown  8vo,  cloth,  12*.  Qd.  net.     (Postage,  4cZ. ) 

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Geological  Magazine. 
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Glaxyow  Herald. 

OUTLINES     OF    GEOLOGY.      An 

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Murchison  Professor  of  Geology  and  Mineralogy  at  the 

University  <>f  Edinburgh.  Willi  400  Illustrations. 
Fourth  Edition.     Large  post  8vo,  cloth,  12k. 

THE  STUDENT'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

STRATIGRAPHICAL  GEOLOGY.  I?v  A.  J.  JUKES- 
BROWNE,  B.A.  F.G.S.,  late  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  England  and  Wales.  Illustrated  with  Maps,  Diagrams, 
and  Figures  of  Fossils.  Based  on  the  same  Author's 
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II 


A  T  1 1  E  N  AI  U  M 


N   i"M.  Feb.  3,  1906 


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LORD  BYRON  AND  LORD  LOVELACE.     John  Murray. 
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N°4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


125 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS   &   CO/S   LIST. 
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Edited  by  the  Rev.  WILLIAM  HUNT,  D.Litt.,  President  of  the  Royal  Historical  Society, 

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126 


T  II  E    A  T  II  EN  .1:  l'  M 


N    1084,  Feb.  3,  L906 


MACMELLAN  &  CO.'S 

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YOLUME  II.  OF  THE  NEW  EDITION. 

GROVES 

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A    NEW    AND    IMPORTANT    BOOK    BY 
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In  1  vol.  demy  Svo,  with  Illustrations,  price  16-. 

RUSSIA, 

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A  Second  Impression  of  Mr.  R.  E. 
Yernede's  clever  and  amusing  book  is 
now  ready.  "  A  more  delightful  piece 
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MRS.  ERRICKER'S 
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Mr.  Thomas  Cobb's  new  novel,  now 
ready,  is  perhaps  the  best,  certainly 
the  wittiest,  story  this  popular  author 
has  ever  written. 

MY  CORNISH  NEIGHBOURS. 

3s.  6d. 

In  the  portrayal  of  the  characteristics, 
humourous  and  otherwise,  of  the 
dwellers  in  Cornwall,  Mrs.  Havelock 
Ellis  has  already  proved  herself  an 
adept.  Her  latest  work  is  not  only 
exceptionally  entertaining,  but  is  tinged 
throughout  by  the  peculiar  glamour  of 
the  '  Delectable  Duchy.' 

[Ready  shortly. 


THE  FIFTH  QUEEN. 


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A  historical  novel  by  Ford  Madox 
Hueffer,  whose  literary  work  in  other 
directions  has  achieved  much  high  dis- 
tinction Sure  of  a  cordial  welcome. 
'  The  Fifth  Queen  '  is  a  romance  of 
the  Tudor  period,  deriving  its  title  from 
Catherine  Howard,  though  the  interest  is 
1  »y  no  means  confined  to  the  splendour  and 
intrigues  of  the  Court.  [Ready  shortly. 

London  : 
ALSTON  RIVERS,  Ltd.,  Arundel  Street,  W.C. 


N°4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


127 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  3,  1906. 


PAGE 

Italian  Literature,  Part  II 127 

The  History  of  Derbyshire      128 

A  Pietist  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars 130 

The  Story  of  the  Tweed 131 

New  Novels  (Hugo  ;  Barnaby's  Bridal ;  The  Scar  ; 
The  Arrow  of  the  North  ;  Cache  la  Poiulre  ; 
Through  the  Rain  ;  Sous  le  Fardeau ;  Les  Etour- 

deries  de  la  Chanoinesse) 131 — 132 

Two  London  Books 132 

Algeria 133 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Military  Life  of  the  Duke 
of  Cambridge ;  The  Comedy  of  Protection ;  The 
Memoirs  of  D'Hautpoul  ;  New  Zealand  Official 
Year-Book ;  L'Union  Britannique  ;  Egyptiens  et 
Anglais  ;  Part  of  a  Man's  Life  ;  The  Salt  of  my 
Life  ;  The  Perplexed  Parson  ;  Sa'  Zada  Tales  ; 
Crabbe's  Poems  ;  The  Navigations  of  Pantagruel ; 
The  Arts  and  Crafts  Movement  ;  Homer  ;  Lippin- 
cott's  Gazetteer  of  the  World  ;  Blackie's  Standard 
Dictionary,  and  other  Reprints  ;  The  Upper  Nor- 
wood Athenfeum) 133—136 

List  of  New  Books 136 

Two  Versions  from  the  Old  Irish  ;  Education 
in    the    Channel     Islands  ;     The    Swinton 

Charters 137—138 

Literary  Gossip         138 

Science  —  Our  Library  Table  (The  Zoological 
Society;  The  World  of  To-day);  The  Question 
of  the  N  Rays  ;   Societies  ;   Meetings  Next 

Week;  Gossip      140—143 

Fine  Arts— The  Cathedral  Builders  in  England  ; 
The  Grafton  Gallery  ;  The  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip        143—145 

Music  — Broadwood  Concerts  ;  Mozart  Comme- 
moration ;  London  Symphony  Concert;  Gossip; 
Performances  Next  Week 146—147 

Drama  —  Nero  ;  The  Heroic  Stubbs  ;  French 
Plays;  Gossip      147—148 

Index  to  Advertisers        148 


LITERATURE 


ITALIAN   LITERATURE. 

ii. 
In    the    field    of    history    publications 
abound.     A  foremost  place  is  taken  by 

the    '  Proceedings    of    the 
history      International    Congress    of 

Sciences,'  held  at  Rome  in 
April,  1903,  a  fine  collection  of  studies 
and  researches  upon  various  questions 
of  history,  archaeology,  and  literature 
by  eminent  men  of  all  nationalities.  All 
other  publications  of  the  year  are  sur- 
passed by  the  stupendous  reissue  of 
'  Storia  di  Venezia  nella  Vita  Privata  '  of 
Pompeo  Molmenti.  This  new  edition,  rich 
in  the  finest  engravings,  has  been  entirely 
recast  by  the  author,  who  has  spent  on 
his  masterpiece  twenty  years  and  more  of 
loving  care  and  study.  It  is  a  noble  piece 
of  work,  abreast  of  modern  criticism. 
In  the  first  volume,  of  which  an  English 
edition  is  in  preparation,  translated  by 
Mr.  Horatio  Brown,  Molmenti  treats  of 
the  period  of  greatness  of  Venice,  and 
studies  it  in  all  the  manifestations  of  life  of 
that  glorious  people.  I  must  mention  other 
works  on  mediaeval  history,  first  among 
which  I  place  '  Napoli  Greco-Romana 
esposta  nella  Topografia  e  nella  Vita,'  a 
posthumous  work  of  the  eminent  Nea- 
politan historian  Bartolommeo  Capasso. 
The  Italian  Middle  Ages  are  dealt  with  by 
P.  Villari  in  '  The  First  Two  Centuries  of  the 
History  of  Florence,'  freshly  studied  by 
him  in  this  new  edition;  Romolo  Caggese, 
who  in  Prato  finds  a  study  of  '  A  Free 
Community  at  the  Gates  of  Florence  in 
the  Thirteenth  Century '  ;  Saverio  la 
Sorsa,  '  L' Organizzazione  dei  Cambiatori 


Fiorentini  nel  Medio  Evo  '  ;  Ferdinando 
Carlesi,  '  Origini  della  Citta  e  del  Comune 
di  Prato  '  ;  Niccolo  Rodolico,  '  La  Demo- 
crazia  Fiorentina  nel  suo  tramonto  '  ;  and 
Francesco  Tarducci  in  his  pleasing  his- 
torical reconstructions  regarding  '  Fran- 
cesco d'  Assisi.'  I  should  notice  also 
Antonio  Battistella,  'II  S.  Officio  e  la 
Riforma  Religiosa  in  Bologna,'  and  Leo- 
poldo  Pulle,  '  Dalle  Crociate  a  oggi,'  a 
review  of  the  orders — military,  religious, 
and  knightly — of  the  whole  world  (1048- 
1904).  Then  follow  publications  on  the 
period  of  the  Renaissance,  among  which 
must  be  specified  the  '  Biblioteca  Storica 
del  Risorgimento  Italiano,'  which  has  been 
enriched  by  new  volumes.  '  Nell'  Otto- 
cento,'  by  Ernesto  Masi,  is  a  collection 
of  historical  essays  written  with  the 
nicety  of  taste  and  acuteness  of  per- 
ception that  are  characteristic  of  this 
writer,  one  of  the  best  of  Italian  essayists  ; 
and  '  I  Martiri  di  Belfiore,'  by  Ales- 
sandro  Luzio,  is  a  powerful  study 
compiled  from  documents  hitherto  un- 
known. Two  fine  books  on  Rome  are  the 
translation  of  Stendhal's  '  Rome,'  includ- 
ing many  illustrations,  and  '  I  Rioni  di 
Roma,'  by  Giuseppe  Baracconi,  adorned 
with  reproductions  of  water-colour  paint- 
ings by  Roesler  Franz.  The  system  of  em- 
bellishing books  of  art  or  history  with  illus- 
trations has  found  great  favour  amongst 
us,  and  indicates  a  real  progress  in  cul- 
ture in  the  publishers  themselves.  Note- 
worthy is  a  volume  of  peculiar  interest  to 
Tuscany,  that  of  Matilde  Bartolommei 
Gioli,  '  II  Rivolgimento  Toscano  e  l'Azione 
Popolare,'  which  throws  new  light  upon 
that  pacific  Tuscan  revolution  which  deter- 
mined the  flight  of  Leopold  II.,  and  in 
which  the  principals  of  the  aristocracy  took 
part,  almost  as  if  dragged  thither  by  the 
hair.  Signora  Gioli's  book  demonstrates 
that  they  were  then  neither  prepared  for 
nor  favourable  to  Italian  unity,  as  they 
became  later.  A  small  number  of  bio- 
graphies of  the  Risorgimento  are  worthy, 
I  think,  of  being  read  and  studied : 
that  of  Cavour  by  Domenico  Zanichelli, 
of  Crispi  by  Giorgio  Arcoleo,  of  Leopardi 
by  Giuseppe  Chiarini,  and  of  Mazzini  by 
Gaetano  Salvemini.  On  the  last  conclave 
we  have  an  important  publication  by 
Giovanni  Berthelet,  '  Rivelazioni  e  Storia 
del  Conclave  del  1903  :  L'  Elezione  di 
Pio  X.' 

There  is  much  discussion  in  scholastic 
magazines  and    political  journals  on  the 

subject   of    public   instruc- 
education    tion  ;     but     the    standard 

of  judgment  is  very  poor, 
because  here  the  founding  of  the 
school  is  the  act  of  the  State,  and  so  of 
the  Government,  which  wishes  to  look 
after  everything,  but  is  more  backward 
than  the  country,  which  progresses.  Our 
secondary  schools  are  still  fashioned  on 
the  clerical  system  of  the  seminaries  of 
half  a  century  ago.  The  fault  is  with 
the  Government,  which  as  paterfamilias 
seeks  to  impose  a  uniform  teaching  upon 
all.  The  error  is  in  the  idea  that  secondary 
education  should  open  the  gates  of  the 
university  to  all.  It  will  appear  strange 
to  you   that  any   one  can  enter   a   uni- 


versity with  a  college  licence,  that  is,  with 
a  bachelor's  diploma  conceded  by  the 
secondary  schools.  We  have,  consequently, 
a  deluge  of  graduates,  and  if  there  is  a 
competition  for  the  position  of  postal 
employee,  advocates  and  doctors  present 
themselves.  When  in  a  country  all  are 
doctors,  it  is  inevitable  that  asses  should 
also  reach  that  grade.  Therefore  of  pub- 
lications on  education  I  need  mention 
only  two  :  '  La  Questione  della  Scuola,' 
by  Giuseppe  Fraccaroli,  and  '  La  Sug- 
gestione  nella  Vita  Ordinaria  e  nelT  Edu- 
cazione,'  by  G.  Tonini. 

Sport    is     beginning     to     have     many 
patrons    here,    and    the    Italian    Rowing 

Club  issues  very  fine  maps 

sports  and  and  itineraries,  for  cycling 

pastimes      and      motoring.        Alpine 

climbing  has  many  fol- 
lowers, though  there  are  some  who  make 
fun  of  it,  as  G.  Saragat  and  G.  Rey  have 
done  in  '  Famiglia  AJpinistica.'  A  really 
scientific  work,  worth  a  place  in  all 
libraries,  is  that  of  Raffaele  Del  Rosso, 
'  Pesche  e  Peschiere  Antiche  e  Moderne 
nell'  Etruria  Marittima,'  which  dwells  on 
the  necessity  of  transforming  our  systems 
of  fishing,  which  are  at  once  barbarous 
and  primitive — so  much  so  that  Italy, 
notwithstanding  the  openness  of  its  coasts 
and  the  wealth  of  plankton  and  nekton  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic,  derives 
from  fisheries  only  17  millions  of  lire, 
while  France  gets  from  the  same  source 
94,  Russia  200,  and  the  United  States  300. 
We  shall  have  to  teach  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Fisheries,  which,  incredible  to 
relate,  is  against  steam  trawlers.  And 
these  wiseacres  are  university  professors  ! 
Of  books  of  science  properly  so  called 
there  is  here  no  room  to  make  mention. 

I  wish,  however,  to  record 
science       a     series     of     publications 

usually  avoided  by  any 
one  who  writes  a  review  of  a  general 
character.  I  mean  the  transactions  and 
reports  of  our  learned  societies.  The 
Rivista  d?  Italia,  a  good  periodical  pub- 
fished  monthly  in  Rome,  has  made  a  list 
of  these  monographs  and  contributions, 
and  to  this  I  refer  any  one  wishing  to 
form  an  idea  of  the  labours  of  our  scientific 
bodies,  which  are  rather  greater  than  is 
believed. 

Little    music    is    written,    because    the 
theory  and  aesthetics  of  music  are  not, 

as    elsewhere,    studied     in 
music        the    universities,    and    our 

musical  institutes  concern 
themselves  only  with  execution.  Never- 
theless we  have  some  good  handiwork, 
like  the  'Manuale  di  Storia  della  Semio- 
grafia  Musicale '  of  Guido  Gasperini,  a  pro- 
fessor at  the  Conservatorio  at  Parma.  A 
weighty  contribution  to  the  history  of 
music  has  also  been  made  by  Angelo 
Solerti  with  his  '  Musica,  Ballo,  Drain- 
mat  ica  alia  Corte  Medicea  dal  1600  al 
1637,'  and  with  three  volumes  on  'The 
Dawn  of  Melodrama.'  I  have  nothing 
else  of  importance  to  note,  except  two 
biographies,  one  by  Annilmle  Gabblielh' 
of  '  Gaetano  Donizetti,'  and  the  other  by 
G.  Bragagnolo  and  E.  Bettazzi,  'La  Vita 
di  Giuseppe  Verdi  narrata  al  Popolo.' 


L2N 


'I'll  E     ATI!  EN  .Kl'.M 


N    1084,  Feb. 


1906 


The    "Ut  put     (if      till  H>II    t  III-      J  r;il      I-      lint 

\.i\  notable,  nor  can  l  explain  the  reasons 
for  this.     I  mighl  single  out 

i  K  i  ins  some  <>!'  the  usual  \  olumee 
oi  ihoi  t  stories,  innocent  as 
water,  or  of  the  long  novels  that  are 
narratives  and  <l<>  not  attain  to  the  import- 
ance   nf    true    romance.     Women    nave 

mi  to  invade  the  field,  and.  Bave 
for  easily  counted  exceptions,  feminine 
handiwork,  unless  it  bears  the  name  of 
Bfatilde  Serao,  is  decadent  and  feeble, 
beoanse  women  are.  at  least  amongst  us, 
more  adapted  to  make  romances  than  to 

write  them.  The  MuiTi  trial  led  to  the 
printing  of  the  '  Epistolario  '  of  Linda 
Murri  and  the  so-called  '  Memoirs  '  of  that 
Unfortunate  woman.  This  is,  perhaps. 
the  real  romance  of  the  year  :  it  is  cer- 
tainly the  greatest  success.  I  need  not 
say  who  Linda  Murri  is.  as  her  wretched 
Btory  has  long  since  passed  across  the 
Channel  :  hut  it  is  strange,  and  certainly 
disgusting,  that  whilst  the  trial  was  sub 
jvdice,  the  issue  of  such  sensational  pub- 
lications should  have  been  allowed.  Let 
me  speak  of  something  else,  of  subjects 
more  pleasing,  though  less  exciting. 

Antonio  Beltramelli,  the  powerful  writer 
of  Romagna,  has  published  '  I  Primo- 
geniti,'  in  wrhich  he  describes  some  un- 
known portions  of  his  country,  and  certain 
wild  types  that  seem  to  him  the  first- 
born of  mother  Earth.  Ercole  Rivalta 
in  his  '  Silvestro  Bonduri  '  has  sought  to 
draw  the  type  of  a  city  workman,  in  the 
atmosphere  in  which  the  labourers  live. 
These  studies  of  environment  give  much 
pleasure  to  their  writers,  though  they  run 
the  risk  of  being  monotonous  to  the  public. 
Eduardo  Boutet,  one  of  our  best-known 
dramatic  critics,  who  is  now  founding  in 
Rome  a  permanent  prose  theatre,  has 
published  '  II  Romanzo  della  Scena,' 
describing  theatrical  life,  which  with  us 
still  resembles  a  little  the  Vie  de  Boheme. 
Guglielmo  Anastasi,  a  young  and  some- 
what promising  journalist,  has  produced 
a  romance  with  a  scientific  thesis,  '  La 
Sconfitta,'  in  which  a  dreamer  thinks  that 
he  has  found  the  antidote  of  the  passions. 
I  must  mention  some  dainty  stories  by  a 
mature  romancer,  Luigi  Capuana  (who  is 
a  master  of  the  art  of  story-telling), 
which  have  as  title  '  Coscienze '  ;  and 
some  fairly  good  stories  by  Jolanda, 
'  Le  Indimenticabili,'  which  treat  of 
emotional  women.  I  have  reserved  for  the 
last  the  latest  novelty,  '  II  Santo,'  by 
Antonio  Fogazzaro,  a  book  expected  with 
eagerness.  The  "saint  "  is  Piero  Maironi, 
the  protagonist  of  his  preceding  book,  the 
lover  of  that  strange  and  bizarre  woman 
who  calls  herself  Jeanne  Desalle.  '  II 
Santo  '  is  now  being  discussed  with  great 
warmth  by  reviewers  :  some  praise  it  to 
the  skies,  others  pronounce  it  a  tedious 
book  with  an  unreal  plot.  Certainly,  if 
the  Italian  religious  atmosphere  were  that 
described  in  '  II  Santo,'  you  would  have 
to  conclude  that  Italy  has  a  burning 
religious  question,  and  that  the  Christian 
Democrats  are  a  strong  and  active  party. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  live  in  the 
midst  of  our  customary  indifferent  ism,  and 
the  imagined  struggle  does  not  take  place 


fautt  il<  combattants.  In  Italy  either  one 
believes  and  i-  Catholic,  or  one  due-  not 
believe  and  i-  indifferent  ;  hut  reformers 
— no;  since  Savonarola,  to  this  day, 
reformers  have  had  had  luck.     From  tins 

VOU  may  judge  that  '  II  Santo'  will  not 
nave  the  success  that  deservedly  fell  to 
'  II  Piccolo  Mondo  Antico,'  which  touched 
the    chord    of    patriotism,    calling    Up 

membrancee   dear  to  all  :     here   the 
tnembrances  are  wanting,  and  the  ch 

are  only  fut  lire  possibilities. 

In  this   last   class   1  shall  begin  with  the 

■  Brani  Enediti  dei  Promessi  Sposi  di  Alee- 

sandro    Manzoni."    edited 
BELLES   LETTBESby       Ciovanni         Sforza, 
and  which  reveals  the  genesis 

GENERAL  of  that  famous  work,  and 
LITERATURE  forms  a  critical  document 
of  the  highest  value. 
Giosue  Carducci  has  collected  in  a  compact 
and  elegant  volume,  as  a  pendant  to  the 
'  Poesie,'  the  flower  of  his  '  Prose  '  ;  and 
these  pages,  1859-1903,  exhibit  the  de- 
velopment of  his  thoughts  and  style.  In 
like  manner  D'Annunzio  collects  his 
'  Prose,'  from  the  first  essays  of  '  Terra 
Vergine  '  to  his  recent  discourses.  Antonio 
Fogazzaro  has  also  in  his  '  Discorsi  '  pro- 
duced a  precious  volume.  The  culture  of 
form  is  not  neglected  amongst  us,  and 
Edmondo  De  Amicis  in  his  '  LTdioma 
Gentile '  has  sought  to  offer  it  his 
devout  tribute  This  book,  of  which 
there  have  been  many  editions  within  a 
few  months,  has  aroused  lively  discussion. 
Certainly  the  younger  school  of  critics  is 
not  pleased  with  it,  and  least  of  all 
Giuseppe  Antonio  Borgese,  who  in  his 
'  Storia  della  Critica  Romantica  in  Italia  ' 
has  with  juvenile  vigour  overthrown  many 
of  the  idols  of  the  past  generation. 

But  let  me  leave  the  battles  of  critics, 
to  examine  some  work  of  historical  cha- 
racter, like  the  '  Studj  Petrarcheschi  '  of 
Carlo  Segre,  in  which  Chaucer  and  Richard 
de  Bury  and  two  English  Petrarchists  of 
the  sixteenth  century  are  spoken  of  ;  or 
like  the  '  Studj  sul  Petrarca  '  of  such  a 
master  as  Bonaventura  Zumbini,  another 
new  Senator.  On  the  '  Rime  '  of  Petrarca, 
according  to  the  latest  version  of  the  poet, 
there  is  an  excellent  edition  by  Giuseppe 
Salvo  Cozzo,  librarian  of  the  Nazionale 
at  Palermo  ;  in  like  manner  on  '  Francesco 
Petrarca  e  la  Lombardia  '  we  have  a  fine 
volume  of  historical  studies  and  biographi- 
cal researches,  published  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Societa  Storica  Lombarda,  the  presi- 
dent of  which,  Francesco  Novati,  has  pub- 
lished a  very  pleasant  book,  'Attraverso 
il  Medio  Evo.'  The  Petrarch  centenary 
has  not  diminished  the  activity  of  the 
Dantists.  Besides  the  *  Lectura  Dantis,3 
which  continues  to  be  published,  I  may 
note  the  '  Vocabolario  Concordanza  delle 
Opere  Latine  e  Italiane  di  Dante.'  by 
Antonio  Fiammazzo,  which  is  the  third 
volume  of  the  '  Enciclopedia  Dantesca  '  of 
Scartazzini,  and  some  excellent  studies 
by  Alessandro  Chiappelli,  entitled  '  Dalla 
Trilogia  di  Dante.'  k  Da  Dante  al  Leo- 
pardi  '  is  the  name  of  a  collection  of 
seventy  monographs  published  by  as 
many  authors  to  celebrate  the  marriage 
of  Michele   Scherillo   with   Teresa  Negri, 


the  daughtei  of  <  raetano  Negri,  the  power* 
ful  thinkei  of  Lombardy. 

Finally,  in  thia  .  of  hook-  I  may 

notice  some  versions  of  works  written  m 
English:       Emerson's         Repreaentat 
M>  ii."    Carlyl<- s    '  I'a^t    and    Present' 

9  rtor    Roaartus,'   and    "The   Strenu 

Life."    by    President    Roosevelt,    put   into 

llent  Italian  by  a  young  gentlewoman, 

the  Countess  Hilda  di  Malgra ;    and  the 

translations    of    Shelley    by    R      AsoolL 

These  ;,|m,  are  a  sign  of  the  tin  • 

Gl  [DO    I'l  \'.l. 


The    Victoria    History   of   tht    County   of 
Derby.     Edited  by  William  P  .     I   -  A 
Vol.  I.     (Constable  &' 

With  the  exception  of  the  Lake  cli-~t • 
and  certain  portions  of  the  seabound 
counties  in  the  west  of  England,  there  ia 
no  other  English  shire  so  celebrated  for 
the  beauty  and  variety  of  its  scenery  as 
Derbyshire.  The  history,  then,  of  such 
a  county  is  likely  to  attract  more  than 
usual  attention  from  non-residents.  The 
volume  before  us  forms,  on  the  whole,  an 
admirable  introduction  to  the  story  of 
Derbyshire,  and  its  compilers  need  not 
fear  the  criticism  of  experts. 

Mr.  Arnold  Bemrose  is  to  be  congratu- 
lated on  his  excellent  treatment  of  the 
geology  of  the  district.  Derbyshire  is 
remarkable  not  only  for  the  great  distinc- 
tion between  the  lowlands  of  the  south 
and  the  uplands  of  the  north,  but  also 
for  the  contrast  in  the  north  between  the 
deep  narrow  dales  and  ravines  of  the 
Mountain  Limestone,  and  the  wild 
stretches  of  moorlands  and  escarpments 
of  the  Millstone  Grit.  The  brief  accounts 
of  the  caverns  and  warm  springs  of  the 
county  make  this  article  exceptionally 
interesting. 

The  few  pages  devoted  to  botany,  by  the 
Rev.  W.  R.  Linton,  are.  on  the  contrary, 
as  dry  as  unrelieved  technicality  can 
make  them,  forming,  indeed,  a  veritable 
hortus  siccus.  The  contrast  between  this 
brief  botanical  discourse  and  the  equally 
accurate  but  lively  account  of  the  flora 
of  Buckinghamshire  given  by  Mr.  Druce 
in  a  recent  volume  of  the  same  series  is 
almost  startling.  In  the  latter  case  the 
flower  -  lover  is  plain  on  almost  every 
page,  and,  though  there  is  no  attempt  at 
fine  writing,  we  can  follow  the  author 
with  pleasure  and  instruction.  We  wonder 
how  any  one  living  in  Derbyshire  could 
write  upon  its  flowers  without  giving  a 
few  bright  or  telling  touches,  descriptive 
of  such  matters  as  the  yellow  heartsease 
contrasting  with  the  pure  white  of  the 
saxifrage  that  starts  up  in  such  abundance 
amid  the  close-lying  sward  of  the  grassy 
slopes  of  the  Mountain  Limestone:  of 
the  masses  of  fragrant  lilies  of  the  valley 
— as  yet  unravished  to  any  serious  extent 
by  the  trippers— in  the  Via  Gellia  :  or  of 
the  dark-green  bushes  of  juniper  or  clumps 
of  dreary  yew  that  contrast  so  effectively 
with  the  limewhite  craps  in  which  they 
shelter.  It  would  have  been  well,  too, 
to   warn    both    resident    and    tourist    to 


N°4084,  Fkb.  3,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


129 


note  the  difference  of  the  flora  on  the 
two  banks  of  several  of  the  Derbyshire 
valleys  and  dales,  as  at  Ash  op  Clough  ; 
the  reason  for  such  difference  being  at 
once  supplied  by  Mr.  Bemrose's  article  on 
the  geology  or  by  a  study  of  the  geological 
map. 

The   bird  life  of  Derbyshire  derives   a 
peculiar    interest    from     the     fact     that 
within  the  limits  of  this  county  the  breed- 
ing  range   of   many   essentially   southern 
species  is  found  to  overlap  with  that  of 
birds  almost  exclusively  characteristic  of 
the  north  and  the  south-west.     This  point 
is  ably  brought  out  by  the  Rev.  F.  C.  R. 
Jourdain,  whose  observations  on   the  re- 
lation between  the  avifauna  of  the  district 
and  its  contour  lines  are  admirable.     Thus 
we    learn    that    the    ring-ousel    and    the 
meadow   pipit   breed   at    1,000   feet   and 
upwards,  while  the  yellow  wagtail  and  the 
red-backed  shrike  are  hardly  to  be  met 
with  above  500  feet.     Not  many  counties, 
indeed,  can  boast  of  having  the  four  above- 
named  species  nesting  within  their  limits, 
almost  side  by  side  with  such  birds  as  the 
curlew,    merlin,    twite,    nightingale,    wry- 
neck,   dipper,    grey    wagtail,    sandpiper, 
redshank,   golden   plover,    nuthatch,   red- 
legged  partridge,  red  grouse,  black  grouse, 
turtle  dove,  reed  warbler,  and  lesser  redpoll. 
The  Trent  valley,  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  county,   constitutes  an  important 
migration  route,   but  with  the  exception 
of  the  sewage  farm  near  Egginton  there 
is    but    little    to    attract  wild   fowl    and 
waders.     At   this   farm   grey  plover   and 
oyster-catchers,    for   instance,   have   been 
observed  ;    and  a  quail's  nest  was  found 
there  in  1892. 

F.  B.  Whitlock's  '  Birds  of  Derbyshire  ' 
—a  work  of  much  popular  interest — was 
published  in  1893,  and  frequent  reference 
is  made  to  it.  Willughby's  description 
of  a  young  golden  eagle  found  in  a  nest 
in  Derbyshire  so  long  ago  as  1668  is  quoted 
in  full,  and  is  the  more  interesting  as  being 
the  only  evidence  of  an  English  eyrie 
further  south  than  the  Lake  district. 

The  extermination  of  ravens,  buzzards, 
harriers,  et  hoc  genus  omne  at  the  hands  of 
gamekeepers  and  collectors  is  a  common- 
place, but  a  few  of  the  smaller  birds  have 
almost  unaccountably  disappeared  or 
decreased.  Of  these  the  pied  flycatcher 
woodlark,  marshtit,  and  stonechat  are 
examples.  The  whinchat,  on  the  con- 
trary, requiring  different  local  conditions 
from  its  congener,  is  plentiful  enough. 
The  hawfinch  is  increasing  here  as  else- 
where, and  there  is  evidence  even  of  its 
nesting  in  small  colonies  after  the  fashion 
of  the  greenfinch.  The  great  crested 
grebe  breeds  sparingly  in  the  county,  and 
but  for  flagrant  breaches  of  the  Wild 
Birds'  Protection  Acts  might  be  much 
more  widely  established.  The  coot  is 
given  a  bad  name  as  an  egg-stealer  ;  it 
may  be  added  that  the  moorhen's  cha- 
racter is  certainly  not  unblemished  in 
this  direction. 

Among  instructive  items,  apart  from 
mere  obituary  notices,  we  read  of  the 
house  martin  nesting  in  colonics  in  parts 
of  the  Peak  on  precipitous  rock  faces  ;  of 
the  dabchick's  eggs  washed  out  by  floods, 


and  found,  when  fresh,  lying  on  the 
bottom  below  the  nest  ;  of  water-rail  and 
spotted  crake  killed  by  flying  into  tele- 
graph wires  in  the  dusk  ;  of  the  well- 
known  propensity  of  the  spotted  fly- 
catcher and  the  goldcrest  for  returning 
to  a  familiar  nesting  site  ;  and  of  sixty 
nests  in  a  heronry  at  Kedleston  so  per- 
sistently robbed  by  neighbouring  rooks, 
living  on  apparently  amicable  terms  with 
the  herons,  that  only  one  nest  was  success- 
fully hatched  off.  "  Hedge  coalhood  " 
gives  us  yet  another  addition  to  the  long 
list  of  local  names  for  the  much-abused 
bull-finch. 

The  series  of  short  monographs  in  the 
second  part  of  this  volume,  from  the  time 
when  man  appears  on  the  scene,  have 
fallen  into  good  hands.  Mr.  John  Ward, 
a  Derbyshire  antiquary  of  considerable 
repute,  who  is  now  Curator  of  Cardiff 
Museum,  writes  on  '  Early  Man  '  and  on 
Anglo-Saxon  remains  ;  Mr.  J.  Romilly 
Allen  contributes  a  paper  on  '  Early 
Christian  Art,'  of  which  there  are  such 
numerous  examples  in  the  pre-Norman 
crosses  of  the  county  ;  and  Mr.  F.  M. 
Stenton  deals  satisfactorily  with  the 
Derbyshire  portion  of  the  Domesday 
Survey. 

Three  articles  remain  which  call  for 
special  attention. 

'  Ancient  Earthworks  '  is  from  the  pen 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  whom  the  editor 
thanks  in  the  preface  for  general  help  and 
advice  throughout  the  volume.  Like 
most  of  our  hilly  counties,  Derbyshire  is 
rich  in  prehistoric  fortifications,  yet  no 
previous  attempt  has  been  made  to  treat 
them  collectively  ;  indeed,  very  few  had 
even  found  a  place  in  print.  Dr.  Cox 
has  described  here  in  detail  nearly  seventy 
examples  of  early  defensive  fortifications, 
which  he  has  classified  according  to  the 
suggestions  of  the  Congress  of  Archaeo- 
logical Societies.  They  range  from  the 
earliest  type  of  Neolithic  stronghold,  when 
man  was  content  merely  to  strengthen 
positions  already  rendered  almost  in- 
accessible by  nature,  to  the  homestead 
moat,  which,  according  to  Parker,  was 
still  occasionally  constructed  in  the  six- 
teenth century.  In  Comb  Moss,  Derby- 
shire could  boast  of  a  typical  example  of 
early  work,  and  it  was  selected  by  the 
Congress  for  illustration  in  their  published 
scheme  ;  but  it  was  little  thought  that 
there  was  lying  unnoticed  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  county  a  still  finer 
specimen  of  the  same  class.  This  is  Mark- 
land  Grips,  near  Elmton  ;  and  although 
it  is  marked  on  the  Ordnance  Survey  as 
a  camp,  Dr.  Cox  may,  for  all  practical 
purposes,  claim  the  credit  of  its  discovery. 
It  comprises  a  narrow  plateau  of  land  in 
the  angle  of  two  precipitous  grips,  or 
valleys,  defended  by  a  triple  rampart  and 
fosse  across  the  third  side. 

Another  important  addition  to  our 
knowledge  of  this  subject  is  disclosed  in 
his  treatment  of  the  defences  of  Peak 
(  astle.  It  has  long  been  known  that 
around  part  of  the  town  of  Cast  let  on  there 
were  the  remains  of  an  earthwork  called 
the  Town  Ditch,  which  has  usually  been 
attributed  to  the  civil  wars  of  the  seven- 


teenth century,  and  no  one  seems  to  have 
associated  it  with  the  Castle.  It  has 
remained  for  Dr.  Cox  to  trace  its  complete 
form,  and  prove  that  it  was  the  outer 
bailey  of  the  Castle  itself.  This  is  very 
clearly  shown  in  the  plan  attached.  In 
the  same  lucid  manner  he  explains  other 
works  which  have  been  little  understood, 
such  as  those  at  Bolsover  and  the  Buries 
near  Repton  ;  and  he  materially  increases 
the  number  of  known  examples  of  moated 
mounts  by  additions  at  Hope  and  Mor'.ey. 
To  these  also  he  is  inclined  to  attribute 
Queen  Mary's  Bower  in  Chatsworth 
Park,  which,  he  suggests,  was  converted 
to  its  present  form  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
for  this  would  explain  the  core  of  earth 
within  the  masonry.  Amongst  the 
homestead  moats  he  has  been  a  vigilant 
searcher,  for  many  who  know  Derbyshire 
well  will  be  surprised  to  learn  that  nearly 
thirty  are  carefully  described.  The  article 
concludes  with  a  list  of  the  chief  barrows, 
and  references  to  their  places  on  the 
Ordnance  Survey  ;  it  is  accompanied  by 
an  excellent  map  showing  the  positions 
and  character  of  the  various  works,  and 
by  numerous  plans.  A  little  more  atten- 
tion should  have  been  given  to  these,  for 
we  notice  that  on  the  map  Torside  Castle 
should  be  nearly  four  miles  further  north, 
and  the  plans  of  Pilsbury  and  Staden  Low 
have  been  interchanged. 

The  best  illustrated  and  probably  the 
best  article  in  a  good  volume  is  that  by 
Dr.  Haverfield  on  '  Romano-British  Re- 
mains.' The  seventy-five  pages  devoted 
to  this  subject  have  not  a  superfluous 
word,  but  treat  in  a  scholarly  fashion 
every  detail  that  has  been  brought  to 
light,  within  the  confines  of  the  county, 
relating  to  the  Roman  occupation.  Anti- 
quaries of  the  Romano-British  period  will 
be  surprised  to  find  how  very  much  there 
is  of  importance  within  the  shire  that 
tends  to  a  more  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
various  works  accomplished  by  our  con- 
querors during  their  long  sojourn  amongst 
us  ;  whilst  general  readers  cannot  fail  to 
be  interested  by  the  vivid  pictures  placed 
before  them  of  Roman  occupation  in  the 
very  centre  of  England. 

One  important  feature  of  Roman  Derby- 
shire is  the  number  of  cases,  particularly 
near  Buxton,  where  undoubted  proofs 
have  been  found  of  the  tenancy  of  lime- 
stone caves  by  those  using  Roman  or 
Romano-British  utensils  and  implements. 
Hitherto  the  best  explanation  of  the 
presence  of  these  Roman  cave  relics  in 
Derbyshire,  and  in  one  or  two  other 
localities,  is  that  adopted  by  J.  R.  Green 
in  his  'Making  of  England.'  that  these 
cave-tenants  were  Romano- British  fugi- 
tives fleeing  in  the  fifth  or  sixth  century 
from  the  invading  English.  The  anti- 
quary, however,  here  steps  in,  and  shows 
that  this  theory  is  wrong,  for  none  of 
these  Roman  cave  finds  points  to  a  Later 
date  than  the  second  and  third  centuries. 
By  this  and  other  evidence  it  is  clearly 
established  that  cave-life  formed  one  of 
the  features  of  Romano- Brit ish  civiliza- 
tion, among  "  the  lower  orders  "  of  some 
of  the  hill  districts  of  Derbyshire  and 
Yorkshire.     On    one    point    only    do    we 


ISO 


tii  E    atii  EN  T:r  M 


N   1064,  Feb.  3,  1906 


think  Dr.  Haverfield  wrong.  Had  he 
been  ;i  resident  in  Derbyshire  or  himself 
examined  oertain  <>f  the  roads  about  which 
he  is  sceptical,  his  opinions  would  have 
been  ohanged.  He  Bhonld,  at  least,  have 
I  nit  s  dotted  line  on  Ins  map,  showing  the 
i  continuation  of  the  Etonian  road  to  Wirks- 
worth  on  to  the  ford  over  the  Derwenl  at 
Duffield. 

Forestry,  the  concluding  ohapter  in  the 
volume,  is  also  by  Dr.  Cox,  and  is  a  sub- 
ject to  W  hich  he  lias  lately  paid  much  atten- 
tion. His  story  of  the  two  royal  forests  of 
the  Peak  and  of  Duffield  is  interesting, 
and.  for  the  most  part.  new.  Peak  Forest, 
we  are  told,  already  existed  in  Saxon  times, 
and  after  passing  under  the  custody  of  the 
IVverels  became  eventually  part  of  the 
Duchy  of  Lancaster.  Duffield  Frith  was 
originally  the  hunting  ground  of  the  Fer- 
rers, but  also  passed  with  the  honour  of 
Tutbury  to  the  Duchy.  But  this  is  common 
knowledge,  and  it  is  in  the  domestic  history 
of  each  that  the  attraction  of  the  paper 
lies. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  the 
word  "forest  "  implied  nothing  more  than 
a  waste  reserved  for  hunting  purposes,  and 
few  places  are  less  wooded  than  the  high- 
lands of  Derbyshire.  Here,  therefore,  the 
hard}7  red  deer  were  preserved,  whilst  the 
sheltered  and  timbered  Frith  of  Duffield 
was  the  home  of  the  fallow  deer.  The 
bounds  of  the  Peak  included  the  whole 
of  the  north-west  portion  of  the  county 
between  the  Derwent  and  the  Goyt,  as 
far  south  as  Darley  Dale,  and  do  not 
appear  to  have  been  fenced  in.  But  at 
Duffield  the  forest,  though  much  smaller, 
had  even  in  Tudor  times  a  circuit  of 
thirty  miles  of  pales.  The  former,  how- 
ever, contained  an  inner  park,  termed  the 
Campana,  which  was  surrounded  by  a 
wall  sufficiently  high  to  keep  out  cattle 
only.  This  wall  is  still  traceable  in  almost 
its  entire  length,  and  at  its  southern  corner 
stood  the  Camera,  or  Chamber  of  the 
Forest,  where  the  pleas  were  held.  Duffield, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  subdivided  into 
several  parks,  and  as  it  was  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  Tutbury,  its  pleas  were 
held  there  ;  the  royal  lodge,  however, 
was  within  it,  at  Ravensdale.  In  addition 
to  the  larger  deer  the  forests  seem  to  have 
been  stocked  with  roedeer,  wild  boars, 
cattle,  horses,  pigs,  geese,  &c. ;  but  though 
sheep  were  tolerated,  and  milked  in  those 
days,  goats  were  strictly  prohibited,  as 
unpleasing  to  the  deer.  It  is  interesting 
to  find  that  in  the  thirteenth  century  the 
queen  consort  had  a  large  stud  of  horses 
in  the  Peak. 

But  it  is  in  the  mass  of  records,  espe- 
cially the  pleas  of  the  forests,  that  Dr.  Cox 
is  at  his  best.  From  these  he  supplies 
lists  of  the  bailiffs  and  chief  foresters, 
and  describes  the  duties  and  privileges 
of  the  numerous  staff  of  officials  main- 
tained, two  of  whom,  for  example,  held 
their  lands  by  serjeanty  of  hunting 
wolves. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  extracts 
are  those  from  the  pleas  of  vert  and 
venison  trespass.  These  offences,  strange 
to  say,  were  usually  committed  by  the 
gentry  of  the  county,  and  even  the  Earls 


of    Derby   and    Lords  {of  f  Sheffield    were 
amongst  the  delinquents  ^  but    Dr.  < 
explains  that   political  influence!  daring 

the  civil  wars  of  Henry  III.  and  Henry  VI . 

were  probably  responsible  for  .some  of  the 

Charges.       Nevertheless,      when      we      read 

that  t  he  rectors  of  Manchester,  Tankersley, 

and    Denbigh,  the  vicar  of  Sheffield,  and 
the  chaplain  of  Pennistonc  were  convicted 
of    '"  knowingly    receiving    venison,"    we  ! 
think  less  of  a  certain  alleged  escapade  at 
Charlecote. 

In  the  later  pages  of  his  extensive 
article  Dr.  Cox  treats  of  the  general 
arboriculture  of  the  county,  and  finally 
describes  its  principal  parks.  No  mere 
outline  can,  however,  do  justice  to  a 
contribution  which  merits  a  close  study. 
The  whole  subject  of  forestry  is  one  which 
has  received  but  scanty  notice  from  the 
antiquaries  of  to-day. 


A  Pietist  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars  and 
After  :  the  Life  of  Countess  von  Reden. 
By  Eleonore,  Princess  Reuss.  (John 
Murray.) 

Countess  von  Reden  is  a  fine  example 
of  a  character  combining  fervour  with  prac- 
ticality, and  enthusiasm  with  good  sense. 
She  and  her  sisters  spent  their  earliest  years 
in  the  United  States,  with  the  German 
troops  that  served  George  III.  during  the 
War  of  Independence ;  and  her  force  of  cha- 
racter and  generosity  were  evinced  shortly 
after  the  capitulation  at  Saratoga,  when 
the  child's  earnest  persistence  induced  a 
fervidly  patriotic  American  woman,  who 
had  refused  to  give  her  bread,  finally  to 
furnish  supplies  to  her  and  to  her  little 
sisters  for  whom  she  begged.  Later  years 
found  her  successively  at  Maastricht,  and 
at  Blankenburg  Castle  in  the  Duchy  of 
Brunswick,  during  the  troublous  years  of 
the  French  Revolution  and  of  the  French 
incursions  into  Germany.  One  of  her 
sisters  married  Count  Bernstorff,  of  the 
well-known  Danish  family,  and  the  other 
the  Count  of  Reuss. 

"  Fritze  "  in  1802  married  Count  von 
Reden,  who  was  much  older  than  herself, 
but  with  whom  she  felt  complete  sympathy 
in  religious  and  philanthropic  wrork.  Their 
thirteen  years  of  married  hfe  were  spent 
mainly  at  his  beautiful  seat  of  Buchw'ald, 
in  the  Riesengebirge  ;  but  visits  to  Berlin 
and  to  various  seats  of  the  German  nobility 
afford  interesting  j  glimpses  into  the 
politics  of  Prussia  and  the  life  of  the 
more  cultured  German  families  of  the 
time.  The  Von  Redens  were  acquainted 
with  Stein  and  other  well-known  public 
men  ;  and  at  the  time  of  the  crisis  in  the 
fortunes  of  Prussia  and  Germany  brought 
about  by  the  battle  of  Jena,  and  thereafter 
by  the  Peace  of  Tilsit,  the  correspondence 
is  unusually  animated.  Count  von  Reden 
was  then  in  office  ;  and  he  and  his  brother- 
in-law,  Count  von  Reuss,  lost  heavily  by 
the  terms  of  that  treaty.  Their  chief 
thoughts,  however,  were  for  the  Father- 
land. A  letter  of  the  Countess  on  July  20th 
contains  passages  which  enable  a  reader  to 
realize  something  of  the  tension  of  feeling 
of  those  days  : — 


"The    ■  '  The 

Emperor  [Napoleon]  has  left  Dresden,  and 

/  oron  <iu  y>ur,  dated  from  Dresden,  leys  hi 
plain  bleak  and  white  thai  Besse,  Bruns- 
wick,   and     Kulda     thai]     ca«e    to    exiht    au 

Stat.-,     and     their      nil'  •  n-tired 

•  >  say.      The   Princess  of  Oral 

dm,  but  utterly  crushed. .  .  .Are  not 
articles  of  the  peace  maddening  1     I  cant 
write  or  even  -|>'-ak  about  tie 

An  editorial  note  should  have  been  added 
explaining  that  the  former  Bishopric  of 
Fulda  had  at  the  time  of  the  Seculariza- 
tion- (1803)  been  assigned  to  the  H< 
of  Orange  for  its  losses  in  the  Netherlands. 
Other  letters  of  the  Countess  at  this 
time  show  the  mean  intrigues  to  which 
Beyme  and  the  French  party  at  the 
Prussian  Court  resorted  against  Stein. 
After  his  resignation,  or  dismissal,  in 
1807,  Count  von  Reden  and  his  wife 
retired  to  Buchwald  ;  and  it  was  to  their 
seat  that  Stein  fled  secretly  in  the  early 
days  of  1809,  on  learning  the  news  of  the 
proscription  launched  by  Napoleon  at 
Madrid.  The  strong  features  of  the  great 
minister  rendered  concealment  of  his 
identity  somewhat  difficult  ;  but  Count 
von  Reden  appealed  to  his  dependents 
to  keep  the  secret,  and  the  patriot,  thanks 
to  the  guidance  of  the  Count,  managed 
successfully  to  cross  the  frontier  into 
Austrian  territory. 

Apart  from  this  episode,  there  is  not 
much  of  general  interest  in  the  life  of  the 
Von  Redens  during  the  years  1808-15. 
In  their  corner  of  Silesia  they  seem  to 
have  felt  curiously  little  of  the  com- 
motions which  shook  empires  to  their 
base.  The  battle  of  the  Katzbach  took 
place  not  far  away,  but  even  that 
event  does  not  figure  largely  in  their 
correspondence,  which  is  unfortunately 
scanty  for  the  great  year  1813.  The 
hopes  and  fears  of  that  time  are  but 
faintly  mirrored  in  these  memoirs,  a  fact 
which  reminds  us  that  the  wealthy  in 
secluded  parts  can  escape,  to  a  large 
extent,  the  direct  strain  of  war.  which 
falls  heavily  on  townsfolk  and  peasants. 

The  death  of  Count  von  Reden.  a  few 
days  after  the  arrival  of  the  news  of 
Waterloo,  was  the  beginning  of  a  time  of 
greater  activity  for  his  widow.  The 
founding  of  the  Bible  Society  in  Silesia 
had  recently  occupied  the  Von  Redens  ; 
and  this,  together  with  other  religious 
and  philanthropic  work,  filled  up  the  span 
of  the  long  and  useful  life  of  the  Countess. 
The  later  pages  give  interesting  details 
respecting  that  most  excellent  of  men 
and  most  tactless  of  kings,  Frederick 
William  IV.  Among  other  things  it 
appears  that  he  visited  the  Countess  in 
order  to  gain  further  knowledge  about 
the  spinners  and  weavers  of  Silesia. 
Another  of  his  conversations  with  her 
turned  on  the  subject  of  the  means  for 
suppressing  rationalism.  Visits  of  Eliza- 
beth Fry  and  Elizabeth  Gurney  diver- 
sified her  later  years,  which  were  peace- 
fully happy,  until  the  disorders  of  the 
spring  of  1848  caused  her  hastily  to 
retire  for  a  time  from  the  people  whom 
she  had  so  generously  befriended.  The 
rabble  of  neighbouring  towns  *  had  a 
special  grudge  against   her.  owing  to  the 


N°  4084,  Feb. 


1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


131 


king's  friendship  with  her.  Apart  from 
this  disagreeable  incident  the  life  of  the 
old  lady  was  one  of  beneficent  activity 
and  happiness. 

The  book  has  been  well  translated  by 
Mrs.  Barrett-Lennard  and  Mr.  Hooper  ; 
the  narrative  runs  smoothly,  except  for 
an  occasional  accumulation  of  adjectives, 
which  in  English  might  be  broken  up 
and  dispersed  in  equivalent  phrases. 
There  are  also  few  misprints,  even  in  the 
foreign  names.  "  Ponte  Carvo  "  for  Ponte 
Corvo  (p.  66),  and  "  Lansitz  "  for  Lausitz 
(p.  78),  are  among  those  which  we  have 
noted  ;  and  surely  "  Mastricht  "  (p.  9) 
is  not  the  correct  form  for  the  Dutch 
town  on  the  Maas.  An  introductory  note 
by  Mr.  Robert  S.  Rait  points  the  moral 
of  the  volume. 


The  Story  of  the  Tweed.  By  Sir  Herbert 
Maxwell,  Bart.  With  Illustrations  by 
D.  Y.  Cameron.     (Nisbet  &  Co.) 

No  man  could  have  been  found  to  tell 
'The  Story  of  the  Tweed'  better  than 
Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  has  told  it.  As  a 
sportsman  and  naturalist,  he  has  observed 
points  and  places  of  interest  which  it  is 
not  given  to  every  one  to  notice  ;  as  an 
historian  he  has  the  events  associated 
with  the  river  at  his  fingers'  ends  ;  he 
knows  the  old  ballads  of  the  nameless 
minstrels  as  well  as  the  poems  of  "  the 
latest  minstrel"  ;  he  is  as  much  interested 
in  the  few  remains  of  ancient  architecture 
of  the  district  as  in  the  surviving  Gaelic 
place-names  ;  and  he  presents  his  angling 
reminiscences  in  a  separate  compartment, 
at  the  end  of  the  book.  He  has  gene- 
rously told  not  the  legendary  and  historic 
story  of  Tweed  alone,  but  also  the  stories 
of  the  many  tributary  burns,  and  of 
Teviot,  Ettrick,  Yarrow,  Leader,  Jed,  and 
the  other  larger  contributory  streams. 

It  is  very  natural  that  strangers  who 
have  heard  much  of  Tweed  in  ballad  and 
romance  should  feel,  like  Washington 
Irving,  rather  disappointed  when  they  see 
the  water  for  the  first  time.  They  have 
not  the  multitudinous  associations  which 
to  the  Tweedside  man  centre  round  every 
burn,  every  roofless  grey  peel  tower,  every 
pool  and  stream.  Upper  Tweed  is  not 
more  beautiful  than  Upper  Yarrow,  Clyde, 
Ettrick,  Ail,  or  Teviot.  All  rise  in  green 
or  grey  moors,  unwooded,  among  formless 
hills.  Mr.  Cameron's  landscape  '  Near 
Tweedshaws  ' — where  there  are  now  no 
"  shaws,"  or  woods — shows  a  bleak, 
cauldrife  spot,  with  "  just  enough  water 
to  swear  by,"  as  the  disappointed  tourist 
said  when  he  saw  the  Styx  ;  while  the 
hills  are  shapeless — des  bosses  verddtres,  as 
Prosper  Merimee  candidly  observed.  The 
circumstance  that  Robert  Bruce,  red- 
handed  from  the  dirking  of  the  Red 
Comyn,  had  here  his  first  meeting  with 
the  good  Sir  James  Douglas,  might  not 
have  reconciled  the  fastidious  Merimee 
to  the  greenish  humps.  The  linns  of 
Tala  water  we  cannot  observe  with  so 
much  indifference.  In  the  cliffs  the 
raven  nests,  or  did  nest  lately,  and  an 
ingenious  keeper  caught  the  young  birds 


with  bits  of  raw  flesh  let  down  at  the  end 
of  a  line.  From  Tala  came  young  Hay 
of  Tala,  a  retainer  of  Bothwell,  hanged 
for  Darnley's  murder  ;  and  here,  in  1682, 
the  Cameronians  held  in  safety  a  pecu- 
liarly inharmonious  General  Meeting,  airing 
each  his  private  and  very  odd  orthodoxy. 
Here  Sir  Simon  Eraser,  ancestor  of  the 
Lovat  family,  "  had  once  commanding  "  ; 
joining  Bruce,  he  suffered,  in  1306,  much 
more  cruel  penalities  of  treason  than  justly 
befell  his  descendant  and  namesake, 
Simon  Eraser,  Lord  Lovat,  in  1746.  The 
earlier  Simon  was  a  deserter  from  Ed- 
ward I.,  and  legally  merited  death.  On 
his  decease  the  Hays  came  in,  one  of  them 
having  married  his  heiress. 

At  Drummelzier  we  reach  the  lands 
held  for  several  centuries  by  the  Tweedies, 
descendants,  by  a  mortal  matron,  of  the 
River  Tweed  himself.  There  is  a  pretty 
picture  of  their  Oaristys  in  '  The  History 
of  the  Tweedie  Family,'  by  Mr.  Michael 
Scott  Tweedie  (1902).  Consulting  the 
pedigrees  of  this  work,  we  find  the  Tweed 
omitted,  and  the  line  begins  with  Olifard, 
1155-65,  whence  the  house  of  Tweedie  of 
Oliver.  In  1299  occurs  Johannes  de 
Tueda,  from  whom  the  patronymic,  de 
Twydyn,  de  Twedy.  really  comes.  Whether 
the  spelling  "  Twydyn  "  throws  any  light 
on  the  original  form  of  the  name  of  the 
river  itself  we  know  not.  It  may  be 
remarked  that  the  photographs  of  scenery 
in  Mr.  Tweedie's  book  represent  an  infi- 
nitely more  cheerful  river  than  Tweed 
appears  in  Mr.  Cameron's  designs.  Two 
Tweedies  were  engaged  in  Riccio's  murder ; 
and  about  1590-1611,  in  spite  of  the 
Gospel  light  diffused  in  1560,  all  the 
Tweedies,  Geddeses,  Nasmyths,  and  other 
gentlemen  of  the  district  were  cutting 
each  other's  throats  and  pistolling  each 
other  in  the  most  unsportsmanlike  fashion. 
From  the  Tweedies'  country  we  reach 
the  country  of  the  Wizard  Merlin,  and 
another  wizard  of  the  same  name,  whose 
doings  are  inextricable. 

We  have  arrived  only  at  the  second 
chapter,  which  closes  at  the  junction  of 
Tweed  with  Ettrick.  The  river,  before 
reaching  Peebles,  becomes  much  more 
beautiful,  especially,  perhaps,  in  the 
narrows  below  Yair,  and  the  lovely 
streams  under  the  woods  of  Sunderland 
Hall.  Mr.  Cameron  presents  an  interest- 
ing, but  melancholy  view  of  the  ancient 
house  of  Traquair,  which',  from  its  aspect, 
appears  still  to  deplore  that  Montrose  was 
not  received  there  in  his  flight  from  the 
disaster  of  Philiphaugh.  The  historian 
here  ascends  Ettrick  water,  which  has 
ballads,  legends,  old  towers,  and  memories 
of  Scott  and  Hogg  enough  to  provide  a 
separate  book.  The  view  of  St.  Mary's 
Loch  is  relatively  cheerful.  Thence  we 
return  to  Abbotsford,  Melrose,  and  the 
Eildon  Hills  (the  view  of  the  Abbey  is 
charming)  ;  and,  after  exploring  Leader 
water  and  Lauderdale,  return  to  Tweed 
at  Merton,  and  follow  it  to  Teviotdale, 
and  so  on  to  Kelso  and  Jedburgh,  with  an 
accompaniment  of  ballads  and  stories  to 
lighten  the  way.  With  Norham  Castle 
and  Berwick  we  are  in  the  full  tide  of  the 
old  Border  battles  and  treaties  ;    and  the 


volume  ends  with  an  excellent  chapter  on 
the  salmon  and  salmon  fishing  of  Tweed. 

Being  a  very  fine,  large,  and  luxurious 
work,  '  The  Story  of  the  Tweed  '  cannot 
be  carried  in  the  pedestrian's  pocket,  or 
the  angler's  creel,  and  this  is  the  only 
fault  which  criticism  can  find  in  it,  for 
the  knowledge  displayed  is  full  and  varied  ; 
the  text,  so  far  as  we  can  estimate  it,  is 
correct,  and  the  author's  sympathy  is 
perfect,  except  when  he  has  to  do  with 
the  English  destroyers,  and  the  modern 
tamperers  with  the  ecclesiastical  archi- 
tecture of  the  valley. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


Hugo.     By  Arnold  Bennett.     (Chatto   & 

Windus.) 

Mr.  Bennett  gave  us  a  taste  of  his  quality 
as  a  concocter  of  sensational  extravaganza 
in  'The  Grand  Babylon  Hotel.'  The 
present  book  is  an  essay  upon  the  same 
fines  :  a  little  farcical,  a  little  absurd,  a 
good  deal  melodramatic,  yet  altogether 
entertaining.  Hugo  is  the  assumed  name 
of  a  universal  provider  in  Sloane  Street, 
whose  gigantic  shop  is  in  reality  a  palace, 
surmounted  by  four  or  five  stories  of  the 
most  expensive  residential  flats  in  London, 
with  roof  gardens,  restaurants,  and  so 
forth  in  profusion.  The  whole  thing  is 
full  of  the  modern  flavour  of  wealth 
easily  obtained  and  recklessly  spent. 
The  story  is  confined  to  this  huge  com- 
mercial palace,  and  is  as  full  of  breathless 
incident  and  adventure  as  a  Christmas 
pudding  is  of  plums,  or  a  parvenu's 
house  of  ornaments.  The  plot  has  been 
deliberately  and  cunningly  designed  to 
sustain  the  reader's  excitement  from 
chapter  to  chapter,  and,  this  being 
admitted  as  the  author's  aim,  the  book 
may  fairly  be  pronounced  a  success. 
The  writing,  while  in  no  way  distinguished, 
is  workmanlike  and  devoid  of  slovenliness. 


Barnaby's  Bridal.     By  S.   R.   Keightley. 
(John  Long.) 

The  stupendous,  but  indisputable  fact 
that  there  really  are  people  who,  in  good 
faith,  insert — and  answer — matrimonial 
advertisements  has  in  its  more  serious 
aspect  been  dealt  with  by  at  least  two 
well-known  novelists,  but  in  the  case  now 
before  us  the  treatment  is  purely  farcical. 
The  sufferings  of  the  misguided  advertiser, 
a  highly  eligible  bachelor  of  weak  cha- 
racter, are  further  complicated  by  his 
relations  with  a  rather  awe-inspiring 
lady  friend  and  an  over-affectionate 
housekeeper,  both  of  whom  have  miscon- 
strued some  remarks  of  his  as  signifying 
an  offer  of  marriage.  We  incline  to  think 
that  he  was  fortunate  beyond  his  deserts 
in  getting  off  with  only  one  action  for 
breach  of  promise,  and  even  from  this  he 
escapes  through  the  cheap  device  of  a 
resuscitated  husband.  There  is  no  at- 
tempt to  depict  real  people  in  the  story. 
and  not  too  much  art,  but  it  is  lively  and 
avoids  the  pitfall  of  vulgarity. 


132 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  .K(    M 


N    W84,  l'ii'..  :{,  1006 


Tin  Scat.     l'.\    Franou  Warrington  Daw- 

BOIl.       (  Met  hiii-n  A    I 

This  is  a  long,  uncere,  oarefully  wrought 
tali-  of  farm  and  plantation  Life  in  Vir- 
ginia. Ii  might  conceivably  be  an  ex- 
ample of  the  <>nc  good  book  which,  it  is 
said,  must  men  can  write.  The  author's 
name  is  new  to  us,  and  if  '  The  Scar  ' 
ifl    a    tiist     work,    it    is    a    good    deal    more 

hopeful  and  better  worth  reading  than 
the  majority  of  first  essays  in  fiction. 
In  immaturity,  want  of  breadth  of 
vision  and  knowledge  ait-  faults  which 
time  may  well  remedy,  and  we  prefer  to 
note  the  obvious  sincerity,  the  zest  for 
story,  and  the  evidenee  of  a  genuine 
faculty  of  observation  it  exhibits.  It 
has  an  abundant  wealth  of  material,  and 
it  has  real  humanity.  We  hope  to  see 
more  from  the  same  hand. 


The    Arrow    of    the    North.     By    R.     H. 
Forster.     (John  Long.) 

Mr.  Forster  reveals  everywhere  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  North  Country, 
and  is  as  obviously  inspired  by  affection 
for  it.  His  scene  is  Norham  Castle,  that 
bulwark  against  the  aggression  of  the 
Scots  throughout  the  Middle  Ages  ;  and 
his  period  is  the  troubled  time  that  ended 
in  Flodden.  Alarums  and  excursions 
prevail  in  these  chapters.  Norham  is 
besieged  and  relieved  ;  there  is  much 
talk  of  harquebuss  and  of  crossbow  ; 
and  Scot  is  pitted  against  Northumbrian. 
The  romance  resounds  with  fighting. 
Its  hero  is  a  boy  of  twelve  at  the  outset, 
and  gallantly  carries  arrows  to  the  archers 
on  the  battlements.  At  the  close  we 
leave  him  knighted,  the  warden  of  the 
castle,  and  in  the  arms,  so  to  speak,  of  a 
lovely  bride.  But  he  has  much  to  go 
through  before  he  reaches  that  happy  con- 
clusion, and  Mr.  Forster's  narrative  should 
please  the  lovers  of  exciting  adventures, 
a  class  said  to  be  on  the  increase. 
There  are  two  handsome  girls— one  bad, 
and  one  good  ;  and  the  poor  hero  suffers 
in  consequence.  The  author's  style  is 
simple  and  straightforward,  and  he  has 
no  airs.  Taken  for  what  it  is,  this  is  a 
creditable  piece  of  work. 


Cache   la    Poudre.     By    Herbert    Myrick. 
(Kegan  Paul  &  Co.) 

This  curious  production  is  described  in  a 
sub-title  as  '  The  Romance  of  a  Tender- 
foot in  the  Days  of  Custer.'  It  is  illus- 
trated profusely  from  paintings  and 
photographs,  and  is  a  rambling  tale 
of  adventurous  life  in  the  far  West 
of  America  in  days  when  lynchings 
and  fights  with  Indians  were  matters  of 
everyday  occurrence.  The  absence  of 
constructive  method,  even  of  ordinary 
coherence  in  the  story,  indicates  an  un- 
accustomed hand.  The  book  has,  however, 
the  merit  of  comparative  fidelity  to  actual 
fact.  There  is  a  lengthy  appendix,  the 
frequent  allusions  to  which  in  the  text 
are  rather  damaging  to  the  romantic 
interest  of  the  tale.  The  photographs  are 
interesting,  and  there  is  certainly  material 


enough  in  the  volume  for  half  a  dozen 
romance 

Through    tin     Rain.     I'v    Mis.     Hugh) 

«  ribb.      (.John  Long.) 

This,  w  believe,  lb  wh.it   i-  popularly  de- 
nominated "an  old-fashioned  love  -t..i 
and  so  far  as  regards  the  absence  of  any 
originality,  either  in  Bubjecl  or  treatment, 
the  adjective  is  correctly   applied.     The 

very  form  of  the  story  supposed  to  lie  a 
diary  kept  by  the  heroine — belongs  essen- 
tially to  a  bygone  period,  and  from  the 
initials  tattooed  on  that  young  lady's  arm 
in  infancy  to  the  final  recognition  by  her 
true  mother  and  her  reunion  with  the 
lover  from  whom  she  has  been  cruelly 
parted  on  the  score  of  supposed  con- 
sanguinity (nothing  worse  than  first- 
cousinship,  however),  we  are  never  ex- 
posed to  the  shock  of  the  unexpected. 
Nevertheless  the  author  has  an  excellent 
eye  for  nature,  by  no  means  an  old- 
fashioned  quality. 


Sous  le  Fardeau.     J.  H.  Rosnv.     (Paris, 
Plon.) 

"  J.  H.  Rosny  "  is  a  name  which  has 
stood  on  the  title-page  of  novels  in  all 
styles  ;  "  imitation  of  every  well-known 
author  "  has,  indeed,  been  the  criticism 
of  Paris.  '  Sous  le  Fardeau  '  deals  with 
the  surgeon's  view  of  the  sufferings  of  the 
poor  in  great  cities,  and  with  that  "  Social 
Question  "  which  it  is  easier  to  raise  than 
to  solve.  Many  of  the  scenes  are  brutal, 
and  some  disgusting,  but  there  is  power 
in  the  book.  The  anti-English  tone  is 
rather  that  of  four  years  ago  than  that  of 
1904-6  :  "  Most  English  people  would  see 
without  a  tremor  whole  races  perish." 


Les  Etourderies  de  la  Chanoinesse.     Leon 
de  Tinseau.     (Paris,  Calmann-Levy.) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  pleasing  novels 
from  the  pen  of  the  author  of  '  Plus 
Fort  que  la  Haine  '  and  '  Un  Nid  dans  les 
Ruines.'  It  is  not  described  as  "  pour  les 
jeunes  filles,"  and  there  is  little  about  it 
that  is  namby-pamby,  but  it  is  "  honest." 
We  have  seldom  come  across  a  tale  better 
worth  the  perusal  of  readers  of  all  kinds. 


TWO    LONDON    BOOKS. 

Chronicles  of  London.  Edited,  with  Intro- 
duction and  Notes,  by  C.  L.  Kingsford. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) — This  scholarly 
work  presents  to  the  reader  three  of  the 
old  London  chronicles  which  are  contained 
in  the  Cottonian  MSS.,  Julius  B.  II.,  Cleo- 
patra C.  IV.,  and  Vitellius  A.  XVI. ,  and 
which  embrace  a  period  of  English  history 
extending  from  the  time  of  Richard  I.  to 
the  year  1509.  The  editor  in  his  Introduc- 
tion traces  the  evolution  of  the  "  chronicle  " 
from  the  early  official  record  known  as  the 
'  Liber  de  Antiquis  Legihus  '  to  the  popular 
works  of  Holinshed  and  Stow.  The  first 
section  of  the  Introduction  is  taken  up  with 
an  account  of  the  earlier  chronicles,  Bome 
of  which  have  been  printed,  while  others 
(of  which  those  under  notice  are  perhaps  t  In- 
most important)  have  till  now  remained   in 


manuscript.      II'-    then     pro.  turn- 

mari/.c  tin-  general  conclusion*  to  irhieh  the 

.iiiation  of  tin-   individual  manu 
points.    Mr.  Kingsford  finds  that  till  • 

the    close    of    1  he    fourteenth    e. •nt'iry    all    the 

are  derived  from  thi    same  -■•un-, 

and  that  down  to  lilt  the  variations  are 
nowhere  so  marked  a-  t  .  he  incompatible 
with     the     theory     that      they     have     all     • 

common   original.     With  tl  •  f  Agnv 

court    there    comes    a     marked    divi 

the  existing  Chronicli  -  -how  more  varia* 
than  before,  and  the  division  into  classes  is 
more  definite.      Mr.    Kingsford  then  yoes  on 
to  consider   what  evidence  can    he   ohtai 

bo  the  method  by  which  the  ('lire 
London  reached  their  present  form,  and  from 
what     source^     they     w  i  They 

started,  no  doubt,  with  official  records;  but 
with  the  opening  of  the  fifteenth  century  the 
notices  of  events  in  or  near  London  were 
probably  set  down  as  they  occurred,  or 
were  written  up  from  personal  knowledge 
by  the  compiler  of  each  new  version.  In 
next  section  of  the  introduction  the  editor 
treats  of  the  use  which  Fabyan,  Arnold, 
and  other  writers  of  the  sixteenth  century 
made  of  the  Chronicles  of  London  ;  and  he 
concludes  his  essay  with  a  more  detailed 
account  of  the  chronicles  contained  in  the 
volume  under  notice. 

Apart  from  the  historical  interest  of  the 
contents  of  the  MS.  Julius  B.  II.,  this  manu- 
script contains  Lydgate's  verses  descriptive 
of  the  pageants  devised  by  him  in  celebra- 
tion of  the  little  King  Henry's  return  to 
London  in  February,  1432.  The  MS.  C 
patra  C.  IV.,  which  is  more  or  less  frag- 
mentary, begins  with  a  dramatic  account 
of  the  siege  of  Harfleur,  where  a  small 
company  of  the  English  are  advancing 
"  together  to  the  gap,"'  and  the  king  turns 
and  encourages  his  men  in  a  short  speech, 
which  the  editor  thus  modernizes  :  "  My 
men,  be  of  good  heart  ;  save  your  breath 
and  keep  cool,  and  come  up  at  your  ease, 
for  with  God's  help  shall  we  have  good 
tidings."  A  page  or  two  further  on  we  come 
to  the  eve  of  Agincourt,  and  the  heroic 
addressof  King  Henry  to  his  "  litell  mayne.'' 
In  the  account  of  the  battle  we  are  given  a 
ballad,  of  which,  to  use  Mr.  Kingsford's 
words,  "the  compiler  began,  but  fortunately 
did  not  finish,  a  prose  paraphrase."  But  a 
close  examination  seems  to  show  that  the 
lines,  though  written  as  prose,  are  not  a 
paraphrase,  but  are  in  metrical  form,  and 
are  apparently  the  opening  stanza  of  the 
ballad,  which  has  been  printed  in  Wright's 
'  Political  Ballads  and  Songs,'  ii.  123-7 
(Rolls  Series).  In  the  Vitellius  Chronicle — 
of  which  the  value,  as  one  of  the  best  con- 
temporary records  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII., 
has  long  been  recognized — are  found  not 
only  the  unique  copy  of  William  Dunbar's 
ballad  in  praise  of  London,  but  also  two 
interesting  references  to  the  discovery  of 
Newfoundland  by  Bristol  merchants. 

In  addition  to  the  valuable  Introduction. 
Mr.  Kingsford  gives  more  than  fifty  pages 
of  notes,  in  which  he  has  dealt  chiefly  with 
matters  illustrating  the  history  of  London 
or  the  text  of  the  Chronicles.  These  notes 
exhibit  the  same  fullness  of  learning  that 
is  apparent  in  the  Introduction.  With 
reference  to  the  penance  of  Eleanor  Cobham, 
Duchess  of  Gloucester — who  on  three  alter- 
nate days  came  from  West  minster  to  London 
and  landing  successively  at  the  Temple 
Bridge,  at  the  Swan  in  Thames  Street,  and 
at  Queenhithe,  offered  a  taper  of  wax, 
firstly  at  the  high  altar  of  St.  Paul's,  secondly 
at  "  i'rischurch,"  and  thirdly  at  St.  Michael's 
Church  in  Cornhill — Mr.  Kingsford  glosses 
"  Crischurch  "  as  "  Grassechurch,  or  St. 
Bennet,  Gracechurch  Street.'*  But  as, 
after    landing    at    the    Swan,    the    Duchess 


N°  4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


133 


walked  through  Bridge  Street  and  Grace- 
church  Street  to  the  Leadenhall,  and  "  so 
to  Crischurch,"  it  is  probable  that  the  build- 
ing in  which  she  performed  penance  was  the 
church  (known  as  Christ  Church)  of  the 
great  monastery  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at 
Aldgate,  which  is  now  represented  on  a 
smaller  scale  by  the  church  of  St.  Kathe- 
rine  Cree  (pp.  149,  312).  Nor  is  it,  perhaps, 
quite  accurate  to  say  (p.  323)  that  "  Gres- 
chirche,  or  Graschurch,  Street  was  so  called 
from  the  herb  market  there."  The  street 
was  named  after  the  church,  and  the  church 
was  named  after  the  grass  market.  The 
antiquity  of  the  church  is  shown  by  its 
mention  in  Brihtmaer's  charter  of  1053, 
under  the  name  of  "  Gerschereche  " — a  fact 
which  has  seemingly  escaped  the  notice  of 
London  topographers.  We  observe  that 
Mr.  Kingsford  endorses  the  suggestion  that 
"  Steelyard  "  is  a  corruption  of  "  Stapelhof," 
or  the  House  of  the  Staple.  Though  respect- 
able authority  can  be  adduced  in  support 
of  this  derivation,  a  more  acceptable  one 
was  advanced  by  Prof.  Skeat  in  the  last 
series  of  Notes  and  Queries.  At  the  end  of 
the  book  is  a  glossary,  which  might  perhaps 
have  been  fuller,  and  an  index,  which  has 
been  carefully  compiled.  A  reproduction 
of  Ryther's  map  of  1604,  which  represents 
the  London  of  Stow  rather  than  that  of 
the  chroniclers,  is  given  as  a  frontispiece  ; 
but  its  value  is  much  impaired  by  the  fact 
that  the  names  are  drawn  on  too  small  a 
scale  to  be  read  without  a  powerful  magni- 
fying glass. 

To  turn  from  Mr.  Kingsford's  book  to 
Mr.  J.  Holden  MacMichael's  Story  of  Charing 
Cross  and  its  Immediate  Neighbourhood 
(Chatto  &  Windus)  is  like  being  transported 
from  the  cool  dim  aisles  of  a  Gothic  cathedral 
to  the  glare  and  noise  of  the  Hippodrome. 
With  an  industry  beyond  all  praise,  Mr. 
MacMichael  has  collected  an  immense  number 
•of  extracts,  including  some  hundreds  of 
newspaper  cuttings,  in  order  to  illustrate 
the  life  of  an  important  district  of  London 
during  the  past  three  hundred  years.  If 
a  fault  is  to  be  found  with  the  work,  it  is 
that  the  canvas  is  too  crowded.  One  cannot 
see  the  wood  for  the  trees.  As  a  mine  for 
the  historical  novelist  in  search  of  "  local 
colour  "  to  quarry  in,  the  book  will  be 
invaluable.  Scene  follows  scene  with  kalei- 
doscopic swiftness.  On  one  page  we  are 
amongst  the  buff  jerkins  and  steel  caps  of 
Cromwell's  Ironsides  ;  a  turn  of  the  hand, 
and  we  see  the  clouded  cane  and  pomander 
box  of  Sir  Plume  ;  another  turn,  and  we 
are  hob-nobbing  with  the  company  of  artists 
who  in  King  George's  time  sipped  their 
coffee  at  Old  Slaughter's.  "  London,"  says 
Mr.  MacMichael,  with  a  fine  disregard  for 
geometrical  accuracy,  "  is  the  centre,  not 
only,  as  the  cabman  will  tell  you,  of  the 
four-mile  radius,  but  of  the-  capital  of  an 
Empire  where  the  sun  has  actually  had  to 
abandon  his  search  for  a  night's  lodging." 
And  Charing  Cross  is  the  "  hub  "  of  London, 
not  only  from  the  cabman's  point  of  view, 
or  even  that  of  the  Chief  Commissioner  of 
Police  under  the  Metropolitan  Streets  Act, 
1867,  but  also  because  it  has  centred  in 
itself  so  much  of  English  history,  art,  and 
drama.  As  a  literary  centre  Charing  Cross 
must  take  a  lower  place,  but  the  district  of 
which  Mr.  MacMichael  is  the  historiographer, 
and  which  comprises  the  modern  parishes 
of  St.  Martin's-in-thc-Fields,  and  St.  Paul's, 
Covent  Garden,  has  witnessed  some  of  the 
darkest  tragediesof  English  history,  the  birth 
of  the  art  of  Hogarth  and  of  Reynolds,  and 
the  greatest  triumphs  of  Garriek,  Kean,  and 
Mrs.  Siddons.  Charing  Cross  therefore 
deserves  to  have  its  story  told,  and  if  the 
work  before  us  betrays  some  lack  of  crafts- 
manship, the  vast  amount  of   information   it 


contains  and  its  general  accuracy  should 
ensure  it  a  generous  welcome. 

Mr.  MacMichael  is  occasionally  able  to 
correct  the  errors  of  his  predecessors,  as  in 
his  interesting  account  of  the  Pinchbeck 
family  (pp.  282-4).  If  another  edition  is 
called  for  a  few  passages  which  are  some- 
what carelessly  written  might  undergo 
revision.  The  Earl  of  Warwick  and  Holland, 
who  was  a  party  to  the  duel  in  Leicester 
Fields  (p.  53),  was  not  the  stepfather  of 
Addison,  but  the  first  husband  of  Addison's 
wife.  Addison  was  stepfather  of  the  young 
earl,  who  died,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  in 
1721.  Dr.  Dodd  (p.  92)  was  not  hanged  at 
Charing  Cross,  but  at  the  usual  place  of 
execution  at  Tyburn.  George  Brydges,  Lord 
Chandos  (who  is  misnamed  William  on  p.  121) 
after  whom  Chandos  Street  was  called,  was 
not  an  ancestor  of  "  the  magnificent  owner 
of  Canons  "  (p.  130),  but  only  a  distant 
relative — to  speak  by  the  card,  a  third 
cousin  once  removed.  The  connexion  of 
the  Hungerfords  with  this  locality  is  de- 
scribed in  a  very  hazy  manner.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  the  old  mansion  of  the  Hunger- 
fords,  known  as  Hungerford's  Inn,  in  which 
they  resided  at  least  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Henry  VI.,  was  on  the  site  of  Hungerford 
Market.  Mr.  MacMichael,  misled  by  a  passage 
in  Pepys,  says  that  it  stood  further  eastward, 
near  Durham  Yard — the  site  of  the  Adelphi. 
But  the  Lady  Hungerford  who  was  living  in 
Durham  Yard  when  her  house  was  burnt 
down  was  not  the  mother  of  the  "  spend- 
thrift "  Sir  Edward  Hungerford,  as  Mr. 
MacMichael  conjectures  (p.  218),  but  his 
aunt  by  marriage — Margaret,  daughter  and 
coheir  of  William  Hallyday,  Alderman 
of  London,  and  widow  of  an  earlier 
Sir  Edward.  The  "  spendthrift  "  knight 
did  not  pull  down  Hungerford  House 
till  its  destruction  was  called  for  by 
the  requirements  of  the  market.  Before 
writing  of  Agnes,  Lady  Hungerford,  who 
was  hanged  at  Tyburn  in  1523  for  the  murder 
of  her  first  husband,  Mr.  MacMichael  would 
have  done  well  to  consult  Mr.  W.  J.  Hardy's 
paper  in  The  Antiquary,  ii.  233-6,  from 
which  he  would  have  learnt  the  whole  story 
of  the  crime  as  officially  recorded  in  the 
Coram  Rege  Rolls. 

It  only  remains  to  say  that  the  book 
contains  a  useful  index,  although  we  missed 
the  first  name  for  which  we  looked — that 
of  John  Thomas  Smith,  the  author  of 
'  Nollekens  and  his  Times,'  who  is  fre- 
quently mentioned.  Mr.  MacMichael  might 
have  recorded  that  Nathaniel  Smith,  the 
father  of  the  '  Rainy  Day  '  annalist,  for 
several  years  kept  a  print  shop  at  "  The 
Rembrandt's  Head,"  No.  18,  May's  Buildings, 
St.  Martin's  Lane. 


TWO  BOOKS  ABOUT  ALGERIA. 

In  the  Desert.  By  L.  March  Phillips. 
(Edward  Arnold.) — This  interesting  volume 
is  a  triumph  of  impressionism.  Some 
readers  will  remember  its  author's  book  on 
the  South  African  war.  That  work  was 
impressionistic,  but  it  was  an  exact  record 
compared  with  this.  Mr.  Phillips  lias  read 
his  Burton  with  appreciation,  and  he  lias 
felt  the  glamour  of  African  Orientalism. 
He  has  set  himself  here  to  paint  for  Western 
eyes  a  picture  of  the  Sahara,  and  indicate 
the  port  it  lias  played  in  the  moulding  of 
Aral)  character  and  the  shaping  of  Aral) 
history  ill  Africa.  He  has,  however,  ap- 
proached his  task  rather  as  a  novelist  or  a 
war  correspondenl   than  as  a  student   or  a 

man    of    science,    and.    accordingly,    he    lias 

completed  it  at  a  stage  in  his  knowledge  of 

the  subject  which  the  serious  student  would 


regard  as  elementary.  Having  said  so  much, 
we  may  add  that  this  very  fact  is  likely  to 
make  Mr.  Phillips's  production  acceptable  to 
the  average  reader.  Every  traveller  knows 
that  first  impressions  are  the  most  vivid,  if 
not  the  most  accurate.  The  following  pas- 
sage may  serve  as  some  slight  indication 
both  of  Mr.  Phillips's  style  and  of  the  manner 
in  which  the  Sahara  has  impressed  him  : — 

"Among  the  many  things  Nature  gives  us  in 
England,  there  is  one  thing  she  cannot  give — - 
sympathy  with  the  old,  primitive,  original  instinct 
of  emancipation.  She  is  on  the  side  of  the  powers 
that  be,  the  side  of  authority  and  routine  and 
tradition.      '  Submit  yourself,' she  says.      '  I  submit 

myself,  and  see  how  I  thrive.' The  desert  is  of 

another  order  of  scenery,  and  made  of  sterner  stuff. 
It  is  as  ugly  as  hell,  to  be  sure.  It  has  none  of  the 
English  motherly  fondness  and  gentleness  about  it. 
It  hates  you  like  poison,  and  will  kill  you  if  it  can. 
But  it  is  a  landscape  that  1ms  never  bent  its  neck 
to  the  yoke  of  man,  and  its  barren  reefs  and 
unploughed  sands  have  the  old,  primitive,  savage 
vigour  about  them  still.  This  is  its  potent  attraction. 
We  are  rebels,  all  of  us,  but  the  odds  are  against 

us In  the  desert  for  the  first   time   you   have 

Nature  with  you  in  the  old  struggle  for  emanci- 
pation." 

Mr.  Phillips  will  be  blamed  by  authorities 
in  these  matters  for  the  sketchy  and  fre- 
quently inaccurate  character  of  his  general- 
izations regarding  Arab  history  ;  for  his 
vague,  hasty  conclusions  on  the  antecedents 
and  family  history  of  some  of  the  present 
peoples  of  North  Africa  ;  and  for  the  ignor- 
ance shown  in  his  references  to  Morocco, 
for  example.  But  these  things  hardly 
detract  from  the  general  interest  and  charm 
of  a  vivid,  plausible,  and  spirited  piece  of 
word-painting,  which  may  safely  be  com- 
mended to  all  save  the  real  student  and  the 
practised  traveller  in  Africa. 

The  Voice  of  the  South.  By  Gilbert  Wat- 
son. (Hurst  &  Blackett.) — -The  scope  of 
this  book  is  frankly  limited.  It  is  a  chatty, 
descriptive  narrative  of  the  ordinary  tourist's 
journey  into  the  Sahara  ;  and  it  makes  no 
pretence  to  be  anything  more.  Mr.  Watson 
does  not  concern  himself  with  the  history  of 
the  people  or  the  country  of  which  he  writes. 
He  went  to  Biskra  ;  he  obtained  an  Arab 
guide  (whom  he  vastly  overrates,  endowing 
him,  as  kindly  Westerners  will,  with  all 
sorts  of  purely  Western  attributes  which 
are  perfectly  foreign  to  the  Arab  character)  ; 
and,  seating  himself  upon  one  of  the  camels 
obtained  for  him  by  this  man,  he  cheerily 
set  forth,  as  hundreds  have  before  him,  to 
"do"  the  desert,  hugging  to  himself  mean- 
while the  inspiring  notion  that  he  was 
treading  in  ways  unknown  to  the  travellers 
of  Christendom.  In  this  same  self-dclusivo 
spirit  many  charming  light  works  of  travel 
have  been  produced,  and  this  one  is  calcu- 
lated to  afford  innocent  entertainment,  a 
thing  more  generally  welcome,  perhaps, 
than  serious  information. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Military  Life  of  H.R.H.  George,  Duke 
of  Cambridge.     By  Col.  Willoughby  Verner, 

assisted  by  Capt.  Erasmus  Darwin  Parker. 
2  vols.  (John  Murray.) — Col.  Verner  rightly 
states  that  the  story  of  the  Duke  of  Cam- 
bridge's military  life  is  the  history  of  the 
British  army  during  the  latter  half  of  the 
nineteenth  century  ;  and  those  interested  in 
military  matters  will  find,  if  they  persevere 
beyond  chap.  iv..  much  information  worth 
careful     study.         Insight     is     afforded      into 

the  perpetual  struggle  for  an  efficient  army 

between        its       head       and       the       Secretary 

of  State,  who  is,  as  soldiers  believe,  com- 
pelled to  insist  on  reduction  for  reasons  o( 
economy,      though      the      measure     may     be 


l.il 


T  II  E     AT  II  KX.K  I'  M 


\    1084.  IYj:. 


1906 


fraught  wiili  danger  to  the  oountry,  and 
i"-  in  it-.h  unsound  liiimnr,  involving 
tenfold  ooel  to  I"-  sanctioned  in  a  panic  si 
the  iHNt  nut i> >iin !  crisis.  Further,  much  will 
be  Found  of  war,  from  the  Mutiny  in  India 
to  the  I'lMiic. >-< ;<  ri i in n  War,  indeed  <>t'  almost 
everj  military  operation  on  a  considerable 
aoale  during  the  Duke's  tenure  of  office,  in 
lii>  diaries  or  descriptions.  They  arc  models 
of  completeness  ana  condensation,  invaluable 
for  referem 

The  Duke's  career  is  too  well  known  to 
be  considered  here  in  detail.  He  com- 
manded   the     Isl     Division    at    the    battle 

OJ       the       Alma,     ami        was       present       at 

[nkermann,  which  be  describes  as  "a 
most  dreadful  and  a  most  tearful  day." 
The  Guards  Buffered  severely,  and  the 
Duke  fell  the  losses  and  strain  so  pain- 
fully, that,  in  his  own  language,  he  was 
broken  down  and  for  t ho  moment  unequal 
to  work.  Invalided  home,  he  was  appointed 
in  1856  General  Officer  Commanding  in 
Chief,  a  position  he  held  for  the  extraordinary 

term    of    thirty-nine   years,  the    title  having, 

in  1887,  been  altered  to  Commander-in- 
Chief.  He  di.d  on  March  17th.  1904,  at 
Gloucester     Souse     (since     pulled     down). 

within  nine  days  of  reaching  the  age  of 
eighty-five. 

The  greater  part  of  the  two  volumes  of 
this  military  life  is  naturally  occupied  with 
events  during  the  Duke's  tenure  of  chief 
command.  They  are  many  and  of  varying 
importance  :  some  may  be  classed  as 
routine,  others  are  exceptional,  involving 
estimates  of  officers'  merits  concerning  which 
opinions  widely  differ.  The  system  followed 
in  preparing  the  book  has  been  to  publish 
H.K.H.'s  correspondence,  memoranda,  and 
reports  of  his  speeches,  connected  by  a  few 
explanatory  sentences.  On  the  whole,  it 
serves  the  purpose  required — a  result  credit- 
able to  Col.  Verner  and  Capt.  Parker. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton  publish 
The  Comedy  of  Protection,  a  translation  from 
M.  Yves  Guyot  by  M.  A.  Hamilton.  To 
say  that  the  book  is  a  little  one-sided  is  a 
mild  way  of  stating  the  fact  that  M.  Yves 
Guyot  is  too  strong  a  Free  Trader  to 
make  converts  in  France  except  among 
the  growers  of  light  wine.  To  these  he 
appeals  on  reciprocitarian  lines  by  offering 
a  reduction  of  our  wine  duties  in  return 
for  a  partial  abolition  of  the  French  surtaxe 
d'entrepdt.  No  British  Government  will 
ever  make  so  limited  a  proposal.  Protec- 
tion is  so  rooted  in  the  French  electorate 
that  there  is  only  one  thorough  Free 
Trader  in  the  whole  French  legislature, 
except  those  who  sit  for  districts  directly 
interested  in  the  export  of  such  special 
goods  as  claret.  Even  the  French  Social- 
ists, unlike  those  of  Germany,  are,  quietly, 
Protectionist. 

The  Memoires  du  General  Marquis  d'Haut- 
poul  (Paris,  Perrin),  published  by  a  great- 
grandson,  M.  E.  Hennet  de  Goutel,  is  a 
volume  of  some  interest,  though  of  no 
importance  :  the  posts  held  by  the  author 
were  more  considerable  than  his  abilities. 
Born  at  Versailles,  where  his  family  had 
gone  to  Court,  in  .January,  17S!>,  the  young 
officer  served  Napoleon  in  Spain.  His  elder 
brother  had  been  killed  at  Trafalgar,  while 
another  brother  lived  to  be  "  governor  of 
the  young  King  Henri  V.,"  that  is,  of  the 
Comte  de  Chambord,  in  exile.  D'Hautpoul 
played  his  part  under  Napoleon  in  the 
pursuit  of  the  British  during  the  retreat  to 
Coruna,  and  describes  the  fierce  altercation 
between  Ney,  who  wanted  to  attack  after 
Napoleon  hud  been  cheeked  and  had  left 
for  Paris,  and  Soult,  who  insisted  on  a  delay 
which  allowed  the  British  army  to  escape. 
D'Hautpoul    gives    a    good    short    account    of 


tin-  Peninsular  \  0   12.      I 

nt  the  expense  ol  Massena,  a-  he  had  alireadj 
praised  him  at  thai  of  Soult.  he  ascribi 
the  blunders  of  the  Prince  of  Baling  the  lo 

the   batt  le  ol    I  ta  laoo.     Th<  [uent 

turning  movement  was  based  on  the  infor- 
mation   named     by    Napier    in    words    which 

begin,  "A  peasant  told.     D'Hautpoul  relates 

the    story    in    much    detail.      Our    hero 
twice     wounded     in     hand-to-hand     fighting 

with  a  Highlander  at  Salamanca,  which  he 
calls  "  Les  Arapiles."  H<  was  then  twice 
ridden  over  by  our  cavalry,  and  afterwards 
stripped  absolutely  naked  by  the  Spaniards 

on   the   hat  tie-field.      At    t  v.  eniy-t  line    j 
of     a^c     this     distinguished     officer     was     in 
Consequence      carried      off     as      B      wounded 
private.       He     describes     the     massacre     on 

the   road   in    Portugal   by  the  peasantry  of 

those    of    his    comrades  who   could    not    pass 
muster  as  Christians.      D'Hautpoul  was  able 
to    make    the    sign    of    the    cross    correctly 
and  to  say  the  Credo,  whereon  a  scapulars- 
was    put    round    his   neck   to   preserve    him. 
At    Lisbon   he  made  himself  known   to  the 
first   British  officer  who   visited  the  prison, 
and  was  then   given   his  proper  place.     On 
the  way  to  England,  the  ship  in  -which  he 
sailed,   with  all  the  other  wounded  officers 
who   had  been  taken,   was  captured  by  an 
American  privateer  at  Christmas,  1812  ;   but 
the   captor  refused   to   charge  himself  with 
the  French,  as  he  would  have  had  to  face 
the  risk  of  landing  them  in  France,  or  else 
the  cost   of   feeding  them  at  sea.     D'Haut- 
poul   was     sent     to     various    small    towns 
in     Shropshire,    the     names    of     which     he 
never    learnt    to    spell.     After    a    miserable 
existence  on  fifteen  pence  a  day  he  suddenly 
became  a  guest  at  St.  James's  Palace,  where 
he  stayed   for   ten   days,   April-May,    1814, 
with  one  of  the   Queen's  carriages  to  take 
him  to  see  the  sights.     During  the  Hundred 
Days,     D'Hautpoul,     who     had     become     a 
Bourbon  aide-de-camp,  remained  faithful  to 
Louis  XVIII. ,  and  even  did  a  little  fighting 
against  his  old  comrades  in  South-Western 
France.     After   the  second  Restoration,   he 
again  served  in  the  Guard,  and  took  part  in 
the  expedition  to  Spain,  and  in  February, 
1830.  was  made  Director-General  of  Admin- 
istration  at   the   War   Office,    or.    in   other 
wx>rds,  Quartermaster-General  charged  with 
the   supply   of  the   expeditionary   force   for 
the    conquest   of    Algeria.     The   result   was 
that     D'Hautpoul     found     himself,     under 
Marmont,  the  second  soldier  in  Paris  at  the 
moment  of  the  Revolution  of  July.     Having 
discovered    his    chief   in    conversation    with 
Laftitte,  the  leader  of  the  revolt,  and  seen 
that   the  Marshal  was  not  trustworthy,   he 
did  his  best,  along  with  the  Governor  of  the 
Invalides,    to    defend    the    throne.     In    the 
generally  truthful  narrative,  a  little  dislike 
of    England — not    unnatural    when    we    re- 
member   the    author's    past — leads    him    at 
this  point  to  assert  that  the  first  shot  against 
the  Guards  in  the  Rue  de  Rivoli  was  fired 
by  a  Briton,  an  agent  of  our  Government, 
whose  comrades  were  scattering  money  for 
the    promotion    of    "  a    new    Revolution    in 
France."     Nevertheless  D'Hautpoul  became 
in   the   course  of  time,   a  peer   of  the   new 
Government,    but    welcomed    a    still    later 
change.     He  refused  to  serve  the   Republic 
in   1848,   but  becamo  one  of   the   principal 
agents  of  "the  Prince  President"   is    1849, 
and  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Army  of  Home  and   French  Ambassador 
to  the  Holy  See.     These   posts   he  did  not 
take     u]>.      having     suddenly     been     made 
.Minister    of    War    and    Acting    .Minister    of 
Foreign  Affairs.     On  his  fall  ho  was  chosen 
Governor-General    of    Algeria,    and,    at    the 
beginning     of    the     Crimean     War,    Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Army  of  the  South. 
In  his  last  years  he  was  Grand  Referendary 


of      : 

.int.       N 

tO    ©    He.   I      i  \\'e    find,    !  pie. 

Lord  Malville  tedly  for    Lord  H 

Ville. 

J  i       ..      Zealand  Official    I         B    /.-  for 
1908     (Wellington,     Government     Prim 
London,    Eh  ode;   ha 

already    published     m    part-,    a-     "  advu: 
sheet-,''    atid    follow-    the    u.-ual    lin« 

remarks  on   proceedings  under  the   Rat 
oil    Unimproved   Value  Act,    1896,   may  be 
oi  interest  to  politician-  here  on  account 
British    legislation    promised    for    w  ■ 
(1907).     The  explanation  of  thi    N 
land    legislation   of    1903   regulating   "n 
procal  trade''  l,  oent  with  countries 

"not   being  part  of  the  British  Dominions" 
Is  also  of  value  to  us. 

A  book  which  contain-  an  excellent 
bibliography  of  the  British  colonies  and 
federal  movement  in  the  British  Empire, 
as  well  as  much  useful  reference  to  author.- 
too  often  forgotten,  appears  under  the 
natural  and  defensible,  but  to  Britons  con- 
fusing title,  IS  Union  Britannique.  The  pub- 
lishers are  the  Librairie  Nouvelle  de  Droit 
et  de  Jurisprudence  (Arthur  Rousseau). 
We  are  apt  to  think  only  of  the  Unions  with 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  or  of  the  workhouse, 
while  M.  Paul  Houdeau  refers  to  the  British 
Empire.  The  merit  of  the  author  lies  in 
his  firm  recognition  of  the  historical  fact 
that  union  under  the  Crown,  with  full 
national  powers  to  the  white  plantations, 
was  the  ideal  of  the  English  statesmen  of 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  of  Charles  I.. 
never  wholly  lost  sight  of  till  the  dark 
period  1792-1840.  The  fault  of  Dr.  Houdeau 
is  that  he  writes,  as  politicians  speak,  with 
little  regard  to  the  responsibility  of  the 
Imperial  Parliament  of  the  United  King- 
dom towards  India,  and  the  other  portions 
of  the  Empire  across  the  seas  which  it 
governs,  and  which  pay  their  share  of 
Imperial  charges.  He  seems  to  forget  that 
the  permanent  white  "  colonial  "  element 
in  the  Empire  represents,  as  yet,  only 
some  10,000,000  people,  as  against  some 
440,000,000  ruled  from  Westminster.  The 
volume  is  a  storehouse  of  useful  doctrine. 
Frenchmen  of  the  eighteenth  century  under- 
stood Whig  principles  :  those  of  modern 
times  do  not  always  see  their  way  so  clearly 
through  our  Constitutional  maze.  Dr. 
Houdeau  writes  of  the  royal  veto  as  though 
the  old  English  veto,  exercised  on  impulse 
or  at  the  suggestion  of  a  favourite,  had 
some  analogy  with  the  modern  Imperial 
veto.  The  latter,  of  course,  would  be.  if 
used,  the  veto  of  the  Cabinet  rather  than 
of  "  the  King."  who  would  never  have  to 
"  decider  en  personne." 

MM.  Pkkkix  &  Cik..  of  Paris,  publish 
under  the  title  i::i;i}>t!<  ru  rtAiujIais  a  volume 
of  anti-English  speeches  delivered  by 
Moustafa  Blame]  Pacha,  for  whom  Madame 
Adam  has  written  a  flaming  preface.  In  it 
she  charges  Lord  Kitchener  with  atrocious 
cruelty.  The  author  is  a  very  youthful 
member  of  the  French  bar.  and  we  do  not 
quite  understand  how  it  is  that  he  ha- 
already  become  a  Pasha  under  a  Government 
of  which  he  profoundly  disapproves. 

Though  in  no  sense  autobiographical, 
Col.  Thomas  Went  worth  Higginson's  Part 
of  a  Man's  Life  (Constable  &  Co.)  tells  some- 
thing o\  his  own  experiences  and  occupations 
throughout  a  long  and  busy  career,  while  it 
chietly  serves  as  a  thread  for  much  interest- 
ing information  about  his  friends  and 
acquaintances.  The  first  of  its  fourteen 
chapters  contains  some  pleasant  gossip  con- 
cerning  the  Brook  Farm  Institute,  which 
was    -tarted    sixty-five    \  ears    n<io.    and    the 


N°  4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


135 


Boston  Transcendentalists  connected  with 
it,  especially  Hawthorne,  Thoreau,  and 
Margaret  Fuller.  To  Una  Hawthorne,  by 
whom  Col.  Higginson  was  "in  a  manner 
adopted  as  a  sort  of  brevet  relative,"  a 
separate  chapter,  and  perhaps  the  most 
welcome  in  the  volume,  is  devoted.  The 
prettiest  and  most  suggestive  chapter  is  on 
The  Child  and  his  Dreams,'  in  which  the 
writer  makes  good  use  of  quaint  sayings  of 
his  baby-friends  in  supporting  his  contention 
that  "  psychological  embryology  "  ought  to 
be  a  serious  study.  "  Why  should  we 
praise  Agassiz  for  spending  four  hours  a  day 
at  the  miscroscope,  watching  the  growth  of  a 
turtle's  egg,  and  yet  recklessly  waste  our 
opportunities  for  observing  a  far  more 
wondrous  growth  ?  "  As  a  pioneer  in  the 
now  somewhat  overdone  business  of  lectur- 
ing tours,  Col.  Higginson  had  relations  with 
Matthew  Arnold,  Froude,  and  many  other 
Englishmen,  as  well  as  with  countrymen  of 
his  own,  like  Whittier,  Charles  Sumner,  and 
Wendel  Phillips,  which  were  well  worth 
recording.  His  exploits  as  recruiting  and 
commanding  officer  of  black  troops  engaged 
in  the  American  Civil  War  of  the  sixties 
furnish  material  for  other  instructive  remi- 
niscences ;  and  the  facsimiles  of  letters  and 
portraits  with  which  the  book  is  liberally 
illustrated  add  to  its  value. 

Sea-fishing  in  its  various  forms  affords 
much  pleasure  and  some  profit  to  its  devotees, 
from  the  boy  on  the  rocks  to  the  rich  man 
who  travels  to  America  in  search  of  the 
tarpon  and  other  big  fish.  It  needs  no 
defence  ;  but  at  the  same  time  it  does  not 
gain  by  injudicious  comparison  with  fresh- 
water sport.  Mr.  F.  G.  Aflalo,  who  leads 
us  to  believe  that  he  rather  sacrificed  success 
in  examinations  to  the  delights  of  sea-fishing, 
has  in  The  Salt  of  my  Life  (Pitman)  given 
a  readable  account  of  his  experiences.  He 
has  fished  in  many  ways  over  a  great  extent 
of  sea — chiefly,  no  doubt,  about  the  English 
coast,  but  also  on  the  edge  of  the  Baltic,  in 
Italian  waters,  near  Madeira  and  Mogador, 
and  as  far  away  as  Sydney  Harbour,  Botany 
Bay,  and  other  Australian  localities.  His 
success  varied,  but  he  acquired  experience 
which  justifies  his  dealing  with  this  subject  ; 
and  if  it  be  true  that  as  a  boy  he  was  idle, 
he  has  now  produced  or  edited  a  vast  variety 
of  writing  which  certainly  entitles  him  to  be 
termed  industrious.  The  present  volume  is 
clearly  printed,  well  illustrated,  and  attrac- 
tive in  appearance. 

The  Perplexed  Parson,  by  Himself,  which 
comes  to  us  from  Messrs.  Constable,  is  a 
work  which  may  be  recommended  to  all 
who  have  any  interest  in  the  Church  and 
who  care  for  serious  lessons  conveyed  in 
humorous  form.  The  writer  is  a  man  of 
insight  and  sympathy,  as  well  as  brimful  of 
fun,  and  we  do  not  know  whether  to  praise 
more  the  serious  or  lighter  portions  of  tho 
book. 

Sa'  Zada  Tales.  By  W.  A.  Fraser.  (Nutt.) 
— This  is  a  sort  of  jungle  book  :  a  dozen  tales 
of  wild-beast  life,  as  told  by  the  animals 
themselves,  to  one  another  and  to  their 
keeper,  during  hot  evenings  in  a  zoological 
garden.  It  justifies  its  existence,  for  the 
tales  are  of  sustained  interest,  and  frequently 
indicate  close,  first-hand  observation.  The 
author  is  not  entirely  free  from  obligation 
to  Mr.  Kipling,  but,  such  as  the  obligation 
is,  it  does  not  improve  his  stories  ;  it  belongs 
rather  to  their  surface  than  to  their  essence, 
which  is  both  fresh  and  sound.  The  illus- 
trations are  good  and  spirited,  and  the 
cover  design  is  excellent.  This  is  the  very 
book  for  young  folk  in  their  early  terns, 
for  it  holds  no  hint  of  the  sacrifice  of  story 
to  psychology. 


George  Crabbe  :  Poems.  Vol.  I.  Edited 
by  A.  W.  Ward.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — This  is  the  first  volume  of  a  com- 
plete edition  of  Crabbe's  poems  under  the 
editorship  of  the  Master  of  Peterhouse.  It 
includes  a  number  of  juvenile  efforts,  taken 
from  The  Lady's  Magazine  ;  or,  Entertaining 
Companion  for  the  Fair  Sex,  of  1772,  which 
are,  however,  in  themselves  of  no  great  value, 
and  only  serve  to  make  the  edition  complete. 
Here  is  also  (printed  for  the  first  time)  the 
blank- verse  poem  called  '  Midnight,'  which 
possesses  no  special  merit,  and  is  lavishly 
adorned  with  capital  letters.  The  poems 
are  arranged  in  chronological  order,  and  the 
present  volume  extends  to  and  includes, '  The 
Borough.'  It  has  been  most  carefully  edited, 
and  contains  a  list  of  variants,  giving  the 
readings  of  the  first  editions  of  the  several 
poems  which  are  here  printed  from  the 
edition  of  1823  ;  and  a  list  of  errata,  in- 
cluding all  misprints,  slips  of  the  pen,  and 
mistakes  of  spelling  or  quotation,  which 
have  been  found  in  the  texts  here  reprinted. 
This  new  edition — excellent  in  type,  paper, 
and  binding — will  be  very  welcome  to  Crabbe 
enthusiasts,  a  small  but  select  body  ;  but 
we  fear  that  the  general  public  will  pay  little 
heed  to  it.  It  is  a  lamentable  fact  that  there 
are  still  many  educated  persons  who  are 
scarcely  aware  of  the  existence  of  such  a 
poet,  though  perhaps  the  recent  celebrations 
at  Aldeburgh  may  have  done  something  to 
lessen  their  numbers. 

Of  Crabbe's  work  little  remains  to  be  said 
now.  The  bulk  of  it  is  not  poetry,  as  we 
moderns  conceive  of  poetry  ;  indeed,  the 
sketch  or  short  story  would  nowadays  be 
the  fitting  medium  for  '  The  Parish  Register,' 
'  The  Borough,'  and  '  Tales  of  the  Hall '  ; 
but  the  convention  of  the  time  demanded 
verse,  and  the  excellence  of  the  verse  is 
indisputable.  Yet  some  of  the  lyrical  poems, 
and  in  particular  '  Sir  Eustace  Grey  '  and 
the  lines  which  precede  the  twelfth  and 
twentieth  Letters  of  '  The  Borough,'  suggest 
that  under  modern  conditions  Crabbe  might 
have  been  a  poet  in  our  modern  sense.  It 
is  difficult  in  these  days  fully  to  appreciate 
Fox's  enthusiastic  praise  of  the  story  of 
'  Phoebe  Dawson,'  but,  for  all  that,  the 
rigidly  faithful  pictures  of  village  life,  the 
condition  of  the  poor,  the  pettinesses  of 
country  towns,  and  the  rest,  are  still  absorb- 
ing to  read,  and,  in  truth,  these  things  have 
changed  but  little  since  Crabbe's  day. 

Les  Navigations  de  Pantagruel  :  Etude  sur 
la  Qeographie  Itabelaisienne.  Par  Abel 
Lefranc.  (Paris,  Leclerc.) — The  work  of 
Master  Alcofrybas  Nasier  is  yielding  up, 
one  after  another,  the  secrets  of  its  composi- 
tion, and  the  modern  reader  is  able  in  con- 
sequence to  form  a  juster  idea  of  Rabelais 
as  man  and  writer  than  has  hitherto  been 
possible.  No  one  of  recent  years  has  con- 
tributed more  to  this  result  than  M.  Lefranc, 
and  it  is  with  sincere  pleasure  that  we 
welcome  the  convincing  piece  of  work 
before  us.  And  yet,  when  one  comes  to 
think  of  it,  is  there  not  something  very 
Rabelaisian  in  the  thought  of  the  vast 
heaps  of  commentary  that  have  been  thrown 
up  round  the  little  edifice  the  master  raised, 
with  such  seeming  simplicity,  from  the  first 
materials  that  came  to  hand — the  library  of 
hot-pressed  dissertations  on  the  homely  and 
ill-printed  Lyons  chapbooks  ?  And  what 
dissertations  have  they  been — what  far- 
fetched and  impossible  interpretations  have 
been  put  on  obvkmsly  straightforward 
bits  of  fun!  Not  that  M.  Lefranc's  com- 
mentary falls  under  any  such  condemna 
tion.  it  is  of  sterling  value,  hut  for  all 
that  we  confess  we  should  have  been  glad 
to  catch  somewhere  in  his  dissertation  the 
twinkle    which    betrays    comprehension    <>f 


what  Rabelais  would  have  thought  of  it  all. 
When  the  history  of  Pantagruel  was  in 
writing  all  France  was  agog  with  the  great 
movement  of  the  WTest — the  transference  of 
trade  from  the  land  route  by  Venice  and  the 
Levant  to  the  sea.  Ships  were  fitted  out 
year  after  year,  by  great  merchants  and  by 
princes,  in  search  of  some  new  route  to  China 
and  the  East.  This  preoccupation  is  re- 
flected in  the  book.  Pantagruel  in  the 
second  book  voyages  by  sea  to  Utopia  and 
beyond,  and  at  its  close  the  theme  of  the 
ensuing  story  is  announced  as  another 
heroic  voyage,  ending  in  his  marriage  with 
Prester  John's  daughter.  The  third  book 
(1542),  abandoning  the  itinerary  sketched 
out,  ends  by  starting  him  on  another  voyage, 
which  the  fourth  (1552)  describes  in  part, 
and  the  fifth  (1563)  leaves  unfinished.  M. 
Lefranc's  thesis  is  that  these  voyages  can 
be  traced  on  contemporary  maps  from  point 
to  point — that  his  islands  and  points  of  call 
are  places,  real  or  imagined,  described  by 
the  geographers  and  cartographers  of  his 
time.  The  first  voyage  to  Utopia  (ii.  25), 
for  example,  is  traced  thus  : — Paris,  Rouen, 
Honfleur  (where  the  embarkation  takes 
place),  then  with  a  N.N.W.  wind  to  Porto 
Santo,  Madeira,  the  Canaries  (where  they 
careen),  Cape  Blanco,  Senegal,  Cape  Verde, 
Gambia,  Cape  Sagre  and  Melli  (near  Las 
Palmas),  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Melinde  (near  Mombassa)  ; 
thence,  with  a  S.  wind,  to  Medina  (wrongly 
placed)  and  to  Aden.  Here,  knowing  from 
More  that  Utopia  lies  somewhere  between 
America  and  Ceylon,  M.  Lefranc  recognizes 
Gelasim  in  Zeilam  (the  native  name  of 
Ceylon,  according  to  the  maps),  and  the 
isle  of  Phees  in  the  Sunda  Archipelago, 
figured  in  early  charts  with  a  crowned 
woman.  Arriving  at  Achoria,  the  nearest 
neighbour  of  Utopia  (More),  Pantagruel 
crosses  into  Utopia,  and  fights  the  great 
battle  with  the  Dipsodes. 

The    voyage    promised    in    Book   II.    was 
thus    described  :      "  et    comment    il    naviga 
par  la  mer  Athlanticque,  et  deffit  les  Cani- 
bales  et  conquesta  les  isles  de  Perlas,  com- 
ment il  epousa  la  fille  du  roy  de  Inde  dit 
Prestre   Jehan."     Pantagruel,   in   fact,   was 
to  follow  the  route  to  Cathay — the  kingdom 
of   Prester   John — which   was   being   sought 
out  by  the  navigators  of  his  time,  by  way 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.    The  Pearl  Islands  are 
not  those  now  so  called,  but  are  the  Lesser 
Antilles.     In  the  interval  between  the  pub- 
lication of  this  book  and  that  of  the  fourth 
it  became  evident  that  no  passage  existed 
through   Central   America,   and   accordingly 
the  plan  is  dropped  without  a  word,  and  1552 
finds  Pantagruel  engaged   in  the  enterprise 
where     so     many     failed — the     North-West 
Passage.      It   is   to   the   elucidation   of   this 
voyage,  to  which  he  even  ventures  to  put 
a  date,  that  M.  Lefranc  devotes  the  greater 
part  of  his  book,  and  his  argument  seems 
to    us    in    its    main    features    incontestable. 
But  he  has  not  limited  himself  to  this  :    a 
hundred    incidental    points    are    raised    and 
settled,  and  valuable  hints  arc  given  as  to 
the  meaning  of  the  differences  and  additions 
made  in  successive  editions  by  the  author 
— changes    generally    neglected    by    editors. 
Especially  valuable  in  this  connexion  is  the 
proof  that  M.  Lefranc's  work  affords  of  the 
substantial  authenticity  of  the  posthumous 
fifth  book.      No  one.  of  course,  contests  the 
presence   in   it    of  editorial   alterations,   and, 
indeed,  of  a   few  interpolations;    but  it  is 
satisfactory  to  have  a  new  argument   intro- 
duced into  a  controversy  where  the  literary 
critics  have  been  On  one  side  and  the  textual 
on  1  he  ot  her. 

Among  the  most  interesting  of  the  iden- 
tifications proposed  are  those  of  Jamet 
Brayer,    the    pilot,    and    Xenomanes    the 


l.;i; 


T  II  R     A  Til  EN  .Kl'  M 


N    1084,  Fkii.  ■•;.  1906 


hydrographer,    "the    traverser    ol    perilovw 

.laim  I    I  \vn\  .  r  i-  t  he  Union  .hie  ■ 

i      1 1.  i .    i  he   >ii-'-"\  •  i    "i    i  lunula,   and    i  he 

i        i      famo  ■  .  h     >iul">r     "i     In-     day  : 

\  •  omanee  \a  Jean  Alfonae  "i  Baint*  i 
wh,.  had  composed  a  oosTOOgraphy  "For 
tin-  king's  service,  and  lnul  been  pilot  to 
tin-  explorer  Roberval.  M.  Lefranc  brings 
to  lighl  11  passage  written,  it  Is  true,  more 
than  half  a  oentury  later  proving  Rabe- 
[ais'e  acquaintance  with  Carrier,  and  his 
familiarity  with  St.  Malo  (Sammalo)  and  its 
suburb  Thalard  (Thalaase). 

No  more  valuable  pure  of  Rabelais 
criticism  lui-  been  published  for  many  a 
day,  and  we  venture  to  predict  thai  it  will 
send  mnn\  students,  as  it  has  si-nt  us.  back 
to  the  master  with  a  renewed  interest  in, 
and  11  clearer  understanding  of  the  'Naviga- 
tions of  Pantagruel.' 

Tb  Hammersmith  Publishing  Society 
Bends  11-  two  slim,  beautifully  printed  brief 
books,  one  containing  a  paper  by  Mr.  T.  J. 
Cobden-Sanderson  on  Tru  Arts  and  ('raits 
M  >■!.  some  results  of  which  we  consider 

this  week  ;  the  other  an  address  on  Homer, 
delivered  last  March  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Mackail 
on  behalf  of  the  Independent  Labour  Party. 
Tlic  first  occupies  39  pages,  the  second  47, 
of  large,  generous  type.  Was  it  worth 
while  to  publish  in  so  elaborate  a  form  two 
brief  papers,  interesting  as  they  are  ?  Two 
or  three  added  to  these  two  would  have 
made  a  substantial  book,  and  all  might 
have  been  the  exposition  of  some  ideal. 
Mr.  Cobden-Sanderson,  though  he  includes 
some  interesting  historic  and  personal 
touches,  deals  mainly  with  the  spirit  of  the 
movement.  Mr.  Mackail  does  not  consider 
the  main  question  scholars  ask  about  Homer, 
but  he  spoke,  we  presume,  to  the  ignorant 
rich  of  Kensington,  who  will,  we  hope,  buy 
his  address  in  this  elegant  form.  We  should 
dispute  his  positions  here  and  there,  but  to 
hit  off  Homer  in  a  single  lecture  dogmatism 
is  probably  necessary. 

Lippincotfs  New  Gazetteer  of  the  World, 
edited  by  Angelo  and  Louis  Heilprin, 
contains  a  vast  amount  of  carefully  printed 
information  in  its  2,053  pages,  which  we 
have  found  generally  accurate.  The  '  Gazet- 
teer '  covers  the  world,  and  has  been  before 
the  public  now  for  half  a  contury,  so  that 
its  reputation  is  secure.  One  cannot  have 
everything  in  a  single  volume,  and  we 
notice  that  the  editors  have  worked  with  a 
special  eye  to  the  United  States.  Why,  an 
Englishman  may  ask,  should  Chismville,  a 
post -village  of  Logan  co.,  Ark.,  be  included, 
with  its  100  inhabitants,  and  no  record  be 
made  of  many  English  villages  with  a  larger 
population  and  some  special  historic  claim, 
e.<j.  Chenies  I  This  is  in  accordance  with 
the  scheme  of  the  work  that  "  almost  every 
cluster  of  houses  that  in  this  country  [the 
United  States  |  deserves  the  name  of  hamlet 
is  supposed  to  figure  in  the  pages  of  the 
'Gazetteer.''  Hut-  this  admirable  feature 
of  the  book  might  fairly  have  been  supple- 
mented by  the  nanus  of  all  places  in  Kngland 
which  have  over  1,000  inhabitants.  All 
the  modern  advances  of  geography  are 
capably  exhibited,  as  might  have  been  ex- 
pected from  the  editors.  The  volume  has 
the  further  merit  of  being  bound  in  a  solid 
style.  The  title-page  bears  the  imprint 
"  London,  .).  B.  Lippincott  Company,"  so 
one  fairly  expects  a  work  adequate  on  the 
English  side. 

.Missus.  Blackik's  Standard  Dictionary 
appeals  in  the  elegant  binding  associated 
with  their  "Red  Letter"  Shakepeare,  in 
which  they  send  us  Macbeth  and  The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew,  both  edited  by  the  capable 
hand  of  Mr.  E.  K.  Chambers.     A  dictionary 


produced   in   such  a  style   i-  a   novelty,  but 

rather  a  ■. d  idea,  as  it   can  figure  among 

the   book     "i    the   boudoir,   and    may   o* 
Bionally     perhaps,     if     consulted,    save    the 

lisn  language  from  maltreatment.     The 
volume    before    tie    haa    the    advantagi       .-i 
moderate    hzj    and  weight.     It  does  not   in 
olude  "  l.i n  and  two  or  t  hree  ol  her 

words  for  which  we  have  looked.     Tht   Last 

iys  of   Elia,   introduced   bj    Mr.    Birrell, 
and    Calverley'a     Verses    and    Translai 

introduced  by  Mr.  Owen  Seaman,  are  sun 
to  be  popular  members  of  "  The  Red  Letter 
Library"  of  the  same  firm.  Mr.  Seaman- 
tribute  is  generous,  and,  W8  think,  just,  and 

all  the  more  interesting  as  coming  from  the 

craftsman  who  has  caught  and  handed  on 
to  a  less  classical  generation  much  of 
Calverley'a  charm,  adding  thereto  an  amaz- 
ing cleverness  which  i>  all  his  own. 

We  again  accord  a  welcome  to  the  Record 
of  the  meetings  of  the  Upper  Norwood 
Athenaeum.  It  has  now  for  twenty-nine 
years  carried  on  its  useful  rambles  to  places 
of  historical  interest  in  and  near  London. 
Sir  .John  Soane's  Museum  was  visited  last 
session,  and  Allhallows,  Barking,  celebrated 
for  its  brasses,  was  the  subject  of  the  second 
winter  visit,  under  the  guidance  of  Mr. 
Theophilus  Pitt,  the  careful  editor  of  the 
'Record.'  The  sixth  President  of  the  United 
States,  J.  Quincy  Adams,  was  married  there 
on  the  26th  of  July,  1797.  Among  the 
summer  rambles  we  note  visits  to  Maidstone, 
Greenwich,  when  the  Vicar  of  St.  Alphege, 
the  Rev.  S.  Marty n  Bardsley,  gave  an  account 
of  the  church  and  showed  the  register  of  the 
burial  of  General  Wolfe  in  17.39,  and  also  his 
grave  in  the  crypt ;  and  Theobalds  and 
Cheshunt.  At  Theobalds  old  friendship  was 
renewed  with  Temple  Bar.  We  are  sorry  to 
find  from  the  remarks  made  by  Mr.  Frank 
E.  Spiers,  who  took  the  chair  at  the  annual 
dinner,  that  "  the  Society  was  not  going 
quite  so  strongly  as  in  its  earlier  days," 
and  we  hope  that  this  weakness  will  only 
be  temporary.  The  'Record'  is  well 
illustrated. 


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Humph 

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(faultier  (P.),  Le  Hire  et  Is  Caricature,  Sfr.  50. 
II. .1-1, -de  de  Groot  (Dr.  ('.).  Die  Irkunden  uher  Hemlu-.indt, 
1676-1711. 

Bihlunjrnphu. 
Bevista  de  Bfbliografla  Catalana,  Third  Ye;ir.  12fr.  TiO. 


NM084,  Feb.  3,  1900 


Til  K     ATII  KXiEUM 


187 


History  and  Biography. 
Ohevillet  (.).),  Ma  Vie  Militate,  1800-10,  Sfr.  50. 
Oroy  (Din-  de),  Journal  lnulit,  1718-84,  i  vols.,  I5fr. 
Dujardin    (E.),    La   Source    <lu    1- leave    Chretien:    I.    Lg 

JudaLsine,  3fr.  50. 
Grimal(J.),  La  Guerre  de  I870«t  ses  Bnseignaments, 3fr.  r>0. 
Kleinschmidt  (Dr.  A.),  Aiualie  von  Oranien,  5m. 
Lallemand  (L.),  Histoire  <le  la  t'harite  :  Vol.  III.  Le  Moyen 

Age,  7fr.  50. 
Marion  (.M.).    La    Garde    dea   Sceaux:    Lamoigiron    et   la 

Refdiiiit'  Judiciaire  de  17S8,  Mr. 
Noel  (().),    Histoire   du   Commerce   du    Monde  depuis    les 

Temps  les  plus  Recifles,  Vol.  III.,  20ft-. 

Folk-lore. 
Reinaeh  (S.),  Cultes,  Mythes,  et  Religions,  Vol.  II.,  7fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Preud'lioinine  (L.),  C.  Suetoni  Tranquille  de  Vita  Csesarum, 
Libvi  VIII.,  2fl.  25. 

General  Literature. 

Bordeaux  (H.),  Les  Roquevillards,  Sfr.  50. 

Rfefcemaeckers  (H.),  Will,  Trinnn  &  Co.,  3fr.  50. 

Mayac,  Cendra,  3fr.  50. 

Rameau  (J.),  La  Bonne  Etoile,  3fr.  50. 

Renion(M.),  La  Retraite,  3fr.  50. 

Revel  (J.),  Terriens,  3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  "■ill  be  included  in  tin'*  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
SOldi II  I    Hunk*. 


TWO  VERSIONS   FROM   THE   OLD  IRISH. 

[These  songs  are  literal  verse  renderings,  in  imitation  of  the 
original  metre,  of  Prof.  Kuno  Meyer's  translations  of 
two  very  early  Irish  nature  poems  in  'Four  Old  Irish 
Songs  of  Summer  and  Winter'  (Nutt). ] 

WINTER  SONG. 

Cold,  cold  until  Doom  ! 
The  storm  goes  gathering  gloom  ; 
Each  flashing  furrow  a  stream  ; 
A  full  lake  every  ford  in  the  coom. 

Sea  large  are  the  scowling  lakes  ; 
Thin  sleet-spears  swell  to  an  host  ; 
Light  rains  clash  as  shields  on  the  coast ; 
Like  a  white  wether's  fleece  fall  the  flakes. 

The  roadside  pools  are  as  ponds  ; 
Each  moor  like  a  forest  uplifts  ; 
N'i  shelter  the  bird-Hock  finds  ; 
Breech  high  the  stark  snow  drifts. 

Swift  frost  hath  the  ways  in  his  hold, 
Keen  the  strife  round  Colt's  standing  stone  ! 
And  the  tempest  so  stretches  her  fold, 
That  none  can  cry  aught  but  "  Cold  !  " 

SUMMER  SONG. 

SUMMER  's  here  !  free,  balm-blowing  ; 
Down  the  brown  wood  verdure  's  glowing  ; 
Slim,  nimble  deer  are  leaping  ; 
Smooth  the  path  of  seals*  is  showing. 

Cuckoos  make  mellow  music  ; 
There  is  soft,  restful  slumber  ; 
Gentle  birds  glance  on  the  hill-side, 
And  swift  grey  stags  in  number. 

Restless  run  the  deer — behind  them 
Pours  the  cuiled  pack,  tuneful  baying; 
From  end  to  end  laughs  the  strand, 
Where  the  excited  sea  is  spraying. 

Playful  breezes  through  the  tops, 
Drum  Daill.  of  your  black  oaks  welter  ; 
While  the  noble,  hornless  herdf 
Sick  in  Cuan  wood  a  shelter. 

Every  herb  begins  to  sprout  ; 
The  oakwood  tups  with  green  abound  ; 
Summer  's  in,  winter  's  out  ! 
Twisted  hollies  wound  the  hound. 

Loud  the  blackbird  pipes  his  lay, 
The  live  wood's  heir  from  May  to  May  ; 
The  excited  sea  is  lulled  to  sleep  ; 
In  air  the  speckled  salmon  leap. 

The  sun  smiles  over  every  land  ; 

'I'o  the  brood  of  cares  the  back  of  my  hand  ! 

Hounds  bark,  tryst  the  deer, 

Ravens  flourish,  summer's  here. 

Ai.i  kid  l*i  i:i  r.v.w.  Graves. 


■  The  pal  li  of  seals    the  tea. 

t    Hornless  held      «  [Id  1 1 ■  •  t    • 


EDUCATION    IN    THE    CHANNEL 
ISLANDS. 

There  are  public  elementary  schools  in 
four  of  these  islands — Jersey,  Guernsey, 
Sark,  and  Alderney  (the  last  being  closely 
connected  for  purposes  of  civil  and  ecclesi- 
astical administration,  with  Guernsey).  Both 
in  Jersey  and  Guernsey  these  schools  are 
controlled  by  education  committees  of  the 
States  of  the  island,  and  in  neither  case  does 
the  island  code  exactly  agree  with  the 
English  one.  Before  the  year  1871  or  1872 
the  public  elementary  schools  of  Jersey, 
Guernsey,  and  Alderney  were  inspected 
annually  by  H.M.  inspectors  acting  under 
the  Education  Department  in  Whitehall, 
and  in  accordance  witli  the  English  codes. 
In  later  years  the  connexion  between  White- 
hall and  the  elementary  education  of 
Guernsey  and  Alderney  was  severed  ;  and 
it  never  existed  in  Sark.  The  Board  of 
Education,  however,  still  maintains  control 
over  primary  education  in  Jersey,  although 
the  cost  of  inspection  and  maintenance 
of  schools  is  entirely  defrayed  by  the  States 
of  the  island.  The  States  of  Jersey  have 
always  desired  to  maintain  their  schools  at 
a  satisfactory  level  of  efficiency  ;  and  the 
reports  of  H.M.  inspectors  show  that,  in 
spite  of  great  local  difficulties,  the  schools 
subsidized  by  the  States  are  not  far  be- 
hind the  corresponding  schools  in  England. 
These  difficulties  are  largely  and  naturally 
due  to  the  isolation  of  the  schools,  and  con- 
sequent difficulty  of  finding  and  training 
competent  teachers.  The  pupil  teachers' 
central  school  will,  however,  certainly 
obviate  this  difficulty  in  the  future.  There 
are  in  the  island  a  considerable  number  of 
schools  under  Roman  Catholic  management 
which  receive  no  grant  from  the  States, 
and  correspond  to  the  now  almost  obsolete 
"  Certified  Efficient  "  schools  of  English 
codes.  These  are  not  quite  bad  enough  for 
condemnation,  and  hardly  good  enough  for 
recognition,  but  are  a  weak  part  of  the 
system  of  public  elementary  instruction  in 
the  island. 

Victoria  College,  Jersey,  opened  in  1852, 
is  a  secondary  school  of  highest  grade,  has 
in  its  gift  numerous  scholarships  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  and  offers  to  its  boys  a 
comprehensive  curriculum,  leading  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  Universities,  and  in  the 
naval,  military,  and  civil  services.  But  we 
are  not  aware  of  the  existence  in  the  island 
of  a  public  secondary  school  for  girls  of 
equal  stattis,  although  there  are  girls' 
scbools  recognized  by  the  Registration 
Council. 

The  history  of  modern  education  in 
Guernsey  is  different  from  that  in  the  larger 
island.  After  the  severance  of  connexion 
of  Guernsey  and  Alderney  with  Whitehall 
about  1872,  the  efficiency  of  the  elementary 
schools  seems  to  have  declined  considerably  ; 
and  to  promote  their  welfare,  and  also  to 
prepare  scholars  for  the  secondary  instruc- 
tion of  Elizabeth  College,  the  boys'  inter- 
mediate school  in  St.  Peter-Port  was  founded 
in  1883,  and  a  corresponding  intermediate 
school  for  girls  twelve  years  later.  There 
are,  we  believe,  twenty-four  scholarships  in 
each  intermediate  school  tenable  by  scholars 
from   primary  schools ;    and   diligent    hoys 

pass  wit  It  scholarships  info  Elizabel  h  ( iOllege, 
so  that  we  read  in  the  '  Ap| icndiee  du  I'illot 
d'Etat  pour  Le  22  Novembre,  l!H>.r>':  "the 
progress  of  able  hoys  is  liberally  facilitated 
by  scholarships.  But  the  treatment  of 
studious,  able  girls  is  not  so  generous  ;  girls 
hold  States  scholarships  in  the  intermediate 

(girls')  school,  hut  there  are  no  scholarships 
from  this  to  any  higher  school  or  college." 


Some  eight  or  ten  year  ago  the  States  of 
Guernsey  determined  to  reorganize  and 
improve  their  public  elementary  schools, 
and  to  place  them  on  a  per  nanent  and 
better  basis  ;  and  they  very  wisely  in- 
structed Mr.  Munday,  now  States  Inspector 
and  Secretary  to  the  Education  Committee, 
to  report  on  the  condition  (1898)  of  ele- 
mentary instruction.  Mr.  Munday's  report 
disclosed  an  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs, 
which  to  a  considerable  extent  depended  on 
the  dearth  of  qualified  teachers.  The  States 
and  the  Education  Committee  betook  them- 
selves with  considerable  vigour  and  deter- 
mination to  the  task  of  the  reformation  and 
reorganization  of  their  system.  By  the 
order  in  Council  of  March  7th,  1903,  the 
teaching  (including  religious  instruction)  in 
primary  schools  is  determined,  and  the 
general  cost  of  maintaining  the  public  ele- 
mentary schools  of  the  island  is  distributed 
between  the  States  and  the  committees  of 
the  parishes  in  which  the  schools  are  situated. 
A  judiciously  compiled  code  of  regulations 
controls  and  directs  the  work  in  schools  ; 
and  it  has  been  enacted  that  every  third 
year  "  des  inspect  eurs  speciaux  "  shall  visit 
the  schools  and  report  on  their  condition  to 
the  Education  Committee  of  the  States, 
annual  visits  of  inspection  being  paid  by 
"  l'inspecteur  de  1'instruction  primaire." 
The  States  have,  it  is  clear,  thought  out 
the  best  means  to  ensure  the  efficiency 
of  their  schools  ;  but  they  have  overlooked 
the  great  advantage  of  two  consecutive 
annual  visits  from  a  special  inspector,  for 
two  special  inspections  are  very  much  more 
than  twice  as  effective  as  a  single  isolated 
one.  Two  visits  of  special  inspection  have 
already  been  paid  :  by  H.M.  divisional 
inspectors  Mr.  E.  M.  Iveimev-Herbert  in 
1902,  and  Mr.  T.  W.  Danby  in  1905.  Both 
these  gentlemen  report  favourably  of  the 
progress  made  in  primary  schools  under  the 
existing  regime  ;  and  this  is  no  doubt  closely 
connected  with  the  very  efficient  and  judi- 
cious teaching  of  pupil-teaehers  under  the 
general  supervision  of  Miss  Mellish,  "  the 
distinguished  principal  of  the  Ladies'  Col- 
lege." 

The  teaching  of  French  is  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  schools  of  Jersey  and  Guernsey; 
and  in  this  subject  Guernsey  is  ahead  of 
Jersey — rather  an  unlooked-for  result,  as  we 
should  have  expected  English  to  gain  a  more 
marked  predominance  in  the  smaller  island 
on  account  of  the  greater  influence  of 
the  English-speaking  capital.  It  is  now 
usual  in  the  rural  schools  of  Guernsey 
to  find  young  scholars  at  admission 
speaking  only  the  old  Norman  home  lan- 
guage, modern  French  being  almost  as  un- 
familiar a  foreign  tongue  to  them  as  English. 
In  the  country  schools  the  teaching  of 
English  is  a  difficulty  ;  in  the  town  schools, 
of  French  ;  but  the  acquiring  of  both  lan- 
guages colloquially  is  to  many  scholars  of 
the  greatest  utility. 

Training  in  art  and  practical  science  needs 
development  in  both  islands,  and  Mr.  Danby 

(1905)  states  that  the  education  of  Guernsey 
as  a  whole  "  is  weak  on  the  technical  side." 
He  advocates  the  foundation  of  a  techno- 
logical high  school  in  which  scholars  of  both 

sexes  could  receive  instruction  equivalent  to 
the  first-rate  training  now  obtainable  in 
Elizabeth  College.     The  curriculum  in  such 

a  school  should  be  threefold,  "including 
modern  languages  :  applied  science,  bio- 
logical and  uon  biological  ;  arts  and  handi- 
crafts ;  all  subjects  to  he  treated  with  special 
reference  to  their  use  to  persons  engaged  in 
agriculture,  Commerce,  and  industry."  This 
scheme  of  technological  education  is  feasible, 
and  if  realized  would  bo  an  interesting,  and. 
we  incline  to  think,  a  successful   experiment. 


138 


T  II  E     AT  II  EN  A.\-  M 


N    1084,  Fk 


1906 


THB    swinhiN    CHARTER8. 

i-.  ,-■■,. '    B.W, 

Is  yova  columns  of  Ootober  21s1  there 
appeared  ■  review  ol  Bir  Archibald  Lawrie'i 
most  iis.iul  book  '  Early  Scottish  Charters, ' 
in  which  the  reviewer,  commenting  on  Bir 

Xrchiimld's  imics  on  King  David's  chaii 
of  the  lands  of  Swinton  to  his  knight  Eernnlf, 

aid  : — 

"  8ir  Arohibald  thinks  thai  the  phrases  '  huio 
meo  militi  Hernulfo '  and  '  Arnulfo  isti  meo  militi' 
.in-  too  oontemptuous  to  have  been  applied  to  a 
knight,  and  that  milet  means  here  merely  a  soldier, 
■niic  of  the  King's  Drengs.'  A  still  more  serious 
point,  In-  hesitates  to  admit  tin'  oharters  them- 
selves as  genuine:  -'I  sospeot  thai  they  were 
forged  by  the  nn'iiks  to  rapport  the  claim'-  of  the 
Churoh  on  the  land  of  Swinton.'" 

On  November  25th  you  printed  a  further 
communication  from  the  l ('viewer,  in  which, 
after  pointing  out  that  had  lie,  when  he 
wrote  the  review,  known  that  Sir  Archibald 
condemned  the  charters  without  inspecting 
the  originals,  he  would  "  have  commented 
upon  the  degree  in  which  this  fact  lessens 
the  weight  of  Sir  Archibald's  suspicion,"  he 
concluded  : — J 

"It  Lb  of  great  importance  that  the  question  he 
has  raised  about  the  Swinton  charters  should  he 
settled  one  May  or  other,  if  possible,  by  the 
scrutiny  of  palaeographers  and  other  experts. 

Perhaps  I  may  be  allowed  to  explain  that 
the  reason  why  the  genuineness  of  two 
charters  referring  to  an  inconsiderable 
family  can  be  dignified  as  "of  great  im- 
portance "  is  because  they  comprise,  so  far 
as  Scotland  is  concerned  (I  do  not  know 
if  anything  can  be  shown  earlier  in  England), 
the  earliest  grant  of  inheritance  which  has 
been  preserved  to  us  ;  also  because  we  have 
in  them  the  first  appearance  of  Walter 
Fitz  Alan,  the  founder  of  the  royal  house  of 
Stewart,  and  perhaps  the  first  mention  of  a 
Scotsman  bearing  knighthood.  It  has  neces- 
sarily taken  some  time  to  consult  the  most 
competent  authorities,  but  I  now  beg  to  be 
permitted  to  put  forward  the  opinions  of 
experts. 

Dr.  Warner,  the  head  of  the  Manuscript 
Department  of  the  British  Museum,  allows 
me  to  quote  him  as  follows  : — 

"I  have  carefully  examined  the  two  Durham 
charters  of  David,  King  of  the  Scots,  relating  to 
Swinton,  and  from  the  palseographical  point  of 
view  I  see  no  reason  for  doubting  their  authen- 
ticity. The  handwriting,  though  it  differs  in  the 
two  documents,  is  in  both  eases  that  of  the  period, 
and  the  seals  appear  to  be  perfectly  genuine.  My 
colleague  Dr.  Ken  von,  to  whom  I  have  shown 
them,  agrees  with  this  opinion.'' 

Mr.  H.  J.  Ellis,  also  of  the  MS.  Depart- 
ment of  the  Museum,  writes  : — 

"Not  only  do  I  agree  with  Drs.  Warner  and 
Kenyan  that   from   the  palaeographies.]    point   of 

view  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  these  charters, 
but  I  hold  that  the  internal  evidence  all  points  to 
their   genuineness.      Taken    together,    they   are    an 

interesting  illustration  of  the  development  of  early 
Feudal  landowning,  a  lease  for  two  hves  in  the  first 
being  subsequently  changed  to  s  holding  in  fee  and 
heritage  in  the  second.  There  is  no  justification 
for  reading  an  expression  of  contempt  in  'huio 
meo  militi 'or  'isti  meo  militi.'  It  was  a  common 
formula  in  grants  of  this  early  period,  the  '  Imic  ' 
or  the  'isti'  emphasising  the  personal  connexion 

between     the     two     men.    and     showing     that     the 

grantee  was  present  before  his  lord  in  the  curia. 
"Miles'  does  not  mean  'soldier,'  but  usually  a 
man    who    holds    by    knight's    service.      The    word 

'baronibus1  in  the  earlier  charter,  '  tenere si.  ut 

ulluB    ex     meis    baronibus tenet de    Saneto 

Cuthberto  el  de  me,'  shows  us  Hernulfs  tank. 
Compare  another  royal  charter  of  the  same  period. 

King   Stephen,    in   making   Geoffrey  de   Mandeville 

Earl  of  Essex,  says :  ' quod  ipse  et  heredes  Bui 

post  eum  hereditario  jure  teneant  de  me sioul 

dii  oomites  mei  de  terra  mea 


Mr.   Mnitlund  Thomson,  the  bend  of  the 
lb  <"i  i.  id  i ».  pun  in  .ut  in  t  be  i'>'  gi  ■■  '  ii 
in  Edinburgh,  layt  :  — 

"  I  a  bo  have  seen  David  I.'s  ih.ii  ti  i  s  c,|    Swinton 

at  Durham,  and  am  quit  d  that  they  are  of 

David  Is  tun, .  and  see  do  reason  to  doubt  that 
they  are  genuine  oharten  of  that  king. 

Lastly,    Canon    Greenwell,    the    \-- 
antiquary  who  has  ho  long  had  oharge  of  the 
muniments  of  Durham,  writes: — 

"  I  have  iiio-i  i  an  lulls  examined  them  on  many 
I  ions,  and  with  more  than  ordinary  caution 
-HUM-  doubt  has  been  thrown  on  them  by  Sir 
Arohibald.  in  their  contents  I  see  nothing  to 
•  any  doubt  as  to  their  authenticity  ;  and  with 
regard  to  the  documents  themselves,  in  their 
writing,  the  quality  of  the  parchment,  and  their 
appearance  generally,  those  qualities  are  such  as 

to  make  their  genuineness  as  certain  as  any  similar 
document   can   claim   to   be.      in  addition,  they  are 

accompanied   by  seals  which    unquestionably  are 

impressions   from    the    same   matrix    as  that   which 

produced  the  other  seals  of  David  in  our  Treasury. 

They  have  also  Keen  examined  by  several  persons 
competent  to  judge  as  to  the  nature  of  early 
charters,  and  I  have  never  heard  a  word  of  sus- 
picion against  them." 

Such  a  consensus  of  expert  opinion  hardly 
requires  further  support,  but  I  may  add 
this  contributory  evidence.  The  knight 
whose  name  was  variously  written  Hernulf, 
Arnolf,  and  Ernald — every  student  of  the 
period  knows  that  these  are  but  variations 
of  the  same  name — undoubtedly  got  the 
lands  of  Swinton.  On  three  other  occasions 
he  appears  in  the  vicinity,  witnessing — and 
high  up  among  the  witnesses — grants  by 
the  third  Earl  Cospatric  as  "  Ernaldo  " 
(Raine,  Ch.  cxii.),  "Ernald  milite  "  (Raine, 
Ch.  cxiii.),  and  "  Ern'  de  Swinet'  "  ('  Cartu- 
lary of  Coldstream  ').  And  there  have  been 
(de)  Swintons  ever  since. 

I  trust  that  Sir  Archibald  Lawrie's  sus- 
picions will  now  be  allayed,  and  that  in  any 
future  edition  of  his  invaluable  book  the 
notes  relating  to  these  two  charters  will  be 
rewritten. 

George  S.  C.  Swinton. 


ICifcrnrn  (Bnssip, 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  this  spring  a 
work  entitled  '  Bossism  and  Monopoly,' 
by  Mr.  T.  C.  Spelling.  It  describes 
minutely  the  trust  system  in  the  United 
States,  and  emphasizes  its  dangers. 
Among  the  subjects  of  the  chapters  are 
the  following :  the  general  monopoly  and 
trust  situation ;  partnerships  between 
party  bosses  and  monopoly ;  how  to 
overthrow  party  bosses  ;  abuses  of  privi- 
lege by  municipal-service  monopolies ; 
the  advantages  of  municipal  ownership; 
abuses  by  railroads  in  private  hands; 
remedies  and  proposed  remedies ;  and  the 
feasibility  and  advantages  of  Government 
ownership. 

Mr.  James  Blyth's  new  novel,  '  The 
Same  Clay,'  will  be  published  at  the  end 
of  February  by  E.  Grant  Richards.  Like 
Mr.  Blyth's  former  books,  this  deals  witli 
life  in  East  Anglia. 

The  '  Life  of  the  Ninth  Earl  of  Argyll,' 
upon  which  the  Rev.  J.  Willcock  has  long 
been  occupied,  is  approaching  completion. 
It  will  form  as  large  a  volume  as  the  life 
of  his  father,  the  "  great  Marquess," 
published  by  the  same  writer  in  1903.  The 
book  will  be  illustrated  with  some  engrav- 


ing- from  contemporary  print-,  and  will 
contain  much  new  historical  matter  Eron 

tin-  family  an  In 

A     M.w     DOVel     i-     announced     by     Mr. 

ESdwin  Elliott,  entitled  '  Ban 

Story  of  a  Modern    Knight    Knant 

published  by  Mi.  Elliot  Stock.    The  si 

is   founded    on    the    effort!    of   a    band    Of 
young    Oxford    idealists    to    improve    • 
character  and   -tatu-  of  the  working  man 
by  taking  part  m  industrial  undertakings. 

Thk   .syllabus  of  the   National   Literary 

Society  of  Ireland  announces  the  foil' 
ing  Lectures  :    '  The  Irish  Peasant  and 

Stage,'  by  Dr.  George  Sigerson  ;  About 
College  Green  in  the  l>a\-  of  Elizabeth 
and  James,'  by  Dr.  J.  P.  Mahaffy  ;  '  The 
Heroic  Romances  of  Ireland,'  by  Mr. 
T.  W.  Rolleston  ;  '  Burns  as  an  Adapter 
of  Irish  Melodies,'  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Grattan 
Flood  ;  '  Irish  Portraits,'  by  Mr.  W. 
Strickland,  Registrar  of  the  National 
Gallery  ;  '  The  "  Discussions  "  of  George 
Bernard  Shaw,'  by  Mr.  M.  K.  Tarpev  ; 
'  Irish  Street  Ballads,'  by  Mr.  P.  J.  McCall  ; 
'  An  Irishman's  Tour  through  South 
Africa,'  by  Mr.  Commissioner  Bailey  ; 
and  '  The  Life  and  Writings  of  Charles 
Lever,'  a  centenary  tribute  by  Mr.  W.  A. 
Henderson. 

We  hear  with  regret  of  the  death  last 
Sunday,  at  Hampstead,  of  Mr.  Harry 
L.  D.  Ward  (late  of  the  Manuscript - 
Department  in  the  British  Museum),  in 
his  eighty-first  year.  He  was  a  man  of 
rare  abilities  and  exceptional  powers  of 
research,  and  the  published  work  that  he 
performed  for  the  Trustees,  although  not 
large  in  quantity,  was  of  the  highest 
quality.  He  will  be  remembered  in  the 
world  of  letters  by  his  '  Catalogue  of 
Romances,'  which  first  made  clear  the 
treasures  of  the  MS.  Romance  collections  in 
the  British  Museum.  His  '  Catalogue  of  Ice- 
landic MSS.'  still  awaits  publication.  As 
the  son  of  a  late  Dean  of  Lincoln,  Mr. 
Ward,  in  his  earlier  days,  met  and  mixed 
with  many  notable  literati,  and  his  remi- 
niscences of  the  illustrious  people  with 
whom  he  had  come  into  contact  were 
frequently  very  entertaining. 

The  New  York  Outlook  reports  an 
important  discovery  of  Benjamin  Franklin 
documents,  including  original  writings. 
household  accounts,  Court  invitati' 
and  samples  of  work  done  at  Passy  on 
the  printing  press  set  up  there  for  his 
grandson  Benjamin  Franklin  Bache.  The 
letters,  pamphlets,  and  documents  appear 
to  be  part  of  the  material  brought  back 
by  Franklin  on  his  return  from  France  in 
1785.  There  are  some  of  a  later  period, 
with  a  map  of  Bunker  Hill.  Through 
Dr.  Weir  Mitchell,  this  valuable  collec- 
tion has  been  purchased  for  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  as  well  as  the  printing 
press  used  at  Passy. 

In  view  of  the  two-hundredth  anniver- 
sary  of  John  Evelyn's  death,  which  occurs 
on  the  27th  inst.,  it  is  interesting  to  know 
that  Messrs.  Bickers  &  Son  have  in  pre- 
paration an  illustrated  edition  of  his 
'  Diary  and  Correspondence,'  in  four 
volumes,  the  first  of  which  they  hope  to 


N°4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


139 


publish  on  the  27th.  The  edition  will  be 
reprinted  from  that  published  by  the 
firm  in  1879.  It  contains  Mr.  H.  B. 
Wheatley's  interesting  '  Life  '  of  Evelyn, 
and  he  has  written  a  new  preface.  The 
greatest  care  has  been  taken  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  illustrations. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
will  begin  on   Tuesday  week  the  sale  of 
the  collections  of  the  late  Edward  Tru- 
man, M.R.C.S.,   who  died  in  April  last, 
having    been  for    over  half   a  century  a 
keen  collector  of  books  and  prints.     The 
chief  strength  of  his  extensive  accumula- 
tions    centres     in     his     Cruikshankiana, 
but  this  portion  will  not  be  sold  till  May. 
The  general  library  contains  many  scarce 
and    interesting    books,  with   a    few  in- 
cunabula.    The  chief  feature — so  far  as  a 
miscellaneous    collection  can    be  said    to 
possess  a  feature — is  the  series  of  illus- 
trated books   of   the  latter  part  of   the 
eighteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of 
the  nineteenth — books  with  illustrations 
by  the  Bewicks,  H.  Aiken,   Rowlandson, 
Pugin,  William    Blake,   and   Robert   and 
Isaac    Cruikshank.     The    Dickens    series 
(nearly  sixty  lots)  is  extensive  rather  than 
remarkable.    Children's  books  and  chap- 
books  are   numerous,  and  one  lot  consists 
of  260  sixpenny  books  issued  by  various 
publishers,    "nearly    all     with     coloured 
frontispieces,  many  very  scarce."     Some 
of  the  extra-illustrated  books  are  interest- 
ing,   the  additions    in    several    instances 
taking  the  form  of  the  original  drawings. 
First  editions  of  Bacon's  '  Proficience  and 
Advancement  of  Learning,'  1605,  and  of 
Burton's  '  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,'  1621, 
with   the   scarce  leaf  of   "errata";    the 
original  MS.  and  designs   of  Northcote's 
'  Fables ' ;     and     two     early    Shakspeare 
quartos — '  Locrine,'  1595,  the  first  edition 
of  this  spurious  play,  and  '  Pericles,'  1619 
— are  among  the  more  conspicuous  rarities. 

We  regret  to  announce  the  death  on 
January  30th,  after  a  short  illness,  at  the 
age  of  fifty-five,  of  Mr.  John  Philip 
Edmond,  Librarian  of  the  Signet  Library, 
Edinburgh.  Mr.  Edmond  in  1904  suc- 
ceeded the  late  Dr.  Law  as  Librarian, 
having  been  for  over  twelve  years  pre- 
viously chief  librarian  to  the  Earl  of 
Crawford  at  Haigh  Hall,  Wigan.  He 
published  many  bibliographical  works, 
amongst  which  were  '  The  Aberdeen 
Printers,  Edward  Raban  to  James  Nicol, 
1620-1736,'  and  (with  Dr.  R.  Dickson) 
'  Annals  of  Scottish  Printing.'  He  was  a 
keen  contributor  to  the  Edinburgh  Biblio- 
graphical Society,  and  his  wide  know- 
ledge, assiduous  help,  and  constant  kind- 
ness will  make  his  loss  deeply  felt  in 
Edinburgh  literary  society.  As  his  work 
is  of  the  sort  which  commonly  escapes 
recognition,  we  shall  dwell  on  it  at  length 
next  week. 


Dr.  Hans  Driesch,  of  Heidelberg,  has 
been  appointed  the  Gifford  Lecturer  at 
Aberdeen  University  from  1907  to  1909. 

Amongst  those  upon  whom  the  Uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  will  confer  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  at  the  Gradua- 
tion   ceremony    on     April    17th     are    Sir 


James  Guthrie,  President  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy ;  Mr.  Mungo  McCallum, 
Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the 
University  of  Sydney ;  Prof.  Walter 
Raleigh,  and  M.  Rodin.  The  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Divinity  will  be  conferred  upon 
Canon  Hensley  Henson  and  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Morris  Stewart,  of  Arbroath. 

We  quoted  recently  a  Hadden  school- 
inspector's  testimony  as  to  the  ignorance 
of  Scottish  history  which  prevailed  in 
Scotland,  even  amongst  select  pupils. 
Prof.  Hume  Brown  took  these  facts  as 
the  text  of  a  lecture  which  he  delivered 
in  Edinburgh  last  week  on  '  The  Teaching 
of  Scottish  History  in  our  Schools.'  He 
deprecated  anything  like  a  "  fussy  patriot- 
ism," but  insisted  that  it  was  "  by  a  know- 
ledge of  our  own  national  history  as  a  basis 
that  we  can  most  adequately  interpret  the 
history  of  other  countries." 

The  appointment  of  our  old  contributor 
Dr.  Henry  Jackson  (who  began  to  write  in 
Hepworth  Dixon's  day)  to  the  Greek  Pro- 
fessorship at  Cambridge  was  expected, 
and  will  be  generally  applauded.  The 
chair  thus  remains  with  a  Trinity  man  of 
Jebb's  year,  and  returns  to  a  philosopher, 
having  been  before  Jebb  and  B.  H. 
Kennedy's  tenure  occupied  by  the  famous 
Thompson  of  the  same  college.  Dr. 
Jackson  is  one  of  the  most  genial  and 
influential  of  Cambridge  men.  He  has 
not  published  much,  but  a  cloud  of  wit- 
nesses in  the  shape  of  pupils  can  testify 
to  the  value  alike  of  his  teaching  and  his 
practical  wisdom. 

Mr.  Charles  Wells  writes  : — 
"  May  I  correct  a  slip  in  the  paragraph 
about  the  late  Mr.  A.  H.  Poultney  ?  Before 
he  was  editor  of  The  Bristol  Evening  Neivs 
he  had  been  on  the  staff  of  The  Westmorland 
Gazette,  not  The  Westminster  Gazette,  which 
was  not  founded  until  after  Mr.  Poultney 
became  assistant  editor  of  The  Birmingham 
Daily  Post.  He  succeeded  to  the  editorship 
of  that  journal  upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
Thackeray  Bunce. 

Besides  renovating  the  monument  of 
Sir  Richard  Fanshawe  in  Ware  Church, 
the  present  representatives  of  the  Fan- 
shawe family  have  placed  there  a 
tablet  to  the  memory  of  his  devoted 
wife,  the  author  of  the  well-known 
'  Memoirs.'  This  has  been  affixed  to  the 
south  wall  of  the  chapel  of  St.  Mary,  off 
the  choir,  at  the  spot  where  Sir  Richard's 
memorial  stood  before  it  was  removed  to 
the  south  transept.  The  edition  of  the 
'  Memoirs  '  which  is  being  published  by 
the  De  La  More  Press  from  an  original 
copy  of  the  MS.,  with  many  illustrations 
and  full  notes  by  a  member  of  the  family, 
is  not  expected  to  be  ready  before  the 
summer. 


It  has  been  confidently  asserted  in 
more  than  one  quarter  recently  that  the 
printing  of  the  tenth  edition  of  '  The 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,'  now  being  pre- 
pared, will  be  done  in  the  United  States. 
Should  this  prove  to  be  the  case,  it  will  be 
the  first  time  that  this  work  has  been  pro- 
duced outside  Edinburgh,  and  its  loss  will 
be  severely  felt  by  the  printing  trade  there. 
It  is   becoming  increasingly  (he  custom 


for  publishers  to  have  works  set  up  in  the 
United  States.  In  many  cases  sheets  and 
stereo  plates  are  sent  to  Great  Britain. 

There  have  been  many  signs  of  late 
that  the  Mohammedan  communities  of 
India  are  waking  up  to  the  importance 
of  education,  and  a  gift  of  35,000  rupees — 
2,300/.  approximately  —  from  the  Aga 
Khan,  to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  fund  for 
establishing  a  Science  School  in  Aligarh 
College,  has  just  been  announced  in  India. 
About  the  same  time  that  this  gift  was 
made  a  mass  meeting  of  Mohammedans 
was  held  at  Colombo  for  the  purpose  of 
advocating  the  establishment  of  a  Moslem 
University  at  Aligarh. 

This  educational  movement  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  Mussulman  community.  At 
the  annual  social  congress  at  Benares  a 
proposal  was  brought  forward  to  found  a 
Hindu  University  there,  and  large  sums 
were  promised.  A  second  proposal  was 
made  to  found  a  Rajput  University,  pre- 
sumably at  Mount  Abu. 

Newman  is  a  good  deal  studied  in 
France.  M.  Henri  Bremond  has  just 
brought  out  an  "  essai  de  biographie 
psychologique  "  on  him,  and  he  has 
already  issued  volumes  on  '  Newman,  le 
Developpement  du  Dogme  Chretien,' 
'  Newman,  Psychologie  de  la  Foi,'  and 
'  Newman,  la  Vie  Chretienne.'  In  pre- 
paration are  '  Newman  Hagiographe  ' 
and  '  Newman  Educateur.'  We  doubt 
if  any  modern  religious  mind  was  ever 
the  subject  before  of  such  elaborate  and 
many  -  sided  analysis.  The  shade  of 
Thomas  Carlyle  must  be  indignant  at  all 
this  attention  paid  to  one  who  had,  by 
his  account,  "  the  brains  of  a  rabbit." 

We  gave  M.  Paul  Sabatier  last  week 
the  title  of  Abbe.  The  well  -  known 
authority  on  St.  Francis  is  a  layman. 
There  was  an  earlier  Abbe  of  that  name 
who  wrote  on  '  The  Harmonies  of  Faith 
and  Reason '  and  '  Rome  and  Catholicism.' 

The  two  new  elections  to  the  Academie 
Francaise  passed  without  anything  in  the 
way  of  a  surprise.   M.  Alexis  Felix  Joseph 
Ribot,  who  is  better  known  as  a  politician 
than  as  a  litterateur  (but  it  is  said  that  "  il 
parle  comme  un  livre"),  succeeds  to   the 
seat  of  the  late  Due  d'Audiffret-Pasquier : 
and  M.  Maurice  Barres  has  been  elected 
to  the  place  occupied  by  M.  Jose  Maria 
de  Heredia.     In  each   case,  the   election 
was  by  an  overwhelming  majority.     M. 
Barres   is    still   a  young   man,    and    has 
written  a  number  of  books,  some  of  which 
have     enjoyed    considerable    popularity. 
The  Figaro  of  last  Saturday  reprinted  his 
first    published    story.    '  Le    Chemin    de 
l'lnstitut,'  which  appeared  in  June,  1882. 
in  a  periodical  called  Jeune  France,  long 
since  dead. 


Lord  Glenesk  will  preside  at  the 
sixty-seventh  annual  meeting  of  the 
Newsvendors'  Institution  on  Tuesday 
evening,  February  20th,  at  the  Institute 
of  Journalists.  The  Mayor  of  Darlington, 
the  editor  of  The  Yorkshire  Post,  and 
others  have  promised  to  take  part  in  tin 
proceedings 


l  to 


Til  E     ATI!  KX;KUM 


N    I"- I.  Pi  !•.  3,  1906 


[jr  the  latest  issue  of  the  Rtvu*  des  Etudes 

On  <■<///<  a  there  is  an  article  bj  M  Theodore 
Ra  inaoh  on  one  <>f  the  papyrus  fragments 
in  t  In-  Grant  Bej  collect  ion  presented  t<> 
Aberdeen  Universitj  aome  yean  ago  by 
the  uhIou  •  >!  Dr.  Grant  Bey,  of  Ca 
Early  last  year  the  fragment  was  Been  by 
Dr.  GrenfeE  to  be  lyrical  fan  character, 
and  Mr.  B.  0.  Winstedt,  of  St.  Andrews 
University,  placed  it  definitely  as  belong- 
ing t<>  All sa  as.  M.  Reinach  supports  this 
view,  on  the  ground  of  a  reference  to  the 
famous  tyrant  Myrsilus.  The  fragment, 
which  consists  of  ten  lines,  is  about  _'  in. 
by  3  in.  It  is  the  first  of  the  classical 
nieces  in  the  collection  which  has  been 
fairly  identified. 

Tin:  death,  in  his  sixty-eighth  year,  is 
announced  from  .Montreal  of  the  well- 
known  Canadian  traveller  and  author 
Francois  Meicier.  He  travelled  among 
the  Indians  as  agent  for  the  North-West 
Company,  having  many  adventures  and 
hairbreadth  escapes.  He  claimed  to  be 
the  first  white  man  who  had  explored 
Alaska,  and  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  settle  the  boundary 
question  at  the  time  Alaska  was  sold  by 
Russia  to  the  United  States.  He  pub- 
lished a  number  of  interesting  works  on 
his  travels  and  explorations. 

Fkiedrich  UhL,  whose  death,  in  his 
eighty-first  year,  is  announced  from  Vienna, 
will  be  chiefly  remembered  as  a  brilliant 
feuilleton  writer,  although  he  tried  his 
hand  with  success  in  other  branches  of 
literature,  and  some  of  his  novels  were  at 
one  time  popular,  among  them  '  Die 
Bot6chafterin  '  and  '  Farbenrausch.'  His 
criticisms  were  incisive  and  to  the  point, 
and  he  was  always  ready  to  encourage 
originality.  As  editor  of  the  Wiener 
Zeitung  from  1876  to  1900  he  exercised  a 
considerable  influence  on  art  in  Vienna. 


SCIENCE 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  Zoological  Society  of  London.  By 
Henry  Scherren.  (Cassell  &  Co.) — As  the 
reader  of  this  volume  might  be  disposed  to 
regard  it  as  an  "  official  "  history  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London,  we  hope  that 
the  Society  will  disclaim  responsibility 
for  Mr.  Scherren's  work.  At  least  we  may 
assume  that  it  will  not  hold  itself  responsible 
for  Mr.  Scherren's  errors  of  fact,  misquota- 
tions, and  perversions  of  evidence.  It  would 
be  a  pity  if  the  Society  "whose  foundation," 
in  the  words  of  Sir  William  Jardine,  '"was 
the  Sumatran  collection  of  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles,"  had  to  be  suspected,  so  far  as  its 
present  authorities  were  concerned,  of  sharing 
the  author's  views  about  Sir  Stamford  Raffles, 
and  the  incidents  accompanying  the  found- 
ing of  the  Zoological  Society,  which  were 
described  at  some  length  in  the  columns  of 
The  Atlicnatum  less  than  a  year  ago.  Mr. 
Scherren's  one  discovery  the  designation 
by    the    Council,     in     its    minutes    on     Lord 

Lansdowne's  resignation  of  the  President- 
ship in  1 831,  of  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  as 
"the    Founder   and   first    President   of   the 

Society  "—confirms  the  conclusion  arrived 
at  in  the  narrative  to  which  we  have  referred, 
and  settles  the  point  for  all  unbiassed  in- 
quirers.    Mr.   Scherren  does  not   appreciate 


the  value  oi  iii     ii'.    ii  evidence,  or.  indei 

of    the    other    and    ahead\     known    te-timun\ 
recorded     in     hi-  itating    that     "the 

foundation    of    tin-    Zoological  of 

London    was    a    natural    development    from 

the  Zoological  Club  of  the   Linneaii  Social 

and.  in  a  fooi  note  on  p.  Li  relating  to  Bit 
Stamford's  letter  to  his  cousin  mentioning 

the  co  operation  ol   Sir  Humphry   Davy,  that 

"this  appears  conclusive  evidence  ags 

the  view  that  Sir  Stamford  Lathes  was  the 
sole     founder."       He     also     writes     of     other 

persons  and  facts  being  "  overshadowed  by 

the  personality  of  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  for 

whom  the  whole  credit  of  the  new  founda- 
tion  has   been   claimed."      There   are   further 

passages  which  reveal  Mr.  Scherren's  desire 

i"  disparage  the  claim  of  Sir  Stamford 
Kaffles  to  be  called  "  the  founder  of  the 
Zoological  Society." 

The  designation  of  "founder"  does  not 
exclude  the  claims  of  co-operators  and 
fellow-workers  to  the  credit  of  participa- 
tion. The  pretension  of  being  "sole  founder" 
of  any  institution  can  only  be  advanced 
where  the  endowment  of  the  founder  is 
the  direct  and  sole  cause  of  its  creation. 
What  Sir  Stamford's  contemporaries  meant 
by  calling  him  "  the  founder  of  the  Zoolo- 
gical Society  "  was  that  its  institution  and 
successful  inauguration  were  largely,  and, 
in  all  probability,  chiefly,  due  to  his  inspiring 
influence  and  example.  The  application  of 
the  title  of  "  founder  "  to  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles  is  not  the  invention  of  any  subse- 
quent writer,  but  the  voluntary  tribute  of 
his  contemporaries. 

Lady  Raffles  in  her  '  Memoir  '  states 
that  in  1817  Sir  Stamford  "  meditated  the 
establishment  of  a  society  on  the  principle 
of  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  "  ;  and  in  Sir 
Stamford's  letter  of  March  9th,  1825,  to 
his  cousin  occurs  the  sentence,  "  We  may 
go  far  beyond  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  at 
Paris."  Mr.  Scherren's  comment  on  this 
letter  reveals  his  imperfect  knowledge  of 
his  subject.  He  declares  that  "  it  contains 
the  first  known  reference  by  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles  to  the  Jardin  des  Plantes."  He  is 
in  error.  In  1817  Sir  Stamford  visited  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes,  where  "  he  was  sur- 
prised to  find  the  productions  of  Java  and 
the  Eastern  Isles,"  as  is  stated  on  p.  39  of 
Dr.  Raffles's  account  of  their  continental 
tour,  published  in  1818 — a  work  that  went 
through  several  editions.  There  is  conse- 
quently nothing  improbable  in  the  fact  that 
in  1817  Sir  Stamford  did  contemplate  the 
establishment  of  a  similar  garden  in  London, 
or  in  the  statement  that  he  discussed  the 
question  with  his  friend  Sir  Joseph  Banks. 
The  authority  for  that  conversation  has  not 
yet  been  traced,  but,  in  view  of  the  volumin- 
ous and  scattered  materials  from  which  a 
biography  of  Sir  Stamford  had  to  be  com- 
piled, this  is  not  surprising.  There  is,  how- 
ever, evidence  available  of  the  intimacy 
between  him  and  Sir  Joseph  Banks  in 
1817.  Sir  Joseph,  writing  to  Dr.  Hors- 
field  (p.  449  of  Lady  Raffles's  'Memoir') 
says,  "  We  are  all  here  delighted  with 
the  acquaintance  of  Governor  Raffles"; 
and  Sir  Stamford,  in  a  letter  to  the  same 
correspondent  (p.  627  of  the  work  cited!, 
mentions,  "  1  have  the  opportunity  of  seeing 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  very  frequently."  Con- 
sidering that  the  visit  to  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes  was  made  in  1817,  we  find  nothing 
improbable  in  the  statement  that  in  the  same 
year  Sir  Stamford  "discussed  w  it  I i  Sir  Joseph 
Banks  a  plan  for  establishing  in  London  a 
zoological  collection  which  should  interest 
and  instruct  the  public."  Mr.  Scherren 
substitutes  for  the  word  "instruct" 
"  amuse."  and  builds  thereupon  an  argu- 
ment which  collapses  with  the-  inisquot  at  ion. 
We  have  now  to  direct  attention  to  other 


important    point-.     <  in    p.    <i    Mr.    Scherren 
the  Mic<e--i\c  uddi'i  chair- 

man of  i la-  Zoological  < 'lull 

deliver*  M<  --r-.       Licheno, 

<  hildren,   Brook*  .-.  and   \  igon   in  the  yearn 

to    1829   inclusive;     and   he   proceeds 

to  gi\  e  some  from  then 

theory  thai   the  Zoological  Society  was 

merely     "a    natural    development    lroni    the 

Zoological  Club."      Nowhere 

the  {acts  that  the  Club  was  of  very  limited 

range  and   iafluSDOl  .   that   many  of  its  meet- 
COuld  not   he  held  tor  want  of  B  quorum, 
and   that    its  financial   position    W  ded 

by  deficits  and  debts.  He  remarks  plain- 
tively that  Sir  Stamford,  although  a  member 
of  the  Linnean  Society,  did  not  join  this 
Club.  HLs  abstention  was  doubtless  due  to 
its  moribund  condition.  The  Zoological 
Club  contained  none  of  the  elements  essen- 
tial to  success,  it  had  been  in  existence 
for  two  years  when  Sir  Stamford  returned 
to  England,  and  it  had  conspicuously 
failed  to  gain  popularity  or  success  in 
effort  to  promote  and  popularize  zoological 
science.  The  arrival  of  Sir  Stamford  in 
London  marked  the  turning-point  in  the 
question.  He  did  not  attempt  to  reinvigor- 
ate  the  Club,  but  he  took  up  the  formation 
of  a  separate  and  distinct  Zoological  Society. 

The  four  addresses  upon  which  Mr.  Scherren 
relies  for  the  proof  of  his  theory  that  the 
Society  was  "  the  natural  outcome  "  of  the 
Club,  and  not  the  creation  of  Sir  Stamford, 
all  contain  specific  testimony  to  the  con- 
trary, but  the  true  purport  of  this  testimony 
is  concealed  in  these  pages. 

In  point  of  time  Mr.  Bicheno  comes  fix 
his    address    having   been   delivered   at   the 
meeting   in    November,    1826,    the    year   of 
Sir  Stamford's  death.      Mr.  Scherren  states  : 

"  He  [Bicheno]  referred  in  a  short  paragraph  to 
'  the  Zoological  Society  recently  instituted  in 
London,'  hut  said  nothing  about  its  foundation  or 
the  men  who  took  part  in  the  work." 

How  is  this  assertion  to  be  reconciled  with 
the  following  extracts  from  Mr.  Bicheno's 
address  ? — 

"The  sorrow  occasioned  by  the  premature  death 
of  Sir  Thomas  Stamford  Raffles  at  the  early  a. 
4o    hangs    upon    every    to   !  i  here    vac 

promptness  and  resolution  about  hie  that 

silenced  all  opposition,  and  enabled  him  to  effect 
his  purpose  while   those  around   him  were  thinking 

of  the  means .lust  before  his  death  he  gave  his 

Sumatran  collection  to  the  Zoolog  S  ety  to  be 
at  once  its  foundation  and  ornam 

With  regard  to  the  next  of  the  four 
speakers  Mr.  Scherren  is  more  fortunate. 
He  quotes  correctly  Mr.  Children-  invoca- 
tion in  1827  to  "  the  spirit  of  its  immortal 
founder  (Sir  Stamford  Rallies)  "  ;  hut  he 
omits  the  later  passage  recording  that 
among  the  possessions  of  the  Society 
"stands  conspicuous  the  extensive  collec- 
tion of  its  lamented  founder,  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  Stamford  Kaffles." 

Mr.  Brookes  in  1S_'S  handed  on  the 
tradition,  referring,  not.  as  Mr.  Scherren 
puts  it.  to  the  "  gift  of  an  example  of  the 
Laillesii  squirrel."  but  to  "the  noble 
collection  made  in  Sumatra  by  the  distin- 
guished patron  of  zoology  to  whose  memory 
it  is  dedicated."  and  presented  by  him 
to  the  Museum  of  that  Society  which  hails 
him  with  just  pride  as  its  founder." 

With  regard  to  the  final  speech  made  by 
Mr.  Vigors  in  1829,  winch  was  really  the 
warmest  tribute  of  all  to  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles,  Mr.  Scherren's  method  of  quot- 
ing it  is  calculated  to  mislead  the  reader. 
lie  begins  with  the  comment  that  "it 
is  the  most  important,  inasmuch  as  it 
distinctly  claims  that  the  members  of  the 
Ch*b  were,  to  say  the  least,  co-workers 
with  Sir  Stamford  Rattles.''  The  readers 
of  this   passage   would   certainly  not   expect 


N°4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


141 


to  find  in  Mr.  Vigors's  address  a  description 
of  Sir  Stamford  as  "  the  illustrious  founder  " 
of  the  Zoological  Society,  but,  when  they 
find  it  buried,  as  it  were,  without  the 
specific  mention  of  Sir  Stamford's  name 
in  a  long  quotation  on  p.  9,  they  will 
certainly  wonder  at  Mr.  Scherren's  pre- 
liminary contention  about  the  views  of 
Mr.  Vigors  as  to  who  was  the  founder  of 
the  Society.  His  glowing  tribute  to  Sir 
Stamford  is  dismissed  in  a  curt  sentence. 

Sir  William  Jardine,  writing  in  1841, 
called  "the  Sumatran  collection"  "the 
foundation  of  the  Zoological  Society,"  and 
linked  the  names  of  Joseph  Banks  and 
Stamford  Raffles  as  those  of  our  two 
greatest  zoological  authorities. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  among  Sir  Stam- 
ford's colleagues  and  contemporaries,  speak- 
ing for  years  after  his  death,  there  was  not 
a  dissentient  voice  in  calling  him  "  the 
founder  of  the  Zoological  Society."  The 
minutes  of  the  Council  in  1831  speak  of 
him  formally  by  that  title.  E.  W.  Brayley's 
incomplete  Account  of  Sir  Stamford's 
Life,  published  in  The  Zoological  Journal 
in  1827,  has  as  its  sub-title  "  Founder  and 
President  of  the  Zoological  Society."  In 
short,  the  testimony  handed  down  from 
the  period  of  the  formation  of  that  Society 
and  for  many  subsequent  years  is  unani- 
mous. It  is  consequently  surprising  to 
find  in  Mr.  Scherren's  work  a  persistent 
attempt  to  disparage  Sir  Stamford  Raffles 
and  deny  his  right  to  be  called  "  the 
founder  of  the  Zoological  Society." 

The  World  of  To-day.  Vols.  III. -IV.  By 
A.  R.  Hope-Moncrieff.  (Gresham  Publish- 
ing Company.) — The  third  volume  of  this 
pleasant  descriptive  work  deals  with  the 
African  continent,  and  the  fourth  with 
Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  islands  of 
the  Pacific,  with  a  brief  chapter  on 
Antarctica.  They  differ  little  in  scope  and 
treatment  from  their  predecessors.  So  far 
as  we  have  tested  them,  they  are  remarkably 
accurate,  though  we  do  not  profess  to  have 
verified  the  very  numerous  statistics.  Taken 
as  a  whole,  this  is  a  successful  and  intelligent 
compilation  from  good  authorities,  and 
the  writer  contrives  to  make  his  descrip- 
tions at  once  terse  and  graphic.  Many 
■extracts  are  given  from  travellers'  narra- 
tives, so  that  those  who  desire  it  know 
•where  to  go  for  fuller  information.  The 
illustrations  are  numerous  and  good.  The 
page  of  distinguished  explorers,  however, 
provokes  a  smile.  To  put  Savage  Landor 
or  Miss  Gordon  dimming  beside  pioneers 
like  Humboldt,  Livingstone,  and  Sven  Hedin 
is  to  show  an  absence  of  the  critical  faculty 
which  is  rather  surprising  in  the  writer  of  a 
geographical  series. 


THE     QUESTION    OF    THE    N     RAYS. 

It  is  now  nearly  three  years  since  M.  R. 
Blondlot,  Professor  of  Physics  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nancy,  announced  to  the  Aca- 
demie des  Sciences  that  he  had  discovered 
a  new  kind  of  ray,  emitted  in  the  first 
instance  by  a  Crookes  tube,  and  as  he 
afterwards  found,  by  all  bodies  in  a  state 
of  strain  or  compression.  This  new  radiation 
was  said  by  him  and  his  pupils  to  have 
high  penetrative  power,  only  pure  water, 
heavy  metal  plates,  and  rock-salt  being 
impervious  to  it;  while  its  wave-length, 
as  measured  by  its  discoverer,  turned  out 
to  be  shorter  than  the  shortest  rays  of  ultra- 
violet light.  Yet  tin  proof  of  these  matters 
was  not  very  easy.  The  two  means  of  proof 
on  which  M.  Blondlot  relied  were  the  increase 
of  light  under  the  N  rays  in  a  source  of  feeble 


illumination,  such  as  the  phosphorescence 
remaining  in  sulphide  of  calcium  which 
has  been  exposed  to  light,  or  a  well- 
regulated  and  as  near  as  may  be  continuous 
spark  from  an  induction  coil.  Many  ob- 
servers of  nationality  other  than  French 
found  themselves  unable  to  repeat  M. 
Blondlot's  experiments,  and  those  who  did 
so  thought  that  there  was  a  loophole  left 
open  for  doubt.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Cambridge,  the  Berlin 
professors  declared  with  some  arrogance 
that  the  supposed  phenomena  were  due  to 
hallucination  on  the  part  of  their  Nancy 
colleagues,  and  in  this  they  were  followed  by 
at  least  one  English  and  one  American  man 
of  science.  Finally,  an  "  inquest  "  instituted 
by  a  French  scientific  paper  revealed  the  fact 
that  even  in  the  native  country  of  the  N  rays 
belief  in  their  objective  existence  was  not 
widespread,  and  that  the  few  faithful 
believed  rather  on  the  evidence  of  M. 
Blondlot  than  on  that  of  their  own  senses. 
Although  M.  Blondlot's  communications  on 
the  subject  to  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
have  been  translated  into  English,  and  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Longman,  and  Dr.  Hackett, 
of  Dublin,  has  made  considerable  progress 
in  actually  measuring  the  light  of  the  N  rays, 
little  public  notice  has  been  taken  of  them 
outside  the  columns  of  this  journal  (see 
especially  The  Athenaeum,  Nos.  4036  and 
4038),  and  those  English  physicists  who  are 
convinced  of  their  actual  existence  seem  to 
have  been  hitherto  overborne  by  the  clamour 
of  their  opponents. 

In  these  circumstances  it  is  satisfactory* 
to  note  that  the  N  rays  have  not  been,  so  to 
speak,  blown  out  of  court,  and  that  those 
who  believe  in  their  objective  existence  have 
still  the  courage  of  their  opinions.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences  on 
the  15th  of  last  month  .  two  papers  were 
presented  giving  details  of  further  experi- 
ments on  the  subject,  which  certainly  carry 
the  matter  a  stage  further.  Although 
neither  of  the  experiments  here  announced 
gives  us  that  full  and  irrefragable  proof 
which  we  should  all  desire,  yet  together  they 
go  far  to  rebut  the  theory  of  hallucination 
raised  in  Germany,  and  one  of  them  serves 
to  link  the  phenomena  of  the  N  rays  with 
certain  others  observed  in  other  parts  of  the 
spectrum. 

The  first  of  these  experiments  was  com- 
municated to  the  Academie  by  M.  Mascart, 
the  well-known  member  of  the  Institut  and 
professor  at  the  College  de  France.  One  of 
the  earliest  facts  established — at  any  rate,  to 
his  own  satisfaction — by  M.  Blondlot  was 
that  the  N  rays  could  be  refracted  by  means 
of  a  prism,  like  ordinary  light.  Tho  prism 
originally  employed  by  him  (see  the  Comptes 
Rendus  of  the  Academie  of  March  23rd,  1903) 
seems  to  have  been  made  of  quartz,  but  in 
the  experiment  about  to  be  noticed  a  prism 
of  aluminium,  according  to  M.  Mascart,  was 
employed.  This  was  used  to  reflect  the 
N  rays  emitted  by  a  Nernst  lamp — enclosed, 
doubtless,  in  an  iron  lantern,  and  otherwise 
prevented  from  emitting  any  luminous 
radiation — and  to  direct  the  pencil  of 
N  rays  upon  a  sulphide-of-calcium  screen, 
consisting,  apparently,  of  a  furrow  cut  in  a 
piece  of  thick  card  and  packed  with  the 
powdered  sulphide  previously  exposed  to  a 
bright  light.  This  screen  was  mounted  on 
the  travelling  sledge  of  the  dividing  machine 
us  "d  in  the  in  lustrial  manufacture  of  linear 
scales,  and  was  then  moved  to  and  fro  by  the 
observer,  so  as  to  come  alternately  in  and 
out    of    the    focus    of    the    pencil    of    N    rays 

produced  by  the  Nernst  lamp,  and  refracted 

by  the  prism.    It  was  agreed  beforehand  that 

every  one  of  four  observers  should  mani- 
pulate the  aledge  in  turn,  and  should  make 
a   point   when,   in    his    opinion-,   the   BCTeen 


glowed  with  the  maximum  intensity  of  light. 
Upon  this,  the  number  on  the  scale  at  which 
the  index  of  the  sledge  pointed  was  read 
and  noted  by  M.  Mascart,  without  the  know- 
ledge of  the  observer.  It  is  not  stated  who 
discharged  the  duty  of  reading  when  M. 
Mascart  himself  worked  the  sledge,  but  it 
may  be  inferred  that  it  was  in  that  case  one 
of  the  other  observers.  The  four  observers 
employed  were  M.  Blondlot  himself  ;  M. 
Gutton,  Lecturer  on  Physics  at  Nancy  ;  a 
M.  Virtz,  whose  name  we  do  nob  recognize  ; 
and  M.  Mascart.  M.  Mascart  gives  in  his  paper 
a  table  of  the  observations  made  by  them, 
from  which  it  appears  that  there  was  a  sur- 
prising agreement  between  them  as  to  the 
point  at  which  the  light  of  the  screen  reached 
its  maximum,  and  that  this  differed  by  only 
a  very  small  number  of  divisions  on  the 
scale.  This  was  particularly  marked  in  the 
case  of  M.  Blondlot,  whose  observations 
only  varied  within  half  a  millimetre.  The 
maximum  deviation  between  the  four  ob- 
servers seems  to  have  been  about  two  milli- 
metres, and  the  observer  of  the  four  with  the 
highest  "  personal  equation  "  seems  to  have 
been  M.  Virtz,  which  perhaps  explains  M. 
Mascarb's  remark  that  the  experiment 
demands  excellent  eyesight  and  a  special 
apprenticeship.  However  that  may  be,  the 
agreement  shown  by  the  above  figures  is 
sufficient  to  annul  the  theory  of  hallucina- 
tion, if  we  believe,  as  we  are  justified  in 
doing  on  the  reputation  of  M.  Mascart  and 
M.  Blondlot  for  careful  experimsntation, 
that  the  conditions  of  the  experiment  were 
rigidly  observed. 

The  other  experiment  communicated  to 
the  Academie  seems  to  be  the  invention  of 
M.  Gutton,  the  jusfc-mentioned  Lecturer  on 
Physics  at  the  University  of  Nancy.  It 
depends  upon  a  fact  only  announced  by 
M.  Blondlot  in  August  last,  to  wit,  that 
when  the  N  rays  fall  upon  the  primary 
spark  of  an  oscillator  emitting  Hertzian 
waves,  the  light  of  the  secondary  spark  is 
diminished.  M.  Gutton  accordingly  fixes 
two  brass  rods,  terminating  in  small  plati- 
nized balls,  at  a  very  short  distance  from 
each  other,  maintained  by  a  sort  of  wooden 
tongs  having  jaws  pressed  together  by  an 
india-rubber  ring,  but  capable  of  being 
separated  by  a  screw  ;  and  he  connects 
these  rods  by  wire  with  two  tiny  Leyden 
jars  charged  by  a  Holtz  static  machine. 
The  source  of  N  rays,  which  here  again  is  a 
Nernst  lamp  enclosed  in  an  iron  lantern,  is 
placed  near  this  primary  spark-gap  ;  and 
a  smaller  spark-gap,  consisting  of  two 
other  brass  rods  with  conical  points,  is 
enclosed  in  a  cardboard  box  having  a 
window  opening  on  a  photographic  plate, 
this  secondary  spark-gap  being  placed 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  first, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  wires. 
The  photographic  plate  is  hold  by  a 
frame  which  moves  vertically  in  front  of 
the  window  in  the  cardboard  box,  so  that 
it  is  alternately  exposed  and  shielded  from 
tho  impact  of  the  N  rays.  Great  precautions 
are  taken,  by  means  of  screens  placed 
between  the  Nernst  lamp  and  the  primary 
spark-gap,  and  between  the  primary  and 
secondary,  to  keep  the  whole  operation 
within  tho  control  of  the  operator,  and  the 
length  of  exposuro  of  both  the  primary 
spark-gap  and  the  photographic  plate  is 
regulated  by  tho  beats  of  a  metronome. 
In  these  circumstances,  M.  Gutton  assures 
the  Academie  that  the  photograph,  when 
developed,  shows  clearly  that  the  active 
power  of  the  secondary  spark  is  materially 
weakened  when  the  N  rays  fall  upon  tho 

primary  spark-gap,  and  thai  the  experiment 
can  be  repeated  by  any  one  who  will  take 
care  that  the  conditions  of  the  experiment 
are    rigidly    observed.      If    this    be    so,    M. 


1  12 


T  ii  E    at  ii  EN  .i:r  M 


N    W84,  Fi  b.  •;.  L90C 


i  •  i i <  1 1 1 1 1 1  ..i   Aujii -t   la  i   i-  abun- 

dantly confirmed,  and  it  maj  be  admitted 
that  the  \  raj  -  do  indeed  modify  the  cinh- 
non    of    Hertzian    waves    in    these   oircum- 

Stlll 

'I  iii-  i.i-i  proposition,  however,  seems  to 
the  preeenl  writer  not  only  to  l'<>  far  towards 
establishing  the  objective  existence  of  the 
N  rays,  and  to  bring  them  into  Line  with 
certain  other  phenomena,  bul  also  to  offer, 
almost  for  the  first  time,  some  hint  as  to 
what  they  really  are.  '!"1»«-  only  means  by 
which  the  emission  of  Hertzian  waves  can 
be  prevented  when  s  condenser  of  sufficient 
capacity  is  suddenly  discharged  is,  so  far 
as  wr  know,  the   presence  of   ultra -violet 

li_'lit.      The  way   this  apparently  operates  is 

by  causing-  as  Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon  was  the 
first  to  show— the  terminals  of  the  condenser 

to   throw   out   a   radiation   which    "'ionizes," 

as  it  is  nowadays  called,  the  gases  of  the 

atmosphere,  and  thus  renders  them  con- 
ductors of  electricity.  The  effect  of  this 
upon  the  Bpark-gap  is,  of  course,  to  allow 
tlie  spark  to  pass  at  a  lower  voltage  than  is 
necessary  for  the  formation  of  Hertzian 
waves  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  thus  to 
diminish  the  disturbance  in  the  ether 
caused  by  them.  But  if  this  quality  is 
inherent  not  only  in  the  ultra-violet  rays 
of  the  luminous  spectrum,  but  also  in 
their  more  distant  neighbours  on  the 
3cale,  it  must  be  because  the  spectral  rays 
themselves  are  the  result  of  action  in  the 
ether  under  the  conditions  already  faintly 
shadowed  forth  by  M.  Langevin  and  others, 
and  previously  noticed  in  these  columns. 
Hence  it  may  not  be  impossible  some  day 
to  conclude  that  all  substances  in  a  state  of 
strain,  such  as,  for  instance,  the  nerves  and 
muscles  of  the  human  body,  cause  an  altera- 
tion in  the  revolution  of  the  electrons  within 
the  atoms  of  all  other  substances,  and  perhaps 
help  to  bring  about  that  universal  disintegra- 
tion of  matter  which  some  philosophers  tell 
us  is  in  progress. 


SOCIETIES. 


SOCIKTT   OF   A  NTIQC  A  i'.IKS.  —Jan.    IS. — Lord  A  \  ( - 

btiry,  President,  in  the  chair. — A  paper  on  'The 
Ceramic  Art  of  Ancient  Japan,'  by  Dr.  Munro,  of 
Yokohama,  was  read  by  Prof.  W.  Gowland.  The 
pottery  described  was  chiefly  that  of  the  Stone 
Age  in  Japan,  which  is  found  in  shell  mounds 
associated  with  axes,  arrow-heads,  and  implements 
of  stone.  Some  special  forma  of  the  pottery  of  the 
dolmen  period  were  also  dealt  with.  The  former 
is  ornamented  with  designs  hoth  in  relief  and 
intaglio,  and  in  this  respect,  and  also  in  its 
material,  differs  in  toto  from  the  latter.  It  is 
found  chiefly  in  that  part  of  the  main  island  which 
lies  to  the  cast  of  Hakone,  and  in  Yeno.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  been  made  by  the  Ainu  aborigines 

who  in  early  times  occupied  the  country  as  far  as 
the  extreme  west,  whence  they  were  gradually 
driven  eastwards  by  the  Japanese.  The  Ainu 
appear  to  have  made  a  stand  in  the  country  around 

xedo,  and  to  have  occupied   that  district   for  a 

tderable  time,  as  shell  mounds  containing  this 
pottery  are  very  numerous  there.  The  pottery  is 
never  found  in  dolmens  or  associated  with  the 
pottery   which    is    characteristic    of    the    dolmen 

period.  Some  curious  small  rude  images  of  terra- 
cotta, representing  in  conventional  and  grotesque 
forms  both  men  and  women,  were  also  described. 
Their  date  is  uncertain,  but  may  be  placed  between 

five  hundred  and  a  thousand  years  ago.  The 
designs  on  the  garments  resemble  those  of  the 
shell-heap  pottery,  and  thej  were  doubtless  made 

by  the  same  people.  A  collection  of  vessels. 
fragments   of    the    (lottery,    and     photographs    was 

exhibited.— The  Rev.  E,  U.  Willson  exhibited,  on 

behalf  of  Dom  Hilary  Willson,  of  Ampleforth 
Abbey,  a  silver-gill  English  ohalioe  of  circa  1470  80, 
and  silver-gilt  paten  preserved  with  it,  hut  of  a 
date  circa  1350.  The  device  on  the  paten  is  that 
of  the  Afanua  Dei  wit  ha  nimbus.  These  interesting 


formerh    in    tin-    i  >u    ot    the 

Robert    William  Will-on.  find   Roman 
Catholic  Bishop  o<   Eloberl  Town;  hut  oothii 
known  ol  their  previous  history. 

./<///.  25.     I. old  Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair. 

Me  W.  I:.  Lethabj  read  a  paper  on  the  Palace 
..i   Westminster  in  the-  eleventh  and  twelfth 
tunc  .     At',  i   referring  to  the  few-  indication 
to  the  t  ime  w  hen  t  In-  English  kings  took  up  their 
residenci-.il  Westminster,  which  seom  to  point   to 

('unit'-  as  the-  founder  of  the  palace,  ),,-  suggested 
that     the    well-known    si., is    reported    by    Matthew 

Paris   in   reference   to  the    intention    of   William 

Ruf US  to  build  a  hull  much  larger  than  the  great 
hall,  and  extending  from  the  river  to  the  road,   was 

to  he  explained  as  a  myth  of  extra  He 

then  reconstructed  the  hall  of  Rufus  from  the 
drawings  made  by  Smirke  of  the  remains  of  Norman 

work    found    during    the    alterations    of    1834,    and 

Bhowed  that   tin'  Bide  walls  had  a  scries  of  large 

windows  associated  with  a  wall-arcade  just  like 
the  clerestory  ot  the  transepts  of  Winchester 
Cathedral.     The  interior  supports  of  the  roof  were 

probably  of  wood,  alter  the  manner  of  one  of  the 
great  tithe  barns.  A  conjectural  restoration  of 
the  exterior  was  offered,  and  the  paper  concluded 
with  a  description  of  the  lesser  hall,  the  king's 
chamber  and  other  parts  of  the  palace  in  the  time 
i  ii  Henry  1 1. 

LixNKAN. — Jan.  18.  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  Jesse  Reeves  was 
admitted  a  Fellow.— Dr.  E.  Burke.  Dr.  W.  T. 
Caiman,  .Mr.  W.  F.  Cooper,  ami  Mr.  W.  Draper 
were  elected  Fellows.  —  .Mr.  W.  ( 'arruthcrs,  a  past- 
President  of  the  Society,  presented,  on  the  part  of 
the  subscribers,  a  portrait  of  Prof.  S.  H.  Vines, 
President  from  1900  to  1904,  painted  by  the  Hon. 
John  Collier. — Mr.  T.  Finest  Waltham  exhibited  a 
is  of  coloured  transparencies  from  flowers  in 
natural  colours,  partly  by  the  three-colour  process, 
partly  by  hand.  Mr.  A.  0.  Walker  and  Dr.  A.  B. 
Kendle  contributed  some  remarks. — The  first  paper 
was  by  Mr.  A.  W.  Allen,  'On  the  Life- History  of 
Margaritifi  ra  panasesce.'  Dr.  Rendle congratulated 
the  botanists  present  that  they  had  been  freed  from 
the  incubus  of  such  names  as  Margaritifera  mar- 
garitifera, which  had  been  used  in  the  paper. — 
Mr.  A.  1).  Cotton  gave  the  main  features  of  his 
paper  'On  some  Endophytic  Alga?,'  illustrating  his 
exposition  by  drawings  on  the  blackboard.  — A 
paper  by  Dr.  A.  Brcom  was  read  in  title,  'On  the 
Organ  of  Jacobson  in  Kpenodon,"  ami  was  illustrated 
by  coloured  drawings. 


ZOOLOGICAL. — Jan.  16. — Mr.  Howard  Saunders, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report  on 
the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  December 
last,  and  exhibited  a  series  of  photographs  of  the 
red  deer,  illustrating  the  growth  of  the  antlers. 
which     had     been     presented     to     the     Society     by 

.Mr.  Walter  Winans. — Prof.  E.  A.  Minchin  ex- 
hibited a  living  specimen  of  a  lemur  (Galago) 
which  he  had  brought  home  with  him  from 
Entebbe,  Uganda. — Dr.  F.  <;.  D.  Drewitt  ex- 
hibited, and  made  remarks  upon,  a  white  variety 
of  the  common  mole. — .Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  ex- 
hibited a  skull  of  a  forest-pig  (Hylochcerufl)  sent  by 
Mr.  (J.  L.  Bates  from  the  C'aineroons,  tints  con- 
firming the  report  that    Hylocluerus  occurred   near 

the  West  Coast.  The  species,  however,  appeared 
to  lie  different  from  //.  meinertzhageni,  and  was 
named   //.   rimator. — Mr.    W.   Storra   Fox   read  a 

paper  on  some  hones  of  the  lynx  [Felix  /i/n.r)  found 
in   a   limestone  cavern   in   Cales    Dale.  Derbyshire. 

This  was  only  the  third  record  of  remains  of  this 
species     having     lieen     nut     with     in     the     British 

Islands.  -  Mr.  J.  L  Bonhote  oommunioated  a  paper 

dealing  with  a  collection  of  mammals  brought  from 
the  Malay  Peninsula  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Floss,  and 
presented  to  the   National   Museum.      The  collection 

contained  examples  of  seventeen   spi  cies,  chiefly 

rodents,    of    which    two.    representing    well-known 

Bornean  species,   were  described  as   new.     There 

was  also  a  series  of  Mue  jural;,  a  speoieS  hitherto 
known  from  one  specimen  only  and  recently 
described  by  the  author.-  Mr.  ( '.  S.  Tomes  read  a 
paper   on  the  minute  structure  of   the    teeth    of   the 

oreodonte.— Mr.    F.     F.    Beddard    read    a    paper 

entitled    'Contributions    to    the    Anatomy    of     the 

Ophidia.'— Dr.   Jean    Roux,    the    Curator  of   the 

Basle  Museum  of  Natural  History,  communicated 
a  paper  containing  a  synopsis  of  the  toads  of  the 


■ 


Mil  now  oi-ii               i  17      .1  nnual    Me*  I 
Di     D     II     8cot1     r 

President  a   donation    I 
M.   Nachet   ot  tit  ml 

milk,   (i  frame.      I  I 

taken  with  thi  l  i.\  M.  1. 

in  IMF  and  ..  .,i   their  kind 
in  <■  •                   The   photograph   are   ■  I    undoi 

Hence,  and  oompai  i  ibly  with  ma; 

•  Ii.    N.    D.  F.    P( 
fifteen  ali               he  Oribatidc  to  supplement 

collection  given  by   Mr.  Michael.     Some  excellent 

micro  photograph  ma  and   ]**! 

lent    tor  exhibition    by  Mr.  T.  A.  O'D 

— The  Report  ot  the  Council  and  'P- 
statement  lor  1905  were  adopted,  and  tie 
and  Council  tor  the  en-  Deluding 

the    President    for    a    thud    term.— The    President 
delivered   his  annual   addn  subject    being 

"The  Life  and    Work   of    Bernard    Renault,'  who 
was    an    Honorary    Fellow    of     the    Society.       The 
President,  in  describing  the  important   work  I 
by  Renault  in   fossil  botany,  alluded   to  the  diffi- 
culties he  experienced  in  carrying  it  on  efficii 
by  reason   of   the  limited   mean-  at   his  disp 
The  address  was   illustrated   by  numerous  lanr 
del.-. 


InsTITITIon  ok  CIVIL  Fv.lNKhks. — Jan.  SO. — 
Sir  Alexander  Binnie,  President,  in  the  cliair. — 
The  paper  read  was  '  The  Railwa  of  India,' 

by  Mr.  F.  K.  Cpeott. 


A  NTHKoroI.i  ii .  I(  A  I.  I  \  STITITK. /<;  it.  23.  — A  " 

Meeting. — Prof.    W.    Gowland,    President,    in    the 
chair. — After  the  passing  of  the  reports  the   I 
sident   delivered   his  annual    Address    on    '  Copper 
and  its  Alloys  in  Antiquity,'  illustrated  by  lantern- 
slides,   diagrams,   and    specimens.     He   aaid    that 
smelting  had  its  origin  in  the  camp  tire,  from  which 
the  first  primitive  furnace,   a   hole   in  the  ground, 
used  even  now  in  parts  of  Japan,  naturally  evolv.  d. 
The     lumps   of   copper   discovered    in    "found 
hoards"   had    clearly    been    smelted    in    this    v 
The     hole     was     first    tilled    with    charcoal, 
which  was  placed   the   ore,   then  another  lay 
charcoal,  then    more   ore.    and   so  on  ;   the  drai  i 
was  obtained  by  the  wind   or  by  primitive  lxdl 
The   smelted  copper  was   not    run  off,    hut  at    the 
moment  of  solidification  was  pulled  out  oi  the  tire 
and    broken    into    pieces    on    a    large   stone.      This 
system    is    still     practised    in    Korea,    while    the 
implements  used   by    primitive    man    have    their 
counterpart  at  the  present  day  in  the  tools  used  by 
the     native     smelters     in     some     parts     of     Africa. 
Turning   to   the   question   of   bronze,  the  President 
stated   that  in   his  opinion  this  was   made  directly 
from  a  copper  ore  containing  tin,  long  before  the 
two    metals    were   mixed.       In    Hungary    a    copper 
ore    containing   antimony    takes    the    place    if    a 
copper-tin  ore.   and    the   implements   found    there 
frequently      contain     antimony      in      considerable 
amounts.     He  defined  bronze  as  an  alloy  ■  f  copper 

and  tin  containing  not  less  than  '2  per  cent,  i  f  tin. 
had.  arsenic,  /inc.  ftc,  being  present  in  very  small 
quantities.      The    President    was  of    opini  n    that 

there  was  no  e\  idence  of  a  true  Copper  Age  in 
Europe,  excluding  only  Cyprus,  which  was.  of 
course,  exceptional  Copper  implements  were 
only  used  by  primitive  man  as  adjuncts  to  stone 
implements,  which  were  more  efficient  as  wear 
and  when  found  are  merely  copies  I  f  stone  imple- 
ments ;  and  when  made  in  the  Bron/.e  Age  they 
take  the  form  of  the  implements  of  that  period. 
In  its  simple  form  a.  copper  oelt  could  only  lx-  made 
in  an  open  mould,  and  thei  cfore  I  nly  tlat  celts  OOUld 
lie  made  of  copper.  The  opinion  often  maintained 
that  the  intention  of  the  makers  of  hi. 
weapons  was  to  make  an  implement  in  the 
proportion  of  !•  :  1  was  shown  by  analysis  to  bo 
incorrect,   as  also  was   the   theory    that    the   ait    of 

tempering  bronze  was  lost,   as  it   could  new  be 

hardened  by  hammering  as  well  as,  if  not  better 
than,  it  was  dene  in  the  Bronze  Age.  The 
President  proved  that  metallic  tin  was  not 
necessary  to  the  manufacture  of  bron/.e.  and  bronze 
i  site  made  by  him  by  melting  metallic  copjHT  with 
tin    ore.    and    from    metal    obtained  by    smelting  a 

mixed  ore  of  oopper  and  tin  in  a  primitive  fan 

in  the  metallurgical  workshop  of   the  Royal  School 


N°  4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


143 


of  Mines,  were  exhibited.  He  also  showed  tha6 
the  opinion  held  by  many  of  the  existence  of  a 
universal  Copper  Age  in  Europe,  intermediate 
between  the  Bronze  and  Stone  periods  of  culture, 
was  not  warranted  by  facts. 


Physical. — Jan.  26. — Prof.  J.  H.  Poynting, 
President,  in  the  chair.  — A  paper  on  '  The  Iso- 
thermal Distillation  of  Nitrogen  and  Oxygen  and 
of  Argon  and  Oxygen '  was  read  by  Mr.  I.  K. 
Inglis. — A  paper  on  'The  Use  of  Chilled  Cast  Iron 
for  Permanent  Magnets '  was  read  by  Mr.  A. 
•Campbell.  —  A  paper  by  Prof.  Lyle  and  Mr. 
Baldwin,  '  On  Experiments  on  the  Propagation  of 
Longitudinal  Waves  of  Magnetic  Flux  along  Iron 
Wires  and  Rods,'  was  read  by  Prof.  F.  T.  Trouton. 


British  Numismatic. — Jan.  24. — Mr.  Carbyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — His  Excellency 
Sir  D.  G.  Metaxas  was  elected  an  Honorary 
Member,  and  the  Hon.  F.  Strutt,  Lieut.  -Col.  R.  J. 
•Carthew,  Dr.  J.  B.  Hurry,  and  Messrs.  H.  Y. 
Hare,  A.  C.  Hutchins,  R.  A.  Inglis,  H.  C.  Myers, 
and  J.  W.  Spurway,  Members  ;  and  nine  candi- 
dates for  membership  were  proposed.  —  The 
President  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Coinage  of 
St.  Davids  in  the  Time  of  William  I.'  It  will  be 
remembered  that  he  recently  discovered  a  coin  of 
Howell  Dda,  and  established  the  theory  of  an 
•early  coinage  in  Wales.  He  then  proved  that  a 
mint  was  in  operation  at  Pembroke  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  Having  now  turned  his  attention  to  the 
period  of  the  Conquest,  he  finds  that  there  are 
certain  coins  which  also  must  be  given  to  the 
Principality.  It  is  well  known  that  a  mint  was 
then  worked  at  Rhuddlan,  but  as  it  was  under  the 
Earl  of  Chester  it  was  not  strictly  a  Welsh  mint. 
The  coins  now  treated,  although  of  full  weight  and 
standard  silver,  are  of  much  inferior  workmanship 
to  the  English  coins  of  the  paxs  type,  the  last 
coinage  of  William  I.,  with  which  they  were 
obviously  intended  to  pass  current.  They  bear 
the  mint-name  devitvn,  which  Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton  demonstrated  was  the  contemporary  form 
•of  Dewiton,  the  old  name  of  St.  Davids.  In 
addition,  the  usual  ecclesiastical  symbols  of  the 
annulet  and  cross  pomnu'-c  appear  upon  them, 
showing  that  they  were  issued  by  the  Bishop  of 
St.  Davids.  The  writer  exhibited  a  series  of  coins 
in  illustration  of  his  paper. — Mr.  Lawrence  read  a 
paper  upon  'A  Remarkable  Penny  of  King  Alfred,' 
and  exhibited  the  coin,  the  obverse  of  which  bears 
the  king's  bust  in  profile  to  right  within  an  inner 
•circle,  but  the  reverse  has  the  moneyer's  name  and 
title,  Athelulf  Mo,  in  two  lines  across  the  field.  It 
is  a  mule,  combining  the  London  monogram  and 
the  cross  pattte  types,  and  bears  clear  indications 
of  being  a  restruck  coin  of  the  former  type.  Un- 
fortunately, the  coin  is  not  above  suspicion  ;  but 
whilst  admitting  this  Mr.  Lawrence  was  of  opinion 
that  it  is  genuine,  and  lie  called  attention  to  the 
various  points  of  detail  in  favour  of  this  view. — 
Sheriff  Mackenzie  presented  to  the  Society  Du- 
carel's  original  copy  of  his  '  Anglo-Oallic  Coins,1 
containing  his  manuscript  notes  and  additions. — 
Mr.  J.  F.  Walker  exhibited  a  perfect  specimen  of 
the  penny  of  Henry,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  of 
which  the  only  other  known  example  is  in  the 
British  Museum  and  imperfect :  Mr.  C.  J.  Smilter, 
a  small  find  of  coins  from  the  Goodwin  Sands  of 
the  period  of  Charles  I.  ;  and  Mr.  W.  Sharp 
Ogden,  impressions  of  the  great  seal  of  Owen 
Glendower  ;  other  interesting  exhibitions  were  sent 
I>y  Major  Freer  and  Messrs.  J.  B.  Caldecott,  W,  -T. 
Webster,  L.  L.  Fletcher,  W.  M.  Maish,  and 
H.  W.  Taffs ;  and  contributions  to  the  library 
were  made  by  Major  Freer,  the  Numismatic 
Society  of  New  York,  and  Messrs.  Spink. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEKK. 


Hon.     Royal    Academy,   *.— 'Beaton   in   Architecture,'   Lecture  I., 
Mr.  T.  Q.  Jackson, 

—  London  Institution,  S.— *The   Development  of  Sculpture  in 

Qreeceand  Rome,'  Un   E.  Burton  Brown. 

—  Royal  Institution,  6.-  Genera]  Monthly, 

—  Engineers,  7.80.-  Inaugural  Address  by  Mr.  M.  Wilson. 

—  Aristotelian,  h.-    Tlie  Aims  and  Achievements  of  Scientific 

Method.'  Mr  T   P  Piunn. 

—  Society  of  Arts.  8     'Modern  Warships,'  Ix> t ur«-  n,  Sir  W. 

\Yl]it<\        |(    Iltlt'-l      Lei   I  Mir    | 

Tnv    Society  of  Arts.  4.30.    '  Imperial  Immigration.' Mr.  0  C.Beale. 

—  Royal    Institution,   6. —  'Food   and    Nutrition,'    Lecture    i 

Prof  \\   Stirling. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.    Discussion  on 'The  Railway 

GftUgefl  (,f   IihI.i 


Toes.  Zoological,  8.:S0.  —  1.  '  Trichorhiza.  a  New  Hydroid  Genus,' 
Mr.  E.  S.  Russell ;  2.  -  Notes  on  the  Histology  and  Physiology 
of  the  Placenta  in  Ungulata,'  Dr.  .1.  W.  .Tenkinson  ;  :i.  'De- 
scription of  a  New  Fly  of  the  Family  Tabanidss,'  Miss 
Gertrude  Ricardo  ;  4.  'A'  List  of  the  Mammals  obtained  by 
Messrs.  R.  B.  Woosnam  and  R.  E.  Dent  in  Beehuanaland,' 
Mr.  Harold  Schwann. 

Wed.  Entomological,  8.—'  Some  New  or  hitherto  Unfigured  Forms 
of  South  African  Butterflies.'  Mr.  II.  Triraen ;  'Some  Rest- 
Attitudes  of  Butterflies,'  Dr.  G.  B.  Longstaff. 

—  Geological,  8.— 'The  Carboniferous  Limestone  (Avonianl  of  the 

Mendip  Area,  Somerset,  with  Especial  Reference  to  the 
Palwontological  Sequence,'  Mr.  T.  Franklin  Sibly ;  'The 
Igneous  Rocks  associated  with  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  of  the 
Mendips,'  Prof.  S.  H.  Reynolds. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Progress  in  Electric  Lighting,'  Mr.  Leon 

Gaster. 
Turns.  Roval    Academy,  4.— 'Reason  in  Architecture,'  Lecture  II., 
Mr.  T.  G.  Jackson. 

—  Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.— 'The  Significance  of  the  Future  in  the 

Theory  of  Evolution,'  Lecture  II..  Mr.  B.  Kidd. 

—  London  Institution,  6.— 'The  History  of  England  as  taught  in 

its  Songs,'  Mr.  J.  F.  Sawyer. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  8.— Discussion  on  'Tech- 

nical Considerations  in  Electric-Railway  Engineering.'  Paper 

on  '  Crane  Motors  and  Controllers,'  Mr.  C.  W.  Hill. 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 
Astronomical,  5.— Annual  Meeting. 
Institution  of  Civil    Engineers,  8.— 'Electric  Driving  at  the 

Locomotive  Works  of  the  North  London  Railway,'  Mr.  R.  H. 

Mackie.     iStudents'  Meeting.) 
Physical,  8.— Annual  Meeting  ;  Address  by  Prof.  Perry. 
Roval    Institution.  9. — 'Eclipse  Problems  and  Observations, 

Mr.  H.  F.  Newali. 
Royal  Institution,  3.— 'Advances  in  Microscopy,' Lecture  II., 

Mr.  -1.  W.  Gordon. 


Fm. 


Sat. 


§&timu  (Sossip. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  on 
Tuesday  of  Mr.  Charles  John  Cornish,  an 
assistant  master  at  St.  Paul's  School,  who 
was  well  known  for  his  studies  on  natural 
history,  contributed  to  The  Spectator  and 
elsewhere.  Mr.  Cornish  had  an  attractive 
style,  which  set  off  his  turn  for  scientific 
speculation,  and  many  of  his  articles  were 
a  success  in  a  revised  form.  He  published 
'  Life  at  the  Zoo  '  in  1895,  '  Nights  with  an 
Old  Gunner  '  in  1897,  and  '  The  Naturalist 
on  the  Thames  '  in  1902.  His  '  Life  of  Sir 
William  Henry  Flower  '  (1904)  could  not  be 
called  a  success,  and  needed  a  man  stronger 
on  the  technical  side  of  zoology. 

Mr.  Henry  Frowde  is  about  to  bring 
out  a  book  written  by  Dr.  Stevens,  the 
medical  officer  of  health  for  Camberwell,  on 
the  subject  of  the  dissemination  and  pre- 
vention of  smallpox.  It  deals,  among  other 
things,  with  the  spread  of  the  disease  from 
hospitals,  and  the  ordinary  and  extraordinary 
means  of  conveying  the  infection  from  one 
person  to  another  ;  and  discusses  the  value 
of  measures  designed  to  prevent  its  spread, 
both  from  a  medical  and  financial  point  of 
view. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Emile 
Boutmy  (a  member  of  the  French  Academie 
des  Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques)  at  the 
Ecole  des  Sciences  Politiques,  which  he  had 
founded  in  1871,  and  conducted  up  to  last 
week.  He  was  born  at  Paris  in  1835,  and 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Taine,  succeeding 
Leon  Say  as  a  "  membre  libre  "  of  the 
Academie  des  Sciences  in  1880.  He  wrote 
numerous  books,  the  best  of  which  were 
'  Etudes  de  droit  Constitutionnel,  1885,' 
and  '  Psychologie  Politique  du  Peuple 
Americain,'  both  taking  a  high  place 
in  philosophical  circles.  His  death  will  be 
severely  felt  by  his  numerous  pupils  of  the 
past  and  present  generation,  French  and 
foreign. 

Prof.  C.  W.  Pritchett  has  retired — at 
the  age  of  eighty-three,  after  thirty  years 
of  service — from  the  Chair  of  Astronomy  at 
Glasgow,  Missouri,  and  the  directorship  of 
the  Morrison  Observatory  there.  Dr.  Her- 
man S.  Davies  has  resigned  the  position  of 
astronomcr-in-charge  of  the  International 
Latitude  Observatory  at  Gaithersburg,  and 
is  succeeded  by  Dr.  Frank  E.  Ross,  formerly 
research  assistant  at  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion, Washington. 

A  new  comet  (a,  190G)  was  discovered  by 
Mr.  W.  R.  Brooks,  of  the  Smith  Observatory, 
Geneva,  N.Y.,  in  the  constellation  Hercules 


on  the  27th  ult.  It  was  photographed  at 
the  Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  on  the 
morning  of  the  31st,  and  was  then  about 
equal  in  brightness  to  a  star  of  the  eighth 
magnitude.  It  was  moving  in  a  north- 
westerly direction. 

Two  new  small  planets  were  registered  by 
Herr  Kopff  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory, 
Heidelberg,  on  the  15th  ult.  These  (with 
which  the  list  for  1906  commences)  were 
visuallv  observed  by  Dr.  J.  Palisa  at  Vienna 
on  the*20th. 

A  total  eclipse  of  the  moon  will  take 
place  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  which  will 
be  best  seen  in  America.  At  Greenwich  the 
moon  will  set  at  half-past  7  o'clock,  17 
minutes  before  the  middle  of  the  eclipse, 
so  that  only  the  first  part  of  it  will  be  visible 
in  this  country.  It  will  be  followed  by  a 
partial  eclipse  of  the  sun  on  the  23rd.  No 
part  of  this  will  be  visible  in  Europe,  and 
it  will  be  best  seen  in  South  America,  and 
in  New  Zealand  and  the  Australasian  islands. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  7h.  46m.  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  inst., 
and  new  at  7h.  57m.  on  that  of  the  23rd. 
She  will  be  nearest  the  earth  on  the  night 
of  the  13th. 

Aldebaean  will  be  occulted  by  the  moon 
this  evening,  disappearing  at  5h.  23m. 
(Greenwich  time),  and  reappearing  at  6h. 
28m.  The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at 
superior  conjunction  with  the  sun  on  the 
20th.  Venus  will  be  at  the  same  conjunc- 
tion on  the  14th,  and  the  two  planets  will 
be  in  conjunction  with  each  other  on  the 
23rd  ;  Venus  may  become  visible  after 
sunset  at  the  end  of  the  month.  Mars  is 
in  the  constellation  Pisces,  and  sets  early 
in  the  evening  ;  he  will  be  near  the  moon 
on  the  26th.  Jupiter  is  in  Taurus,  near 
Pleiades,  and  will  be  visible  until  past  mid- 
night throughout  the  month  ;  he  was  in 
conjunction  with  the  moon  last  evening. 
Saturn  is  not  visible  this  month,  being  in 
conjunction  with  the  sun  on  the  24th. 

The  editor  of  the  Astronomische  Nach- 
richten  states  (No.  4068)  that  he  has  ascer- 
tained that  the  report  that  the  periodic 
comet  discovered  photographically  by  Prof. 
Barnard  on  October  12th,  1892,  had  been 
redetected  at  the  La  Plata  Observatory 
is  without  foundation.  That  comet  was  a 
very  faint  object  in  1892,  and  has  not  been 
seen  since  ;  the  length  of  its  period  is  very 
uncertain. 

Dr.  T.  D.  Anderson,  of  Edinburgh,  has 
detected  the  variability  of  a  star  in 
the  constellation  Lynx.  It  is  numbered 
+  33°.  1686  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung,' 
where  its  magnitude  is  given  as  9'4.  Dr. 
Anderson  found  it  of  about  that  brightness 
last  October,  from  which  it  gradually 
diminished  to  10'8  by  the  middle  of  last 
month.  Its  designation  will  be  var.  I., 
1906,  Lyncis. 


FINE    ARTS 


The  Cathedral  Builders  in  England.     By 
Edward  S.  Prior.     (Seeley  &"Co.) 

In  these  days,  when  a  great  deal  of  vain 
repetition  and  pretentious  attempts  at 
fine  writing  with  regard  to  our  cathedral 
churches  are  frequently  put  forth  to 
support  cheap  illustrations,  it  is  satis- 
factory to  find  the  subject  approached 
after  a  masterly  and  in  many  respects 
an  original  fashion.  This  book  is  bright- 
ened  by   various   able    reproductions   of 


1 II 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N    1084,  I'm  :;,  1906 


some  "i  the  bes!  old  engravings  ol  Eng- 
land's minsters,  as  well  m  bj  one  or 
two  admirable  drawings  l>\  Mi.  J.  Harold 
Gibbons,  and  Bome  printing  in  i  oloura 
from  illuminated  manuscripts;  but  the 
letterpreas  is  bj  far  the  most  important 
part,  ;iinl  cannot  fail  to  be  appreciated 
by  all  true  lovers  of  architecture  and 
everj  sound  ecclesiologist. 
Mr.  Prior  has  well  acquitted  himself  in 

focussing      under     dilTeront      periods     the 

builders  ol  our  greal  churches.     He  has 

done  BO  in  a  way  that  will  make  this 
book  valuable  for  trustworthy  and  rapid 
reference,  and  has  at  the  same  time  |  re- 
duced B  pleasantly  written  and  almost 
authoritative  treatise  on  the  successive 
stages  of  our  church-building  annals  from 
1066  to  1904.  In  his  introduction  Mr. 
Prior  is  particularly  sound  in  insisting 
that,  though  tie  mason's  part  in  the 
story  of  our  cathedrals  has  been  abun- 
dantly maj)]  ed  out  and  annotated,  the 
(  hurch man's  share  in  settling  on  each 
occasion  what  the  building  was  to  be, 
for  the  purpose  of  his  creed,  has  been 
too  frequently  ignored  : — 

Planned  as  I  have  pointed  out,  never 
to  any  man's  fancy  of  the  beautiful,  but 
always  as  providing  for  the  services  of  the 
church — exacting  services  that  brooked  of 
no  heresy  or  chance  deviation — the  cathe- 
drals could  have  shown,  were  they  perfectly 
preserved,  the  whole  course  of  the  religious 
ideals  of  the  English  nation  threaded 
together  in  one  continuous  chain.  There 
have,  of  course,  been  wide  destructions  of 
the  evidence,  and  the  restoration  of  the 
last  100  years  has  re-edited  the  whole  with 
an  animus  of  its  own,  throwing  into  the 
rubbish  heap  many  most  valuable  links, 
particularly  the  works  of  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centuries.  .  .  .The  connexion 
of  the  parts  and  conveniences  of  each  great 
church  in  view  of  the  religious  services  of 
its  time  have  been  little  followed  up,  for 
writers  on  them  generally  shirk  this  part 
of  the  story.  But  I  would  venture  to  say 
that  the  churchman's  part  in  the  art  of  our 
great  cathedrals,  and  the  significance  of 
his  impress  upon  their  development,  could 
be  had  at  first  hand  by  any  one  who  will 
studj-  them  for  this  purpose." 

The  chapters  on  particular  periods 
are  made  of  much  service,  not  only  by 
their  general  collections  of  truths  and 
comparisons,  salted  with  striking  con- 
clusions and  deductions,  but  also  by  the 
amount  of  information  condensed  into 
their  sub-headings.  Thus,  if  we  turn,  for 
example,  to  the  third  chapter,  which 
deals  with  the  cathedral  builders  of  the 
third  period,  namely,  from  1207  to  1280, 
it  is  at  once  seen  that  the  works  then  in 
progress  included  Lincoln  (quire,  transepts, 
nave),  1192-1253  ;  Worcester  (quire), 
1203-36  ;  Salisbury  (quire,  transepts, 
nave),  1220-58  ;  Peterborough  (west 
front).  1220-37  ;  Wells  (west  front),  1220- 
1242;  York  (transepts),  1227-CO  ;  Ely 
(chapels),  1235-52;  Southwell  (quire), 
1235-80  ;  and  Durham  (nine  altars), 
1237-KO.  In  his  discussion  of  this  period 
Mr.  Trior  is  singularly  happy  and  con- 
vincing ;  he  is  patriotic,  hut  his  patriot- 
ism is  kept  well  in  hand,  and  blended 
With  B  wholesome  vein  of  cosmopolitan 
appreciation.      He  admits  that  the  English 


work  of  this  date  was  clearly  BmaUei  and 
ot  leas  consequence  than  that  of  Prance, 
but  still  it  was  of  important  leparate 

spin.  ..i  Gothic  art,  a  crystallization 
of  Btyle,  independent  of  the  French 
crystallization.'1  It  was  no  mere  cutting 
from  some  foreign  plant,  hut  a  seedling 
of  similar  growth,  anticipating  in  Borne 
respects,  rather  than  echoing,  the  greater 
features  of  French  creation.  Be  con- 
siders this  particular  period  as  essentially 

insular.      The   expulsion   of    English    ruler- 

from  their  continental  possessions  had 
the  result  of  keeping  English  builders 
for  a  time  isolated,  and  developed  a  dis- 
tinct art.  The  English  bishops,  too, 
were  at  this  time  specially  devoted  to 
the  cult  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  above 
their  continental  brethren,  and  hence 
cane,  during  this  thirteenth  century, 
the  stretching  out  of  the  Lady  Chapel 
behind  the  screen  of  the  great  altar,  with 
the  result  that  the  square-ended  sanctuary 
of  national  usage  was  placed  behind  the 
Romanesque  apse,  and  finally  obliterated 
it,  except  in  the  rarest  instances. 

Particular  interest  attaches  to  the  last 
chapter,  entitled  '  The  Cathedral  Builders 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century.'  The  great 
church  revival  of  the  last  half  century 
brought  about,  as  a  necessary  sequel, 
the  creation  of  various  new  dioceses.  For 
most  of  these  the  past  history  of  the 
Church  had  provided  suitable  cathedral 
churches  in  fabrics  originally  designed 
for  monastic,  collegiate,  or  parochial  use, 
as  at  Ripon,  Southwell,  Manchester, 
St.  Albans,  Newcastle,  and  Wakefield  ; 
but  it  is  otherwise  with  Truro,  and  now 
again  with  Liverpool,  the  plan  for  which 
does  not,  however,  come  within  the  scope 
of  these  pages.  The  three  special  cathe- 
dral builders  brought  before  us  in  this 
chapter  are  Scott,  with  Chichester  spire, 
1862-5 ;  Street,  with  Bristol  nave,  1875- 
1888  ;  and  Pearson,  with  Truro  quire 
and  transepts,  1882-7.  We  are  a  little 
surprised  that  Blomefield,  with  South- 
wark  nave,  was  net  added  to  the  number. 
There  is  in  this  chapter  much  wholesome 
and  faithful  criticism.  Truro  Cathedral 
is  accepted  as  a  not  unworthy  representa- 
tion of  the  ambitions  and  faculties  of 
nineteenth-century  architecture,  and  as 
possessing  an  expression  of  culture  blended 
with  an  occasional  inventiveness  of  design. 
But  in  the  true  building  sense,  Mr. 
Prior  remarks,  there  was  a  flagrant 
misuse  of  opportunity.  In  Cornwall, 
from  the  material  so  abundant  in  its  hills, 
a  cathedral  of  dignity,  even  of  imposing 
grandeur,  could  surely  have  been  built 
of  rough-dressed  granite.  But  nothing 
would  content  Pearson  but  the  wholesale 
introduction  of  "  the  cheese-cut  Bath 
stone  of  commerce,  the  mildest  vehicle 
of  jerry  -  building  ambition,"  suitable 
enough  for  the  somewhat  enervating 
atmosphere  of  the  city  of  warm  baths, 
but  alien  to  the  rugged  sea-blown 
diocese  of  Cornwall.  Elsewhere,  as  might 
be  supposed,  the  writer  is  downright 
and  outspoken  as  to  the  grievous  treat- 
ment and  ejection  of  sound  and  excellent 
furniture  of  the  seventeenth  and  eigh- 
teenth   centuries   during   the    neo-Golhie 


fury    of    last    century,    and    cites    with    ap- 
proval     l)i       I  OX  -      detailed      indi>  tnn-nt 

of  the  Victorian  treatment  of  ooi  cathe- 
dral   churches.       Nevertheless,    be    ha-    the 

fail  ■  thai 

destroyed  ->>  much  ef   genuine  histoi 

and    religious    value    cleansed  loth  our 

cathedral  and    parish  churches  of    much 

which  was  simply  duty  and  slo\enly. 

Mi.    I'im. is    huge    book    on    the   history 
of  Gothic  ait  m  England,  issued  in   19 
was    generally    accepted    as    a    work    of 
great    merit,    and    this    smaller    book 
the    cathedral     builder-     well     de- 
place  by  it-  Bide. 


THE    GRAFTON    GALLERY. 

Tin:  Arts  and  Crafts  Society  have 
appeared  at  the  Grafton  Gallery,  w  !• 
their  exhibits  are  shown  to  great  advantfl 
There  is  no  doubt  that  there  has  been  m 
the  last  decade  a  consideral  1<-  elevation  of 
the  standard  of  taste  in  the  n  atter  of  applied 
art,  so  that  it  is  now  possible  to  buy  modern 
furniture,  textiles,  and  to  some  extent 
(though  unfortunately  still  a  very  small  one> 
■  pottery,  in  which  the  essential  principb 
applied  design  are  not  flagrantly  disregarded. 
And  in  bringing  about  this  improvement 
England  has  held  a  leading  place.  The 
curious  aberrations  of  reason  and  taste 
which  have  expressed  then  selves  in  I'art 
ncureau,  though  their  origins  maj-  be  traced 
to  English  designers,  have  never  been 
seriously  accepted  in  this  country,  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  among  us,  both  in 
stimulating  and  regulating  taste,  much  has 
been  done  by  the  Society  just  mentiom  d. 

Nevertheless,  it  can  hardly  be  denied  that 
the  present  exhibition  does  not  as  a  whole 
impress  one  as  keeping  up  a  very  high 
standard.  There  is  a  great  deal  here  which 
is  actually  below  what  we  may  call  the  best 
commercial  level — far  too  many  exhibits 
which  would  not  be  allowed  to  appear  in 
the  windows  of  any  of  the  great  furnishing 
establishments  of  the  West-End.  Tl 
seems  to  us  more  that  is  literally  shocking 
in  its  blatant  vulgarity  or  its  inept  imitation 
of  better  models  than  there  used  to  be  hi 
earlier  exhibitions.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
few  individual  workers  appear  to  have  gone 
far  ahead  of  earlier  attempts — to  have 
attained  real  mastery  and  control  of  their 
material,  and  to  have  developed  a  more 
certain  taste  than  the  pioneers  of  the  move- 
ment. 

Among  these  we  must  give  a  high  place 
to  the  new  sc!  ool  of  scribes  and  designers 
of  inscriptions.  These  have  attacked  the 
problem  of  applied  design  in  one  of  its 
simplest  and  most  universal  applicatiei  B, 
and  they  have  already  done  a  groat  deal  to 
establish  a  standard  by  which  we  shall  be 
hound  to  revise  all  printed  and  written 
lettering.  If  once  the  principles  they  have 
established  could  gain  currency,  what  a  load 
of  ugliness  would  be  lifted  from  modem 
civilization  !     If  once  the  names  of  streets 

and  houses,  and.  let  us  hope,  even  the 
announcements  of  advertisers,  w  ere  executed 
in  beautifully  designed  and  well-spaced 
letters,  the  eye  would  become  so  accustomed 

to  good  proportion  in  these  simple  and 
obvious  things  that  it  would  insist  on  a 
similar  gratification  in  more  complex  and 
difficult  matters.  It  seems  to  us  that  Mr. 
Johnston,  who  was.  we  believe,  the  origin- 
ator of  a  now  busy  school  of  scribes,  main- 
tains his  position  as  the  best,  as  he  is  the 
freest  and  most  original  of  all.  Hi-  ('a)i(i- 
cuni    Qawtiaamm    and    Songs    of    Innocence 


N°  4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE     ATHE^N^UM 


145 


(220)  are  of  very  great  beauty.  In  the 
latter  he  shows  that,  having  practised  long 
under  the  authority  of  recognized  scripts, 
he  is  able  now  to  develope  a  formula  of  his 
own,  adapted  to  the  ideas  and  sentiments 
of  a  comparatively  modern  work. 

As  excellent,  and  perhaps  of  more  practical 
utility,  are  Mr.  Gill's  applications  of  lettering 
to  monumental  inscriptions.  Mr.  Gill  ex- 
hibits a  number  of  stone  slabs,  some  with 
incised,  some  with  raised  lettering,  some 
plain,  and  others  gilt  or  coloured.  Modern 
works  of  art  sometimes  discover  many 
great  and  important  qualities  ;  but  the 
quality  of  perfection  is  perhaps  scarcely 
ever  among  them,  and  it  is  just  this  quality 
that  we  fi  id  i.i  Mr.  Gill's  work.  The 
problems  which  the  figurative  arts  present, 
whether  in  painting  or  sculpture,  are  of 
course  infinitely  more  complex  than  those 
to  which  the  spacing  and  cutting  of  an 
inscription  give  rise  ;  but  to  have  solved 
any  artistic  problem,  however  simple,  with 
absolute,  undeniable  completeness,  is  at 
the  present  time  a  rare  distinction,  and  it 
is  that  distinction  which  Mr.  Gill  possesses. 
Scarcely  anything  in  the  present  exhibition 
gives  us  such  pure,  unqualified  pleasure 
as  these  perfectly  designed  and  exquisitely 
executed  inscriptions. 

The  illuminators  are  by  no  means  as  yet 
on  the  same  level  as  the  scribes.  Mr. 
Graily  Hewitt  and  Miss  Florence  Kingsford 
seem  to  us  the  best.  The  latter  possesses 
real  invention  and  great  delicacy  of  feeling, 
but  her  sense  of  colour  is  still  somewhat 
too  negative,  and  her  effects  are  too  timid 
to  give  the  full  decorative  result  which  such 
work  might  show. 

Of  the  bookbinders  Mr.  Cobden  Sanderson 
still  seems  to  us  the  best,  with  a  larger,  more 
genial  sense  of  design  than  his  competitors, 
though  in  point  of  execution  Mr.  Douglas 
Cockerell  certainly  equals,  if  he  does  not 
surpass  him.  One  or  two  interesting  and 
original  designs,  such  as  Mr.  Gedge's  (250-1), 
show  promise,  but  want  of  technical  accom- 
plishment. 

The  whole  of  the  large  gallery  is  dominated 
by  two  works  of  art  which  have  nothing 
strictly  to  do  with  the  functions  of  the  Society. 
These  are  cartoons  for  fresco  paintings  at 
Oakham  Old  School  by  Miss  Sargant  Florence 
(172  and  192)  representing  the  story  of 
Gareth.  There  is  assuredly  nothing  precious 
or  aesthetic  (in  the  old  slang  sense  of  the 
word)  about  these  strange,  disquieting  com- 
positions. They  indicate  no  merely  in- 
genious and  refined  adaptation  of  past 
models  to  modern  requirements,  like  so 
much  of  the  better  work  here  ;  but  they 
have,  on  the  contrary,  the  stamp  of  a  direct 
sense  of  life  which  is  exhilarating  and  sur- 
prising. They  have  an  almost  aggressive 
vitality,  and  a  masculine  ruggedness  and 
directness  of  expression  which  might  make 
us  suspect  that  the  habit  of  literary  pseu- 
donymity  had  been  taken  up  by  artists,  had 
we  not  credible  information  to  the  contrary. 
At  the  exhibition  of  the  Tempera  Society 
some  little  while  ago  we  noticed  two  heads 
by  Miss  Florence  as  by  far  the  strongest 
work  shown  there,  and  these  cartoons  more 
than  fulfil  the  expectations  the  heads  aroused, 
because  they  show  her  capacity  for  co-ordi- 
nating figure  designs  on  a  large  scale.  It 
would  be  an  exaggeration  to  pretend  that 
the  composition  of  these  designs  is  faultless, 
or  that  the  drawing  of  the  nude  has  the 
same  vivid  sense  of  character  that  the  heads 
display — it  is  at  present  too  much  influenced 
by  the  actual  model;  but  there  is  enough 
here  to  make  us  hope  that,  if  only  proper 
facilities  and  encouragement  are  forth- 
coming, Miss  Florence  may  accomplish 
something  of  real  and  vital  significance  in 
the    most    difficult    branch    of    design    that 


exists— one  in  which  it  was  to  be  feared 
modern  English  artists  would  always  have 
to  confess  their  inadequacy. 

In  furniture  the  present  exhibition  is  dis- 
appointing. The  attempts  at  originality 
are  mostly  failures,  more  or  less  grotesque, 
and  the  best  work  is  of  that  soberly  imita- 
tive kind  which  is  to  be  found  in  all  good 
furniture  shops.  Of  this  Mr.  Ambrose 
Heal's  mahogany  chest  (7)  is  an  excellent 
example.  Mr.  Gimson's  designs  are  admir- 
able ;  they  are  also  more  experimental  ; 
but  their  effect  is  marred  by  rather  clumsy 
metal  work.  One  attempt  at  originality  in 
furniture  design  and  decoration  is  note- 
worthy, namely,  the  dresser  designed  by 
Mr.  Lethaby  and  painted  by  Mr.  Powell, 
whose  admirable  work  in  pottery  we  re- 
viewed recently  at  length.  Mr.  Powell 
shows  in  his  painting  of  this  piece  of  furni- 
ture the  same  forcible  decision  and  frankness 
of  touch  as  in  his  pottery,  but  the  design 
seems  to  us  too  complicated  and  too  evenly 
distributed  to  produce  an  effect  commensu- 
rate with  the  labour  involved. 

Mr.  Powell's  pottery  is  also  exhibited,  but 
of  this  we  need  say  no  more  at  present. 
Among  the  similar  exhibits  are  a  few  good 
things  done  by  the  Lancastrian  pottery 
in  positive  reds  and  blues  which  have  real 
quality,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  one 
or  two  of  the  Ruskin  pottery  examples ; 
but  for  the  most  part  the  exhibitors  seem  to 
aim  at  a  vague  and  indistinctive  mixture  of 
many  tints,  which  becomes  turbid  and 
unpleasant. 

In  the  Needlework  Section  Miss  May 
Morris  distinguishes  herself  by  the  perfec- 
tion of  her  technique.  We  noticed  also  a 
charming  embroidery  by  Mrs.  Walter  Cave 
(245  C),  and  a  very  effective  use  of  applique 
linen  by  Miss  Hussy  (117). 

The  stained-glass  designs  are  on  a  level 
of  worthy  mediocrity  which  calls  for  no 
special  comment. 

Among  other  exhibits  that  deserve  praise 
we  may  mention  Mr.  Spencer's  ironwork, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gaskin's  enamel  plaques,  Miss 
Gimson's  and  Miss  Heen's  jewellery,  Mr. 
Southall's  miniatures,  and  Mr.  Conrad  Dress- 
ler's  sculptured  spandrils. 


THE    ROYAL    INSTITUTE    OF 
BRITISH    ARCHITECTS. 

This  well-known  body  this  year  set  an 
interesting  subject  for  the  annual  com- 
petition (just  decided)  for  the  Soane  medal- 
lion and  travelling  studentship,  namely, 
the  realization  of  the  ideal  house  described 
in  Bacon's  essay  '  Of  Building.' 

Several  of  the  designs  are  of  high  quality, 
that  of  the  winner,  Mr.  W.  S.  George,  as 
shown  in  the  perspective  drawing,  being  a 
very  fine  Elizabethan  house,  though  the 
plan  is  less  true  to  the  period.  On  the  whole, 
he  has  realized  very  successfully  the  house 
as  Bacon  describes  it,  but,  instead  of  "  a 
great  and  stately  tower,"  there  are 
about  half-a-dozen  little  cupolas;  and 
instead  of  the  entrance  block  being  kept 
high,  and  the  return  and  cross  blocks 
"  of  a  far  lower  building,"  that  at  the 
opposite  end  is  of  almost  equal  height. 
Nor  are  the  square  staircases  of  the  first 
court  "  cast  into  turrets  on  the  outside." 
These  are  small  matters,  however,  and  the 
author  is  to  be  congratulated  on  a  successful 
solution  of  a  problem  of  some  difficulty. 
Roth  in  the  style  adopted  and  in  the  manner 
of  illustrating  it  he  has  taken  the  work  of 
John  Thorpe  M  a  model.  While-  this  style, 
perhaps,  accords  best  with  the  written 
description,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
the  essay  was  not    published  till    1625  (the 


date  of  the  Banqueting  House,  Whitehall, 
is  1619),  so  that  a  later  style  would  also  be 
admissible. 

Another  point  to  remember  is  that  though 
in  the  essay  the  house  is  referred  to  as  a 
palace  and  the  owner  as  a  prince,  it  is  clear 
that  Bacon  was  thinking  of  an  English 
country  house,  and  not  of  a  royal  palace. 
It  is  from  this  point  of  view — namely,  in  the 
lack  of  domestic  feeling — that  the  fine  design 
by  Mr.  Atkinson,  awarded  the  second  prize, 
and  the  design  hung  next  to  his  (exhibited 
under  the  motto  Red  Fly),  are  not  wholly 
satisfactory,  though  in  other  respects  they 
possess  much  merit. 

Both  Institute  and  students  are  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  choice  of  subject.  No 
better  practice  could  be  wished  for  young 
architects  than  the  attempt  to  realize  the 
house  so  finely  described  by  the  great  author, 
who  wrote  at  a  time  when  most  men  of  educa- 
tion were  to  a  certain  extent  experts  in  archi- 
tecture and  all  that  pertained  to  building. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  27th  ult.  the 
following  pictures  :  T.  S.  Cooper,  The  Passing 
Storm,  173/.     W.  Midler,  Tivoli,  136/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  30th  inst.  the  follow- 
ing engravings.  After  Constahle  :  The  Lock,  by 
D.  Lucas,  96/.  After  Taunay  :  Foire  de  Village, 
and  Noce  de  Village,  by  Descourtis,  51/.  After 
Reynolds  :  Duchess  of  Rutland,  bj'  V.  Green,  38/.; 
Lady  Elizabeth  Compton,  by  the  same,  2361. : 
Lady  Louisa  Manners,  by  C.  Knight,  3!)/.  After 
Morland :  A  Tea  Garden,  by  F.  D.  Soiron,  •">(>/. 
After  Ronmey,  Lady  Hamilton  as  Nature,  by 
H.  Meyer,  34/.  Turner's  Liber  Studiorum,  the 
71  plates,  with  Rawlinson's  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue, 472/. 


Jfitu-^rt  (5ossip. 

Last  Thursday  was  the  private  view  of  an 
exhibition  of  '  Notes  and  Sketches  '  by  Mr. 
A.  L.  Baldry  at  the  Ryder  Gallery,  and  of 
pictures  by  Mr.  Grosvenor  Thomas  at  the 
Dowdeswell  Galleries. 

We  were  invited  yesterday  to  the  press 
view  of  oil  paintings  by  Mr.  G.  Leon  Little 
at  the  Goupil  Gallery. 

Mr.  Gtjtekunst  has  on  view  at  his  gallery 
a  selection  of  etchings  by  Charles  Jacque. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death,  at  Edin- 
burgh on  Friday  in  last  week,  of  Miss 
Christina  P.  Ross,  R.S.W.S.  Miss  Ross  was  a 
daughter  of  Robert  Thorburn  Ross,  U.S.A., 
who  settled  in  Edinburgh  in  the  late  forties, 
and  established  a  position  among  the  artists 
of  his  day  as  a  painter  of  Scottish  genre. 
Like  two  of  her  brothers,  one  of  whom  was 
the  late  Mr.  J.  Thorburn  Ross,  R.S.A., 
Miss  Ross  early  developed  a  love  of  art,  and 
for  many  years  she  had  been  a  regular 
contributor  (of  water-colours  in  particular) 
to  the  exhibitions  of  the  U.S.A.,  the  Glasgow 
Institute,  the  Royal  Water-Colour  Society, 
and  the  Society  of  Scottish  Artists,  tn 
general  she  painted  Scottish  landscape  and 
cottage  interiors. 

At  the  annual  banquet  in  connexion  with 
the  Royal  Scottisli  Academy,  held  in  Edin- 
burgh last  week,  a  strong  representation 
was  made  by  the  President,  Sir  .lames 
Guthrie,  in  regard  to  the  inadequacy  "t 
the  Scottisli  National  Gallery.  Sir  .lames 
insisted  that  the  want  of  proper  accommo- 
dation   in    the   Gallery    was    preventing    the 

generosity  of  private  collectors  and  others 
interested   in  art    from  being  effective.      He 

appealed  for  Government  assistance-  in  (he 
matter,  and  suggested  that  the  Scottish 
annuity  fund  should  he  capitalized  for  the 
purposos  of  art. 


n; 


Til  E     ATI!  KWEl'M 


N    1"M,  Feb.  3,  1906 


'I'm;  death)  in  tn-    i\n  {Ft  i  year,  1-  «n 
nounced    from     Florence    ol     the    pafntiHT 
Nioolo    Cannioci,    professor    at     1 1 1 « -    Aim- 
demis  dai  Belle  Am.  3 

A  ik  m>i  w  in:  in  \   volume,  '  Le  Bin  dani 

In  Caricature.'  by   M.  Gaultier,  has  appeared 

in    Pari-   tin-    Week,    and   deals   witli   Cavarni 

and  Qrandville  among  other  artists.      ^ 

Tin:    Parisian  caricaturists  have  at   length 

reoeived  official  recognition,  tor  If.  Adolphe 

WilUttc  has  been  decorated."  M.  Wil- 
Lette'a  Pierrot  and  Pierrette  are  weU 
known;  but  it  Beems  to  be  generally  for- 
gotten that  he  was  an  artist  before  he 
developed  into  B  caricaturist — an  "  artiste 
inonttnartrois,"  it  is  true.  His  most  cha- 
racteristic work  appeared  in  the  Courrier 
Franeaia  from  1SS4  to  11)01. 

Ox  March  6th  and  7th  .Messrs.  Sotheby, 
Wilkinson  &  Hodge  will  sell  over  300 
examples  of  the  work  of  Mr.  Linley  Sam- 
bourne.  These  original  drawings  include 
most  of  his  cartoons  in  Punch  during  the 
last  fifteen  years.  The  sale  catalogue 
presents  the  legend  "  of  each  cartoon  in 
full,  and  also  the  date  of  its  publication. 
The  purchase  of  the  drawings  does  not  carry 
the  right  of  reproduction,  which  is  reserved 
by  the  proprietors  of  Punch  ;  but  with 
nearly  every  item  will  be  sold  a  proof  im- 
pression of  the  print.  The  collection  is 
described  as  "  the  property  of  a  gentleman." 

Mr.  Charles  E.  Keyser,  F.S.A.,  is  pub- 
lishing in  the  Berkshire,  Buckinghamshire, 
and  Oxfordshire  Archaeological  Journal  archi- 
tectural notes  on  some  Berkshire  churches, 
illustrated  with  numerous  plates.  In  the 
current  number  he  writes  on  the  interesting 
church  at  Childrey.  His  account  of  Spars- 
holt  Church  appeared  in  October  last. 

Mr.  L.  Ingleby  Wood,  architect,  died  in 
Edinburgh  this  week.  He  was  the  best- 
known  authority  on  Scottish  pewter,  of 
which  he  had  a  fine  collection.  His  chief 
work,  '  Scottish  Pewter  Ware  and  Pewterers,' 
was  published  in  1904. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 
AEOLIAN  Hall. — Broadwood  Concerts. 
At  the  sixth  Broadwood  Concert,  at  the 
iEolian  Hall  on  January  25th,  the  pro- 
gramme included  a  Serenade  by  Sir 
Charles  V.  Stanford  for  strings,  flute, 
clarinet,  horn,  and  bassoon,  composed 
only  last  year.  As  in  the  symphony 
noticed  last  week,  form  and  treatment  of 
thematic  material  are  perfectly  clear. 
The  first  of  the  four  movements  is  pleasing, 
yet  not  so  engaging  as  the  others.  The 
Andante  lias  great  charm,  and  the  Scherzo 
humour  ;  while  the  particularly  taking 
Finale  has  touches  which  recall  Haydn, 
Brahms,  and,  as  regards  the  principal 
theme,  Irish  folk-music.  The  rendering 
by  the  Kruse  Quartet,  and  Messrs.  Eli 
Hudson,  Charles  Draper,  B.  J.  Muskett, 
and  E.  W.  Hinehliff,  was  excellent.  Mr. 
Meux  sang  various  songs  with  marked 
success. 


Bechstein    Hall. — Mozart   Commemora- 
tion. 

Mention  has  already  been  made  of  com- 
memorations of  the  150th  anniversary  of 


the    birth    of    M'l/ait,    but    that    e\.-nt 
celebrated     in     \eiv    cha  I  .v  I  •  -M  ■  I  \>      fa-hion 

bj  the  Concert  Gfoen  Club  at  Bechstein 
Hall  last  Saturday  evening,  A  chrono- 
logical   programme    had    been    anao 

the  opening  number  being  Ifozart'l  first 
Symphony  in  I  flat,  written  at  the  age  Of 
eight.  Haydn  was  twenty-seven  when  he 
Composed  his  first  symphony,  while  Beet- 
hoven had  reached  the  mature  age  of 
thirty  before  he  ventured  on  such  a  task. 
Mozart's  work  is  therefore  of  great  interest, 
and  although  there  is  much  in  it  that  is 
weak  and  immature,  the  last  movement 
offers  a  curious  foretaste  of  '  Don  Juan.' 
The  story  runs  that  while  at  work  the 
youthful  composer  begged  his  sister  to 
remind  him  to  write  something  good  for 
the  horn,  and  to  that  instrument  is  assigned 
the  second  theme  of  the  slow  movement, 
which  is  no  other  than  the  famous  eccle- 
siastical phrase  of  which  Mozart  made 
such  splendid  use  in  the  finale  of  the  last 
symphony  he  ever  wrote,  the  one  in  c, 
known  as  the  '  Jupiter.' 

Of  other  numbers  may  be  mentioned 
the  instrumental  Introduction  to  the 
pleasing  operetta  '  Bastien  and  Bastienne,' 
written  at  the  age  of  twelve.  The  opening 
phrase  is  similar  to  that  of  the  first  move- 
ment of  the  '  Eroica  '  ;  the  fact  is  cer- 
tainly curious,  but  a  little  too  much  has, 
we  think,  been  made  of  the  probably 
unconscious  imitation.  The  delightful 
ballet  music  from  '  Idomeneo,'  the  opera 
written  for  the  Munich  Carnival  of  1781,  ! 
was  highly  appreciated  :  the  music,  even 
apart  from  the  stage  action,  is  decidedly 
impressive.  It  was  rather  a  pity  to  per- 
form the  interesting  Adagio  and  Rondo 
for  harmonika,  flute,  oboe,  and  viola 
(written  only  a  few  months  before  the 
composer's  death),  with  the  pianoforte  as 
substitute  for  the  first-named  instrument. 
The  last  number  was  the  romantic 
G  minor  Symphony.  The  whole  pro- 
gramme was  under  the  sympathetic  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood,  whose  band 
consisted  of  thirty-six  picked  players 
from  the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra.  Mr. 
Edgar  Speyer  was  chairman  ;  and  Mr. 
W.  H.  Hadow  gave  a  thoughtful  intro- 
ductory lecture  on  Mozart  both  as  man 
and  musician,  and  emphasized  the  fact 
that  musicians,  of  whatever  school,  all 
recognize  Mozart's  genius,  and  all  enjoy 
his  music. 


Queen's 
Concert. 


Hall.  —  London      Symphony 


At  the  London  Symphony  Concert  on 
Monday  evening  a  splendid  performance 
was  given  of  the  '  Magic  Flute  '  Overture, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Hans  Richter. 
This  work  represents  the  composer  in  all 
his  glory  ;  but  would  it  not  have  been  a 
good  occasion  for  a  Mozart  programme  1 
Dr.  Richter's  admiration  for  the  com- 
poser is  well  known,  and  it  was  he  who 
predicted  that  Mozart  had  a  future  before 
him.  And  the  modern  art  of  music,  if 
such  it  can  be  called,  is  fast  turning  that 
future  into  a  present. 


iltusirnl  (Go^ip. 

l.rniK  ha  kid  about  Mr.  Coleridge 

Taylor  -  incidental  music  to  'Nero*  at  Jl. 
afajeety'fl  Theatre}  but  for  this, ho  it  eppi 
to  H-.  there  it  a  very  natural  reason.     I 
composer    keeps    throughout     in    the    back- 
ground ;     be    never    malrrt    undue   display 
either  ol  rebsstcal  tone.    At 

times,   indeed,   he   might    ha  a    more 

demonstrative,  ai  in  the  rrormasional  March 

for  Nero's  entry  into  Borne,  ami  even  in  I 

ooncludi]  ,    when    the  effects 

attract  ->>  much  attention.  The  very  grace- 
ful  'Eastern  Dance1  during  Ad   II    u  one 

of   the    most    characteristic    numbers.      it   ia 

to  be  regretted  that  the  public  busily 
engages  in  conversation  during  the  mtr'acu. 
music,  but  it  has  always  been  so.  Complaints 
in  past  years  have  appeared  in  Tfie  Attienceum. 
Some  attempt  might  surely  be  made  to  ] 
suade  the  audience  to  listen  :  the  "specially 
composed  "  on  the  programme  might  be 
in  larger  type,  arid  an  earnest  request  for 
silence  might  be  added.  In  time  the  public 
would  show  proper  respect  to  composers, 
also  to  the  managers  who  are  aiming  at  the 
union  of  the  dramatic  and  musical  arts. 

Miss  Irene  Schakrek  Lrave  an  orchestral 
concert  at  the  yEolian  Hall  on  Tuesday 
evening,  and  played  Saint-Saens's  Concerto 
in  G  minor  and  Liszt's  in  e  flat.  Although 
she  is  only  seventeen  years  of  age,  her 
technique  is  already  exceptionally  good. 
In  addition,  she  possesses  intelligence, 
temperament,  and  other  qualities  which 
give  promise  of  a  great  future.  Mr.  Tobias- 
A.  Matthay,  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music,  has  been  her  only  teacher,  and  he 
has  every  reason  to  be  proud  of  his  pupil. 

p  The  '  Don  Quixote  '  of  Dr.  Richard 
Strauss,  heard  for  the  first  time  in  London 
at  St.  James's  Hall  on  June  3rd,  1903,  will 
be  performed  this  afternoon  at  the  Queen's 
Hall,  under  the  direction  of  Mir.  Henrv  J. 
Wood. 

The  fifteenth  volume  of  the  Purcell 
Society,  edited  by  Dr.  R.  Vaughan  Williams, 
has  just  been  published.  It  contains  I 
five  '  Welcome  Songs  '  written  in  the  vears 
1680,  1681,  1682  (two),  and  1683. 
.  The  Xora  Clench  Quartet  will  perform  on 
Monday  at  the  first  of  the  six  concerts  of 
chamber  music  at  Bechstein  Hall.  Debussy's 
Quartet  in  G  minor.  Among  modern  French 
composers  Debussy  is  an  interesting  per- 
sonality, and  we  note,  too.  that  at  Miss  Mary 
Cracroft's  concert  at  the  .Folian  Hall  on 
February  24th  the  same  composer  will  be 
represented  by  two  groups,  one  of  songs, 
the  other  of  pianoforte  solos. 

The  Gresham  Lectures  will  be  delivered 
by  Mr.  John  E.  Borland  on  Tuesday,  Wed- 
nesday. Thursday,  and  Friday  next — the 
first  in  the  theatre  of  Gresham  College, 
and  the  other  three  in  the  great  hall  of 
the  City  of  London  School.  The  subi' 
will  be  a-  follows:  'Transposing  Instru- 
ments.' '  Giuseppe  Tartini,'  '  Folk-Song  and 
Musical  Form.'  and  '  bully's  Operas." 

The  programme  of  Mr.  Robert  Newman's 
annual  concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Wednes- 
day  evening,  I'd  unary  14th,  will  consist 
entirely  of  overtures,  beginning  with  Mozart's 
'  Magic  Flute."  and  ending  with  Tsehai- 
kowaky'a  '  1812.'  There  are  thirteen  num- 
ber.- in  all,  five  of  which  are  devoted  to 
Wagner. 

At  the  Beyrouth  Festival  this  year  the 
first  cycle  of  the  *  King  '  will  be  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Hans  Richter,  and  the 
second  under  that  of  Herr  Siegfried  Wagner. 
Herr  Felix  Mottl,  who  has  not  appeared  at 


N°  4084,  Feb.  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


147 


Bayreuth  for  several  seasons,  will  conduct 
all  the  performances  of  '  Siegfried,'  and  Herr 
Muck  those  of  '  Parsifal.' 

Mb.  Archibald  Constable — who  is  at 
present  on  the  Continent — has  recently 
added  considerably  to  his  collection  of  un- 
published Wagneriana  ;  and  his  monograph 
©n  the  house  in  Soho  in  which  Wagner,  "  his 
little  wife,"  and  "  their  big  Dog  "  lived 
during  their  first  visit  to  London  may  soon 
be  expected.  It  will  be  printed  by  a  Soho 
printer,  and  sold  by  a  Soho  bookseller 
exclusively. 

A  curious  letter  from  the  collection  of 
Alexander  Meyer  Cohn  is  to  be  sold  at 
Berlin  by  Herr  J.  A.  Stargardt  between 
February  5th  and  10th.  Hummel  as  a  boy 
lived  in  Mozart's  house  from  1786  to  1788, 
and  received  instruction  from  him.  In  1837 
Hummel  died,  and  in  1838  his  widow  (who 
had  married  Von  Nissen)  wrote  to  the  sons, 
expressing  her  deep  regret  that  their  father 
had  left  her  nothing,  although  he  had  always 
declared  that,  if  fortune  favoured  him,  he 
would  richly  repay  all  the  care  and  love 
bestowed  on  him  by  Mozart,  and  also  the 
expenses  for  board  and  lessons  !  Hummel's 
fortune  may  not  have  been  equal  to  his 
fame. 

The  death  is  announced,  at  the  ripe  age 
of  eighty-five,  of  Henri  Louis  Charles 
Duvernoy,  who  for  over  forty  years  was 
Professor  of  the  Pianoforte  at  the  Paris 
Conservatoire,  where  he  himself  studied. 
He  was  active  to  the  end. 


Sun-. 
Mon. 

Ti-es. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  .'!.:!0,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7.  Queen's  Hall. 
FryerNeumann-Walenn  Trio.  8.  Steinway  Hall. 
Grand  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Nora  Clench  Quartet,  8..".0,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Barns-Phillips  Chamber  Concert.  :S,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Herr  Ignaz  Friedman's  Pianoforte  Recital,  :i,  ^Eolian  Hall. 

—  Miss  Evalyn  Amethe's  Violin  Recital,  8.15,  .fljolian  Hall. 

—  London  Academy  of  Music  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Wed.     Miss  Dorothy  Court's  Vocal  Recital,  :)..i0,  ,'Eolian  Hall. 

—  Madame  Kinuk's  Pianoforte  Recital,  K.  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Strolling  Players'  Concert,  8.30,  yEolian  Hall. 

—  Wessel.v  String  Quartet.  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 

Thcrs.  Mile.  I)u>>ois  ana  Mr.  Jan  Hambourg's  Recital,  3,  ^olian  Hall. 

—  Broadwood's  Concert,  8.30,  .'Eolian  Hall. 

—  Stock  Exchange  Concert.  8.30.  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Nellie  Stoddard's  Concert.  8.. '10,  Steinway  Hall. 
Chappell's  Ballad  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


Sat. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

His    Majesty's. — Nero :     a    Drama    in 
Four  Acts.     By  Stephen  Phillips. 

It  is  a  bold  experiment,  for  which  there 
is,  perhaps,  a  shadow  of  justification,  to 
show  Nero  as  the  founder  of  the  cult  of 
aestfieticism  and  the  originator  of  the 
theory  of  art  for  art's  sake.  This  is 
what  is  virtually  done  in  Mr.  Stephen 
Phillips's  drama,  which  constitutes  the 
latest  novelty  at  His  Majesty's.  In  itself 
the  life  of  a  sensualist  and  a  coward  such 
as  Nero  seems  to  have  been,  furnishes 
few  temptations  to  the  dramatist,  and 
the  attempts  to  deal  with  it  in  England 
and  France  are  neither  numerous  nor 
specially  noteworthy.  Racine  was  well 
inspired  in  choosing  Britannicus  rather 
than  Nero  as  the  subject  of  his  famous 
drama.  In  dealing  with  his  theme  Mr. 
Phillips  has  adhered  closely  to  history,  and 
it  is  in  the  character  of  the  emperor,  if 
anywhere,  that  he  has  departed  from  what 
is  told  us  in  Tacitus,  Suetonius,  and  Dion. 
That  much  of  the  '  Annals '  of  Tacitus 
■dealing  with  the  career  of  Nero  has  strayed 
as  to  be  regretted  ;    but  apart  from  the 


possibility  that  Suetonius  had  access  to 
what  for  us  is  lost,  it  is  conceivable  that 
the  substitution  of  a  stupid  for  a  brilliant 
biographer  involves  a  gain  in  justice.  Not 
absolutely  original  is  Mr.  Phillips  in 
assuming  that  Nero  prided  himself  before 
all  things  upon  his  artistic  endowments. 
The  memorable  phrase  "  Qualis  artifex 
pereo  "  is  transmitted  by  Suetonius  ;  and 
it  was  a  French  writer  who  described 
Nero,  as  seen  in  the  pages  of  Suetonius, 
as  a  cabotin.  A  cabotin  in  the  drama  of 
Mr.  Stephen  Phillips  he  assuredly  is,  and 
something  almost  of  a  sentimentalist ; 
and  as  the  period  at  which  the  action 
closes  with  the  burning  of  Rome — which, 
however,  is  anticipated  by  the  death  of 
Poppaea — precedes  the  worst  of  the  poli- 
tical persecutions  of  Nero,  as  well  as  his 
flight  and  suicide,  a  design  is  apparent  to 
preserve  for  him  a  measure  of  our  sym- 
pathies. 

Knowledge  of  the  death  of  Claudius, 
slain  by  Agrippina  with  poison  supplied 
by  Lucusta,  is  kept  back  from  the 
people  until  the  arrival  of  Nero, 
flushed  with  triumph  from  a  torchlight 
chariot  race,  when,  with  the  announce- 
ment that  Caesar  is  dead,  Burrus,  intro- 
ducing Nero,  exclaims,  "  Behold  Caesar  !  " 
Nero  then  makes  his  historic  declaration 
that  he  inaugurates  a  reign  of  peace, 
clemency,  and  liberty  of  speech.  Agrippina 
embraces  him  with  more  than  parental 
effusion  as  he  indues  the  imperial  purple, 
and  strives  from  the  first  to  extort  from 
him  the  promise  of  that  divided  empire, 
her  efforts  after  which  are  the  cause  of 
her  crimes  and  her  death.  Much  of  the 
second  act  is  spectacular,  consisting  in 
the  reception  of  delegates,  Parthian  and 
English.  Finding  her  pretensions  to  share 
the  throne  rejected  by  her  son  at  the 
instigation  of  Burrus,  Tigellinus,  and 
Seneca,  Agrippina  seeks  to  install  Britan- 
nicus in  his  place,  leading  thus  to  the 
poisoning  of  the  youth,  who  expires  in 
the  course  of  a  recitation  at  a  banquet 
in  front  of  which  Poppaea  occupies  a 
position  of  state.  All  this,  with  much 
that  follows,  is  history.  Successive  scenes 
or  acts  show  the  prompting  of  Nero  by 
Poppaea  to  the  assassination  of  Agrippina, 
the  accomplishment  of  the  deed,  and  the 
subsequent  haunting  of  Nero's  couch  by 
the  murdered  woman,  whose  wraith  has, 
however,  visited  his  slumbers  nightly 
before  her  own  demise — so  far  as  we  know, 
a  unique  instance  of  the  spectral  presence 
of  a  being  still  living.  Then  follow  the 
death  of  Poppaea,  to  whose  slaughter  Nero 
is  in  no  wise  contributory,  and  the  return 
of  Acte,  who  has  embraced  the  faith  of 
the  Christians.  Concluding  pageantry 
exhibits  the  return  of  Nero  in  triumph  to 
Rome  and  the  view  of  the  burning  city, 
rapturously  contemplated  and  hymned 
by  the  emperor. 

No  very  high  praise  is  bestowed  on 
'  Nero  '  in  affirming  that  it  is  the  most 
considerable  work  yet  written  on  the 
theme.  It  is  the  furthest  possible  from 
a  conventional  drama,  the  termination  of 
which  would  doubtless  have  shown  Nero's 
death  at  the  house  of  Phaon  with  the  aid 
of  Epaphroditus, 


Deserted  at  his  utmost  need 
By  those  his  former  bounty  fed, 

but  waited  on  by  the  faithful  Acte.  The 
present  work  is  higher  in  order,  almost  its 
only  fault  being  that  it  is  overlaid  with 
pageantry,  most  of  it  so  good  as  almost  to 
be  epoch-marking.  The  verse  is  excellent 
in  quality.  Space  fails  us  for  quotation, 
but  the  following  description  by  Acte  of 
Poppaea,  though  modern  (perhaps  neces- 
sarily) in  expression,  is  illustrative  of  Mr. 
Phillips's  method,  and  shows  an  advance 
upon  '  Herod,'  '  Francesca,'  and  '  The  Sin 
of  David  '  : — 

A  Avoman  without  pity,  beautiful. 

She  makes  the  earth  we  tread  on  false,  the  heaven 

A  merest  mist — a  vapour.     Yet  her  face 

Is  as  the  face  of  a  child  uplifted,  pure. 

But  plead  with  lightning  rather  than  those  eyes, 

Or  earthquake  rather  than  that  gentle  bosom 

Rising  and  falling  near  thy  heart.     Her  voice 

Comes  running  on  the  ear  as  a  rivulet, 

Yet  if  you  hearken,  you  shall  hear  behind 

The  breaking  of  the  sea  whose  waves  are  souls 

That  break  upon  a  human-crying  beach. 

Ever  she  smileth,  yet  hath  never  smiled, 

And  in  her  lovely  laughter  is  no  joy. 

Yet  hath  none  fairer  strayed  into  the  world 

Or  wandered  in  more  witchery  through  the  air 

Since  she  who  drew  the  dreaming  keels  of  Greece 

After  her  over  the  Ionian  foam. 

An  interpretation  excellent  in  the  main 
is  afforded.  Mr.  Tree  has  done  nothing 
better  than  Nero,  and  renders  the  cha- 
racter splendidly  picturesque  and  impres- 
sive. Mrs.  Tree's  Agrippina  is  sufficiently 
malign,  and  Miss  Constance  Collier's 
Poppaea  gorgeously  alluring,  an  almost 
ideal  Delilah.  Acte  is  charmingly  played 
by  Miss  Dorothea  Baird.  Mr.  Basil  Gill 
exhibits  vigour  as  Otho,  no  wise  dis- 
posed to  profit  by  his  wife's  acquies- 
cence in  Nero's  advances.  Messrs.  Fisher 
White,  Lyn  Harding,  and  Somerset  are 
prominent  members  of  the  Imperial  Court. 
In  the  way  of  spectacle  nothing  equally 
gorgeous  and  satisfactory  has  been  at- 
tempted, and  the  whole  is  an  intellectual 
entertainment  and  a  lesson  in  art.  Its 
inordinate  length  constitutes  the  only 
obstacle  to  its  success. 


Terry's. — The  Heroic  Stubbs  :   a  Comedy 
in  Four  Acts.     By  Henry  Arthur  Jones. 

Like  all  the  more  successful  of  Mr.  Jones's 
recent  pieces,  among  which  it  is  to  be 
counted,  his  latest  comedy  is  in  his 
thinnest  vein,  and  is  as  much  a  sketch  of 
social  manners  as  a  play.  A  species  of 
quixotry  animates  the  romantic  little 
West-End  bootmaker,  who,  having  found 
at  once  his  ideal  and  his  mascotte  in  a 
pretty  and  indiscreet  lady  of  fashion, 
opposes  the  frail  obstacle  of  his  protec- 
tion to  the  stalwart  ruffianism  of  a  fashion- 
able libertine  able,  in  ordinary  phrase,  to 
"  eat  him,"  and  is  rewarded  by  saving 
her  from  his  wiles,  and  also  from  drowning, 
and  by  acting  generally  as  her  guardian 
angel.  The  play  would  be  stronger  had 
the  peril  from  which  he  saves  the  heroine 
seemed  less  fortuitous,  and  been  a  more 
direct  outcome  of  her  ill-advised  experi- 
ment ;  but  the  qualification  "  heroic  "  is 
not  too  strong  for  the  devoted  little  boot- 
maker who  constitutes  himself,  if  not  a 
squire  of  ladies,  at  least  the  squire  of  one 
particular   lady.      The  interior  of   West- 


1  18 


Til  E     ATI!  KNJEUM 


\  1084,  i'i  i;.  ■;.  am 


End  shopi   becomea  ■  customary   back 
ground    Pot    dramatic    ut  Hon,    and    the 

|>ri\  ;i t «•  Btting-rOOm  in  Piccadilly  of 
Roland  Btubbfl  may  be  Be1  against  the 
Bond  Btrcol  manicure  rstablishinent 
in   'The  <•■!>    I-"!.I  Qnez.1      The  scenes  in 

this  place  of  fashionable  resort  and  those 
jit  the  <  <rab  and  Lobster,  the  S  arerolifi 
Hotel,  are  entertaining  and  well  played. 

'I'lu-e  in  the  last  act  at  Culvei  lands,  in 
which  the  lady  lias  to  depend  for  safety 
upon  the  latent  chivalry  in  an  offensive 
specimen  of  a  society  journalist,  are  less 
convincing.  Miss  Gertrude  Kingston  acts 
very  brightly  as  the  experimental  Lady 
Hermione,  and  Mr.  James  Welch  is  comic- 
ally chivalrous  as  the  heroic  bootmaker. 
Il< 'Inlaw  the  hotel  landlord,  is  in  the  hands 

of  Mr.  B.  Dagnall. 


Keav  Royalty. — Le  Pere  Lebormard  : 
Conudie  en  Quatre  Actes.  Par  Jean 
Aicard. — Louis  XI.  :  Tragedie  en  Cinq 
Acics.  Par  Casimir  Delavigne.  —  Le 
Misanthrope. 
Written  originally  for  M.  Got,  '  Le  Pere 
Lebonnard  '  of  M.  Aieard  was  accepted 
at  the  Comedie  Francaise,  put  in  rehearsal, 
and  rejected  as  intractable.  It  was  then 
taken  to  the  Theatre  Libre,  where  it  was 
given  in  1889,  together  with  '  Dans  le 
Guignol,'  a  prose  prologue  of  the  same 
author,  ridiculing  the  Theatre  Francois  in 
general  and  M.  Got  in  particular.  This 
performance  of  the  hero  of  '  Pere  Lebon- 
nard '  did  much  to  establish  the  reputation 
of  M.  Antoine.  In  1904  the  piece  was 
resumed  by  the  Comedie  Franchise,  M. 
Sylvain  creating  an  eminently  favourable 
impression  in  the  role  intended  for  M.  Got. 
In  this  he  has  reappeared  in  London, 
Madame  Sylvain  also  taking  her  part 
(original  so  far  as  the  Comedie  Franchise 
is  concerned)  of  Madame  Lebonnard. 

The  Louis  XL  of  M.  Silvain,  exhibited 
on  Tuesday  at  the  New  Royalty,  is  a  fine 
and  varied  piece  of  acting.  It  is  rather  a 
bourgeois  monarch,  however,  that  is  de- 
picted, and  we  miss  the  cynical  malignity 
of  Irving  no  less  than  the  deadliness  of 
Charles  Kean,  the  supremacy  of  whose 
Louis  is  uncontested. 

A  performance  of  '  Le  Misanthrope '  was 
given  on  Wednesday  morning,  and  was 
preceded  by  a  causerie  of  M.  Silvain  on 
'  L'Art  de  dire  les  Vers.'  M.  Silvain's 
Alceste  lacks  some  of  the  distinction 
assigned  the  character  by  actors  such  as 
Bressant  and  Delaunay,  but  is  an  admir- 
able piece  of  acting,  ripe  and  powerful, 
though  revealing,  as  is  perhaps  rightly  the 
custom  at  the  Comedie  Francaise,  more 
rage  than  suffering.  The  general  cast  was 
excellent,  and  the  public  was  stirred  as  it 
has  rarely  been  at  these  performances. 

Changes  at  the  newly  established 
Theatre  Francais  in  London  are  too  fre- 
quent to  permit  of  the  English  public 
being  kept  au  courant. 


33  ram  at  ic  (fiosoip. 

'  Thk  Dean's  Dilemma,'  a  comedietta  by 

Mr.  Albert  J.   Dearden,  lias  been  produced 
at   the   Ganick   Theatre.     Its  scene   is   laid 


in  I  In-  l  <  k  'li..-  oi  "  (  mi,  I  'l  nip    (ii  an,  (in  ill  ■   I 

minded    Im  in).',  in   irhcM  chambers  dm 

Mit\    \\i  ik    ■   young   lady   liu*   tuki  n      In  Iter. 
Mr.   <>.    B.   (  1"M  mi    rm  I  a   humorous  J"'  i 
sentatioii  of  the  Pciin,  Mr.  Clmrli  .-  Coodhart 
playing    tin     Master,   who   I-    the   uncle   of  the 

rugith  1 1. 

Imi;    Mn  n  ai'.staat  '   of   Herren  Gustav 
von  Mo.ser  and  l'hilo  von  Troths,  given  on 
Saturday  last  at    the  Octal    Qoeen    Btl 
Theatre,  hius  been  played  during  the  pas< 

9  <  <  k.  Jt  is  a  four-act  farce,  a  little  primitive 
and  extravagant,  and  shows  the  company 
to  no  special  advantage.  A  solitary  pre- 
sentation this  evening  of  Ibsen's  '  Stiitzcn 
dei  Geselbchaft  '  brings  the  season  to  a 
termination^ 

A  representation  of  Ibsen's  '  Lady 
Inger  of  Ostrat  '  was  given  at  the  Scala 
1  heatre  on  Monday  afternoon,  with  Miss 
Edith  Olive  as  Lady  Inger,  Mr.  Henry 
Ainsley  as  Nils  Lykke,  and  Mr.  Harcourt 
Williams  as  Nils  Stensson.  Nothing  can  be 
less  like  an  ordinary  Ibsen  play  than  this 
earliest  of  his  prose  dramas. 

A  series  of  afternoon  performances  of 
Mr.  Stephen  Phillips's  '  Sin  of  David  '  is 
shortly  to  be  given — at  what  place  is  not 
announced — with  Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  as  Sir 
Rupert  Lisle  and  Miss  Constance  Collier  as 
Miriam. 

On  March  12th  the  '  Electra  '  of  Euripides, 
in  the  translation  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Murray,  will 
be  transferred  for  a  few  evenings  into  the 
evening  bill  at  the  Court. 

Next  Tuesday  an  afternoon  performance 
will  be  given  at  the  Court  of  'A  Question  of 
Age,'  a  tliree-act  comedy  by  Mr.  Robert 
Vernon  Harcourt,  and  '  The  Convict  on  the 
Hearth,'  by  Mr.  Frederick  Fenn.  In  the 
first-named  piece  the  principal  parts  wall  be 
assigned  Miss  Fanny  Brough,  Miss  Darragh, 
Mr.  Frederick  Kerr,  and  Mr.  C.  M.  Hallard. 

'  Lights  Out  '  has  not  held  long  possession 
of  the  Savoy,  from  which  house  it  was  with- 
drawn at  the  close  of  last  week. 

Mr.  Henri  de  Vries  has  appeared  at  the 
Madison  Square  Theatre,  New  York,  playing 
his  well-known  round  of  characters  in  '  A 
Case  of  Arson.' 


To   Correspondents.— P.  H.  n.— H.  J.  c.  G.— F. 

received.     H.  J.— Many  thanks.     ('.  S.— Already  allotted. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX   TO   ADVERTISERS. 

Page 

Arnold 124 

Authors' Agents        121 

Bagster  ct  Sons 161 

Bell  &  sons       148 

Cambridge  Press        vi:t 

Catalogues        lfil 

I    in  <  ATION.W 121 

Exhibitions       121 

I  III  MM  \\\  161 

Burst  &  Blackett 126 

Insurance  Companies ir>o 

Lectures i-i 

Longmans  A  Co 126 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  A  Co i.h 

Macmillan  &  Co 126 

Magazines,  &c 198 

Miscellaneous 132 

Mudie's  Library        US 

Murray 124 

Notes  and  Queries ux> 

Oxford  i'mvkksity  Press U8 

Publishers'  Circular         126 

Rn  IKS         1-jC 

Sales  by  Auction       128 

Sin  \  CIONB  \  kCANT        121 

sin  ltions  Wanted 121 

Smith,  Elder  a  Co 152 

Stanford 128 

Type-writers 121 


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IF   YOUTH    BUT    KNEW.     By  Agnes  and 

BGERTON  C  \>l  LB,  Authors  of  'The  Secret  Orchard,'  "1 

the  World,'  'French  San,'  Ac.    with  to  Illustrations  by  .Mr.  LAN'  i .l."i  SPE1 

BROWNJOHN'S.     By  Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer, 

Author  of  'The  Orangery,'  '  A  Comedy  of  fears,'  'The  Difficult  Way,'  4c. 

DICK :  a  Story  without  a  Plot.    By  G.  F.  Bradby, 

Author  of  '  The  Marquis-,  Kye,'  Ac     (  rown  Svo,  3*.  6d.  I 

THE   WATERLOO  LIBRARY. 

CRowx  bvo,  3s.  6d.  BACK  VOLUME. 
PALL  MALL  QAZBTTS.—'"X\a  beat  S*  84.  tenes  in  the  market." 
This  Series  comprises  some  of  the  best  of  Modern  Authors.     The  volumes 
are  well  printed,  and  issued  in  a  neat  cloth  binding  of  special  design. 
NEW  VOLUMES  IB  PREPARATION. 

THE   LOG  OF  A   SEA-WAIF.     By  Frank  T. 

BULLEX,  F.R.G.S.      With  8  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  ARTHUR  TW1DLL. 

THE  BRASS  BOTTLE.    By  F.  Anstey. 

THE  GAMEKEEPER  AT  HOME.    By  Richard 

JEFFERIKS.     With  numerous  Illustrations. 


NEW    AND    RECENT    WORKS. 


THE  FOURTH  PARTY.     By  Harold  E.  Gorst. 

With  a  Preface  by  Sir  JOHN   GORST.      With  Frontispiece  and  Facsimile  Letter. 

I.arge  post  bvo,  7x.  lid.  net. 
DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— "All  excellent  foot-note  to  the  big  political  history  of  the 
fight  ies. . .  .Mr.  Harold  Oorst  gives  very  crisp  character  sketches  of  the  four  who  composed  the 
Fourth  Party." 

MEMOIR  OF   SIR   HENRY  KEPPEL,  G.C.B., 

Admiral  of  the  Fleet.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  ALGERNON  WEST,  G.C.B.     With 
Portraits  and  EUlustrations.    Large  post  bvo,  7.«.  (id.  net. 

SECOND    IMPRESSION    IN    THE    PRESS. 
WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.— "In.  ell  respects,  the  bright,  breezy,  irresistible  book 
it  should  be." 

THE    SOURCE    OF    THE    BLUE    NILE.     A 

Record  of  a  Journey  through  the  Soudan  to  Lake  Tsana,  in  Western  Abyssinia,  and 

of  the  Return  to  Egypt  by  the  Valley  of  the  Atbara.  By  ARTHUR  J.  HAYES,  L.S.A. 
With  'i  Maps  and  82  pages  of  Illustrations,  IDs.  lid.  net. 
TIMES. — "  We  have  seldom  read  a  travel  book  we  liked  better." 

LEAVES    FROM    THE    DIARY    OF   HENRY 

OKKVILLK.     Fourth  Series.     By  ALICE,  COUNTESS  OF  STRAFFORD.     With  an 
Index  to  the  Four  Series.     8vo,  14s. 
MORNING  POST. —"It  contains  much  that  is  welcome  for  its  bearing  on  men  and 
matters  of  forty  years  ago-." 

Note.— The  three  previous  .Series  are  in  print,  and  can  be  supplied  price  14s.  each. 

FIFTY  YEARS  OF  FAILURE :  Confessions  of 

an  Optimist,    w  ith  a  frontispiece,    small  demy  svo,  10a  Od.  net. 
WESTMINSTER    GAZETTE. — "A   very  pleasant   book,   modest,   good-tempered, 
touched  with  a  humour  that  is  never  acrid,  and  not  without  occasional  glimpses  of  persons 
and  events  which  the  world  will  remember." 

THE   UPTON   LETTERS.     By  T.  B.     Large 

post  svo,  7a  M.  net.  FIFTH   THOUSAND. 

DAILY    NEWS.     "If  any  one   supposes   that  the  art  of  letter-writing  is  dead,  this 
volume  will  prove  the  contrary." 

THE    SPARROW    WITH    ONE    WHITE 

l  I    \  I  III.K.     B]  LADY  RIDLEY.     With  10  Illustrations  bv  Mrs.  ADRIAN  HOPE. 
i'ott  4to,  lis.  net. 

SECOND    IMPRESSION. 
PUNCH. — "Since  Alice  wandered  through  Wonderland,  no  such  pretty  fairy  tale  has 
been  written  as  Lad)  Ridley  presents  in  'The  Sparrow  with  One  White  Feather.'  " 


POPULAR    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
THE  PRINCESS  PRISCILLA'S  FORTNIGHT. 

By  the  AUTHOR  of  '  ELIZABETH  AND  HER  GERMAN  GARDEN.' 
FOURTH  IMPRESSION. 
WESTMIXSTER  GAZETTE.— "Humour  and   tears  lie  very  close  to  us  and  to  one 
another  in  this  most  delightful  book." 

FRENCH   NAN.    By  AGNES  and  EGERTON 

CASTLE.     With  12  Full-Page  Illustrations  bv  F.  H.  TOW rNSEND,    nd     (  over  Design 
by  GRAHAM  AWDRY. 

THIRD  IMPRESSION. 
TRUTII.— "A  fascinating  story." 

THE  MAN  FROM  AMERICA.    A  Sentimental 

Comedy.    By  Mrs.  HENRY  DE  LA  PASTURE. 

SEVENTH  THOUSAND. 
DAILY  XEII'S.— "Mrs.  de  la  Pasture  has  undoubtedly  the  power  of  enlisting  sympathy 
and  silencing  doubts  by  the  freshness  and  charm  of  her  work." 

THE     DIFFICULT     WAY.      By    Mrs.    Percy 

DEARMER. 

THIRD  IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 
BOOKMA  A'.— "This  is  the  strongest  work  Mrs.  Dearmer  has  yet  done,  and  her  kpow- 
ledge  of  her  subject  is  everywhere  apparent." 

THE    KING'S   REVOKE.     An  Episode  in  the 

Life  of  Patrick  Dillon.     By  Mrs.  MARGARET  L.  WOODS. 
SECOND  IMPRESSION. 
SPECTATOR.— "The  book  is  a  delight  to  read  for  the  charm  of  Its  characterization, 
for  its  fine  historic  sense  of  the  glory  and  weakness  "f  Spain,  and  for  a  genuine  distinction 
of  style  unsurpassed  by  contemporary  writers  of  this  class  of  fiction." 

DICK   PENTREATH.     By   Katharine    Tynan. 

SECOND   IMPRESSION. 

'/'/.V77/.— "The  story  is  told  with  Miss  Tynan's  usual  graceful  facility,  lightness,  and 
brightness." 

THE    FIRST    MRS.    MOLLIVAR.      By  Edith 

AYRTON  ZAMiWILL. 

SECOND  IMPRESSION. 
DAILY  NEWS.— "The  portrayal  of  the  grim  occurrences,  which,  capable  of  natural 
explanation,  yet  seem  tragically  supernatural,    show  Mrs.  Zangwill  to  be  a  writer  of 

increasing  force." 


London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


Editorial   OommnnlcatloM  should   1»'  addressed   t»   "Till'.  BIOTOB"— Advertisement!  tad   Business  betters  to  "THE  Pl'Bl.lSHEUS"— al    the   Office,    Bream's   Buildings,   Chancery  Lane.   E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  0.  FBAHGPDSand  J.  EDWARD  FUAM'IS  at  Bream's  Buildiiu-s.  Chancery  Una,  K.C..  sud  Mated  bf  .1.  EHWAK1I  F11ANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Building*,  Chancery  Lane.  B.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,   Messrs.   BELL  &  BUADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN   MEN/.IES,   Edinburgh.— Saturday,   February  3,   1906. 


THE  ATHEN-^TJM 

|0urttal  0!  CSnfllislj  artb  $oxtiQn  literature  %>tuntt,  tt}t  $int  %xl%,  J$t 


No.  4085. 


SATURDAY,    FEBRUARY    10,    1906. 


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Wtdnxtz. 


CHAUCER      AND      HIS      TIMES. 
Prof.  MACPHERSON,  M. A.,  late  of  India, 
Lecturer  in  Philosophy,  1904,  Passmore  Edwards  Settlement,  W.C., 
Will  deliver  a  COURSE    of    LECTURES,   as  above, 
On  THURSDAYS,  February  15,  22,  and  March  1, 
In  PORTMAN  ROOMS  (near  Baker  Street  Stationl,  at :1  p.m. 
Tickets  for  the  Course,  6s. ;  Single  Lecture,  2s.  6Vi.,  to  be  had  at  the 
<loor.  

ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY,  W. 

THURSDAY  NEXT,  February  15,  at  5  o'clock,  HENRY  B. 
IRVING,  Esp.,  M.A.,  FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES  on  'THE 
ENGLISH  STAGE  IN  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY.'  Half-a- 
Guinea  the  Course. 

SATURDAY,  February  17,  at  3  o'clock,  M.  H.  SPIELMANN,  Esq., 
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Subscription  for  all  the  Courses  in  the  Season,  Two  Guineas. 


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OYAL      HISTORICAL      SOCIETY. 

(Incorporated  by  Royal  Charter.) 
The  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING  of  the  SOCIETY  will  be  held  on 
THURSDAY,   February  15,  at  5  p.m.,  in  CLIFFORDS  INN  HALL, 
Fleet  Street,  when  the  PRESIDENT  will  deliver  an  ADDRESS. 

H.  E.  MALDEN,  Hon.  Sec. 


SOCIETY      OF      LONDON. 


ri  EOLOGICAL 

The  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING  of  this  SOCIETY'  will  be  held 
at  the  SOCIETY'S  APARTMENTS,  BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  on 
FRIDAY,  February  16,  at  :l  o'clock. 

The  Fellows  and  their  Friends  will  DINE  together  at  the 
CRITERION  RESTAURANT,  Piccadilly  Circus,  at  7.30  p.m.  Tickets 
to  be  obtained  at  the  Society's  Apartments. 


(JfeljiMtiotts. 


THE  GRAFTON  GALLERY,  Grafton  Street, 
Bond  Street,  W.-ARTS  and  CRAFTS  EXHIBITION  SOCIETY 
4WALTER  CRANE.  President).  EIGHTH  EXHIBITION  NOW 
OPEN,  10  to  6.    Admission,  Is. 


THE  BAILLIE  GALLERY,  54,  Baker  Street,  W. 
^-EXHIBITION  of  PAINTINGS  by  the  LIVERPOOL  SCHOOL 
oOPAINTERS  (1810-1867)  and  WATER  COLOURS  by  OLIVER 
HALL.     NOW  OPEN,  10-6.    Admission  (including  Catalogue),  Is. 


R 


O      B      S      O      N  &  C 

23,  COVENTRY  STREET,  PICCADILLY,  W. 
Exhibition  of  Original  Drawings  and  Engravings  of 

LONDON    TOPOGRAPHY. 

Catalogue  One  Shilling. 


O., 


NATIONAL     ART    COLLECTIONS    FUND. 
Chairman— LORD  BALCARRES,  M.P.,  F.S.A. 
Object :  The  Acquisition  of  Works  of  Art  for  the  National  Collections. 
Minimum  Annual  Subscription,  One  Guinea. 
2,~!00l.  still  required  to  complete  the  purchase  of  the  Rokeby 
Velasquez. 
Address  THE  HON.  SECRETARIES,  National  Art-Collections 
Fund,  47,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


T 


(Bimcatiortal. 

HE  LAW  SOCIETY. 


TThe  COUNCIL  is  prepared  to  AWARD,  in  JULY  NEXT,  TEN 
SCHOLARSHIPS  of  the  annual  value  of  FIFTY  POUNDS  each, 
tenable  for  Three  Y'ears.  on  condition  of  pursuing  a  course  of  study 
approved  by  the  Council. — Copies  of  the  regulations  at  the  Society's 
Office.  109,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  or  by  letter  to  the  Principal  and 
Director  of  Legal  Studies.  E.  W.  WILLIAMSON,  Secretary. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  Invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  TIIRING  *  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
Ute  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 

Situations   Vacant. 

(rjOUNTY    BOROUGH    OF    BRIGHTON. 

I  I.ERK  TO  THE  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

The  COUNCIL  OF  THE  COUNTY  BOROUGH  OF  I1RIGHTON 
Invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of  CLERK  Ti>  THE  EDUCA- 
TION COMMITTEE,  and  In  the  selection  of  the  Candidate  pref ereni  • 
will  be  given  other  qualifications  being  equal— to  a  University  Man 
wlm  has  bad  experience  In  Educational  Work. 

Thelperson  appointed  will  be  required  to  act  as  Deputy  Clerk  from 
the  date  of  bis  appointment  until  September  30,  1906,  the  date  at 
which  the  present  Clerk  will  retire, 

During  this  period  bis  Salary  will  be  at  the  rate  of  JO07.  per  annum. 
From  September  80,  1906,  he  will  become  Clerk  to  the  Committee,  and 
receive  a  Salary  of  8001.  per  annum. 

Candidates  must  not  be  more:  I  ban  45  years  of  age,  and  arc  requested 
to  refrain  froro  canvassing  Members  of  the  (Council  or  the  Committee. 

A  statement  of  the  duties  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
undersigned. 

Applications  arc  to  be  addressed  t<>  the  Town  Clerk,  Town  Ball, 
Brighton,  endorsed  "Education  Committee,"  anil  must  be  delivered 
on  or  before  FEBRUARY  2H,  1906. 

HUGO  TALBOT,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall,  Brighton,  February  1,  1906. 


TTNIVERSITY     OF     BIRMINGHAM. 

*J  (FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE.) 

SPECIAL  LECTURESHIP  IN  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 

The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the  post  of  SPECIAL  LEC- 
TURER IN  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY,  vacant  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Prof.  W.  W.  Watts,  F.R.S.,  to  the  Chair  of  Geology  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Science,  South  Kensington.    Stipend  250/.  per  annum. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  or  such 
other  credentials  as  the  Candidates  may  prefer  to  offer,  should  be  sent 
to  the  undersigned  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  15. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  be  required  to  enter  on  his  duties  as 
soon  as  possible,  but  in  any  ease  not  later  than  APRIL  23. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  H.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 


T 


HE 


CHEMICAL 


SOCIETY. 


The  COUNCIL  of  the  CHEMICAL  SOCIETY  desire  to  appoint  an 
EDITOR  of  the  SOCIETY'S  PUBLICATIONS,  at  a  Salary  of  500/. 
per  annum.  The  new  Editor  will  be  precluded  from  holding  any 
other  paid  appointment.— Applications,  stating  Literary  and  Scientific 
qualifications  and  experience,  will  be  received  until  FEBRUARY  12 
by  the  HON.  SECRETARIES,  Chemical  Society,  Burlington  House, 
W.,  from  whom  the  conditions  of  the  appointment  may  be  obtained. 

WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT,  1889. 

THE    COUNTY    SCHOOL,    ABERDARE, 
SOUTH  WALES. 
WANTED  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  a  SCIENCE  MASTER,  to  teach 
principally  Chemistry  and  Botany  to  the  Upper  Forms.    Commencing 
Salary  145/.  per  annum. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  experience,  with  copies  of  recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  undersigned,  from 
whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

W.  CHARLTON  COX,  M.A.,  Head  Master. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 
WANTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term,  a  FORM 
MASTER,  specially  qualified  to  teach  Mathematics.  Salary  130/., 
rising  by  increments  of  10/.  to  170/.  per  annum.  Half  service  under 
other  Managers  in  a  Secondary  School  recognized  by  the  Board  of 
Education  is  counted  towards  raising  the  commencing  Salary. — Appli- 
cation Forms,  which  may  be  obtained  of  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of 
a  stamped,  addressed  foolscap  envelope,  must  be  returned  not  later 
than  FEBRUARY  21,  1906. 

WM.  AVERY  ADAMS,  Secretary. 
Education  Offices.  Guildhall,  Bristol, 
February  6,  1906. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


ST.  GEORGE  SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL. 

Wanted  immediately,  for  the  above  School,  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  for  General  Form  Subjects,  with  special  qualifications  in 
Botany,  Physiology,  Hygiene,  and  Nature  Study.  A  good  discipli- 
narian, with,  training  and  experience  in  Teaching,  and  one  interested 
in  School  Games  preferred.  Salary  150. 1.  rising  by  increments  of  10/. 
to  170?.  per  annum.  Half  service  under  other  Managers  in  a  Secondary 
School  recognized  by  the  Board  of  Education  is  counted  towards 
raising  the  commencing  Salary.  Application  forms,  which  may  be 
obtained  of  the  undersigned  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap 
envelope,  must  be  returned  not  later  than  FEBRUARY  28,  1906. 

February  7,  1906. 


flOUNTY    BOROUGH    OF    BOLTON 

\j  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

SCHOOL  OF  ART. 
WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  holding  the  Art  Master's 
Certificates  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  specially  qualified  in 
Design  for  Textiles.  He  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  bis 
time  to  the  School,  but  opportunity  will  be  given  for  private  study. 
Commencing  Salary  160/.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
10/.  to  200/.  —  Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  teaching 
experience,  together  with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be 
sent  to  the  undersigned  on  or  before  FEUHUARY  24. 

FRED.  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 

T  1BRARIAN  TO  THE  SOCIETY  OF  WRITERS 

-Li  TO  HIS  MAJESTY  S  SIGNET. 

The  Office  of  LIBRARIAN  to  the  SOCIETY  of  WRITER  to  HIS 
MAJESTY'S  SIGNET,  recently  held  by  the  late  Mr.  John  l'hilip 
Edmond,  being  NOW  VACANT,  applications  for  the  Office,  accom- 
panied by  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  may  be  made,  on  or 
before  MARCH  20,  1906,  to  JAMES  II.  NOTMAN.  Writer  to  the 
Signet.  IS,  York  Place,  Edinburgh,  Clerk  to  the  Society,  from  whom 
any  further  information  may  be  obtained. 

February  10,  1900. 

OROUGH      OF      SOUTHEND-ON-SEA. 


B 


LIBRARIAN. 

The  CORPORATION  of  SOUTHEND-ON-SEA  require  the  services 
..fa  LIBRARIAN  at  their  PUBLIC  LIBRARY,  about  to  be  opened 
in  the  Borough. 

Salary  160!.  per  annum. 

candidates  roust  ha\c  bad  previous  experience  in  the  Management 

of  a  Public  Library,  and  will  be  required  to  advise  in  Fitting.  Furnish- 
ing, and  Stocking  the  Library  and  in  Compiling  t  be  Catalogue  of  Books. 
Applications,  in  ( 'an.lidate  s  own  handwriting,  together  wit  li  ...pies 

of  not  more  than  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  forwarded  to  i i 

or  before  FEBRUARY  24,  1906. 

By  Order, 

WM.  HEN.  SNOW,  Town  Clark, 
Town  Clerk's  Office,  Southend-..!!  Sea, 

February  9.  1908. 


BOROUGH    OF     BIRKENHEAD. 


i  torn- 


/BOUNTY 

PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  in  the  CENTRAL  LIBRARY, 
mencing  Salary  <,.',/.  per  annum. 

Applications,  in  Candidate's  own  handwriting,  stating  age.  qualifi- 
cations, and  experience,  and  accompanied  by  copies  of  time  recent 
Testimonials,  must  be  sent  t..  the  undersigned  .0!  or  bet. .re  FRI  I'A  V, 
the  10th  inst. 

John  SHEPHERD,  Librarian, 

Central  Library,  Birkenhead,  February  tl,  1906. 


#bifuarn. 


TROTTER,—  On  MONDAY,  February  o,  at  10, 
Randolph  Crescent,  Edinburgh,  suddenly,  COUTTS  TROTTER, 
Midlothian,  born  1831. 


T 


Situations    IHatrteo. 

NEWSPAPER    EDITORS.— SPECIAL 

AGRICULTURAL  ARTICLES.— One  of  the  most  successful 
Agricultural  Writers,  Scientific  and  Practical,  is  prepared  to  UNDER- 
TAKE ADDITIONAL  WORK.  No  Syndicating.  Articles  specially 
adapted  to  particular  Divisions  of  the  Country.  Highest  references  to 
present  Employers.  Terms  moderate. — Apply  G.  V.  S.,  Box  1080*, 
Athemeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  ASSISTANCE  (Articles,  Research, 
Sub-Editing,  Proofs,  Type-writing,  fee.)  offered  Writer.  Editor, 
or  Publisher,  by  well-educated    experienced  JOURNALIST.— Write 

F.  T.  S.,  :!.>,  St.  Anne's  Hill,  Wandsworth,  S.W.  

PRIVATE  SECRETARY  to  the  late  George 
Jacob  Holyoake  for  five  and  a  half  years  seeks  RE-ENGAGE- 
MENT in  similar  capacity.— Address  AMY  BAUM,  17,  Marlborough 
Place,  Brighton.  

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T..  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

ADVERTISER,  experienced  in  Literary  and 
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SEARCHES     at     British     Museum    and     other 

O  Libraries  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch,  German,  and 
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LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
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T 


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154 


THK    ATHENiEUM 


N    1085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


(Cntnloguf5. 

AM  ll  VI    and  MODERN   <  OIKP      Oolleotoi 
<  1 1 1 .1 V    I .  ■   H I 

I  M    Ml-M  Mil    "   llll  I 

I  .  ,  Knitii.ii  »!«•«  »«yi  '•" 

-I'INh  \  HON    I., «,..!■    K»I«TU   talurn 
kii.I  i  i  '  \-       i  H-h..l 



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II.  :   i  s  ,..   M--     ,i  ,1   i:  MM    IIOOK 

i     ..il     i  .  ...ni  .in-   \l~-     Rail;  Printed 
„,„!  i  i  i  I,-    Ineludlui  PollphUus  Hji-'11  ",|" 


CATAI.i  ii  .1   I  '  \      ii       I  Liber  Studiorum, 

I  Hi  notinta 

,i.l.     Etchings  i.\   WhUtU'i    H   Palinei    v      Drawings  bj 
Turner,    Burne-Jouea,    Huakln     &<       lllusl  \\.,ik-    by 

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v.     ni.    containing   ■    Special    Article,    entitled    'MODERN 
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JUST  PUBLISHED. 

PATALOGUE   (No.  CIV.)  of  SECOND-HAND 

VV  FRENCH  BOOKS,  comprising  History  and  Literature— 
Memoirs-  Biography  and  Correspondence  -Art-  Folk-Lore— Travel— 
Fiction,  4c. 

MONTHLY  LIST  (FEBRUARY)  of  SECOND- 
11  Wli  BOOKS,  chiefly  English,  including  Works  on  Art  and 
Architecture— Antiquarian  Literatim — Bibliography,  ftc. ;  also  of 
NEWLY  PUBLISHED  BOOKS,  English  and  Foreign. 

n    ii.  ISLACKW  ELL.  B0 and  51,  Broad  Street,  Oxford. 

BERTRAM  1)    O    B    E    L    L, 

SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 
tt.  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  W.C. 
A  large   Btock   of   old   and    Rare    Books  in   English  Literature, 
including  Poetryand  the  Drama-  Shakespeariana    First  Editionsof 
Famous  Authors    Manuscripts    Dlnstrated  Books,  be.  CATALOGUES 
fp-t-  on  application. 


O 


RIGINAL     MUSIC    MANUSCRIPTS 


BACH,  BEETHOVEN,  GLUCK,  HANDEL, 

BAYDN,  MOZART.   WAGNER, 

Find  read;  buyers  in 

LUDW1G  ROSENTHAL'S  A\Tl(>r.\KI.\i. 
Hfldegardstrasse,  16,  .Munich,  Bavaria, 


A 


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A. 


COLUMBUS,  Epistola,  all  Editions. 

VESPUOCT,  MunduH  No\iis,  all  Editions. 

ALL  EARLY  BOORS  ON  AMERICA,  AND  EARLY 
.MAl's  and  GLOBES, 

Bought  by 

LTJDWIG  ROSENTHAL'S  ANTIQUARIAT, 

Hildegardstrasse,  10,  Munich,  Bavaria. 


\  RUNDEL  CHROMOS.     Large  stdok.      Many 

J\     rare  ones     Send  stamp  for  THIS  MONTH'S  LIST  Iwhich  gives 
size  and  shape  of  each),    ST   JUDE'S  DEPOT,  Birmingham. 

Book  PLATES    [EX  LTBRIS)    FOR    SALE. 
Now    READY,  an  ILLUSTRATED  I  1 TALOGUE  of  old  and 
valuable   BRITISH    and    \Ml'i:u  w    BOOK-PLATES      l'-i   free 
Sixpence      Please  apply,  Li   lettei   only,  t..  i     MASSEY,   ISO,   Uppci 
Tulse  Mill.  London,  $  w 


VTEWSPAPERS    FOR    SALE.     TIMES,    ls.VL 

1>      1904    100  void.;    ILLUSTRATED    LONDON    NEWS     IWKMS04, 
103  vols.;  SATURDAY    REVIEW,  KW5-180B,  SS  vols.;   BELL'S   llll 

in;i  1880,  27  role      Ml  s.-t-  well  nud  Mthstiintialli    I ud     Offers  :.n- 

Invited  for  any  oi  all  ol  the  above  hj  Till:  STEWARD,  I'nirerslti 
Pitt  Club,  Cambridge. 


rfalfS  bit  Auction. 

i  hi:  v/.th.i  \    COLLBC1  W 
II,.  ,,,!,, „u.  i. .i,,,,,,,  inn  1 1   /  BUM  A  V 

/         v  / 

MRS  KOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  I  HODGE 
.ill  -I  I  I  Mi  TION    bj  onli  i  •■(  ii,.    i 

V.     i       Wellington    sii..t      Strand      Mi      on     II  l-li\l 

¥ >    i       Hi.l   'll.i  •  •    Following    I'.,-.-.   ..t    i   o'clock 

laluahke  LIBRARY  ol  thi  1,1,   KDV  in   TRI  MAN 

■a  rlsrwad.    ■  bad. 

Valuable  I 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 
will  SELL  bj  AUCTION,    ,t   Ibeii   Houai     N-    i      WelUngtun 
I    w  '      on  SATURDAY.  Fi  l.ruari  17,  .-,i   i  o'clock  inn 

ciaely,    \  VI. I    Mll.i:  KNURAVINOH     C  I   and    in  the  Portfolio, 

, I>rlsing  Port Keynolds.H  I'osway,  WrT  Lawrence 

I.    Itomney,  and  others,   Including  a  brilliant   lini  I       '.-.I  In 

Colours  ••!    Mrs    Fitsherberl    bi   J    Condi      Proofs  l«fon 
Mastei    Lambton  and   Lady  Peel,   bj  Samuel  Cousins    the  hurl 

l)ei hire  and    Child,    by   U     Kentiug,   *■       Fancy   >ul.|,,i»  ,.l   il,. 

Kngllsh  School,   by   F.   Bartoloszl.    It.   Karlom.    K    Strange    «     \\.,i -I 
and  others,  Including  A  81   ■'  in         !  ind  Am  Oil.--  Baaaty, 

'    II    Benwell    ■  pair,  flnolj  printed  In  Colours,  *•      Etchings 
by  Rembrandt  .1   H   w  hist] 

M.,,.  be  1  ii-««.«l  tw,<  days  prior.    Catalogosjj  may  be  had. 

Autograph  Letters  and  Signed  Document*  relating  to 
tfapoleon  Buonaparte  and  hit  Family,  the  Property  at  the 
late  Mr.  FREDERIC  BARKER. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKIN80N*  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  a)  their  House,  No  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  February  10,  ,it  1  o'clock  precisely, 
AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  and  SIGNED  DOCUMENTS,  niostlj 
relating  t,.  Napoleon  Buonaparte  and  lii~  Family,  French  Generals, 
&■-..  tin-  Property  of  the  late  Mr.  FREDERIC  BARKER. 

May  Im-  rieWed  t\v,,,l:iv-  lui.u.     I  .it:ilngui'N  may  1^'  hail. 


A  Portion  of  the  Library  of  ERNEST  A.  WALKER,  Etq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  it  EODGE 
«ill  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  18,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C..  ,>n  WEDNESDAY,  February  21,  at  1  o'alock 
precisely.a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  ERNEST  A.  WALKER, 

Esq.,  Richmond,  S.W.,  c prising  Apperieya  Memoirs  ,.1  the  I 

John  Mytton  Bewick's  British  Birds  and  Quadrupeds— A'Beckett's 
Comic  History  of  England  and  Rome  Buskin's  Stones  ,,f  Vei 
Couch's  British  Fishes  Boccace,  Decameron,  5  vols.,  1767-61,  and  other 
French  Works.  4c,  ;  other  Properties,  Including  Holiere,  l^--  (Euvres, 
First  Elzevir  Edition,  "1  mis.,  ]*;::•  BoydcU's  Shakespeare  Gallery, 
■j  \,,ls.  in  1.  130.1  Blair's  Grave,  with  Blake's  Illustrations,  1808 
Dibdin's  Bibliographical  Works  the  Writings  of  Thackeray,  Dickens, 
Mayhew,  Stevenson,  Norman  Gale,  Ainsworth,  in-.  Scientific  Works, 
Topography,  Witchcraft  and  Alchemy,  Jest  Hooks,  Botanical  \v,,rk- 
Poetry,  &<■  Aiken,  A  Touch  at  the  Fine  Arts,  McLean,  1824— The 
Century  Dictionary,  a  rols.,  1800  Punch,  i«-ii  to  1801  —  Modern 
Publications. 

May  be  viewed  two  .lays  prior.    1  'ataloguee  ma]  be  had. 

The  valuable  Library  of  the  late  JAMES  A.  SLATER,  Esq., 
38,  Meeklenburgh  Square,  W.C. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  Fit  I  KAY.  February  23,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
the  valuable  LIBRARY  of  the  late  JAMES  A.  SLATER.  Esq  of 
38,  Meeklenburgh  Square,  W.C.  Isold  bj  order  of  the  Executors),  com- 
prising Spedding's  paeon,  14  vols.  Beanmont  and  Fletcher's  Works. 
variorum  Edition,  12  >"ls.  -Butlers  Hudlhras,  by  Grey,  and  Thyer's 
Remains,  -I  vols.,  large  and  thick  paper — Skeat's  Chaucer,  7 vols 
Dibdin's  Bibliographical  Decameron-  Early  English  Dramatists, 
edited  by  A.  11.  Bullen,  16  rob.  the  Historical  Writings  of  Grote, 
Hallam,  Macanlay,  tc.    Masson's  Life  and  Works  ,,f  Milton-Works 

on  Art    Shelley's  Qt n  Mab,  First  Edition,  original  boards,  uncut,  a 

remarkably  nin-  copy  the  Best  Editions  of  Fielding,  Ford,  Dr. 
Johnson,  Otway,  Pope,  Samuel  Richardson,  Edmund  Spenser,  Swifl 
fte.  the  T11, lor  Translations,  edited  by  W.  E.  Henley.  38  vols.— Wal- 
pole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  by  Park,  S  \oK  Anecdotes  of 
Painting,  Majors  Edition  Eelmscott  Press  Publications  [including 
the  Chaucerl  Ruskin'e  Modern  Painters,  ■",  vols.  Turner's  Liber 
Studiorum,  61  plates,  early  impression. 

May  be  1  iewed  two  ,lavs  prior.     Catalogues  may  he  had. 


Autograph  Letters. 

MESSRS!  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 

Street,  St  rami,  W'.l '..  on  M  ONI  >  A  V.  l'Yhruarv  '_ii.  at  1  o'clock  nreeis.  h 
VUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS  in- 
cluding Spe,  imens  of  A.  Pope,  sir  W  alter  Scott,  Thackeray,  1  bleridge, 
T.  larlyle.  Lord  Byron,  Tennyson,  fcc.  Signatures  of  Sovereigns  and 
other  Royal  Personages  Albums  of  Letters,  Franks  \,  anextensive 
Collection  of  Medical  and  Surgical  Autographs-  fine  Letters  from 
Lord  Nelson  to  Lady  Hamilton  an  important  Series  of  Political 
Letters  from  the  Karl  ol  Beaconsfield  -  Documents  relating  to  the 
Poet  Keats    Letter  and  Stanzas  of  Robert  Burns. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 


The  valuable  Collection  of  English  Crotra  I'ii-cex,  the  Property 
off.  W.  BARRON,  /•:.«/. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HOD(JE 


M1 


will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.  on  TUESDAY  .  February  27,  at  1  o'clock  precisely 
the  valuable  Collection  of  ENGLISH  1  ROWN  PIECES  and  other 
ALLIED  COINS,  the  Property  of  T.  W.  BARRON,  Esq.,  ol  YewTree 
Hall,  Forest  Row,  Sussex,  Member  of  the  British  Numismatic  Society, 
including  many  of  the  Choicest  Specimens  from  the  Murdoch,  Moon 
Bibbs,  1,    l>  Brown,  and  other  celebrated  Collections 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  M.wsox  &  WOQDS 
respecttulb  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  Following 
s  M.l-:s  hi  AUCTION,  a  1  th.ii  1. real  Rooms,  King  street.  St.  James's 
Square,  tne  Sales  1  ..,1, men.  ins'  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : 

On  MONDAY,  I'Vlu.i.'iiA  12,  the  COLLECTION 

of  PICTURES  ol  the  late  FREDERICK  BOWER,  Btq 

On  TUESDAY,  February  13,  theCOLLECTION 

of  i:\i.i:  \\  ini, s  ,,i  the  late  FREDERICK  BOWSE,  Btq 

On    WEDNESDAY.    February    14.    important. 

JEWELS  of   a    LADY  of  TITLE,  the  MARQUESS  of  ANGLES!  1 
deceased,  and  others. 

On  THURSDAY,  February  L6,  ami  FRIDAY', 

Fehruarj    16,  theCOLLECTION    of   OBJECTS  of   ART  of  the  late 
ill  YRLES  I'.nw  \  Ki:    i 

On  SATURDAY,   February  17.  PICTURES  by 

"I1'   MASTERS  of  the  lute  CHARLES   BOWYER,  Esq.,  the  late 
r   TOM  NSEND,  IS,    .  ul  .1' 


M 


h^SKRS     HODGSON    *    <  0.    «ill   BELL 


\*  KliNI 
\  A  I.I    M 

Lai  !■- ..  „ 


A 

1  .■  1      .•    ■  •    .1,  siqdirat 

Run  and  Valuable  /.'"..A-  I  Rinding*. 

MESSRS     HODGSON    I    I  0.    wiU    BELL      . 
M  i  T  |un      ,i     1 1,,-ir    11... i,  :  / 

M  Md  II    ,  i  ul. 1. 1. 1  TluN  ol  Ii  Ml      ,„i  \  \|.l    M-.l.i;   I         I 

ITlsll,- 

nlrt-r  of  rare  I 

Including    j    tin.-    Twelfth  ivntun     I  i 

stimi-.l  Moi Bindings     lnl«-i  '  ■    »v. 

<  atalogUM  are  pr.  i«ring 


V  Are. 

PRIDA  V  NEXT,  "i  I'"'.' 

MIL    .1.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER,   at  his 
Rooms     »     Kini  \*  <        UJ 

SCOPES      OBJECTIVES       and      all 

kn.wn    Mak.r-    Optical    l-ant.-ni-   with   sh  I  rate    order— 

Cameras    and    Lenses,    with    Plates   and    l'ai«-r»   for  same;   also  a 
quantity  of  MisoeUaneotis  Prapssray. 

On   lieu  day  pre  I    nioniing  of  Sale.      Catalogues  on 

application. 


China, Ourioe,  Minerals,  Polished  Stones,  dr. 
TVESDA  )'.  PEBRUA  /.')'  IS,  at  half-pun  n  tfeU>a\. 

MIL    J.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER    .it    his 
Rooms,    38,    King    Street    <  ovent   Garden.    London.  V 
choice  COLLECTION    ol    MINERALS     Polish  ED  ST' 
i    IBINETS    k-      from  the  COLLECTION  of  M    .1    I'EI.EOKIN 
al-..    MANDARINS      Flit      RultES       illlNA      LINK      M 

STAMPS.   BOOKS    i.-     1    ,    i-r.-at  lariel 

CURIOS. 

The    SALE    of    the    COLLECTION    formed    by    the    late    W.    W, 
ROBINSON,  Esq.,  is  unavoidably  postponed  for  a  short  time. 

On   view  day  prior  10  t'»  4.  and   morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on, 
application. 


British  Leptdoj  I 
FEBRUARY    ■ .  at  half-past » ..v/odr. 

ML.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER,    it    hi* 
Rooms.    :-.   King  Street.  Coieut   Oar.lt-n.  W.I       the  COLLEl 
TION  of  liltiTISH   LEPIIMtPTERA.  formed  by  Mrs.  IIAZETT. 
prising  many  rare  larietiesj  in  good  ooiiditaotL 

-  on  application. 


Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS  PUTTICK   &  slMl'SOX   will  SELL 
by     AUCTION,     at     their    Galleries.    47. 
W.C,      DURING     FEBRUARY,     valuable    l;i>uK>.    including 
LIBRARY    of    a    GENTLEMAN,    removed    from   Hertfordshin 
order   of    the    Executors),    a     PoKTioN    of    the    LIBRARI 
I  iil.LF.i  TOR,  and  other  Properties. 


ntaUsts. 

THK    LIBRARIES   of   the   famous   Orienl 
,,,  i   Etl  nograj)hists  Dr.  -'.  L.  A.  BRAND]  - 
Prof    G     K     NIEMANN     of   the    Indian    Institute  at    Delft,    will   1h» 
DISPERSED    bv    PUBLIC    AUCTION     from     FEBR1  ARi      - 
MAIH  II  1 
Catalogues  may  be  had  on  application  to 

The  Hague  MARTINI  s  NMIU'IF. 


\  M .w   BOOK  "K  INI. I  \N  REMTNI8I  BN<  BS 
Messrs.  BROWN,  LANGHAM  will  publish  on  MONDAY 
HERE  .1  XD  THERE,  Mi  movies  Indian  and  other,  l»i  II.  6. 
KEENS,  C.I.S.,  Authm  of    A  S,rrn,,t  of  John  I 
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158 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°408;3,  Feb.  10,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.S 

LIST. 


LOGGAN. 


CANTABRIGIA 

ILLUSTRATA. 

By   DAVID    LOGGAN. 

(First  published  in  1690. ) 
A  Series  of  Views  of  the  University  and  Colleges, 
and  of  Eton  College. 
Edited,  with  a  Life  of  Loggan,  an  Introduction 
and  Historical  and  Descriptive  Notes  by 
J.  W.  CLARK,  M.A.  F.S.A., 
Registrary  of  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
A  Reproduction  in  Folio,  the  scarce  Portrait  of  the 
Duke  of  Somerset  in  Photogravure, 
the  Centre  Section  of  Hamond's  Map  of  1592. 
Price  21.  2s.  net ;  or  in  morocco  extra,  51.  5.-\  net. 
THE  PROVOST  OF  KINO'S  (Dr.  M.  R.  Jambs) 
in    the    Cambridge    Review.- — "What   the    Regis- 
trar}-   has   added    from   the    treasure   of   his   own 
knowledge   is,    like   all   his   work,    lucid,    concise, 

relevant,    and    thoroughly  helpful To   sum  up, 

we  have  nothing  but  praise  for  the  book,  pictures 
and  text  alike." 

ATHBNjBUM.  -"-"Even  the  great  task  of 
giving  to  the  world  in  1885  the  'Architectural 
History  of  Cambridge '  of  his  uncle,  the  late  Prof. 
Willis,  is  scarcely  a  more  important  service  than 
the  publication  of  Loggan's  'Cantabrigia  Illus- 
trata.'" 

THIRD    EDITION    NOW    READY. 

LAPSUS  CALAMI, 

and  other  Verses. 
By  the  late  J.  K.  STEPHEN. 

With  a  Biographical  Introduction  and  Photogravure 
Portrait  after  a  Chalk  Drawing  by  F.  MILLER. 

Fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  5s.  net. 

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enjoyed  his  verses  will  be  glad  of  them  in  this 
complete  form." 

SPECTATOR.—"  J.    K.   S.'s  parodies  are  of 

more    than    moderate    merit They   make    one 

almost  think  that  the  parody  must  have  been 
written  by  the  poet,  parodied  in  a  moment  of 
•amused  self -ridicule." 

THE  WORKS  OF 

ARTHUR   CLEMENT 
HILTON 

(Marlborough,  and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge), 

Author  of  '  The  Light  Green.' 

With  2  Illustrations,  together  with  his 

Life  and  Letters. 

By  Sir  ROBERT  EDGECUMBE 

(of  King's  College,  Cambridge), 
Author  of  'Zephyrus,'  &c.  5a  net. 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— ■** Wit  on  the 
wings  of  metre.  Highly  remarkable,  Sir  Robert 
Edgecumbe's  memoir  is  a  model  of  affectionate 
and  tributary  sympathy.  There  are  parodies 
brilliant  enough  to  persuade  one  almost  that  the 
same  hand  wrote  the  parent  and  the  parasite. 
There  are  things  in  this  delightful  little  book  that 
will  live  among  the  best  examples  of  English  wit." 

JOHN  LYLY. 

By  JOHN  DOVER  WILSON. 

The  Harness  Prize  for  1904.     Crown  8vo,  3s.  net. 
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ments of  literature." 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited,  London. 


Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.  have  pleasure  in  announcing  the  Publication  of 

EVERYMAN'S 

LIBRARY. 

Edited    by   ERNEST    RHYS. 

Cloth,  1«.  net  ;  leather,  2&  net. 

FIRST  FIFTY  BOOKS  (Ready  February  15). 


FICTION'. 
Library  of  Historical  Fiction  (first  6  vols.). 

I.YTTON'S  HAROLD.     Introduction  bv  Krnest  Rhvs. 
SCOTT'S  IVANIIOE.     Introduction  by  Krnest  Rhvs. 
EDGAR'S  CRESSY  AND  POICHERS.     Introduction 

by  Bluest  Rhvs. 
LYTTOX'S    LAST   OF  THE  BARONS.     Introduction 

bv  R  (i.  \V;itkin. 
MANNING'S  SIR  THOMAS  MORE.     Introduction  by 

Ernest  Rhys. 
KINGSLEYS    WESTWARD    HO!     Introduction    by 
A.  J.  Grieve. 
AUSTEN'S  (JANE)  NOYELS.     5  vols.     Introduction  by 

R.  Brimlev  Johnson. 
BALZAC'S  WILD  ASS'S  SKIN.    EiL  by  George  Saintsbury. 
KINGSLEY'S  (H.)  RAYKNSHOE. 
READE'S   (C.)  THE   CLOISTER   AND   THE  HEARTH. 

Introduction  by  A.  C.  Swinburne. 
TROLLOPE'S  BARCHESTER  TOWERS. 
ELIOT'S  ADAM  BEDE. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  THEOLOGY. 

ROBERTSON'S  (F.  W.)  SERMONS.     Arranged  in  3  vols. 

With  an  Introduction  bv  Canon  Barnett. 
SERMONS    BY    HUGH    LATIMER.      Introduction    by 

Canon  Beeching. 

ESSAYS  AND  BELLES  LETT  RES. 

COLERIDGE'S  BIOGRAPHIA  LITERARIA.  Intro- 
duction bv  Arthur  Svmons. 

ESSAYS  IN  LITERATURE  AND  HISTORY'  BY  J.  A. 
FROUDE.     Introduction  by  Hilaire  Belloc,  M.P. 

LAMB'S  ESSAY'S  OF  ELIA.    Introd.  by  Augustine  Birrell. 

BACON'S  ESSAYS.     Introduction  by  Oliphant  Smeaton. 

EMERSON'S  ESSAYS.    First  and  Second  Series. 

HISTORY. 

MACAULAY'S  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND.     3  vols. 

FINLAY'S  BYZANTINE  EMPIRE.  Introd.  by  Ernest 
Rhys. 

CARLYLE'S  FRENCH  REVOLUTION.  2  vols.  Intro- 
duction by  Hilaire  Belloc. 


POETRY  AND  DRAMA. 

TENNYSON'S  POEMS,  1840-1863.  Edited  by  Ernest 
Rhy* 

GOLDEN  BOOK  OF  COLERIDGE.  Edited  bv  Stopford 
A.   Brooke. 

R.  BROWNING'S  POEMS,  1833-1864.  i  vols.  Introduc- 
tion by  Arthur  Waugh. 

ROMANCE. 

LE  MORTE  DARTHUR  2  vols.  Introduction  by  ProL 
Rhvs. 

TRAVEL. 

BORROWS   WILD  WALES.     Introduction  by  Theodore 

Watts-Dunton. 
SPEKES  SOURCES  OF  THE  NILE. 

SCIENCE  AND  NATURAL   HISTORY. 

HUXLEY  S  ESSAYS.     Introduction  by  Sir  Oliver  Lodge. 
WHITE'S  SELBORNE.    Introd.  by  Principal  Windle. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

BOSWELL'S  LIFE  OF  JOHNSON.    2  vols. 
LOCKHARTS  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON. 

CLASSICAL. 

MARCUS  AURELIUS'  MEDITATIONS.  Translated  by 
Meric  Casaubon.    Introd.  by  Dr.  W.  H.  D.  Rou--e. 

CHILDREN'S. 

ANDERSEN'S     FAIRY     TALES.     Illustrated     by     the 

Brothers  Robinson. 
HAWTHORNE'S  WONDER  BOOK  ANDTANGLEWOOD 

TALES. 
LAMBS  TALES  FROM  SHAKESPEARE.    Illustrated  by 

Arthur  Rackham. 
KINGSTON'S  PETER  THE  WHALER. 
KINGSTON'S  THE  THREE  MIDSHIPMEN. 


SECOND  FIFTY  BOOKS  (Ready  March  31). 

FICTION.  SCIENCE  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Library  of  Historical  Fiction  (second  6  vols.). 

SCOTT'S  FORTUNES  OF  NIGEL. 

SCOTT'S  WOODSTOCK. 

THACKERAY'S  ESMOND. 

DEFOE'S  CAPTAIN  SINGLETON. 

SCOTT'S  WAYERLEY. 

DICKENS'S  BARNABY  RUDGE. 
COOPER'S  DEERSLAYER. 
COOPER'S  PATHFINDER. 
COOPERS  LAST  OF  THE  MOHICANS. 
(J  ASK  ELL'S  CRANFORD. 
MARRY  ATS  MIDSHIPMAN  EASY. 
DUMAS'S  THREE  MUSKETEERS. 
LYTTON'S  LAST  DAY'S  OF  POMPEII. 
MRS.  HENRY  WOODS  THE  CHANNINGS. 

POETRY  AND  DRAMA. 

BURNS'S  SONGS  AND  POEMS.    Introduction  by  James 

Douglas. 
PALGRAVES  GOLDEN  TREASURY. 
SHERIDAN'S  PLAYS. 
SHELLEY. 

ROMANCE. 

Translated   by   Lady    Charlotte 


THE    MABINOGION. 

Guest. 


TRA  VEL. 


COOK'S  VOYAGES. 


ESSAYS  AND  BELLES  LETT  RES. 

Introduction    by 
Introduction    by 


ESSAYS    OF    MATTHEW    ARNOLD. 

G.  K.  Chesterton. 
WALTON'S    COMPLEAT    ANGLER. 

Andrew  Lang. 
HAZLITTS  LECTURES  ON  SHAKESPEARE. 
LADY  MONTAGUS  LETTERS. 

HISTORY. 

BURNET'S  HISTORY  OK  HIS  OWN  TIMES. 
MOTLEY'S  DITCH  REPUBLIC.     3  vols. 
STRICKLAND'S  QUEEN   ELIZABETH. 
STANLEY'S  .MEMORIALS  OF  CANTERBURY. 


TYNDALL'S  GLACIERS  OF  THE  ALPS  AND  MOUN- 
TAINEERING.    Introduction  by  Lord  Avebury. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

PEPYss  DIARY.    2  vols.    Introduction  by  Dr.  Richard 

Garnett 
LOCKHARTS  LIFE  OF  SCOTT. 
BENYENUTO  CELLINI. 
SOUTHEY'S  LIFE  OF  NELSON. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  THEOLOGY. 

BUTLERS  ANALOGY  OF  RELIGION.  Introduction 
bv  Rev.  Ronald  Bavne. 

THE  N  EW  TESTAM  ENT.  Arranged  in  supposed  Chrono- 
logical Order  bv  Principal  Linds.iv. 

LAWS  SERIOUS-  CALL  TO  A  DEVOUT  AND  HOLY 
LIFE. 

.    CLASSICAL. 

PLATO'S REPUBLIC.     Spenss  Translation.     Introduction 

bv  Dr.  Richard  Garnott. 
.USCHY1.VS  LYRICAL  DRAMAS.   Trans,  bv  John  Stuart 

Blackie. 
EURIPIDES'  PLAYS  in  2  vols.  Vol.  I.    Ed.  bv  Ernest  Rhvs. 
PLATO'S  REPl'BLIC.  Spen's  Trans.  Intro,  by  Ernest  Rhys. 

ORATORY. 

FREE    TRADE    SPEECHES    BY    BRIGHT,    COBDEN, 
GLADSTONE,  Arc    Introd.  bv  D.  Llovd  George,  M.P. 
LINCOLN'S  SPEECHES. 

C1IILDRENS. 

GRIMMS   FAIRY    TALES.     Illustrated    by    R.    Aiming 

BelL 
CANTON'S  A  CHILD'S  BOOK  OF  SAINTS.    Illustrated 

bv  T.  H.  Robinson. 
ROBINSON   CRISOE.     Illustrated  bv  J.  A.  Symington. 
GULLIVER'S  TRAVELS.    Illustrated  bv  Arthur  Rackham. 
TOM    BROWN'S  SCHOOLDAYS.     Illustrated    by    T.    H. 

Robinson. 
FROISSARTS  CHRONICLES. 


PLEASE  WRITE  FOR  DESCRIPTIVE  PROSPECTUS. 


London:    J.   M.    PENT  &    CO.    29,    Bedford    Street,    W.C. 


N°  4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


159 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


161 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  10,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Mr.  Symons's  Spiritual  Adventures 161 

Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets 16*2 

The  Africander  Land        163 

Mr.  Paul  on  Froude  164_ 

The  Political  History  of  England,  1216-1377      . .    165 
New  Novels  (Rose  at  Honeypot ;  The  Spoilers ;  The 
Choice  of  Emelia  ;   The  Lady  Noggs,  Peeress ; ;  La 
Belle    Dame  ;     Mon    Oncle    Flo  ;    Le    Fils    tl  un 

Voleur)  166 

Oriental  Literature  1C6 

Shooting  and  Hunting       167 

Our  Library  Table  (The  History  of  Co-operation ; 
William  Pitt ;  The  Approach  to  Philosophy  ;  %  er- 
sailles  ;  Sources  for  the  History  of  Morocco  ; 
Oswald  Bastable,  and  Others  ;  The  Pedigree  of 
Hunter   of   Abhotshill  ;    Two    Year  -  Books  ;    The 

Universal  Library) 168—170 

List  of  New  Books l"0 

J.  P.  Edmond  ;  Education  in  the  Channel  Islands  ; 
The  Royal  Historical  Society  ;  Barry  Corn- 
wall's Lines  to  Lamb    170 — 171 

Literary  Gossip         let 

Science— Research  Notes;  C.  J.  Cornish;  'The 
Zoological  Society  of  London';  Societies; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  173—175 
Fine  Arts— Our  Library  Table  (Ideals  in  Art ; 
Frank  Brangwyn;  Cathedral  Cities  of  England; 
"Incipits"  of  Latin  Manuscripts);  The  GOUPIL 
Gallery;  The  Dowdeswell  Galleries;  The 
Ryder    Gallery  ;    The    British    School    at 

Rome  ;  sales  ;  Gossip 175—178 

Music  — Symphony  Concert;    Wf.ssely   Quartet; 

Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week      . .      178—179 
Drama  — His  House  in  Order;  French  Plays;  A 
Question    of    Age  ;     The    Convict    on    the 

Hearth  ;  Gossip 179—180 

Index  to  Advertisers       180 


LITERATURE 


Spiritual  Adventures.     By  Arthur  Symons. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

There  are  many  comic  things  in  this  comic 
world.  There  is,  for  instance,  the  spectacle 
of  Mrs.  Grundy  applauding  Nero  while  he 
flaunts  his  decadence  on  the  boards  of 
His  Majesty's  Theatre.  The  good  lady 
does  not  suspect  either  Mr.  Phillips  or 
Mr.  Tree  of  having  presented  her  with  a 
pathological  infamy.  '  Nero '  is  really 
an  elaborately  modern  study  of  aesthetic 
perversion.  But  its  author  is  not  the 
only  English  poet  who  has  diagnosed 
decadence.  Mr.  Symons  has  been  doing 
it  for  years.  For  him  life  is  pure  sensation. 
He  is  not  interested  in  anything  which  is 
not  filtered  through  the  senses.  He  is 
preoccupied  with  the  soul  that  makes  a 
theatre  out  of  its  conscience,  and  registers 
its  moods  with  cold  precision.  He  sees 
the  soul  as  spectator  of  itself,  acting  to 
itself,  hissing  and  applauding  itself — 
dramatist,  actor,  and  audience  in  one. 
He  regards  conduct  as  the  mere  vehicle  of 
experience  moving  on  the  wheels  of  good 
and  evil.  He  is  an  abstract  attitude.  His 
temperament  pours  like  cold  moonshine 
through  all  the  windows  of  sense,  without 
varying  in  quality.  At  its  heart  is  an 
insatiable  disquiet,  a  spirit  that  seeks 
rest  and  finds  none.  It  is  an  inverted 
austerity  that  is  passionless,  the  tor- 
ment of  being  writhing  under  the  veils 
of  mood.  Yet  it  is  a  spiritual  ferment. 
We  have  heard  it  maintained  that  the 
vicissitudes  of  virtue  arc  not  more  moral 
than  the  vicissitudes  of  vice.  Temptation 
is"" an  act  of  the  imagination.     Sin  is  not 


the  deed,  but  the  will  behind  it.  Decadence 
is  a  disease  founded  on  an  imaginative 
basis. 

These  stories,  each  of  which  deals  with 
a  separate  personality,  are  studies  of 
decadence.  They  explore  the  relation  be- 
tween hfe  and  art.  The  modern  mind  is  not 
haunted,  like  Hamlet,  by  material  ghosts. 
It  is  haunted  by  obsessions.  In  '  Christian 
Trevalga'  Mr.  Symons  analyzes  the  mind 
of  a  pianist  who  is  driven  mad  by  a  musical 
obsession.  He  shuts  life  outside  his  art. 
He  refuses  to  allow  his  love  for  a  woman 
to  colour  his  monomania.  ;'  To  love  a 
woman  is,  for  an  artist,  to  change  his 
religion."  Having  expelled  hfe  from  his 
experience,  he  becomes  insane.  Sanity 
is  founded  upon  human  relationships. 
Men  huddle  together  to  escape  the  stars. 
There  is  a  new  strange  horror  in  Trevalga's 
insanity.  Sound  takes  hold  on  him  like 
an  invisible  companion  whispering  in  his 
ears.  He  cannot  distinguish  between  what 
he  hears  and  what  he  seems  to  hear 
through  noise  or  silence  in  some  region 
outside  reality.  "  So  long  as  I  can  dis- 
tinguish between  the  one  and  the  other," 
he  says,  "I  am  safe."  While  he  is 
playing  Chopin,  something  in  the  curve 
of  the  music,  which  he  has  always  seen  as 
a  wavy  line,  seems  to  become  visible  above 
the  level  of  the  strings  on  the  open  top 
of  the  piano.  It  is  hke  grey  smoke, 
forming  and  unforming  as  if  it  boiled  up 
softly  out  of  the  pit  where  the  wires  are. 
This  succubus  overwhelms  him.  He  sees 
the  wavy  fine  swaying  to  and  fro  like  a 
snake  beating  time  to  the  music  of  the 
snake-charmer.  Then  the  external  world 
becomes  unreal  to  him.  He  can  see  no 
reason  why  he  is  "  here  rather  than  there." 
And  thus  he  goes  mad.  This  is  undoubtedly 
a  profoundly  imaginative  study  of  aesthetic 
insanity.  The  moral  is  plain — to  wit, 
that  morbid  absorption  in  even  a  purely 
imaginative  sensation  imperils  the  equi- 
librium of  personality. 

^Esthetic  decadence  is  due  not  so  much 
to  the  obsession  of  art  for  art's  sake  as  to 
the  obsession  of  sensation  for  sensation's 
sake.  The  decadent  cares  more  for  his 
sensations  than  for  his  creations.  He 
gloats  over  the  internecipe  combats  in 
his  soul  between  good  and  evil.  The  old 
crude  passions  were  lambs  compared  with 
the  obsessions  that  devastate  the  decadent 
spirit.  For  here  we  are  in  a  region  which 
is  beyond  the  healthy  conception.  There 
is  something  intolerably  dreadful  in  the 
soul  that  can  exult  over  the  agony  of 
another  soul  ;  but  such  a  soul  is  human 
compared  with  the  soul  that  can  exult 
over  its  own  agony,  and  can  distil  an  evil 
ecstasy  from  its  own  moral  recoil  and  its 
own  spiritual  shame. 

It  is  strange  that  aesthetic  decadence 
is  seldom  studied  in  relation  to  religious 
decadence.  They  may  be  classed  as 
phases  of  the  same  disease.  The  religious 
decadent  is  simply  a  soul  that  pursues 
sensation  for  sensation's  sake.  We  believe 
that  the  moral  stigmata  of  both  are  iden- 
tical. We  are  not  sure  that  the  parallelism 
does  not  extend  further.  There  is  a 
curious  similarity  between  the  depravity 
of  the  religious  decadent  and  the  depravity 


of  the  aesthetic  decadent.  There  is  no 
necessary  relation  between  religious  neuro- 
pathy and  purity  of  imagination  and 
conduct.  Indeed,  there  is  strong  reason 
for  believing  that  neurotic  religiosity 
enfeebles  the  moral  sense  as  fatally  as 
neurotic  aestheticism.  In  '  Seaward  Lack- 
land '  Mr.  Symons  presents  us  with  a 
religious  decadent  who  delights  in  out- 
raging his  own  conscience.  Just  as  Nero 
gloats  over  the  crucifixion  of  his  filial 
instincts,  so  Lackland  gloats  over  the 
crucifixion  of  his  pious  instincts.  He 
resolves  to  sin  the  sin  against  the  Holy 
Ghost,  and  to  do  it  for  the  love  of  God. 
For  God's  sake  he  determines  to  cast  off 
God.  He  preaches  a  sermon  on  the  text, 
"  Then  if  any  man  shall  say  unto  you, 
Lo,  here  is  Christ,  or  there  ;  believe  it 
not."  He  shows  Jesus  as  one  working 
miracles  with  the  help  of  Satan.  He 
utters  awful  blasphemies  in  the  pulpit, 
and  becomes  an  outcast  in  the  village. 
But  he  feeds  on  the  inner  rapture  born  of 
the  knowledge  that  he  had  offered  himself 
up  as  an  oblation  to  the  justice  of  God. 
As  he  dies,  he  says  in  an  ecstatic  voice  that 
he  sinned  because  he  loved  God  more  than 
himself.     That  is  religious  decadence. 

Another  phase  of  decadence  is  analyzed 
in  '  The  Death  of  Peter  Waydelin.'  Here 
we  have  an  artist  whose  obsession  is  gross- 
ness.  He  holds  that  beauty  is  the  visible 
spirit  of  the  most  infamous  flesh,  and  in 
order  to  paint  the  grossness  he  marries  it. 
"  A  profound  low  instinct  "  draws  him  to 
the  very  sewers  of  life.  He  studies  nature 
under  the  paint  of  vice.  He  paints  the 
ugliness,  gross  artifice,  crafty  mechanism, 
of  sex  disguising  itself  for  its  own  ends. 
His  colour-obsession  is  green,  which  has  a 
special  appeal  to  artistic  temperaments — 
not  the  green  of  nature,  but  the  "  colour- 
scheme  of  the  grave."  As  he  dies,  he 
tries  to  sketch  the  grotesque  horror  of 
his  wife,  the  tears  running  down  her 
cheeks,  leaving  ghastly  furrows  in  the 
wet  powder  clotted  and  caked  under  them. 
This  is  work  for  a  parallel  to  which  we 
must  cross  the  Channel.  '  Esther  Kahn  ' 
is  a  vigorous  study  of  a  Jewish  actress 
whose  histrionic  genius  is  suddenly  ma- 
tured by  a  spasm  of  baffled  passion. 

In  these  and  the  other  stories  in  this 
volume  the  self-revelation  is  oblique.  In 
'A  Prelude  to  Life'  it  is  direct,  The 
habit  of  confession  is  rare  in  English  lite- 
rature, and  unfortunately  these  confes- 
sions stop  just  at  the  interesting  point. 
They  are  very  naive,  and  their  naivete 
seems  sincere  : — 

"  I  wanted  to  want  to  be  good,  but  all  I 
really  wanted  was  to  be  clever.  .  .  .My  father 
bored  me ....  If  to  be  good  was  to  be  like 

him,  I  did  not  wish  to  be  good 1  was 

physically  innocent,  but  with  a  sort  of  naive 
corruption  of  mind.  ...  1  never  realised  that 
there  was  any  honesty  in  sex...  .Love  I 
nover  associated  with  the  senses,  it  was  not 
even  a  passion  that  I  wanted  ;  it  was  a 
conscious,  subtle,  elaborate  sensuality,  which 
I  knew  not  how  to  procure. ..  .Everything 
in  the  country,  exoepl  the  sea.  bored  me  : 
but  here  in  the  'motley'  strand,  among  these 

hurrying    people,    under    the    smoky    sky.    I 

could  walk  and  yet  watch.  If  ever  there 
was  a  religion  of  the  eyes,  I  have  devoutly 


102 


'I'll  E     ATI!  KN.Kl'M 


N    W85,  Feb.  10,  1 


practised  lliat  religion.  1  noted  even 
ilmt  rang  mi  m>  <>i>  the  pavement  ;  I  looked 
nit,,  the  omnibuses,  il"  cabs,  «i«»\-  with 
the  -inn.-  caper  hope  of  seeing  wum-  heau- 
tiful  <.i  interesting  person,  some  graci 
movement,  a  delicate  expression,  winch 
would  be  gone  ii  I  did  not  eaten  it  aa  it  went. 
Thia  search  without  an  aim  grew  to  be  almost 
it  torture  to  me;  mj  eyes  ached  with  the 
effort,   l>nt    I   eould   nol   control   them.     Al 

even     moment,    1    knew,    m •    Bpectacle 

awaited  them  j  1  grasped  at  till  these  Bights 
with  tli<-  same  futile  energy  as  a  dog  thai  I 
once  saw  standing  in  an  bash  stream,  sad 

Snapping  at  the  bubbiee  tliat  ran  continu- 
ally past  him  on  the  water.  Life  ran  past 
me  continually,  and  I  tried  to  make  all  its 
bubbles  my  ou  n." 

That  is  |  vivid  piece  of  self-portrait  inc. 
It  is  the  adolescent  decadent  beginning 
the  pursuit  of  life  as  a  sensation.  "  What 
is  the  chief  end  of  man  J"  Is  it  sensation  '. 
If  not,  what  !  That  is  the  problem. 
The  decadent  answers  it  in  one  way,  the 
religious  soul  in  another.  Some  may  say 
that  man  has  no  chief  end,  indeed  no  end 
at  all,  regarding  ends  and  means  alike  as 
a  lovely  hallucination  devised  by  life  the 
harlequin.  Viewed  in  this  light,  man's 
faith  in  his  own  relevance  is  the  most 
humorous  aspect  of  his  arrogance.  Do  we 
matter,  after  all  ! 


John-son's  Lives  of  the  Poets.  Edited  by 
G.  Birkbeck  Hill.  3  vols.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

"  Church  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,"  the 
inscription  which  heads  the  notice-board 
of  Wren's  striking  church  of  St.  Clement 
Danes  in  the  Strand,  may  well,  if  it 
survives,  and  the  inferior  quality  of  our 
papers  reduces  our  books  to  tatters, 
puzzle  the  antiquary  who  surveys  the 
ruins  of  London.  Johnson  will  be  taken 
for  an  eminent  divine,  or,  at  least,  a 
minister  of  the  Church,  if  not  for  a  modern 
saint.  He  was  not  that,  though  he 
suffered,  perhaps,  as  much  as  any  man 
who  rose  to  be  a  literary  dictator.  But 
it  is  a  striking  tribute  to  his  fame  that  he 
should  figure  thus,  whereas  the  arch- 
bishops of  his  time  have  achieved  no 
posthumous  eminence,  and,  named  in  the 
same  place,  would  convey  no  memories 
to  the  intelligent  passer-by.  Johnson's 
recognition  has  of  late  years  been  universal, 
though  it  would,  in  some  ways,  surprise 
his  contemporaries.  We  do  not  now 
think  highly  of  him  as  a  classical  scholar 
or  as  a  stylist.  His  prejudices  in  criti- 
cism are  better  known  than  his  merits. 
But  his  talk  is  immortal,  and  more  widely 
cherished  and  scrutinized  every  day. 
Indeed,  his  fondness  for  paradox  will 
always  have  an  attraction  for  young 
men  who  go  through  that  stage  of  literary 
measles,  though  his  extraordinary  intel- 
lectual alertness  and  his  distaste  for 
sentiment  are  more  valuable  qualities. 
His  'Dictionary'  is  now  only  of  historic 
interest ;  his  '  Idler  '  and  '  Rambler  ' 
and  his  'Kasselas'  are  outdistanced  by 
superior  works  of  a  similar  sort  ;  but 
Boswell's  masterpiece  was  never  more 
popular,   and   '  The  Lives  of  the  Poets  ' 


remain  triumphantly   alive.     Some  of 
poets   were  not    poet"-  ,    others   wen  hut 

moderate  \  ersilieis  on  the  \  MTgC  of  oblivion 

in  then  own  day  ;  hut  Johnson  ha*  \  w  died 
them  all. 

That  any  editor  will  spend,  or  has 
spent     a    tithe    of     the     time    and    lahoui 

hi.    Mill   devoted    to   these    volumes 

inconceivable.      They  are  uniform  in  style 

and  arrangement  with  the  splendid  B 

well  s  *  Johnson  '  edited  by  the  same 
hand,    and    first    published    in    IHH~.      Dr. 

Hill  devoted  many  years  of   research   to 

Johnson  and  .Johnson's  period,  and  we 
know  no  modern  talent  which  can  be 
ranked  with  his  in  its  wonderful  grasp 
of  contemporary  side-lights  on  his  subject. 
Admirably  served  by  the  Clarendon  IV 
he  was  able  to  present  the  world  that 
cares  for  literature  with  a  series  of 
editions  of  the  works  of  Johnson  which  are 
monumental.  With  these  volumes  at 
hand  the  casual  reader  may  find  in  a 
moment  an  illuminating  parallel  for  which 
the  earnest  student  had  previously,  per- 
haps, to  search  for  days.  It  is  pleasant 
to  think  that  Dr.  Hill  was  able  to  complete 
his  row  of  Johnsonian  volumes  with  these 
vigorous  and  characteristic  exhibitions  of 
the  natural  powers  of  Ursa  Major. 

The  '  Lives,'  says  Mr.  Harold  Spencer 
Scott,  in  his  brief  memoir  of  the  editor, 
were  annotated  under  conditions  of  in- 
creasing ill-health  ;  but  Dr.  Hill  returned 
to  his  task  in  spite  of  every  check,  and 

"  on  bis  death  the  work  was  almost  ready 
for  the  printer's  hands.  A  few  additions 
and  6ome  research,  rendered  comparatively 
easy  by  the  precision  with  which  he  worked 
and  the  good  order  in  which  his  papers  were 
kept,  were  alone  needed." 

The  memoir  says  well  all  that  need  be 
said  of  Dr.  Hill's  career.  His  father  was 
head  of  Bruce  Castle  School,  Tottenham, 
and  he  himself  occupied  that  post  from 
1868  to  1877,  after  a  career  at  Oxford 
which  brought  him  excellent  literary  com- 
pany, but  merely  (owing  to  ill-health)  an 
"  honorary  fourth  class."  He  became  a 
contributor  to  The  Saturday  Review  in 
1869,  and  made  havoc  among  novelists 
and  minor  poets.  The  result  of  this 
writing  was  a  distaste  for  modern  fiction 
so  decided  that  he  could  not  read  much 
of  the  best  of  it.  "  All  in  vain,"  he  wrote 
in  his  '  Talks  about  Autographs,' 

"have  friends  urged  me  to  read  the  works 
of  Black,  Blackmore,  Hardy,  Ho  wells,  Henry 
James,  Stevenson,  and  Kipling.  Not  a 
single  story  of  any  of  these  writers  have  I 
ever  read,  or  am  I  ever  likely  to  read." 

Such  exclusions  are  regrettable,  and  Dr. 
Hill's  absorption  in  the  eighteenth  century 
led  occasionally  to  what  must  seem  defects 
of  taste  and  criticism  in  the  twentieth. 

Increasing  ill-health  led  him  to  give  up 
his  school  in  1877,  and  to  move  to  Burgh- 
field,  near  Reading,  which  he  left  in  1887 
for  a  house  near  "  The  Parks  "  of  Oxford. 
His  venerable  figure  will  be  familiar  to  not 
a  few  Oxonians,  and  he  profited  by  the 
advantages  of  a  cultivated  society  which 
knew  his  worth.  He  had  a  remarkable 
fund  of  anecdote,  and  enjoyed  telling  his 
story  ;  but  he  was  by  no  means  a  mere 
master  of  monologue,  and  was  devoid  of 


"- 


liperiority  of  manner  which  i-  i* 

sionalh   sttached  to  erudition,  ami  eon* 
monk   to  let  ired  j>edag<  ■_•  ■■ 

Those    who   know   nothing  of   hi-   hfe 

might    well   fancy   him.   to   u-e   the   phrase 

Boswell'i  ancle  applied  to  Johnson        i 

ioliu-t  genius  born  to  grapple  with  whole 
libraries."  The  wonder  i~  that,  with 
-taut  interruption.-,  he  aras  able  to  achieve 
all  the  work  whi<  h  stands  to  hi-  credit. 
Over  hi-  BosweU  '  he  took  twelve  reen, 
Hi-    rice    of    Bupernotation    occasionally 

obscures    the    points   which   should    be    mq, 
rninent.    but   that   l-  a   venial  fault   I 
student.-.      Hi-    book    of    1900,    an   edition 
of  Gibbon's  'Autobiography,'  show- 
piquant  a  commentary  may  be  made  out 
of  contemporary   quotations.     '| 
historian  and  egoist  i-  thus  more  clearly 
presented  in  a   volume  of  ordinary 
than   ever   before,    if   the   reader  has 
critical  power  to  disengage  the  essen 
portrait. 

There  is  no  introduction  here  to  I 
'  Lives,'  nor  is  there  any  general  vie.. 
their  merits  and  demerits.  Fortunately, 
however,  though  the  mass  of  illustrative 
matter  is  generally  of  contemporary  da 
the  writers  of  the  next  century  are  allowed 
to  express  their  dissent  in  quotations 
which  correct  the  sage's  extraordinary 
prejudice,  exhibited,  notably,  in  belitt- 
ling Milton  and  Gray.  Dr.  Hill  has  no 
space  to  point  out  the  reasons  for  these 
animadversions,  which  are  pretty  clear. 
Johnson  was  never  a  judge  of  lyric  poetry, 
and  could  not  be  fair  to  a  Republican  of 
no  Church.  He  was  as  fluent  and  down- 
right as  Gray  was  polished  and  reserved. 
Gray  and  Gray's  friends  saw  his  wi 
side,  and  did  not  like  him.  Further,  we 
believe  that  he  was  jealous  of  the  cla-sical 
learning  of  the  scholarly  recluse  of  Cam- 
bridge. His  own  endowments  in  that 
direction  were  exaggerated  by  hi-  ad- 
mirers, among  whom  we  may  include  Dr. 
Hill.  Johnson  does  not  mention  by  name 
a  piece  better  than  most  of  those  he  qui  itea, 
Collins's  '  Ode  to  Evening.'  which  has 
been  generally  appreciated  since  Palgrave 
put  it  into  '  The  Golden  Treasury."  But 
the  first  flowers  of  the  romantic  revival 
were  weeds  for  him.  The  element  i  f 
poetry  which  is  beyond  and  above  I  _ 
he  could  not  measure  by  his  logical 
standards.  His  eye  for  what  was  then 
called  the  "  mellifluous  "  was  vitiated  by 
his  exaggerated  fear  of  the  "  unreasonably 
tumid."'  It  says  much  for  his  crucible 
of  fine  talk  and  ready  and  resolute  wisdom 
that  we  can  forgive  him  errors  of  taste 
which  would  be  unpardonable,  and  pro- 
bably impossible,  in  the  meanest  compiler 
of  school-books  of  to-day.  We  find,  at 
any  rate,  Tennyson's  counterblast  in  the 
notes  that  "  '  Lycidas  '  was  a  touchstone 
of  poetic  taste."'  On  the  same  page  is 
quoted  an  unfinished  note  by  Dr.  Hill  t>- 
the  effect  that  "  '  Lycidas  '  can  be  read 
without  emotion  ....  there  is  only  one 
tender  line  in  it — 'Young  Lycidas,'  A 
He  does  not  mention 

Through  the  dear  might  <>f  Him  that  walked  the 

D  aves. 

Johnson's  foolish  objection  to  elegies  as 


N°408->,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


163 


not  genuine  exhibitions  of  grief  might 
have  been  refuted  by  better  and  briefer 
statements  than  that  of  a  writer  of  old 
times  in  The  Quarterly  Review. 

Prejudiced  or  not,  the  '  Lives  '  are  all 
interesting  reading,  being  written  as  a 
whole  in  simple  language,  not  in  the  full- 
dress  style  of  '  Rasselas,'  a  circumstance 
which  has  doubtless  contributed  to  their 
continued  popularity.  Johnson  wrote 
them  often  in  a  hurry,  and  reported  oral 
conversations,  so  that  we  get  a  taste  of 
his  talking  English,  which  was  infinitely 
superior  to  the  measured  and  otiose  Latin- 
ism  of  his  elaborate  writing.  It  is  cha- 
racteristic of  Dr.  Hill's  erudition  that  he 
convicts  him  of  employing  words  not  in 
his  own  '  Dictionary,'  or  not  explained 
to  bear  the  meanings  here  given  to  them. 
Some  of  the  '  Lives '  invite  annotation 
more  clearly  than  others,  e.g.,  the  long  and 
important  account  of  Pope,  whose  ways 
were  devious  and  dark  enough  to  make 
plenty  of  conflicting  evidence.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  note  that  Pope's  machinations 
in  the  way  of  getting  his  own  letters  pub- 
lished gave  rise  to  an  historic  case,  '  Pope 
v.  Curll,'  which  was  quoted  only  the  other 
day  in  the  Courts  of  Justice. 

We  agree  with  Dr.  Hill,  as  we  said  some 
years  ago,  in  thinking  that  Johnson,  when 
he  wrote  of  his  poets,  unconsciously  de- 
scribed, or  referred  to,  his  own  pecu- 
liarities. There  are  many  reflections  on 
the  depressions  and  temptations  of  narrow 
means.  A  passage  in  the  '  Life  of  Addi- 
son '  recalls  Johnson's  "  Boswell,  lend 
me  sixpence — not  to  be  returned  "  ;  and 
memories  of  Grub  Street  may  have  in- 
spired the  reflection  in  the  '  Life  of  Collins  ' 
that  "  a  man,  doubtful  of  his  dinner,  or 
trembling  at  a  creditor,  is  not  much 
disposed  to  abstracted  meditation  or 
remote  inquiries."  The  '  Lives  '  are,  in 
fact,  a  free  commentary  on  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  day  which  only  John- 
son could  have  written,  with  his  assured 
position,  his  indifference  to  the  saturnalia 
of  personal  passions,  and  disingenuous 
paraphrase. 

In  some  matters  of  taste  and  judgment 
the  verdict  of  the  eighteenth  century  has, 
of  course,  been  reversed,  though  a  future 
Augustan  Age  may  deride  present  critics 
for  their  views.  Thus  the  merits  of  poor 
John  Dennis  as  critic  are  asserted  in  a 
foot-note,  and  we  find  indications  in  the 
same  place  that  Theobald  was  not  the 
fool  Pope  made  him.  Dr.  Hill  might  have 
simply  noted  that  three  words  of  Shak- 
spearian  conjecture  have  made  this  Dunce 
immortal  in  literature  ;  but  he  was, 
perhaps,  unwilling  to  repeat  the  more 
satisfactory  note  in  his  '  Boswell,'  i.  329. 

We  may  exhibit  Dr.  Hill's  eighteenth- 
century  views  by  a  point  of  poetic  vocabu- 
lary.    He  notes  that  Dryden, 

*'  in  the  Dedication  of  the  'Aeneis,'  speaking 
of  mollis  amaracus .  .  .  . says :  'If  I  shall 
translate  it  sweet-marjoram,  as  the  word 
signifies,  the  reader  would  think  I  had  mis- 
taken Virgil ;  for  those  village-words,  as  I 
may  call  them,  give  us  a  mean  idea  of 
the  thing.'.  ..  .He  translates  the  words  'a 
flowery  bed.'.  .  .  .Lord  Bo  wen  gets  over  the 
difficulty  by  using  the  Latin  word — '  a 
yielding  amaracus.'" 


Bowen's  difficulty  was  botanical,  we 
imagine,  not  one  of  distaste  for  the  word 
"  marjoram,"  which  a  modern  writer  of 
taste  would,  we  think,  find  delightful — 
in  fact,  has  found  delightful,  since  Mr. 
J.  W.  Mackail  uses  it,  more  than  once, 
in  his  English  prose  versions  from  the 
'  Greek  Anthology.'  The  phrase  "  classic 
ground,"  which  Addison  invented  in  his 
'  Letter  to  Lord  Halifax,'  has  since 
become  a  commonplace  ;  but  in  Addison's 
time  "  it  was  ridiculed,"  says  Malone,  "  by 
some  of  his  contemporary  writers  as  very 
quaint  and  affected." 

On  one  interesting  passage  we  may  add 
to  Dr.  Hill's  comments.  In  the  '  Life  of 
Congreve '  Johnson  selects  for  special 
commendation  a  passage  from  '  The 
Mourning  Bride,'  and  says  elsewhere 
that  nothing  in  Shakspeare  was  in  the 
same  line  of  excellence  so  good.  He 
teased  Garrick  about  it  (Bos well's  '  John- 
son,' ii.  86,  ed.  G.  B.  Hill).  Johnson's 
own  language  in  explaining  the  merit  of 
the  passage  is  not  very  clear.  What, 
perhaps,  he  did  mean,  and  what  would 
be  true,  is  that  Shakspeare  has  no  such 
commendation  of  castles,  notable  build- 
ings, or  any  details  of  architecture  as 
appears  in  the  lines  : — 

How  reverend  is  the  face  of  this  tall  pile  ; 
Whose  ancient  pillars  rear  their  marble  heads, 
To  bear  aloft  its  arch'd  and  ponderous  roof, 
By  its  own  weight  made  stedfast  and  immovable, 
Looking  tranquillity. 

Garrick  thought  that  it  was  mere  defect 
of  memory  which  failed  to  produce  a 
similar  passage  in  Shakspeare  ;  but  he 
was  wrong.  Shakspeare  was,  we  presume, 
familiar  with  the  details  of  the  Tower  and 
such  fine  castles  as  Warwick  and  Windsor  ; 
but  appreciation  of  architecture  is,  in 
fact,  an  art  which  did  not  come  into  fashion 
till  a  later  age  than  Shakspeare's. 

Besides  the  abundant  cross-references, 
which  render  it  easy  to  find  without 
trouble  all  that  Johnson  has  to  say  on 
any  subject,  the  appendixes  deserve 
special  notice.  They  are  numerous,  and 
throw  extra  light  on  many  points,  disputed 
or  obscure.  Thus  Cowley,  it  is  noted, 
writes  in  his  essay  '  Of  Greatness '  : 
'  When  you  have  pared  away  all  the 
vanity,  what  solid  and  natural  content- 
ment does  there  remain  which  may  not 
be  had  with  500/.  a  year  ?  "  Dr.  Hill 
adds  that  in  Cowley's  time  500/.  a 
year  would  be  equal  roughly  to  2,000/.  a 
year  now.  Cowley  contemplated  retire- 
ment in  the  .country  ;  so  did  Becky 
Sharp.  She,  however,  wanted  5,000/. 
a  year — not  500/.,  as  FitzGerald  says 
('  Letters  to  Fanny  Kemble,'  p.  125) — 
to  be  a  good  woman,  water  plants  in  the 
garden,  ask  old  women  about  their 
rheumatism,  and  keep  awake  in  the  old 
family  pew. 

Our  own  columns  were  evidently  keenly 
scrutinized  by  Dr.  Hill  and  his  successor, 
for  we  find  the  notes  we  published  on  such 
details  as  the  funeral  of  Dryden  and  the 
question  whether  Pope  or  Lyttelton 
annotated  Mitford's  copy  of '  The  Seasons.' 
Notes  and  Queries  also  supplies  a  good 
many  references,  e.g.,  a  refutation  of 
De    Quincey's    statement    that    Addison 


knew  nothing  of  Shakspeare,  and  abundant 
denial  of  Savage's  claims  to  noble  birth. 
Here  is  an  amusing  letter  of  Nell  Gwyn's- 
quoted  from  the  same  journal,  Fourth 
Series,  vii.  3  : — 

"My  lord  of  Dorscit  apiers  wonse  in  thre 
munths,  for  he  drinkes  aile  with  Shadwell 
&  Mr  Haris  at  the  Dukes  house  all  day 
long." 

A  final  word  must  be  devoted  to  the 
exhaustive  index.  It  is  a  worthy  con- 
clusion to  a  monumental  edition,  for  it 
occupies  over  a  hundred  pages  of  small, 
close  type.  It  is  a  model  of  its  kind,  and 
ought  to  rouse  authors  and  publishers  to 
a  sense  of  their  duties  in  this  way  when 
they  produce  books  of  importance. 


The  Africander  Land.     By  Archibald  R. 
Colquhoun.     (John  Murray.) 

By  putting  together  his  experiences  as 
the  Chartered  Company's  first  adminis- 
trator in  Mashonaland  some  fifteen  years 
ago,  and  as  a  recent  visitor  to  the  same 
district  and  other  parts  of  South  Africa 
for  over  twenty  months,  Mr.  Colquhoun 
has  been  able  to  take  the  most  com- 
prehensive and  well-informed  survey  we 
have  seen  in  print  of  the  present  condition 
of  the  group  of  British  colonies  and  pos- 
sessions which  he  would  prefer  henceforth 
to  be  known  as  Africanderland.  His  use 
of  the  term  is  likely  to  be  distasteful, 
if  not  misleading,  to  the  Dutch  or  Boer 
inhabitants,  and  to  other  members  of 
Het  Volk  and  the  Bond  who  do  not 
recognize  as  Afrikaanders  either  the  older 
Kafir  residents  or  the  newer  European 
settlers.  But  Mr.  Colquhoun  shows  an 
honest  desire  that,  with  as  little  mis- 
cegenation as  possible,  all  sections  of  the 
population  should  be  harmoniously  linked 
in  a  "  colonial  nationality  "  as  part  of  the 
"world-empire"  through  which,  he  opines, 
their  "  truest  and  freest  destiny  can  be 
worked  out."  He  is  a  zealous  Imperialist, 
but  he  is  notably  fair  and  generous  in 
his  estimates,  and  his  plans  for  treat- 
ment, of  both  Boers  and  Kafirs. 

In  the  opening  section  of  the  book, 
which  he  entitles  '  Black  South  Africa,' 
Mr.  Colquhoun  deals  with  many  of  the 
questions  raised  in  the  weighty  Report 
of  the  South  African  Native  Affairs  Com- 
mission which  was  issued  last  year,  but 
which  appears  thus  far  to  have  obtained 
less  notice  than  it  deserves  in  this  country  ; 
and  he  forcibly  controverts  some  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  Commissioners, 
especially  as  regards  measures  for  restrict- 
ing the  present  opportunities  of  the  natives 
for  acquiring  land,  for  obtaining  education 
superior  to  that  of  mere  hewers  of  wood 
and  drawers  of  water,  and  in  other  ways 
escaping  the  position  of  a  servile  class. 
Mr.  Colquhoun  evidently  thinks,  however, 
that,  provided  they  are  not  forced  into  it 
01  cruelly  treated  while  in  it,  a  condition 
of  slavery,  or  of  willing  bondage  tanta- 
mount to  slavery,  is  the  one  in  which  "  the 
negro  races  "  can  best  promote  their  own 
happiness  and  be  most  useful  to  white  folk  : 


i»;  i 


tii  E    ath  i;NM-:r  m 
1 


N   408',,  K,;b.  10,  1906 


"In      tin1      not      altogether       unfa\  ■uiirablc 

training  ground  of  slaver]  on  Southern 
plantations  the\  showed  extraordinary 
plasticity,  developing  us  limine-  ncrvnntH 
and  artisani  into  exsoth  irhat  was  granted 
<>f  them  by  the  luxury  loving,  extravagant, 
hospitable,  easj  ^< >h»k  Southern  aristocracy. 
....In  lew  happy  surroundings  on  the 
plantations,  they  developed  powers  of  en- 
durance arid  hard  work  quite  out  of  keeping 
with  their  original  character." 

To  that  trite  pica  fur  a  revival  of  slavery 
.Mr.  Colquboun  adds,  with  reference  to 
political  rights,  which  are  the  basis  of  all 
liberty,  a  precedent  more  novel  than  COH- 
vincing,  and  not  likely  to  be  agreeable  to 
any  ladies  who  may  read  bis  book  : — 

"In  Great  Britain  a  large  section  of  the 
population — landowners,  tax-payers,  highly 
educated,  thoroughly  qualified — are  ad- 
mitted to  discharge  any  function  of  citizen- 
ship save  one.  A  well-founded  prejudice 
keeps  men  from  giving  women  the  fran- 
chise, although  they  have  practically  ad- 
mitted them  to  every  other  privilege  in 
the  State.  The  women  of  Great  Britain 
.  .  .  .occupy  politically  the  same  position 
that  I  contend  should  be  that  of  the  natives 
in  South  Africa." 

Mr.  Colquboun  barely  touches  on  the 
Chinese  labour  difficulty,  which  appears, 
in  the  opinion  of  many,  to  be  the  only 
South  African  question  of  present  import- 
ance ;  but  in  the  '  White  South  Africa  ' 
chapters  that  fill  two-thirds  of  his  volume 
he  gives,  along  with  much  else,  an  inter- 
esting account  of  the  progress  or  stagnancy 
of  the  "  Dutch  Africanders,"  the  abiding 
influence  upon  them  of  their  "  taal,"  their 
school  surroundings  and  theology,  and 
the  main  peculiarities  of  their  private  and 
public  life.  Severe  in  some  of  his  strictures 
on  the  Boers,  he  is  no  less  outspoken  in  his 
condemnation  of  much  in  the  conduct  and 
character  of  the  Englishmen  and  others 
with  whom  he  is  in  closer  sympathy.  Of 
the  significance  of  many  of  his  remarks 
and  admissions  he  seems,  indeed,  to  be 
himself  hardly  aware.  His  disillusionment 
as  regards  Rhodesia  is,  he  confesses,  com- 
plete. Of  the  five  hundred  pioneers  who 
went  there  with  him  in  1890  (not  1900,  as 
he  says  on  p.  293)  "  only  about  forty 
remain  in  Rhodesia,  some  of  them,  sad 
to  say,  because  they  have  not  the  means 
to  get  away."  A  few  are  "  financially 
flourishing  "  in  connexion  with  gold  com- 
panies and  company  promotion,  and 
"  there  is  one  successful  farmer."  In 
Buluwayo  "  the  commanding  figure  of 
Rhodes  towers  over  deserted  streets  and 
empty  piles  of  buildings." 

Rhodesia  being  doomed  to  failure 
unless  its  agricultural  possibilities  can 
ultimately  be  developed,  Mr.  Colqu- 
houn's  frank  record  of  what  he  saw 
may  suggest  that  like  risks  attend 
the  much  bolder  and  more  far-reaching 
enterprises  of  the  same  sort  on  the  Rand. 
The  object  of  these  enterprises  is  to 
appropriate,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  the 
mineral  wealth  of  the  country,  for  the 
profit  of  absentees,  and  meanwhile  the 
really  productive  and  reproductive  re- 
sources of  the  soil,  on  which  the  old  settlers 
lived  passably  for  three  or  four  genera- 
tions, are  pottered  over  in  as  clumsy 
and  archaic  a  fashion  as  ever.     Without 


scientific   help,   unproved   irrigation   and 

iin  an  of  Communication,  tin-  -tamping 
out   of  di-c.i  .  .  in  animal     and   plants,  and 

much   ill-,   no  genuine  advance  of  the 

country  i     po     ibfo,  and  the  men  who  have 

lately  been  controlling  South  African 
affairs,  in  the  older  as  well  ss  in  the  more 
recent     possessions,    do    much    more    to 

hamper  than    help    the    Boers    and    Kafirs 

in  the  agricultural  and  pastoral  occupa- 
tions which  are  essentia]  to  the  pros- 
perity of  the  Transvaal,  much  more  of 
Cape  Colony  and  other  parts 

Mr.  Colquboun  says  of  the  Johannes- 
burg capitalists  that,  "  not  being,  by 
any  means,  all  British,  they  do  not 
take  Imperial  interests  into  considera- 
tion. It  is  notorious  that  many  did  not 
desire  the  British  flag  over  them  "  ;  and 
that  they  "  are  earning  the  undying  dis- 
like and  suspicion  of  the  permanent 
population  of  South  Africa."  Such  state- 
ments and  lamentations  as  these — and 
they  are  plentiful  in  the  volume — hardly 
bear  out  the  author's  optimism.  '  The 
volume,  indeed,  is  as  full  of  warning  as  of 
information,  and  the  lessons  it  conveys 
are  summed  up  in  what  would  have  been 
its  concluding  sentence,  had  not  two 
somewhat  redundant  chapters  been  added 
under  the  title  '  On  the  Knees  of  the 
Gods  '  :— 

"If  the  capitalist  were  less  selfish,  the 
Imperialist  more  sympathetic,  the  farmers 
more  progressive  and  open  to  ideas,  the 
religious  world  less  given  to  bigotry,  the 
British  and  Dutch  alike  less  prejudiced  and 
with  a  more  enlightened  patriotism  for  their 
great  country — and  if,  failing  all  these  moral 
improvements,  they  were  all  a  little  more 
practical  in  trying  to  promote  the  general, 
and  not  the  sectional,  interests  of  the 
country — then  we  might  hope,  not  for  the 
millennium  but  for  some  measure  of  that 
happiness  and  prosperity  for  this  beautiful 
country  which  she  might  reasonably  expect 
to  see." 


Life  of  Froude.     By  Herbert  Paul.     (Pit- 
man &  Sons.) 

We  know  by  this  time  pretty  much  what 
to  expect  from  Mr.  Paul.  Whether  he 
calls  his  books  history,  criticism,  or  bio- 
graphy, the  method  and  the  substance 
will  be  very  much  the  same.  Bright  and 
rapid  writing,  with  little  suggestion  of 
anything  subtle  or  profound  ;  obiter  dicta, 
terse,  epigrammatic,  and  frequently  acrid, 
which  display  the  author's  mind  on  most 
conceivable  topics  ;  a  certain  intellectual 
hardness  which  approaches  intolerance 
of  all  that  seems  to  him  obscurantist, 
clerical,  or  stupid  ;  a  style  lucid  as  clever- 
ness can  make  it,  and  fluent  as  the  most 
speedy  reporter  could  desire — in  a  word, 
the  impressions  of  a  journalist  above  all 
things  up  to  date,  informed  by  the  tele- 
phone rather  than  thought — are  what  we 
anticipate. 

In  this  case  we  are  not  disappointed. 
We  get  exactly  what  we  are  accustomed 
to  get  from  the  author.  We  certainly  get 
nothing  more.  He  does  not  bring  us 
much  nearer  to  the  understanding  of  his 
subject ;  and  he  tells  us  little  that  is  new. 
His    book    is    a   series   of    essays   about 


Fronde;  it  i-  in  no  tense  a  biography, 
like  Froude*!  own  work  on  Carlyle  m 
Mi      Creighton'i    Life   of    bet   husband. 

He       talk-       about        Frond-  M      his 

critics,  pleads  not  guilty  very  eloquently 

to  the  charges  made  again.-t  him.  playB 
the  part  throughout  Of  S  skilful  advocate, 
with   many  of  the  advocate's  runes  ;    but 

he  never  once  maket  at  feel  the  man,  or 

take-  us  into  the  inner  chambers  of  per- 
sonality. A  small  number  of  extracts  from 
letters  are  printed.  -<>me  of  them  of  con- 
siderable interest.  To  those  persons* 
like  a  purely  external  treatment,  or,  as 
Mr.  Paul  says  of  Fronde's  history,  "for  the 
multitude  who  read  books  for  relaxation, 
who  want  to  have  their  facts  clearly  stated, 
and  their  thinking  done  for  them,"  this 
book  will  be  pleasant  and  perhaps 
profitable.  We  do  not  think  it  will  at; 
the  ultimate  verdict  of  time  on  Froude 
as  an  historian,  a  biographer,  or  a  political 
pamphleteer. 

As  it  is  the  historical  work  of  Froude 
that  made  his  title  to  fame,  it  is  best  to 
speak  of  this  first.  The  writer's  metbod 
is  very  simple.  It  is  a  case  of  "  abuse 
the  plaintiff's  attorney."  He  takes  the 
exaggeration  of  the  truth  that  history 
ought  to  be  scientific,  as  stated  by  Prof. 
Bury,  and  makes  game  of  all,  or  nearly 
all,  who  treat  the  subject  seriously.  It  is 
fair  to  say  that  history  is  neither  an  art 
nor  a  science,  because  it  is  both.  But  it 
is  not  merely  unfair,  it  is  simply  "  to  give 
oneself  away,"  to  talk  as  Mr.  Paul  does 
about  Stubbs  and  Gardiner.  We  doubt 
whether  any  man  could  read  a  single 
volume  of  the  latter  without  feeling  more 
at  home  with  the  life  of  the  seventeenth 
century  than  a  diligent  reader  of  Macaulay, 
despite  the  blaze  and  brilliance  of  that 
inspired  journalist.  Can  one  really  con- 
demn Stubbs  by  saying  that  the  under- 
graduates did  not  enjoy  his  lectui- 
Did  they  enjoy  Jebb's,  we  wonder  ? 
Mr.  Paul's  acquaintance  with  Acton, 
whose  memoir  he  wrote,  should  have 
preserved  him  from  the  superficiality  of 
judgment  displayed  whenever  historical 
method  is  discussed. 

Secondly,  we  find  great  play  made 
with  the  admitted  bad  manners  of  Free- 
man. No  one  now,  we  imagine,  defends 
all  that  the  latter  said,  or  denies  the 
dignity  of  Froude's  rebuke  of  "  the  in- 
excusable insult.'*  But  the  case  against 
Froude  as  an  historian  rests  on  stronger 
foundations  than  Mr.  Paul  scorns  aware  of. 
The  present  reviewer  is  not  likely  to  forget 
the  impression  made  on  him  by  Lecky's 
notes  to  his  '  History  of  Ireland.'  If 
they  do  not  prove  that  Froude  was  guilty 
of  something  very  like  deliberate  garbling 
of  authorities,  it  is  hard  to  sec  what  would 
prove  it.  On  the  sixteenth  century,  too, 
there  are  living  authorities  like  Mr. 
Gairdner,  whoso  claim  to  be  considered 
is  at  least  important.  But  Froude  was 
a  good  Protestant,  and  wrote  a  book 
which  was  deliberately  designed  to  support 
the  "  No  Popery  "  cry.  and  to  justify  the 
prejudice  against  the  Middle  Ages  ;  and 
so  Mr.  Paul  thinks  no  words  too  high  to 
praise  the  history,  although  as  a  Home 
Ruler    he    cannot    quite    swallow    '  The 


N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


165 


English  in  Ireland.'  The  supreme  defect 
of  Froude  is  that  he  studied  history 
merely  in  order  to  get  up  a  case,  and  took 
his  ideas  into  it,  instead  of  getting  them 
from  it.  We  say  this  while  admitting  to 
the  full  the  art  and  charm  of  the  history, 
and  denying  in  toto  the  doctrine  that  an 
historian  is  only  likely  to  be  sound  if  he 
is  dull.  The  test  of  dullness,  however,  is 
not  the  dilettante  reader's  mind,  but  the 
interest  of  those  who  want  to  learn  the 
truth.  Philosophers  are  not  always  dull ; 
yet  the  "  general  reader  "  would  hardly 
digest  so  brilliant  a  book  as  Mr.  Bradley's 
'  Appearance  and  Reality,'  and  might 
even  boggle  at  Nietzsche  or  Bishop 
Berkeley. 

The  treatment  of  the  Carlyle  biography 
is  on  a  similar  scale.  Mr.  Paul  finds  it 
convenient  to  ignore  the  recent  additions 
to  that  wearisome  controversy,  which 
certainly  do  not  improve  the  position  of 
Froude.  And  though  we  think  less  than 
justice  was  done  to  Froude — for  the 
portrait  of  Carlyle  was  real,  convincing, 
and  lovable,  whatever  popular  opinion 
might  say — it  is  impossible  to  acquit  him 
of  artificially  deepening  the  shadows,  and 
of  a  carelessness  that  had  very  serious 
results. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  of  '  Oceana  '  and 
the  books  on  the  West  Indies  Mr.  Paul 
says  nothing.  Perhaps  he  thought  that 
nothing  was  to  be  said.  We  always  under- 
stood that  they  were  supposed  to  be  as 
inaccurate  as  Froude's  other  work,  and 
even  more  prejudiced.  We  pointed  out 
in  reviewing  '  Oceana '  the  very  comfort- 
able nature  of  Froude's  progress,  which 
made  for  uninquiring  optimism. 

Froude's  writings  are  all  of  a  piece. 
They  display  the  same  characteristic 
merits,  the  same  astounding  defects. 
From  '  The  Nemesis  of  Faith  '  down  to 
the  life  of  Disraeli,  Froude's  style  never 
ceased  to  have  that  extraordinary  power 
of  carrying  the  reader  along  "  by  a  breeze 
which  never  swells  into  a  gale  and  never 
drops  into  a  calm,"  which  is  as  much 
superior  to  the  rhetoric  of  Macaulay  as 
Macaulay  himself  was  to  Hallam.  About 
'The  Nemesis  of  Faith,'  that  half-for- 
gotten sensation  of  1849,  Mr.  Paul  says  a 
little.  He  condemns  both  the  book  and 
its  burning  by  Sewell,  which  was  referred 
to  in  a  note  we  published  a  fortnight  ago, 
and  was  certainly  an  indefensible  act. 
The  book,  as  Hort  said,  is  of  deep  interest 
in  spite  of  its  faults,  and  here,  for  once, 
we  think  more  highly  of  the  author  than 
his  biographer.  But  from  first  to  last 
Froude  wrote  as  a  partisan,  not  an 
inquirer ;  while  some  of  his  methods 
— such  as  his  abuse  of  More  and  Fisher, 
and  his  apotheosis  of  Lord  Clare — 
can  be  paralleled  by  Mr.  Paul's  own 
allusions  to  Campion,  already  deservedly 
stigmatized  in  this  journal.  Froude  will 
always  remain  an  interesting  writer  ;  and 
his  work  at  Simancas  was  pioneer  work 
of  the  best  kind.  But  a  trustworthy 
guide  through  one  of  the  most  critical  of 
epochs  he  will  never  be.  The  reason  is 
that  the  very  antithesis  is  true  of  what 
Mr.  Paul  asserts  :  "  He  was  devoid  of 
theological  prejudice." 


The  Political  History  of  England. — Vol.  III. 
1216-1377.  By  T.  F.  Tout.  (Long- 
mans &  Co.) 

There  are  some  who  regret  the  good  old 
time  when  the  historian  planned  his 
history  in  twelve  volumes  and  wrote  the 
twelve  volumes  himself.  They  tell  us 
that  the  individual  is  lost  nowadays  in 
the  group-person,  and  that  history  is 
"  run  "  by  joint-stock  companies  with  a 
limited  liability.  The  age  of  the  cathe- 
dral-builders is  over,  and  we  no  longer 
have  the  cheerful  optimism  of  the  old 
woman  who  bought  a  raven  to  see  if  it 
would  five  a  hundred  years.  We  are 
fallen  on  degenerate  days,  when  the  finest 
intellect  must  be  caged  in  a  publisher's 
series,  and  have  its  wings  clipped  by  the 
editor  of  the  publisher's  choice.  And  yet 
the  strict  definiteness  of  serial  discipline 
can  give  us  something  in  exchange  for  what 
we  lose.  It  has  given  us — and  the  system 
is  thereby  excused — the  noble  work  which 
is  before  us  for  review.  If  it  be  no  com- 
plete cathedral,  it  is  a  beautifully  propor- 
tioned "  galilee,"  in  which  the  devotion 
of  the  architect  to  his  art  is  worthily 
manifested.  There  are  here  the  strength 
and  sanity,  the  range  and  the  learned 
accuracy,  of  a  Stubbs.  Even  Stubbs  was 
prisoned  once  within  the  fetters  of  a  series  : 
we  buy  his  '  Early  Plantagenets  '  for 
half-a-crown,  and  we  cannot  regret  the 
stern  material  exigencies  which  forced  on 
the  creation  of  that  perfect  little  work. 
We  learn  from  Stubbs,  as  we  learn  from 
Prof.  Tout,  that  the  publisher's  "  stone 
walls  do  not  a  prison  make  "  if  the  crafts- 
man who  works  within  them  has  sought 
his  inspiration  and  found  his  discipline 
outside,  in  a  schooling  which  recks  not 
of  human  limitations,  and  believes  that 
"  Man  has  Forever."  Just  as  Stubbs  gave 
of  his  best  when  asked  for  the  "  fcp.  8vo," 
so  now  Prof.  Tout  gives  of  his  best  to  fill 
the  required  "  demy  8vo."  It  is  history 
of  the  best  kind,  opening  up  to  English 
readers,  young  and  old,  sources  hitherto 
sealed.  French  and  German  learning,  the 
treasures  of  the  chronicle  and  record,  are 
here,  and  that  minute  knowledge  of 
family  and  topographical  detail  without 
which  no  historian's  grasp  is  firm  and 
steady.  What  work  for  the  Rolls  Series 
was  for  Stubbs,  work  for  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography  '  has  been  for  Prof. 
Tout  ;  we  have  in  the  present  volume  a 
harvest  of  the  fruits  won  by  long  toil  in 
fields  harder  of  tillage  than  the  chronicles. 
Would  that  the  Rolls  Series  could  reopen 
its  work  !  for  it  is  obvious  that  in  Prof. 
Tout  we  should  have  a  good  editor,  and 
there  are  chronicles  still  to  edit. 

The  advantage  of  Prof.  Tout's  minute 
acquaintance  with  the  subjects  of  thir- 
teenth-century biography  is  seen  in  the 
many  characteristic  touches  which  reveal 
intimacy — an  intimacy  which  brings  the 
subordinate  characters  in  the  historical 
procession  as  realities  before  the  reader. 
There  is  no  striving  after  picturesqueness, 
but  there  is  no  dullness,  no  lack  of  care 
to  breathe  life  into  the  dry  bones.  The 
style  is  severe,  ungraceful,  and  at  times 
even  ungainly;    but  whether  it  be  battle 


or  diplomacy,  literature  or  language, 
mediaeval  life  or  institution,  that  is  the 
subject  of  the  description  (and  "  Political 
History  "  has  been  given  wide  bounds), 
every  sentence  goes  straight  to  the  point 
and  leaves  a  definite  impression  :  nothing 
is  saic1  that  could  be  spared ;  nothing 
is  there  for  decoration.  A  very  large  part 
of  the  book  is  first-hand  work,  the  out- 
come not  only  of  many  inquiries  on  special 
questions,  the  results  of  which  have 
already  been  made  known,  but  in  part 
also  of  researches,  the  details  of  which 
will  appear  hereafter.  The  maps,  the 
appendix  on  authorities,  and  the  terse 
foot-notes,  in  support  of  statements  based 
on  recent  contributions  to  special  subjects, 
chiefly  foreign,  would  alone  make  the  book 
of  value.  It  is  indispensable  to  teachers 
and  to  the  taught.  In  military  history 
no  stronger  work  has  been  produced  : 
the  relations  of  England  and  France  have 
never  been  so  minutely  studied  by  any 
English  writer,  or  by  any  one  French 
writer  ;  in  most  matters  connected  with 
Welsh  history  Prof.  Tout  is  again  the 
first  in  the  field. 

The  book  satisfies  fully  the  require- 
ments of  the  editors'  scheme,  which  are 
ambitious  enough  :  it  marks  definitely 
the  lines  of  advance  made  in  English 
history  by  recent  research.  Very  rarely 
is  the  author  content  to  dress  up  afresh 
an  old  familiar  tale  ;  very  rarely  does  his 
minute  care  flag.  Contempt  for  mental 
slovenliness  peeps  out  occasionally  in  the 
text,  when  erroneous  statements  are,  with 
all  due  restraint,  chastised.  On  the  legal 
side  and  on  the  ecclesiastical  side  there  is 
less  of  strength,  because  here  Prof.  Tout 
writes  as  one  avIio  has  not  worked  deeply 
upon  the  texts.  But  we  have  trust- 
worthy guides,  and  these  are  followed. 
There  are  some  curious  grammatical 
errors  ;  and  here  and  there  an  error  of 
fact  in  matters  sufficiently  familiar  has 
escaped  the  editorial  eye.  One  error  of 
real  importance  is  the  ascription  of 
arbitrary  power  to  the  *'  Warden "  of 
London,  who  was  appointed  by  the  King 
when  the  citizens  were  deprived  of  the 
right  to  elect  a  Mayor.  There  was  nothing 
in  the  nature  of  a  dictatorship  in  his  office  : 
the  City  Letter- Books  show  him  sitting 
in  council  and  acting  exactly  as  the 
Mayor  was  accustomed  to  act.  To 
suggest  that  London  could  be  treated 
by  Edward  I.  like  a  modern  St.  Peters- 
burg argues  a  want  of  appreciation  of 
the  importance  of  the  constitutional 
history  of  London.  Until  the  fourteenth 
century  the  King  usually  chose  as  Warden 
the  Constable  of  the  Tower ;  the  system  was 
that  which  Edward  introduced  into  Wales. 
as  Prof.  Tout  notices,  where  the  constable 
of  the  castle  was  ex  officio  mayor.  In 
proper  names  there  is  much  evidence  of 
care  ;  but  English  Christian  names  accom- 
pany French  titles,  and  in  some  cases  the 
reasons  determining  the  Uc",!'">  "  de  "  in 
preference  to  "  of,  and  g  f*  versa,  are 
not  evident.  The  index  iff* excellent,  con- 
trasting favourably  with  that  of  Mi-. 
Davis's  volume,  which,  first-rate  in  many 
ways,  is  eclipsed  in  most  respects  by  Prof. 
Tout's  where  they  cover  the  same  ground. 


16C 


Til  E     ATI!  EN-fiUM 


\   1085,  I*i  i:.  10,  1906 


NEW    NOVELS. 

/     ■    at   Honey  pot.     Bj    Marj     E.    .Mann. 
(Methuen  A  Co.) 

In  the  i  rowd  "f  contemporary  novelista  a 
discerning  taste  singles  out  Mra.  Mann  aa 
conspicuous  For  ease  and  fluency  and  for 
a  Hghl  and  graceful  humour.  Bhe  com- 
mingles Bentimenl  and  corned)  so  dexter- 
ously aa  i"  make  an  appeal  to  mere 
humanity  ah*  aj  b  and  everywhere.  What- 
ever be  tier  theme,  Bhe  is  frankly  human, 
warm-blooded,  and  sympathetic.  We  do 
not  much  care  for  her  present  subject, 
which  seems  to  be  a  little  away  from  her 
proper  world,  yet  we  cannot  but  admire 
her  handling  of  it.  For  some  reason  or 
other,  novelists  have  resolved  to  press 
I  ome  the  iniquity  of  the  East  Anglian 
peasant.  Mrs.  Mann,  however,  does  it 
very  sympathetically.  Even  so  Dan  Jag- 
gerd  is  an  ugly,  even  a  monstrous,  figure, 
who.  we  are  asked  to  believe,  kills  off  his 
children  for  the  sake  of  the  insurance 
money.  Is  the  East  Anglian  peasant  of 
fiction  real  \  That  is  the  question  such 
tales  as  this  and  those  of  Mr.  James  Blyth 
evoke.  But  apart  from  that  Mrs.  Mann's 
pleasant  sense  of  romance  flows  in  an 
urbane  stream  through  these  pages.  Rose 
is  wilful,  foolish,  somewhat  undignified, 
pretty,  and  wholly  feminine.  It  takes  a 
woman  (and  a  clever  woman)  to  draw 
Rose.  And  her  relations  with  the  hand- 
some silent  gamekeeper  are  most  skil- 
fully managed.  Indeed,  this  book  is 
peopled  with  live  human  beings,  who 
interest  us.  And  we  finish  the  story  with 
a  strong  feeling  of  regret,  and  a  desire  to 
shake  Rose  mildly.  As  we  have  sug- 
gested, the  theme  is  not  one  of  Mrs. 
Mann's  most  happy  choices  ;  but  the 
management  exhibits  her  at  her  best, 
which  is  very  good  indeed. 


lis  really  lo*  clai    characters    and  io  hi      descriptions  of  scenery,  written  more  than 


book  ia  worth  reading   partii  ularlj  foi  the 

Bl  udenl  <>t   London. 


The  Spoilers.    By  Edwin  Pugh.    (Newnes.) 

In  this  curious  and  clever  novel  Mr.  Pugh 
has  sought  to  combine  uncompromising 
realism  with  a  kind  of  genial,  humorous, 
sentimental  caricature  of  life.  Upon  the 
whole,  the  story  is  successful,  but  its 
success  is  rather  despite  than  because  of 
the  combination  referred  to.  The  book 
would  have  been  better  without  the 
sections  of  Dickensiana  which  are  inserted 
among  genuine  studies  of  the  nether- 
world of  London  :  and  that  because  the 
first  named  are  not  real — they  are  fustian, 
pinchbeck,  a  careful  imitation.  On  his 
central  character,  a  newly  released  convict 
on  ticket-of-leave.  who  takes  up  his  abode 
with  an  old  "  fence,"  and  steals  the  affec- 
tions of  a  girl  who  is  engaged  to  a  preacher 
and  reformed  thief — a  careful  and  exact 
study — the  author  is  to  be  congratulated. 
The  ex-convict  s  adventures  are  unsavoury 
in  the  ex'idxee,  but  the  sketch  of  the  man 
i-  interest i  vg,  because  it  is  absolutely  real. 
There  is  not  much  art  in  the  volume.  Mr. 
Pugh's  literary  judgment  is  faulty,  and 
he  is  weak  in  construction,  but  there  is 
vivid  photography ;  the  author's  stock  of 
thieves'  slang  is  notable.  There  is  no 
make-believe  in   Mr.   Pugh's   handling  of 


l'h<   Choia   of  Emdia.     By  Adeline  Ber- 

nit.     (.John  Long.) 

Tin:    heroine   of   the    late    Mi--    Sergeant's 
QOVel   makes  an  unfortunate  choice.      The 

thoughtful  reader  may  consider  it  a  mean- 
ingless one  also.  BoWevet  this  may  he. 
we  cannot  consider  the  tale  of  In  i  • 
a  successful  enterprise.  The  author  was 
hardly  an  artist  in  words,  still  we  know 
better  stories  of  hers.  The  winding  up 
here  almost  suggests  a  weaker  and  Less 
expei  ienced  touch. 


The    Lady    Noggs,    Peeress.      By    Edgar 
Jepson.     (Fislier  Unwin.) 

This  series  of  scenes  may  pass  nowadays, 
we  suppose,  as  a  novel.  "Noggs"  was 
really  the  Lady  Felicia  Grandison,  the 
niece  and  ward  of  a  Prime  Minister.  Being 
in  the  wild  and  short-skirted  age  and 
vividly  beautiful,  she  is  represented  as 
doing  what  she)  likes  with  everybody, 
including  her  governess  and  the  Prime 
Minister's  secretary,  who  are  paired  off  at 
the  end  of  the  story.  Her  method  of 
apologizing  to  the  male  adult  is  to  pull 
his  hair ;  her  female  attendants  rarely 
attempt  to  follow  her  movements  till  she 
is  out  of  sight.  Given  these  circum- 
stances, "Noggs"  has  a  high  time,  and 
her  largely  farcical  adventures  are  dis- 
tinctly diverting.  But  her  universal 
tyranny  is  absurd,  and  though  she  nearly 
always  does  good  in  her  odd  way,  the 
weakness  of  her  guardians  and  others 
whom  she  outwits  is  sufficiently  incredible. 
Mr.  Jepson  has  done  much  better,  and 
perhaps  the  fact  that  the  book  has  been 
running  as  a  magazine  serial,  though  not 
stated  within  its  covers,  conveys  a  just 
idea  of  its  limitations.  Still,  it  is  fair  to 
say  that  Mr.  Jepson  writes  very  much 
better  than  the  average  producer  of 
"  serials." 

La  Belle  Dame.     By  Alice  Methley.     (John 
Long.) 

Perfectly  polite  and  absolutely  sans 
merci,  though  not  sa ns  .reproach,  is  the 
Belle  Dame  of  this  story.  Her  one  weak- 
ness is  a  not  absolutely  overwhelming 
affection  for  her  unattractive  son.  The 
strongest  springs  in  her  nature  are  love 
of  wealth  and  luxury  and  a  passion  for 
precious  stones.  This  remorseless  lady, 
finding  her  brother-in-law's  continued 
existence  a  menace  and  an  obstacle  to 
her  schemes,  murders  him  by  means  of 
hot  coffee  and  a  tabloid.  Others  also 
have  to  suffer  the  penalty  of  her  clever 
misdeeds  and  accumulative  propensities. 


Mon    Onrlc     Flo.     By     Andre    Theuriet. 
(Paris.  Flammarion.) 

It  is  a  pity  to  find  the  title  of  Academician 
at  the  head  of  such  work  as  is  contained 
in  M.  Theuriet's  '  Mon  Oncle  Flo.'     Some 


tlnit,    yeai  are   framed   in  a  silly 

/.     /■'     linn    Voleur.     By   Jules    Mary. 

I'  •      Tallandier.) 
Tin  ai)     oU-faahioned  'ion 

HOVeJ,"     in     which     "all    comes     Mu'lit     at 
last.''      It     is    good    of    its    kind,    and,    at 

such,  to  be  commended. 


ORIENTAL    LITERATURE. 

The    Brhad-eU  vata  :     a    Summary 
Deities  and   Myths  of  tfu    Rig-Veda.     I 
ally  edited    in    the    Original    Sanskrit,  with 

an  Introduction  and  Seven  Appendic* 
translated    into    English    with    Critical    i. 
Qlustrative     Not'-     by     Arthur     Anthi 
Macdonell.       (Cambridge,      Mass.,     Har\ 
rjiuVersity.)  —  The     great     importance 
the     '  Brhad-devata '     for    Vedic    criti-i- 
and     for     the     history    of     early    Sanskrit 
literature  generally,  lias  always  been  rec 
nized     by    Sanskrit     scholars,    some    of    I 
most   distinguished   of   whom   have    at    < 
time      or     another     entertained     the      idea 
of  editing  the  text.     Among  these  may  be- 
mentioned     Adalbert     Kuhn.     Max     Mulhr. 
Dr.    Thibaut.    and    Prof.    Lanman,   who,   aa 
general    editor    of    the    "  Harvard    Oriental 
Series."    entrusted    to   Prof.   Macdonell   the 
fulfilment    of    the    task    for    which   he    had 
himself  collected  some  materials. 

Every  student  of  these  volumes,  the 
editing  and  printing;  of  which  well  maintain 
the  high  standard  of  excellence  of  this 
series,  will  agree  that  Prof.  Macdonell  is  to- 
be  heartily  congratulated  on  his  success 
in  overcoming  the  very  considerable  diffi- 
culties which  stood  in  the  way  of  any  attempt 
to  form  a  satisfactory  text  and  elucidate 
the  subject-matter.  This  succe-s  is  due 
partly  to  the  wealth  of  MS.  material  which 
he  has  been  able  to  bring  together,  but  more 
particularly  to  the  special  studies  which  he 
has  made  in  the  literature  of  the  early  p 
Vedic  period,  previous  fruits  of  which  have 
appeared  in  his  edition  of  the  '  Sarvfumkra- 
mani  '  and  similar  works. 

The  sub-title,  '  A  Summary  of  the  Deities- 
and  Myths  of  the  Rig-Veda,'  gives  little 
indication  of  the  real  interest  attaching 
the  '  Brhad-devata  '  as  a  literary  monument. 
In  the  first  place,  it  can  be  dated  with  a  fair 
degree  of  precision,  holding  as  it  doe-  a 
position  between  Yaska's  '  Xirukta  '  (c.  ."><>(► 
b.c),  from  which  its  language  and  termino- 
logy are  largely  borrowed,  and  Katyaya: 
'  Sarv.inukramani  '  (not  later  than  c.  350  B.C.) 
in  which  its  own  influence  i<  seen  to  an  even 
greater  extent.  We  therefore  possess  in  it 
what  i>  of  great  importance  for  the  historv 
of  early  Indian  literature,  a  fairly  definite 
landmark.  Further,  its  contents  by  n» 
means  consist  merely  of  barren  lists:  for 
some  of  the  legends  referred  to  are  narrated 
at  length  in  precisely  the  same  style,  and 
with  the  same  peculiarities  of  grammar, 
vocabulary,  and  metre,  as  the  great  epic 
poems.  They  form,  in  fact,  our  earlier 
datable  example-,  of  the  epic  style,  and  supply 

important  evidence  for  determining  the  date 

of  the  earlier  portions  of  the  '  Mahabhiirata.' 
As  Prof.  Macdonell  suggests,  they  an-  well 

worthy  of  more  minute  Study  from  this  point 
of  view,  and  a  comparison  with  the  language 
of  the  epics  might  lead  to  important  chrono- 
logical results.  In  any  case,  the  evidence 
of  the  '  Hrhad-devata  '  surely  makes  it 
impossible  any  longer  to  hold  the  extra- 
ordinary view  according  to  which  the 
'  Mahabharata  '     and      '  Ramayana  '     were 


N°408:>,  Feb.  Hi,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


167 


translated  into  Sanskrit  from  some  popular 
•dialect  in  about  the  fourth  or  fifth  century 
of  the  Christian  era. 

The  great  advance  which  this  edition 
marks  in  the  study  of  the  '  Brhad-devata  ' 
can  only  be  fully  realized  when  it  is  compared 
with  the  earlier  edition  of  Rajendralala 
Mitra  in  the  "  Bibliotheca  Indica  "  (1889- 
1892).  Such  a  comparison  is  facilitated 
by  the  admirable  arrangement  which  Prof. 
Macdonell  has  adopted  in  placing  the 
text  with  introduction  and  appendixes  in 
one  volume,  and  the  translation,  with 
•critical  and  illustrative  notes  immediately 
•after  each  s'loka,  in  the  other,  in  such 
•a  manner  that  the  reader  is  able  to  see 
«t  a  glance  the  text  and  all  the  material 
both  for  its  justification  and  its  inter- 
pretation. It  would  be  invidious  to  insist 
■on  the  many  difficulties  and  shortcomings 
which  are  apparent  in  the  earlier  edition, 
for  these  were,  no  doubt,  in  a  great  measure 
■due  to  the  lack  of  materials  which  have 
since  been  brought  together  :  it  is  enough 
to  note  that,  in  the  new  edition,  only  some 
half-dozen  doubtful  passages  still  remain. 
To  have  attained  such  a  result  in  the  case 
of  a  text  of  unusual  difficulty  is  a  real 
triumph. 

Bhagavad-Glta,  ;  or,  the  Lord's  Song. 
Translated  by  Lionel  D.  Barnett.  "  Temple 
■Classics."  (Dent  &  Co.) — The  sciolist  has 
in  recent  years  taken  possession  of  the 
domain  of  Indian  religion,  so  far  as  its 
popular  presentation  is  concerned,  to  such 
a  degree  that  it  is  with  more  than  ordinary 
pleasure  that  we  welcome  an  English  trans- 
lation of  a  Sanskrit  sacred  text  which,  while 
primarily  intended  to  be  popular  in  character, 
is  nevertheless  the  work  of  a  thoroughly 
competent     scholar.     Translations     of     the 

*  Bhagavad-Glta '  into  the  various  modern 
languages  of  Europe  are  by  no  means  few 
in  number  ;  but  it  may  be  stated  of  them 
generally  that  those  which  are  scholarly  are 
not  adapted  for  popular  use,  and  those 
which  are  professedly  popular  are  scarcely 
worthy  of  serious  consideration.  The 
'  Bhagavad-Glta  '  is  essentially  a  book  the 
very  difficulties  of  which  can  only  be  appre- 
ciated by  one  who  has  made  a  wide  and 
deep  study  of  Indian  philosophy.  Such 
preliminary  knowledge  of  the  various  systems 
of  thought  as  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
comprehension  of  this  philosophical  poem  is 
given,  clearly  and  concisely,  by  Dr.  Barnett 
in  the  introduction  to  his  translation.  This 
introduction  in  itself  forms  a  very  useful  and 
convenient  resume  of  a  difficult  subject  ;  and 
some  of  its  sections — notably  those  on  '  The 
Cult  of  Vishnu-Krishna  and  Vasudeva  '  and 

*  The  Yoga  in  the  Bhagavad-Glta.  ' — will  not 
be  read  without  profit  even  by  professed 
■students  of  Indian  philosophy.  The  diffi- 
culty of  finding  words  that  will  adequately 
express  philosophical  conceptions  is  noto- 
rious. It  is  evident  from  the  barbarous 
creations  of  our  own  philosophers  ;  it  is 
still  more  evident  when  the  attempt  is 
actually  made  to  express  in  a  modern 
language  ideas  which  are  themselves  alien 
to  modern  thought.  It  would,  therefore, 
naturally  be  easy  to  question  the  fitness  of 
seme  of  the  English  equivalents  which  Dr. 
Barnett  in  his  translation  assigns  to  Sanskrit 
philosophical  terms  ;  but  it  must  be  con- 
fessed that,  in  most  cases,  it  would  not  be 
easy  to  suggest  anything  more  satisfactory. 
His  rendering  of  the  constantly  occuring 
yoga,  for  instance,  by  the  colourless  word 
"  rule,"  which  scarcely  bears  the  same  con- 
notation, does  not,  at  first  sight,  commend 
itself;  but  the  difficulty  is  only  realized 
when  the  attempt  is  made  to  find  a  single 
English  equivalent  for  a  term  which,  as 
Dr.  Barnett  remarks,  is  used  in  the  '  Bhaga- 


vad-Glta '  "  to  cover  all  the  fields  of  activity 
traversed  by  the  human  soul  in  its  quest  of 
this  goal  (i.e.  final  bliss)." 

The  '  Bhagavad-Glta  '  is  the  best-known 
product  of  that  school  of  thought  which 
alone  gave  to  India  a  personal  religion.  In 
its  tenets  of  "  duty  "  and  "  Divine  Love  " 
it  approaches  far  more  closely  than  any 
other  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments.  It  has,  therefore,  a  special 
interest  for  Western  readers,  amongst  whom 
Dr.  Barnett's  excellent  little  book  should 
meet  with  a  cordial  reception. 

Precis   de   Grammaire   Palie.     Par   Victor 
Henry.      (Paris,  Ecole  Francaise  d'Extreme 
Orient.) — Pali,  as    Prof.   Victor    Henry  well 
observes,   may  be  learnt  in  two   ways.     If 
studied  by  itself  and  apart  from  Sanskrit, 
it  will  appear  to  the  student  to  consist  of 
unreasonable  rules  and  exasperating  anoma- 
lies ;   if  studied  in  conjunction  with  Sanskrit, 
by    far    the    greater    number    of   rules    and 
apparent    anomalies    will    alike    be    seen   to 
admit  of  an  intelligent  etymological  explana- 
tion.    There    can    surely    be    few    practical 
teachers,   or  few  self-taught  students,   who 
have   had    actual   experience   of   these    two 
ways,  who  will  not  cordially  agree  with  M. 
Henry  that  the  latter  is   by   far  the  more 
satisfactory,  and,  in  the  end,  probably  also 
the    easier,    even    though    it    involves    the 
acquisition  to  some  extent  of  two  languages 
instead  of  one.     Some  who  were  schoolboys 
in  the  seventies  will  remember  how,   after 
learning    Latin   and   French   unintelligently 
for  years,  an  entirely  new  interest  in  both 
languages     was     awakened     in     them     by 
Brachet's   Public   School   French   Grammar, 
where    much    that    seems    incomprehensible 
in    the    forms    and    inflexions    of    French 
receives  a  natural  explanation  by  reference 
to   Latin.     A  similar  enlightenment  awaits 
the  student  who  embarks  on  the  study  of 
Pali    under    Prof.    Henry's    direction.     His 
method    is    strictly    historical    and    strictly 
scientific,   in  so   far  as  he  treats   all   forms 
and   inflexions   from   the   point   of   view   of 
development,    and   in   accordance   with   the 
established  principles  of  comparative  philo- 
logy.    This  volume,  therefore,  assumes  that 
the    student    has    already    acquired    some 
knowledge  of   Sanskrit  grammar,   and  con- 
stantly   refers    to    the    author's    '  Elements 
de   Sanscrit   Classique,'    which   appeared   in 
the  same   series.     The   first  portion   of   the 
book — about  one-third  of  the  whole — is  very 
properly   devoted   to   the   phonetics   of   the 
Pali  language  ;    and  the  remainder  is  occu- 
pied  with   a   presentation,    both   lucid   and 
thorough,  of  the  declensional  and  conjuga- 
tional   forms.     From   the   beginning   to   the 
end,  the  interest  of  the  student  is  sustained 
by  a  carefully  graduated  selection  of  extracts 
from  Pali  literature  in  prose  and  verse,  the 
translation   of   which,   even   at   the   earliest 
stage,  will  present  no  great  difficulties  when 
once  some  facility  has  been  attained  in  the 
use    of    the    two    keys    supplied — the    Pali- 
Sanskrit   and   the   Sanskrit-French   vocabu- 
laries.    M.  Henry's  '  Precis  '  is  undoubtedly 
by  far  the  best  introduction  to  the  study  of 
Pali  which  has  yet  appeared.     It  affords  a 
welcome  illustration  of  the  fact  that  ancient 
classical    languages    not    only    admit    of    a 
strictly  scientific    treatment,  but   also    gain 
enormously   in    interest   when    they   are   so 
studied. 


SHOOTING    AND    HINTING. 

Two    handsome    volumes    on     Big    Game 
Shooting,    by    various    contributors,    have 

been  added  to  the  "Country  Life  Library 
of  Sport  "  (Offices  of  Country  Life  and  (  leorge 
Newnes).     They  arc  well   turned   out  :     tin 


type  is  good,  and  the  illustrations,  lavishly 
supplied,  are  fully  up  to  the  high  standard 
s?t  by  the  series.  The  illustrations  are,  of 
course,  on  loaded  paper,  which  tends  to 
make  the  book  heavy  ;  but  in  most  cases 
there  is  an  illustration  on  each  side  of  the 
page,  so  that  one  gets  two  full-page  pictures 
for  each  loaded  leaf. 

Vol.  i.  deals  with  the  sporting  rifle,  and 
the  big  game  of  Europe  and  America  ;  vol.  ii. 
with  the  big  game*of  Africa  and  Asia.  The 
rifle  is  well  described,  the  subject  being  in 
the  capable  hands  of  Major  the  Hon.  T.  F. 
Fremantle,  whose  book  on  the  weapon  is  a 
recognized  authority.  The  various  changes 
from  solid  spherical  bullets  hammered  down 
a  muzzle-loader,  through  elongated  bullets 
of  many  patterns  and  the  express  system  of 
thirty  years  ago,  to  the  small  bores  of  to-day, 
with  their  low  trajectory  and  remarkable 
energy,  are  sufficiently  traced.  The  relative 
advantages  of  double  and  single  rifles  for 
sporting  purposes  are  considered,  Major 
Fremantle  inclining  (and  generally  we 
agree  with  him)  to  the  single  barrel  with  a 
magazine.  But  a  good  deal  depends  on 
the  game  to  be  faced,  for  when  it  is  dangerous 
and  at  close  quarters  a  double  rifle  is  prefer- 
able. Indeed,  for  any  considerable  sporting 
trip  after  big  game  both  rifles  are  required  : 
a  double  for  extra-heavy  or  dangerous 
game,  and  a  couple  of  magazine  small-bore 
rifles  for  ordinary  use.  Telescopic  sights 
are  mentioned  as  excellent  for  stalking,  and 
specially  good  for  long  shots,  and  are,  it 
seems,  at  the  present  time  coining  more 
generally  into  use.  Messrs.  Ross  add  a  few 
pages  on  the  subject  of  sporting  telescopes 
— not  those  fixed  to  the  rifle,  but  for  spying 
purposes.  There  is  no  doubt  that"  a  good 
glass  is  a  most  important  item  of  outfit,  for, 
in  addition  to  its  use  in  finding  game,  it 
enables  the  sportsman  to  decide  at  a  great 
distance  whether  to  stalk  or  to  try  else- 
where. 

European  big  game  includes  the  red  deer 
of  Scotland  and  the  park  red  deer  of  England, 
the  latter  showing  remarkably  the  beneficial 
effect  of  good  living.  The  heads  of  some  of 
the  stags  of  Warnham  Court  seem  to  ap- 
proach in  weight  and  points  those  of  the 
best  continental  preserves.  Red  deer,  rein- 
deer, and  the  elk  of  Norway  are  described, 
and  a  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  chamois  of 
Central  and  Southern  Europe.  Mr.  Hodg- 
son, who  writes  this  chapter,  mentions  that 
in  Austria  the  -450  Express  is  generally 
used  ;  this  seems  an  unnecessarily  largo- 
bore  for  so  small  an  animal. 

American  big  game  is  treated  under  the 
heads  moose,  wapiti,  caribou,  muledeer, 
blacktail,  whitetail,  sheep,  bears,  and  musk 
ox,  for  the  most  part  by  men  who  have 
already  written  on  the  subjects.  Some  of  t  ho 
authors  (unfortunately,  we  think)  continue 
to  misname  the  animals,  following  local 
custom,  which  there  is  reason  to  hope  is 
giving  way  before  better  knowledge.  There 
were  signs  of  this  in  some  recent  American 
books,  and  it  is  a  pity,  in  books  which  may 
be  used  for  reference,  to  perpetuate  errors, 
and  even  describe  two  different  animals 
under  one  name.  This  practice  is  by  no 
means  confined  to  America,  though  perhaps 
it  is  more  developed  there  than  elsewhere. 

The  newer,  and  therefore  more  interesting, 
chapters  of  this  part  of  the  volume  are  those 
dealing  with  the  game  of  Alaska  :  and  the 
final  one,  on  American  and  Canadian  game 
laws,     by      Mr.      I'hillipps-Wolloy.     deserves 

attention.  In  the  United  States  the  neces- 
sity for  good  game  laws  stringently  enforced 
is  being  recognized,  whereas  in  Canada  tho 
laws  may  be  ample,  but  they  are  habitually 
disregarded.      The    wholesale    destruction    of 

game  of  all  sorts  for  commercial  purposes 


L68 


TB  E     A  Til  KX.KI'M 


N    1085,  I'm;.  10,  1906 


in  the  Dominion  has  been  the  subject  ol 
outspoken  comment  in  the  pre 

Wlnl  -i  i  <n  the  subject  of  game  law  h  it  may 
bi  irell  to  add  ■  «<>nl  of  caution,  [n  Africa 
anil  Mi  trictions  and  stringent  laws, 

i  upled  with  heavj  licences,  have  been 
Introduced,  i»ut  nol  always  with  the  oar< 
niul  diaoretion  that  were  desirable.  Con- 
sequently  in  some  oasee  tin    measures  have 

itroved  to  In-  unnecessarily  vexatious  t<> 
English  sportamen,  whilst  the  chief  destroyer 
of  game  escapes.  Mr.  Bryden,  in  vol.  ii.. 
writing  <>f  Africa,  Bays  :  — 

N     ..in-   whlu-s    to    Bee    tli'-   un i    Africa 

proteoted  from  extinction  more  ardently  than  the 
writer,  lint  beyond  all  question,  it  is  not  the 
British  gunner  who  shoots  nowadays  who  i^ 
thr    culprit     in    this    reaped The    man    who    is 

exterminating  tin-  game  of  Africa  is  thr  African 
himself,  wh  ,  armed  with  ii  oheap  gun,  is  dealing 
destruction  daily  and  hourly,  tor  ever  creeping 
about     thr    bush,    and,    with    endless    patience, 

manGBUvring  until  he  ran  gain  a  certain  shot.'' 

Mr.  Hutchinson,  In  an  editorial  note,  cor- 
roborates this,  and  adds  that  in  Alaska  the 
Indians  and  others  who  kill  the  game  for 
sale  are  the  chief  offenders.  The  question 
is  very  complicated,  and  we  can  only  suggest 
that,  as  some  success  has  attended  President 
Roosevelt's  steps  towards  preservation  of 
game,  it  might  be  desirable  for  our  officers 
to  study  what  lie  has  done. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  follow  Mr.  Bryden 
closely  in  his  treatment  of  the  various 
animals  which  people  shoot  in  Africa  for 
6port.  There  are  the  dangerous  sort,  and 
those  of  the  deer  and  antelope  species, 
many  of  which  are  not  so  handsome  as  an 
ordinary  Jersey  cow.  nor  more  attractive  to 
a  sportsman.  With  reference  to  some  of 
those  creatures,  which  certainly  are  not 
sheep,  the  terms  "  ram  "  and  ewe  "  are 
used  for  the  male  and  female  ;  they  are 
inappropriate,  and  the  terms  "  buck  "  and 
"  doe  "'  are  available. 

Asiatic  sport  is  described  by  Major  C.  S. 
Cumberland,  who  has  perhaps  as  wide  a 
knowledge  of  the  varieties  to  be  met  with 
as  any  other  man.  Some  of  his  experience 
is  a  little  out  of  date,  and  the  -500  Henry 
Express  single  rifle  is  a  weapon  rather  for 
the  museum  than  for  the  field.  He  is  a 
good  and  safe  guide,  though  occasionally 
his  sentences  might  be  improved  :  "  soft- 
nosed  bullets  burning  nitro  powder  "  sounds 
strange.  Nevertheless  the  major  is  a  charm- 
ing companion,  whether  after  O.  poll  on 
the  Pamirs,  0.  amnion  in  the  Altai,  stags  in 
Turkistan  and  Kashmir,  or  tigers  in  the 
Terai. 

The  final  chapter,  on  big-game  shooting 
in  Burma,  by  Mr.  Cuming,  is  instructive. 
The  country  is  less  known  than  India,  and 
the  thick  jungle  retards  exploration. 

President  Roosevelt  not  only  takes  his 
full  share  of  such  sport  as  his  country  affords, 
but  also  takes  the  world  into  his  confidence 
and  sets  forth  his  experiences  under  the  title 
of  Outdoor  Pastimes  of  an  American  Hunter 
(Longmans).  In  this  hook  we  read  how 
the  cougar  or  puma  (/•'.  concohr,  Lin.)  is 
bunted  with  a  well-trained  scratch  pack  : 
next,  a  hear  hunt  in  Colorado  during  last 
spring,  also  with  hounds,  is  described;  wolf- 
coursing  and  a  shot  at  mountain  sheep  follow  ; 
and  then  eonie  very  interesting  chapters  on 
the  reserve,  the  Yellowstone  Park  ;  hooks 
on  l»ig  game;  and  the  final  chapter,  'At 
Home  ' — all  well  told.  and.  so  far  as  we  know, 
new.  The  rest  of  the  hook,  approximately 
one-third,  has  already  been  published  in  a 
volume  of  "The  American  Sportsman's 
Library"  called  'The  Deer  Family."  and 
as  that  was  reviewed  in  The  Athenceum  of 
August  9th,  1902.  it  is  unnecessary  to  repeat 
the  remarks  then  made.      It    is  stated  after 


t  In    <  <>nt.  nt  -  '  1 1  mt  Bve  of  the  eleven  chai 
have  heei  i  recently  written,  the  others  having 

I"  en  i '  \  i  -•  d  and  added  to  lince  they  appeared 

in  the  publications  ol  the  Boone  and  Crockett 

Club  and   the   nho\e  mentioned    hooh.       It    in 

a  measure  puroha  an  ol  'The  Deer  Family ' 
may  regret  to  find  so  much  of  it  reproduced, 

there  are  tWO  main  points  here  which  may 
well   he  emphasized  ■     first,  tin     i  for 

the  preservation  of  game;  and  second, 
the  value  of  shooting  and  camping  out, 
especially  when  alter  Big  game,  as  training 

for  soldiers.      The  illust  rat  Jons  ate  numi  '■ 
and  well  selected  ;    they  are  from  photographs 
some  of  which  were  taken  by  Mr.   Koosevelt 
or  members  of  his  family. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  History  of  Co-operation.  By  George 
Jacob  Holyoake.  2  vols.  (T.  Fisher  Uhwin.) 
— These  two  handsome  volumes  form  a  fitting 
memorial  of  the  veteran  reformer,  who  was 
at  work  upon  them  to  the  very  last,  the 
preface  having  been  written  but  a  few  days 
before  his  death.  In  this  he  states  that 
"  other  histories  on  this  subject  will  be 
written,  but,  whatever  their  merits  may  be, 
they  cannot  be  written  by  any  one  caring 
more  for  co-operation  than  myself."  Holy- 
oake, as  is  well  known,  was  deeply  versed 
in  the  subject  from  the  days  of  the  Koch- 
dale  Pioneers,  so  that  his  "  story  of  this 
movement  is  that  of  an  eyewitness."  He 
was  an  eyewitness  who  knew  well  how  to 
describe  all  he  saw,  and  the  "  Pioneers  " 
and  subsequent  workers  are  vividly  brought 
before  us. 

As  we  gave  appreciative  reviews  of  this 
work  when  the  first  edition,  published  by 
Triibner,  appeared  {Athenozum,  August  14th, 
1875,  and  February  22nd,  1879),  we  need 
only  refer  to  the  third  portion,  which  brings 
the  history  down  to  the  present  time.  In 
this  the  growth  of  the  societies  is  shown. 
The  first  in  magnitude  is  that  of  Manchester, 
which  employs  in  all  its  departments  15,000 
persons,  with  annual  sales  amounting  to 
20,000,000/.,  the  banking  turn-over  being 
87,000,0002.  The  Leeds  Industrial  Society 
can  boast  of  having  the  largest  store  of  all. 
This  association  was  founded  on  account  of 
the  adulteration  and  dearness  of  flour,  and 
from  these  evils  the  co-operators  delivered 
the  town.  The  society  celebrated  its  jubilee 
in  1897.  and  has  now  49,340  members.  Mr. 
Holyoake  in  1866  wrote  the  history  of  the 
Halifax  Society  to  that  date,  and  dedicated 
the  volume  to  Horace  Greeley.  In  1901  this 
society  had  as  many  as  thirty -four  branches. 

Mr.  Holyoake  regards  co-operative  stores 
as  divisible  into  three  classes.  "  Dark  " 
stores  are  those  which  give  no  share  of  profits 
to  those  they  employ,  "  give  credit— which 
keeps  up  the  habit  of  indebtedness  in  their 
members — and  have  no  education  fund  in 
their  rules."  "  Twilight  "  stores  are  those 
which  have  some  features,  hut  not  all,  of 
what  Mr.  Holyoake  styles  the  "  Sunrise  " 
stores,  which 

"have  the  cardinal  features  of  ready  -money  dealing, 
provision  lor  intelligence,  and  who  give  the  same 
dividend    on    the   wages    of    all    their    employes    as 

they  give  to  the  consumer  who  purchases  at  their 

counter.  If  'Sunrise'  stores  increase,  it  will  l>c 
owing  to  the  Women's  (iuilds.  when  they  under- 
stand what  true  co-operation  means." 

There  is  a  store  of  this  kind  in  Manchester. 

It  was  started  in  ls.v.)  with  111  members 
and  a  capital  of  289..  In  1872  it  took  the 
name    of    Equitable,    and    began    to    share 

profits  with  its  employees;  these  now  num- 
ber 600.  and  they  have  from  that  date  to 
March.    1905.    received    20,6811.,    while    the 


ety  ha-  spent   on  educational   pur|>oses 
1 1  '»io/      I-      capital    at     that    date 
221,5501.,   and   rti   roll   of  memben    16,521, 
w  bile  1 1n-  j  early  -ah  -  average  .'!7' 
ita  foundation  ii  business  has  l 

i"  aily   '.i. /.     Mr.  Holyoake  ha 

the     Statistics     oi     twenty  nine    of    the     chief 

\\  b  have  made  totals  of  these,  and 
find     tin-    following    results:      number    of 

members,  » 7 ' • . * •  7 7  :  annual  profit-  ;.!/.; 

grants   to   education,    20,2382.;    number   of 
•  -  i  mployed,  82,078. 

Tin-  journal  representing  the  co-opei 
movement   is  77. <    Co-operatim    Newt,  which 

i  sale  of  71,ooo.  H  -  capital  being  held  by 
:;_■  i    oci 

Tie-  volume-,  give  us  occasional  tdimpaes 
of  co-operative  work  on  the  Continent. 
M.    Larouche    Joubert    stated    at    the    I 

-  held  at  Bolton  in  1872  that  the 
Co-operative  Paper  Manufactory  made  a 
profit  of  20,000/.  between  June,  1870, 
and  June,  1871 — a  surprising  amount  at 
that  disastrous  period  for  France.  R- 
ence  is  also  made  to  "  the  magnifi 
Emporium  Store  "  erected  in  Milan,  where 
in  1886  Signor  Luigi  Buffoli  founded  the 
Unione  Co-operativa  among  railway  men. 
The  building  has  a  frontage  of  300  feet ; 
there  are  three  marble  arches,  and  in  letters 
of  gold  are  inscribed  on  these  the  names  of 
Owen,  Holyoake,  and  Neale. 

We  cannot  praise  too  highly  this  record, 
interesting  alike  to  those  studying  the  special 
subject  treated  and  to  the  general  reader. 
Mr.  Holyoake  has  in  a  note  acknowledged 
his  indebtedness  to  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Holyoake  Marsh,  and  to  bis  amanuensis. 
Miss  Amy  Baum,  "  for  assiduous  reading 
of  the  proofs  when  sustained  attention  by 
him  was  impossible." 

Mr.  Charles  Whibley's  study  of  William 
Pitt  (Blackwood)  is  both  eloquent  in  style 
and  well  informed  as  to  fact.  In  opinion  it 
errs  occasionally  in  the  direction  of  over- 
emphasis. Much  of  it  consists  in  a  refuta- 
tion of  Macaulay,  and  no  doubt  the  essayist 
lived  too  close  to  the  French  Revolution, 
and  was  too  much  under  the  influence  of 
the  Fox  tradition,  to  be  an  impartial  judge 
of  "the  pilot  that  weather'd  the  suarm." 
Mr.  Whibley  makes  the  scales  oscillate  too 
violently  to  the  other  side,  and  is  too  fond 
of  the  words  "  traitor  "  and  "  treachery." 
Thus  the  Allies  are  accused  of  having 
"  treacherously  wasted  "  the  hardly  gathered 
millions  of  Pitt.  The  censure  may  possibly 
hold  good  with  regard  to  the  timid  and 
tortuous  policy  of  Prussia.  But  Austria,  if 
slow  to  move,  held  out  with  a  constancy 
much  to  be  admired.  She  did  not  conclude 
the  Treaty  of  Campo  Formio  until  after 
the  abandonment  of  the  first  Coalition  by 
Prussia,  Spain,  and  Sardinia.  Marengo  and 
Luneville  brought  her  to  her  knees  in  1801, 
and  Austerlitz  in  1805,  before  she  would 
consent  to  peace.  We  are  asked,  too,  to 
regard  Grenville  as  "  guilty  of  a  baseness 
rare  even  in  the  annals  of  polit  ical  treachery  " 
when  he  declined  to  join  Pitt's  last  Ministry. 
That  degree  of  invective  should  be  reserved 
for  Thurlow  and  Wedderhurn.  Grenville 
may  have  been  muddle-headed,  but  in  his 
obstinate  way  he  was  fighting  against  the 
principle  of  exclusion.  If  any  one  was  a 
traitor,  it  was  George  111.,  who  declared 
that    he   would    prefer   civil    wax    bo    Pox. 

Apart  from  this  defect,  there  is  little  to 
blame  and  much  to  praise  in  this  timely 
estimate  of  Pitt's  career.  The  account  of 
the  statesman's  early  years  and  the  criticism 
of  his  oratory  are  particularly  well  done. 
As  Mr.  Whibley  remarks,  Pitt's  character- 
istics as  a  speaker  were  clarity  and  restraint, 
though  he  could  rise,  as  in  his  magnificent 
oration  on  the  slave  trade,  to  a  lofty  flight. 


N°  4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


169 


Again,  the  resignation  of  1801  is  sagaciously 
attributed,  not  to  the  dictates  of  ambition 
or  prudence,  but  to  the  simple  fact  that, 
having  come  to  open  variance  with  the  King, 
no  other  course  lay  open  to  the  Minister. 
Mr.  Wliibley  is,  perhaps,  too  much  inclined 
to  tie  down  Fox  too  closely  to  the  written 
and  spoken  word.  It  is  difficult  to  read  his 
private  correspondence,  with  its  rejoicings 
over  British  defeats,  without  a  certain 
measure  of  resentment  nowadays  ;  but  to 
his  contemporaries  his  extravagance  was 
part  of  the  man,  and  Lord  North  parried 
one  of  his  most  violent  tirades  against  his 
Ministry  effectively  enough  when  he  re- 
marked, "  Charles,  I  am  glad  you  did  not 
fall  on  me  to-day,  for  you  was  in  full  feather." 
Mr.  Whibley  should  not  have  printed  a  well- 
known  quotation  "  Alieni  appetens,  sui 
profugus." 

The  Approach  to  Philosophy.  By  Ralph 
Barton  Perry.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — This 
book  begins  well.  Dr.  Perry  announces  it 
as  his  aim  "  to  make  the  reader  more  soli- 
citously aware  of  the  philosophy  that  is  in 
him,  or  to  provoke  him  to  philosophy  in 
his  own  interests."  Hence  in  Part  I.  he 
seeks  to  show  how  practical  life,  poetry, 
religion,  and  science  form  so  many  natural 
starting-points  whence  the  approach  to 
philosophy  may  be  made.  These  earlier 
chapters  have  for  the  most  part  already 
appeared  in  various  periodicals,  and  are 
written  clearly  and  easily.  They  are  admir- 
ably calculated  to  awaken  in  the  beginner 
a  certain  general  interest  and  expectancy. 
There  is  nothing  very  distinctive  about  the 
philosophic  doctrine  they  embody.  Such 
prolegomena  do  not,  indeed,  lend  themselves 
to  the  developing  of  original  views.  For 
this  same  reason  it  would  hardly  be  fair  to 
try  to  pin  Dr.  Perry  down  to  definite  heresies, 
although  his  language  is  at  times  suspiciously 
loose.  For  instance,  he  has  a  way  of  speaking 
as  if  the  universe  which  philosophy  seeks  to 
know  is  something  which  the  individual 
confronts — a  "  residual  environment  "  or 
what  not,  having  "  totality  "  despite  the 
fact  that  we  and  our  ideals  are  not  of  it.  A 
popular  treatment,  however,  is  almost  bound 
to  compromise  with  the  popular  opinion 
that  reality  is  "  something  over  there." 

The  remaining  two-thirds  of  the  book 
strike  us  as  less  happily  conceived.  Doubt- 
less Dr.  Perry  would  plead  that  at  this  point 
it  was  incumbent  on  him  to  introduce  the 
Harvard  tiro  to  "  the  tradition  and  techni- 
calities of  the  academic  discipline."  Ah, 
these  academic  disciplines  !  Part  II.  offers 
"  a  brief  survey  of  the  entire  programme  of 
philosophy  "  in  the  form  of  "  a  general 
classification  of  philosophical  problems  and 
conceptions  independently  of  any  special 
point  of  view."  Part  III.  is  complementary 
thereto.  It  specifies  the  main  types  of 
philosophic  system,  with  intent  to  show 
how,  with  changing  point  of  view,  these 
same  problems  and  conceptions  arrange 
themselves  in  various  perspective.  Dr. 
Perry  has  compressed  a  wonderful  amount 
of  information  into  a  short  space.  Never- 
theless we  arc  sorry  for  the  beginner  who 
approaches  philosophy  by  way  of  such  a 
wilderness  of  -isms.     Surely, 

Hadde  he  never  so  mony  clothes  on, 
But  he  wolde  be  colde  as  ony  stone. 

Mere  history  of  philosophy  may  impart 
erudition,  but  it  is  about  the  last  thing  to 
quicken  enthusiasm.  As  well  approach 
religion  by  way  of  comparative  mythology. 
Mrssks.  I'i.on  XoiKRiT  &  ClB.  publish 
a  little  volume  entitled  Versailles,  from  tli<' 
pen  of  M.  A.  Bertram],  who  has  written  on 
the  subject  in  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 
The  book  contains  two  or  three  pages  relating 
to  the  library  of  the  town,  a  collection  to  the 


value  of  which  it  is  well  that  attention  should 
be  called.     The  author  is  one  of  a  number 
of  inhabitant-admirers  of  Versailles  who  are 
naturally   anxious   that,   on   the   ground   of 
the  historical  importance  of  the  connexion 
of  the   Palace  with  the  history  of  France, 
public  money  should  be  spent  on  keeping  it 
up,  if  not  upon  actual  "  restoration."  France, 
as  it  is,  spends  much  more  money  upon  his- 
torical edifices  and  upon  the  fine  arts  than 
does    any    other    Power — with    results    not 
uniformly  successful,  according  to  our  views. 
It  is  a  question  whether  the  ancient  monu- 
ments of  France  would  not  be  of  more  value 
than  they  are  if  no  public  money  at  all  had 
been  spent  on  them,  so  far  has  the  process 
of    injudicious  "  restoration  "  been  carried. 
That   there   should   be   a  sufficient   staff  in 
the  gardens  at  Versailles  to  prevent  wilful 
damage    is    fairly    obvious.     That    the    fine 
work  which  has  stood  for  a  century  and  a 
half  or  two  centuries  in  the  open  air  must 
gradually    fade    away    is    certain.     Nothing 
could     prevent     degradation     and     decay. 
Removal  to  the  Louvre  has  been  practised 
in  many  cases,  but  in  many  others  is  not  a 
satisfactory    mode     of     treatment,     besides 
which   it   comes   too   late.     As   regards    the 
interior,  enormous  harm  was  done  at  Ver- 
sailles,   as    at    Fontainebleau,    when    Louis 
Philippe  attempted  to  carry  out  the  policy 
of   creating  historical   museiims  within   the 
palaces  of  France.     M.   P.   de  Nolhac  may 
be  trusted  to  do  all  that  can  be  done  judi- 
ciously,  but   the   advice   of  M.    Bertrand  is 
not  sufficiently  clear  to  be  safe.     That  more 
should  be  done  to  guard  against  the  danger 
of  fire  is  the  one  piece  of  counsel  given  by 
him  which   can  without  doubt  be  heartily 
approved.     He  has  our  sympathy  in  asking 
for  the  creation  of  a  great  national  museum 
of  tapestry,  but  it  is  far  from  certain  that 
Versailles,  though  there  is  wall  space  avail- 
able, is   the  best  place.     The  exhibition  of 
the  Garde  Meuble  itself,  in  addition  to  the 
Louvre  and  Cluny,  affords  perhaps  a  better 
means  of  showing  the  finest  things  than  would 
Versailles.      There    is    space,     too,     at     the 
Gobelins,     and     much    might    be    said    for 
exhibiting   the   tapestries  of   France   within 
the  walls  of  that  strange  city  of  the  dead — 
lost     in    Paris — where    the    finest    of    these 
tapestries  were  made. 

Les  Sources  Inedites  de  VHistoire  du  Maroc. 
Par  le  Comte  Henry  de  Castries.  (Paris, 
Leroux.) — This  is  the  first  volume  of  what 
promises  to  be  a  monumental  trilogy,  for 
it  runs  to  close  upon  seven  hundred  very 
large  pages.  It  is  no  work  hastily  devised 
to  meet  the  occasion  of  the  Algeciras  con- 
ference, but  the  outcome  of  years  of  patient 
study  and  research  by  one  whose  repute  as 
an  African  traveller  stands  high.  It  is  in 
many  ways  characteristic  of  an  admirable 
feature  of  French  scholarship — unfailing 
fidelity  to  the  actual  document.  Indeed, 
the  work  is  rather  bibliography  than  history. 
In  brief,  we  have  for  the  first  time  a  com- 
prehensive collection,  from  the  archives  and 
libraries  of  France,  England,  Austria,  Spain, 
and  other  countries,  of  unpublished  manu- 
scripts, records,  letters,  and  documents 
relating  to  Morocco  between  the  years  1530 
and  1845.  This  should  provo  of  inestim- 
able value,  not  alone  to  French  students 
and  historians,  but  also  to  European  lite- 
rature. 

The  author  divides  his  material  into  thin 
main  parts:  (1)  The  Sa'adi  dynasty,  1530 
to  1660,  the  present  volume;  (2)  the  Filnli 
dynasty,  or,  as  one  might  almost,  say,  the 
Moulai  Ismail  cycle,  1660  to  1757  ;  and 
(::)  the  Fttali  dynasty  of  1757  to  1815.  The 
latter  date  may  fairly  be  regarded  ns  the 
point  of  departure  for  the  study  of  content 
porary  Morocco,  since  it   was  the  period  of 


the  definite  delimitation  of  Moorish  and 
Algerian  territory,  and  the  ratification  of 
the  treaties  with  the  various  European 
Powers  which  have  since  maintained  rela- 
tions with  the  "Lofty  Portal."  His  English 
researches  naturally  brought  M.  de  Castries 
into  contact  with  Sir  Lambert  Playfair's 
'  Bibliography  of  Morocco,'  and  he  acknow- 
ledges the  respectability  of  a  work  which 
deals  with  no  fewer  than  2,062  "  numeros." 
But  he  is  under  no  delusions  regarding  the 
true  value  of  a  large  portion  of  this  material, 
and  blames  Sir  Lambert  for  having  included 
mere  fairy  tales  and  legends.  The  prevail- 
ing ignorance  of  Morocco  has  led  many  into 
mere  imagination,  and,  again,  into  plagiar- 
ism both  covert  and  open.  Not  once  or 
twice,  but  many  times,  the  reviewer  lias- 
opened  an  eighteenth  -  century  work  on 
Morocco  which  was  new  to  him,  only  to  find 
a  bald  rehash  of  matter  with  which  he  was 
already  familiar  elsewhere.  M.  de  Castries 
is  justified  in  his  rather  severe  comments 
upon  many  of  those  who  came  before  him 
in  his  bibliographical  study  of  Morocco. 

Osivald  Bastable,  and  Others.  By  E. 
Nesbit.  (Wells  Gardner  &  Co.)— The  Bas- 
table children  are  always  good  company, 
and  our  one  quarrel  with  the  new  volume 
is  that  their  most  recent  performances,  as 
chronicled  by  Oswald,  occupy  only  a  third 
of  it.  This  gives  rise  to  a  terrible  suspicion 
that  they  are  now  to  grow  up,  and  will  be 
far  too  sophisticated  in  future  to  raffle  a 
goat  as  "  an  object  of  value  and  virtue," 
to  suffer  qualms  of  conscience  with  regard 
to  flying  fire  balloons,  or  to  play  at  being 
coiners  in  an  "  Enchanceried  House."  We 
prefer  to  hope,  however,  that  Oswald  is 
merely  idle,  for  his  closing  observations 
show  no  lack  of  his  usual  ingenuousness,  and 
foreshadow  no  approach  of  maturity  : — 

"Did  Oswald  tell  a  lie  to  the  butcher?  [when  he 
said  that  the  sham  half-crowns  had  been  given  to 
him,  which  they  were — as  pennies.]  He  has  often 
wondered.  He  hopes  not.  It  is  eas\-  to  know 
whether  a  thing  is  a  lie  or  not  when  nothing 
depends  on  it.  But  when  events  are  happening, 
and  the  utmost  rigour  of  the  law  may  he  the  result 
of  your  making  a  mistake,  you   have  to  tell  the 

truth  as  carefully  as  you  can If  ever  he  goes  bo 

stay  with  old  nurse  again,  he  thinks  he  will  tell 
the  butcher  all  in  confidence." 
For  our  sakes  as  well  as  for  the  "  honour  of 
a  Bastable,"  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  that  visit 
will  speedily  be  paid,  and  that  further 
"  events  "  will  happen. 

The  "  others  "  whose  doings  fill  the  rest 
of  the  book  have  the  nice  and  natural 
characteristics  of  all  E.  Nesbit's  child- 
creations,  but  their  experiences  are  so  com- 
plicated with  dreams  and  dragons  and 
princesses  that,  while  they  have  no  claim  to 
rank  amongst  the  classic  fairy  lore  of  the 
nursery,  they  hardly  appeal  sufficiently  to 
the  workaday  side  of  a  child's  imagination. 

The  Pedigree  of  Hunter  of  Abbot  skill  and. 
Barjarg.  By  A.  A.  Hunter.  (Elliot  Stock.) 
— This  well-arranged,  critical,  and  careful 
account  of  the  widely  spreading  family 
descended  from  James  Hunter,  who  acquired 
the  lands  of  Abbotshill,  in  Ayr,  from  the 
Abbot  of  Crossraguel  in  1569,  might  be 
usefully  consulted  by  would-be  compilers 
of  printed  genealogies.  For  the  author  is 
laudably  anxious  to  avoid  the  acceptance 
of  tradition  devoid  of  proof,  even  on  the 
point  of  tlio  family's  descent  from  Hunter 
of  Hunterston,  which  the  matriculations  at 
the    Lyon   Office   persistently   assert.     The 

illustrations,  which  arc  numerous,  comprise 
the  scats  of  the  family,  portraits  of  its 
members,  and  facsimiles  of  matriculations 
of  arms.  The  best  known  branch  of  the 
house,   probably,   is   that    of    Hunter  Hlair  of 

Blairquhan,  founded  by  an  Edinburgh 
banker  under  Qeorge  Ml. 


170 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  A'A'  M 


N    108.*.  I'i.i;.  in,  l'.tui; 


77,.    Cambridat     Y tar-Book  and   Directory 

uncus.  Inni  i    hafl    tin-    -nun'    mi  lit-    ii-    it- 

Oxford    pred r,    being    ■    remarkably 

pi,  (•  Lisl  ni  graduab 

K,il.f*  Handbook  to  the  Tilled,  Landed, 
and  Official  Classes  f<>r  1906  (Kelly'i  Direc- 
tories) m  jusl  out.     It  i-  the  most  oonvenient 

and    handy    I b   "I     Ha    kind    lluit    «78    loiOW, 

Jur   it    i-   not    tOO    l>in    and    it    PTCeonte  8  VOBi 

amount  of  detail  in  accurate  form.  Con- 
siderations of  -|>ac«-  demand,  of  course, 
Bhori  mil  ins.  inn  in  all  the  cases  we  have 
examined  we  have  found  essentia]  points 
mentioned. 

Wi:  are  glad  to  notice  the  enterprise  of 
Messrs.  RoutLedge  in  adding  to  their  "  Uni- 
versal   Library       interesting    books    which 

have     hitherto     been     outside     the     scope     of 

such  popular  reprints,  like  Eraser's  Word* 
'•n  Wellington,  and  Bybel'a  History  <>j  tin 
Crusades,  edited  by  Ladv  Duff  Gordon. 
Horce  Svbsecivai,  Series  I.,  in  the  same 
"  Library,'-  puts  within  the  reach  of  every- 
body a  charming  author  known  to  most 
""  professed  literati,"  but — thanks,  perhaps, 
to  his  common  name  of  John  Brown  and 
the  dull  title  of  his  essays — ignored  hitherto 
by  many  readers  who  are  bound  to  rejoice 
in  their  new  "  find." 


LIST   OF    NEW   BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Adamnan  (st.),  The  Life  of  st.  Columba,  translated  bj 

\V.  Iluyshe,  1    net 

<  lni-tianitv  and  the  Working  Classes,  edited  by  G.  Law, 

3  (i  net. 

i '..les  (V.  s.  s.),    Pastoral    Work   in    Country    Districts. 

8/6  net. 
Collins  (K.),  The  Wisdom  of  Israel,  1    net. 

Feltoe  ((_'.  LA  Our  Seasonable  Service,  l  <;  net. 

Hall  (A.  C.  A.),  The  Relations  of  Paith  and  Life,  'J  6  net. 

Inaugural   Lectures  delivered  by   Members  of  the    Faculty 

01  Theology,  Manchester,  edited  by  A.  S.  Peake,  7/0  net. 
Jones  (K.  M.),  Soda!  Law  in  the  Spiritual  World,  .r>/  net. 
Maclaren  (A.),   The  Books  of   Isaiah    and   .Jeremiah  ;  The 

Gcepel  ftssndingto  st.  Matthew    chaps,  xvm   x:\in 

7  6  each. 
Moulton  (J.  II.),  A  Grammar  of   New  Testament  (ireek  ; 

Vol.  I.    Prolegomena,  8/ net, 

•  On  (.1.),  The  Problem  of  the  Old  Testament.  10/  net. 

Pierce  (K.  F.  V.),  Pencil  Points  for  Preacher  and  Teacher, 

8/8  net. 
Sanday  (»'.),  Outlines  of  the  Life  of  Christ,  second  edition, 

5/  net. 
Scott  (J.  J.),  The  Making  of  the  Gospels,  1    net. 
Wood  (N.  K.),  The  Witness  of  Sin,  ;i   net. 

Fine  Art  ami  Archaeology. 
Archaeological    survey,    United    Provinces    and   Punjab, 

Annual     Progress     Report,    and     Photographs    and 

Drawings. 
Cram  (K.A.),  Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture  and  the 

Allied  Arts,  lQ/6  net. 
l)avies(.\.  deC),  The  Rock  Tombs  of  El  Aniarna  :  Part  III. 

The  Tombs  of  lluya  and  Ahmes. 
Krskine  (Mrs.   s.),   Beautiful  Women  in  History  and  Art, 

21/ net. 
Howe(M.X  Roma  Beata,  10/6  net 
potter  (M.  K.)  The  Art  of  the  Venice  Academy,  <;/  net. 
Huberts  (II.   W.),  Architectural  Sketching  and  Drawing  in 

Perspective,  v  <;  net. 
Year's  Art,  liXKi,  compiled  by  A.  C.  K.  Carter,  3/0  net. 

Poetry  ami  the  Did  ma. 
Allen  (J.),  The  Confessions  of  John  Allen,  and  other  Poems. 
New-Hebrew    School    of    Poets    of     the     Spanish-Arabian 

Epoch,  edited  by  II.  Drody  and  K.  Albrecht.  7,0 
Treherne's    Waistcoat    Pocket     Classics:    The     N'ot-lJrowne 

Ma\d  ;  Sonnets  by  John  Keats,  Ik/,  each. 

Watts-Dun  ton  (T.),  The  Coming  of  Love, and  other  Poems, 

seventh  edition,  6/  net. 
Woodberrj  (G.  K.),  Swinburne,  1  0  net. 

Bibliography. 

Dluuihardt  (J.  p.),  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  India 
Office:   Bengali,  Oriva,  and  Assamese  Books. 

Book- Auction  Records,  edited  by  P.  Rarslake,  Vol,  III., 
Part  I. 

Philosophy. 

Davidson  (J.),  A  New  Interpretation  of  Berbart's  Psycho- 
logy and  Educational  Theory  through  the  Philosophy 
of  Leibniz,  5/  net. 

Deusscn  (Pi,  The  Philosophy  of  the  Upanishads,  translated 
by  Rev.  A.  s.  Geden,  10  *: 

Political  Economy. 

l'it/siininoiis  (O.  K.),  Metamorphose,  - 

Jeans  (J.  s.),  The  iron  Trade  of  Great  Britain, .'  o  net. 

shadwell  (A.),  Industrial  Efficiency,  Vols.  I.  ami  II., 
•Oil  net. 

Mtttory  and  Biography. 

American  Historical  Review,  Vol.  XL,  No.  2. 

llrondley  (A.    M.)  and   Baitelot  (H.   (•.),  The  Three   Dorset 

Captains  at  Trafalgar,  16/  net. 
Hedgkln  (T.),  The  History  of  England  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Norman  Conquest,  7  0  net. 


1   llolyunke  (< i   J.),  The  HUtury  of  Ot-openttiuu, 

H •  -i  •      N     I       I  lii    M.iiH.i  .in.l  Manoi         I 

Kennedy  (P.),  \  Ulatory  of  the  CJrwil  Mughuls,  Vol   I 

Hare  (A    -t    CI  Da]  -  at  n   Rome,  fourth  edition,  revUed 

b)  si    i  I  .n  Kudilelev,  10 I 

\\  .ill.  i  - 1  I   i.  on  \  ii  in  Cnwann  -  I  ntveln  In  India,  edited  i ■  \ 

I.  w.  lth>s  Davids I  H    W    Bash)  U,  Vol   II 

S/H't  !  I  ' 

Hubhaek  (T.  Hi.  Elephant  ami  Heladang  Bunting  in  the 

Federated  Mabi)  States,  10  6  net 
Talbot  (J,  S. ),  |n\c-.it   Hume,  and  lt.iniiii-iiii.i-.    .    u.l. 
Education. 

Public  s,  | i-  ^  en  Book,  1900,  2  '•  net 

Philology. 

Demosthenes acninBt  Midias,  edited  bj  W.  \\.  <; twin,  6 

.ii.li.uiiisi.il    ( \  ).    Phonetics   of    the    Nee    High    German 

LangunAe,  8 
Journal  of  Philology,  No.  50,  4  o 

SchooLBooks. 
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■»  parte,  8d  each. 
Arnold's  Lain  Texts:   Livy,  Selections ;  Cicero,  First  and 

nt 1  Speeches  against  Catiline;  Horace,  Odes,  Book  I., 

Plia'dins.  Selections  from  the  Fables,  84  each. 
Black's  Picture  Lessons  in  English,  Hook  L,  0'/. 

Burke's  speeches  on  American  Taxation  and  Conciliation 

with  America,  edited  bj  A.  D  limes,  :'. 

clark  (<;.  K.),  Guide  to  Essay-Writing  and  English  Com- 
position, l  o 

Edmunds  (WA  Sound  and  Rhythm.  2  0  net. 

(iospel  according  to  St   Luke,  edited  b\   W.  Williamson,  8/ 

Hewitt  (II.    M.)  and   Beach  (Q.\  Preliminary  Certificate 

English  Grammar, 2  6 
Lukin  (J.),  Turning  for  Beginners,  l  o  net. 
Magnus  (L.),  How  to  Read  English  Literature:  Chancer  t" 

Milt -l  o 

Symons  (D.),  Object  Drawing  for  Schools,  2/6  net. 

Science. 
Bottone    (S.    P.).     Modern    Dynamos    and     Batteries     tor 

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Cullingwortb  (C  J.),  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  and  the  Con- 
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Dresser  (H.  W.),  Health  and  the  Inner  Life,  6/ 

Pish  (I).  S.),  The  Hook  of  the  Winter  Garden,  2  0  net. 

(ieikie  (Sir  A.),  The  Founders  of  Geology,  Second  Edition, 
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<;uppv(H.  1$.),  Observations  of  a  Naturalist  in  the  Pacific: 
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Pearl  Oyster  Fisheries  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  Report  by 

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Yorke  (Curtis),  Irresponsible  Kitty,  6 

V  0  R  K  I  (;  N. 
La  it: 
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Fine  Art  ami  Archotology. 
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griechiscnen  Kunet,  :tm.  oo. 


n  ■  \i  .i  ii  i 

Vol     \  I II     R.-.  I,  ii.  In  -    Vr.  Ik  ..I 

\  i  -I...      \  I 

...i. 
II        I 
M.ii  ^. n  i.l   .    I.     H  1 1 

■  In  \  ^  J   el     u  <  ..inn.,  n.  .-in.-iit  .In  XVII    - 
/ 
^1    ntlel  il<-    Bibliogniphie    IJi'.^niphi. 
de-  I-.  .  (  .  I.  I,i.  ..  He<  ..i,. |  Kuppli  • 

//    '  I   / 

I       I       •  .       ■ 

Brune  en  Holhuide,  7lr 
liuiii.iliii  i  m  i,   i-  ii    i..iie  Militaire:  Vol    I    i: 

i  ion 
I.om..'    ii  .       rielle  Delzant,    ■   ■ 

Mantegiuzii  (V.),  II  M,  I  In.-. 

M.  /i.  n  i  ■  H  h    50. 

Piiion  (R  ).   ()rixines  et    R.-ult-it-    d«    \a 
JapouaiiH 

«,.  ography  and  I 
\  i. in/... ne   <T.),    Iiiipre-»inii-    d'um     i 
4fr. 

Wartego  (P.),    A   I'autre   li<ait    du   Moudi       \ 

Mo  hi  -  d  Aust  1. 1 In-   Sfr.  SO. 

PhOotogy. 
P.. -ha-l'llah  :    leu    Pi.  .  i  pi.--    du     P.- haihine,   translated   by 

H.  Dreyfus  and  Mirza  Habih-Ullah  ChirazL 
Lawa  ih.   a    Treatise    on    >' .ti-iu.    bj    Nur-ud-Din    Abd-oit- 

Ra/iman    Jaiui,  translation    bj    K.    IL    Whinfli 

M     M.   A'azvini. 

Probst  (A.)   i  surlateiuischenGranimatik   P  rt  III, 

Section  2,  Dei  Oebrauch  w.n  "ut"  b.-i  Terenz  u.  \.r- 

walldtes.  -4IIL. 

W  ilaiiiowii/.-Moclleinlortf  (P.  von),  D 
griechlschen  Bukoliker,  ^n. 

Roletin    del    Cnerpo    de    Ingeniervw    de   Minas  del    i 
No.  27,  Caudal,  Procedeneia  y  Distribucion  de  Aj 
la  Provincia  de  Tumbes  :  No.  2s,  Kstudio  de  un  pi 
para  irrigar  el  ralle  de  lea. 

Trelat  (K. ).  Questions  de  Salubrity,  4fr. 

\audet(P.),  Technique  Precise  <le  Radiotherapie,  :.fr. 

ral  I. <>■  ■rature. 

Albane  (C.  i.  L'Age  de  Bauon,  Sfr.  sa 

Germain  (A).  Les  Hyst^riqnes  de  Paris.  Mr 

Ghistellee  ((;.  v.  deX  I.  Autre  Justice,  3fr.  50. 

Guillaumin  (K),  Pies  du  Sol,  Sfx 

Louys(P.),  Archipel,  Sfl 

Mirbeau  (().).  Seoastien  Roch,  :^fr.  til 

Tinsean  (L.de),  Les  Etourderies  de  la  Chanoinea*    \ 

/.icine  Edition,  Sfr.  50. 
Verdene  ((;.).  Ce  qu'on  meprise  ...,  :;fr.  50. 

*#*  All    Batiks    received    at     the    Office    m/i    to    II 
Morning  'rill  be  included  in  thin  Li*t  unlet    ,    ■ 
noted.      Publish* 
sending  Books. 


J.  P.  EDHOND. 

Thic  death  of  Mr.  John  Philip  Edmond, 
Librarian  to  the  Society  of  Writtis  to  His 
Majesty's  Signet,  which  was  briefly  referred 
to  in  last  week's  'Literary  Gossip,  leaves  a 
sad  gap  in  the  front  rank  of  bibliogra) 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  will  be  deeply 
lamented  by  many,  not  only  in  this  country, 
but  also  abroad,  who  had  the  opportunity 
of  making  his  acquaintance  and  profiting 
by  his  wide  knowledge.  He  was  born 
and  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  was  ful- 
some years  engaged  in  a  bookbinding  and 
publishing  business  there,  leaving  it  in  1889 
to  become  assistant  librarian  at  Sion  Col- 
lege. In  1891  he  became  librarian  to  the 
Earl  of  Crawford  at  Hai^'li  Hall,  which  con- 
tained then  and  now  one  of  the  Largest  private 
libraries  in  the  United  Kingdom,  a  | 
which  he  resigned  on  his  appointment  in 
1904  to  the  Signet  Library.  The  number 
and  position  of  those  who  attended  his 
funeral  testified  to  the  rapidity  with  which 
his  abilities  as  a  Librarian  and  bis  character 
as  a  man  became  known  and  esteemed  in 
his  new  sphere  of  work. 

While  still  at  Aberdeen  Mr.  Edmond  had 
already  made  for  himself  a  position  am 
bibliographers  l>y  his  work  on  '  The  Aberdeen 
Printers,  1884-8,  and  by  his  edition  of 
1  Cocke  Lorelles  Boke.'  The  former  —  a 
model  of  a  special  bibliography  —  v\as 
followed  up  by  the  publication  in  189o  of 
the  'Annals  of  Scottish  Printing'  in  colla- 
boration with  Dr.  H.  Dickson.  Of  this 
important  work  Mr.  Edmond  is  responsible 
for  the  second  part,  as  for  the  general  editor- 
ship of  the  whole.  His  association  with  the 
library  at  Haigh  Hall  resulted  in  the  pub- 
lication of  some  of  the  most  important  ^i 
the  valuable  series  published  under  tlie  title 


N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


171 


of  "Bibliotheca  Lindesiana."  Among  these 
are  the  'Catalogue  of  Chinese  Books  and 
Manuscripts'  (1895),  to  compile  which  he 
studied  Chinese  and  Japanese  ;  the  '  Cata- 
logue of  English  Broadsides,  1505-1897,' 
(1898),  which  contains  a  full  description, 
and  a  summary  of  the  contents,  of  a  very  large 
collection,  interesting  alike  for  political  and 
social  life  ;  the  '  Catalogue  of  English  News- 
papers, 1641-66  '  (1901),  a  task  of  the  utmost 
difficulty  from  a  bibliographical  point  of 
view,  and  one  of  the  greatest  service  to 
historians  of  the  Civil  War  period  ;  the 
collation  of  '  Bulletins  of  the  National 
Assembly  and  Convention,  1792-5  '  ;  and 
the  '  Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  1,500  Tracts 
by  Martin  Luther  and  his  Contemporaries, 
1511-98'  (1903),  in  which  he  succeeded  in 
fixing  entirely  from  a  bibliographical  point 
of  attack,  the  date,  printer,  and  place  of 
origin  of  the  enormous  number  of  anonymous 
Reformation  tracts  issued  in  Germany  during 
this  period.  His  attributions  were  con- 
firmed by  the  simultaneous  publication  of 
Proctor's  '  Index,'  Part  II.,  as  far  as  it  went 
in  date,  to  the  pleasure  of  both. 

Mr.  Edmond  was  essentially  a  pioneer 
worker,  and  his  catalogues  in  nearly  every 
case  open  out  new  ground  and  put  at  the 
disposal  of  future  workers  a  large  amount 
of  material  already  worked  over  and  syste- 
matized. He  was  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  New  Spalding  Club,  and  was  at  the 
time  of  his  death  President  of  the  Edinburgh 
Bibliographical  Society,  to  the  Proceedings 
of  which  he  had  contributed  a  large 
number  of  papers  on  subjects  connected 
with  his  work,  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  them  being  on  the  '  Mecometrie  de 
l'Eymant,'  published  in  French,  Spanish, 
Flemish,  and  Scottish.  He  took  great 
interest  in  the  work  of  the  Library  Associa- 
tion, and  was  a  well-known  figure  at  its 
meetings,  as  he  could  speak  from  personal 
knowledge  of  all  the  important  European 
libraries  of  manuscripts  and  printed  books 
— a  knowledge  which  was  at  the  disposal  of 
any  one  working  on  his  subjects.  S. 


EDUCATION    IN    THE    CHANNEL 
ISLANDS. 

Exeter  College,  Oxford. 
In  your  interesting  article  you  say  : 
'Victoria  College,  Jersey ....  has  in  its 
gift  numerous  scholarships  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge."  This  is  hard' y  correct.  Mean- 
while, I  venture  to  hope  that  the  actual 
facts  may  prove  of  some  public  interest. 

Three  Oxford  colleges — Exeter,  Jesus,  and 
Pembroke — have  it  within  their  power  to 
award  some  1,450?.  a  year  in  scholarships 
and  exhibitions  to  persons  born  in  the 
Channel  Islands,  or  who  have  been  educated, 
for  two  out  of  the  three  years  last  preceding 
the  election,  either  at  Victoria  College, 
Jersey,  or  Elizabeth  College,  Guernsey. 
Tin'  scholarships  are  of  the  annual  value  of 
loo/,  at  the  two  first-mentioned  Colleges. 
;itnl  of  80Z.  at  Pembroke  College.  They 
may  be  held  under  certain  conditions  for 
;i-  long  as  five  years,  and  are  open  without 
limit  of  age.  The  same  holds  good  of  the 
exhibitions.  Further,  Exeter  and  Jesus 
Colleges  are  empowered  by  their  statutes 
to  award  senior  scholarships,  not  exceeding 
1502.  in  value,  and  tenable  under  certain 
conditions  for  a  further  five  years.  Not 
only  classics  or  mathematics,  but  also  any 
subject  recognized  in  the  Final  Honour 
Schools  at  Oxford — for  instance,  natural 
science,  history,  law,  modern  languages — 
may  be  offered  by  candidates  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  colleges. 

This    magnificent    endowment    ought    to 
attract  multitudes  of  ambitious  boys  to  the 


two  Channel  Island  schools.  That  it  does 
not  do  so  at  present  to  any  marked  extent 
I  hold  to  be  due  chiefly  to  public  ignorance 
of  the  facts.  R.  R.  Marett. 


THE    ROYAL    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

The  nineteenth  volume  of  the  New  Series 
of  this  Society's  Transactions,  just  issued, 
is  even  fuller  of  solid  historical  matter  than 
its  two  immediate  predecessors.  In  addition 
to  the  papers  read  at  the  ordinary  meetings, 
several  original  communications  are  printed 
as  a  Supplement.  All  of  these  form  a 
welcome  addition  to  our  growing  native 
collection  of  occasional  texts.  The  papers 
also  contain,  as  usual,  the  results,  in  most 
cases,  of  special  researches  instigated  by 
the  Society,  and  probably  all  that  are  printed 
in  this  volume  have  the  value  of  permanent 
monographs.  In  view  of  the  plethora  of 
ephemeral  studies  and  essays  on  historical 
subjects  at  the  present  day,  the  value  of 
the  scholarly  influence  of  the  great  archaeo- 
logical societies  and  reviews  can  scarcely 
be  exaggerated.  Moreover,  apart  from  such 
merit  as  these  essays  may  possess,  they 
serve  admirably  to  provide  an  outlet  for 
the  energies  of  the  new  type  of  research 
student  that  is  being  rapidly  developed  by 
academic  reforms  and  foreign  influences. 
There  is,  indeed,  no  more  conspicuous  sign 
of  the  useful  existence  of  a  latter-day  society 
than  the  power  to  attract  and  employ  new 
workers  in  some  special  mission  of  research. 
For  lack  of  such  enlightened  enterprise  its 
publications  are  too  often  sustained  by  the 
eleemosynary  contributions  of  its  own  dis- 
tinguished members,  which  may  again  do 
duty,  in  a  slightly  altered  form,  in  some 
literary  review  or  academic  series. 

The  proceedings  of  the  past  session  of  the 
Royal  Historical  Society,  which  are  collected 
in  this  volume,  include  the  last  Presidential 
Address  of  Dr.  G.  W.  Prothero,  which  con- 
tains a  notable  defence  of  historical  art  as 
opposed  to  the  purely  scientific  methods 
advocated  by  many  continental  scholars  and 
recently  adopted  by  the  Cambridge  Regius 
Professor  of  History.  Amongst  the  more 
important  papers  specially  arranged  for, 
those  dealing  with  '  The  Beginnings  of  the 
King's  Council  '  (Dr.  J.  F.  Baldwin),  '  The 
Inclosure  of  Common  Fields  in  the  Seven- 
teenth Century  '  (Miss  E.  M.  Leonard),  and 
'  The  English  Occupation  of  Tangier  '  (Miss 
E.  Routh)  may  be  particularly  mentioned. 
There  is  also  a  brilliant  and  very  suggestive 
essay  on  the  political  influence  of  Bartolus 
by  the  Rev.  J.  Neville  Figgis,  and  a  creditable 
prize  essay  on  the  origines  Cisterciensium  by 
Mr.  W.  A.  P.  Mason.  Amongst  the  original 
documents  communicated  by  various  scholars 
Dr.  Jensen  contributes  a  further  instalment 
of  important  documenta  Vaticana  relating  to 
Peter's  Pence  in  England:  Mr.  Leadam  edits 
some  hitherto  unsuspected  and  curious  pro- 
ceedings instituted  against  Polydore  Vergil 
in  the  Court  of  Exchequer  ;  and  Mr.  Marsden 
has  compiled  from  numerous  original  sources 
a  remarkable  list  of  English  ships  in  tho 
reism  of  James  I.  We  note  with  pleasure 
that  the  volume  is  furnished  with  an  ex- 
haustive index. 


BARRY    CORN  WALLS    LINES    TO    LAMB, 

B.  W.  Procter,  commonly  known  as 
Barry  Cornwall,  made  Lamb  s  acquaint- 
ance about  the  time  of  the  Lambs'  removal 
from  tho  Temple  in  1817.  By  1820  this 
acquaintance  had  ripened  into  a  warm 
friendship,  which  lasted  for  the  rest  of  Lamb's 
life.      Tn    this    year    there    appeared   in   The 


London  Magazine  Lamb's  sonnet  to  Barry 
Cornwall  ;  and  in  1823,  when  the  latter- 
published  his  '  Flood  of  Thessaly,  The  Girl 
of  Provence,  and  other  Poems,'  he  returned 
the  compliment  by  dedicating  in  verse  one 
of  the  poems  to  Lamb.  As  these  lines  do 
not  appear  to  have  been  reprinted  elsewhere,, 
and  as  they  may  be  unknown  to  many  of 
Lamb's  admirers,  I  now  copy  them,  in  the 
hope  that  they  may  be  considered  of  suffi- 
cient interest  to  justify  their  being  rescued! 
from  their  hiding-place  : — 

This  Vision  of 

The  Fall  of  Saturn 

is  inscribed 

To  Charles  Lamb 

Bv  his  Admirer  and  Sincere  Friend 

The  Author. 

Good  Friend  !  whose  spirit,  like  an  April  day, 
Is  full  of  change,—  bright  flashes  and  some  rain,- 
Fantastic,  gay, — yet  gentle  more  than  gay. 
And  rich  and  deep  as  in  [.vie]  the  populous  main, 
Take — (if  thou  wilt) — my  song.     I  build  my  fame 
Beneath  the  shadow  of  thy  rising  name 
(Which  shall  not  pass  away  while  wit  shall  be,) 
Proud  to  associate  my  verse  with  thee. 

S.  Butterworth. 


Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  this  spring  as 
autobiographical  volume  by  Capt.  J.  W. 
Gambier,  who  was  Times  correspondent 
in  the  Russo-Turkish  War.  It  will  be 
entitled  '  Links  in  my  Life  on  Land  and 
Sea,'  and  will  give  a  picture  of  the  navy 
as  it  was  in  early  Victorian  days — virtually 
as  Nelson  left  it.  Capt.  Gambier  has  had 
an  adventurous  life  in  many  lands,  and 
his  book  describes,  among  other  things, 
incidents  in  the  Crimean  and  New  Zealand 
wars  and  fights  with  savages  in  the  Pacific 
islands. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  will  issue  shortly 
a  volume  of  political  recollections  by  Mr. 
John  A.  Bridges,  J. P.  Mr.  Bridges  is  the 
brother  of  Mr.  Robert  Bridges,  the  dis- 
tinguished English  poet  and  metrist,  and 
his  book  will  be  called  '  Reminiscences  of 
a  Country  Politician.' 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.,  will  have- 
ready  on  the  20th  inst.  a  new  novel 
entitled  '  The  Poison  of  Tongues,'  by 
M.  E.  Carr,  the  author  of  '  Love  and 
Honour.'  The  story  opens  with  the  some- 
what unexpected  advent  in  a  frivolous, 
modern  house-party  of  Capt.  Thursby,  a 
friend  of  the  hostess's  dead  son.  The 
"  intruder's  "  presence  imparts  a  deeper 
element  to  the  everyday  English  life,  and 
is  destined  to  exert  a  lasting  influence  on 
more  than  one  of  the  party.  The  manner 
in  which  they  believe  or  retail  gossip 
brings  out  their  several  idiosyncrasies. 
The  main  interest  culminates  in  the 
attitude  of  the  hostess's  daughter  towards 
Thursby,  but  is  diversified  by  the  leisurely 
courtship  of  an  older  couple. 

Father  Benson's  new  historical 
romance  'Richard  Raynal,  Solitary.'  is 
to  be  published  by  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  & 
Sons  at  an  early  date.  The  period  of  the 
story  is  the  fifteenth  century,  and  among 
the  characters  introduced  are  Henry  VI. 
(founder  of  Eton  and  King's  Collage 
( 'a  tn  bridge)  and  Cardinal  Beaufort,  Bishop 
of  Winchester  and  cousin  to  thai 
monarch. 


172 


THE     AT  II  KN  M  !    M 


N  4085,  Feb.  1m.  l 


I'm. Kit  the  till.-  ■  The  Bourgeon  Family 
being    mi    s<  >  ount    of    t In  m    and 

Family  ol  Charles  Haddon  Spurgeon,'  ■ 
in  u   genealogioa]  work  will  be  published 

shortly.      It     will    contain    notices    of    the 

Bpurgeon  family  (more  particularly  the 
l     i  \  branoh)  from   l  L6o  bo  the  presenl 

day,  and  will  include  many  portraits, 
facsimiles,    pedigree**,    and    extracts    from 

pariah  registers.     Among  the  last  may  be 

mentioned  a  facsimile  of  an  extract   from 

the     register    of     Burnham    Thorpe,   in 

which  one  of  the  witnesses  is  Nelson.  The 
work  has  been  eompiled  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
HiggS,  and  will  be  published  by  Mr.  Elliot 

Stock. 

At  the  February  meeting  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Management  of  the  Incorporated 
Society  of  Authors  Sir  Henry  Bergne, 
K.C.B.,  and  Mr.  Arthur  W.  a  Beckett 
were  unanimously  re-elected  respectively 
chairman  and  vice-chairman  of  that  body. 

The  lectures  delivered  by  Acton  as 
Regius  Professor  of  History  in  Cam- 
bridge have  been  entrusted  by  his  son, 
the  present  peer,  to  Mr.  R.  V.  Laurence, 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  will 
be  published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  As 
the  labour  of  editing  them  has  been 
more*severe  than  was  anticipated,  owing 
to  the  multitude  of  allusions  and  refer- 
ences to  be  verified,  Lord  Acton  has 
fortunately  secured  the  further  assistance 
of  £  the  Rev.  J.  Neville  Figgis,  another 
distinguished  student  under  his  father. 
Thanks  to  this  timely  aid,  the  book  will 
be  soon  read)',  and  will  appear  under 
the  joint  editorship  of  Mr.  Laurence  and 
Mr.  Figgis. 

After  several  years'  service  as  literary 
reader  for  Messrs.  Harmsworth,  Mr. 
Gordon  Richards  has  resigned  his  appoint- 
ment in  order  to  inaugurate  and  carry  on 
an  Authors'  Advisory  Bureau.  He  is 
joined  in  this  work  by  Mr.  Wilkinson 
Sherren,  author  of  '  The  Wessex  of 
Romance  '  and  '  A  Rustic  Dreamer.' 

Messrs.  Bell  have  in  the  press  a  new 
and  cheaper  edition  of  Abbot  Gasquet's 
1  Henry  VIII.  and  the  English  Monasteries,' 
which  will  contain  a  newly  written  intro- 
duction by  the  author. 

The  Rev.  Edward  Henry  Perowne,  who 
had  been  Master  of  Corpus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, since  1879,  died  on  Monday  last 
at  the  age  of  eighty.  Dr.  Perowne  was 
Porson  Prizeman  in  1848  and  Senior 
Classic  in  1850.  He  was  Hulsean  Lec- 
turer in  1866,  his  subject  being  '  The 
Godhead  of  Jesus,'  and  produced  a  com- 
mentary on  the  Galatians,  with  other 
work  of  an  Evangelical  type. 

Mr.  G.  F.  Bradby,  the  author  of  '  The 
Marquis's  Eye  '  will  publish  with  Messrs. 
Smith  &  Elder  on  the  20th  inst.  a  new 
book  entitled  '  Dick :  a  Story  without  a 
Plot.'  Dick  is  just  an  English  schoolboy 
whom  fate  entrusts  for  one  summer  holi- 
day to  his  childless  middle-aged  uncle  and 
aunt.  The  uncle  draws  a  picture  of  the 
average  healthy  boy,  through  whose 
silences  and  reserves,  and  seemingly  aim- 
less mischief,  he  has,  on  occasion,  the 
power   to    penetrate    to  the   inarticulate 


manliness     and      humour     heneath.        Mr. 

Bradby  makes  hick  a  Rugby  boy,  hut 
the  character  and  incidents  are  purely 
imaginary. 

Wi:  regret  tO  notice  the  death  on 
Monday  last,  at  Edinburgh,  of  Mr.  ( 'mitts 
Trotter.  Horn  in  1831,  Mr.  Totter  had 
travelled  widely,  and  contributed  to  our 
columns  many  excellent  reviews  of  books 
concerning  distant  regions.  He  had  not, 
however,  written  of  late  years,  owing  to 
his  indifferent  health. 

Mr.  Eknkst  Mayer,  of  the  Interna- 
tional Copyright  Bureau,  writes  : — 

li  Russia  being  unfortunately  outside  the 
Berne  Convention,  there  are  not,  of  course, 
any  legal  means  to  prevent  the  appropria- 
tion of  the  best  work  by  English  authors  on 
the  part  of  Russian  publishers  and  editors. 
I  am,  however,  inclined  to  think  that  I  have 
hit  upon  a  scheme  whereby  this  wholesale 
robbery  can  effectively  be  put  a  stop  to.  I 
should  therefore  be  glad  if  you  would  draw 
your  readers'  attention  thereto  and  advise 
them  to  communicate  with  us.  I  venture 
to  request  this  favour  chiefly  in  the  interest 
of  short-story  writers." 

An  interesting  and  suggestive  contribu- 
tion to  the  literature  of  the  separation  of 
Church  and  State  in  France  has  just  been 
published  by  the  Comte  d'Haussonville. 
It  is  entitled  '  Apres  la  Separation,'  and 
is  followed  by  the  text  of  the  law  con- 
cerning the  separation.  M.  d'Haussonville 
approaches  the  subject  from  the  lay 
Catholic  point  of  view,  and  discusses 
especially  the  constitution  and  working  of 
the  associations  whose  function  it  will  be 
to  provide  funds  for  the  maintenance  of 
public  worship. 

The  Religious  Tract  Society  are  about 
to  issue  a  new  volume  under  the  title  of 
'  The  Ashes  of  Roses,'  and  other  Bible 
studies,  by  Dr.  W.  L.  Watkinson,  who  is 
well  known  as  an  effective  preacher. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Booksellers' 
Provident  Institution  will  be  held  at 
Stationers'  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening, 
March  13th.  After  the  business,  the 
meeting  will  merge  into  a  soiree,  at  which 
the  Bishop  of  London  is  expected  to 
deliver  an  address.  A  limited  number  of 
tickets  will  be  reserved  for  the  public 
until  March  1st.  Applications  should  be 
made  to  the  Secretary,  Mr.  G.  Larner, 
28,  Paternoster  Row. 

As  we  go  to  press,  we  hear  with  regret 
of  the  death,  on  the  6th  inst.,  of  Mr. 
James  Bonwick,  who  recently  published 
his  '  Octogenarian  Reminiscences.'  Mr. 
Bonwick  was  a  veteran  among  Australian 
writers,  having  published  his  first  work 
on  '  Geography  for  Young  Australians  '  as 
far  back  as  1846 ;  since  that  year  his  pen 
has  never  been  idle.  Mr.  Bonwick,  who 
was  born  in  London,  emigrated  to  Tas- 
mania in  1838,  and  afterwards  resided  in 
South  Australia  and  Victoria,  where  he 
was  Inspector  of  the  Public  Schools.  He 
returned  to  this  country  in  1871.  He  was 
Government  Archivist  of  New  South 
Wales,  and  most  assiduous  in  his  search 
for  documents  concerning  the  early 
history  of  Australia. 


A  i  the  meeting  of  thi  .  ol  Anti- 

quaries   on    Thursday    next    Mr.    W.    H 
M    John    Elope    will    read    I  paper  on   the 

•  ■f  King  John's   baggage  train  in    I 
Well-t ream  in  October,  Lzl( 

An   interesting  liums  relic  was  sold  in 

Glasgow    00    Monday    in    the    foim   of    an 

Excise  return  foi  April  and  May.  1791, 
signed  and  dated  by  the  poet.  After  a 
keen  competition  the  relic  was  knocked 
down  at  17  guineas  to  a  Dumfries  hotel- 
keeper  who  possesses  several  other 
mementoes  of  Burns.  At  the  same  h 
a  copy  of  Chaucer,  a  small  folio  in  black 
letter,  dated  1542,  was  sold  for  29/, 

Among  the  recipients  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  is  M.  Bourguignon,  who  has  been 
director  of  the  "  Librairie  Agricole  "  of 
the  Maison  Rw>tique  of  Paris  for  thirty- 
five  years,  and  also  looks  after  the  Journal 
(V Agriculture  Pratique  and  the  Revue 
Horticole. 

A  writer  in  one  of  the  Paris  daily 
papers  makes  the  interesting  announce- 
ment that  the  new  or  eighth  edition  of 
the  '  Dictionary '  of  the  French  Academy 
is  expected  to  be  completed  within  the 
next  200  years  !  It  was  begun  in  1877, 
and  the  entries  under  the  letter  C 
cannot  be  finished  and  published  until 
1907  or  1908.  It  will  be  seen,  there- 
fore, that  the  Immortals  are  not  in  a 
hurry.  The  last  or  seventh  edition  occu- 
pied from  1835  to  1877  ;  the  five  previous 
editions,  1694  to  1835,  averaged  almost 
28  years  each  ;  whilst  the  first  edition, 
which  was  begun  in  1635,  the  date  of 
the  official  foundation  of  the  society, 
was  finished  in  1694. 

M.  Charles  Cord'homme,  who  died  at 
Rouen  on  Sunday  last  at  the  age  of  eighty, 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  personages 
in  the  French  revolutionary  movement  of 
1848.  He  married  Mile.  Louise  de  Mau- 
passant, aunt  of  Guy  de  Maupassant,  who 
has  immortalized  his  uncle  under  the 
name  of  Cornudet  in  '  Boule-de-Suif .' 
M.  Cord'homme  published  his  memoirs 
some  time  ago  in  Le  Reveil  Social,  which 
he  himself  founded. — M.  Louis  Jamet, 
founder  and  editor  of  the  Republique  de 
Vlsere,  and  at  one  time  a  prominent 
literary  contributor  to  the  Gironde  of 
Bordeaux  and  La  Presse  of  Paris,  also 
died  recently. 

The  veteran  writer  Adolf  Katsch,  whose 
death  in  his  ninety-third  year  is  reported 
from  Oppenau,  in  Baden,  was  the  author 
of  a  number  of  popular  novels  and  poems. 
One  of  his  best-known  poems,  '  Hundert 
Semester,'  has  found  a  place  in  the  '  Kom- 
mersbuch '  of  German  students. 

The  death  is  also  announced  of  the 
well  -  known  sociologist  Prof.  Anton 
Monger,  who  was  born  in  1841.  He  was 
Honorary  Professor  of  the  Philosophy  of 
Law  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  at 
which  he  taught  for  several  years. 
Among  his  books  '  Das  Recht  auf  den 
vollen  Arbeitsvertrag '  and  *  Das  biirger- 
liche  Recht  und  die  besitzlosen  Volks- 
Uassen '  had  reached  a  third  edition.  He 
was  said  to  be  the  possessor  of  the  largest 
library  in  the  world  on  sociological  subjeets. 


N°  4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


173 


The  collection  of  inscriptions  on  copper 
plates  and  stones  in  the  Nellore  district 
made  by  some  officials  of  the  Madras 
service,  and  recently  published  at  the 
Government  Press,  has  not  given  the 
satisfactory  results  that  were  anticipated. 
Only  one  inscription  (No.  26  of  Kandukur) 
is  said  to  have  a  real  historical  motive. 
The  others  relate  to  local  incidents  of  no 
importance.  The  chief  merit  claimed  for 
the  work  is  that  it  has  "  saved  epigraph  - 
ists  from  wasting  time  on  the  exploration 
of  a  barren  area." 

The  Lahore  Secretariat  is  going  to 
take  in  hand  the  examination  and  classi- 
fication, with  a  view  to  publication,  of 
the  documents  possessing  historical  value 
which  have  accumulated  in  its  offices 
during  the  last  sixty  years. 


SCIENCE 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

The  Revue  Scientifique,  which  has  taken 
the  leading  part  in  France  against  the 
N  rays,  is  not  satisfied  with  the  proof  of 
their  existence  afforded  by  M.  Mascart's 
and  M.  Gutton's  experiments,  described 
in  The  Athenceum  of  last  week.  In  an 
editorial  of  some  seven  pages,  it  labours 
to  show  that  the  margin  of  error  in  M. 
Mascart's  experiment  was  not  small,  but 
relatively  very  great,  and  that  such  success 
as  did  attend  it  was  due  to  what  it  calls 
*'  muscular  memory,"  which  in  its  opinion 
would  enable  an  observer  to  stop  a  travelling 
pointer  at  the  same  point  on  an  unseen  scale 
every  time.  As  for  M.  Gutton's  experiment, 
while  admitting,  somewhat  grudgingly,  its 
success,  it  yet  declares  that  this  can  only 
prove  the  existence  of  the  N  rays  if  their 
reality  be  first  established  by  means  of  the 
phototest  or  calcium-sulphide  screen.  Yet 
it  finally  admits  that  "it  is  possible  that  at 
the  base  of  M.  Blondlot's  work  there  is  a 
real  phenomenon,"  and  even  goes  so  far  as 
to  say  that  the  experiments  with  the  photo- 
graphy of  the  electric  spark  render  this 
"  probable."  With  this  advance,  the  be- 
lievers in  the  scientific  accuracy  and  the 
unhallucinated  reasoning  of  M.  Blondlot 
and  his  fellow-workers  at  Nancy— to  say 
nothing  of  M.  Mascart  and  M.  d'Arsonval 
at  Paris — may  well  be  content. 

At  the  December  meeting  of  the  Rontgen 
Society,  Mr.  Butler  Burke  had  at  last  an 
opportunity  of  expounding  his  views  as  to 
his  so-called  "  radiobes  "  before  a  scientific 
audience.  Sir  William  Ramsay  was  present, 
and  reiterated  his  theory  as  to  their  con- 
nexion with  gas-bubbles,  witli  which  those 
interested  in  the  controversy  are  already 
familiar.  So  was  Mr.  Douglas  Rudge,  who 
told  the  audience  that,  according  to  his  own 
experiments,  the  growths  in  question  were 
due  to  the  sulphur  in  the  gelatine  forming 
an  insoluble  precipitate  with  the  barium 
always  present  in  radium  salts.  He  further 
stated  that  if  the  sulphur  in  the  gelatine  be 
removed,  no  precipitate  is  formed,  and  that 
he  found  the  growths  could  be  produced  by 
substituting  barium,  lead,  or  strontium  salts 
for  the  radium  used  by  Mr.  Burke.  Every 
separate  particle  of  the  precipitate  would, 
according  to  him,  surround  itself  with  a 
tiny  sac  of  gelatine  ;  and  he  found  similar 
effects  could  bo  produced  with  sodium 
silicate  and  colloidal  calcium  sulphate,  and 
also  with  gum  arabic  and  any  sulphate  that 
was  soluble.    From  the  report  in  the  Society's 


Journal  it  would  appear  that  Mr.  Burke 
contented  himself  in  his  reply  with  rebutting 
Sir  William  Ramsay's  theory,  and  did  not 
controvert  Mr.  Rudge's  arguments  further 
than  by  insisting  that  the  gelatine  used 
should  always  be  sterilized.  He  also  pro- 
mised to  make  further  experiments,  but  does 
not  seem  to  have  alluded  to  the  fact  that 
M.  Raphael  Dubois's  announcement  of  the 
growths  in  question  preceded  his  by  at  least 
twelve  months. 

The  experiments  in  support  of  Prof. 
Stark's  theory  as  to  the  positive  ion  being 
the  carrier  of  the  line  spectrum  and  the 
other  matters  before  mentioned  in  these 
Notes  (see  The  Athenceum,  No.  4082)  have 
now  been  published  in  the  Physikalische 
Zeitschrift.  He  uses  a  vacuum  tube  with 
pierced  aluminium  cathode,  carefully  flushed 
out  with  dry  hydrogen,  and  a  high-tension 
battery  of  3,000  volts.  A  resistance  keeps 
the  current  at  about  -007  ampere,  while 
the  cathode  fall  is  maintained  as  near  as  may 
be  at  2,000  volts.  The  light  of  the  rays 
emitted  was  studied  by  means  of  a  prism 
spectrograph,  the  length  of  exposure  in 
each  case  varying  from  three  to  five  minutes. 
The  collimator  was  used  perpendicular  to 
and  parallel  with  the  direction  of  the  canal- 
rays  alternately. 

Experiments  have  also  been  made  by 
M.  Pellat  on  the  paradoxical  behaviour  of  the 
Alpha  or  canal  rays  in  a  powerful  magnetic 
field.  He  uses  a  tube  a  metre  long,  with  a 
diameter  of  18  millimetres,  and  a  pierced 
cathode  situated  18  centimetres  from  the 
anode,  and  forming  the  extremity  of  an 
aluminium  cylinder  3  centimetres  long.  There 
is  therefore  a  clear  space  of  nearly  78  centi- 
metres down  which  the  column  of  Alpha 
rays  passes.  This  tube  is  placed  between 
the  poles  of  a  very  powerful  electromagnet, 
but  at  such  a  distance  from  them  that  the 
production  of  the  magnetic  field  in  itself 
exercises  no  visible  effect  on  them.  But  if 
a  piece  of  tinsel  connected  by  wire  with  the 
anode  be  brought  near  one  of  the  walls  of 
the  tube,  the  column  of  Alpha  rays  is 
repelled,  so  as  to  produce  the  green  fluores- 
cence on  the  opposing  wall.  This  effect, 
however,  varies  strangely  with  the  intensity 
of  the  magnetic  field  employed.  With  one 
relatively  feeble,  the  column  forms  a  lumin- 
ous net  along  one  side  of  the  tube  without 
leaving  the  rest  of  the  tube  quite  dark,  and 
the  approach  of  the  tinsel  causes  this  net 
to  recede,  the  luminosity  being  apparently 
driven  back  towards  the  centre  of  the  tube. 
When,  however,  the  field  is  increased  to 
900  or  1,000  gauss,  the  net,  instead  of 
becoming  smaller,  increases  in  size,  so  as  to 
fill  the  whole  tube,  which  then  becomes 
luminous  all  over  alike.  For  the  present, 
M.  Pellat  contents  himself  with  describing 
these  facts,  and  docs  not  propose  to  attempt 
any  explanation,  although  he  points  out 
that  the  usual  theory  as  to  the  diffusion  of 
the  column  of  Alpha  rays  being  due  to  the 
oscillations  of  the  discharge  cannot  apply 
m  this  case.  The  importance  of  these 
inquiiies  into  the  nature  of  positive  elec- 
tricity, in  succession  to  the  negative  pheno- 
mena that  have  so  long  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  the  learned,  has  been  often  insisted 
upon  in  these  Notes. 

Prof.  Rutherford's  conclusion  as  to  the 
Alpha  particle  from  radium  being  the  helium 
atom,  with  perhaps  one  electron  short  (see 
The  Athenceum,  Nos.  4063  and  4082),  has 
not  been  allowed  to  pass  uncriticized.  The 
Hon.  R.  J.  Strutt,  reviewing  in  a  contem- 
porary Prof.  Rutherford's  second  edition  of 
'  Radio-activity,'  points  out  that  the  argu- 
ment from  the  supposed  electrochemical 
equivalence  between  (lie  Alpha  particle  and 
the   helium   atom   falls   to   (he   ground    when 


we  consider  that  as  helium  forms  no  com- 
pounds no  valency  can  be  attributed  to  it. 
He  also  finds  that,  instead  of  radio-activity 
being  determined,  as  at  first  thought,  by 
atomic  weight,  it  is,  if  anything,  rather  the 
other  way,  as  when  we  see  radium,  according 
to  Prof.  Rutherford,  changing  into  the 
ex-radio  emanation,  which  with  a  lesser 
atomic  weight  is  more  radio-active  than  its 
parent.  He  also  opposes  to  Prof.  Ruther- 
ford's speculation  that  ordinary  matter  may 
be  emitting  more  Alpha  particles  than 
radium,  if  only  their  velocity  is  less  than 
the  minimum  which  produces  the  character- 
istic phenomena,  the  query  why,  if  radio- 
activity is  universal  throughout  nature, 
helium  should  be  found  only  in  radio-active 
minerals. 

The  last  champion  of  this  view  of  the 
universal  radio-activity  of  matter  is  Mr. 
Norman  Campbell,  who  in  The  Philosophical 
Magazine  for  this  month  gives  details  of  a 
careful  series  of  experiments  carried  out  with 
lead,  copper,  aluminium,  zinc,  iron,  plati- 
num, silver,  and  gold,  which  show  that  all 
these  metals  emit,  under  proper  conditions, 
what  he  calls  an  "  intrinsic  absorbable  radia- 
tion" capable  of  being  measured,  the  rays 
from  all  these  except  aluminium  having 
greater  penetration  than  the  most  pene- 
trating rays  from  radium.  He  says  that  his 
experiments  "  have  proved  beyond  doubt  that 
the  emission  of  ionizing  radiation  is  an 
inherent  property  of  all  metals  investigated  ; 
and  I  see  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be 
extended  to  all  substances."  He  further 
thinks  that  the  rays  emitted  are  for  the 
most  part  Alpha-rays,  and  promises  further 
work  on  the  subject.  This  radio-activity 
of  all  matter  is,  it  may  be  recalled,  one  of 
the  main  foundations  of  Dr.  Gustave  Le 
Bon's  disintegration  hypothesis. 

A  proof  of  the  soundness  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
conclusions — which  were  fully  discussed  in 
The  Athenceum,  Nos.  4054  and  4055 — was 
given  in  a  paper  read  at  the  recent  Congress 
of  German  Physicists  at  Meran,  which  has 
just  found  its  way  into  Drude's  Annalen  der 
Physik.  Six  years  ago  Dr.  Le  Bon  adduced 
the  luminescence  of  quinine  sulphate,  after 
alternate  heating  and  cooling,  as  an  instance 
of  the  dissociation  of  matters  undergoing 
chemical  change.  Dr.  Kalahne,  in  the 
paper  in  question,  gives  many  particulars 
of  the  intensity  of  this  radiation  and  the 
degree  of  ionization  produced  by  it,  and 
confirms  the  view  that  the  phenomenon  of 
dissociation  is  really  the  result  of  the  chemical 
reaction,  and  is  not  due  to  the  variation  of 
temperature.  As  his  experiments  show  that 
the  rays  emitted  are  neither  Beta  nor  Gamma 
rays,  it  is  probable  that  they  are  Alpha  or 
positive  rays,  though  the  possibility  of  their 
being  those  of  ultra-violet  light  is  still, 
according  to  him,  to  be  reckoned  with. 

F.    L. 


C.  J.  CORNISH. 


All,  lovers  of  natural  history,  and  a  wide 
circle  of  personal  friends,  are  mourning  the 
premature  death,  at  the  age  of  forty-seven, 
of  Mr.  C.  J.  Cornish,  which  occurred  on  Janu- 
ary 30th  after  about  three  months'  serious 
illness,  and  was  briefly  noted  in  The 
Athenceum  last  week. 

Mr.  Cornish  had  had  no  scientific  training, 
and  never  professed  to  be  a  technical  zoolo- 
gist, but  he  belonged  to  the  school  of  outdoor 
naturalists  of  which  White  of  Kelborno  and 
Richard  .lefferies  may  he  taken  as  the  types  ; 
and    in    his    powers    of    observation    and    his 

wide  range  of  knowledge  in  all  departments 
of  country  life,  lie  was  in  no  way  inferior  to 
his  predecessors. 

Born   and    bred    in    Devonshire,   where   his 


171 


'I'll  E    A  Til  EN  2EUM 


N   1085,  Feb.  1".  1900 


father,       a      -ipillc    [IHTHOII      i'!       tin-      gOCM      old 

i  Litth  type,  had  property,  Charles  Corniah 
took  from  hia  childhood  the  k<  •  nesl  inb 
in  the  splits  and  sounds  of  the  country-aide. 
While  he  was.  —  t ill  ■  boj  hia  father  moved  to 
the  rectory  of  Childrey,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Berkshire  Downs,  ana  every  inch  of  that 
inating  region  became  familiar  to  him 
aa  a  holiday  playground.  At  Charterhouse, 
and  afterwards  at  Oxford,  he  distinguished 
himself  as  a  football  player;  but  thai  1"' 
did  not  neglect  more  serious  st  udiee  is  proi  ed 
by  the  fad  that  after  taking  his  degree  he 
became    a    classical    roaster    at    St.    Paul's 

School,     and     did     sterling    ser\  ice     in     that 

capacity  until  within  a  few  months  of  Ids 

death. 

Hi-  London  home,  both  before  and  after 
lii^  marriage,  was  mainly  on  the  hanks  of 
the   Thames   at    Chiflwick,    where   lie   lost    no 

opportunity  of  observing  the  birds  and  other 

wild  creatures  which  haunt  the  hanks  of, 
or  travel  up  and  down,  the  great  waterway. 
His  boundless  curiosity  in  all  the  operations 
of  Nature  Boon  led  him  to  become  a  constant 
Contributor  to  the  press  on  all  subjects  con- 
nected with  outdoor  lite.  For  many  years 
be  wrote  on  such  matters  week  by  week  in 
The  Spectator,  and  selections  of  Ins  articles 
were  from  time  to  time  republished  in  book 
form,  and  met  with  wide  and  hearty  recog- 
nition for  their  freshness  and  charm.  It  is 
enough  to  mention  such  well-known  volumes 
a>  "  Life  a;  the  Zoo,'  '  Animals  at  Work  and 
Play,'  '  Wild  England  of  To-day,'  '  Nights 
with  an  Old  Gunner,'  and  more  recently 
'  The  Naturalist  on  the  Thames.' 

When  Country  Life  entered  on  its  pros- 
perous career  Charles  Cornish  at  once 
became  a  regular  contributor,  and  latterly 
its  shooting  editor.  Himself  a  keen  and 
successful  sportsman,  both  with  rod  and 
gun,  he  delighted  to  describe  the  incidents 
of  famous  shoots,  and  the  various  methods 
of  preserving  and  developing  game  ;  while 
he  was  no  less  at  home  in  writing  of  old 
churches  or  farmhouses,  and  other  charac- 
teristic features  of  rural  England. 

All  this  ceaseless  activity,  often  involving 
long  journeys,  on  the  top  of  his  regular 
school  work,  undoubtedly  overtaxed  his 
strength,  especially  after  an  unfortunate 
shooting  accident  had  sowed  the  seeds  of  a 
disease  which  in  the  end  proved  fatal.  It 
is  possible  that,  if  he  could  have  been  per- 
suaded to  limit  his  work  to  one  or  other  of 
the  directions  in  which  his  many-sided 
interests  led  him,  his  life  might  have  been 
spared  for  many  years  longer.  But,  on  the 
one  hand,  his  enjoyment  of  life  and  all  that 
it  offered  to  his  active  mind  and  wide  sym- 
pathies was  so  keen  that  it  seemed  impossible 
for  him  to  draw  in.  On  the  other,  his  natural 
modesty  led  him  to  fear  that  if  he  were  not 
at  once  ready  to  take  up  every  piece  of  work 
as  it  came,  he  might  drop  behind  and  be 
overlooked  in  the  struggle  for  existence.  It 
was  hard  to  convince  him  that  such  fears 
were  groundless,  and  that  there  would 
always  be  a  demand  for  work  so  sincere  and 
so  stimulating  as  his.  It  was  a  genuine 
and  pleasant  surprise  to  him.  when,  last 
autumn,  the  state  of  his  health  obliged  him 
to  seek  temporary  relief  from  his  manifold 
duties,  that  the  authorities  of  St.  Paul's 
School  and  the  editors  for  whom  he  had 
worked  so  strenuously  showed  their  warm 
appreciation  of  his  services  by  at  once 
granting  him  release,  on  the  understanding 
that  he  would  be  welcomed  back  whenever 
Ins  health  permitted.  Unhappily,  the  step 
was  taken  too  late. 

The  secret  of  his  success,  both  as  a  writer 
and  teacher,  and  of  the  charm  which  attracted 
every  one  who  came  near  him,  lay  in  his 
intensely  sympathetic  nature,  and  his  eager 


d<  ire  to  gain  and  to  imparl  knowledge. 
To  join  in  a  day's  shooting,  or  in  a  country 

walk,    \sith    Charles    Cornish,   \n»-    a    joy    and 

a    revelation,     Nothing    seemed    to    escape 

him.   and    no   moment    or   incident    of  the  <la\ 

found  him  indifferent.     Wherever  he  weal 

his  thirst  for  information  on  all  tiling 
connected  with  nature  or  man  engaged  his 
constant  interest,  while  his  well-Moi-d 
memory  supplied  matter  for  comment  Of 
comparison.  As  a  writer  he  will  he  missed 
by  many  who  never  knew  him.      His  friends 

will  always  hear  in  affectionate  remembrance 

his  rare  gifts,  his  line  character,  and  his  genial 

I  >'  i  tonality.  L. 


'THE    ZOOLOGICAL    SOCIETY 
LONDON.' 


OF 


I  do  not  propose  to  discuss  the  article  on 
my  hook,  or  to  inflict  my  side  of  the  question 
on  your  readers  ;  but  I  do  ask  them  to  believe 
there  is  another  side.  Where  several  men 
are  associated  in  establishing  an  institution, 
differences  of  opinion  will  often  arise  as  to 
their  respective  share  in  the  work.  In  this 
particular  case  it  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  title  of  Founder  has  been  applied — 
officially  applied — to  Sir  Humphry  Davy, 
Lord  Auckland,  Lord  Derby,  and  Mr.  Vigors, 
the  first  secretary,  as  well  as  to  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles.  And  on  Vigors's  monument  in  the 
church  of  Old  Leighlin  these  words  are  graven : 
"  With  the  co-operation  of  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles  he  was  the  original  founder  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  London."  It  ought  to 
be  possible  to  discuss  these  claims,  even  to 
correct  what  one  conceives  to  be  erroneous, 
without  making  charges  of  bad  faith  against 
those  holding  divergent  views.  I  offer  no 
defence.  I  do  not  think  any  is  needed  ;  for 
the  present,  I  content  myself  with  pointing 
out  that  the  writer  has  evidently  confused 
the  foundation  of  the  Museum  with  the  foun- 
dation of  the  Society — honestly  enough,  no 
doubt,  but  the  confusion  is  there. 

With  respect  to  my  unfortunate  miswriting 
the  verb  "  amuse  "  for  "  instruct,"  apologies 
are  offered  to  Mr.  Boulger.  But  I  must 
repeat  that  in  your  columns  (March  4th, 
1904)  he  certainly  amplified  the  statement 
made  in  his  '  Life  '  (p.  341)  with  respect  to 
the  personal  relations  between  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles  and  Sir  Joseph  Banks.  There  does 
not  appear  to  be  authority  for  either  state- 
ment ;  if  there  is,  it  would  be  interesting  to 
have  it  recorded  in  your  columns.  I  quite 
believe  that  the  amplification  was  made  in 
all  good  faith,  when  writing  under  pressure 
or  from  memory.  But  in  the  interests  of 
historic  truth  it  is  well  to  call  attention  to 
the  fact  in  the  columns  where  the  error 
occurred.  Nor  does  the  argument  collapse  : 
that  the  Zoological  collection  was  not  origin- 
ally intended  for  the  public  is  shown  by  the 
restrictions  with  which  admission  to  the 
Gardens  was  hedged  about  till  1847. 

Henry  Schkrrex. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological*-  -hin.  24.  —Dr.  J.  E.  Marr,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  annonnoed  that 
photographs  of  the  late  Dr.  \V.  T.  Blanford,  si 

Prof.  J.  W.  Judd,  and  of  the  late  Mr.  .1.  1". 
Lesley,  and  a  portrait  of  Prof.  T.  MeKcnny 
Hughes  had  heen  presented  to  the  Society.  -The 
following  communications  -were  read:  'On  the 
Igneous  and  Associated  Sedimentary  Kocks  of 
Llangynog.  Caermart  henshirc,"  by  Messrs.  T. 
Crosoee  Cantiill  and  H.  H.  Thomas,  and  'The 
Buttertnere  and  Ennerdale  Granophyre,'  by  Mr. 
R.  Heron  Rastall. 


Mi-,   01    km  !'.■'  mii  -      /'•  b.    l.     Bh    H     H 
Howorth,  V.I'.,  in  the  chair.  The  p..  Hon. 

Kenneth  Oibbn   ru  admitted   Fellow       Mr.  (     I'. 
exhibited,    bj     permission   of    Mr,    OvuH 
Knapp,  a  bronze  canting  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period 
found    ■•    Pei   bore  about   177'*.  inscribed  Tit"; 
[or  <.oi.i-.ii  ]  mi:  woi'.nr.      As  it    i*  of  pierced   w>rk, 
it  baa  been  thought  t..  )»■  pat  and  Mr. 

Hope   showed    by  a  diagram   that   it  might   well 
haw    mm  mounted    the   covei    ol    an    Aug]     - 

of     usual    type.     Messrs.    .hill    exhibit 
through  Mi .  <     II  small  m 

of   earl]   Saxon   antiquities  found,   with  two  . 
braoted    skeletons,    in    then-    no 

rave,    Led-.     Mr.  Read  gave    i  description  of 
the  relic.-,  which  comprised  pan-  "t  circular  bn 
brooches,    a    cloak-pin   of    the   same    metal   with 
triangular   pendants,   a   bronze   stylus   ■,!    R-  man 

form,     and     part     of     an     ivory    armlet.      The     pin 

resembled  specimens  from  Brighthampton,  Oxon; 
Bearby,     Line-  ;    and     Canterbury.      The    bui 
might  l»c-  attributed  to  the  latter  half  of  the  tiftb 
century.       The    local    secretary    of    the     - 
Mr.   Worthington  <■.   Smith,  was  instrumental  in 
rescuing  these  remains,  and  gave  an  amusing  account 
of    the    burial    of    the    human    remains  in   jx di 
coffins,    with    the    usual    "  breast-plate,"    in    the 
churchyard,  the  service  being  read  by  the  vicar. — 
The  Secretary  further  exhibited  a  bronze  pin  with 
ring-head  and  the  head  of  a  penannular  brooch,  l«>tli 
from    oo.    W'lstmeatli  ;    also   a    silver    p-ii.umular 
brooch  of  extraordinary  size,  the   pin   licing  '2fl\  in. 
long,  found  on  Newbiggin  Moor,   Dacre,  Cumlier- 
land,   in   17S.">. — Mr.    Reginald  Smith  added    Mime 
remarks  on  these  exhibits  and  on  the  evolution  of 
the   '"thistle"   type  of  brooch,   the  largest  sp 
mens  of  which  may  lie  safely  assigned  to  the  tenth 
century.     Anglo-Saxon    and    Curie    coins    of    that 
period  have  heen   found   with   specimens  <r    ; 
merits   at    Cuerdale,    Lanes:    Goldsb  rough,   W.K. 
Yorks;  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man  ;  and  Skaill,  Orkney: 
while  a  brooch  of  this   type,  slightly  larger  than 
the   Dacre  specimen,  also  found  near  Penrith,   has 
heen  recently  bequeathed  to  the  nation.     The  pin 
exhibited   seemed   to   support   the   view  that    the 
cross-hatching  on  the   "thistle"  terminals   a 
survival  from  Late-Celtic  times,  when  the  surface- 
was  prepared  in  this  way  to  receive  enamel. 


LiNNEAN. — Feb.    1. — Prof.    W.     A.    Herdman. 
President,   in    the  chair.    -Dr.  W.   T.   Caiman 
admitted  a  Fellow.-  Mr.  .1.  Stanley  Gardiner  _ 
an  account   of  the   Percy  Sladen  Trust   Expedition 
in  H.M.S.  Sealark  to  the  Indian  Ocean,  of  which 
lie    was    leader. — All    the    Trustees    of    the   P' 
Sladen   Trust   were   present,   and    their    chairman. 
Mr.   Baillie    Saunders,  opened   the   discussion.      H> 
was  followed  by   Dr.  Tempest    Anderson  and   Mr. 
H.    Bury,  Dr.   G.   C.   Bourne.   Dr.   G.   H.   Fowler. 
Dr.   pT.  Wolfenden,  Mr.   A.   1'.  Young.  Mr.  YV.  P. 
Pyeraft.  and  the  President. 


Institition  of  Civil  Enoinkkks. — Feb.  6.  8 
Alexander  R.  Rinnie.  President,  in  the  chair.  It 
was  announced  that  l.">  Associate  Mcml>ers  had 
Wen  transferred  to  the  class  of  Members,  and  that 
18  candidates  had  been  admitted  as  Students.  The 
monthly  ballot  resulted  in  the  election  of  13 
Members,  24  Associate  Members,  and  2  Aimonial 


ROYAL  Instititios. — Feb.  .V  Sir  .Tames  Crich- 
ton-Browne,  Treasurer  and  V.P..  in  the  chair.— 
Miss  Ruddle  Browne,  Dr.  G.  L.  Findlav.  Miss 
M.  H.  Pain.  Mr.  A.  Sutton.  Mr.  L.  C.  Wallach. 
and  Miss  I.  K.  Young  were  elected  Meml>ers. 


Sociktv  or  Km.inkkks.  /•'.'..  .">.  Mr.  N.  .1. 
West.  President,  in  the  chair. -The  Chairman 
presented  the  premiums  awarded  for  pajiers  read 
during    1905,  w/.  :   The  President's  Cold   Medal   to 

Mr.  Sberard  Oewper-Colee  for  his  paper  on  'The 

Metallic  Preservation  and  Ornamentation  of  Iron 
and  Steel  Surfaces';  the  Bessemer  Premium  of 
[looks  to  Mr.  E.  R.  Matthews  for  his  paper  on 
'The    Parade    Extension    'Works   at    Bridlington': 

a  Society's  Premium  of  Books  to  Mr.  B.  L.  Bradley 
for  hia  paper  on  'The  Grindleford  Stone  Quarries 
and  their  Working'  ;  and  a  Society's  l*remium  of 
Books    to     Mr.    W.    P.    Dighy    for    his   paj>er    on 

'Statistics  of  British  and  American  Rolling  Stock.' 


N°408;5,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


175 


—Mr.  West  then  introduced  the  President  for  the 
present  year,  Mr.  Maurice  Wilson,  and  retired 
from  the  chair. —The  new  President  delivered  his 
inaugural  address. 


Challenges.—  Jan.  31.— Dr.  R.  N.  Wolfenden 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  S.  W.  Kemp  exhibited  four 
•deep-water  Carid;e  from  the  west  coast  of  Ireland  : 
Acanthi-phyra  purpurea,  a  species  showing  so  great 
variation  that  it  is  now  possible  to  rank  six  other 
■"  species  "  as  its  synonyms  ;  A.  debilis,  a  very  rare 
■species  with  about  100  luminous  organs  ;  Mgeom 
brendani ;  and  Leontocari*  far,  spp.nn. — A  track 
and  station  chart  of  expeditions  near  the  British 
Islands  for  which  the  Admiralty  had  lent  the  ship, 
prepared  for  the  Oceanographic  Exhibition  at  Mar- 
seilles, was  also  shown.  — Dr.  Fowler  read  a  Report 
•on  the  Chretognatha  of  the  Sivosa  Expedition  in  the 
Dutch  P]ast  Indies.  Of  sixteen  species  one  only  was 
.apparently  new.  Among  those  taken  only  in  deep 
hauls  were  Sagittal  macrocepha/a  and  Zetesios, 
known  only  from  deep  water  in  the  Atlantic,  and 
Krohnia  hamata.  The  species  captured  at  the  sur- 
face supported  the  alleged  uniformity  of  the  Indo- 
Pacific  epiplankton.  A  systematic  revision  of  all 
rspecies  hitherto  described  left  twenty -four  as 
valid.  A  revision  of  all  captures  hitherto  recorded 
appeared  to  show  one  species  (hexaptera)  as 
•cosmopolitan  and  pantothermal  ;  others  as  eury- 
thermal  and  having  a  wide,  but  not  universal 
range  ;  others  as  confined  to  a  limited  area 
and  stenothermal.  As  regards  depth,  four  have 
been  recorded  only  from  the  mesoplankton  ;  two  at 
the  surface  in  Polar  waters  seek  the  mesoplankton 
in  warmer  seas  ;  others  are  confined  to  the  epi- 
plankton. According  to  temperature,  species  appear 
to  fall  into  five  classes  :  cold-water  species  with  a 
maximum  of  about  12"  C.  ;  temperate  species  ; 
warm-water  species  with  a  minimum  of  about 
1(5°  C. ;  species  with  a  wide  range  of  temperature  ; 
and  a  single  pantothermal  species.  Dr.  Fowler 
also  presented  a  note  on  Antarctic  and  Suban  tare  tic 
Chaitognatha  taken  on  the  Discovery  and  Challenger 
•expeditions.  These  established  Krolniia  hamata  as 
truly  bipolar,  from  81°30'N.  to  77"  49'  S.,  and  com- 
pleted the  cosmopolitan  record  of  hexaptera  ;  they 
also  enabled  the  N.  limit  of  hamata  at  the  surface, 
and  the  8.  limit  of  xerratodentata,  to  be  approxi- 
mately fixed. 

Fasaday. — Jan.  30. — Prof.  A.  K.  Huntington 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  Murray  Morrison  read  an 
abstract  of  a  paper  presented  by  M.  Adolphe 
Minet  on  'The  Electric  Furnace:  its  Origin, 
Transformations,  and  Applications,'  Part  III. — 
Dr.  J.  A.  Harker  gave  a  demonstration  of  a  solid 
•electrolyte  tube  furnace. — Mr.  E.  B.  R.  Prideaux 
■communicated  a  paper  entitled  '  Note  on  the 
Production  of  Ozone  by  Electrolysis  of  Alkali 
Fluorides.' 

MEETINGS   NKXT  WEEK. 

Mo*.  Koyal  Academy,  4.— '  Keaeon  in  Architecture,' Lecture  III., 
Mr.  T.  (i.  Jackson. 

—  London  Institution,  6.— 'Charles  Dickens  and  To-day,'  Mr.  II. 

Kumiss. 

—  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.— "The  Niagara  Power- 

Stations,'  Prof.  W.  ('.  1'nwin.    (Graduates'  Lecture.) 

—  Society  of  Arts.  8.— 'Modern  Warships,'  Lecture  III.,  Sir  W. 

\v  bite.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

—  Surveyors'   Institution,  9. — Discussion  on  'The  Valuation   of 

Machinery  for  Rating  Purposes.' 

—  Geographical,  8 JO.-  'The  Geography  of  tin-  Spanish  Armada,' 

Rev.  W.  Bpotswood  Green. 
TOM.     Asiatio,  ■».— '  The  Study  of  Sanskrit   as  an   Imperial  Question,' 
Prof.  A.  A.  MacdoneU. 

—  Royal   Institution.   B.  —  'Food    anil    Nutrition,'    Lecture    II., 

I'n.f.  w.  Stirling. 

—  Colonial    Institute,  8.—' Products  of  Australia,'   Hon.    .1.   (i. 

Jenkins. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.  —  Ih'scussion  on  "The  Railway 

Ganges  of  India.' 

—  Anthropological,     B.15.  -Exhibition     of     Lantern-Slides     of 

Kikuyu  Ceremonies,  Mr.  W.  Scoreaby  Eoutledge ;  Exhibition 
of  Kikuyu  Ceremonial  Images,  Mr.  T.  A.  Joyce:  'Notes  on 
Stone  Monuments  in  Glamorganshire,'  Mr.  A.  I..  Lewis. 

'Wed.  Society  of  Arts,  R— 'The  Horseless  Carriages,  1880-1906,'  Air.  C 
.lohnson. 

'Tut its.  Hoval  Academy,  4.— 'Reason  in  Architecture,'  Lecture  IV. 
Mr.  T.  C.  Jackson. 

—  K*iyal,  130. 

—  Society  of  Arts,   4.M.— 'The   Navigable   Waterways  of    India,' 

Mr  H   is  Buckley. 

—  Royal  Institution. 6,    'The  English  Stage  in  the  Eighteenth 

Century,'  Lecture  I.,  Mr.  H.  1!.  Irving 

•-  Linnejin,  h.  -'The  Structure  of  Ms  hippurU  Linnaeus.'  Mr. 
.1.  .1.  Simpson;  'Note  on  the  Geographical  Distribution  of 
the  genus  Shortia.  Torr  ami  Gray,'  Mr.  11    Iiaydon  .lackson. 

•-  Chemical.  8.30,  'Cuprous  Formate,'  Mr.  A.  Angel;  'The 
Soluhility  of  Triphenylmethaae  in  Organic  Liquids  with 
which  it  forms  Crystalline  Compounds,  Messrs  n  Hartley 
and  Y  a.  Thomas;  'The  Spontaneous  Crystallisation  of 
Supersaturated  Solutions,'  Mr.  ll.  Hartley;  and  two  other 
Papers. 

■—       Antiquaries,  R.80      The    WeUstream   Disaster  of   1216,'  Mr. 

W    II    St    John  Hope. 

Fhi.      Institution  of    Mechanical   Engineers,   8.— Annual   Meeting. 
'  l>arge  Locomotive  lloilers.'  Mr.  Q,  .1.  Churchward. 
Royal    Institution,   ft.     'The    Passage  of    Electricity  through 


■Sat. 


Liquid*.'  Mr  W,  <     |i  Whetham. 
Royal   Institution.  !).     '<i.   K.   Watts  as  a   Portrait    Painter,' 
l.  •  ture  I.,  Mr.  M.  II  Spielmann. 


%tuntc  (i&assip. 

The  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society  has  been  awarded  this  year  to  Prof. 
W.  W.  Campbell,  Director  of  the  Lick  Obser- 
vatory, Mount  Hamilton  ;  the  address  on 
presentation  yesterday  was  delivered  by  the 
President,  Mr.  Maw.  The  American  Am- 
bassador received  the  medal  for  transmission 
to  Prof.  Campbell. 

The  death  is  announced,  in  the  eighty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  of  the  Rev.  W.  R.  M. 
Waugh,  F.R.A.S.,  of  Portland,  Dorsetshire. 
He  was  formerly  director  of  the  coloured-star 
section  of  the  Liverpool  Astronomical  Society 
and  afterwards  of  the  Jupiter  section  of  the 
British  Astronomical  Association,  to  the  pub- 
lications of  which  he  made  many  contribu- 
tions. 

The  Sixtieth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Director  (Prof.  E.  C.  Pickering)  of  the 
Astronomical  Observatory  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege has  been  received,  the  year  to  which 
it  relates  ending  on  September  30th,  1905. 
The  work  seems  to  have  proceeded  with^its 
usual  vigour  on  the  same  lines  as  heretofore — 
photometrical  observations,  chiefly  under  the 
superintendence  of  Prof.  Wendell,  and  photo- 
graphic with  the  Henry  Draper  Memorial 
and  the  Bruce  telescopes.  Prof.  Bailey 
returned  to  Cambridge  in  March,  leaving  the 
Arequipa  station  under  the  charge  of  Mr. 
R.  H.  Frost.  At  the  request  of  the  Canadian 
Government,  a  longitude  campaign  was 
undertaken  last  summer  between  the  obser- 
vatories of  Ottawa  and  Harvard,  and  was 
successfully  carried  out.  Prof.  Pickering 
points  out  how  greatly  the  work  could  be 
extended  by  even  a  small  increase  of  expen- 
diture. Not  only  is  it  very  desirable  that 
the  salaries  of  the  assistants  should  be 
increased,  but  a  larger  income  would  enable 
the  observatory  to  make  use  of  opportunities 
which  it  has  not  at  present  the  means  of 
doing  efficiently,  particularly  in  aiding  inter- 
national astronomical  research.  Amongst 
the  many  items  of  regular  expenditure  may 
be  mentioned  that  involved  in  the  care  of 
182,277  photographs,  a  collection  which  is 
unique,  and  gives  the  only  existing  history 
of  the  stellar  universe  for  the  past  twenty 
years. 

No  fewer  than  twelve  new  small  planets 
are  announced  from  the  Konigstuhl  Obser- 
vatory, Heidelberg  :  one  of  these  was  regis- 
tered on  the  20th  ult.,  two  on  the  22nd, 
and  eight  on  the  24th  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  ; 
and  one  on  the  23rd  by  Herr  KopfT.  i  It 
appears  also  that  a  planet  observed  by  Dr. 
J.  Palisa  at  Vienna  on  December  31st,  and 
faintly  photographed  at  Heidelberg  on 
January  20th,  was  new,  although  at  first 
supposed  to  be  identical  with  one  discovered 
by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  on  November  1st  last. 
One  registered  by  him  on  October  23rd 
proves,  however,  as  was  at  first  suspected, 
to  be  identical  with  Jolanda,  No.  509,  which 
was  discovered  at  Konigstuhl  in  1903,  but 
not  observed  in  1904. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR    LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Ideals  in  Art.  By  Walter  Crane.  (Bell 
&  Sons.) — The  author  here  brings  together 
a  number  of  occasional  essays  and  addresses, 
most  of  them  read  from  time  to  time  at 
the  Art  Workers'  Guild.  They  cover  a  very 
wide  range  of  subject,  from  Egyptian 
hieroglyphics  to  cheap  cottages  at  Garden 
City.  From  the  circumstances  of  their  pro- 
duction,   designed    to    inaugurate    informal 


discussions  among  art  workers,  one  might 
suppose  that  they  would  be  rather  discur- 
sive and  genial  than  closely  reasoned  or 
profound.  And  such  is  their  character.  Mr. 
Crane  expresses  himself  with  a  good  deal  cf 
facility,  but  scarcely  in  a  manner  to  stimu- 
late inquiry  or  to  convince  opponents. 

Like  many  others  who  feel  strongly  the 
appeal  of  beauty,  he  is  inspired  with  a 
sense  of  dismay  at  the  ugliness  of  modern 
life,  and  associates  it  in  a  general  and 
rather  vague  way  with  social  conditions. 
But  he  scarcely  convinces  us  by  merely 
pointing  to  the  unequal  distribution  of 
wealth,  since  this  has  been  a  constant  con- 
dition of  European  civilization,  and  was 
perhaps  as  evident  in  past  epochs  of  great 
artistic  productiveness.  He  suggests  that 
a  Socialistic  State  would  give  to  every  one 
the  opportunity  of  exercising  his  aesthetic 
faculties,  forgetting  that,  so  far  as  one  can 
see,  the  average  man — certainly  the  average 
Englishman — exhausts  every  other  luxury, 
and  indulges  in  every  other  superfluity, 
before  the  claims  of  art  make  themselves 
importunate.  The  captious  may,  indeed, 
express  some  surprise  at  observing  that 
Mr.  Crane's  decorative  design  has  been 
so  largely  produced  for  the  sumptuous 
interiors  of  wealthy  patrons.  In  a  chapter 
in  which  the  return  to  the  simple  life  is 
extolled  we  find  an  account  of  friezes 
executed  by  the  author  in  gesso  "  gilded 
or  silvered  and  lacquered  so  as  to  produce 
a  low-toned  metallic  effect.  This  orna- 
ment," he  continues,  "  harmonizes  with 
richly  coloured  and  rather  dark-toned  walls 
hung  with  silk  or  Spanish  leather,"  and  he 
adds,  "  but  these  are  by  no  means  cottage 
interiors." 

Mr.  Crane's  attempts  to  correct  what  he 
regards  as  the  false  taste  of  modern  dress 
do  not,  if  we  judge  from  his  drawings, 
convince  us  that  the  proposed  reforms 
would  be  in  the  interest  of  beauty.  Indeed, 
we  cannot  agree  with  his  disparagement  of 
the  modern  dress  of  women,  which  both  for 
beauty  of  material  and  design  seems  to  us 
to  compare  favourably  with  that  of  many 
past  epochs  when  the  general  level  of  artistic 
feeling  was  far  higher  than  it  is  at  present. 
When  one  reflects  how  little  indication  the 
power  to  dress  well  gives  of  its  possessors' 
taste  in  other  ways,  one  wonders  whether 
it  is  not  directed  by  a  faculty  altogether 
distinct  from  the  aesthetic. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  paper  in 
the  collection  is  that  devoted  to  raised 
work  in  gesso.  Here  the  whole  technique, 
of  which  Mr.  Crane  is  himself  the  leading 
exponent,  is  fully  explained.  The  book  is 
amply  illustrated  by  designs  taken  from 
ancient  examples  and  from  the  author's 
own  works. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Age  :  tlie  Work  of  Fmnk 
Brangwyn,  A.R.A.  With  a  Critical  Essay 
by  Leonce  Benedite.  "  Artists  of  the 
Present  Day  Series."  (Hodder  &  Stougli- 
ton.) — Of  the  same  handsome  format  as  the 
Ingres  volume,  this  deals  with  an  artist 
whose  position  is  still  in  the  balance.  He 
has  done  good  and  effective  work,  and 
has  shown  great  courage  and  freedom, 
though  he  lias  perhaps  accepted  a  modern 
formula  witli  something  of  the  same  want 
of  reflection  as  the  academic  artist  tak>  a 
to  an  older  one.  The  question  remains 
open  whether  his  art  will  petrify — whether 
he  will  Hv/.antini/.e  himself,  as  he  shews 
signs  of  doing,  or  whether  lie  will  push 
further  in  the  direction  of  subtlety  and 
truth  of  expression,  and  allow  the  scenic 
effectiveness  of  his  work  to  become  corre- 
spondingly ioSS  prominent.  In  such  circum- 
stances one  wonders  a  little  whether  it  is 
good  either  for  the  artist    or  the  public   to 


17G 


Til  E     A  Til  KN'vEUM 


N    M)85,  I'u;.  Hi,  1906 


treat  Ins  work  in  a  solemn  monograph 
with  •-<>  llaniiiik'  a  testimonial  as  M.  Benedite 
provides.  Tin-  spirit  which  inspires  1 1  ■ « - 
director  "t  a  gallery  to  such  full  recognition 
of  a  voting  and  foreign  artisl  is  ol  ooum 
admirable ;  we  should  like  to  import  some 
<■!  it  into  <>iii-  own  management  <>f  the  fine 
arts.  But  his  sympathy  for  the  subject 
he  is  treating  carries  M.  Benedite  further 
than  even  favourable  critics  in  England 
would  care  t<>  follow  him.  We  hardly  feel 
that  Mr.  Brangwyn  is  "the  most  notable 
representative  of  the  British  School  in  all 
that   appertains  to  contemporary   feeling," 

or  that    more  than   any  one  else   he   typifies 

the  spirit  of  the  age.  He  has  no  doubt 
attempted     the    difficult     and     fascinating 

problem    Of    fitting    characteristic    scenes    of 

modern  industry  into  the  framework  of  a 
large  decorative  Bcheme;  but  the  rhythm 
he  lias  adopted,  the  alternation  of  rounded 
hlots  of  light  and  dark  colour,  is  too  crude 
to  admit  of  any  of  the  finer  shades  of  diffe- 
rentiation. The  fascination  he  exercises 
abroad  is  perhaps  explained  by  the  fact 
which  .M.  Benedite  points  out — that,  like 
Mr.  Kudyard  Kipling,  he  fits  in  with  a 
preconceived  ideal  of  the  bluff  manliness 
and  dominating  virility  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race. 

Cathedral  Cities  of  England.  By  George 
Gilbert,  Illustrated  by  W.  W.  Collins,  R.I. 
(Heinemann.) — Mr.  Collins  has  produced  a 
remarkably  good  series  of  illustrations  of 
English  cathedral  cities,  which  have  been 
ably  reproduced  in  colour  printing.  These 
sixty  plates  are  on  the  whole  pleasant  and 
faithful  reminders  of  the  places  they  repre- 
sent. The  large  majority  of  them  are,  of 
course,  concerned  with  the  fabric  of  the 
cathedral  churches  that  have  made  the 
towns  where  they  stand  celebrated  ;  but 
some  few  bear  upon  city  life  apart  from 
the  ecclesiastical  predominance  of  the 
minster.  Thus,  there  is  a  winning  picture 
of  Elvet  Bridge,  Durham,  with  the  great 
tower  of  the  cathedral  as  a  mere  accessory 
of  the  background  ;  whilst  the  market- 
places of  Ely,  Salisbury,  Norwich,  and 
Peterborough  are  all  depicted,  the  last 
being  a  fine  blending  of  colour.  Chester 
is  the  least  satisfactory  and  the  worst 
restored  of  England's  cathedral  churches, 
so  that  Mr.  Collins  has  probably  chosen 
wisely  in  allowing  only  a  portion  of  it  to 
obtrude  in  one  of  the  four  pictures  illus- 
trative of  that  city.  There  is  no  sameness 
of  treatment  or  of  light  effects.  Lincoln 
Cathedral,  from  the  south-west,  is  repre- 
sented in  the  late  twilight  of  a  winter's 
afternoon  ;  the  general  view  of  Durham 
Cathedral,  from  the  railway,  is  in  the  cool 
glow  of  an  early  summer  sunrise  ;  whilst 
the  distant  view  of  Ely  from  the  Fens, 
the  most  artistic  of  the  series,  is  taken 
towards  the  close  of  a  brilliant  sunset. 
Amongst  those  of  quieter  tone,  perhaps 
the  most  charming  are  Chichester  Cathedral, 
from  the  north-east,  and  Norwich,  from  the 
like  angle  ;  in  each  case  the  artist  has 
chosen  the  best  position  for  seeing  the 
central  spire  to  the  greatest  advantage. 
Of  the  various  interiors,  that  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  is  the  best,  and  well  bears 
repeated  examination.  Perhaps  the  least 
satisfactory  picture  is  that  of  the  west 
front  of  Lichfield  Cathedral,  which  is  made 
to  appear  sadly  overloaded  with  statuary. 
The  general  north  view  of  Salisbury  Cathe- 
dral is  also  disappointing,  for  the  beauties 
of  the  building  are  almost  lost  in  the  super- 
abundance of  the  late  spring  greenery  of 
the  trees  and  grass. 

Desirable  as  are  Mr.  Collins's  pictures  as 
bright  mementoes  of  the  manifold  charms 
of  England's  cathedral  towns,  it  is  a  decided 


drawback  that  they  ate  sesorintod  with 
such  pool-  letterpress.  CarelcBM  Ktatementa 
are  frequent,  and  ire  are  unable  to  accept 
the  general  architectural  assertion!  we  find 
here.  For  instance,  an  Anglo-Saxon  strip 
pilaster  is  explained  as  "  a  slender  column  "  ; 
and  we  are  told  of  the  early  church  that 

the  altar  was  always  situated  at  the  i 
end."     Particulars   are   equally   faulty;    it 

matters  little  where  the  hook  is  Opened. 
Thus  of  ( 'anterhury  it  is  said  : — 

"In  the  west  end  are  two  massive  towers,  <<f 
which  the  north-west  is  Norman,  and  the  south- 

west     is    similar    in    character,    though    < inl/att  led, 

and  little  inferior  to  the  central  tower. 

Again,  Lichfield  is  celebrated  for  its  three 
spires,  but  this  book  speaks  of  its  "great 
central  tower  of  285  feet  in  height,  besides 
two  western  spires  183  feet." 

Initia  Operum  Latinorum  quce  Sceculis 
XIII.,  XIV.,  XV.  attribuuntur  secundum 
Ordinem  Alphabeti  Disposita.  Edidit  A.  G. 
Little.  (Manchester,  University  Press.) — It 
is  with  especial  pleasure  that  we  welcome 
this  publication,  as  showing  that  the  newer 
universities  of  the  country  are  ready  to 
take  their  share  not  only  in  the  development 
of  modern  science,  but  also  in  the  elucidation 
of  the  past.  In  publishing  this  collection 
of  6,000  "  incipits  "  Manchester  has  afforded 
to  every  librarian  who  has  manuscripts 
under  his  care  a  handbook  for  the  cataloguing 
desk  which  may  be  of  the  greatest  service, 
and  will  in  any  case  be  a  useful  check  on 
the  attribution  of  any  new  work  which 
comes  before  him.  Books  of  this  class 
can  only  be  adequately  reviewed  after  they 
have  stood  the  test  of  long  usage  :  time  alone 
can  show  the  extent  and  scope  of  their  useful- 
ness. It  is  not  within  our  experience,  for 
example,  that  many  MSS.  of  St.  Bernardine 
of  Siena  are  found  without  attribution, 
though  if  any  but  his  most  famous  sermons 
presented  themselves  in  that  state  they  must 
up  to  now  have  passed  perforce  unidentified. 
Moreover,  the  chief  difficulty  of  the  ordinary 
cataloguer  is  with  MSS.  which  have  lost 
their  first  pages,  and  no  practicable  scheme 
has  yet  been  devised  to  aid  him  in  this  case. 
It  is  unquestionably  useful  to  have  the 
"  incipits  "  of  the  Bodleian  and  Oxford 
college  libraries,  with  those  of  Bale,  Tanner, 
Wadding,  Albertus,  Duns  Scotus,  Bona- 
venture,  Lully,  and  others,  in  a  convenient 
form,  and  printed  on  one  side  only  of  the 
paper,  to  allow  of  additions.  The  method 
adopted  for  indexing  sermons  is  useful. 


THE    GOUPIL    GALLERY. 

In  the  exhibition  of  landscapes  and  studies 
of  nature  in  the  Highlands  of  Surrey,  now  on 
view  at  the  Goupil  Gallery,  Mr.  G.  Leon 
Little  shows  himself  to  be  possessed  of  very 
considerable  technical  subtlety  combined 
with  a  power  of  exact  appreciation  of  atmo- 
spheric effects.  His  work  is  careful  and 
conscientious,  and  has  a  sense  of  restraint 
which  forbids  any  approach  to  mannerism. 
His  power  of  execution  is,  however,  rela- 
tively somewhat  stronger  than  Jus  power 
of  arrangement.  Twilight,  moonlight,  and 
the  grey  light  of  sunless  days  afford  the 
atmospheric  conditions  here  most  favoured. 
The  general  result  is  as  a  consequence  some- 
what sombre,  though  the  effect  is  consider- 
ably mitigated  by  the  amount  of  detailed 
observation  and  interpretation  of  nature 
revealed.  The  topographical  unity  of  the 
subjects  tends  also  to  impart  a  certain 
additional  interest  and  vitality.  There  are 
traces  of  the  dim  presence  of  the  genius  loci. 
By  assiduity  of  purpose  Mr.  Little  has  caught 
something  of  the  spirit  of  the  Surrey  wood- 


lands,   and    hi-    canvase*    have    the    trick    of 

ng  chords  of  memorj  tion. 

of  this  i-pirit  is  -•  en,  pi  ihaps, 
I  potently  in  the  picture  entitled   I! 
/.urn.  where  are  depicted  the  changing  play 

of  Light  and  shade  upon  tin-  rich  full  \« -rdun- 

of    hummer,  and    the    contrasted    coofa 

of    its    shadow.      As    a    witDSM   of    variety    of 

d  we   maj    cite   tin  entitled    .1 

November  Morning      a  slight   and  exquisite 

phony      Of      winter     colour.      Attractive 

representations  of  the  effects  of  evening 
Light  are  the  M,n  J'ojul  and 

the    Latter,    a    sketch    of    ■    watered    meadow 

and  hank  of  trees,  having  something  of  the 
charm  of  that  brief  period  after  sunset  v 

"all  the  air  a  solemn  stillness  holds."  A 
sketch  of  Walton  Heath — slight  in  texture, 
but  instinct  with  life  in  the  fi  ri  of  the 

herbage,  the  blue  of  the  sky,  and  the  scudding 
clouds — is  one  of  the  rare  occasions  on  which 
the  artist  essays  the  presence  of  sunlight. 

Of  the  various  Nocturnes,  that  entitled 
A  Pond  at  Moonlight  has  a  curiously  elusive 
sense  of  beauty.  Wrought  in  the  slightest 
of  textures,  it  displays  subtlety  of  technique 
and  a  pervading  sense  of  restraint.  The 
Abinger  Hammer  at  Night  is  admirable*  in 
the  contrasts  of  its  composition.  Less 
effective,  however,  in  its  arrangement  is  the 
scene  near  Shore  entitled  The  Close  of  Day, 
where  the  road  and  bank  of  trees  behind 
it  on  the  left  are  suffered  to  crowd  the  rest 
of  the  composition  into  too  restricted  a  space. 
The  large  Twilight  is  so  low  in  tone  that  it 
may  be  classed  with  the  Nocturnes.  It  is 
studiously  simple  in  conception — a  cottage 
seen  between  tall  elms  and  two  children 
going  towards  it  dowTi  a  country  lane  ;  but 
this  very  simplicity  approaches  the  theatrical 
— the  effort  after  rusticity  has  not  succeeded 
in  merging  itself  in  the  work.  The  several 
studies  of  teams  of  horses  ploughing  are 
careful,  but  the  interest  of  the  subject  is 
somewhat  impaired  by  the  frequency  with 
which  it  recurs.  The  Timber  Yard  serves 
to  show  in  a  rather  pronounced  manner  the 
occasional  lack  of  selective  faculty.  This, 
indeed,  at  times  militates  against  the  effec- 
tiveness of  Mr.  Little's  work,  but  its  quality 
of  sincerity  is  such  that  it  is  rarely,  if  ever, 
devoid  of  interest. 


THE    DOWDESWELL    GALLERIES. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Grosvenor  Thomas"  is 
invested  with  a  certain  grace  and  distinction, 
and  his  power  as  a  colourist  is  attractively 
displayed  here  in  some  forty  of  his  paintings. 

Such  of  the  landscapes  as  are  defined  as  to 
place  are  painted,  some  in  England,  soiue 
in  France,  but  he  is  relatively  unconcerned 
with  the  sense  of  locality  ;  his  aim  seems 
rather  to  be  to  mirror  the  evanescent  poetry 
of  Nature,  and  the  aspects  under  which  he 
seeks  to  present  her  beauty  are  such  as  are 
most  readily  associated  w  ith  the  works  of  his 
exemplars  Corot  and  Harpignies.  In  con- 
sequence his  pictures  are  taken  up  with 
shadows  and  reflections.  We  are  shown 
how  the  spreading  poplars  make  a  veil  against 
the  wind,  so  that  the  air  lies  heavy;  or  a 
river  winding  in  somnolent  fashion  among 
the  trees  guarding  the  base  of  some  old 
chateau,  or  how  the  woods  grow  black  at 
nightfall,  and  the  shadows  lengthen  and 
tremble  with  the  wind.  The  artist's  success 
is  perhaps  greatest  in  scenes  where  he  intro- 
duces still  water.  Here,  in  the  painting  of 
the  reflections,  ho  has  been  able  to  gratify 
to  the  full  his  sense  of  harmony  in  colours 
The  Largest  of  his  canvases  show  his  powers 
least  favourably.  In  The  Mill,  where  the 
image  is  seen  trembling  in  mirage  soft  and 
evanescent  in  the  dappled  waters  of  the  pool, 


N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


177 


its ''effectiveness  is  lessened  by  the  undue 
mistiness  of  the  foreground  and  the  wraith- 
like  lack  of  substance  of  the  trunks  of  the 
trees.  It  seems,  indeed,  as  though  the 
artist  were  betrayed  into  diffuseness  by 
consciousness  of  space  ;  and  the  same  subject 
finds  more  harmonious  expression  in  the 
smaller  Mill  on  the  Ouse,  in  which  there  is 
the  requisite  contrast  between  shadow  and 
substance.  The  mill  is  portrayed  with 
minute  fidelity  of  detail.  The  Morning  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  successful  of  the  larger 
works.  The  reflections  in  it  are,  as  usual, 
excellently  presented.  The  hour  chosen  is 
before  the  coming  of  direct  light,  and  the 
atmospheric  effects  are  cool,  harmonious, 
and  sustained.  The  smaller  sketch  of  the 
same  composition  is,  however,  no  whit 
inferior  to  it  in  power  and  impressiveness. 
In  Near  Chagford  the  treatment  of  the  trees 
— feathery  as  seen  in  the  soft  transitional 
light — suggests  a  careful  study  of  Corot  ; 
and  similarly  No.  31,  A  Landscape,  conveys 
memories  of  Harpignies,  though  in  this  there 
is  some  lack  of  definiteness  in  the  disposition 
of  the  light.  Of  the  smaller  pictures,  No.  26, 
Evening,  seems  to  breathe  something  of  the 
same  influence  ;  the  atmospheric  effect  has, 
however,  the  appearance  of  being  somewhat 
broken,  and  there  is  something  almost  of  the 
separateness  of  Eastern  art  in  the  treatment 
of  the  setting  sun  and  its  reflected  image. 
It  is  as  though  it  were  placed  only  as  a 
symbol  of  the  day's  departure,  so  little  is  its 
influence  felt  beyond  the  restricted  space  of 
water  where  its  image  is  seen. 

In  the  blue  of  the  water  in  flood  in  Cluden 
Waters  Mr.  Thomas  falls  short  of  his  accus- 
tomed standard  of  colour-harmony.  It  is 
too  bright,  without  being  sufficiently  im- 
pregnated with  light  to  suggest  the  condition 
of  broken  water.  The  River  is  more  success- 
ful, though  the  vitality  of  the  moving  water 
seems  rather  to  grow  less  than  to  increase  in 
the  near  foreground.  Two  studies  of  the 
white  of  breaking  waves  are  somewhat 
lacking  in  the  peculiar  luminosity  and  sense 
of  atmosphere  necessary  for  the  success  of 
such  attempts. 


THE    RYDER    GALLERY. 

The  exhibition  of  '  Notes  and  Sketches  ' 
by  Mr.  A.  L.  Baldry  consists  of  studies  in 
oils,  water-colours,  and  pastels  of  Hampshire 
and  Dorsetshire  scenes,  together  with  a  few 
figure  subjects.  Especially  in  his  water- 
colours,  which  form  the  most  considerable 
part  of  his  work,  Mr.  Baldry  shows  himself 
an  able  and  sympathetic  interpreter  of  the 
charm  of  the  soft  grey  reaches  of  the  downs 
and  waterways  of  the  southern  counties. 
His  most  successful  efforts  are  usually  asso- 
ciated with  the  presence  of  river  or  sea. 
Where  there  is  neither  of  these  his  sense  of 
gradation  in  distance  is  apt  to  seem  tentative 
and  hesitating,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  other- 
wise charming  A  Note  in  Hampshire  or  in 
the  Rain  Clouds,  though  in  The  Sand-Pits 
the  steep  scarp  of  the  cliff  serves  admirably 
to  accentuate  by  contrast  the  receding 
-distance  of  the  hills  above.  Wild  Weather 
is  a  successful  rendering  of  a  river  in  flood, 
the  swirl  of  the  water  among  the  reeds  and 
grasses  and  the  dark  bank  of  foliage  beyond 
being  indicated  with  restraint  and  power. 
So,  too,  in  Autumn  Floods  we  note  the  subtle 
impressiveness  of  the  trees  and  of  the  deep 
shadows  of  the  water,  also  of  the  inter- 
action of  deep  shadow  and  dappled  light  on 
the  water  in  An  Afterglow. 

In  The  Mouth  of  the  River,  one  of  the 
most  attractive  of  the  series,  the  com- 
position is  admirable,  and  the  effect  of 
•distance    in   the    belts    of    the    hills    is    ex- 


cellently rendered ;  in  some  other  of  the 
sketches  the  distant  contours  appear  to  be 
unduly  prominent.  Of  the  two  pastels,  that 
of  Christ  Church  Harbour,  which  is  of  great 
delicacy  of  feeling,  presentsa  dim  expanse 
of  softly  moving  water  as  seen  in  the  rich 
changing  light  of  sundown. 

Mr.  Baldry's  work  in  oils  is  slighter  and 
somewhat  less  successful.  The  effect  is  often 
marred  by  a  certain  lack  of  breadth  in  the 
treatment  and  a  tendency  to  niggling  detail. 
This,  however,  is  not  in  evidence  in  the  little 
idyll  of  spring  called  Stanpit  Marsh,  where 
the  sunlight  gleams  on  green  meadows  and 
waving  grasses,  the  sea  is  sparlding  with 
light,  and  the  sky  has  fleeting  April  clouds, 
or  in  the  little  study  of  Christchurch  Quay, 
which  is  full  of  the  captious  grace  of  sunshine. 

In  his  figure  subjects  Mr.  Baldry's  sym- 
pathies in  art  are  more  readily  apparent,  but 
they  are  by  contrast  timid  and  conventional. 
The  conception  and  scheme  of  colour  of  The 
Green  Curtain  suggest  the  influence  of  Albert 
Moore  ;  the  drapery,  however,  is  lacking  in 
simplicity,  has  no  approach  to  freedom  of 
fold,  and  conveys  very  little  suggestion  of 
form  beneath  it.  The  lower  extremities  of 
the  figure  are  academic  and  hesitating.  So 
also  in  The  Black  Robe,  of  which  the  rather 
graceful  motive  is  slightly  reminiscent  of  a 
sketch  by  Whistler,  the  drapery  is  fretted 
into  comparative  insignificance  by  tortuous 
treatment  of  detail  ;  and  in  The  Rambler 
the  structure  of  the  figure  is  not  convincing. 

The  two  portrait  studies  show,  however, 
much  delicacy  and  refinement.  In  that  of 
Miss  Rosalie  Jones  there  is  an  ivory-like 
smoothness  in  the  modelling  which  serves 
in  some  degree  to  recall  certain  of  the 
studies  of  Millais.  The  sketch  of  Mrs.  F.  C. 
Yardley  is  fundamentally  Greek  in  con- 
ception and  arrangement,  but  the  Hellen- 
ism is  derived  through  the  Victorian  tra- 
dition. 


THE    BRITISH    SCHOOL    AT   ROME. 

The  second  open  meeting  of  the  British 
School  at  Rome  for  the  present  season  was 
held  in  the  library  of  the  School  on  Friday, 
the  2nd  inst.  The  first  paper  was  read  by 
the  Assistant-Director,  Mr.  Thomas  Ashby, 
jun.,  on  excavations  at  Caerwent  (the 
ancient  Venta  Silurum).  Work  has  been 
in  progress  upon  this  site  since  1899,  and  it 
is  hoped  that  it  may  be  continued  yet  for 
several  years,  as  the  possibilities  of  the  site 
are  by  no  means  exhausted.  The  excava- 
tions have  been  carried  on  by  the  Caerwent 
Exploration  Fund,  of  the  committee  of 
which  Mr.  Ashby  is  a  member. 

The  objects  discovered  include  two  inscrip- 
tions, one  of  which,  of  considerable  import- 
ance for  the  history  of  Roman  Britain,  was 
described  by  Mr.  Haverfield  in  The  Athenaeum 
for  September  26th,  1903,  p.  420  ;  while 
the  other  is  an  interesting  dedication  to 
Mars — the  base  of  a  statue,  of  which,  un- 
fortunately, only  the  feet  are  preserved — 
and  bears  the  date  August  23rd,  152  a.d. 
Accounts  of  the  excavations  have  been  pre- 
sented annually  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
and  duly  recorded  in  The  Alhentcum. 

The  second  paper,  on  an  historical  relief 
in  the  Palazzo  Sacchetti,  was  read  by  Mr. 
A.  J.  B.  Wace,  Librarian  of  the  School.  He 
showed  that  this  relief,  which  has  never  yet 
been  seriously  discussed,  may  be  by  its  style 
dated  from  the  time  of  Septimius  Severus. 
It  represents  that  emperor  presenting  his  son 
Caracallus  to  the  Senate  on  the  occasion 
when,  after  the  defeat  of  Clodius  Albinus  in 
197,  he  declared  him  Impcrator  dcsti- 
natus,  and  gave  him  various  other  honours. 
The  emperor,  whose  head  is  lost,  is  seated 
on  a  suggestus,  and  on  his  right  are  a  headless 


figure  (probably  Fulvius  Plautianus,  the 
Prcefectus  prcetorio)  and  Caracallus  himself, 
whose  head  is  still  preserved  and  resembles 
his  busts.  Before  the  suggestus  is  a  group 
of  senators,  one  of  whom  is  beardless.  There 
is  a  background,  consisting  of  a  portico  of 
the  Corinthian  order,  with  a  triumphal  arch- 
way on  the  left  ;  what  buildings  are  repre- 
sented is  uncertain.  The  relief  was  placed 
fairly  high  up,  to  judge  by  the  rough  state 
of  the  upper  parts  of  the  figures.  It  is 
important  as  showing  that  the  group  as 
well  as  the  birdseye  perspective  style  of 
historical  relief  still  existed  in  the  time  of 
Septimius  Severus.  The  front  of  the  sug- 
gestus on  which  the  emperor  is  seated  is 
ornamented  with  three  knobs.  These  knobs 
seem  to  point  to  a  wooden  construction,  or 
to  a  preservation  in  more  solid  material  of 
a  peculiarity  due  to  wooden  construction. 
Such  knobs  occur  on  the  suggestus  visible  on 
several  of  the  Aurelian  panels  in  the  Arch  of 
Constantine,  representing  scenes  in  the  field 
and  in  Rome,  and  also  on  the  suggestus  in  a 
relief  commemorating  the  institution  of  the 
puelloz  Faustinianoz  in  the  Villa  Albani, 
where  a  mythological  figure  Roma  accom- 
panies the  emperor.  On  the  other  hand, 
such  knobs  do  not  occur  on  the  base  of  the 
Trojanic  fluteus  in  the  Forum,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Comm.  Boni,  represents  the  tribunal 
he  has  lately  discovered.  Therefore  it  seems 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  this  base  is  not 
a  suggestus,  but,  as  has  hitherto  been  sup- 
posed, a  statue  base. 

Mr.  Wace  also  read  a  third  paper,  on  Greek 
patterns  in  Italian  embroideries,  tambour 
and  drawn-  thread  work.  The  principal 
Greek  pattern  consists  of  a  frieze  composed 
of  the  tree  of  life,  the  Siren,  the  cock,  and 
the  double-headed  eagle.  All  or  only  some 
of  these  elements  may  occur.  Each  element 
degenerates  and  becomes  conventionalized. 
The  tree  of  life  becomes  a  vase  of  flowers. 
The  Siren  turns  into  a  castle  writh  birds 
perched  on  the  turrets.  The  cock  can 
become  a  deer,  a  horse,  a  lion,  or  a  cavalier 
on  horseback.  The  double-headed  eagle 
becomes  a  vase  of  flowers — under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  tree  of  life — with  birds  perched 
on  it,  or  a  mannikin.  The  more  degenerate 
these  patterns,  the  more  do  they  lose  their 
geometrical  Greek  character,  and  become 
free  and  natural.  In  their  conventionaliza- 
tion the  usual  result  seems  to  be  that  what 
is  animal  produces  animals.  Mr.  Wace  con- 
sidered that  a  prima  facie  case  had  been 
made  out  for  the  Greek  origin  of  these 
patterns,  but  appealed  for  more  light  on  this 
interesting  subject. 

The  papers  were  all  illustrated  by  lantern- 
slides.  The  meeting  was  well  attended  by 
foreign  scholars  and  by  British  residents  in 
Rome,  amongst  those  present  being  Sir 
Edwin  Egerton,  the  British  Ambassador, 
and  a  member  of  the  managing  committee  ; 
Baron  de  Bildt,  Swedish  Minister  ;  Profs. 
Korte  and  Hiilsen,  of  the  German  Institute  ; 
and  Dr.  J.  P.  Richter. 


SALES. 

Mi:ssks.  Putticb  it  Simpson  aold  on  the 
2ml  inst.  the  following  engravings.  After  Mor- 
land  :  The  Weary  Sportsman,  by  Bond,  .'{<•/.  ; 
The  Turnpike  (iate,  by  Ward'.  XV.  After 
Lawrence  :  Master  Lambton,  by  Cousins.  4.'?/. 
After    Reynolds:    St.    (Yeilia    (Mrs.    Sheridan),    by 

Diokinson,  321.  By  and  after  E.  Savage,  The 
Washington  Family,  267.     Lady  Smythe  and  Chil 

dren,  by  Bartoloy./.i,  41/.  The  Soldier's  Departure, 
and  The  Soldier's  Return,  7S/.  The  Billeted  Soldier, 
and  The  Soldier's  Farewell,  521.  Selling  Cherries, 
and  Selling  Peas,  9W. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  3rd  inst.  the 
following   drawings  :     B.    Detaille,    Sapeura   dea 


178 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°408">,  Feb.  10,  1906 


Voltigeursde  la  Card.',  tSl.  W.  Hunt.  A  Cottage 
[ntonor,  with  a  girl  asleep  before  the  fire,  78/. 
C.  Fielding,  A  Vim   in  a  Valley,  with  cattle  aear 

a  pool,  SU.  ,    .  ,  .  , 

11,..  ume  firm  sold  on  the  -r>th  mat  a  nurture  oi 
the  Flemish  Sohool,  The  Madonna  and  Child,  with 
aaintfl  and  donors,  107/. 


fttu-^rt  (5osstp. 

At  the  Carfax  Gallery  Mr.  Graham 
Robertson  is  exhibiting  oil  paintings,  water- 
colour  drawings,  and  colour  prints. 

Mr.  Paterson  is  showing  at  5,  Old  Bond 
Street,  pictures  and  water-colours  by  Mr. 
W.  Da  vies  Adams,  and  bookbindings  by 
Miss  Katharine  Adams. 

The  death  is  announced  at  Reading  of 
Mr.  James  Peel  a  landscape  painter,  who 
was  born  in  1811.  He  was  the  oldest 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists,  and  was  taught  drawing  by  Dalziel, 
the  father  of  the  well-known  engravers.  He 
came  to  London  in  1840,  and  contributed 
several  pictures  to  the  Royal  Academy. 

Mr.  Frederick  Wedmore's  volume, 
'  Whistler  and  Others,'  has  been  sent  to 
the  press,  and  will  be  published  in  the  early 
spring  by  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons.  Begin- 
ning with  an  essay  on  '  The  Place  of  Whistler,' 
ancf  continuing  'with  papers  upon  Crome, 
Constable,  Goya,  Boudin,  Fantin,  Ruskin, 
and  Brabazon,"  the  book  will  end^with  some 
remarks  upon  '  The  Personality  of  Watts.' 
There  will  also  be  included  a  '  Candid  Word 
to  the  English  Reader,'  by  way  of  Preface. 

Besides  its  efforts  in  the  matter  of  the 
Velasquez,  the  National  Art-Collections  Fund 
lias  already  made  several  gifts  to  galleries 
and  museums  :  The  following  are  the  most 
important  : — '  Fete  Champetre,  by  Watteau, 
to  the  National  Gallery  of  Ireland  ;  Greek 
bronze  (from  the  Hawkins  Collection),  to 
the  British  Museum  ;  silver-gilt  mounted 
jug  of  Rhodian  ware,  to  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum  ;  panel  picture  of  the 
'  Madonna  and  Child,'  by  Lazzaro  Sebas- 
tiani,  to  the  National  Gallery  ;  and  '  Noc- 
turne in  Blue  and  Silver,'  by  Whistler,  to 
the  National  Gallery.  We  may  add  that  a 
subscription  of  a  guinea  a  year  constitutes 
membership,  and  entitles  members  to  a  copy 
of  the  Annual  Report,  in  which  the  objects 
given  are  reproduced,  together  with  par- 
ticulars of  the  prices  paid  and  the  names  of 
subscribers.  The  address  of  the  Fund  is 
47,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster, 

The  death  is  announced  of  Pierre  Grivolas, 
director  of  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts  at 
Avignon,  in  his  eighty-second  year.  M. 
Grivolas  was  a  highly  successful  floral 
painter,  and  his  rural  scenes  and  tran- 
scripts of  Provencal  landscapes  were  very 
popular  during  the  later  years  of  the  Second 
Empire.  For  over  twenty  years  he  had 
taken  little  or  no  part  in  the  art  world  of 
Paris,  but  had  devoted  himself  almost  en- 
tirely to  his  official  post  at  Avignon,  to  the 
museum  of  which  he  presented  a  large 
number  of  his  works.  His  son,  M.  Antoine 
Grivolas,  is,  like  his  father,  a  painter  of 
note. 

The  art  galleries  of  the  Vatican  are  to  be 
reorganized,  or  rather  their  contents  are  to 
be  partly  rearranged.  All  the  pictures  now 
hung  in  the  upper  floors,  and  notably  the 
famous  '  Transfiguration  '  of  Raphael,  are 
to  be  rehung  in  some  new  and  more  spacious 
rooms  near  the  sculpture  gallery,  and  close 
to  the  library,  on  the  first  floor.  In  the  new 
rooms  will  also  be  hung  a  number  of  old 
masters,  now  decorating  various  miscel- 
laneous rooms   in   the   Vatican,   and   conse- 


quently virtually  unknown  to  visitors.  The 
pictures  of  modern  artists  will  be  placed 
together  on  the  second  floor. 

Ax  important  sale  of  Greek  coins  will  take 
place  at  Frankfort  on  March  12th  and 
following  days.  The  well-known  firm  of 
Messrs.  Adolph  Hess  Nachfolger  have  been 
directed  by  the  Keepers  of  the  Royal  Cabinet 
of  Berlin  to  sell  by  auction  the  second  series 
of  duplicates  resulting  from  the  acquisition 
of  Dr.  Imhoof-Blumer's  magnificent  collec- 
tion. The  1,169  lots,  representing  coins  of 
Greece  proper  and  the  European  islands, 
offer  a  good  many  rarities.  The  catalogue 
includes  four  full-page  plates. 


MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 


needed  the  eloquence  of  a  Wagner  or 
of  an  Annunzio  worthily  to  praise  that 
composer's  art.  Why,  then,  does  not 
Dr.  Strauss  show  his  admiration  for 
the  master  by  writing  music  of  which 
beauty  and  simplicity  are  the  chief  cha- 
racteristics ? — not  a  bald  imitation  of 
Mozart's  style,  but  the  adoption  of  one 
which  would  be  as  clear  to  the  present 
generation  as  that  of  Mozart  was  to  his. 

Between  the  Symphony  and  '  Don 
Quixote '  came  Brahms's  Concerto  in 
a  minor  for  violin,  'cello,  and  orchestra 
(Op.  102).  That  work  is  seldom  heard  : 
it  is  not  a  grateful  one  for  the  soloists 
(who  on  this  occasion  were  MM.  Maurice 
Sons  and  Hugo  Becker),  neither  is  it  the 
outcome  of  strong  inspiration. 


Queen's  Hall. — Symphony  Concert 

Strauss's  '  Don  Quixote  '  was  performed, 
for  the  second  time  in  England,  last 
Saturday  afternoon  at  the  Queen's  Hall, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Henry  J. 
Wood.  Music  with  a  title — especially  if 
there  be  some  story  connected  with  it, 
as,  for  instance,  the  '  Devil's  Sonata  '  of 
Tartini,  or  the  '  Harmonious  Blacksmith  ' 
of  Handel — attracts  the  public.  Strauss's 
variations  may  therefore  achieve  a  tem- 
porary succes  de  curiosite  ;  the  clou  of  the 
work,  the  bleating  sheep  of  the  second 
variation,  is  the  very  thing  to  catch  the 
ear  of  the  crowd.  These  '  Fantastic 
Variations  '  (for  that  is  the  title  given  to 
them  by  the  composer)  are  exceedingly 
clever,  also  amusing — though  by  exag- 
geration and  prolixity  the  fun  is  often 
weakened ;  yet  after  all  Strauss  might 
make  a  better  use  of  his  gifts.  If,  how- 
ever, the  work  be  intended  as  a  satire  on 
programme-music,  in  which  realism  plays 
an  unduly  large  part,  then  we  should  hail 
it  with  delight,  for  it  would  be  productive 
of  great  good  :  the  bleating  of  the  sheep, 
the  snoring  of  Sancho  Panza,  and  other 
peculiarities  would  prove  more  effective 
than  the  most  weighty  arguments  ;  or, 
to  quote  the  Latin  poet, 

Ridieulum  aeri 
Fortius  et  melius  niagnas  plerumque  secat  res. 

And  in  the  analysis  of  the  work  in  the 
programme-book  a  statement  is  made 
which  at  any  rate  suggests  a  satirical 
aim.  A  friend  of  the  composer,  it  appears, 
has  stated  that '  Don  Quixote  '  was  written 
at  a  time  when  Herr  Strauss  was  inclined 
to  be  "  conscious  of,  and  ironical  at  the 
expense  of,  the  tragi-comedy  of  his  own 
over-zealous  hyper-idealism."  Had  irony 
been  his  aim,  his  commentator  would 
scarcely  have  been  induced  to  see  in  it 
"  a  musical  picture  of  a  beautiful,  in- 
effectual nature,  infinitely  pathetic."  The 
difficult  music,  which  had  cost  many  a 
rehearsal,  was  very  well  played,  the  solo 
'cello  part  being  rendered  by  that  excellent 
artist  Herr  Becker. 

The  programme  began  with  Mozart's 
fresh  and  beautiful  Symphony  in  r>, 
written  for  the  wedding  of  Elsie  Haffner. 
A  propos  of  Mozart,  Dr.  Strauss,  recently 
interviewed  by  the  Berlin  correspondent 
of  the  Vienna  Neue  Freie  Presse,  re- 
marked,    among     other    things,    that    it 


Bechstein  Hall. — Wessely  Quartet. 

Owing  to  the  number  of  concerts  taking 
place  every  week,  a  selection  even  of  those 
worthy  of  notice  has  to  be  made.  A  few 
words  must,  however,  be  said  about  the 
third  of  the  excellent  series  of  chamber 
concerts  now  being  given  by  the  Wessely 
Quartet  at  the  Bechstein  Hall.  The  pro- 
gramme commenced  with  Beethoven's 
Quartet  in  a  minor,  Op.  132,  containing 
the  impressive  Canzona  di  ringraziamento 
in  modo  lidico  offerta  alia  divinita  da  un 
guarito.  The  composer's  last  quartets 
certainly  contain  passages  which  show  will 
rather  than  inspiration,  but  that  can 
scarcely  be  said  of  the  one  in  question. 
The  rendering  of  the  work  on  Wednesday 
evening  was  admirable  ;  there  was  marked 
intelligence  combined  with  true  feeling.  A 
Fantasy  in  G  for  quartet  by  Mr.  Frederick 
Corder  was  performed  for  the  first  time. 
It  is  a  pleasing  work,  with  variety  in  the 
thematic  material,  which  is  treated  in  a 
clever,  yet  not  dry  manner  ;  moreover,  it 
is  of  reasonable  length. 


Jttnstcal  (5ossip. 

Miss  Maud  MacCarthy,  whose  two  orches- 
tral concerts  last  summer  were  so  successful, 
gave  the  first  of  three  recitals  at  the  Queen- 
Hall  last  Thursday  week  in  the  evening. 
She  first  played  Beethoven's  '  Kreutzer  " 
Sonata  with  Mr.  Percy  Grainger,  yet,  in 
spite  of  much  good  playing,  the  rendering 
of  the  music  was  not  over  impressive.  She 
was  afterwards  heard  in  Saint  -  SaensV 
b  minor  Concerto,  and  in  the  middle 
movement  she  displayed  great  charm.  The 
Allegro  and  Finale  were  less  successful,  but 
without  orchestral  accompaniment  the  soloist 
cannot  be  heard  to  the  best  advantage.  The 
programme  included  eight  songs  by  Miss 
Isabel  Hearne.  The  composer  has  evidently 
a  strong  fear  of  falling  into  the  commonplace.. 
and  this  fear  leads  her  at  times  into  some- 
what dry  paths.  She  clearly  has  ideas, 
though  as  yet  she  does  not  seem  able  fully 
to  realize  them  ;  in  such  matters,  however, 
time  and  experience  are  valuable.  Mr. 
Frederick  Austin  sang  with  artistic  skill. 

Madame  Carreno  gave  a  recital  at  Bech- 
stein Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon.  Her 
principal  solo  was  Beethoven's  '  Waldsteirt  ' 
Sonata.  Her  reading  of  the  beautiful  work 
was  at  all  points  interesting,  and  the  various 
moods  of  the  music  found  a  completely  sym- 
pathetic interpreter.     None  of  the  poetry  of 


N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


179 


the  Adagio  was  missed,  while  the  Finale 
was  presented  with  the  needful  grip  and 
■decision.  Madame  Carreno  also  gave  effec- 
tive and  artistic  performances  of  Chopin's 
^Nocturnes  in  c  minor  and  g  major  and 
Ballades  in  g  minor  and  A  flat. 

The  second  volume  of  Grove's  'Diction- 
ary of  Music  and  Musicians'  (F — L),  edited 
by  Mr.  J.  A.  Fuller-Maitland,  has  just  been 
published. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Frau  Rosa  von 
Milde,  the  Elsa  at  the  production  of  '  Lohen- 
grin '  under  the  direction  of  Liszt  at  Weimar, 
August  28th,  1850.  She  was  in  her  seventy- 
ninth  year. 

Mr,  Donald  Francis  Tovey,  with  the 
assistance  of  the  Joachim  Quartet,  recently 
gave  two  ehamber  concerts  at  Berlin,  the 
programmes  of  which  were  devoted  to  the 
music  of  Brahms.  To-day  he  is  beginning 
a  series  of  recitals  at  Broadwood's,  devoted 
to  the  pianoforte  works  of  Beethoven. 

On  January  29th,  1781,  Mozart's  opera 
*  Idomeneo  '  was  produced  under  his  direc- 
tion at  the  "  new  opera-house,"  Munich. 
That  house  still  stands  :  it  is  the  well-known 
Residenz  theatre.  The  Allgemeine  Musik- 
Zeitung  justly  complains  that  the  manage- 
ment took  no  notice  of  the  150th  anniversary 
of  the  composer's  birth.  Mozart's  '  Titus  ' 
was  ]>erformed  at  the  Court  Theatre,  but  at 
the  Residenz,  Sudermann's  play  '  Heimat.' 

Musical  autographs  of  Brahms,  Joachim, 
and  others  have  been  found  among  the  papers 
of  the  late  J.  O.  Grimm.  There  is  also  a 
copy  of  a  Missa  canonica  for  female  voices 
toy  Brahms,  which  Max  Kalbeck,  the  com- 
poser's biographer,  thought  had  been  con- 
-signed  to  the  flames.  It  consists  of  a  Kyrie, 
Sanctus,  Benedictus,  and  Agnus  Dei. 

A  monument  to  J.  P.  E.  Hartmann, 
■erected  in  St.  Anne's  Square,  Copenhagen) 
was  unveiled  on  December  29th.  The  com- 
poser, the  father-in-law  of  Gade,  and  for 
many  years  director  of  the  Copenhagen 
"Conservatorium,  died  in  1900  at  the  age  of 
ninety-five. 

At  the  forthcoming  Bayreuth  festival  the 
two  principal  roles  in  '  Tristan  und  Isolde  ' 
will  be  taken  by  Herr  Ernst  Kraus,  from 
Berlin,  and  Frau  Marie  Wittich,  from 
Dresden.  Frau  Zdenka  Fassbender,  from 
Karlsruhe,  will  impersonate  Kundry  at 
*ome  of  the  performances  of  '  Parsifal.' 

The  visit  of  the  band  of  the  Garde  Repub- 
licaine  has  been  postponed  for  a  week.  Per- 
formances will  be  given  every  night  at  Covent 
Garden  for  a  fortnight  from  the  17th  inst., 
with  matinees  on  Wednesdays  and  Satur- 
days. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Paris  Schola 
Cantorum,  a  Society  des  Chansons  de  France 
has  been  founded.  A  meeting  will  be  held 
at  Grenoble  in  the  spring,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  the  poet  Frederic  Mistral. 

I  hi:  Allgemeine  Musik-Zeitung  of  the 
2nd  inst.  refers  to  its  previous  statement 
that  Gabrielle  Krause  died  in  1903.  It 
acknowledges  its  error.  The  report  of  her 
death  in  1903,  it  asserts,  was  never  contra- 
dicted  ;  moreover,  it  notes  the  fact  that 
October,  1903,  is  the  date  given  in  the  latest 
Qerman    edition    (1905)    of    Dr.    Riemann's 

Mm   ik   Lrxikon.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WKEK. 


- 


Moa 


Sunday  Society  Con  ten's  HaU. 

s.mduv  IiAipie  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hull 
London  SymiihoDj  Concert.  8,  Queen  *  Hall. 
Mr  Iniaz  Friedman'!  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  SclUaa  HaU, 
Mis*  Maud  Had  aiihv  ►  Violin  Recital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Win     Mr  Robert  Newman's  Annual  Concert,  8,  Queen's  HaU 

—  Mr.  Pen;  Waller'!  Pianoforte  Recital.  R  18,  Bechstein  Hall 
Tin  n  Mia  Lena  Ashwell'i  Recital,  3  SO,  Bechstein  Hall 

—  Chamber  Concert  ISO,  Leighton  Hon 

M    V  Mile  Rivarde't  Violin  Recital  v  Queen's  HaU 

—  Alma  Mater  Male  Choir.  8.30,  Bernstein  Hall 


Tunis.  Miss  Ruby  Holland  and  Miss  P.  Gotch's  Recital,  8.30,  .Eoliari 

Hall. 
Pat.       Mr.  Theodore  Hollands  Concert.  :!.  Bechstein  HaU. 

—  Miss  Olive  C.  Malverys  Recital.  3.30.  jEolian  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Herbert  Sandbv  s  Cello  Recital.  8.15.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Misa  Lucy  Fydells  Recital.  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Sat.       M.  Lamond's  Pianoforte  Recital.  :t.  Bechstein  HalL 

—  Mozart  Society  Concert.  3.  Portman  Rooms. 

—  Symphony  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Ikraald   Francis  Tovey's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.1.">.  Broad- 

—  Miss  Era  Kelsey's  Recital.  3.30,  JEolian  HaU. 

—  Garde  Republicaine,  8,  Corent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

St.  James's. — His  House  in  Order  :  a 
Comedy  in  Four  Acts.  By  Arthur  W. 
Pinero. 

To  the  initiate  the  new  comedy  with  which 
Mr.  Pinero  brings  back  prosperity  to  the 
St.  James's  Theatre  is  at  the  outset  almost 
a  piece  a.  cle.  It  shows  the  revolt  of  a 
bright,  girlish,  jocund  nature  against  the 
joyless  formalism  to  which  it  has  been 
subject,  and  by  which  it  has  been  almost 
crushed.  Nina,  its  heroine,  is  the  second 
wife  of  a  Puritan  legislator  whose  rigidly 
Calvinistic  moral  code  has  not  prevented 
him,  even  in  the  lifetime  of  his  wife,  from 
making  love  to  the  governess  of  her  son. 
The  subsequent  marriage  with  the  partner 
in  his  offence  has  been  a  mistake.  A 
bright -eyed,  careless,  rather  madcap  little 
minx,  Nina  shocks  all  the  proprieties,  and 
it  is  as  much  with  a  view  of  keeping  her 
in  order  as  the  house  that  Filmer  Jesson, 
her  husband,  brings  into  the  place  as 
housekeeper  his  deceased  wife's  sister 
Geraldine  Ridgeley.  It  is  apparently  in 
a  mood  of  penitence,  and  as  an  attempt 
at  expiation  for  his  breach  of  conjugal 
faith,  that  Filmer  presents  to  the  adjacent 
borough,  for  which  he  is  member  of  Parlia- 
ment, a  public  park  as  a  species  of  souvenir 
of  his  deceased  wife.  The  occasion  is  to 
be  commemorated  by  a  kind  of  funereal 
pomp.  To  honour  it  the  house  includes 
as  visitors  the  dead  wife's  father  Sir 
Daniel  Ridgeley,  Lady  Ridgeley,  her 
mother,  and  their  detestable  son  Pryce 
Ridgeley  ;  Hilary  Jesson,  the  host's 
brother,  the  minister  to  one  of  the 
South  American  republics  ;  and  a  Major 
Maurewarde,  a  friend  and  tame  or  half- 
tamed  cat  of  the  family.  In  order 
to  complete  the  dramatis  persona*  we 
must  include  the  dead  wife  in  whose 
honour  the  function  is  held,  and  who, 
though  unseen,  is  felt  to  "  animate 
the  whole."  Every  species  of  insult  and 
oppression  is  exercised  upon  Nina  by  her 
husband  and  the  relatives  of  the  dead 
woman.  Hilary  and  Major  Maurewarde 
feel  for  her.  though  their  advocacy  is 
powerless,  and  the  former  constitutes 
himself  the  young  girl's  adviser  and 
friend. 

Two  acts  are  thus  passed,  when  hey  ! 
presto  !  as  with  a  conjurer's  wand  the 
state  of  affairs  is  reversed.  An  accident, 
improbable  in  itself,  but  ingeniously  con- 
trived, puts  the  heroine  in  possession 
of  some  terribly  compromising  letters 
addressed  to  her  predecessor.  From  these 
it  is  but  too  clear  that  the  supposed 
saint  was  a  wanton,  and  had  long  been 
the  mistress  of  Major  Maurewarde.  who 
is.  in  fact,  the  father  of  the  boy  passing 


as  the  son  of  the  house.  Armed  with  this 
weapon,  Nina  is  indeed,  as  Hilary  calls 
her,  "  the  upper  dog,"  and  contemplates 
an  exemplary  revenge.  The  lessons  of 
Hilary,  nevertheless,  bear  fruit.  The 
oppressed  woman  sets  a  noble  example  of 
forgiveness  and  self-abnegation  ;  'i  the  in- 
criminating documents  are  burnt  by 
her ;  and  the  miserable  Ridgeleys  are 
left  in  ignorance  of  their  shame.  It  has 
been  necessary,  however,  to  bring  the 
letters  to  the  knowledge  of  the  husband, 
who  is  able  to  contrast  the  nobility  of  his 
second  wife  with  the  treachery  of  the  first, 
and  who  not  too  speedily  clears  the 
offensive  Ridgeleys  out  of  the  house. 

No  pretence  is  made  in  this  summary 
to  do  justice  to  a  drama  of  fine  observation 
and  palpitating  interest.  Since  his  '  Gay 
Lord  Quex  '  Mr.  Pinero  has  written  nothing 
so  brilliant  and  convincing.  Once  more 
he  establishes  his  right  to  be  classed  with 
the  foremost  living  dramatists.  His  work 
is,  moreover,  not  more  bright  than  original. 
A  slight  amount  of  resemblance  to  '  Frou- 
frou '  may  perhaps  be  seen  in  the  relations 
between  Nina  and  Geraldine  Ridgeley, 
but  there  is  nothing  to  suggest  the  slightest 
indebtedness.  Mildly  and  pleasantly  in- 
teresting and  stimulating  in  the  first  two 
acts,  the  piece  rises  in  the  third  to  a  point 
of  intensity  from  which  it  never  recedes. 
A  happy  feature  in  it,  indeed,  is  that  the 
secret  is  kept  to  the  end,  and  that  no 
inducement  could  easily  drag  the  play- 
goer from  the  house  before  the  denouement 
is  reached.  A  good  interpretation  is 
afforded.  Miss  Irene  Vanbrugh  is  an 
ideal  representative  of  the  heroine,  and 
Mr.  Alexander  gives  a  sympathetic  repre- 
sentation of  the  hero.  More  atrociously 
repulsive  characters  than  the  Ridgeleys 
have  never  been  put  on  the  stage,  and  we 
have  a  grudge  against  Mr.  Pinero  for 
letting  them  off  so  lightly.  Even  the 
compromised  Major  Maurewarde — "  sulks" 
Maurewarde,  as  he  is  popularly  called — 
finds  in  Mr.  Dawson  Milward  a  lifelike 
representative.  The  play  constitutes  a 
needed  vindication  of  our  English  drama. 


New  Royalty. — La  Petite  Fonctionnaire  : 
Comidie  en  Trois  Aetes.  Par  Alfred 
Capus. — Un  Conscil  Judicioire  :  Comedie 
en  Trots  Actes.  Par  Jules  Moinaux  et 
Alexandre  Bisson. 

With  the  appearance  of  Mile.  Jeanne 
Thomassin  and  M.  Felix  Martin  Galipauz 
a  reign  of  the  lightest  and  most  diverting 
comedy  has  set  in  at  the  New  Royalty. 
A  debutante  of  the  Theatre  du  Pare  at 
Brussels,  and  during  seven  years  at  the 
Theatre  Michel.  St.  Petersburg.  Mile. 
Thomassin  "  created  "  at  the  Xouveautes 
the  role  of  Suzanne  Borel,  the  post- 
mistress in  '  La  Petite  Fonctionnaire.' 
which  she  has  repeated  in  London,  and 
has  since  been  seen  as  Pauline  Thomery 
in  '  Un  Conseil  Judiciaire.'  In  both 
pieces  she  shows  herself  one  of  the  prettiest 
and  daintiest  French  artists  who  have 
recently     invaded     London,     and     would 

probably,  in  ease  of  a  Longer  stay,  eclipse 

in  popularity  rivals  of  more  eminence. 
M.  ( ialipaUX,  who  is  also  a  reciter  and  to  a 


180 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


certain  extent  an  author,  created  an  emi- 
nently favourable  impression  as  Pagevin, 
the  -comic  advocate  in  '  Un  Conseil 
Judiciaire.'  First  produced  at  the  Paris 
Vaudeville  on  November  9th,  1886,  the 
piece  has  only  escaped  the  English  adapter 
in  consequence  of  its  plot  turning  on  a 
point  in  French  civil  law  to  which  nothing 
in  English  jurisprudence  corresponds. 


Court. — Afternoon  Performance.    A  Ques- 
tion of  Age :  a  Comedy  in  Three  Acts. 
By    Robert    Vernon    Harcourt.  —  The 
Convict  on  the  Hearth.     By  Frederick 
Fenn. 
Or  the  two  pieces  given  at  the  Court  on 
Tuesday   afternoon,   the   comedy  of   Mr. 
Robert    Vernon    Harcourt    is    the    more 
ambitious  and  the  less  successful.     It  has 
some   bright   dialogue    and    some   clever 
satire  of  modern  life,  but  is  without  story, 
and  is  played  with  painful  deliberation. 
It  presents,  moreover,  social  life  so  modern 
as  to  be   outside  ordinary  ken.     With  a 
more  significant  and  less  sleepy  exposition 
it  might  reveal  merits  now  imperceptible. 
A  breezy  performance  by  Mr.  Fred  Kerr 
of    a   colonel  failed    to    compensate   for 
general  inanition. 

Mr.  Fenn's  '  Convict  on  the  Hearth '  is 
a  clever  and  effective  presentation  of  the 
reception  of  a  convict  released  from  jail. 
At  so  late  a  period  of  the  entertainment 
was  it  produced,  however,  owing  to  the 
dilatoriness  of  those  looking  after  the 
previous  piece,  that  justice  could  scarcely 
be  done  to  a  work  demanding  serious 
attention. 


dramatic  (Jlossip. 

'  The  Younger  Generation  '  is  the  title 
of  a  one-act  piece,  by  Miss  Netta  Syrett, 
which  at  Terry's  Theatre  precedes  Mr. 
Henry  Arthur  Jones's  bright  comedy  '  The 
Heroic  Stubbs.'  The  motive  in  this,  sug- 
gested in  the  "  O  matre  pulchra  filia  piil- 
ehrior,"  of  Horace,  is  the  rivalry  between  a 
fair  and  amorous  widow  and  a  fairer  daughter, 
ending  in  the  rather  pathetic  resignation  by 
the  former  of  her  rule  over  masculine  destiny. 
The  mother  was  well  played  by  Miss  Irene 
Rooke. 

The  German  season  at  the  Great  Queen 
Street  Theatre  ended  on  Saturday  last.  A 
further  season  will  begin  on  the  16th  inst. 
with  Maxim  Gorki's  '  Nachtasyl,'  known  to 
Englishmen  as  '  The  Lower  Depths.'  '  Das 
Erbe,'  by  Philippi,  '  Kinder  des  Excellenz,' 
by  Ernst  von  Wolzogen,  and  Schiller's 
'  Maria  Stuart '  are  also  promised. 

Visitors  to  the  German  plays  during  the 
past  season  must  be  aware  that  the  per- 
formances have  received  inadequate  support. 
Quasi-official  information  to  the  same  effect 
is  now  furnished,  and  the  reasons — easily 
enough  to  be  divined — for  the  state  of  affairs 
are  supplied.  For  the  future,  accordingly,  the 
visit  of  Herr  Andresen's  company  will  extend 
over  no  more  than  six  weeks,  and  will  form 
part  of  a  tour  including  the  principal  towns 
of  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands,  where  the 
German  residents  are  numerous,  and  not, 
it  seems,  like  those  in  England,  voluntarily 
submerged  in  the  country  in  which  they 
dwell. 

'  My  Cousin  Marco,'  a  three-act  farce  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Law,  has  been  produced  by  Mr. 


Weedon  Grossmith  at  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Canterbury.  In  this  rather  extravagant 
work  Mr.  Grossmith  plays  an  Italian  waiter 
passing  as  a  count. 

The  fact  that  Mr.  Arthur  Collins  and  Mr. 
Hall  Caine  are  both  at  St.  Moritz  has  led 
to  many  conjectures  as  to  a  new  drama  at 
Drury  Lane. 

The  next  new  drama  at  the  Imperial  will 
be  the  work  of  Sir  Conan  Doyle,  and  will  be 
founded  on  the  Brigadier-General  set  of 
stories. 

The  annual  play  of  the  Oxford  University 
Dramatic  Society  will  be  produced  every 
night  from  February  21st  to  27th  inclusive, 
omitting  Sunday,  and  will  be  '  Measure  for 
Measure,'  which,  we  believe,  has  not  been 
seen  for  exactly  thirty  years,  when  it  was 
produced  by  Miss  Neilson  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre.  Several  of  the  leading 
members  of  the  club  have  been  unable  to 
take  part,  but  the  following  ladies  are 
assisting  :  Miss  Maud  Hoffman..  Miss  Edith 
Coleman,  Miss  Alice  Leigh,  and  Miss  Walker. 
The  incidental  music  is  by  Mr.  Robert  Cox, 
an  undergraduate  of  St.  John's. 

The  latest  play  by  Sudermann,  '  The 
Floral  Boat,'  which  has  not  yet  been  acted 
in  Germany,  was  recently  performed  in 
St.  Petersburg,  and  proved  of  great  interest. 

The  dramatist  Nikolai  Alexandrovitch 
Lejkin,  whose  death  in  his  sixty-sixth  year 
is  reported  from  St.  Petersburg,  was  a  prolific 
writer,  his  published  plays  filling  forty 
volumes.  They  were  for  the  most  part 
representations  of  the  middle-class  life  of 
Russia,  especially  in  commercial  circles. 

As  an  "  epilogue  "  to  the  visit  to  Paris  of 
the  London  County  Council,  Shakspeare  is 
to  have  a  new  monument  erected  to  his 
memory  in  the  French  capital.  It  is  to  be 
inaugurated  to-day,  close  to  the  place  where 
the  first  adaptation  of  '  Hamlet '  was  played 
in  1769.  M.  Jules  Claretie  is  announced 
to  preside  on  this  interesting  occasion.  The 
sculptor  is  M.  Charles  Jacquot,  a  pupil  of 
Falguiere. 

The  reception  at  the  Theatre  Antoine  in 
Paris  of  '  Le  Vieux  Heidelberg,'  an  adapta- 
tion by  MM.  Remon  and  Bauer  of  '  Alt- 
Heidelberg,'  was  hospitable  without  being 
enthusiastic.  M.  Maupre,  a  youth,  made  a 
highly  successful  appearance  as  the  prince. 


To  Correspondents.— L.  R.— W.  W.—  J.  C.  T.— G.  P.— 
(j.  G.— E.  F.  S.— received. 
V.  K.— Certainly.        S.  H.  M.— Many  thanks. 
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INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Page 

Authors'  Agents         153 

Bagster  &  Sons 182 

Batsford 155 

Bell  &  Sons       180 

Catalogues        154 

Chatto  &  Windus       157 

Dent  158 

Duckworth  &  Co 155 

Educationai 153 

Exhibitions        153 

Hurst  &  Bi.ackett 160 

Hutchinson         181 

Lectures 15S 

Longmans 183 

Sampson  Low,  Marston~&  Co 182 

Macmillan  &  Co 158,160 

Magazines,  &c 153 

Methuen 159 

Miscellaneous 153 

Mudie's  Library  155 

Notes  and  Queries 182 

Oxford  Press 160 

Kegan  Paul        156 

routledge  &  sons 184 

Sales  by  Auction        . .        .154 

Situations  Vacant       153 

Situations  Wanted 153 

Stock  183 

Type-writers 163 


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"The  wrltei  treats  familiar  elements  in  a  newly  interest- 
ing way,  making  her  characters  distinctly  attractive." 

I»n>d.v  Ad  PCI  ' 


ELLIOT  STOCK, 
62,  Paternoster  Row  .  London, 


E.( 


184  T II E     A  T  H  E  N  JE  U  M  N°4085,  Feb.  10,  1906 


ROUTLEDGE'S 
NEW    UNIVERSAL    LIBRARY. 

1  Printed  on  opaque  paper,   neatly   and  elegantly  bound,  with  ^^ 

Si     llCu  gilt  lettering  and    a    gilt    design    on    the    back  of    the  cover  ^™«-     £*Co 

Clotll.  (6  inches  by  4)  ;  where  necessary,  Annotated  and  Indexed.  lCSltllCr. 

The  increasing  demand  for  handy,  elegant  editions  of  the  books  which  have  come  to  be  recognized  as  the  Classics  of  the  "Western 
World  cannot  have  escaped  the  attention  of  readers  of  the  Athenceum  and  of  all  who  frequent  booksellers'  shops  and  bookstalls.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  in  this  connexion  that  Messrs.  George  Routledge  &  Sons  were  the  pioneer  firm  in  this  very  important  branch  of  literary 
activity.  The  late  Prof.  Henry  Morley,  who  died  in  1894,  was  associated  with  the  firm  for  a  great  number  of  years,  and  more  than  twenty 
years  ago  he  inaugurated  and  edited  the  valuable  library  of  literature  known  all  the  world  over  as  "  Morley's  Universal  Library."  This 
series  (68  vols.)  is  still  kept  in  print,  and  encouraged  by  its  success,  achieved  in  an  earlier  generation,  when  the  operation  of  the  Elementary 
Education  Act  was  still  dubious  and  tentative,  Messrs.  Routledge  have  recently  started  a  new  library  of  literature  transcending  all  similar 
series  in  the  width  of  its  range,  in  the  discrimination  which  has  governed  the  selection  of  volumes,  and  in  the  all-important  details  of  book- 
production,  in  which  their  long  experience  and  their  intimate  knowledge  of  the  public  taste  guide  them  unerringly  in  the  right  lines. 

ROUTLEDGE'S  NEW  UNIVERSAL  LIBRARY  (87  vols.,  1905-6),  as  the  series  is  called,  includes  definitive  editions  of 
Shakespeare's  WORKS  (6  vols.),  of  THE  SPECTATOR  (edited  by  G.  A.  Aitken),  of  Macaulay's  HISTORY  OF  ENGLAND,  edited  by 
T.  F.  Henderson  (5  vols.),  and  ESSAYS,  and  other  Authors  whose  works  are  in  constant  and  popular  demand.  But  it  is  not  merely  on 
account  of  the  variety  and  popularity  of  the  volumes  that  the  NEW  UNIYERSAL  LIBRARY  takes  a  leading  place  among  many 
more  hastily  compiled  series  of  reprints.  Messrs.  Routledge  have  not  hesitated  to  act  up  to  their  belief  that  there  is  a  wide  demand  for 
the  books  which  have  really  contributed  to  the  advancement  of  learning  in  the  world,  and  that,  now  that  more  than  a  generation  has  elapsed 
since  every  man's  right  to  education  was  recognized  by  Parliament,  a  class  of  readers  has  grown  up  which  has  hitherto  been  precluded 
from  access  to  the  world's  best  books  only  by  the  exorbitant  prices  at  which  they  were  sold.  These  high  prices  were  regulated  by  the  idea 
that  the  demand  for  them  was  small.  Now  that  a  publisher  has  been  found,  with  sufficient  confidence  in  his  own  judgment  and  in  the 
discrimination  of  the  public,  to  appeal  to  an  immensely  larger  audience,  it  is  quite  possible  to  sell  such  expensive  books  at  a  price  which 
places  them  at  the  disposal  of  the  most  moderate  purse. 

Considerable  assistance  has  been  rendered  to  the  execution  of  this  important  enterprise  by  the  mere  facts  of  history.  Our  readers 
will  remember  that  the  middle  period  of  Queen  Victoria's  reign  was  remarkable  for  the  number  of  great  men  who  were  then  writing  their 
Greatest  works.  We  need  only  mention  in  this  connexion  the  names  of  Tennyson,  Newman,  Browning,  Matthew  Arnold,  Ruskin,  Froude, 
Carlvle,  Darwin,  Huxley,  Maine,  Tyndall,  Mill,  Mrs.  Gaskell,  Mrs.  Gatty,  Dr.  Brown,  Brimley,  Thomas  Hughes,  James  Thomson,  King, 
lake  Sir  John  Seeley,  Freeman,  Peacock,  Disraeli,  and,  on  the  other  side  of  the  water,  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson, 
Walt  Whitman,  and  James  Russell  Lowell.  Now,  the  English  law  of  copyright,  despite  many  defects,  at  least  roughly  achieves  its  wise 
and  statesmanlike  purpose  of  rendering  accessible  to  all  readers  the  greatest  writings  of  the  age,  within  a  reasonable  period  from  the  date  of 
their  composition.  Most  of  the  works  of  the  writers  enumerated  above  are  no  longer  artificially  protected  in  the  interests  of  the  families  of 
their  authors,  nor  need  they  consequently  be  sold  only  at  prohibitive  prices.  Messrs.  George  Routledge  &  Sons  venture  to  claim  the  credit 
of  having  seized  the  psychological  moment  for  drawing  the  correct  inference  from  these  two  chains  of  circumstance.  On  the  one  hand, 
they  have  a  new  public  grown  up  under  a  new  era  of  education  since  the  year  1870 ;  on  the  other  hand,  they  have  a  new  body  of  literature 
ready  to  be  re-issued  at  a  popular  price,  and  unproducible  at  such  a  price  till  within  a  very  recent  period.  The  combination  of  these  two 
factors  is  one  of  the  main  principles  which  have  governed  the  editors  and  publishers  of  the  NEW  UNIYERSAL  LIBRARY. 
It  is  thus  enabled  to  range  from  Adamnan's  LIFE  OF  ST.  COLTJMBA  to  Palgrave's  GOLDEN  TREASURY  OF  SONGS  AND 
LYRICS,  from  Aristotle's  ETHICS  to  Bates's  NATURALIST  ON  THE  AMAZONS,  and  to  include  within  its  scope  such  characteristic 
volumes  of  permanent  interest  as  Sir  Robert  Phillimore's  edition  of  Lessing's  LAOCOON,  Landor's  IMAGINARY  CONVERSATIONS, 
Jeffrey's  ESSAYS  FROM  'THE  EDINBURGH  REVIEW,'  Trelawny's  RECORDS  OF  SHELLEY,  BYRON,  AND  THE  AUTHOR, 
Leopardi's  DIALOGUES,  Reynolds's  DISCOURSES  ON  ART,  AND  OTHERS,  TOO  MANY  TO  ENUMERATE. 

In  the  Poets'  Section,  which  is  famous  as  THE  MUSES'  LIBRARY,  complete  editions  of  the  greatest  poets  are  published, 
each  with  a  notable  critical  apparatus.  Thus,  Herrick  (2  vols.)  is  introduced  by  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne  ;  Keats  (2  vols.),  by  Robert 
Bridges;  Patmore  (1  vol.),  by  Alice  Meynell ;  Vaughan  (2  vols.),  by  Canon  Beeching ;  Coleridge  (1  vol.),  by  Richard  Garnett ;  Donne 
(2  vols.),  by  George  Saintsbury  ;  while  among  other  poets  included  in  the  Series,  with  Introductions  and  Notes,  are  (or  will  shortly  be) 
Matthew  Arnold,  Chatterton,  Clough,  Thomson  (of  '  The  Seasons '),  <fec. 

Every  one  who  is  interested  in  the  contemporary  movement  for  the  popularization  of  good  Letters  should  send  without  delay  for  a 
complete  List  of  the  Volumes  (published  at  the  uniform  price  of  Is.  net  cloth,  and  2s.  net  leather)  contained  in  the  NEW  UNIYERSAL 
LIBRARY  and  the  MUSES'  LIBRARY. 

GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  &  SONS,  Limited,  Broadway  House,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS"— at  the  Office,   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  C  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIES.   Edinburgh.— Saturday,  February  10,  1906. 


m 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


fmmtal  0!  (gmtlislj  anb  ^oxtian  literature  %timtt,  tht  jfm<>  2Vrts,  Jttusix  ani  tl#  $ratna. 


No.  4086. 


SATURDAY,   FEBRUARY    17,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


fotittits. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 
32.  SACKYILLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY.  W.- MEETING, 
FEBRUARY  21,  1906.  at  8  o'clock  p.m.  The  following  Paper  will  l>e 
read  :— 'SOME  OLD  BUILDINGS  OF  THE  STRAND.'  by  ANDREW 
OLIVER,  Esoj.,  A.R.I.B.A.,  with  Lantern  Illustrations. 

GEO.  PATRICK,  Hon.  Sec. 


THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY.  —  The  NEXT 
MEETING  of  the  SOCIETY  will  he  hel.l  at  22,  ALBEMARLE 
STREET,  PICCADILLY,  on  WEDNESDAY.  February 21,  at  8  p.m.. 
when  Mr.  E.  LOVETT  will  deliver  a  Lecture  on  'THE  FOLK-LORE 
■OF  DOLLS,' illustrated  by  Fifty  Lantern  Slides  from  Original  Speci- 
mens in  the  Lecturer's  Collection.  F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 
February  12,  1906. 


Gfoljilntiflns. 


THE  BAILLIE  UALLERY,  54,  Baker  Street,  W. 
—EXHIBITION  of  PAINTINGS  hv  the  LIVERPOOL  SCHOOL 
of  PAINTERS  (1810-1867)  and  WATER  COLOURS  by  OLIVER 
HALL.    NOW  OPEN,  10-6.    Admission  (including  Catalogue!,  u. 

RTS  AND  CRAFTS  EXHIBITION  SOCIETY- 


A 


WALTER  CRANE.  President. 

EIGHTH  EXHIBITION  NOW  OPEN. 

GRAFTON  GALLERY,  Bond  Street,  10  to  6. 


(Bbitcattanal. 


PRANCES     MARY    BUSS     MEMORIAL 
SCHOLARSHIP. 

A  TRAVELLING  SCHOLARSHIP  of  SO/,  will  he  awarded,  in  MAY 
NEXT,  for  purposes  of  Educational  Study  abroad,  to  a  Woman  fully 
qualified  as  a  Secondary  School  Teacher.  Candidates  should  hold  (1)  a 
University  Degree  or  its  equivalent ;  (2)  a  Certificate  of  Efficiency  as  a 
Teacher ;  (3)  have  experience  of  five  years'  Teaching  in  a  Secondary- 
School  ;  141  should  undertake  to  carry  out  a  satisfactory  Scheme  of 
Study  abroad  and  rei>ort  thereon.  Applications,  with  five  copies  of  not 
more  than  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  made  before  APRIL  1  to 
the  SECRETARY,  F.M.B.  Memorial  Scholarship,  North  London 
Collegiate  School  for  Girls,  Sandall  Road,  London,  N.W. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON'.  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southvroldl.  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse.  Cambridge. 

EDUCATION.— PROSPECTUSES  and  PARTI- 
il  LARS  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  and  GIRLS  in  ENGLAND  and 
ABROAD,  supplied  to  parents  free  of  charge.  State  full  require- 
ments. University  Scholastic  Agency,  122,  Regent  Street,  London. 
Established  1858. 

EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratisl.— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army,  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  (free  of 
charge!  on  receipt  of  requirements  hv  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH, 
POWELL  A  SMITH.  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

"PDUCATION. 

Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 

the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 

TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 

are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 

MESSRS.  GABBITAS.  THiUNG  4  CO.. 

who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 

wading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36.  Sackvillc  8treet,  London.  W. 

Situations   Vacant 

UNIVERSITY     OF     BIRMINGHAM. 
(FACULTY  OF  SCIENCE.) 
SPECIAL  LECTURESHIP  IN  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY. 


The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the  post  of  SPECIAL  LEC- 
TURER IN  GEOLOGY  AND  GEOGRAPHY,  vacant  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  Prof.  W.  W  Watts.  F.R.S.,  to  the  Chair  of  Geology  m  the 
Koyal  College  of  Science,  South  Kensington.    Stipend  2601  per  annum. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  six  copies  of  Testimonials,  or  such 
other  credentials  as  the  Candidates  may  prefer  to  offer,  should  lie  sent 
to  the  undersigned  on  or  Wore  FEBRUARY  16. 

The  successful  Candidate  will  lie  required  to  enter  on  his  duties  as 
soon  as  possible,  but  in  any  rase  not  later  than  APRIL  23. 

Further  particulars  may  !>e  obtained  from 
OBO    H    MORLBY,  Secretary. 

THE  VICTORIA 

NIVERSITY      OF      MANCHESTER. 


U 


The  CO!  N'CIT.  is  prepared  to  appoint  a  MISTRESS  OK  METHOD 
AND  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  IN  EDUCATION  Stipend  2601 
per  annum  For  detailed  conditions  apply  to  THE  REGISTRAR 
The  I  Diversity.  Manchester. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


FAIRFIELD  SECONDARY  SCHOOL. 
W  \NTED,  to  commence  duties  with  the  Summer  Term  a  FORM 
M  \sTEli  specially  qualified  t.>  teach  Mathematics  Salar 
rising  by  increments  of  101  to  1701  per  annum.  Half  service  under 
other  Managers  in  a  Secondary  School  recognised  by  the  Hoard  of 
Education  is  counted  towards  raising  the  commencing  Salary  Lppli- 
ration  Forms,  which  may  he  obtained  of  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of 
fu"taml.";'.'.'  ?:':'. '"'''  fool»cap  envelope,  must  be  returned  not  later 
tha  i  FEBRl  AR\  21,  1906. 

pi       . ■      ,**        „.,,,„   T,WM    AVERY  ADAMS,  Secretary. 
Education  Offices,  Guildhall,  Bristol, 
February  6,  1906. 


B 


RISTOL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


ST.  GEORGE  SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL. 

Wanted  immediately,  for  the  above  School,  an  ASSISTANT 
MASTER  for  General  Form  Subjects,  with  special  qualifications  in 
Botany,  Physiology,  Hygiene,  and  Nature  Study.  A  good  discipli- 
narian, with  training  and  experience  in  Teaching,  ami  one  interested 
in  School  Games  preferred.  Salary  130.;,  rising  by  increments  of  10/. 
to  170?.  per  annum.  Half  service  under  other  Managers  in  a  Secondary 
School  recognized  by  the  Board  of  Education  is  counted  towards 
raising  the  commencing  Salary.  Application  forms,  which  may  be 
obtained  of  the  undersigned  by  sending  a  stamped  addressed  foolscap 
envelope,  must  be  returned  not  later  than  FEBRUARY  2S,  1906. 

February  7,  1906. 

BOUNTY    BOROUGH    OF    BOLTOX 

\J  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 

SCHOOL  OF  ART. 
WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  holding  the  Art  Master's 
Certificates  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  specially  qualified  in 
Design  for  Textiles.  He  will  be  required  to  devote  the  whole  of  his 
time  to  the  School,  hut  opportunity  will  he  given  for  private  study. 
Commencing  Salary  IH0?.  per  annum,  rising  hy  annual  increments  of 
101.  to  200/.— Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  teaching 
experience,  together  with  conies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be 
sent  to  the  undersigned  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  24. 

FRED.  WILKINSON,  Director  of  Education. 


s 


OUTHEND-ON-SEA  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL. 


WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  in  the  DAY  SECONDARY 
SCHOOL.  Must  be  well  qualified  in  English  and  (.'lassies.  <  om- 
niencing  Salary  1302.  per  annum.— Apply,  stating  age,  qualifications, 
experience,  Ac.  to  JOS.  HITCHCOCK,  Principal. 

INCORPORATED        ASSOCIATION       of 

J.  ASSISTANT  MASTERS.  —  Applications  are  invited  for  the 
position  of  ASSISTANT  SECRETARY.  Salary  2002.  per  annum     For 

further  information,  and  for  Form  of  Application  iwhich  should  be 
returned  ii"t  later  than  MAHCIl  I,  1906),  applv  to  the  HON. 
SECRETARY,  I. A. A.M..  27.  Great  .lames  Street,  W.C. 


T  lBRARIANTOTHE  SOCIETY  OF  WRITERS 

JLi  TO  HIS  MAJESTY'S  SIGNET. 

The  Office  ofiLIHR ARIAX  to  the  SOCIETY  of  WRITER  to  HIS 
MAJESTY'S  SIGNET,  recently  held  hv  the  late  Mr.  John  Philip 
Edmond.  being  N<"W  VACANT,  applications  for  the  Office,  accom- 
panied hv  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  mav  be  made,  "il  or 
before  MARCH  20,  1906,  to  JAMES  H.  NOTMAN.  Writer  to  the 
Signet.  15,  Y'ork  Place.  Edinburgh.  Clerk  to  the  Society,  from  whom 
any  further  information  may  be  obtained. 

February  10,  1906. 

PUBLISHING.  —  An  OPENING  occurs  in  a 
PUBLISHING  FIRM  for  a  WORKING  PARTNER  with  capita] 
to  develops,  a  Publishing  Business.  Write  PUBLISHER,  1,  Nassau 
Gardens.  Barnes,  s.W. 


Situations    (WtattifO. 

TO  NEWSPAPER  EDITORS.— SPECIAL 
AGRICULTURAL'  ARTICLES. -One  of  the  most  Successful 
Agricultural  Writers.  Scientific  ami  Practical,  is  prepared  to  UNDER- 
TAKE ADDITIONAL  WORK.  No  Syndicating.  Articles  specially 
adapted  to  particular  Divisions  of  the  Country,  Highest  references  to 
present  Employers.  Terms  moderate.— Apply  G.  V.  S  .  Box  1086, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  EC. 

T  ITERARY  ASSISTANCE  (Articles,  Research, 

I  1  Sub-Editing,  Proofs,  Type-Writing,  Ac.)  offered  Writer.  Editor. 
or  Publisher,  by  well-educated  experienced  JOURNALIST.— Write 
F.  T.  S.,  35,  St.  Anne's  Hill,  Wandsworth.  S.W. 


PRIVATE  SECRETARY  to  the  late  George 
Jacob  Holvoake  for  five  and  a  half  years  seeks  RE-ENGAtiK- 
M  ENT  in  similar  capacity.— Address  AMY  BAUM,  17,  Marlborough 
Place,  Brighton. 


AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.—  T.,  Box  1070,  Athenooutn  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Cham  cry  Line,  EC. 


GENTLEMAN,  who  has  had  twenty  years' 
residence  in  various  parts  of  India,  would  be  glad  to  undertake 
RESEARCH  WORK  at  the  British  Museum  or  India  Office  00 
subjects  Historical.  Topographical,  or  otherwise  in  connexion  with 
the  Indian  Empire  V.  II  .  Box  loss.  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's 
Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.c. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision, Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing,  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  Other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship  Classics,  Fiench.  German,  Italian, 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon  Special  subjects:  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms-  Miss  SELIIY,  53,  Talbot  Road.  W. 

T  ITERARY     RESEARCH     undertaken    at    the 

I  J  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  P..  Box  108%  Athenaeum  Press.  18,  Breams  Build 
ings.  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 


(Enp^vMtritcrs. 


TYPE-WRITINO  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  [Classical  TripOS ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages',  Research.  Revision.  Translation,  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE  -WHITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


AUTHORS'  MSB.,  9d  per  l.noo  words. 
.  \  sermons.  PLATS,  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home  (Remington!.  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  eve 
cuted     M    L    L  .  7,  Vernon  Road;  now  known  n  Hi  id, 

Olapham,  B  w 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

A  UTHORS'MSS..  NOVELS,  STORIES.  PLAYS, 

JA.    ESSAYS   TYPEWRITTEN   with   complete  accuracy,  <W.  per 

1,000  words.    References  to  weU-known  Writers.— M.   STCART,  Thirl- 
bank,  Roxlorough  Road,  Harrow. 

THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE- WRITERS,  Ltd. 
(CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY). 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  HIOH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  A  Skinner's.  > 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING.  DUPLICATING.  TRANSLATING. 

TRACING.  Ac. 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  taken. 

"Living  Wage."    Little  overtime.     No  work  given  out.    Offices  well 

lighted  and  healthy.    MSS.  kept  in  fin  proof  safe.    Efficient  Staff. 


TYPEWRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  i Shorthand  or  Type-Writing. 
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CATA  U )( i  K  E    OF    EN<  1 LISH    LITERATU I !  E, 

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—Oomwall— Oliver    Cromwell    Cumberland    Derbyshire    Devonshire 
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CATALOGUE  OF  SHAKESPEARE  AM) 
SHAKESPEARIANA, 

Consisting  of  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  BOOKS, 
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under  their  Authors    Karnes,  and  the   whole   Catalogue   forms  an 
mportant  a.l.lit  ion  t.,  i  he  Bibliography  of  Shakespeare  and  Bacon,  and 
must  |  rove  rcn  attrai  ti.e  to  the  Collei  toi  ol  Shakespearlana  and  t.. 
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M 


1YI 


Autograph  Letters, 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  \..  IS,  Wellington 
street,  strand,  w  c  .  on  MONDAY.  February  98,  at  t  o'clock  preciaelv, 
AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORH'AL  DOCUMENTS  iii 
eluding  S|.ei  miens  of  A.  Po|n'.  sir  Walter  Sentt.  Thackeray,  ( VDlendge, 
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Poet    Keats      l.etlei   a  lid  St  a  II M  s  of  Roliert   liurllj. 

Vl:i)  be  Viewed  two  da\  s  prior      I  atalocues  may  Is.' had. 


aluablt  ('•  ■'  /  '  /  ■      / 

•  /     II     /.  I  /:/.''/  V  /■:»./. 

Rfi  -'il  lli:r.N  .  WILKINSON  I   HODGE 

will    >l  I  I 


M 


ml.  w  I 
VI. I  II  II 


-in  V    t. 


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//.    f/     Ithire. 

ME88RS     PUTTK  K   k   SIMPSON  will  SELL 
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I'alu  "  / .     • 

LQnth  ■/  •./  "  GentU  man. 

MESSRS.    HODGSON    ft    CO.    will  SELL   be 
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othei    Books   with  I'ol 'and 

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W  all  -.  s  vola    Large  IS|«-r.  and 

l'..«.ks       Hakluyt. 

Dryden  s    W..rk-,    bj    >.  .it   .,.,,. 

Pepya     Diary,    by    \V  heath..  -         "i  laaao 

D'ArbUy'a    l»i«r}',    extra  illustn.t.d.    in    s    ,,i.  j^ 

Historical    Writing  id.    Leckj  r  and 

other  Standard    W.aks   in  l„-i  jg%  of 

Britiah   Birda,   -'  rola      Morris's   British    Hud..    I  v,.u  ,   luvll 

Collection    of    Ids.ks    relating    to    1) 

LECTOR      Handsomely   Iwund    Seta    of    Dickens    and   Thaik. 

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To  Ik'  viewed  and  Catah.^'ui-.  bad. 


.Vi 


Rare  «/'•'  Valuable  Books,  Manuscript*,  ami  landings. 
ESSRS.    HODGSON    k    CO.    will    SEL] 

.  1  '.    T  I.  .v-       ...        .!..:_      1,.      .  ,  ,  -         .1  1       . 


AftTlii.N    at    th.ir    Room*,    lis.    Chancery    I^ne.    during 
MAPI  II  »  COLLECTION  of  RARE  and  VALI    VPI.F  l;<  ■■ 
prising    First    and    other    Scarce    Edition*   of    famous  P.i«iks  ii 
English  Literature    b  large  number  of  rare  Im  ..ks  relntin.-  I 
-   Farlv    Printed   and     Ula.  k- Let t er    l^-.ks-  Maiiusi  ripts  on  \Vllum. 
Inclnding    b    line    Twelfth-Century  Evangeliarium-  rSoolu   in   Early 
Stamped  Morocco  Bindings  -  Interesting  Autographs 
Catalogues  are  prejuring. 

firititlt   Lejiirit'j  f 

FEBRUARY  .",  at  half-past  12  o'clock. 
R.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will   OFFER,  at    his 


M 


Rooms.  S»,   Kin.-  Street.  I  ovent   Garden.  W.c.    t! 
TION  of  BRITISH   LKPIDOlTKRA    formed  by  Mn.  BA/.ET1 

prising  many  rare  varieties  in  L'm«d  eotidition. 

Catalogues  on  al.plii-atioll. 

Scientific  Instrumi  nt*  ami  Apparatus  and  Photographic 
A  a 
FRIDA  V  NEXT,  at  half-past  l:  ttebek. 

l:.    J.    C.    STEVENS    will    OFFER,   al 

Room-.    38,    King     Street,    event     Ganlen.    W.4         Ml 
SI  .  .PES  by  W-st  Makers,  and  a  larite  Assortment  of  slid.  -     - 
Instruments    and     Ai>rau*atus— PhoUwrrapnii  I 

Accessories    Optical    L-interns  and    Sli.les-Me.hanie.il    M  - 
many  Lots  of  valual.le  MiaceUaneons  Property. 

On   view  day  prior  t  to  .">.  and  morning  of  Sale.      Catalogues  on. 
application. 


M 


M 


Snujf  Boxet.  Patch  /Jo.rcj;.  Medals,  Samplers,  «(r.. 
Pi-irate  Collection*. 
TUESDA  Y.  February  .'■',  at  half-past  IMsfdhek. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at    his    |{ is.    ::s.    King    street.    Coram!    Garden,    '.' 

number  of    v.-rv  choice    SNUFF    BOXES,    MEDALS.  Foil  M 
PATI  II   BOXES,  a  large  Collection  of  SAMPLERS.  MINI  VI  ■ 
*c,  from  the  COLLEI  TION  funnel  by  the  late  VV     VV    Rolli: 
Esq.— a  Collection  of  Coins  from  another  Source— also  Chit 
Jade,  Weapons,  and  a  variety  of  MisceUaneoua  Carioa. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  4  and  Morning  of  Bale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

ESSRS.    CHRISTIE,    MANSON  *   WOODS 

i..  »  respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  bold  the  Foil. 
SALES  hv  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  Kin.'  St  last.  St.  J 
Square,  tne  Sales  commencing  at  i  •>  clock  precisely : — 

On      MONDAY.      February      19,      MODERN 

PICTURES  and   DRAWINGS  of  the  late   Mrs.   WHEATLFV 

others. 

On  TUESDAY,  February-  20,  the  COLLECTK  »N 

.1  BNOB  W  iM.Sot  the  late  P   H    BATHBOKE.  Fs,,. 

()..  WEDNESDAY.  February  21,  and  THURS- 
DAY, Fehrnary  a,  the  FIRST  PORTION  of  the  stui  K  of  Imp 
JEWELS  of  the  late  Mr.  E   M   HAR.COSO. 

On  FRIDAY,  February 23,  OLD  BURGUNDIAN 

TVPFSTKV  and  OLU  FUFM  li  SNIFF- BOXES,  the  Prepert] 
GENTLEMAN;   OLD    DRESDEN,   the    Pmiierty  ol    Lieut   i. 
c   VV    Ii  INDOLPH.  de.eas,sl;  OLD  FRENCH  FURNITt  Kl 
Right  Hon.  LORD8HAND,  dec  Based 

On     SATURDAY.     February    24,     MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  lit.    PHILIP  II    RATH  I. 

Fs.|     .mil  others. 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine  Si 
London,  W.C    FEBRUARY  IT,  eaasrSalaet— 
Bacon  ■  Ideal  Mansion  [Sonne  Medallion  Prise  Deaignl  ;  Em  av. at  ion  ; 
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Coiintv    Council   Visit    to    ^uis;    liitrerenees    Iwtwcen    English  and 
French   Gothic    Architecture    I  Architectural   Association';    v :. 
Mis..s    w. unit's  Sen    Puil, line  i  Mathematical   I'.vta  for   Archil 
.students  Column);  ftc    From  OfBoa  us  ebon  i*'.;  by  isvst  I4rf.i, or 
through  any  Newsagesit. 


JUST  PUBLISHED, 

Pii.e  :'■'  :'-/..  is.st  free,  medium  s,,..  \ -;ti.  t  Plates. 

PHONETICS  OF  THE  NEW  HKiH  GERMAN 
LANGUAGE. 

By  ARWID  JOHANNSON,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Qennan  Langu  i| 

Literature  in  the  Victoria  Fniversitv  of  M-un  hester. 

Man.  luster:  PALMER.  HOWE  4(0. 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM  187, 


MESSRS.    DUCKWORTH    &    CO, 

WILL  PUBLISH   OJV   WEDNESDAY,   THE  21st, 

A    NEW    NOVEL    BY    E.    TEMPLE    THURSTON, 

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TRAFFIC. 

THE   STORY   OF  A  FAITHFUL  WOMAN. 

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".     .     .     For  no  kind  of  traffic 
Would  I  admit ;    no  name  of  magistrate  ; 
Letters  should  not  be  known  ;   riches,  poverty, 
And  use  of  service,  none  ;   contract,  succession, 
Bourn,  bound  of  land,  tilth,  vineyard,  none ; 
No  use  of  metal,  corn,  or  wine,  or  oil ; 
No  occupation  ;   all  men  idle,  all  ; 
And  women  too, — but  innocent  and  pure  ; 
No  sovereignty."— Act  II.  Scene  I.   The  Tempest. 

TRAFFIC. 

THE   STORY  OF  A  FAITHFUL  WOMAN. 

BY  E.    TEMPLE   THURSTON. 


NEW  HANDBOOK  TO  ROME.   JUST  OUT. 

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Vol     I    By  WALTER  AM  ELUNG.     1 70  Illustrations. 
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188 


Til  E     AT  II  KN\Kl\M 


N   4086,  Tip..  17,  1906 


BLACKWOODS' 

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in  tin-  I 

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AN  INTERESTING  LIFE  STORY. 

LIFE  OF  JOHN 
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N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


189 


E.  GRANT  RICHARDS'S 
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SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  17,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Scottish  Parliament  in  the  Seventeenth 

Century       191 

Dr.  Verrall  on  Ecripides         192 

The  Reshaping  of  the  Far  East        193 

The  Diocese  of  Ossory 193 

New  Novels  (The  Portreeve ;  The  Ancient  Land- 
mark ;  A  Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier ;  Le  Petit  de 

l'Hospice  ;  Le  Baiser  Rouge) 194—195 

Recent  verse 195 

Our  Library  Table  (With  the  Empress  Dowager  of 
China  ;  Porfirio  Diaz  ;  Life  of  Sir  Andrew  Clarke ; 
Heine's  Poetry  ;  The  Champagne  Standard  ;  The 
Liberal  Magazine  ;  Le  Voyage  de  Sparte ;  Ma  Vie 

Militaire,  1800-1810)  196—198 

List  of  New  Books 198 

The  late  T.  IL  Grose  ;  Notaries  Public  ;  The 
'Address  to  Lord  Denman';  A  Lamb  Refe- 
rence  Explained  ;    The  Spring   Publishing 

Season  199 

Literary  Gossip         200 

Science  — La  Fin  de  la  Matters;  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
Theories  of  Matter  ;  'The  Zoological  society 
of  London  ' ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ; 

GOSSIP  201—204 

Fine  Arts  — Graves's  Dictionary  of  the  Royal 

Academy;    "Independent   Art"   at   Messrs. 

Agnew's  ;  The  Etchings  of  Charles  Jacque  ; 

The  Dutch  Artists  at  the  Fine-Art  Society; 

Arch.eological   Notes  ;    Notes   from   Rome  ; 

Sales;  Gossip      205—210 

Music  — Broadwood  Concert;  London  Symphony 

Orchestra  ;  Mozart— a  Correction  ;   Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 210—211 

Drama— A  Gilded  Fool;  French  Plays;  Gossip  211—212 
Index  to  Advertisers       212 


LITERATURE 


The  Scottish  Parliament  :  its  Constitution 
and  Procedure,  1603-1707.  By  Charles 
Sanford  Terry.  (Glasgow,  MacLehose 
&  Sons.) 

When  Lord  Stair  in  1701  was  called  to 
order  by  the  Scottish  Parliament  for  having 
said  that  an  Act  of  that  assembly  was 
"  but  a  decreet  of  the  Baron  Court,"  he 
justified  the  expression,  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  desired  not  to  repeat,  on  the 
ground  that  "  the  representation  here  was 
feudal."  This  incident  is  recalled  for  the 
purpose  of  emphasizing  the  leading  idea 
of  Prof.  Terry's  book.  The  Scottish  Par- 
liament was  originally  the  court  of  the 
king's  vassals,  and,  whatever  it  may  have 
become  in  practice,  it  was  never  in  theory 
a  national  legislature.  Down  to  almost 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  prelates, 
nobles,  smaller  barons,  and  burgesses 
attended  Parliament  in  virtue  of  a  right 
which  was  common  to  them  all  as  Crown 
freeholders,  or,  in  other  words,  tenants-in- 
chief.  In  1585  such  of  the  smaller  barons, 
of  forty  shillings'  annual  value  in  land,  as 
had  not  already  been  relieved  of  the  duty 
of  personal  attendance  were  directed  to 
elect  two  commissioners  for  each  shire  ; 
and  the  greater  barons,  retaining  what 
was  henceforth  to  be  an  exclusive  privilege, 
then  gained  the  political,  as  they  had  pre- 
viously held  the  social,  rank  of  peers. 
That  this  Act  did  not  introduce  represen- 
tation in  the  modern  or  English  sense  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  the  shire 
members  were  elected  by  a  claws  which 
as  such  had  had  the  right  to  attend.  An 
Act  of  1661  established  the  county  fran- 


chise on  a  more  liberal  basis  of  Crown 
tenure,  but  expressly  excluded  all  except 
the  king's  vassals  ;  and  the  political  life, 
which  had  arisen  at  a  much  earlier  period 
in  the  towns,  was  always  circumscribed 
by  the  same  rule,  no  burghs  being  repre- 
sented in  Parliament  and  liable  to  taxation 
but  those  "  free  burghs  royal "  which 
held  charters  of  erection  from  the  Crown, 
and  down  to  1672  enjoyed  a  practical 
monopoly  of  trade. 

In  filling  in  these  outlines  of  the  Scottish 
Constitution  Prof.  Terry  has  been  anti- 
cipated by  several  recent  writers,  his  obli- 
gations to  whom  are  fully  acknowledged  ; 
but  he  has  been  able  to  supplement  at  not 
a  few  points  Mr.  Rait's  suggestive  essay, 
and  even  the  elaborate  work  of  Mr.  Porritt. 
In  dealing  with  county  representation  he 
has  derived  much  help  from  the  records, 
published  and  unpublished,  of  the  Aber- 
deenshire Sheriff  Court.  He  shows  how 
the  mandate  of  the  shire  members,  origin- 
ally annual,  was  extended  to  the  duration 
of  Parliament  ;  how  the  practice  of  paying 
them  for  their  services  fell  into  abeyance  ; 
how  the  elections  were  conducted  ;  and 
how  the  small  number  of  those  who  exer- 
cised the  shire  franchise,  limited  as  that 
was,  exposed  them  to  coercion  from  the 
Crown.  The  author's  conclusion  appears 
to  be  sound  that  till  the  days  of  the 
Covenant  neither  shire  members  nor  burgh 
members  were  permitted  to  vote.  He  has 
also  something  fresh  to  impart  in  regard 
to  the  extent  to  which  the  business  of 
Parliament  from  1661  to  1690  was  en- 
grossed by  the  Lords  of  the  Articles.  The 
great  change  resulting  from  the  practical 
abolition  of  this  committee  in  1640  has 
been  so  fully  and  admirably  explained 
by  Gardiner  in  the  ninth  volume  of  his 
'  History  '  that  one  is  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand the  statement  in  the  preface  that 
"  the  significance  and  interest  "  of  Scottish 
parliamentary  progress  in  the  seventeenth 
century  "  have  been  almost  entirely  over- 
looked." "  No  Reform  Bill  in  our  own 
day,"  writes  Gardiner,  "  has  ever  brought 
about  anything  approaching  to  the  poli- 
tical change  which  was  the  result  of  this 
decision."  Undoubtedly,  however,  the 
impression  prevails  that  the  committee  was 
fully  reinstated  in  1661  ;  and  Prof.  Terry 
has  thus  rendered  good  service  in  showing 
that  Parliament  during  the  Restoration 
period  met  for  other  purposes  than  to 
elect  this  body  and  to  register  its  decrees  ; 
that  it  established  rules  of  debate  which 
were  continued  after  the  Revolution  ;  that 
it  reserved  the  right  to  determine  contro- 
verted elections  ;  and  that  it  examined, 
and  even  amended,  measures  which  the 
Lords  of  the  Articles  had  approved.  He 
might  have  added  that  proposals  not  pre- 
sented by  the  committee  could  be  brought 
directly  before  the  House.  We  are  in- 
clined to  envy  the  confidence  and  pre- 
cision with  which  Prof.  Terry  sets  forth 
the  legislative  methods  in  use  between  the 
Revolution  and  the  Union,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  question  his  estimate  of 
their  merit  when  we  are  told  that  in  1707 
the  Scottish  Parliament  "  had  brought 
itself,  both  as  a  chamber  of  debate  and  of 
legislation,  to  a  reasonable  level  of  pro- 


cedure with  the  English  Parliament  of  the 
day."  This  is  hardly  the  impression  one 
receives  from  Hume  of  Crossrigg,  whose 
private  diary  is,  perhaps,  a  better  guide 
than  the  official  minutes  ;  and  no 
mention  is  made  by  Prof.  Terry  of  a 
singular  practice,  the  source  of  much 
"  jangling,"  which  is  thus  described  in 
the  letter  of  an  exasperated  statesman  to 
Carstares : — 

"They  plead  it  as  a  privilege  of  the  mem- 
bers to  give  in  a  state  of  a  question,  and 
demand  a  vote  upon  it;  and  if  it  did  not 
please,  any  other  might  give  another  state, 
and  vote  which  should  be  the  question." 

On  one  occasion  in  1703  three  hours  were 
occupied  "  about  stating  a  vote." 

Prof.  Terry  writes  in  a  blunt  and  forcible, 
but  far  from  exact,  style.  Compression 
is  overdone  in  such  sentences  as  these  : — 

"In  spite  of  the  emphatic  vote  of  13th 
April,  1689,  the  new  government  was  reluc- 
tant to  endorse  it.  To  have  done  so  meant 
the  surrender  to  Parliament  of  a  power  of 
initiative  which  had  been  persistently  with- 
held." 

There  is  no  lack  of  thoroughness  in  the 
researches  which  have  gone  to  the  making 
of  this  book,  and  the  reader  who  is  also  a 
student  will  welcome  the  appendix  of 
original  documents.  The  only  error  we 
have  noticed  is  the  reference  to  the  Clerical 
Estate  as  regaining  "  the  constitutional 
position  of  which  the  Reformation  had 
deprived  it."  This  position  it  had  never 
lost.  The  practice  of  bestowing  benefices 
in  commendam,  which  prevailed  in  the 
Roman  Church  during  the  last  century 
preceding  the  Reformation  in  Scotland, 
had  resulted  in  most  of  the  prelacies,  other 
than  bishoprics,  being  engrossed  by  lay- 
men ;  and  the  pseudo-ecclesiastics,  though 
they  all  embraced  Protestantism,  con- 
tinued to  represent  the  Church  in  Parlia- 
ment as  long  as  they  lived.  As  these  men 
died  out,  persons  no  better  qualified  were 
appointed  in  their  room  ;  and  the  pro- 
bability that  all  the  great  benefices  would 
be  secularized  induced  Knox  and  his 
associates  to  consent  to  a  restoration  of 
prelacy,  which,  curiously  enough,  was  to 
comprise  abbots  and  priors,  with  political 
and  judicial  functions,  as  well  as  genuine 
bishops.  Andrew  Melville  persuaded  the 
Church,  and  finally  the  State,  to  repudiate 
this  scheme  ;  but  the  fiction  of  a  spiritual 
estate  had  still  to  be  maintained  ;  and, 
even  after  Presbytery  had  been  estab- 
lished in  1592,  we  find  certain  titular 
prelates  voting  in  Parliament  pro  clrro. 
James  VI.,  in  seeking  to  undo  Melville's 
work,  insisted  on  the  necessity  of  uphold- 
ing the  parliamentary  constitution  ;  and 
the  difficulty  was  at  last  solved  when  the 
spiritual  estate  was  confined  to  bishops, 
and  the  rest  of  its  members  were  absorbed 
into  the  body  of  temporal  peers.  In  a 
note  on  p.  13*an  Act  of  1640  is  mentioned 
as  suggesting  that  the  nobility  had  been 
reinforced  by  "  strangers  having  titles  of 
honour."  This  was  certainly  the  case. 
and  amongst  the  English  commoners  who 
had  been  enrolled  in  the  Scottish  peerage 
was  Viscount  Falkland. 

Whilst  Prof.  Terry  is  to  be  congratu- 
lated on  the  additions  he  has  made  to  our 


192 


THE    A  T  II  E  N  M  U  M 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


knowledge  of  the  Boottish  ('(institution, 
we  think  his  work  would  have  been  more 
instructive  and  readable  had  it  been 
on  a  different  plan.  The  character 
and  working  of  a  political  institution  may 
be  elucidated  by  direct  analysis  or  in  the 
course  of  an  historical  narrative,  and  there 
were  special  reasons  in  this  case  why 
the  second  of  these  methods  should 
have  been  preferred.  Precedent  can 
hardly  be  distinguished  from  innovation 
in  a  legislative  assembly  which  existed  as 
such  for  two  brief  periods  amounting  in 
all  to  twenty-seven  years  ;  and  consti- 
tutional progress  in  Scotland  during  the 
seventeenth  century  was  achieved  under 
such  abnormal  conditions,  and  bears  so 
misleading  a  resemblance  to  the  parallel 
movement  in  England,  that  it  cannot  be 
adequately  interpreted  without  constant 
reference  to  the  political  history  of  the 
time.  Had  the  author  put  his  antiquarian 
knowledge  into  the  form  of  an  introduction 
and  written  a  narrative  of  Parliament 
from  1603  to  1707,  we  should  have  had 
a  bulkier  volume,  no  doubt,  but  one  which 
would  have  afforded  a  clearer  and  more 
practical  insight  into  the  subject  than  can 
be  gained  from  the  eighteen  sections  of 
this  treatise.  We  should  then  have  learnt 
how  Parliament  in  its  Puritan  expansion 
controlled,  and  even  superseded,  the  exe- 
cutive ;  how  it  fostered,  and  finally  defied, 
an  intolerant  Church  ;  and,  in  particular, 
how  the  Crown  succeeded  in  building  up 
a  system  of  corrupt  influence  to  replace 
the  direct  control  of  which  it  was  deprived 
when  the  Committee  of  the  Articles  was 
finally  abolished  in  1690.  Prof.  Terry  has 
confined  himself  to  the  anatomy  of  his 
subject,  and  much  remains  to  be  done  if 
the  bones  thus  skilfully  pieced  together 
are  to  be  endued  with  life. 


Essays  on  Four  Plays  of  Euripides: 
Andromache,  Helen,  Heracles,  Orestes. 
By  A.  W.  Verrall,  Litt.D.  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) 

Dr.  Verrall  has  found  a  theme  after  his 
own  heart.  He  alwaj's  loves  a  difficulty, 
so  much  even  that  he  sometimes  creates 
one  to  solve  it  after  his  own  fashion.  In 
Euripides  he  has  a  dramatist  who  bristles 
with  difficulties,  and  who,  after  enjoying 
a  reputation  in  his  own  day  hardly  second 
to  any,  has  been  depreciated  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  is  difficult  to  understand 
his  ancient  fame.  So  low,  indeed,  is  the 
estimate  often  held  of  him  that  it  seems 
to  follow  that  critics  must  have  misunder- 
stood him.  At  present,  however,  there 
seems  a  revival  in  his  favour,  due  to 
Dr.  Murray's  poetical  translations,  and 
critics  in  the  daily  press  are  quoting 
Mrs.  Browning's  hackneyed  lines  ad 
nauseam. 

In*  '  Euripides  the  Rationalist '  Dr. 
Verrall  dealt  with  his  author  on  broad 
lines  ;  here  he  takes  four  of  his  plays, 
veritable  puzzles,  and  after  showing  the 
absurdity  of  the  common  interpretations 
of  them,  offers  new  ones  of  his  own,  based 
on  the  general  view  of  the  poet's  genius 


which  he  has  formed.  He  claims  to  have 
found  for  these  four  plays  interpretations 
reasonable  and  consistent,  in  place  of  the 
only  possible  alternative,  the  assumption 
that  as  dramas  they  are  complete  failures. 
Granted  the  fame  of  Euripides,  we  are 
inclined  to  think  that  Dr.  Verrall's 
view  is  likely  to  be  right  :  let  us  now  look 
at  the  interpretations  he  suggests,  and 
see  whether  they  do  all  he  claims  for 
them. 

We  have  not  space  fully  to  discuss  the 
interpretations  of  these  four  plays.  The 
questions  raised  are  intricate,  and  require 
more  than  a  brief  summary.  But  the 
general  line  of  interpretation  followed  is 
this.  Euripides,  we  know,  was  accused 
of  bringing  down  tragedy  to  common 
earth  ;  what  he  did  would  more  properly 
be  described  as  translating  into  modern 
circumstances  the  ethical  and  psycholo- 
gical problems  which  are  implied  in  certain 
stories.  Thus  with  '  Heracles,'  for  ex- 
ample :  here  is  a  great  man,  renowned 
for  deeds  of  courage  and  beneficence, 
about  whom  cluster  a  number  of  super- 
natural and  impossible  tales.  How  could 
such  tales  grow  up  ?  Was  he  a  charlatan 
who  invented  them  1  did  he  admit  them  ? 
or  in  what  way  are  they  to  be  accounted 
for  ?  And  what  manner  of  man  was  he, 
if  we  could  get  close  to  him  ?  Dr.  Verrall 
explains  him  by  assuming  that  he  was  a 
man  inspired  with  great  ideas,  yet  afflicted 
with  recurrent  fits  of  madness,  in  which 
his  imagination  transformed  his  deeds 
into  something  miraculous.  The  unthink- 
ing and  ignorant  crowd,  hearing  the  utter- 
ances of  his  madness,  accepted  them  for 
truth  ;  but  Heracles  himself  in  his  sane 
moments  never  claimed  miraculous  power, 
nor,  indeed,  did  he  realize  the  shape  in 
which  he  appeared  to  the  crowd.  After 
his  last  fit  of  madness,  in  which  he  slays 
his  wife  and  children,  he  utters  some  pro- 
found speculations,  which  show  how  far 
he  is  above  the  men  of  his  own  day  in  his 
views  of  God  and  the  future  life  ;  and  we 
see  in  him  "  a  soul's  tragedy."  So,  again, 
the  '  Orestes  '  describes  a  series  of  events 
which  might  have  happened  in  democratic 
Athens.  The  political  state  of  things,  the 
procedure  of  the  trial — all  the  circum- 
stances are  far  more  modern  than  the 
heroic  age.  The  interest  centres  on  the 
interaction  of  two  mad-headed  boys,  full 
of  the  hot  sentiment  which  may  be  found 
in  '  Dick  Turpin '  and  suchlike  stories, 
with  a  cold-blooded  fiend  of  a  woman, 
Electra  ;  Menelaus,  the  sordid  schemer  ; 
Helen,  a  selfish  doll ;  and  Tyndareus,  a 
noble  and  upright  man.  Orestes  would 
have  got  off  with  a  light  punishment  but 
for  his  own  folly  ;  and  Electra,  a  woman 
with  brains,  but  no  heart,  uses  him  and 
Pylades  as  tools  to  wreak  her  spite  on 
Hermione,  whose  only  sin  is  that  Clytem- 
nestra  cared  for  her  more  than  for  Electra. 
In  '  Helen  '  we  have  a  playful  "  apology  " 
for  the  crime  of  having  spoken  ill  of 
womankind,  composed  (Dr.  Verrall  thinks) 
to  do  honour  to  a  clever  and  remarkable 
Athenian  woman,  at  whose  house  it  was 
also  performed.  By  allusions  in  the  play 
and  in  Aristophanes's  parody  of  it  Dr. 
Verrall  has  recovered  (some  will  say,  has 


imagined)  her  name,  history,  and  dwelling- 
place.  The  '  Andromache  '  is  not  quite 
of  the  same  kind  as  these  ;  in  that  play 
Dr.  Verrall  suggests  motives  for  the  actions 
and  a  logical  connexion  between  them, 
which  does  not  exist  in  the  current  inter- 
pretation, by  assuming  the  existence  of  a 
First  Part, 

It  will  be  seen  that  Dr.  Verrall  has 
recourse  to  the  assumption  that  plays 
were  performed  privately  in  Athens  ;  and 
he  holds  that  this  was  the  case  not  only 
with  the  '  Helen,'  but  also  with  the 
'  Medea,' '  Orestes,'  and  others.  The  hypo- 
thesis is  reasonable.  We  find  it  in  Eng- 
land at  the  time  when  the  drama  flourished  ; 
we  find  a  similar  relation  of  public  to 
private  performance  in  the  music  of  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  As 
Dr.  Verrall  aptly  remarks,  how  otherwise 
could  all  the  hundreds  of  plays  we  know 
of  have  been  performed  at  all  ?  Only  a 
limited  number  could  have  found  place  at 
the  great  festivals  ;  and  these  he  supposes 
were  the  best,  sifted  out  from  a  great  mass 
by  the  criticism  of  private  audiences. 
Such  plays  would  naturally  be  simpler, 
both  in  staging  and  in  structure.  For 
example,  they  would  be  likely  to  have  no 
chorus  ;  and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the 
'  Orestes  '  would  be  better  without  one. 
Again,  they  need  not  have  a  conventional 
plot  or  ending  ;  the  '  Orestes,'  and  in  a 
less  degree  the  '  Medea,'  have  been  spoilt 
by  such  an  ending.  But  if  they 
were  produced  at  the  Dionysia,  chorus 
they  must  have,  and  they  must  not  too 
boldly  refute  tradition.  Dr.  Verrall  ana- 
lyzes certain  plays  to  show  how  the  original 
draft  was  altered.  It  is  wTell  that  he  has 
drawn  attention  to  this  point ;  and 
it  may  be  that  when  Greek  literature  is 
searched  with  this  theory  of  rearrange- 
ment in  view,  more  evidence  may  be 
found. 

In  the  psychological  and  ethical  criti- 
cism of  these  four  plays  Dr.  Verrall  has 
scored  a  great  success.  We  have,  indeed, 
made  great  advances  in  this  direction 
within  the  last  generation  or  so  ;  but 
much  remains  to  be  done,  and  it  is  work 
of  the  highest  value  at  the  present  time, 
because  it  makes  the  Greek  drama  intel- 
ligible as  literature.  We  have  to  regard 
Greek  plays,  not  as  Greek  to  be  translated, 
but  as  drama  to  be  acted,  and  capable  of 
reacting  upon  the  intelligence  and  cha- 
racter of  the  audience.  The  humanity 
under  a  strange  outside  is  what  we  care 
most  for ;  and  it  is  what  the  editors 
of  Greek  plays  seem  to  understand 
least. 

We  must  offer  our  congratulations  to 
Dr.  Verrall  on  the  admirable  clearness 
with  which  he  states  and  analyzes  the 
intricate  plots.  Admirable  also  is  the 
way  in  which  he  has  shown  how  each  of 
these  four  plays  is  essentially  "  modern  "  : 
they  are  not  ancient  legends  dished  up, 
but  problems  of  the  day — the  characters 
and  their  adventures  such  as  might  have 
been  seen  in  the  time  of  Euripides  — 
might,  indeed,  with  changes  of  environ- 
ment, be  seen  now.  By  his  contempor- 
aries this  modern  note  was,  as  we  know, 
recognized  as  a  chief  mark  of  Euripides  as 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


193 


contrasted  with  ^Eschylus  and  Sophocles  ; 
it  was  even  made  his  reproach.  So  far, 
then,  Dr.  Verrall  makes  Euripides  more 
credible  for  us,  and  the  insight  of  this 
argument  should  not  be  neglected. 
Whether  his  interpretation  will  stand  the 
test  of  time  and  criticism  in  all  details  is 
another  matter  ;  but  it  must  be  admitted 
that  he  is  working  on  the  right  hnes,  and 
in  our  view  he  has  made  a  long  step  in 
advance.  We  may  add  a  pious  wish  that 
Dr.  Verrall  would  write  an  original  Greek 
play.  He  has  given  the  outline  of  one  in 
discussing  the  '  Helen,'  and  it  would  be  a 
most  interesting  document. 


The  Reshaping  of  the  Far  East.  By  B.  L. 
Putnam  Weale.  With  Illustrations  and 
Map.     2  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

In  these  volumes  of  over  eleven  hundred 
pages  we  have  the  "  whole  story  of  the 
past  decade  "  in  the  Far  East  told  with 
considerable  vigour  and  no  little  dogmat- 
ism. The  author  is  already  known  by 
his  book  on  '  Manchu  and  Muscovite,' 
but  beyond  that  work  and  the  present 
we  do  not  know  what  his  credentials  are 
as  an  authority  upon  the  many  and  diffi- 
cult questions  that  agitate  the  lands  lying 
east  of  Singapore.  The  style  savours  of 
that  of  a  correspondent  or  journalist ;  the 
book  is  impressionist — shows  industry  in 
note  -  taking,  keenness  of  observation, 
variety  of  experience,  and  sufficient  bold- 
ness of  speculation.  The  moment  is  inter- 
esting and  important  in  Far  Eastern 
history.  It  is  more  than  probable  that 
Russia  will  never  again  be  a  factor  of 
importance  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 
France,  too,  may  be  eliminated  as  a 
disturber  of  Oriental  peace.  Germany 
for  some  time  may  retain  the  fruits  of  her 
enterprise  in  the  shape  of  that  expensive, 
but  very  well-ordered  toy  Tsingtao  ;  but 
her  territorial  ambitions  in  Shantung 
seem  likely  to  be  repressed.  For  China 
at  last  is  waking  up.  She  has  railways 
of  which  the  mileage  is  certain  to  increase 
rapidly,  and  a  press  that  expands  with 
even  greater  speed.  Mr.  Weale  travelled 
on  the  Hankow-Peking  line  and  on  the 
German  Shantung  line.  The  former  is  a 
Franco-Belgian  construction,  ill  made  and 
ill  managed  ;  the  latter  is  solidly  laid  and 
admirably  equipped  in  every  particular. 
It  would  seem  that  the  Germans  and  the 
Japanese  alone  possess  the  secret  of  doing 
thoroughly  what  they  set  their  hands  to 
do.  Yet  even  they  do  not  command 
success  :  Kiaochau  is  a  failure,  as  it 
deserves  to  be,  and  Japan's  Manchurian 
campaign  has  not  yet  produced  a 
diplomatic  triumph.  Both  countries  lack 
imagination,  and,  being  unable  to  see 
things  as  others  see  them,  make  mistakes. 
Japan  follows  Germany  in  many  ways 
unpleasing  to  the  British  mind,  and 
maintains  a  political  police  system — her 
heritage  from  Bakufu  days — as  a  method 
of  government.  Mr.  Weale  himself  was 
watched  and  almost  treated  as  a  spy 
because  he  spoke  a  few  words  of  Chinese  to 


a  Chinaman.  No  form  of  government  based 
on  such  a  system,  combined  with  a  veiled 
but  real  despotism,  can  be  considered 
satisfactory.  We  wish  the  author  had 
told  us  more  about  the  Chinese  press. 
There  are  160  journals,  which  have  a  con- 
siderable circulation  and  a  very  much 
more  considerable  audience.  Most  of  the 
papers  are  owned  and  managed  by  Chinese, 
but  about  50  per  cent,  of  them  are  entirely 
under  Japanese  influence.  The  Japanese, 
too,  possess  a  large  shop  in  Shanghai 
where  thousands  of  books  are  sold  on  all 
sorts  of  Western  subjects.  But  we  should 
have  liked  to  know  something  about  the 
tone  and  substance  of  the  Chinese  press — 
whether  it  is  scurrilous  and  trivial,  or  pre- 
tentious and  priggish,  or  of  a  more  solid 
and  business  character  in  conformity 
with  the  Chinese  temperament. 

The  Chinaman  has  always  had  a  clearer 
vision  of  things  political  than  he  has  been 
credited  with.  As  railways  and  news- 
papers bring  together  Chinese  bodies  and 
Chinese  minds,  he  will  be  able  to  give 
fuller  expression  to  what  has  always  been 
his  ideal — China  for  the  Chinese.  Now, 
for  the  first  time  in  her  history,  China 
is  achieving  nationahsm,  of  which  even 
Japan  had  no  notion  some  thirty  years  ago. 
Thousands  of  Chinese  young  men  are  ac- 
quiring Western  knowledge,  chiefly  through 
Japanese  channels,  but  by  no  means 
wholly  so,  and  before  a  quarter  of  a  century 
has  elapsed  China  will  be  fully  able  to 
defend  herself — she  is,  in  fact,  under 
existing  political  conditions  fairly  able 
to  do  so  already — against  any  amount 
even  of  "  mailed  fist  "  diplomacy. 

Among  the  many  interesting  chapters 
in  these  volumes — on  the  war,  on  the 
mistakes  of  the  war,  on  the  Chinese  Court 
and  its  influence,  on  the  foreign  legations 
in  Japan,  on  the  Chinaman  himself,  on 
the  foreign  services  in  China,  on  Kiaochau, 
blockade-running,  Japan  in  time  of  war, 
on  China  arming,  on  the  missionary  ques- 
tion, &c. — perhaps  the  most  attractive, 
and  to  many  readers  the  most  novel,  will 
be  that  on  the  "  peculiar  attitude "  of 
the  United  States.  For  the  first  time  the 
past  policy  of  America  in  the  Far  East 
meets  with  severe  castigation.  It  may 
be  sufficiently  judged  by  the  tone  of 
President  Tyler's  letter  dispatched  in 
1843  to  the  Chinese  Emperor.  It  is  well 
that  the  document  is  here  printed  in  full. 
It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  under 
President  Roosevelt  the  old  sort  of  diplo- 
macy has  been  utterly  abolished  and  its 
whole  personnel  swept  away. 

Despite  some  loose  history,  exaggerated 
statements,  and  rather  wild  speculations, 
the  work  is  the  best  account  of  twentieth- 
century  China  in  existence,  and  affords 
useful,  though  far  from  infallible  hints  as 
to  the  possibilities  of  the  next  decade  in 
the  Far  East.  The  publishers  have  dealt 
with  it  liberally  :  the  illustrations  are 
numerous  and  extremely  well  chosen  ; 
there  is  an  appendix  containing  a  number 
of  documents  of  great  service  to  the  student 
of  Far  Eastern  matters,  and  also  a  capital 
map,  prepared  upon  a  most  generous 
scale. 


History  of  the  Diocese  of  Ossory.  By 
William  Carrigan,  C.C.  4  vols.  (Dublin, 
Sealy,  Bryers  &  Walker.) 

The  Roman  Catholic  clergy  of  Ireland  are 
to  be  congratulated  on  possessing  a 
member  with  the  patience  and  learning  of 
Mr.  Carrigan.  He  has  such  independence 
of  spirit,  according  to  his  diocesan's 
preface,  that  he  does  not  hesitate  upon 
occasions  to  contradict  even  Cardinal 
Moran  !  Probably  the  Cardinal's  Trans- 
Pacific  experiences  have  accustomed 
him  to  such  liberties,  almost  unknown  in 
Ireland. 

It  would  be  impossible  in  a  brief  notice 
to  give  a  complete  sketch  of  this  laborious 
book,  which  goes  with  care  over  every 
parish  in  the  diocese,  comprising  the  county 
of  Kilkenny  and  a  large  part  of  Queen's 
County.  The  author  notes  all  the  eccle- 
siastical ruins  and  antiquities,  copies  the 
old  inscriptions,  and  cites  the  annals  of 
the  country,  so  far  as  they  bear  upon  his 
subject.  He  has,  indeed,  ample  results 
to  show  for  the  twenty  years  he  has  spent 
on  a  not  always  grateful  task.  The 
defect  of  the  book  is  its  confessedly  one- 
sided standpoint.  Mr.  Carrigan  is  con- 
cerned with  the  Roman  Catholic  diocese, 
and  though  he  derives  not  a  little  from 
the  learning  of  Protestant  antiquaries 
like  James  Graves,  and  the  courtesy  of  the 
present  "  Protestant  bishop,"  he  mentions 
that  side  unwillingly,  and  gives  us  not  a 
word  concerning  the  post-Reformation 
parish  priests  of  the  Anglican  Church  in 
the  diocese.  The  history  of  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Canice  had  already  been  written  by 
James  Graves  and  Prim  ;  the  ancient 
splendours  of  the  house  of  Ormond  have 
long  been  the  public  property  of  historians, 
both  English  and  Irish  ;  what  we  owe  to 
Mr.  Carrigan  is  the  minute  rehearsal  of 
the  local  annals  of  a  diocese  which  was 
certainly  the  most  important  in  Ireland 
under  its  Norman  conquerors,  and  hardly 
second  to  Dublin  centuries  after.  For  the 
connexion  of  Strongbow  and  his  fellows 
with  Kilkenny  is  more  intimate  than  with 
any  other  place  in  Ireland.  The  Castle 
of  Kilkenny,  bought  by  the  Butlers  from 
a  De  Spencer,  is  still  the  living  symbol  of 
that  conquest.  The  charters  and  deeds 
of  the  old  Norman  barons  are  still  nume- 
rous in  the  great  muniment  room  of  the 
castle.  This  pre-eminence  is  evidently 
due  to  the  easy  access  from  the  sea  to 
Kilkenny  by  way  of  the  Nore,  which  the 
Earl  of  Pembroke  would  naturally  choose 
for  his  transit  from  South  Wales.  The  old 
ecclesiastical  settlements  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood showed  that  the  Church  had 
spread  its  civilizing  influence  through  that 
part  of  Ireland  even  long  before.  It  lies 
clear  not  only  of  the  wild  mountains  reach- 
ing from  co.  Dublin  down  to  the  Barrow 
in  co.  Wexford,  but  also  of  the  wild  swamps 
and  forests  which  occupied  Queen's  County 
to  the  north-west.  Hence  Kilkenny  was 
an  early  centre  of  Anglo-Norman  culture. 
Parliaments  were  held  there,  and  it  was 
the  capital  of  the  Irish  insurgents,  patriot", 
and  priests  who  carried  on  war  against 
the  Parliament .  and  cither  for  Charles  I.  or 
for  themselves,  in  the  years  following  1641. 


194 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°408G,  Feb.  17,  1906 


On  this  most  complicated  war  our 
author  confines  himself  to  the  attitude 
taken  up  by  the  famous  Bishop  Rothe 
and  his  priests  against  the  Papal  Legate 
Rinnccini,  and  his  account,  fortified  by 
many  declarations  reproduced  in  exten.so,\s 
very  instructive.  It  is  clear  enough  that, 
writing  a.s  a  priest,  he  dare  not  approve 
of  the  bishop,  whereas  as  an  historian  his 
sympathies  are  on  the  side  of  those  who 
appealed  to  Rome  against  the  Legate's 
tyranny.  No  one  could  say  that  such  an 
appeal  was  not  perfectly  legal  and  ortho- 
dox. We  suppose  that  the  point  at  issue 
(not  clearly  stated)  is  whether,  in  the 
interval  between  the  appeal  and  the  reply, 
the  Ossory  priests  were  justified  in  dis- 
regarding the  Nuncio.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  one  Pope  called  the  appeal  frivolous, 
while  the  next  admitted  its  justice. 

This  is  but  one  specimen  of  the  inter- 
esting matter  which  the  historian  of 
Kilkenny  can  discuss.  His  clerical  posi- 
tion, if  it  be  not  conducive  to  impartial 
and  scientific  treatment  of  his  subject,  at 
least  gave  him  access  to  many  relics  of  the 
old  time,  preserved  in  churches  and 
monasteries,  which  non-Catholics  have 
never  seen,  or  even  heard  of.  Thus  the 
ordinary  histories  of  the  Ormond  family 
pass  over  the  possession  of  a  fragment  of 
the  true  Cross  by  that  family  as  far  back 
as  1487,  which  the  last  Catholic  Earl 
(Walter),  the  grandfather  of  the  first  Duke, 
bequeathed  to  the  Catholic  branch  of  his 
family.  Mr.  Carrigan  does  not  give  a 
word  of  credit  to  the  great  Duke,  who  was 
brought  up  a  Protestant,  for  carefully 
adhering  to  his  grandfather's  wishes  ;  and 
so  this  curious  relic,  in  its  beautiful  silver 
case  in  the  form  of  an  archiepiscopal  cross, 
survives  in  an  Ursuline  convent  at  Black 
Rock,  near  Cork.  But  while  he  gives 
us  a  picture  of  the  rude  throne  called 
St.  Kieran's  chair,  still  in  the  north  tran- 
sept of  St.  Canice's  Cathedral,  he  does 
not  say  a  word  about  the  alleged  habit  of 
the  Catholic  bishops,  down  to  the  present 
day,  of  being  enthroned  there. 

We  have  left  ourselves  no  space  to  speak 
of  Mr.  Carrigan's  researches  into  the  annals 
of  the  old  clans — O'Moores,  O'Dunnes, 
MacGillpatricks  (Fitzpatrick),  Kavanaghs, 
&c,  who  warred  and  plundered  about  the 
diocese  for  a  thousand  years.  Strange  to 
say,  two  of  them — the  Norman  Butler 
and  the  Irish  Fitzpatrick — are  there  to-day, 
and  there  as  great  personages.  Still  more 
interesting  is  it  that  they  represent  the 
Anglo-Norman  and  the  Celt  respectively, 
though  their  ancestors  have  constantly 
intermarried  with  the  opposed  race,  and 
so  striven  to  efface  the  distinction. 

There  is  another  great  and  interesting 
family,  living  in  the  most  peculiar  spot  in 
Ireland,  about  whom  we  might  have  ex- 
pected more  detail  from  our  author.  We 
mean  the  Wandesford  family,  possessed  of 
Castle  Comer  since  1635,  and  owning  the 
only  old  coal-property  in  Ireland.  But 
the  Wandesfords  were  English  and  Pro- 
testant ;  they  still  hold  their  original  estate 
in  Yorkshire,  and  may  be  overlooked  by 
Mr.  Carrigan  for  that  reason.  The  coal 
which  was  then  to  be  gathered  on  the 
surface,  probably  attracted  the  first  Wan- 


desford  (Master  of  the  Rolls  and  afterwards 
Strafford's  deputy),  and  we  only  wonder 
that  the  first  Lord  Cork  did  not  add  this  to 
his  other  acquisitions  of  profit  in  Ireland. 
The  O'Brenans  were  turned  out,  and  the 
district  which  remains  curiously  isolated, 
was  civilized  and  planted.  It  still  supplies 
the  neighbourhood  with  coal,  but,  having 
no  railroad  near  it,  supports  only  a  local 
industry  to  the  present  day.  The  annals 
of  the  house  have  been  recently  told  in  a 
handsome  monograph,  from  which  Mr. 
Carrigan  might  have  drawn  much  infor- 
mation ;  but  he  would  probably  tell  us 
that  there  are  plenty  of  Protestant  his- 
torians, and  historians  of  English  pro- 
sperity. What  he  desires  to  save  from 
oblivion  are  vestiges  of  former  piety — 
round  towers,  Norman  doorways,  chalices, 
reliquaries  ;  of  these  he  has  given  us,  both 
in  picture  and  text,  an  astonishing  number. 
For  this  labour  of  love,  which  is  also  the 
labour  of  a  life,  all  students  of  Ireland  and 
its  history  will  indeed  be  grateful  to  the 
author,  and  even  the  most  emancipated 
will  condone  occasional  bits  of  superstition, 
and  occasional  mis  judgments  of  noble  and 
generous  opponents  of  his  creed. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


The     Portreeve.      By     Eden     Phillpotts. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Phillpotts  has  a  way  of  beginning 
to  end  badly,  as  Stevenson  phrased  it. 
One  feels  instinctively  from  the  outset  of 
his  stories  that  he  is  working  towards  a 
lurid  conclusion.  There  is  thunder  in  the 
air  which  will  culminate  in  storm.  He  is 
capable  of  writing  very  lightly,  and  of 
handling  the  humours  of  the  country-side 
with  deftness  and  skill.  And  in  all  his 
books  he  introduces  a  chorus  of  rustics  on 
which  his  humour  plays.  But  for  the 
major  part  of  his  theme,  for  his  central 
motive,  Mr.  Phillpotts  prefers  tragedy. 
Life  consists  of  comedies  and  tragedies 
inexplicably  mingled,  so  that  there  is  no 
fault  to  be  found  with  his  methods,  yet 
it  may  be  objected  that  he  is  too  consist- 
ently tragic  when  there  is,  after  all,  no 
necessity  to  be  so.  The  motto  of  '  The 
Portreeve  '  might  have  been  spretce  injuria 
formce,  for  it  is  the  tale  of  a  woman's 
revenge.  Primrose  Horn,  the  handsome 
daughter  of  a  farmer  on  Dartmoor,  fancies 
the  Portreeve,  who  is  a  self-made  man, 
Dodd  Wolferstan  by  name  ;  but  Dodd  is 
in  love  with  another  girl.  Hence  all  the 
tears  and  tragic  events.  For  Primrose 
is  a  little  more  than  woman.  She  con- 
spires with  another  to  break  off  Wolfer- 
stan's  engagement  by  spreading  calumnies 
about  him,  and  by  arranging  tableaux  in 
which  he  is  compromised  with  her.  And 
she  gets  her  way  up  to  a  point.  But  the 
cup  is  dashed  from  her  lips  even  as  she 
would  drink  of  it,  and  her  love  turns  to 
rancour.  We  cannot  quite  believe  in  so 
malignant  a  creature  who  is  at  pains  to 
rob  the  man  of  his  unborn  child  by  bring- 
ing false  reports  of  his  death  to  the  wife. 
But  Wolferstan  is  admirably  pictured,  and 
the  villagers  are  faithful  to  life.     Among 


the  best  of  the  characters  is  the  young 
miller  with  aspirations  to  be  a  gentleman, 
a  vain  head,  and  a  weak  good-nature,  who 
is  used  by  the  ruthless  Primrose  as  a 
creature.  But  would  he  have  consented 
to  aid  in  the  ruin  of  a  man  merely  because 
that  man  had  rejected  his  wife's  affection  ? 
It  hardly  seems  human  nature.  '  The 
Portreeve  '  is  full  of  interesting  material, 
and  this  "  composes  "  well  enough.  But 
the  composition  seems  to  be  sometimes 
at  the  sacrifice  of  verisimilitude. 


The    Ancient    Landmark.     By    Elizabeth 
Cherry  Waltz.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  scene  of  this  domestic  tale  is  laid  in 
Kentucky.  Students  of  provincial  speech 
and  manners  will  find  more  interest  in  it 
than  is  afforded  by  the  plot.  Briefly,  it 
describes  the  gradual  revolt  of  an  injured 
wife,  Kitty  May,  who  is  released  from  her 
domestic  tyrant  mainly  through  the 
energetic  interference  of  a  young  Vir- 
ginian. He  galvanizes  the  old-fashioned 
Kentuckians  into  action  for  the  benefit 
of  a  neighbour's  child,  whose  lot  they 
pity,  but  not  to  the  extent  of  moving 
the  "  ancient  landmark  "  of  matrimony. 
Kitty  May  is  an  excellent  optimist,  a 
second  wife  who  conjures  cleverly  with 
the  sometimes  obtrusive  shade  of  her 
elderly  husband's  first  ruler.  On  the 
whole,  we  find  variety  in  the  types  de- 
picted, sordid  and  unpleasing  as  they 
mostly  are. 

A  Sword  of  the  Old  Frontier.     By  Randall 
Parrish.     (Putnam's  Sons.) 

Mr.  Parrish's  tale  follows  the  conven- 
tional structure  of  historical  romance.  It 
relates  the  adventures  of  Chevalier  Raoul 
de  Coubert,  a  French  officer  in  disgrace, 
in  the  wilderness  of  America  during  the 
year  1763.  The  French  and  the  English 
were  then  at  loggerheads,  albeit  there  was 
peace  in  Europe,  and  it  is  out  of  the 
atmosphere  of  distrust  and  intrigue  that 
the  author  makes  his  tangle.  In  Fort 
Chartres  are  two  English  girls,  one  of 
whom,  for  some  reason,  is  styled  Rene, 
while  the  other  is  always  Mademoiselle 
to  the  gallant  Chevalier.  De  Coubert  is 
employed  on  a  secret  mission  to  Pontiac, 
the  Indian  chief  who  is  fighting  the  English, 
and  the  girls  and  he  go  through  wonderful 
and  exhausting  adventures  before  they 
reach  safety.  There  is  treachery  in  plenty, 
and  swords  are  freely  drawn.  Escapes 
are  the  order  of  the  day  ;  and  Mademoi- 
selle, starting  in  the  orthodox  way  with 
disdain  for  an  apparent  coureur  de  bois, 
descends  (or  ascends)  into  love  for  him. 
Whence  came  this  disdainful  heroine,  who 
is  to  be  met  with  in  half  the  modern 
romances  ?  Is  it  possible  that  Tenny- 
son's Lynette  is  responsible  for  her  ?  Of 
course,  the  plot  "  makes  itself  "  with  such 
a  start,  particularly  if  hero  and  heroine 
arc  committed  to  desperate  adventures 
in  company.  Mr.  Parrish  writes  with 
colour  and  spirit,  and  his  ingenuity  in 
devising  new  variations  in  adventure  is 
admirable. 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


195 


Le  Petit  de  VHospice.     By  Jean  Payoud. 

(Paris,  Dujarric.) 
Abe  the  French  of  the  day  more  tolerant 
of  boredom  than  we  have  become  ?  A 
novel  on  abuses  of  the  boarding-out 
system  and  defects  in  country  workhouses, 
by  an  unknown  writer,  issued  by  one  of 
the  smaller  publishing  firms ;  long,  mono- 
tonous, and,  though  crammed  with  obser- 
vation, not  redeemed  by  genius,  would 
stand  no  chance  of  public  notice.  Mr. 
Eveleigh  Nash  published  last  October 
a  book  on  the  horrors  of  Eurasian  life  in 
Calcutta,  better  than  the  equally  painful 
volume  now  before  us.  In  the  preference 
which  has  to  be  exercised  in  London,  as 
in  Paris,  it  was  crowded  out  of  notice  by 
novels  on  more  pleasant  themes.  M. 
Payoud's  book  has  "  pierced,"  as  the 
French  say.  He  has  nothing  to  tell  us  : 
few  of  those  who  deal  with  "  the  Social 
Question,"  without  being  "  hard,"  or 
revolutionary,  have.  A  pauper  bastard, 
bike  M.  Payoud's  hero,  may  have  a  dread- 
ful life  under  any  system.  He  depends  on 
luck,  and  so  do  those  who  are  born  in 
wedlock,  and  whose  lot  in  the  slums  is 
often  harder  than  that  of  the  "  children 
of  the  State." 

Le  Baiser  Rouge.     By  Maxime  Formont. 
(Paris,  Alphonse  Lemerre.) 

M.  Maxime  Formont  will  please,  as 
usual,  his  usual  public,  in  his  tale  of  the 
destruction  of  the  virtuous  French  upper- 
middle  -  class  heroine  by  the  wicked 
marchioness  from  Spain.  Everything  is 
inevitable,  from  the  first  page  up  to 
p.  302  :  the  hardened  critic  expects  it, 
knows  it,  all.  Then,  in  the  last  nine 
pages,  comes  the  selection  of  the  par- 
ticular form  chosen  for  killing  the  hero 
and  his  excellent  bride.  This  is  start- 
lingly  unexpected,  but,  alas !  crudely 
improbable.  The  Irish  governess — who 
now  figures  in  almost  all  French  novels 
— is  the  subject  of  one  of  those  printers' 
errors  which  are  common  in  foreign  ver- 
sions of  any  English  phrase.  The  differ- 
ence between  "  advice  "  and  t:  advise"  is 
small — but,  sometimes,  important. 


RECENT    VERSE. 


The  Last  Poems  of  Richard  Watson  Dixon, 
D.D.,  selected  and  edited  by  Robert  Bridges 
(Frowde),  are  interesting  from  the  fact  that 
their  author  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Oxford  "  Brotherhood,"  and  one  of  the 
founders — indeed,  the  original  suggester — 
of  the  short-lived  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Magazine.  In  themselves,  however,  they 
can  hardly  be  said  to  represent  Canon  Dixon's 
best  work.  We  confess,  on  the  whole,  to  a 
feeling  of  disappointment.  His  lyrical  faculty 
which  was  considerable,  shows  here  some- 
what laboriously,  and  yet  it  is  from  the 
purely  lyrical  pieces  that  the  book  derives 
such  value  as  it  may  possess.  The  long 
opening  poem  '  Too  Much  Friendship,'  in 
the  decasyllabic  rhymed  couplet,  is  totally 
unconvincing,  besides  Ik-hilt  lame  in  versifi- 
cation, and  gives  the  impression  of  having 
been  something  of  a  perfunctory  effort. 
The  author  permits  himself  to  descend  to 
such  artificial  banalities  as 


The  Acidalian  mountain  next  he  made. 
Where  his  own  mother  lay  in  sweets  dissolved, 
Whose  humid  eyes  in  flames  as  quick  revolved. 

The    poem    can    certainly    add    nothing    to 

Canon  Dixon's  reputation,   and  it  seems  a 

pity  that  it  should  have  been  included  in 

this  selection.     A  worthier  effort  altogether 

is  '  Dust  and  Wind.'     We  quote  four  stanzas: 

Oh,  dust,  thou  art  faithful  still  to  man,  to  the  tribes  of 

earth  : 
Thy  dark  and  dreadful  silence  forbiddeth  not  other  birth  ; 
And  that  future  birth  shall  I.e.  for  the  former  things  remain, 
Ever  that  resurrection,  which  is  unto  joy  with  pain. 
But  now,  oh  what  of  the  wind  that  uplifteth  thy  multitudes  '. 
Is  he  too  faithful  to  earth,  and  to  earth's  unhappy  broods? 
Is  the  wind  content  to  breathe,  like  the  voiceless  voice  of 

of  the  dust. 
The  story  of  joy  with  pain,  and  of  justice  made  unjust? 

Nay,  gone  he  is  full  far,  since  he  dropped  thee  on  the  plain  ; 
And  he  taketh  his  other  forms  of  the  sea,  of  the  cloud,  of 

the  rain, 
Of  the  beams  of  the  sun  and  moon,  of  the  high-tossed 

forest  trees, 
Whose   boughs  sweep  the  earth  like  billows,  whose  voice 

is  the  voice  of  seas. 
He  upseals  the  evening  sky  with  the  chilly  roses  of  eve, 
Pressed  far  on  the  infinite  blue,  and  thus  would  he  deceive  : 
As  if  he  would  image  to  man  another  world  of  light, 
Amidst  his  watery  show— down  rushes  the  curtain  of  night. 

These  are  strangely  uneven  stanzas — indeed, 
nothing  could  be  weaker  than  the  last  line  ; 
yet,  in  spite  of  faults  of  technique  and  occa- 
sional obscurity,  the  poet  is  evident  in  them. 
The  '  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Dickens  '  is,  as  a 
poem,  perhaps  the  best  in  the  book,  though 
its  connexion  with  the  professed  subject  is 
not  immediately  apparent.  The  unfinished 
hymn  '  Priest  of  the  Only  Sacrifice,'  which 
concludes  the  volume,  is  genuinely  impressive, 
but  there  is  little  else  which  calls  for  comment. 
An  over-laudatory  preface  is  contributed 
by  Miss  M.  E.  Coleridge.  The  poem  which 
she  quotes  as  not  to  be  beaten  for  "  sheer 
reality  "  either  by  Crabbe  or  Burns,  begin- 


ning, 


I  rode  my  horse  to  the  hostel  gate. 

And  the  landlord  fed  it  with  corn  and  hay 

His  eyes  were  blear,  he  limped  in  his  gait, 
His  lip  hung  down,  his  hair  was  gray, 


seems  evidently  inspired  by  Tennyson's 
'  Vision  of  Sin','  for  Tennyson  was  at  one 
time  the  idol  of  the  "  Brotherhood." 

New  Collected  Rhymes.  By  Andrew  Lang. 
(Longmans  &  Co.)— For  all  his  modernity, 
his  airy  trick  of  slang,  his  graceful  irreverence, 
it  is  not  possible  to  look  upon  Mr.  Lang  as 
a  poet  who  essentially  belongs  to  his  day. 
Rather  he  gives  the  impression,  in  howsoever 
dim  and  elusive  a  fashion,  of  having  strayed 
in  upon  us  from  another  age — the  age, 
perhaps,  of  the  Pleiad,  or,  earlier  yet,  of 
those  singers  whose  garlands  lie  pressed 
between  the  pages  of  the  '  Greek  Anthology.' 
He  is  really  at  his  best  when  he  sings  of 
summers  that  are  gone  and  "  shadows 
fragrant  of  the  dew" — when,  indeed,  it  is 
his  mood  to  call  up  a  whole  world  of  romance 
and  youth  and  spring.  But  these  angelic 
visitations  are  characteristically  rare,  and 
we  must  be  grateful  for  the  admirable 
trifling  witli  which  it  is  most  often  his 
humour  to  regale  us. 

The  present  volume  opens  with  a  preface 
that  too  modestly  sets  it  down  as  a  poor 
little  flutter  of  rhymes,"  and  a  delightful 
dedicatory  poem  addressed  to  Mr.  Austin 
Dobson.  Then  come  some  '  Loyal  Lyrics,' 
of  which  perhaps  the  most  to  be  preferred 
are  '  Culloden  '  and  '  Rod  and  White  Hoses,' 
the  following  stanza  being  taken  from  the 
latter  : — 

White  roses  under  the  moon 
For  the  King  without  lands  to  give  ; 
Hut  he  reigns  with  the  reign  of  June, 
With  the  rose  and  the  blackbird'!  tune, 
And  he  Uvei  while  faith  shall  live. 

Among  the  poems  '  Critical  of  Life,  Art, 
and  Literature  '  '  Tusitala  '  stands  by  itself  : 

We  moke  "f  a  rest  in  a  fairv  knowe  of  the  North,  but  he. 
Far  from  the  firths  of  the  Fast,  anil  the  racing  tides  of  the 

We-t  , 
Sleeps  in  the  si-ht   and  the  sound  of  the  infinite  Southern 

Swa, 
Weary  and  well  content  in  his  grave  on  the  \  MR  'rest. 


Winds  of  the  West  and  the  East  in  the  rainy  season  blow 
Heavv  with  perfume,  and  all  his  fragrant  woods  are  wet  ; 
Wind's  of  the  Fast  and  the  West  as  they  wander  to  and  fro 
Bear  him  the  love  of  the  land  he  loved,  and  the  long  regTet. 

Once  we  were  kindest,  he  said,  when  leagues  of  the  limitless 

Flowed  between  us,  but  now  that  no  wash  of  the  wandering 

tides 
Sunders  us  each  from  each,  vet  ne  uer  we  seem  to  be. 
Whom  only  the  nnbridged  stream  of  the  river  of  Death 

divides. 

Far  be  it  from  us  to  grudge  Mr.  Lang  his 
charming  dalliance  with  Thalia,  or  the  deeps 
of  erudition  wherein  he  moves  so  easily  ;  yet 
at  the  same  time,  we  cannot  but  wonder 
what  literature  might  have  gained  had  he 
taken  himself  seriously  as  a  poet.  How- 
ever that  may  be,  the  "  well-timed  daffing  " 
which  forms  the  larger  proportion  of  this 
collection  should  materially  increase  the 
gaiety  of  at  least  one  nation.  Many  writers 
have  handled  the  old  Fiench  forms  with 
more  or  less  success,  especially  the  ballade, 
but  none  with  such  skill  as  Mr.  Lang.  The 
ballade  of  '  The  Food  of  Fiction  '  tempts 
almost  irresistibly  to  citation  as  a  poignant 
truth  inimitably,  and  for  the  first  time, 
stated.  The  '  Ballade  of  Dead  Cricketers,' 
with  its  excellent  refrain,  should  leave  no 
lover  of  cricket  cold.  And  the  octave  en- 
titled'Brahma,  after  Emerson,'  should  not 
be  missed  : — ■ 

If  the  wild  bowler  thinks  he  bowls, 

Or  if  the  batsman  thinks  he  s  howled, 
They  know  not,  poor  misguided  souls, 

They  too  shall  perish  unconsoled. 
/  am  the  batsman  and  the  hat, 

/  am  the  bowler  and  the  ball, 
The  umpire,  the  pavilion  cat. 

The  roller,  pitch,  and  stumps,  and  all. 

It  is,  however,  in  the  '  Rhyme  of  Oxford 
Cockney  Rhymes  '  that  the  singer's  agile 
wit  perhaps'  most  conspicuously  shines. 
The  limitations  of  space  forbid  aught  but 
two  excerpts,  but  they  may  serve  to  furnish 
some  idea  of  its  vivacity — 

Though  Keats  rhymed  "  ear"  to  "  Cytherea," 

And  Morris  "  dawn*'  to  "morn," 
A  worse  example,  it  is  clear, 

By  Oxford  Pons  is  "  shorn." 
ti  — y,  of  Magdalen,  goes  beyond 

These  pony  Cockneys  far. 
And  to  "  Ma'grath  "  rhymes— Muse,  despond  ! — 

"  Magrath"  he  rhymes  to  "  star.'' 


Oh,  Hoxford  was  a  pleasant  plice 

To  many  a  poet  dear. 
And  Sacchanssa  had  the  grice 

In  Hoxford  to  appear. 
But  Waller,  if  to  Cytherea 

He  prayed  at  any  time. 
Did  not  implore  "her  friendly  ear," 

And  think  he  had  a  rhyme. 


The  collection  also  includes  songs  about 
golf,  about  fishing,  and  of  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  together  with  a  few  good  Scottish 
ballads  in  the  manner  of  the  itinerant  bards 
of  late  sixteenth-century  date,  and  some 
accomplished  pastiches,  which  claim  to  be 
"  Jubilee  Poems,  by  Bards  who  were 
Silent," 

In  her  new  volume  Jnnocencics  (Bullen) 
Katharine  Tynan  professedly  sings  of  chil- 
dren , 

and  of  folk  on  wings  ; 
Of  faith,  of  love,  of  quiet  country  things. 

She  has  written  before  of  children,  and 
written  with  feeling  and  knowledge,  and  the 
same  notes  are  here  exhibited.  In  her  form 
Mrs.  Hinkson  is  by  no  means  above  criticism. 
Site  has  all  Mrs.  Browning's  vice  of  imperfect 
artistry,  and  she  may  not  aspire  to  Mrs. 
Browning's  level  of  achievement.  But  she 
has  melodies  of  her  own,  as  well  as  melodiea 
that  she  borrows,  as,  for  example,  in  a  pretty 
lyric  which  closes  on  a  somewhat  higher 
note  than  it  opens  : — ■ 

The  Day  with  tinker  to  her  li|>s. 
Bound  to  the  heavenly  F.vening  slips  ; 
And  all  the  winds  are  lullabies  ; 

And  all  the  stars  are  mothers'  e\es. 

The  sentiment  of  'The  Child's  Crave"  13 
unusual,  and  will  probably  meet  with  few 


190 


Til  E     A  Til  EN  .HUM 


N    K)86,  Pbb.  17,  1906 


echoes  bom  maternal  hearte  j  bul  the  poem 
^  lignificanl  "t  Mrs.  Binkeon's  muse.  We 
quota  tin-  Aral  and  la  I  itansa - :  — 

\\  .    I.  I   In-  j/i.o.-  r.lnni  la  . 

Nweel  pr.i"  in  uhlne  ruid  ihowrra, 
When  ill.-  irindi  ring,  the  shadows  p 

w  rape  t  ha  lost  i. null  nf  urns. 

w .  i,-ft  the  -iikin  pass  to  ware 

\i.,,\c  in-*  darling  head, 
Ami  bade  the  B  irth  fur^.-t  one  grave 

(»f  .ill  bet  million--  dead. 

We  [ike  the  verses  'Sea  Holly,'  though  here 
t  hi*  aathor  ezhibita  the  defect  are  have 
■heady  pointed  out : — 

Qrey  iiiisiio  and  grey  sea-holly, 
Dear,  forgetting  was  only  folly, 

Om  iiiiisth.it  mj  In-art  trill  keep, 
i  i.i. i-  of  grej .  in  my  last  long  deep  I 
Gray  thistle  and  gray  sea-holly. 

This  is  characteristic  of  Mrs.  Hinkson  in  its 
defeota  and  its  qualities.  Hut  '  The  Widow  ' 
discovers  the  failure  of  a  muse  which  in  its 
essence  is  shadowy,  and  refuses  hard  facts. 
Mrs.  Hinkson  has  so  much  of  her  own  to  say 
that  she  can  afford  not  to  be  adaptive  ;  yet 
she  constantly  reminds  one  of  other  verses. 
After  Shelley's  '  Skylark  '  it  is  surely  pre- 
sumptuous to  write  :  — 

Hear  the  enamoured  nightingale 
Call  (ivit  golden  tit-Ms  dew-pale : 
in  the  enchanted  dusk— oh,  hear  it ! 
But  is  it  bird,  or  is  it  spirit? 

But  we  will  not  part  with  Mrs.  Hinkson  on 
these  terms.  As  we  have  said,  she  writes 
always  with  feeling  about  children  ;  and 
perhaps  her  most  sympathetic  achievement 
is  the  delightful  poem  entitled  '  The 
Mother  '  :— 

Great  passions  I  awake  that  must 
Bow  any  woman  to  the  dust 
With  fear  lest  she  should  fail  to  rise 
As  high  as  those  enamoured  eyes. 

They  praise  my  cheeks,  my  lips,  my  eyes, 
With  Love's  most  exquisite  flatteries, 
Covet  my  hands  that  they  may  kiss 
And  to  their  ardent  bosoms  press. 

So  to  be  loved,  so  to  be  wooed, 

(),  more  than  mortal  woman  should  ! 

What  if  she  fail  or  fall  behind  ! 

Lord,  make  me  worthy,  keep  them  blind  ! 

It  is  not  unjust  to  say  that  Echoes  from 
the  City  of  the  Sun,  by  C.  R.  Ashbee  (Essex 
House  Press),  derives  a  great  part  of  its 
interest  from  its  appearance.  The  binding 
is  of  a  studied  severity  ;  the  paper  is  ex- 
cellent, and  the  type  aims  at,  and  in  our 
opinion  achieves,  distinction.  With  regard 
to  the  poetry,  however,  we  cannot  help 
feeling  that  the  author  has  presumed  some- 
what on  these  externals.  It  is  not  always 
easy  to  detect  his  meaning.  Such  poems 
as  '  The  Prince  and  the  Forester,'  '  The 
Song  of  the  City  of  the  Foundress,'  and  others 
of  the  kind,  do  not  at  first  sight  convey 
anything  at  all,  though  patient  study  might 
eventually  succeed  in  suggesting  some  signi- 
ficance. There  are,  however,  some  of  real 
merit.  '  Old  Belief  '  and  the  five  grouped 
under  the  title  '  II  Pentacordo  del  Anima  ' 
are  all  intelligible  and  delightful ;  while 
that  called  '  The  Clock  of  St.  Mary's  in 
Whitechapel  '  is  effective  in  thought  and 
rhytlim,  and  does  actually  succeed  in  lending 
a  touch  of  poetry  to  such  things  as  "  tubes  " 
and  tram-lines.  A  word  of  praise  must  be 
added  for  two  out  of  the  six  songs,  namely, 
'  The  Master  Craftsman's  Song  '  and  '  Some- 
day-Time,' which  are  excellent.  As  to  the 
other  four,  we  doubt  if  they  would  stand 
the  test  of  ordinary  print  and  paper. 

An  Hour  of  Reverie.  By  F.  P.  Sturne. 
(Elkin  Mathews.) — This  little  volume  makes 
pleasant  reading  enough.  The  poems  are 
all  short,  and  full  of  the  comfortable  yearn- 
ings and  self-imposed  regrets  which  form 
the  stock-in-trade  of  much  modern  poesy  ; 
but    they    contain    notlung    inspiring,    and 


Intl.-    timt     vrill    arresi    attention.     Po< 
like  ■  Love  in  Autumn,'  '  A  Might  in  Decem- 
ber,' '('in  "  <"  !>•■  Wi-.-,'  and   'Tin-  Shrine' 
are  of  the  kind  that  can  he  read  and  forgot  tan 

without    effort.     More    attractive    an    the 
mystical  Lyrics     inspired,  we  take  it,  chiefly 

by  .Mr.  w.'n.  Yeats.  '  Motley  Fool '  and  '  i 
Sleeper  in  Sanaa  arc  two  of  the  best ;  and 
the  poem  called  'Launoelot  tells  of  the 
Enchanted  Islands '  is  delightfully  musical, 
if  vaguely  reminiscent  of  various  masters. 
There  is  m  the  book  a  fair  leavening  of  that 
popular  paganism  which  makes  an  excellent 
substitute  for  thought,  and  of  this  the  last 
poem,  '  Credo,'  is  a  glaring  example.  But 
the  author  can,  wo  feel,  do  much  better 
than  this.  He  has  a  mastery  of  his  medium, 
much  delicate  fancy,  and  a  sense  of  rhythm 
nearly  flawless.  Would  he  but  cease  to 
bo  imitative,  and  sing  of  some  theme  which 
he  can  make  his  own,  the  result  should  be 
worth  reading. 

Sea  Danger,  and  other  Poems,  by  R.  G. 
Keatinge  (Elkin  Mathews),  if  it  represents 
no  very  strong  flight  of  poesy,  is  never- 
theless remarkable.  The  lyrics,  though 
slight  in  theme,  have  the  genuine  ring,  and, 
withal,  a  spontaneity  and  freshness  of  tone 
which  more  than  outweigh  any  depression 
that  the  reader  might  feel  at  meeting  with 
bevies  of  time-honoured  rhymes — "  breeze  " 
and  "  trees,"  "  maiden  "  and  "  o'erladen," 
and  the  three  ertswhile  inseparables  beloved 
of  Calverley,  "  sorrow,"  "  borrow,"  and 
"  to-morrow."  The  poems  called  respec- 
tively '  Fairies  '  and  '  Dew  Vision  '  show 
a  delicacy  of  touch  and  a  fine  sense  of 
rhythm  which,  combined  with  the  author's 
undoubted,  if  somewhat  latent,  powers 
of  imagination,  form  no  mean  equipment 
for  a  more  ambitious  effort  than  any  here 
contained.  There  are  some  stanzas  on 
'  Spring  ' — a  perilous  venture  for  poets  in 
these  days — which  successfully  avoid  the 
commonplace,  and  '  Fear  '  is  a  lyric  of  in- 
disputable power  ;  but  in  the  three  sonnets 
Mr.  Keatinge  seems  shackled  by  his  metre. 
The  book  will  be  read  with  pleasure  by  such 
as  can  appreciate  the  delicate  in  r>oetry. 

Mr.  B.  W.  Henderson  is  not  a  Godley, 
much  less  a  Calverley,  but  his  verses  entitled 
At  Intervals  (Methuen  &  Co.)  will  be  read 
with  pleasure  by  the  limited  public  to  which 
he  appeals.  Very  restricted  also  is  the 
range  of  subjects  open  to  the  university 
humorist,  to  whom  a  high  degree  of  technical 
perfection  becomes  in  consequence  indis- 
pensable. Much  of  what  Mr.  Henderson 
has  to  say  is  said  well,  if  not  in  the  best 
possible  way  :  but  he  is  often  involved  and 
obscure  (as  in  the  prefatory  stanza),  his 
rhymes  are  not  too  abundant,  and  his  metre 
is  occasionally  at  fault.  An  apostrophe  to 
Aristotle  as 

Thou,  whom  the  scholar,  set  to  pleasures  nOT 

(Whom  prose  no  more,  but  essay  now  enthrals), 
Hi*  periods  colouring  with  a  purple  hue, 
Stageirite  calls, 

shows  Mr.  Henderson  at  his  happiest.     There 

are  four  poems  at  the  end  of  the  little  volume 

in   a   serious   strain.     Of   these    '  The   Last 

Evening '   strikes  a  note  which  every  one 

who  has  experienced  the  pangs  of  "  going 

down  "   will  echo.     Wo   quote   the  opening 

stanza  : — 

O  summer  eve,  rest  gently  on  these  «alls. 
On  these  grey  walls,  and  bid  them  our  farewell. 

Soft  falls  the  night ;  Tower  to  Tower  calls, 
Wrapped  round  with  silver  spell. 

Lady  Alfred  Douglas,  the  author  of 
The  Blue  Bird  (Marlborough  Press)  has  an 
undeniable  gift  of  poetical  expression,  and 
a  fancy  which  is  generally  pretty.  But  the 
charm  of  her  work  is  largely  discounted  by 
certain  prevailing  affectations,  one  of  which 
consists  in  the  somewhat  reckless  placing  of 


three  dots  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a 

line,  for  no  apparent  r«-a- 00,  M  m  tin-  follow- 

— 

onh  a  shadow 

I  '-our, 
ll  (Ik-  living  fl'.w  • 

II  hi  ply  I. 

m,    though    the    poet    may    have    a    fa 

appreciation    of    statues,    it    i-    difficult    t-> 

believe  that  ried  dawns"  have  really 

seen  her  "  bowed  before  their  beauty,"  or 
that,  "  passionately  prone,"  she  ha*  "  wor- 
shipped th<-  white  form  of  stone."  This, 
too,  is  a  species  of  affectation  verging  on 
the  ludicrous,  and  it  '.out 

tin-  hook,  as,  for  example,  m  tin-  title  '  Pea- 
cocks. A  Mood,'  which  distinguishes  a 
sonnet,  graceful  enough,  but  otherwise  not 
remarkahle.  Still,  there  an-  poems  like 
'The  Child'  and  '  Daffodil  Dawn,'  which, 
in  spite  of  these  objections,  possess  that 
quality  which  distinguishes  poetry  from 
verse.  It  is  a  pity,  then,  that  the  author 
should  have  chosen  to  rely  on  little  artificial 
mannerisms,  which  merely  serve  to  irritate, 
and  consequently  to  prejudice  many  minds 
against  much  that  is  good,  and  would,  with 
the  aid  of  a  sense  of  humour,  come  near  to 
being  excellent.  The  print,  paper,  and 
binding  of  the  book  are  exceedingly  attrac- 
tive. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

With  the  Emjyress  Dowager  of  China.  By 
Katharine  A.  Carl.  (Eveleigh  Nash.) — The 
Dowager  Empress  of  China  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  personalities  in  existence. 
Born  in  official  rank — the  daughter  of  a 
lieutenant-general  of  the  Manchu  forces — 
she  was  at  an  early  age  chosen  to  adorn  the 
imperial  harem.  When  there  she  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  Emperor,  and  being 
fortunate  enough  to  present  him  with  a  son, 
which  the  Empress  had  failed  to  do,  she 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Empress  of 
the  Western  Palace.  On  the  death  of  the 
Emperor  Hsien-feng  the  two  empresses 
were  appointed  co-regents  of  the  empire. 
The  present  Dowager,  though  second  in 
position  to  the  Empress  of  the  Eastern 
Palace,  being  of  a  masterful  temperament, 
took  the  lead  in  all  administrative  measures, 
and  gradually  gathered  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment into  her  own  hands.  For  moie  than 
forty  years  she  has  guided  the  destinies  of 
the  nation,  and  though  she  has  been  respon- 
sible for  some  mistakes  and  several  crimes, 
it  cannot  be  denied  that  she  has  ruled  the 
State  with  ability,  and  further  has  done  her 
best  to  repair  some  of  the  most  conspicuous 
blunders  into  which  she  has  fallen. 

She  is  a  clever,  astute  woman,  but,  being 
very  ignorant  of  the  world's  history,  she 
has,  on  several  crucial  occasions,  allowed 
her  actions  to  be  directed  by  ministers  who 
are  as  ignorant,  though  not  so  crafty,  as 
herself,  and  the  result — as  witness  her 
support  of  the  Boxer  movement — has  been 
disastrous.  But  so  remarkable  is  the 
glamour  which  the  Chinese  are  able  to  throw 
over  themselves  and  their  institutions  that 
no  sooner  did  she.  recognizing  her  mistake, 
reverse  her  policy  than  her  evil  deeds  were 
forgotten,  and  the  foreign  members  of  the 
Legations,  both  male  and  female,  sought 
audiences  with  her.  and  went  in  crowds  to 
her  garden  parties.  This  revulsion  of  feeling 
was  at  its  full  swing  when  Miss  Carl  received 
through  the  wife  of  the  American  Minister 
at  Peking,  an  invitation  from  the  Dowager 
Empress  to  paint  her  portrait,  or  rather  a 
succession  of  portraits.  The  invitation  was 
too  tempting  to  be  refused,  and  Miss  Carl, 
in  August,  1903,  took  up  her  abode  in  the 
Summer  Palace,  where  the  Dowager  was  in 
residence. 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


197 


Miss  Carl  entered  on  her  duties  with  great 
expectations,  and  to  the  eye  of  faith  these 
were  not  disappointed.  Her  first  sight  of 
the  Dowager  filled  her  with  enthusiastic 
delight.  "  It  seemed  almost  impossible  for 
me  to  realise,"  she  writes, 

"that  this  kindly-looking  lady,  so  remarkably 
young-looking,  with  so  winning  a  smile,  could  be 
the  so-called  cruel,  implacable  tyrant,  the  redoubt- 
able '  old '  Empress  Dowager,  whose  name  had 
been  on  the  lips  of  the  world  since  1900." 

A  little  later,  on  p.  19,  she  gives  a  fuller 
description  of  the  lady  in  question  : — 

"  A  perfectly  proportioned  figure,  witli  head  well 
set  upon  her  shoulders,  and  a  fine  presence  ;  really 
beautiful  hands,  daintily  small  and  high-bred  in 
shape ;  a  symmetrical,  well-formed  head  with  a 
good  development  above  the  rather  large  ears  ;  jet- 
black  hair,  smoothly  parted  over  a  fine  broad  brow  ; 
delicate  well-arched  eyebrows  ;  brilliant,  black  eyes, 
set  perfectly  straight  in  the  head  ;  a  high  nose  of 
the  type  the  Chinese  call  'noble,' broad  between 
the  eyes  and  on  a  line  with  the  forehead  [whatever 
that  may  mean]  ;  an  upper  lip  of  great  firmness  ;  a 
rather  large  but  beautiful  mouth  with  mobile,  red 
lips,  which,  when  parted  over  her  fine  white  teeth, 
give  her  smile  a  rare  charm  ;  a  strong  chin,  but  not 
of  exaggerated  firmness,  and  with  no  marks  of 
obstinacy.  Had  I  not  known  she  was  nearing  her 
sixty-ninth  year,  I  should  have  thought  her  a  well- 
preserved  woman  of  forty." 

Miss  Carl's  descriptions  of  the  Dowager 
Empress,  which  credit  her  with  most  of  the 
virtues  and  graces,  are,  in  fact,  somewhat 
fulsome.  In  one  passage,  however  (p.  277), 
she  throws  off  her  self-imposed  part  of  pro- 
fessional eulogist,  and  gives  expression  to  a 
much  saner  view.  "  From  what  I  saw  of 
the  Empress  Dowager,"  she  writes, 
"  it  seemed  to  me  that  she  would  not  brook  inter- 
ference in  the  accomplishment  of  a  design  she  had 
set  her  heart  upon — that  she  would  not  hesitate 
even  at  crushing  an  individual  who  stood  in  the  way 
of  the  realisation  of  some  plan  she  had  fixed  upon. 
But  her  judgment  was  so  good " 

she  hastens  to  add,  that  "  she  did  not  decide 
upon  a  thing  unless  she  felt  it  was  absolutely 
imperative  to  carry  it  out." 

It  is  this  uncompromising  temper  which 
renders  her  a  danger  to  the  State.  At 
present  things  are  going  smoothly ;  but  it 
is  impossible  to  say  that  circumstances  may 
not  arise  in  which  she  will  again  resolve  to 
crush  her  enemies,  whoever  they  may  be. 
Meanwhile,  Miss  Carl  has  had  a  most  inter- 
esting experience  ;  and  if  she  has  been  led 
away  by  gratitude  and  kindly  feeling,  it  is 
difficult  to  find  fault  with  her.  And  we 
may  add  that  the  skill  and  insight  needed 
for  literary  portraiture  are  not  often  com- 
bined with  the  painter's  craft. 

It  is  easy  to  prove  the  inconstancy  of 
democracy  if  we  omit  the  case,  in  New 
Zealand  of  "  King  Dick,"  and  in  Mexico  of 
Porfirio  Diaz.  It  was,  till  about  twenty 
years  ago,  an  axiom  that  the  Latin  Americans 
would  never  turn  to  account  the  marvellous 
resources  they  possess,  but  would,  for  all 
time,  be  the  prey  of  military  adventure. 
Yet  the  most  rapid  advance  in  the  world  is 
now  to  be  found  in  Argentina  and  in  Mexico. 
In  the  former  State  the  dominant  race  is 
mixed.  In  Mexico  the  country  has  been 
ruled,  since  the  death  of  the  Austrian  puppet 
of  the  clerical  party,  first  by  Juarez,  a  pure 
Indian,  and  then  by  Diaz — mainly  Indian 
by  blood,  and  brought  up  as  an  Indian. 
Moreover,  the  unopposed  re-election,  time 
after  time,  to  the  autocratic  presidency,  of 
Diaz,  a  Caesar  except  in  name,  has  been  un- 
accompanied by  restoration  of  church  lands 
or  privilege,  and  the  monasteries  are  empty, 
and  priests  unable  to  dress  as  such  when 
they  walk  abroad.  Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett 
publish  the  Porfirio  Diaz  of  Mrs.  Tweedie,  a 
book  which  begins  badly,  but  becomes  most 
interesting  when  we  reach  the  man  himself. 


The  account  of  the  French  adventure  in 
Mexico  and  of  the  intervention  of  the  United 
States  is  truthful,  and  in  sharp  conflict  with 
that  criticized  by  us  in  our  review  of  the 
memoirs  of  Dr.  Evans.  Mrs.  Tweedie,  how- 
ever, amazes  us  at  the  beginning  of  her  chap- 
ter on  the  subject :  "  The  conqueror  of  the 
European  continent  was  at  his  zenith. 
Marengo,  Solferino,  were  victories  that 
stirred  like  flame  his  soaring  ambitions .... 
Napoleon  dreamed  of  an  added  empire." 
We  suppose  that  Mrs.  Tweedie  distinguishes 
Bonaparte  from  Louis  Napoleon,  otherwise 
Napoleon  III.,  and  that  for  "  Marengo  "  a 
battle  of  1859,  such  as  Magenta,  should  be 
substituted  ;  but  it  is  not  usual  to  apply 
the  bare  name  of  "  Napoleon  "  to  "  the  man 
of  Sedan,"  and  was  not  usual,  in  Europe, 
even  in  1863.  Moreover,  the  ruler  who  was 
not  able  to  follow  the  Austrian  army  and 
to  keep  his  promise  to  "  free  "  "  Italy  from 
the  Alps  to  the  Adriatic  "  was  not  "  the 
conqueror  of  the  European  continent." 
Mrs.  Tweedie  makes  too  much  of  the 
"  simple "  life  of  President  Diaz.  The 
railway  train  built  by  a  grateful  senate  for 
his  journeys  may  not  be  decorated  with 
real  Fragonards,  as  was  said,  but  Chapultepec 
is  hardly  "  simple."  If  it  is  replied  that 
the  castle  was  that  of  Montezuma,  restored 
by  a  whim  of  a  European  empress,  we  may 
add  that  the  President  of  the  French 
Republic  does  not  find  it  necessary  to 
inhabit  Versailles.  Neither  do  the  Presidents 
of  France  and  of  the  United  States  take  their 
morning  ride  with  a  troop  of  cavalry  for 
escort.  Yet  Mexico,  thanks  to  Diaz,  is  less 
dangerous  to  presidents  than  Washington  or 
Paris. 

Life  of  Lieut.-General  the  Hon.  Sir  Andrew 
Clarke,  G.C.M.G.  Edited  by  Col.  P.  H. 
Vetch.  With  a  Preface  by  Col.  Sir  G.  S. 
Clarke.  (John  Murray.) — Sir  Andrew  Clarke 
was  an  officer  of  a  type  seldom  found 
outside  the  Royal  Engineers,  and  not  often 
in  the  list  of  that  distinguished  corps.  After 
a  civilian  career  with  little  field  service  he 
was  appointed  Inspector-General  of  Fortifi- 
cations, and  was  at  once  a  pronounced 
Radical  and  an  ardent  Imperialist.  His 
training  was  varied  :  it  began  in  Tasmania 
under  Sir  William  Denison,  and  was  con- 
tinued in  Victoria  as  Surveyor-General  and 
member  of  the  Legislative  Council.  Here 
Clarke  met,  and  formed  a  very  useful  friend- 
ship with,  Childers.  Then  he  was  sent  to 
the  Gold  Coast,  and  on  his  return  was  ap- 
pointed Director  of  Works  at  the  Admiralty, 
Childers  being  Junior  Lord.  Clarke's  next 
post  was  Governor  of  the  Straits  Settlements, 
and  his  administration  was  successful.  In 
1875  he  was  made  additional  member  of 
the  Viceroy's  Council  in  India,  in  some 
respects  a  trying  appointment  ;  for  he  was 
placed  over  officers  with  local  knowledge 
which  he  did  not  possess,  and  his  aspirations 
had  to  be  controlled  for  various  reasons. 
He  left  India  in  1880,  and  next  year  was 
appointed  Commandant  of  the  School  of 
Military  Engineering  at  Chatham.  He  advo- 
cated the  Channel  tunnel,  and  was  eventually 
made  Inspector-General  of  Fortifications. 
Sir  George  Clarke  says  : — 

"The  appointment  was  sharply  criticized. 
There  were  actually  persons  who  believed  that  Sir 
Andrew  happened  to  be  looking  over  a  hedge 
somewhere  in  Victoria  when  Mr.  Childers  either 
stole  a  sheep  or  committed  a  murder — the  story 
varied — and  that  the  Inspeetor-tJcneralship  was 
the   reward   of   silence.      So  far  may  the  minds  of 

estimable  people  be  perverted." 

Sir  Andrew  held  the  office  of  Agent- 
General  for  Victoria,  became  Colonel-Com- 
mandant R.E.  in  January,  1902,  and  died 
on  March  29th  of  that  year.  The  volume 
in   which    this   story   is   told   is   judiciously 


edited,  and  sufficiently  illustrated,  the  fron- 
tispiece being  an  excellent  likeness;  while 
there  is  a  good  index.  The  book  is  well 
produced. 

The  Works  of  Heinrich  Heine. — Vol.  XII. 
Romancero,  Book  III.,  and  Last  Poems. 
Translated  by  Margaret  Armour.  (Heine- 
mann.) — The  fourth  and  final  volume  of 
Heine's  poems  is  hardly  as  interesting  as  its 
predecessors.  The  three  pieces  which  make 
up  the  third  book  of  the  '  Romancero  '  are, 
of  course,  excellent  specimens  of  the  poet's 
work  ;  but  in  the  '  Last  Poems,'  although 
we  come  across  such  triumphs  as  '  Bimini  ' 
and  the  series  '  Zum  Lazarus,'  there  is 
certainly  a  good  deal  that  the  general  reader 
will  find  trivial  or  obscure.  Many  of  the 
poems  deal  satirically  with  forgotten  lite- 
rary or  artistic  topics,  and  are  now  more 
or  less  unintelligible  without  explanatory 
notes,  which  are  not  supplied  in  the  present 
edition.  Some  of  ^Heine's  most  audacious 
verses  are  to  be  found  in  the  collection,  and 
these  are  generally  either  softened  down  or 
omitted  in  the  translation — not  always  with 
happy  effect.  Thus,  for  example,  a*poem 
in  the  '  Lazarus  '  series  (No.  32)  is  rendered 
utterly  pointless  by  the  omission  of  the  final 
stanza,  to  say  nothing  of  the  second  stanza 
being  ludicrously  mistranslated  ;  surely  in 
such  a  case  it  would  have  been  wiser  to 
omit  the  piece  altogether.  We  have  "noted 
a  number  of  passages  in  which  the  German 
seems  to  have  been  misapprehended,  and 
many  others  in  which  it  has  not  been  ren- 
dered with  sufficient  fidelity  ;  but  otherwise 
the  translation  is  for  the  most  part  distinctly 
meritorious,  for  Miss  Armour  is  a  skilful  and 
fluent  versifier,  and  often  catches  the  spirit 
of  her  author  very  successfully.  Some  slips 
in  classical  matters  ought  to  have  been 
avoided  :  delicta  corpus  is  inexcusable,  and 
so  is  "  insignia  "  as  a  singular  noun  ;  and 
it  gives  one  something  of  a  shock  to  find 
the  goddess  Selene  transformed  into  a 
prosaic  "  Selina,"  or  to  read  that 

The  army  of  mankind  will  always  be 

Split  in  two  camps  :  the  Helens  and  Barbarians. 

The  Champagne  Standard.  By  Mrs.  John 
Lane.  (John  Lane.) — It  is  a  wholesome 
experience  to  see  ourselves  sometimes  as 
others  see  us,  and  Mrs.  John  Lane's  treat- 
ment of  our  national  characteristics  and  social 
idiosyncrasies  is  of  such  genial  tolerance 
that  the  most  thin-skinned  can  hardly  take 
offence.  She  is,  moreover,  a  strictly  im- 
partial critic,  and  some  of  her  severest 
strictures  are  passed  upon  the  foibles  of 
the  people  of  her  own  country.  In  the 
opening  chapter,  for  instance,  that  on 
'  The  Champagne  Standard  ' — there  is  some 
very  plain  speaking  with  regard  to  the  need- 
less ostentation  attending  the  coming  out  of 
the  American  debutante.  Elsewhere  we 
learn  the  usually  unsuspected  possibility  of 
living  with  real  comfort  and  economy  in 
America;  whilst  some  of  the  difficulties 
encountered  in  housekeeping  by  the  Ame- 
rican woman  in  this  country  may  be  illumi- 
nating to  the  English  housewife.  The  question 
of  open  fireplaces,  and  consequently  airy 
rooms,  is  one  upon  which  the  sister 
nations  cannot  be  expected  to  agree,  nor  is 
the  British  reserve,  either  of  the  served  or 
the  serving  class,  likely  ever  to  find  favour 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Mrs. 
Lane's  style  is  admirably  suited  to  the  racy 
and  ephemeral  matter  which  these  papers 
contain,  and  she  treats  each  topic  with  such 
freshness  and  originality  that  the  book  i-  as 
entertaining  as  it  is  suggestive. 

The  Liberal  Magazine  for  the  completed 
year  of  1905.  which  comes  to  us  from  tho 
Liberal  Publication  Department,  is.  of 
course,     too     much    concerned    with    party 


198 


THE     ATIIKNMU'M 


W86,  I'i.m. 


17.  L906 


politioi  i"  I"-  ili«'  robjeol  oi  n  view  to  our 
columns.     But    >'  oontaini  faott  irhiofa 

m1  t<>  nil  iidi  i)  tend  it   Iim-  an  exot  llenl 
index. 

M.    I  ",  \  i ;  i ;  i   -    i-   nt    his   best    ill    I.<      \'<>i/if/.    &\ 

■  i,.  tin  title  tinder  whiofa  be.hu  ohoeen 
to  collecl  recent  essays  from  ln^  pen  ds- 
Bcriptive  of  Athens,  Corinth,  and  other  p 
ot  the  Greek  kingdom,  but  containing  also 
general  ideas  on  Sellenism.  The  volume 
dedicated,  in  an  overstrained  note,  to 
Madame  de  Nbailles,  the  author,  as  repre- 
sentative of  Byzantium  and  the  Phanar,  in 
three  pages  which  will  astonish  her  blood 
relations.  It  we  mistake  not,  the  lady  is 
the  niece  oi  one  and  granddaughtei  of  another, 
it  not  of  two,  distinguished  functionaries  ol 
the  Turkish  Empire  ;  and  hex  genius  is  not 
of  the  Hellenic  type  though  she  has  Greek 
blood.  Being  by  M.  Barres,  the  volume, 
ot'  course,  contains  some  of  his  charac- 
teristic phrases  and  a  good  deal  of  his 
personal  philosophy.  We  even  find  in  it 
words  which  would  have  been  more  appro- 
priate to  *  Les  Deraeines,'  such,  for  example, 
as  thos.-  which  declare  that  "man  is  not 
made  to  dream,  but  to  bite  and  tear  to 
pieces."'  We  are  glad,  however,  that  the 
broader  line  which  was  already  noticeable 
in  a  recent  volume  by  the  author  is  domi- 
nant in  the  present  book. 

The  first  essay  is  based  on  the  life  of  an 
eccentric  French  Hellenist,  Louis  Menard, 
one  of  whose  fancies  was  for  a  spelling  of 
his  own,  of  which  specimens  are  given. 
When  this  friend  contributed  to  the  first 
organ  of  the  new  French  Nationalism  in 
the  winter  of  1894-5  he  insisted  that  his 
work  should  be  given  with  his  own  spelling. 
After  the  first  "  proof,"  four  revises  were 
necessary  in  order  that  his  "  errors  "  might 
be  correctly  "  maintained  "  ;  and  even  on 
the  ultimate  publication  of  the  result 
Menard  wrote.  "  Us  ont  encore  corrige  ines 
fautes  !  "  It  is  hardly  flattering  to  Menard, 
when  we  take  into  account  the  views  enter- 
tained of  the  English  by  M.  Barres,  to  find 
M.  Barres  writing  "  if  translated,  he  would 
have  an  immense  success  in  Anglo-Saxon 
countries."  Our  author  explains  that 
"high     preoocupation    with    religious    sentiment 

pleases  foreigners Before  the  war  there  existed 

curiosities  of  the  kind  in  France.  They  brought  us 
some  of  the  meditations  of  Lamartine,  the  'Port- 
Royal'  of  Sainte  Beuve,  the  work  of  Rcnan,  and 
the  poetry  of  Leconte  de  Lisle.'' 

In  spite  of  such  affectations,  the  interest  of 
the  writings  of  M.  Barres  upon  Hellenism  is 
great.  He  does  not  seek  to  conceal  the  fact 
that  he  was  not  prepared  by  sufficient  study 
or  by  taste  for  his  travels  in  the  Greek  world. 
He  was  drawn  to  Athens  rather  by  French 
literature — by  Chateaubriand,  for  example 
— than  by  true  Hellenism,  but  he  is  a  man 
of  genius,  though  wrong-headed,  and,  once 
at  Athens,  he  thought  out  a  good  deal  for 
himself,  and  constructed  a  Hellenism  of 
his  own,  which  is  well  worthy  of  contrast 
with  the  work  of  his  predecessors.  We  hope 
that  it  is  possible  to  look  forward  to  a  middle 
and  later  career  for  M.  Barres  in  which 
militant  Nationalism  will  have  disappeared 
from  literature.  The  present  volume  is 
published  by  the  Librairie  Felix  Juven. 

Ma  Vie  Militaire,  1800-1810,  is  a  curious 
book  by  a  cavalry  trumpeter,  who  only 
became  a  non-commissioned  officer  on  the 
first  day  of  the  battle  of  Wagram,  while  on 
the  morrow  his  right  arm  was  shattered  by 
an  Austrian  shell  and  his  service  ceased. 
The  preface  by  M.  Henry  Houssaye.  and 
the  introduction  by  the  grandson  of  Trum- 
peter Chevillet.  give  the  facts  upon  which 
the  genuineness  of  the  book  is  asserted.  It 
is,     indeed,    extraordinary    that    a    wrong- 


headed  loldier,  who  stole  and  gambled  and 
fought  duels  throughout  his  hard  campaig 
should    have    been    able    to    write    pih 
letters  oi  enormous  length  from  the  battle 
fields,    '.in.  tin,.  -  ..n  two   niooessive  winter 
daj  s,  ami  often  four  times  in  s  week.     In.  n 

dible  thOUgh  that    1I1HN    seem,    we  lnverlheh  ■-,, 

are  inclined  to  believe  the  story.     Then 
not   a  Bingle  point   at    which  we  have  been 
able  to  discover  anj   itrong  reason  for 
picion,  other  than  that  we  have  named  ■  and 
there  are  many  incidental  confirmations  "t 
the  truth  of  the  narrative,  which  imj  n 

with  the  good  faith  of  all  concerned.  The 
trumpeter    spoke    and     wrote    German    and 

Italian,  and  had  a  fair  literary  knowledge 

of     his     own     tongue.       His     Kngli-h,     in     tip- 

only  phrase  he  uses,  puzzled  us.  In  the 
account  of  a  fight  between  the  author, 
then  a  cavalry  soldier,  and  "  a  kind  of 
English  sailor  "  near  Flushing,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1804,  "yores  Frencks  dag"  is  the 
phrase  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  latter. 
After  consideration  we  found  the  clue.  It 
is  very  probable  that  the  astonished  Briton, 
who  had  not  previously  seen  one  of  Napo- 
leon's soldiers,  exclaimed,  "  Why,  you  're  a 
French  dog  !  "  The  only  other  allusion  to 
our  country  is  in  the  author's  expectation, 
entertained  later  in  the  same  year,  that  '"  we 
are  intended  one  of  these  days  to  cross  into 
England,  where  we  shall  have  to  carry  on  a 
frightful  war."  Our  trumpeter  displays 
throughout  his  letters  the  emphase  of  the 
times.  He  writes  during  his  fifth  campaign, 
in  November,  1805,  "  Cher  pere,  voici  encore 
bien  des  fatigues  surmontees  pour  la  gloire 
de  not  re  Patrie."  His  philosophical  reflec- 
tions are  in  the  same  style  :  "  The  attraction 
of  gain  animates  the  soldiei ....  His  alter- 
native is  to  be  miserable — poor  or  rich." 
The  habit  of  plundering  the  wounded  is 
frankly  confessed,  with  full  detail,  through- 
out the  book  ;  and  the  sums  of  money 
amassed  and  lost  again  are  considerable. 
Our  trumpeter  was  specially  favoured  in 
his  undisciplined  career  by  his  command  of 
tongues,  and  as  his  service  was  almost 
entirely  passed  in  Italy  or  in  Austria,  he 
was  frequently  em  ployed  by  officers  in  service 
which  gave  him  exceptional  opportunities 
of  gain.  On  one  of  the  several  occasions 
when  he  rode  in  among  the  enemy  he  used 
a  German  phrase  which — whether  con- 
sciously or  unconsciously  we  know  not — he 
translates  almost  in  the  words  of  the  Puss 
in  Boots  of  Perrault.  The  peasants  were 
told  in  old  French,  "  Bonnes  gens  !  vous 
serez  tous  hachez."  Chevillet  gives  his 
words  as  "  Soldats  !  vous  allez  etre  tous 
baches."  The  publishers  are  MM.  Hachette 
&  Cie. 


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Pierson  (A.  'I'.),  The  Bible  and  Spiritual  Criticism,  :i  G  net. 
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Prayer-Book    Commentary   for    Teachers    and    Students, 

revised  by  Rev,  F.  K.  Warren,  2/ 
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Word  for  the  Daj  (The),  compiled  bj  A.  EL,  1/8  net 

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Bland  (R.  .V),  Historical  Tombstones  of  Malacca,  10/B 
Bryant    (F.    K).   On  the   Limits  of   Descriptive  Writing 

apropos  of  Lessing's  Laocoon, 
(ust  (K.  II.  II.),  Giovanni  Antonio  Band,  -it  net. 
Essex    Archaeological    Society,    Transactions,    Vol.     IX. 

Pari  vi.,  i; 
Fisher  (A.),  The  Art  of  Enamelling  npon  Metal.  2/6  net 
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l.).  H  i      ii        i 

i. 

i.    i    •       ■  ■    ■  i 

I 
Ruskin    i     I  i 

/''*t,>,  and  '/<*■  hrnwa. 
i  Introduction  I..   \ 

<  "liii-f  Alueri.  ..I.    I  I  ..  l     ! 

Pyfe(F     I  D 

Hard      i       iii.  1 1     : .. 

i         1 1 
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Author's  Life,  1   net 
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Hardy  (E.  i>.  >.  Studies  in  Roman  Uistoi 
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Sports  and  fVtatMMML 

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Education. 
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Allium  (T.  c.i  On  Professional  Education,  with  s. 

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Bosch  (F.  ('.),  Laboraton  Manual  of  Physiology,  6  net 
c.mtlie  i.i.  i.  Physical  Efficiency,  S/5 
Deerr  (N.  i.  Sugar  and  the  Sugar  Cane,  7  8  net. 
Hard]  fG.  Il.i,  The  Integration  of  Functions  of  a  single 

Variable,  2  6  net 
Harting  (J.  K.  i.  Recreations  of  a  Naturalist,  U  net. 
Heath  (T.  EX  Our  Stellar  Universe,  10  net. 
Reightley  (A.),  The  Recover)   of  Health,  Tliird  Edition, 

1   net. 
Kinzbrunner  (C).    Alternating  -  Current    Windings,    their 

Theory       and       Construction;       Continuous  -  Current, 

Armatures,  their Windhigand  Construction,  each 
Mann  (GA  Chemistry  of  the  Proteids,  16  net 
MoUer    t Mr.    II.)  and  Dollar  (J.    A.   \VA   The   Practice  of 

Veterinary    Surger)  :     Vol.     111.    Regional    surgery, 

•:\  net 
Psychical  Research,  Proceedings  of  the  society,  Part  LL, 

G  net 
Snleeb}  (C  w.i.  Evolution,  the  Master-Key,  7  0 
Solomon  (,H-  C.l,  Electricity  Meter-,  n;,  net. 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


199 


General  Literature. 

SfflSKJi!^  a  Hurry,  ana  other 

Civif  Me6Year-Book  and  Official  ™»ftti»£  jj 
Eastern  (H.  T.),  The  Work  of  a  Bank,  Ihnd  Edition,  q  lieu 
Edgeworth  (M.),  Castle  Eackrent,  1/0  net. 


Eesar(A.)The  Hatiinee,  0/ 

Effis(Mri  H.),  My  Cornish  Neighbours  8/6 

Fairer  (R.  J.),  The  House  of  Shadows,  6/ 
Fletcher  f.T  S  ),  The  Threshing-Moor,  0/ 
FmnkHn  (Beniainin),  Selections  from  his  Writings,  edited 

by  U.  w".  Cutler,  1/6  net. 
•Gerard  (M.),  The  Bed  Seal,  0/ 
■OmviM)  The  Great  Refusal,  6/ 

Green  (E.  Everett),  Lady  Elizabeth  and  the  Juggernaut,  0/ 
Harraden  (B.),  The  Scholar's  Daughter,  6/ 
London  (J.),  Tales  of  the  Fish  PatroL  0/ 
Maartens  (Maarten),  The  Healers,  6/ 
Marriott  (C),  The  Lapse  of  \  lyien  Eady,  6/ 
Maugham  (W.  S.),  The  Bishops  Apron  6/ 
Meyer- Foerster(W.),  Karl  Heinrich,  3/0  net. 
Municipal  Year-Book  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1900,  edited 

by  R.  Donald,  3/0  net. 
Practical  Programme  for  Working  Men,  2/6 
Reynolds  (Mrs.  F.),  In  Silence,  0/ 
Smith  (R.  Mudie),  Thoughts  for  the  Day,  3/6  net. 
Stacpoole  (H.  de  Vere),  Fanny  Lambert,  0/ 
Summer  Nosegay  (A),  by  a  North-Country  Rambler,  3,6 
Thurston  (K.  C),  The  G ambler  0/  . 

Unanswered  Question  (An),  and  other  Stones,  b>  Alien,  0/ 
University  of  Liverpool  Calendar,  1900. 
Ventors  (D.),  Sweet  Mistress  Anne,  0/ 
Wliitehouse  (F.  C),  Mark  Maturin,  Parson  6/ 
"Wyllarde  (D.),  The  Pathway  of  the  Pioneer  (nous  Auties),  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 

Erbt(W.),  Die  Hebriier,  r>m.  .       . 

Marti  (K.),  Die  Religion  des  Alten  Testaments  unter  den 

Religionen  des  vorderen  Orients,  2m. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Bastide   (J.   F),  La   Petite   Maison :    Aquarelles   par   A. 

Lalau/.e,  250fr.  .      .„•_-. 

•Guimet  (E.),  Conferences  faites  au  Musee  Guiniet,  3ft.  50. 
Mayr(A.),  Aus  den  phonikischen  Nekropolen  von  Malta. 
Thoinan  (K.).  Les  Relieurs  Francais,  1500-1800,  40fr. 
Veverl(H.),  La  Bijouterie  Francaise  au  XIX  Siecle,  \  ol.  I., 

40fr. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
■Shakespeare,     Romeo    e    Giulietta,    translated    by    Cino 

Chiarini,  1L  50. 
Zocco  (I.),  Petrarchismo  e  Petrarchisti  in  Inghilterra,  21. 

Music. 

Laurencie  (L.  de  la),  L'Academie  de  Musique  et  le  Concert 

de  Nantes  a  l'Hotel  de  la  Bourse,  1727-67,  5fr. 
History  and  Biography. 
Archivio  Muratoriano,  No.  3,  31. 
Kic  (F),  Vieille  Allemagne,  3fr.  50. 

Bourdeau  (J.).  Poetes  et  Humoristes  de  rAllemagne,  3fr.  50. 
Glachant   (¥.),   Benjamin    Constant    sous   l'cKil   du   diet, 

7fr  50. 
Hamet  (I.),  Les  Musulmans  Francais  du  Nord  de  l'Afrique, 

Sfr.  50. 
Kaplan  (Dr.),  A  bord  de  la  Catarina  :  Memoires,  3fr.  50. 

ine-Pol,  De  Robespierre  a  Fouche  :   Notes  de  Police, 

3fr.  50. 

Philology. 

H  irtman(J.  J.),  Analecta  Tacitea,  7m. 

Ibn  S;ia<l  :    Biographien  Muhammeds,  seiner  Gefahrten  u. 

der  gpateren  Trager  des  Islams:  Vol.  I.  Part  1.  Bio- 

graphie  Muhemmeds  bis  x.ur  Flucht,  7m.;  Vol.  V.  Bio- 

graphiender  Nachfolger  in  Medina,  15m. 
Science, 
FoOZ  (G.  de),  Le  Tunnel  et  le  Chemin  de  Fer  Electrique  de 

la  Jungfrau,  3fr.  50. 
•Guillet  (L.),  Etude  Industrielle  des  Alliages  Metalliques, 

40fr. 
Plato,  Minon.  oversat  af  G.  Ringel-Nielsen,  udgivet  af  H. 

Beder,  lkr.  16. 

General  Literature. 

Aveze  (A.),  I/Amour  a  I'envers,  Sfr.  50. 
)'.- 1. 1 nl  (V.),  L' Affaire  Marscaine,  4fr. 
Brnlat  (PA  Rina,  3fr.  50. 

Daude)  (V..).  La  Terreur  Blanche,  Deuxieme  Edition,  Sfr.  50. 
!  (E.),  L'Anticlericalisme,  3fr.  50. 

pii  (i.i.  L'Ecoliere,  3fr.  50. 
Keeeler  (General),  La  Patrie  Menacee,  Sfr.  50. 
Levallou  (K.),  Les  [dees  dun  Maire  de  Paris,  3fr.  50. 
Mary  (J.),  Les  Vaincua  de  la   Vie:  Le   His  dun  Voleur, 

Sfr 
willy,  One  Plage  d' Amour,  3fr.  50. 

*#*  All    Book*    received    at    the    Office   up    to    Wednesday 
Morning  u/BX  be  included  in  this  Lilt  unless  previously 
I    '  Publishers  art  requested   to  state  prices  when 
Books. 


THE    LATE    T.    H.    GROSE. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hodge  Grose,  Fellow 
of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  and  Registrar 
of  the  University,  who  died  on  Sunday  last, 
after  a  somewhat  protracted  illness,   in  his 

bieth  year,  was  before  all  else  a  college 
tutor  ;  the  business  into  which  he  put  the 
\  t  of  himself  was  the  making,  not  of  hooks, 
but  of  men.  To  the  outsider — the  man 
■who,  knowing  nothing  of  the  life  of  a  resi- 
dential  university,    is    forced    to    apply   ex- 


trinsic   canons    of    criticism— it    might    not 
seem  that  the  training  and  befriending  ol 
undergraduates  was  a  sufficient  end  whereto 
to    devote    a    Balliol    scholarship    and    tour 
First   Classes.     But   at   least   his   own   uni- 
versity will  have  no  doubts  on  the  subject. 
If  in  the  course  of  the  last  half-century  an 
immense  change  for  the  better  has  occurred 
in    the    mutual    relations    of    "  dons "    and 
"  men,"  it  is  due  to  Grose,  perhaps,  as  much 
as   any   one  man  except  Jowett.     He   was 
ready  to  share,  not  merely  his  time  and  his 
interests,    but   even   his   very   rooms,    with 
his  juniors.     Since  the  somewhat  legendary 
days  when  Fellows  and  Scholars  lived  to- 
o-ether  in  pairs,  there  has  been  nothing  quite 
Tike    it.     And,    when    vacation    was    come, 
Grose  might  be  seen  at  the  station,  starting 
off   to   some   chosen   retreat   with   a   merry 
party   of  pupils,    himself   as   merry   as   the 
youngest.     No  wonder  that  in   Queen  she 
was    worshipped.     Meanwhile,     the    under- 
graduate world  at  large  loved  him  hardly 
less.     The  Union  is  the  very  heart  and  soul 
of  that  world,  and  without  its  Senior  Trea- 
surer  and  erstwhile  President   the    Society 
might  have  strayed  far  from  the  ways  of 
sound  finance,  and  become  a  thing  of  naught. 
Besides,    the    long    line    of    officers    of    the 
Society— many  of  them  by  this  time  men 
of  mark— will  be  able  to  testify  that  the 
help  and  encouragement  they  received  during 
the    tenure    of    their    decidedly    responsible 
office  were  due  in  largest  measure  to  the 
sheer  kindliness  and  geniality  of  the  man— a 
greybeard  with  a  boy's  heart.     May  there 
be  many  to  follow  in  his  footsteps,  as  there 
will  assuredly  be  many  to  mourn  his  all-too- 
early  death  !    ^__________ 

NOTARIES    PUBLIC. 

Guildhall,  EC,  February  7th,  1906, 

With  reference  to  the  recent  application 
made  to  the  Upper  House  of  Convocation 
by  the  Provincial  Society  of  Notaries  Public 
for  the  removal  of  a  certain  notary  public 
from  the  rolls,  when  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
court  was  called  in  question,  the  following 
remarks  by  so  eminent  an  authority  as  the 
late  Bishop  Stubbs  are  of  exceptional 
interest : — 

"The  curious  anomaly  of  the  notarial  com- 
mission has  existed  down  to  our  own  days.  The 
power  of  making  notaries  was  one  of  the  faculties 
reserved  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  by  the 
operation  of  the  Abrogation  Act  of  25  Henry  VIII. 
c.  21,  and  is  still  executed  by  the  master  of  the 
faculties  :  a  curious  relic,  like 'the  Lambeth  degrees 
which  still  issue  from  the  same  office,  of  the  ancient 
jurisdiction  claimed  for  the  Papacy,  before  the 
Reformation,  and  at  the  Reformation  lodged  >n  the 
hands  of  the  Primate  alone.  The  Archbishop  ot 
York  does  not  grant  degrees  or  make  notaries.  — 
'Chron.  Edw.  I.  and  II.,'  vol.  i.,  Introd.,  p.  lxxx. 
Reginald  R.  Sharpe. 


I  knew  him  personally  forty-six  years  ago. 
He  was  nicknamed  Poet  Laureate  of  the  Bar 
Mess,  Home  Circuit,"  The  thanks  of  every 
Tennysonian  are  due  to  Col.  Prideaux,  who 
so  ungrudginglv  places  the  wealth  of  his 
literary  knowledge  at  the  free  service  of  his 
fellow  literary  workmen. 

J.  C.  Thomson. 


A  LAMB  REFERENCE  EXPLAINED. 

Fiveways,  Bnrnham,  Bucks. 

In  a  letter  to  Bernard  Barton,  dated  from 
Enfield,  in  March,  1829,  Lamb  describes 
how  he  had  recently  brought  home  from 
the  bookstalls  in  Barbican  "the  whole 
theological  works"  of  Thomas  Aquinas. 
"  My  arms  aked,"  he  says, 
"with  lugging  it  a  mile  to  the  stage,  hut  the 
burden  was  a  pleasure,  such  as  old  Anehises  was  to 
the  shoulders  of  .Eneas— or  the  Lady  to  the  Lover 
in  old  romance,  who  having  to  carry  her  to  the  top 
of  a  high  mountain— the  price  of  obtaining  her— 
clamber'd  with  her  to  the  top,  and  fell  dead  with 
fatigue.'- 

Mr.  Lucas,  who  is  not  often  at  fault  in 
running  down  Lamb's  allusions,  cannot 
identify  the  "  old  romance "  in  question. 
The  story,  which  is  of  Breton  origin,  forms 
the  subject  of  one  of  the  '  Lais  '  of  Marie  de 
France,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  '  Les  Dous 
Amanz'  ('The  Two  Lovers').  I  printed 
Marie's  poem  fourteen  years  ago  in  my 
'Specimens  of  Old  French'  (Spec.  xxxv.). 
Lamb,  no  doubt,  read  the  tale  m  a  modern- 
ized version— perhaps  in  Miss  Bet  ham  s 
'Lay  of  Marie'  (published  in  1816),  which 
he  saw  in  MS.  (see  his  letter  to  Southey  of 
May  6th,  1815)— as  the  original  is  in  the 
Norman  dialect  of  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth 
century.  Paget  Toynbee. 


THE   'ADDRESS  TO  LORD  DENMAN  ' 
TSEUDO-TENNYSONIAN. 

In  the  latest — and  last — issue  of  my 
"  Avon  Booklets,"  among  other  apocryphal 
poems  of  Tennyson,  is  the  '  Address  to  Lord 
Denman.  recited  by  the  Poet  Laureate  at  a 
Meeting  of  the  Home  Circuit  Mess,  held  at 
Kingston  on  2  April.  1850.'  This  rhymed 
Address,  of  some  80  lines,  has  long  been  an 
annoying  puzzle  to  bibliographers,  and  for 
some'  six  months  1  have  in  vain  sought  a 
solution.  However,  Col.  Prideaux  has  no.v 
solved  the  mystery  by  informing  me  that 
"  the  author  was  Mr.  Joseph  Arnouhl,  after- 
wards Sir  Joseph  Arnould.  Chief  Justice  of 
Bombay.  He  had  won  the  Newdigate  at 
Oxford^  and  had  a  pretty  taste  for  poetry. 


THE  SPRING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
MESSRS.  T.  &  T.  CLARK 
have  in  the  press  The  Knowledge  of  God,  2  vols., 
and  The  Eve  for  Spiritual  Things,  and  other  Ser- 
mons, by  Prof.  H.  M.  Gwatkin,— The  Authority 
of  Christ,  by  the  Rev.  D.  W.  Forrest,— Primitive 
Christian  Education,  by  Gerakhne  Hodgson.— 
History  of  the  Reformation,  2  vols.,  by  Principal 
T  M  Lindsay,— The  New  Reformation,  by  the 
Rev  John  A.  Bain,— Sermons  in  Accents  :  Studies 
in  the  Hebrew  Text,  by  the  Rev.  John  Adams,- 
James  the  Lord's  Brother,  by  Principal  A\  ilham 
Patrick,— and  The  Gift  of  Tongues,  and  other 
Essays,  by  Dr.  Dawson  Walker. 

MESSRS.  HODDER  &  STOUG1ITON 
announce  in  Theology  and  Religion:  Expositions 
of   Holv   Scripture,   bv  the  Rev.  Alex.  Maclaren  : 
Second'   Scries,    The   Gospel    of    Mark,    2  vols.  ; 
Exodus,    Leviticus,   Numbers,   and    Deuteronomy, 

1  vol  ;  Joshua,  Judges,  Ruth,  Samuel,  and  Kings, 

2  vols.  ;  and  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  \  ol.  I.,— Pests 
by  the  River,  bv  the  Rev.  G.  Matheson,— The 
Gospel  of  Life,  by  Charles  Wagner,— Manhood, 
Faith,  and  Courage,  by  Dr.  H.  Van  Dyke.-  1  lie 
Book  of  Memory,  by  K.  Tynan  Hinkson,— Kutn, 
by  the  Rev.  Armstrong  Black,—  Literary  llhist ra- 
tions of  the  Bible,  by  the  Rev.  .lames  Mol.aU  : 
Book  of  Judges  and  Ruth;  St.  Matttaw.-The 
Scientific  Creed  of  a  Theologian,  by  Dr.  Rudolf 
Sohmid,— The  Christian  Faith,  by  <>.  A.  Curtis,— 
Bible  Side-Lights  from  the  Mount  of  Gezer,  by 
R  \  S.  Macalister,  The  Development  oi  Pales- 
tine Exploration,  by  Dr.  F  J.  Bliss. -and  The 
Apostolic  Age  in  the  Light  of  Modern  Criticism, 
I  iv  J.  II .  Ropes. 

'  Belles  Let  tics.  Biography,  Education,  so.  :    i  ne 
Balfourian    Parliament,    by    H.    W.    Luoy,      Sir 

Walter    Scott,     by     Andrew     Lang.  ■-  History    Oi 

Comparative  Literature,  by  Frederic  Lolbe.  - 
Under  the  English  Crown,  translated  by  Firman 
Bo/.  Every  Man's  Book  of  Garden  Flowers,  by 
.1  Halsham,-  The  Enemy  at  Trafalgar,  by  Edward 
Fraser     The  Political  Life  of  Joseph  Chamberlain, 

by   Alex.    Mackintosh.      The    Battle   of   the   Sea   OJ 


200 


Til  E     A  Til  KN/Kl'M 


N    1086.  Feb.  17,  1906 


.1  i|    in.     bj     (    i|,l      Kl.ul...       Life    ami    S|h.i!    OH    tin- 

l'.f  i!i.    Kfope   (new    wlitiuu),   l»3    II.   A.  Vaohell, 
Among  !'ii  in  li  Imiis,Ii\  ('li. nli-- Uihaon,     studio  in 

Arini  u  in  Trade  U liam,   edited   bj    Ptoi    J    M. 

HiII.uhIi  i .     The  Poetrj  of   Life,   1>\    i  man, 

'■  l     .  I  •  Prof.   .1.  II.  Breasted, 

I  ndon  it ■  mi  tin  top  oj  ■  'Boa,  bj  A.  St.  John 
Adoook,  Britain's  Sea  Story,  The  Nature  Reader, 
niid  [mperial  Reader,  all  edited  bj  K.  K.  Speight, 
Tin  II. mil  Camera,  Companion,  and  Guide,  and 
ral  other  booklets  on  photography,  edited  by 
the  Rey.  I'.  C.  Lambert,  Even  fclan'a  Book  of 
i  den  Difficulties,  bj  W.  V.  Rowlea,  The 
Modern  Home,  edited  by  W.  Shaw  Sparrow, — 
niid  Horn  to  Study  Piotnree,  bj  C.  II.  Caffin. 

Fiotion :  My  Sword  for  Lafayette,  bj  Mas 
Pemberton,  Giant  Ciroumatanoe,  byjohn Oxen- 
ham,  Sea  Spray,  by  !•'.  T.  Bullen, — The  Mystery 
of  the  Motor-Car,  by  W.  Le  Queux,  Karl  Grier, 
by  \a'\u-  Traoy,  All  for  the  Love  of  a  Lady,  by 
Elinor  M.  Lane,  Dearlove,  by  Franoes  Campbell, 
— Fisherman's  Luck.  l>\  IL  Tan  Dyke,  Blazed 
Trail  Stories  bj  8.  E.  White,— Lady  Elizabeth 
and  the  Juggernaut,  l>v  E.  Everett-Green,-  The 
i  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  bj  David  LyaU,— Little 
Stories  of  Manicd  Life,  by  Mary  S.  Cutting,— Out 
..i  Gloucester,  l>y  J.  B.  Connolly, — A  Mask  of 
Gold,  by  Annie  S.  Swan. — Old Lim  Juoklin,  by 
Opie  Read,— Rebeooa  Mary,  by  A.  H.  Donnell, — 
The  Lady  of  the  Decoration, — In  Cupid's  Chains, 
Nance,  The  Outcast  of  the  Family,  A  Coronet  of 
Shame,  Her  Heart's  Desire,  and  .lust  a  Girl,  by 
(hallos  (Jar  vice,  — and  several  shilling  and  sixpenny 
editions  of  popular  hooks  and  novels. 


The  series  of  papers  which  have  been 
appearing  in  The  Cornhill  Magazine  under 
the  title  '  From  a  College  Window  '  will 
be  published  as  a  book,  with  some  addi- 
tional chapters,  after  Easter.  The  author 
is  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson,  and  the  book  will  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  <fe  Co. 

The  same  writer's  '  Life  of  Walter 
Pater,'  in  the  new  series  of  t;  English  Men 
of  Letters,"  may  be  expected  in  the  course 
of  two  or  three  weeks. 

Sir  Auckland  Colvin  has  just  com- 
pleted a  new  book  on  England  in  Egypt, 
which  will  be  issued  almost  immediately. 
As  a  former  Comptroller-General  of  Egypt 
and  "Financial  Adviser  "  to  the  Khedive, 
he  has  had  peculiar  opportunities  of  in- 
sight and  study. 

M.  Paul  Sabatier's  book  on  the  separa- 
tion of  Church  and  State  has  been  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  Robert  Dell,  and  will  be 
published  before  long  by  Mr.  Unwin 
under  the  title  of  '  Disestablishment  in 
France.'  M.  Sabatier  is  writing  a  special 
preface  for  the  English  edition,  and  Mr. 
Dell  is  contributing  an  introduction.  The 
volume  will  also  contain  the  full  text  (in 
French  and  English)  of  the  Separation 
Law,  with  explanatory  notes.  There  will 
be  portraits  of  M.  Sabatier  and  the  Abbe 
Loisy. 

A  book  on  '  Primitive  Athens  as  de- 
scribed by  Thucydides  '  will  very  shortly 
be  published  by  the  Cambridge  University 
Press.  The  author,  Miss  Jane  E.  Harrison, 
has  endeavoured  to  set  forth  a  new  view 
as  to  the  character  and  limits  of  the  ancient 
city,  her  conclusions  being  founded  largely 
upon  the  recent  excavations  of  the  German 
Archaeological  Institute.  Numerous  plans 
and  drawings  will  be  included  in  support 
of  her  case. 


M  i        l:  M  M   Mill    \N      &      CO.      hope      to 

publish  about  Castor  a  new  edition  <»f 
Evelyn's.  '  Diary  '  in  three  volumes.  The 
form  will  be  that  of  the '  Diary  and  Letti 
oi  Madame  D'Arblay,  recently  issued  by 
tin-  same  firm.  The  text,  tin-  spelling  of 
which  has  been  modernized,  will  follow 

I       v     and     Foreter  J      hut     many     minor 

rectifications  have  been  made  and  some 

unsuspected  errors  collected.  The  hook 
will  contain  the  notes  of  the  earlier  edit  i 
carefully  revised  ;  and  additional  notes 
by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson,  who  has  been 
engaged  on  editing  it  for  some  months 
past.  As  in  the  case  of  the  D'Arhlay 
diary,  the  new  edition  will  be  illustrated 
by  portraits,  views,  maps,  and  facsimiles. 

Messrs.  Sherratt  &  Hughes  will  issue 
immediately,  for  the  Central  Chancery  of 
the  Orders  of  Knighthood,  Lord  Cham- 
berlain's Office,  St.  James's  Palace,  an 
important  work  in  two  volumes  entitled 
1  The  Knights  of  England,'  containing  a 
complete  record,  from  the  earliest  time  to 
1904,  of  the  knights  of  all  the  orders  of 
chivalry  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ire- 
land, and  of  all  knights  bachelors.  A 
trustworthy  and  authentic  register  of 
English  knighthood  has  long  been  needed, 
but  hitherto  it  has  been  unobtainable,  for 
the  simple  reason  that  the  scholar  has 
been  jealously  denied  access  to  the  official 
documents  which  constitute  the  ultimate 
sources  of  information.  Under  the  patron- 
age of  the  Chancery  above  mentioned  all 
these  restrictions  have  been  removed,  and 
Dr.  W.  A.  Shaw  has  been  granted  access 
to  all  such  sources  for  his  book.  The 
portion  relating  to  Ireland  has  been 
executed  by  Mr.  G.  D.  Burtchaell,  of  the 
Office  of  Arms,  Dublin  Castle,  who  has 
also  used  official  sources. 

'  Wenhaston  and  Bulcamp,  Suffolk,' 
is  the  title  of  a  work  by  the  Rev.  J.  B. 
Clare,  to  be  published  shortly.  It  will 
contain  a  list  of  vicars  of  the  parish  from 
1217,  and  of  churchwardens  from  1547  ; 
and  will  describe  the  recently  discovered 
Wenhaston  Doom,'  and  give  an  account 
of  some  of  the  old  wills  and  lawsuits 
of  the  locality.  A  glossary  of  old  words 
still  in  use  will  also  be  included.  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock  is  the  publisher. 

Mr.  Herbert  Paul  writes  : — 
"  In  your  review  of  my  '  Life  of  Froude  ' 
you  say  :  '  It  is  noteworthy  that  of  "  Oceana  " 
and  the  books  on  the  West  Indies  Mr.  Paul 
says  nothing.  Perhaps  he  thought  that 
nothing  was  to  be  said.'  Your  inferences 
and  opinions  are  no  business  of  mine.  But 
as  you  have  here  made,  of  course  uninten- 
tionally, a  direct  misstatement  of  fact,  I 
ask  your  leave  to  contradict  it  in  the  placo 
where  it  appeared." 

Our  sincere  apologies  are  due  to  Mr.  Paul 
for  this  error. 

Mrs.  Percy  Dearmer,  in  her  new  novel 
'  Brownjohn's,'  which  will  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  on  the  26th  of 
this  month,  relates  what  happened  when 
two  ladies  conspired  to  shake  off  care  by 
sending,  one  her  two  charming  but  irre- 
sponsible stepdaughters  (who  had  been 
brought  up  on  a  "  system "  by  their 
father,  an  invererate  faddist),  the  other, 


not   If-  troublesome  small  hoy-,  to 

etato   in   the  OOUntry   at   a   villa-'     i 

office        Brownjohn's.      A     oomedy     of 

bewildering  complication,   in   which  not  a 

feu  tragic  emotions  are  infc  'he 

result . 

BlB     PbAHCU     BuKHAWD,     who    retired 

from  the  editorship  <<f  Punch  this  week, 
has  fully  earned  his  leisure  We  hope, 
however,   to  have  many  more  books,  sod 

perhaps  plays,  from  bis  active  and  witty 
pen.     He  i-   mo  eeded   by  his  assistant 

editor.  Mr.  Owen  Seaman,  whose  verse 
chaffs,  commends,  and  punishes  with 
equal  grace. 

Thk  name  of  one  of  the  translators  of 
'A  Pietist  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars* 
reviewed  by  us  on  February  3rd,  should 
have  been  Miss  Hoper,  instead  of  "  Mr. 
Hooper." 

1  Birds  of  Great  Britain  '  is  the  title 
of  a  work  by  Mr.  Charles  Stonham,  which 
E.  Grant  Richards  has  in  preparation, 
and  the  publication  of  which — in  twenty 
parts — will  begin  immediately.  There 
will  be  at  least  three  hundred  full-page 
illustrations,  all  reproduced  in  most  ela- 
borate style,  for  there  will  be  a  separate 
presentation,  wherever  necessary,  of  the 
hen  bird,  nestlings,  and  any  particular 
parts  of  plumage,  such  as  the  outspread 
wing  or  tail,  which  the  ordinary  drawing 
does  not  show.  The  letterpress  will  in- 
clude the  derivation  of  the  scientific  and 
English  names,  the  French  and  German 
names,  and  a  general  description  of  the 
habits  of  the  bird,  its  food,  nest,  eggs, 
and  plumage. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Dayton, 
Ohio,  of  Mr.  Paul  Laurence  Dunbar,  who 
was  born  on  June  27th,  1S72.  Mr.  Dunbar, 
generally  knowm  as  "  the  Xegro  Poet,'T 
worked  on  newspapers,  and  gave  public 
readings  of  his  own  poems.  He  was  a 
prolific  writer,  and,  beginning  with  '  Oak 
and  Ivy  Poems  '  (1893),  published  '  Lvrics 
of  Lowly  Life  '  (1896),  of  the  '  Hearthside  ' 
(1899),  *  and  of  '  Love  and  Laughter  ' 
(1903),  besides  several  other  volumes  of 
verse,  and  two  novels  in  1901 — '  The  Sport 
of  the  Gods  '  and  '  The  Fanatics.' 

At  the  usual  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  held 
in  Edinburgh  on  Monday,  an  interesting 
note  was  read  by  the  secretary,  Mr. 
W.  K.  Dickson,  on  a  copy  of  the  First 
Folio  Shakspeare  in  the  library  of  the 
Society.  The  book,  which  is  not  noticed 
in  Mr.  Sidney  Lee's  '  Census,'  came  into 
the  Society's  possession  in  1784.  It  is 
the  only  copy  in  Edinburgh,  and  one  of 
three  copies  existing  in  Scotland.  It  is 
in  <jood  preservation,  as  First  Folios  go, 
though  unfortunately  four  leaves  are 
wanting  and  the  margins  have  suffered 
in  the  binding.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
has  been  no  insertion  of  facsimile  pages 
and  no  attempt  at  restoration  in  the  text. 

Tc7nple  Bar  for  March  will  contain  a 
paper  on  the  life  and  character  of  Ranke, 
by  his  son,  General  Friduhelm  von  Ranke, 
with  special  reference  to  his  visit  to  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Clarence  Rook  vindicates  '  Ame- 
rican  Manners  '  ;     and  "  Thormanby,"  in 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


201 


•  The  Laureate  of  the  Beefsteaks,'  gives 
the  history  of  the  once  famous  club,  and 
some  specimens  of  Morris's  verses.  Mr. 
Walter  Frith  writes  on  '  The  Priest  of 
Horus,'  and  Miss  Marjorie  L.  C.  Pickthall 
on  the  many-handed  Japanese  goddess 
Kwannon. 

Macmillan's  Magazine  for  March  con- 
tains an  article  on  '  Stevenson  at  Fon- 
tainebleau,'  by  Mr.  Robert  Douglas.  '  My 
District,'  by  A.  F.  C,  and  '  Back  to  the 
Land,'  by  Mr.  K.  D.  Cotes  ;  both  record 
personal  experiences.  In  '  Where  the 
Flamingo  Feeds '  Mr.  C.  L.  Leipoldt 
writes  of  the  salt-pans  district  in  the 
west  of  Cape  Colony.  Another  article 
on  South  Africa  is  that  by  Mr.  Stanley 
Hyatt  on  '  The  Black  Peril.'  Mr.  George 
Dewar  has  a  paper  on  '  Old  Norfolk 
Inns.' 

The  Star  will  celebrate  the  opening  of 
the  new  Parliament  and  the  victory  of  the 
Radical  party  by  issuing  a  "Jubilation 
Number  "  on  Monday  next.  Among  the 
contributors  will  be  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw, 
Mr.  Frederick  Greenwood,  Sir  Francis 
Burnand,  Caran  d'Ache,  Mr.  David 
Christie  Murray,  Mr.  James  Douglas,  Mr. 
Spencer  Leigh  Hughes,  Mr.  Arthur  More- 
land,  and  Mr.  William  Hartley. 

A  fund  for  a  Lecturer  in  Celtic  Language 
and  Literature  for  five  years,  at  a  salary 
of  200£.  a  year,  has  been  provided  for 
Glasgow  University. 

In  Chambers's  Journal  for  March  a 
Tasmanian  gives  his  experiences  of  the 
failure  of  '  English  Pubhc-School  Educa- 
tion '  as  a  training  for  colonial  life.  The 
Rev.  E.  J.  Hardy  in  '  Chinese  Cities  ' 
deals  mainly  with  Peking,  and  shows  its 
insanitary  condition.  Mr.  E.  J.  Prior  in 
'  Relics  of  the  Inquisition  '  describes  some 
curious  leather  figures  used  by  the  In- 
quisition at  Lisbon,  now  housed  in  a 
strong  room  at  Kennington. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
James  Annand,  who  was  recently  elected 
M.P.  for  East  Aberdeenshire,  a  district 
where  he  was  born  in  1843.  Mr.  Annand 
had  a  long  connexion  with  journalism, 
beginning  with  his  editorship  of  The 
Buchan  Observer,  which  he  took  over 
in  succession  to  Sir  Hugh  Gilzean  Reid. 
Much  of  his  work  was  done  in  Newcastle, 
as  a  leader-writer  to  The  Chronicle, 
and  editor  of  TJie  Newcastle  Leader. 
Latterly  his  health  did  not  permit  of  his 
engaging  in  the  regular  work  of  journalism, 
but  he  remained  an  active  politician  and 
a  frequent  writer. 

A  wide  circle  of  book-collectors  and 
booksellers  will  learn  with  regret  of  the 
almost  sudden  death,  on  Tuesday  morning 
last,  of  Mr.  John  Galwey,  in  his  fifty-fourth 
year  Mr.  Galwey  was  born  in 'Dublin, 
and  when  quite  a  youth  went  to  Paris, 
n  here  he  found  employment  with  a 
bookseller,  and  acquired  a  remarkable 
knowledge  of  French  literature  and  biblio- 
graphy. On  returning  to  England  he  was 
employed  at  Messrs.  Dulau  &  Co.'s.  He 
1  lien  spent  some  years  with  Messrs. 
Palmer  &  Howes,  of  Manchester,  and 
afterwards  with  Messrs.  Henry  Sotheran 
&    Co.     In    March,    1890,    he   started   in  I 


business  on  his  own  account  at  17, 
Garrick  Street,  Covent  Garden,  and  for  a 
time  did  well ;  but  the  business  was  given 
up  in  March,  1897,  and  Mr.  Galwey  entered 
the  employment  of  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wil- 
kinson &  Hodge  as  a  book-cataloguer.  He 
was  a  widely  read  man,  and  possessed  not 
only  an  excellent  knowledge  of  French, 
but  also  a  working  acquaintance  with 
several  other  languages. 

f.  Mr.  Franklin  Thomasson  has  con- 
sented to  preside  at  the  Seventy-Ninth 
Festival  of  the  Printers'  Pension,  Alms- 
house, and  Orphan  Asylum  Corporation, 
to  be  held  at  the  Hotel  Cecil  on  May  29th. 

Dumfries  celebrated  on  Saturday  last 
the  six-hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
seizure  of  its  old  Royal  Castle  by  Robert 
Bruce.  A  memorial  stone  was  laid  on 
the  site  of  the  Castle,  and  stirring  addresses 
were  delivered  by  Sir  George  Douglas  and 
others.  It  is  expected  that  further  Bruce 
celebrations  will  follow  in  historic  places. 

A  bronze  medal  and  diploma  have  been 
awarded  to  Ludwig  Rosenthal's  Anti- 
quariat,  the  booksellers  of  16,  Hildegarde- 
strasse,  Munich,  for  their  exhibit  at  the 
Liege  International  Exhibition,  1905.  The 
objects  shown  consisted  chiefly  of  books 
and  maps  illustrating  the  history  of 
Belgium,  and  especially  of  Liege,  since 
early  times.  The  exceptionally  wide  range 
of  Herr  Rosenthal's  collections  of  books  is 
well  known  to  experts. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  of  some 
interest  to  our  readers  are  the  Report  of 
H.M.'s  Commissioners  for  the  Interna- 
tional Exhibition  at  St.  Louis,  1904 
(2s.  2d.)  ;  and  the  Numerical  List  and 
Index  to  the  Sessional  Printed  Papers  for 
1904(15.  lid.). 


SCIENCE 


LA    FIN    DE    LA    MATlERE. 

L'une  des  decouvertes  les  plus  etonnantes 
que  les  physiciens  aient  annoncees  dans  ces 
dernieres  annees,  c'est  que  la  matiere 
n'existe  pas.  Hatons-nous  de  dire  que 
cette  decouverte  n'est  pas  encore  definitive. 
L'attribut  essentiel  de  la  matiere,  c'est  sa 
masse,  son  inertie.  La  masse  est  ce  qui 
partout  et  toujours  demeure  constant,  ce 
qui  subsiste  quand  une  transformation 
chimique  a  alter6  toutes  les  qualites  sensibles 
de  la  matiere  et  semble  en  avoir  fait  un 
autre  corps.  Si  done  on  venait  a  demontrer 
que  la  masse,  l'inertie  de  la  matiere  ne  lui 
appartiennent  pas  en  realite,  que  c'est  un 
luxe  d'emprunt  dont  elle  se  pare,  quo  cette 
masse,  la  constante  par  excellence,  est  elle- 
meme  susceptible  d'alteration,  on  pourrait 
bien  dire  que  la  matiere  n'existe  pas.  Or 
c'est  la  precisement  ce  qu'on  annonce. 

Les  vitesses  que  nous  avions  pu  observer 
jusqu'ici  etaient  bien  faibles,  puisque  les  corps 
celestes,  qui  laissent  bien  loinderriere  eux  tous 
nos  automobiles,  font  a  peine  du  60  ou  du 
100  "  kilometres  "ate  seconde ;  la  lumiere,  il 
est  vrai,  va  3,000  fois  plus  vite,  mais  ce  n'est 
pas  une  matiere  qui  so  deplace,  c'est  une 
perturbation  qui  chemine  a  travers  une 
substance  rclativement  immobile  comme  une 
vague  a  la  surfaco  do  l'ocean.  Toutes  les 
observations  faites  avee  ces  faibles/vitesses 
montraient    la    constanco    de    la    masse,    et 


personne  ne  s'etait  demande  s'il  en  serait 
encore  de  raeme  avec  des  vitesses  plus 
grandes. 

Ce  sont  les  infiniment  petits  qui  ont  battu 
le  record  de  Mercure,  la  planete  la  plu3 
rapide  ;  je  veux  parler  des  corpuscules 
dont  les  mouvements  produisent  les  rayons 
cathodiques  et  les  rayons  de  radium.  On 
sait  que  ces  radiations  sont  dues  a  un 
veritable  bombardement  moleculaire.  Les 
projectiles  lances  dans  ce  bombardement  sont 
charges  d'electricit6  negative,  et  on  peut 
s'en  assurer  en  recueillant  cette  electricite 
dans  un  cylindre  de  Faraday.  A  cause  de 
leur  charge  ils  sont  devies  tant  par  un  champ 
magnetique  que  par  un  champ  electrique,  et 
la  comparaison  de  ces  deviations  peut  nous 
faire  connaitre  leur  vitesse  et  le  rapport  do 
leur  charge  a  leur  masse. 

Or  ces  mesures  nous  ont  revele  d'une  part 
que  leur  vitesse  est  enorme,  qu'elle  est  le 
dixieme  ou  le  tiers  de  celle  de  la  lumiere, 
mille  fois  celle  des  planetes,  et  d' autre  part 
que  leur  charge  est  tres  considerable  par 
rapport  a  leur  masse.  Chaque  corpuscule 
en  mouvement  represente  done  un  courant 
electrique  notable.  Mais  nous  savons  que 
les  courants  electriques  presentent  une  sorte 
d'inertie  speciale  appelee  self-induction.  Un 
courant  une  fois  etabli  tend  a  se  maintenir, 
et  c'est  pour  cela  que  quand  on  veut  rompre 
un  courant,  en  coupant  le  conducteur  qu'il 
traverse,  on  voit  jaillir  une  etincelle  au  point 
de  rupture.  Ainsi  le  courant  tend  a  con- 
server  son  intensit6  de  meme  qu'un  corps  en 
mouvement  tend  a  conserver  sa  vitesse. 
Done  notre  corpuscule  cathodique  resistera 
aux  causes  qui  pourraient  alterer  sa  vitesse 
pour  deux  raisons  :  par  son  inertie  pro- 
prement  dite  d'abord,  et  ensuite  par  son 
self-induction,  parce  que  toute  alteration  de 
la  vitesse  serait  en  meme  temps  une  altera- 
tion du  courant  correspondant.  Le  corpus- 
cule— V  electron,  comme  on  dit — aura  done 
deux  inerties  :  l'inertie  mecanique,  et 
l'inertie  electromagnetique. 

MM.  Abraham  et  Kaufmann,  l'un  calcu- 
lateur,  l'autre  experimentateur,  ont  uni 
leurs  efforts  pour  determiner  la  part  de 
l'une  et  de  l'autre.  Ils  ont  ete  pour  cela 
obliges  d'admettre  une  hypothese  ;  ils  ont 
pense  que  tous  les  electrons  negatifs  sont 
identiques,  qu'ils  portent  la  meme  charge, 
essentiellement  constantes,  que  les  dissem- 
blances que  Ton  constate  entre  eux  pro- 
viennent  uniquement  des  vitesses  differentes 
dont  ils  sont  animes.  Quand  la  vitesse 
varie,  la  masse  r^elle,  la  masse  mecanique, 
demeure  constante,  c'est  pour  ainsi  dire  sa 
definition  meme  ;  mais  l'inertie  electro- 
magnetique, qui  contribue  a  former  la 
masse  apparente,  croit  avec  la  vitesse 
suivant  une  certaine  loi.  II  doit  done  y 
avoir  une  relation  entre  la  vitesse  et  le 
rapport  de  la  masse  a  la  charge,  quantity 
que  Ton  peut  calculer,  nous  l'avons  dit,  en 
observant  les  deviations  des  rayons  sous 
Taction  d'un  aimant  ou  d'un  champ  elec- 
trique ;  et  l'etude  de  cette  relation  permet 
de  determiner  la  part  des  deux  inerties.  Le 
resultat  est  tout  a  fait  surprenant :  la  masse 
reelle  est  nulle.  II  est  vrai  qu'il  faut  ad- 
mettre  Thypothose  faito  au  debut,  mais  la 
concordance  de  la  courbe  theorique  et  de  la 
courbe  experimentale  est  assez  grande  pour 
rendre  cette  hypothe.se  fort  vraiscmblable. 

Ainsi  ces  Electrons  negatifs  n'ont  pas  do 
masse  proproment  dite  ;  s'ils  semblent  douOB 
d'inertie,  c'est  qu'ils  ne  sauraient  changer 
de  vitesse  sans  deranger  Tether.  Leur 
inertie  apparente  n'est  qu'un  einprunt.  ello 
n'est  pas  a  eux,  elle  est  a  Tether.  Mais  ces 
electrons  negatifs  no  sont  pas  toute  la 
matiere;    on  pourrait  done  admettre  qu"en 

dehors  d'eux  il  y  a  une  vraie  matiere  doueo 
d'une  inertie  propre.     II  y  a  cortaines  radia- 


202 


Til  E     A  Til  EN-fiUM 


N  4086.  Fed.  17,  1906 


tions      '"ii •  l«s  rii\(.n-  ruiuil  de  ( ;.i|<l-|(  in. 

lei  rayons  A  <lu  radium  <iul  ~""'  duel  euasi 
i  inn-  | 'liin-  ili  projectiles,  mail  de  projectili  - 
chat  iiisiiniiit  ;    ili  -  electrons  positifi 

i  Ms  i  u\  auesi  depourvui  de  aieeic  !     II 
•  -i   impossible  de  le  dire,  peroo  qu'ili  Bonl 
beaucoup  phii    lourds    it    beaucoup  moins 
rapidea  que  lea  electrons  negatifa.     I't  alors 
driix    hypotheses    restenl    admissibles:     ou 

bien     It  v    i  It  i  i  rmis    stmt     plus    lourds,    pares 

qu'en  dehors  de  leur  inertie  eleotromagne- 
tique  empruntee  ill  onl  une  inertie  meca- 
nique  propre,et  alora  ce  stmt  eux  qui  stmt  la 

vraie  matiere ;   ou  bien  ils  Bonl  sans  ■ 

oomme  lei  autres,  el  b'iIb  nous  paraissenl 
]>lus  lourds,  cist  parce  <|u'ils  stmt  plus  petite. 
Je  dis  bien  plui  petite,  quoique  oela  puisse 
paraitre  paradoxal;  car  dans  oette  concep- 
tion le  corpuaoule  ue  strait  qu'un  vide  duns 
I'ether,  aeul  reel,  Beul  dime  d'lnertie. 

Jusqu'ici  la  matiere  n'est  pas  trop  com- 
promise ;  nous  pouvona  encore  adopter  la 
premiere  hypothese,  ou  meme  croire  qu'en 
dehors  dee  electrons  posit  its  et  negatifs,  il 

y    a    des   atonies   neutres.      Les   recentes   re- 

eherchee  de  Lorentz  vont  nous  enlever  cette 
derniere  ressource.  Nous  Bommee  entraines 
dans  le  mouveinent  de  la  Terre,  qui  est  tree 
rapide  ;  les  phenomenes  optiques  et  elec- 
triques  ne  sont-ils  pas  etre  alteres  par  cette 
translation  ?  On  l'a  cru  longtemps,  et  on  a 
-oppose  que  les  observations  deceleraient  des 
differences,  suivant  l'orientation  des  ap- 
pareils  par  rapport  au  mouvement  de  la 
Terre.  II  n'en  a  rien  ete,  et  les  mesures  les 
])lus  delicates  n*ont  rien  montre  de  semblable. 
Et  en  cela  les  experiences  justifiaient  une 
repugnance  commune  a  tous  les  physiciens  ; 
si  on  avait  trouve  qiielque  chose  en  effet,  on 
aurait  pu  connaitre  non  seulementle  mouve- 
ment relatif  de  la  Terre  par  rapport  au  Soleil, 
mais  son  mouvement  absolu  dans  I'ether. 
■Or  beaucoup  de  personnes  ont  peine  a  croire 
qu'aucune  experience  puisse  donner  autre 
chose  qu'un  mouvement  relatif  ;  elles  aecep- 
teraient  plus  volontiers  de  croire  que  la 
matiere  n'a  pas  de  masse. 

On  ne  fut  done  pas  trop  etonne  des 
lesultats  negatifs  obtenus  ;  ils  etaient  con- 
traires  aux  theories  enseignees,  mais  ils 
flattaient  un  instinct  profond,  anterieur  a 
toutes  ces  theories.  Encore  fallait-il  modifier 
ces  theories  en  consequence,  pour  les  met t re 
•  en  harmonie  avec  les  faits.  C'est  ce  qu'a 
fait  Fitzgerald,  par  une  hypothese  surpre- 
nante  :  il  admet  que  tovis  les  corps  subissent 
une  contraction  d'un  cent-millionieme  en- 
viron dans  la  direction  du  mouvement  de  la 
Terre.  Une  sphere  parfaite  devient  un  ellip- 
soi'de  aplati,  et  si  on  la  fait  tourner,  elle  se 
deforme  de  facon  que  lc  petit  axe  de  l'ellip- 
soide  reste  toujours  parallele  a  la  vitesse  de 
la  Terre.  Comme  les  instruments  de  mesure 
subissent  les  memes  deformations  que  les 
objets  a  mesurer,  on  ne  s'apercoit  de  rien,  a 
moins  qu'on  ne  s'avise  de  determiner  lc 
temps  que  met  la  lumiere  pour  pareourir  la 
longueur  de  l'objet. 

Cette  hypothese  rend  compte  des  faits 
observes.  Mais  ce  n'est  pas  assez;  on 
fera  un  jour  des  observations  plus  precises 
encore  ;  les  resultats  seront-ils  cette  fois 
positifs  ;  nous  mettront-ils  en  mesure  de 
determiner  le  mouvement  absolu  de  la  Terre  ? 
Lorentz  ne  l'a  pas  pense  ;  il  croit  que  cette 
determination  sera  toujours  impossible  ; 
linstinct  commun  de  tous  les  physiciens, 
les  insueces  eprouves  jusqu'ici  le  lui 
garantissent  suffisamment.  Considerons 
done  cette  impossibility  comme  uno  loi 
generale  de  la  nature  ;  admettons-la  comme 
postulat.  Quelle!  en  aeront  les  conse- 
quences ?  C'est  ce  qu'a  cherche  Lorentz, 
et  il  a  trouve  que  tous  les  atomes,  tous  les 
electrons  positifs  ou  negatifs,  devaient  avoir 
une  inertie  variable  avec  la  vitesse,  et  pre- 


ce-t'-iiifiit  d'apres  l<     m<  u  U »ut 

iiiciini'  materiel  serail  forme'  d'61ectrom 
positifs,    petiti    h     lourds,    it    d'electt 

negatifs,     pros    et     lexers,     et     si     la    mat  hi  • 

ible  ii'    nous  parafl   pai  i  l<  ctri  i 

que  les  deux  sortes  (It'll  it  n  .n-  UODi  I  DOU 
I'l.  -   en   nomine  egal.       Lei    un-   <t    lei   an 

sunt  depourvui  de  masse  el  n'onl  qu'une 
inertie  d'emprunt.     Dans  ce  83  items  il  n'y  1 

pas   de    Vraie    matiere.    il    n  y    a    plus    que 
trims  dan-  let  tier. 

Pour  If.  Langevin,  la  matiere  erail  de 
I'ether  liquefie,  el  ayant  perdu  sis  pro- 
prii'-tes ;    quand   la  matiere  as  deplaoerait, 

ce  ne  serait  pas  cette  nmw  liquefies  qui 
1  In  ininerait  ;'i  travel's  l'etlier  ;  mais  la  lique- 
faction s'etendrait   de  proclie  en  proche  B  de 

nouvelles  portion!  de  l'etlier,  pendant  qu'en 

arrierc  les  parties  d'abord  liquefiees  repren- 
draient  leur  etat  primitif.  La  matiere  en  se 
mouvant  ne  conserverait  ]>as  son  identite. 

Yoila  ou  en  etait  la  question  il  y  a  quelques 
semaines  ;  mais  voici  que  M.  Kaufmann 
annonce  de  nouvelles  experiences.  L'electron 
negatif,  dont  la  vitesse  est  enorme,  devrait 
eprouver  la  contraction  de  Fitzgerald,  et  la 
relation  entre  la  vitesse  et  la  masse  s'en 
trouverait  modifiee  ;  or  les  experiences 
recentes  ne  confirment  pas  cette  prevision  ; 
tout  s'ecroulerait  alors,  et  la  matiere  repren- 
drait  ses  droits  a  l'existence.  Mais  les 
experiences  sont  delicates,  et  une  con- 
clusion definitive  serait  aujourd'hui  pre- 
maturee.  H.  PoixcARt. 


DR.  LE  BOX'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 

Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

In  the  following  letter  I  ask  leave  to 
combat  the  positions  taken  up  from  time 
to  time  in  The  Athenaeum  concerning  the 
work  of  Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon. 

In  your '  Research  Notes '  of  November  1 8th 
F.  L.  takes  occasion  to  praise  the  work  of 
Dr.  Le  Bon.  As  this  is  by  no  means  the 
first  time  that  he  has  been  referred  to 
favourably  in  your  columns,  I  think  it 
should  be  pointed  out  that  your  estimate 
of  his  work  differs  markedly  from  that  of 
the  majority  of  those  qualified  to  judge. 

Dr.  Le  Bon  claims  that  he  is  the  discoverer 
of  the  universal  radio-activity  of  matter  and 
the  author  of  the  theory  of  the  instability 
of  the  atom.  If  he  only  means  that  he 
propounded  the  doctrine  of  his  title-page, 
"  Rien  ne  se  cree.  Tout  se  perd,"  before 
it  was  accepted  by  the  majority  of  physicists, 
nobody  is  likely  to  dispute  his  claim  ;  but 
he  must  fight  out  the  queston  of  priority 
with  the  shade  of  Heracleitus.  But  if  he 
means  that  he  propounded  the  modern 
scientific  theory  and  established  it  by  his 
experiments  before  the  work  on  which  it  is 
generally  based  had  been  performed,  then 
no  more  preposterous  claim  has  been  made 
in  the  history  of  science. 

For,  firstly,  Dr.  Le  Bon's  utterances  were 
always  too  vague  to  be  of  use  as  scientific 
hypotheses,  though  their  vagueness  had 
remarkable  advantages  for  the  author  :  it 
made  it  almost  impossible  to  prove  him 
wrong,  and  it  enable!  him  to  claim  the  most 
diverse  discoveries  as  variations  of  his  own 
theory.  (Many  people,  for  instance,  would 
be  surprised  to  learn  that  Prof.  Rutherford's 
researches  on  the  changes  of  radium,  already 
classic  and  the  foundation  of  a  new  science, 
were  mere  amplifications  of  the  previous 
experiments  on  chemical  change  conducted 
by  Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon,  of  Paris.)  And, 
secondly,  his  experiments  are  perfectly  in- 
adequate to  prove  his  theory  under  any 
interpretation.  All  that  can  be  attributed 
to  Dr.  Le  Bon  is  a  lucky  guess,  without 
experimental  support,  at  something  like  the 


present  theory,  similar  to  the  lucky  gueas 
made   by  L  •  thing  I 

att. mic  t  In  "i  \  i.t  tin  miatry. 

The  evidence  thai   are  have  f(,r  the  dav 
integration  "f  matter  ii  twofold     'I 
Prof.  Thomson*!  proof  that  it  1-  j »o»>-it>l< 

produce     from     ordinary      matter     parti 
smaller  than   the  smallest   atom:    and  there 
is     Prof.      Rutherford*!      prool      thut     radio- 

activity  1-  accompanied  by  a  change  in  I 
atoms  concerned.     Novr  it  we  allow  Dr.  I>e 

Bon'a    experiment-    their    most    favourable 
interpretation,  the  most  that  they  can  pi 
is  that  certain  substances  under  th< 

ft  light,  heat,  chemical  action,  or  '-imilar 
a.-  ii.  ii  -  emit  rays  which  ionize  the  sur- 
rounding air.  If  this  is  all  that  1-  requ 
to  prove  the  disintegration  of  matter,  why 
did  Dr.  Le  Bon  ever  perform  those  labori 
experiment!  of  which  we  hear  so  much  ? 
It  was  known  in  \H95  that  metals  bom- 
barded by  the  cathode  stream  emitt 
rays  capable  of  ionizing  gases — R"ir  _ 
rays,  as  they  were  called  :  why  did 
not  revolutionize  physics  at  once  by  the 
announcement  of  his  theory  ?  Of  course, 
the  mere  production  of  ions  which  are 
larger  than  molecules  cannot  prove  the 
"  dematieralisation  de  la  matiere'":  but 
the  absurdity  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  pretensions 
becomes  clearer  when  we  remember  that  he 
is  trying  to  prove  that  all  materials  are  radio- 
active. It  is  one  of  the  essential  character- 
istics of  radio-activity,  and  one  of  the  chief 
reasons  that  we  have  for  believing  it  to  be 
accompanied  by  atomic  change,  that  the 
activity  is  absolutely  spontaneous  and  un- 
altered by  any  process  to  which  the  active 
body  can  be  subjected.  To  prove  that  all 
bodies  have  this  property,  Dr  Le  Bon  tella 
us  that  they  become  active  when  exposed 
to  light  and  heat  !  As  a  matter  of  fact  it 
is  almost  certain  that  all  elements  are  truly 
radio-active,  but  the  activity  is  far  too  small 
to  be  indicated  in  Dr.  Le  Bon's  crude  experi- 
ments, even  if  he  had  tried  to  detect  it. 

If  I  have  not  disputed  so  far  the  corr- 
ness  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  experiments,  it  is  not 
because  they  are  unassailable.  The  obser- 
vations that  he  describes  are  badly  designed, 
and  show  a  total  want  of  appreciation  of  the 
properties  of  ionized  gases.  A  great  many 
of  his  results  were  known  already,  but  some 
new  phenomena  were  described.  1  inves- 
tigated one  of  these,  and  found  it  capable 
of  a  totally  different  explanation  from  that 
given  by  Dr.  Le  Bon  ;  Mr.  Carse  lias  tried 
and  failed  completely  to  repeat  another  of 
these  experiments. 

Dr.  Le  Bon  has  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  technical  terms,  but  the  extent  of  his 
real  knowledge  may  be  judged  by  the 
example  quoted  in  your  'Research  Notes"  in 
criticism  of  Mr.  Whetham.  Dr.  Le  Bon 
stated*  that  all  substances  gave  off  an 
emanation  which  was  not  due  to  radio-active 
impurity,  and  quoted  in  support  a  paper  by 
Prof.  Thomson.  Here  is  Prof.  Thomson'! 
summary  of  the  results  of  the  lirst  part  of 
his  paper  : — 

"The  question  whether  all  substances  give  off 
emanations  to  a  slight  extent  is  one  to  which  I 
have  given  a  good  deal  of  attention,  but  so  far  I 
have  not  obtained  any  emanations  other  than  thosa 
whoee  oapriciousnese  indicated  that  they  were  tin-' 
to  minute  trans  of  ■  radio-active  impurity." 

Later  he  says  :  — 

"Though  no  evidence  has  Ken  obtained  that 
the  property  of  giving  off  an  emanation  is  at  all 
general,  there  is.  I  think,  a  considerable  amount 
of  evidence  that  most,  if  not  all,  l*xlirs  are  con- 
tinually emitting  radiation. " 

and  proceeds  to  argue  in  favour  of  general 
radio-activity.  It  is  not  necessary  that  all 
radio-active  substances  should  give  off  an 
emanation  :     we    have   one    well-established 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


203 


instance  to  the  contrary,  uranium.  Dr.  Le 
Bon  does  not  appear  aware  of  this  elemen- 
tary fact,  nor,  indeed,  of  the  distinction 
between  emanations  and  ionized  gases.  In 
the  account  of  many  of  his  experiments  he 
states  that  he  has  proved  the  existence  of 
an  emanation,  when  all  that  his  observations 
show  is  the  presence  of  an  ionized  gas. 

F.  L.  does  not  seem  to  see  the  point  at 
issue  :  the  new  experiments  which  he  quotes 
(Nov.  18)  are  perfectly  irrelevant ;  they  con- 
cern neither  emanations  nor  radio-activity. 
Does  F.  L.  think  that  all  processes  of  ionization 
are  radio-activity  and  are  accompanied  by 
emanations  ?  Neither  is  it  of  any  use  to 
cite  authorities  to  prove  that  all  matter  is 
radio-active  :  Mr.  Whet  ham  has  never 
denied  it  ;  what  he  has  denied  is  that  Dr. 
Le  Bon  has  adduced  any  important  evidence 
for  the  assertion.  To  convict  him  of  in- 
justice, F.  L.  quotes  experiments  by  Prof. 
Thomson  ! 

The  second  paragraph  of  the  'Research 
Notes '  is  a  most  remarkable  production.  It  is 
a  scientific  commonplace  that  an  accelerated 
electron  emits  electromagnetic  pulses  or 
waves  :  that  statement  is  the  foundation  of 
electronic  theory,  and  formed  the  basis  of 
Stokes's  theory  of  Rontgen  rays  given  in 
the  Wilde  Lecture  of  1897.  So  eminent  a 
physicist  as  M.  Langevin  would  not  think 
of  claiming  it  as  his  own  discovery.  Simi- 
larly the  emission  of  electromagnetic  waves 
by  the  oscillatory  discharge  of  the  spark 
formed  the  basis  of  Hertz's  classical  experi- 
ments of  1887,  in  which  he  confirmed 
Maxwell's  theory  of  the  electromagnetic 
field.  If  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  really  stated  that 
matter  turns  into  light  on  its  way  to  becom- 
ing ether,  it  only  affords  one  more  instance  of 
his  fertile  imagination :  personally  I  can 
discover  no  meaning  in  the  statement. 

Let  me  sum  up  my  case  against  Dr.  Le 
Bon.  I  do  not  doubt  that  the  theory  which 
he  advocates  now  is  in  the  main  correct,  but 
I  think  his  expression  of  it  vague  and  in- 
adequate. I  am  a  firm  believer  in  t  he  general 
radio-activity  of  matter  and  the  spontaneous 
disintegration  of  atoms  ;  but  I  protest 
against  Dr.  Le  Bon's  assertion  that  he  is 
the  author  of  those  theories.  Nor  am  I 
concerned  to  establish  the  claim  to  author- 
ship of  any  particular  person  as  against  him. 
Barren  wranglings  over  priority  have  not 
the  smallest  interest  for  me.  I  merely  wish 
to  warn  readers  who  are  not  professed 
students  of  the  subject  that  they  must  not 
imagine  that  Dr.  Le  Bon's  writings  are 
examples  of  accepted  scientific  procedure, 
or  that  such  experimental  or  ratiocinative 
methods  as  he  adopts  have  established,  or 
are  ever  likely  to  establish,  the  validity  of 
any  important  scientific  theory. 

Norman  R.  Campbell. 

%*  We  must  add  that  we  received  Mr. 
Campbell's  letter  at  the  end  of  November, 
and  that  it  would  have  been  published  with- 
out delay  but  for  the  exceptional  demands 
on  our  space.  In  the  height  of  the  winter 
>n  a  controversy  which  seemed  likely 
to  occupy  many  pages  could  not  be  contem- 
plated. 


'THE    ZOOLOGICAL    SOCIETY 
LONDON.' 


OF 


THESE  is  one  passage  in  Mr.  Scherren's  com- 
municate n  that  I  cannot  allow  to  pass  without 
the  most  emphatic  contradiction  and  pro- 
test,  II  accuses  me  of  amplifying  in  my 
article  the  statement  made  in  my  '  Life  of 
Sir  Stamford  Raffles'  mtb  respect  to  the 
personal  relations  between  Sir  Stamford 
Raffles  and  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  and  then 
■dds  that  "there  does  not  appear  to  be 
authority  for  either  statement." 


The  passage  in  my  article  in  your  number 
for  March  4th  last  reads  : — 

"He  [Sir  Stamford]  broached  the  subject  in  that 
year  [1817]  to  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  who  expressed  his 
warm  approval  of  the  proposal." 

The  passage  in  the  '  Life  '  reads  : — 
"  During  his  stay  in  London  in  1817  he  [Sir 
Stamford]  had  discussed  with  Sir  Joseph  Banks  a 
plan  for  establishing  in  London  a  zoological  col- 
lection and  museum  which  should  interest  and 
instruct  the  public.  Sir  Joseph  Banks  warmly 
supported  the  proposition." 

Will  Mr.  Scherren  indicate  where  the 
alleged  amplification  occurs,  and  as  there  is 
obviously  none,  why  does  he  make  such 
a  charge  ? 

With  respect  to  "  the  personal  relations 
between  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  and  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,"  their  character  is  shown  in  the 
letter  from  Sir  Joseph  to  Dr.  Horsfield, 
partly  quoted  on  p.  449  of  Lady  Raffles's 
memoir,  and  in  the  letter  from  Sir  Stamford 
to  Dr.  Horsfield  given  on  p.  627  of  the  same 
work. 

It  is  perfectly  true  that  I  have  not  yet 
traced  what  was  my  authority  for  stating 
that  Sir  Stamford  "  discussed  with  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  a  plan  for  establishing  in 
London  a  zoological  collection  and  museum  " 
in  1817  ;  but  I  am  absolutely  confident  that 
the  authority  exists,  and  that  when  it  is 
found  it  will  be  seen  that  I  have  textually 
reproduced  the  words  "  zoological  collection 
and  museum,"  which  I  certainly  would  never 
have  chosen  myself. 

After  an  interval  of  nine  years  it  is 
impossible  for  me  to  recollect  where  I  ob- 
tained the  information,  but  I  feel  pretty 
confident  that  it  came  from  one  of  two 
sources,  and  that  the  authority  was  either 
Sir  Joseph  Banks  himself  or  Dr.  Horsfield. 

Although  the  Banks  MSS.  were  sur- 
rendered by  the  British  Museum  to  the  late 
Lord  Brabourne  before  I  commenced  work 
on  the  '  Life,'  my  late  friend  the  Rev.  R.  B. 
Raffles  had  gone  through  those  papers  at  an 
earlier  date  and  annotated  them.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  he  made  the  discovery, 
although  I  have  as  yet  been  unable  to  trace 
the  circumstance  among  those  of  his  notes 
which  have  been  preserved.  I  incline  to  the 
opinion  that  the  full  text  of  Sir  Joseph's 
letter  to  Dr.  Horsfield  will  furnish  the 
authority  for  my  assertion. 

The  Banks  papers  were  subsequently  sold 
at  auction,  and  dispersed.  Perhaps  some 
reader  of  The  Athencr.um  may  have  the 
means  of  referring  to  Sir  Joseph's  corre- 
spondence during  1817,  and  thus  ascer- 
taining what,  if  any,  references  they  contain 
to  Sir  Stamford  Raffles  and  a  projected 
"  zoological  collection  and  museum." 

Mr.  Scherren's  expectation  that  the  un- 
known, and  possibly  ignorant,  composer  of 
the  inscription  on  Mr.  Vigors's  monument 
is  to  be  regarded  as  a  witness  of  equal  weight 
with  Mr.  Vigors  himself,  who  called  Sir 
Stamford  "  the  illustrious  Founder  "  of  the 
Zoological  Society,  is  typical  of  his  method 
of  dealing  with  the  whole  of  the  evidence. 
Demetrius  C.  Boulger. 


SOCIKTIKS. 


Sociktv  ok  ANTiorutiK.s.  —  Fob.  8.  — Prof. 
(lowland,  V.  1'. ,  in  the  chair.  Dr.  Haverfield 
communicated  a  note  on  two  marble  sculptures  of 
the  Roman  period   and   a  Mithraie   relief   found  in 

London.  Of  the  sculptures,  one  represents  a  river 
pod,  the  other  either  a  genius  or  Bonn*  Eventua. 
The  Mithraie  relief  is  singularly  perfeot,  and  is 
inscribed  \i.ei\s  sn,\  \nvs  EMBK1TV9  LXG.  ir.  \\<:. 
voTVM  solvit,  factvb  AitwsinsK.  -  Mr.  Henry 
Laver,  Local  Secretary  for  Essex,  exhibited  a 
Dumber  of  mediteval  paving  tiles  found  a( 
St,  Oayth's  Priory,  but   not  in  position.     One  be- 


longing to  a  set  of  nine  bears  a  device  that  does  • 
not  seem  to  have  been  noticed  elsewhere,  a  con- 
centric series  of  plain  rings  with  snails  creeping 
along  the  outer  edges  of  them. — Mr.  Worthington 
G.  Smith,  Local  Secretary  for  Bedfordshire,  ex- 
hibited a  number  of  antiquities  found  in  and  about 
Dunstable. — The  Rev.  G.  T.  Andrewes  exhibited  a 
carved  cross  of  Mount  Athos  work  given  to  Pope 
Clement  XIV. — Mr.  Robert  Cochrane  exhibited  a 
pair  of  "tortoise"  brooches  of  bronze  -  gilt  and 
fragments  of  a  bronze  bowl  found  in  a  Viking 
burial  at  Ballyholme,  between  Bangor  and  Grooms- 
port,  eo.  Down.  He  described  their  discovery, 
and  stated  that  the  bowl  was  complete,  with 
chains  for  suspension,  when  found,  but  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  workmen.  In  the  year  818  a  raid 
was  made  by  a  band  of  Northern  Vikings  on 
Bangor  Abbey,  half  a  mile  distant,  and  the  burial 
might  date  from  that  event. — Mr.  Reginald  Smith 
added  some  remarks  on  the  find,  and  exhibited  a 
restoration  of  the  bowl  based  on  examples  found  in 
England  and  Norway.  He  quoted  Scandinavian 
authorities  in  confirmation  of  the  date  suggested,, 
the  style  of  the  brooches  being  well  known  in  the 
British  Islands  and  in  Scandinavia.  Bowls  of  the 
kind  exhibited  were  specially  common  in  Norway, 
where  they  were  referred  to  the  Viking  period  ;. 
while  English  examples  with  circular  enamelled 
escutcheons  might  be  somewhat  earlier.  Brooches 
of  this  type  were  worn  by  both  sexes,  but  there 
was  little  to  show  the  sex  of  the  persons  interred 
at  Ballyholme. 


Philological. — Feb.    2. — Prof.   W.    P.   Ker 
in    the    chair.  —  Mr.    W.    H.    Stevenson    read    a 
paper   on    Old-French   influence    on   English    local 
names.       After   showing   that   many    local    names 
had    not    followed    the    ordinary    English    sound 
developments,  and    that  these  exceptions   usually 
arose  from  the  retention  of  written  forms  that  had 
become  fossilized  owing  to  the  influence  of   legal 
documents,  the  lecturer  suggested  that  the  repre- 
sentation of  0.  E.  palatal  c  by  8  instead  of  ch  was 
due,   first,   to  the  retention  of   Norman  spellings, 
and,   secondly,  to  the  application  to  them  of  the 
North  Central  French  pronunciation,  which  came 
into  use  in   England   late  in  the  twelfth  century. 
Thus  the  Norman  -cestre  very  closely  reproduced 
the  pronunciation  of  O.K.   -ce(a)8tre,  but  we  have 
evidence   in    the    spelling    -sestre   of    a    change    of 
pronunciation  due  to  North  Central  French.     By 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth   century  the  8  had  dis- 
appeared   before    the   t,    by    French    not    English 
sound-change,   and  hence  we  get  such  spellings  as 
Gloucet(t)er  by  the  side  of  Gloucestre  (the  modern 
pronunciation     perhaps     represents     the     former 
spelling).     William    of    Worcester    in    the    latter 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century  speaks  of   "  Sissetyr, 
Cyssetyr    alias     Cirencestre."       This    city    is    of 
interest  as  preserving  the  French  pronunciation, 
although  the  river  from  which  it  derives  its  name 
appears  in  the  English  form  of  Churn,  Worcester's 
Cheern.       A    similar    instance    occurs     in    Cerne 
(O.  E.    Cernel)  on  the  river  Cerne,    co.   Dorset,  on 
which  there   is  a   CAarminster   (the   site  of    the 
A. -S.      monastery?).       French     forms     have    un- 
doubtedly ousted    the  native   ones   in  Cambridge, 
Salisbury  (O.K.  Searesbyrig),    Durham   (O.E.  Dun- 
holm),     Bristol     (O.K.     Brycgstow ;     Bristou    in 
Domesday).     The  -/  of  the  last  seems  to  be  due  to- 
a  latinized  form  Bristollia,  in  which  the  -on  of  D.B. 
has   been    improperly    regarded   as   a    resolution   "t 
■ol.     The  representation  of  O.K.   -Sa,   leg  in  D.B. 
in  Pevenesel  (Pevensey)  and  Grayenel  (Graveney)' 
is    only    explicable    by  the  theory    that  the   <K 
although  still  written  by  the  Normans,  was  pm- 
nounced  eu.      The  representation  of  Anglo-Norman 
en    in     the    modern     pronunciation    of     Beeohy 
("Beau-chief"),     Belvoir,     Beauohamp,    suggests 
that  it  did  not  differ  greatly  in  sound  from  the 
early  Middle  English  representatives  of  O.E.  fa, 

irij.  That  these  inherited  forms  in  -<  /  w ere  pro- 
nounced according  to  the  spelling  at  the  end  of  the 

thirteenth  century  is  proved  by  the  occurrence  of 
SUOh  forms  as  Komciihalc  for  Ibminey.  where  1 1 1<  ■ 
Anglo-Norman  spelling  Homenel  —  O.  K.   Rumaiifr, 

has  been  identified  with  the   English  •hate,     A 

curious   feature   that    had    some   influence  upon  OUT 

local  names  was  the  artificial  application  of  Frenoh 
sound  changes  to  English  names.  Of  these  the  com- 
monest were  the  representation  of  English  al  byou 
and  el  by  ru,  by  which  Aldeburg  appears  as  Aude- 
burg,  Alf reton  as  Auferton,  -fold  a&fand,  -wa/rfas 
■waud,  Calde-  as  Oaude,  «.xc  Elmt-  as  Ettme-,  -ftlde 


■Jill 


THE     A  Til  KNMUM 


N    1086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


as  •j'rui/i ,  r-i/ilt  aa  «f  ude,  Ac    This  practice  has  been 

tin-  K)  ui'i  i-    "1   OOUIltli         '  ii  "i      among  ant  iqUftl  i>    , 

who  through  printing  the  u  m  n  have  froquentrj 
failed  to  identity  tlf  I'lan  ■  iri.ii.il  t...  By  a 
will  known  French  sound -change  a  vowel  flanked 
<l  (ih   or  <i  diaappeara.     There  are  nomeronain 

st.-iiK'i'.s  ci    tin    a|i)iln .itimi  ni    this  change  to  Eng- 

lish     looaJ    naim>.    whnh    ha\i-,     Imwi-w-i.     umi.iIU 

mil  the  oanaonant.     Tims  8uthewero  appi 
iwrikr;  Buthewelle  as  Buwelle ;  Buthenoi 
Buthoe ;  Bathe  as   Baa,   Ba ;  Bradewatre  as    Bra- 
water;    Bathekewelle   (O.E.    Beadeoan  •  well) 
Baukewell    (now    Bakewell) ;    Teodekeebury    as 
Creokeebury   (Tewkesbury)  j    Etothebury    as    Ron 
bury  :     Rothewelle  as    Bowelle  ;     Btratham   (•.<., 
Btratam)  aa  Straham  :  Ruthe  as  Rue  (now  Ronth]  ; 
WadehuU  as  Wahull  (now  Oih-ll)  ;  and,  with  rab- 
aeqnenl  oontraotion,  Withungrave  as  Wiungrave, 
Wengrave   (now     Wengrave);    LethtTyn^sete    as 
Leryngaete  ;  Wetherefeld  as  Wereafeld,  to.     The 
change  of  Orant(h)am  to  Graham  (with  hiss  of  w) 
oornee  under  this  heading.     In    other  oaaea  the 
French   system  of  spelling  used   in  England   has 
affected  tne  pronunciation  of  a  name.     As  in  this 
system  Knglish  u  was,  except  before  a  nasal,  re- 

}>rescntcd  By  ",  we  can  aee  how  O.K.  Hnut-lcgu 
tas  beoome  Nbtley.  In  like  manner  the  use  of 
I  (J)  to  represent  the  English  Y  has  caused 
"  In  Gyrvum  '"  to  assume  the  form  and  pronuncia- 
tion of  Jarrow  ;  Yesemuth  has  similarly  become 
Jesinond  ;  Yeddeworth,  Jedhurg  ;  and  the  famous 
monastery  named  from  the  valley  of  the  Yore  is 
Jervaulx.  Although  Anglo-Norman  distinguished 
<in  and  en,  yet  Domesday  frequently  writes  an  for 
English  in,  en,  and  <nn  for  em,  and  there  are 
several  representatives  of  these  spellings  in  our 
local  names.  Thus  O.E.  IlPan-  appears  as  Han-, 
Hand-,  Ham-  (according  to  the  nature  of  the 
initial  of  the  second  member  of  the  compound),  as 
well  as  the  correct  native  descendants  Hen-,  Htm-, 
And  J/in-.  Similar  variations  occur  in  other  com- 
binations of  en.  The  lecturer  also  dealt  with  cases 
in  which  an  English  -a:-  was  represented  by  -as,  a 
change  that  has  had  little  effect  upon  our  local 
names,  although  a  good  instance  occurs  in  Lexden 
4tlia$  Lessenden  (D.B.  Lexendena,  Lessendena). 
Other  minor  changes,  such  as  the  interchanges 
of  lingual  consonants,  were  also  dealt  with. 


Mathematical. — Feb.  8. — Sir  \V.  D.  Niven, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Major  P.  A.  MacMahon  made 
.a  preliminary  communication  on  '  Partitions  of 
Numbers  in  Space  of  Two  Dimensions.'- — The 
following  papers  were  communicated  :  '  The 
Eisenstein-Sylvester  Extension  of  Format's  Theo- 
rem,' by  Dr.  H.  F.  Baker, — 'A  Chapter  of  the 
Present  State  in  the  Historical  Development  of 
Elliptic  Functions,'  by  Prof.  H.  Hancock, — '  Re- 
duction of  the  Ternary  Quintic  and  Septimic  to 
.their  Canonical  Forms,'  by  Prof.  A.  C.  Dixon  and 
Dr.  T.  Stuart,- — and  '  The  Scattering  of  Sound  by 
Spheroids  and  Discs,'  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Nicholson. 


Aristotelian. — Fth.  5. — Mr.  S.  H.  Hodgson, 
V.  P. ,  in  the  chair.  — Mr.  T.  Percy  Nunn  read  a  paper 
on  '  The  Aims  and  Achievements  of  Scientific 
Method.'  The  aims  of  science  can  be  consistently 
stated  and  its  achievements  evaluated  only  when 
it  is  considered  not  as  a  body  of  truths,  but  as  a 
particular  kind  of  oonative  process  which  accepts 
as  its  data  the  "primary  facts"  that  constitute 
the  objective.  These  primary  facts  fall  into  three 
orders :  the  orders  of  physical  and  psychical 
txistenta,  and  objects  of  thought  (such  as  relations, 
numbers,  &c. ),  which  may  be  called  objective 
subxistenti.  All  these  are  characterized  by  the 
possession  of  a  relevance  to  human  purpose  and  of 
a  "  sameness  for  all "  which  are  regarded  by 
certain  philosophers  as  the  essence  of  their  objec- 
tivity— a  view  to  be  rejected  in  favour  of  the  view 
that  these  characters  merely  attend  on  the  presence 
of  objectivity  as  such  in  an  element  of  experience. 
In  the  case  of  physical  existcnts  the  "  plain  man's'' 
view  that  the  secondary  qualities  of  things  are 
equally  objective  with  the  primary  qualities  must 
be  accepted,  while  in  all  the  orders  distinguished 
the  ooourrenoe  of  scries  is  of  great  importance  as 
leading  to  measurement.  The  scientific  process 
aims  at  rendering  certain  given  primary  facts 
intelligible  to  an  individual  consciousness — that  is, 
at  organizing  them  into  a  "secondary  construc- 
tion" or  apperceptive  system.  But  as  this 
•description  applies  also  to  animism  and  the  pre- 


iiin   w..ik  ni  (ireek  and  modi  ni  phil< 
andas.  moreover,  these  systems  employ  a    method 
formally  indistinguishable  from  thai  the 

latter  cm  be  discriminated  only  bytha  material 

i  hai  .11  lii  Lai  tO  I  hal  ml. u  V    i  "ii  -I  I  ii'  I  c 

are  incident*  in  the  development  of  an  interest  in 
the  particulars  oi  the  objective  as  such  The 
scientific  aim  of  rendering  the  objective  intelligible 
may  Ik-  mediated  by  oonoep<  drawn  from  any 
context  "t  experience,  Oatwald's  objections  to  snob 
hypotheses  being  evaded  by  distinguishing  theii 
p  j •  liohigical  from  tlnir  [real  value.  They 
secure  not  only  the  immediate  aim  'if  the  seieattfie 
process,  but  also  its  achievement*  from  the 
universal  point  of  view  -  whieh  consist  in  the 
determination  <>t  further  substantive  element 

the  objective  and  of  further  (objective)  illations 
between  them.  In  particular,  the  only  objection 
tu  such  concepts  as  "end"  and  "vital  force"  i* 
that  they  do  not  yield  the  particulars  of  the 
objective  in  their  full  determination,  and  are  thus 
limited  in  their  usefulness  to  an  early  phase  in  the 
development  of  knowledge  ;  while  such  concepts 
as  "  interaction,"  which  are  reactions  upon  the 
prima  facie  deliverances  of  primary  facts,  are  to  lie 
di  fended  against  the  attacks  of  aggressive  the 
ab  extra.  The  view  advanced  differs  in  important 
respects  from  the  "descriptive  "  views  whieh  have 
been  claimed  by  Prof.  James  as  expressions  of 
Humanism,  e.</.,  from  those  of  Poincare,  Le  Roy, 
and  Mach.  The  first  admits  that  science  brings 
real  relations  to  light,  but  holds  that  it  destroys 
the  claims  of  "  things  "  to  objectivity.  The  second 
practically  excludes  the  primary  facts  {/aits  brutt) 
from  science.  The  third  applies  his  principle  of 
"economy"  without  distinction  to  common-sense 
concepts  like  "  thing,"  and  scientific  concepts  like 
"the  conservation  of  energy."  The  latter  syntheses, 
however,  unlike  the  former,  are  effected  by  means 
of  other  concepts  drawn  from  the  same  (common- 
sense)  stratum  as  the  elements  synthesized.  This 
circumstance,  implying  a  distinct  break  between 
common-sense  and  scientific  judgments,  is  to  be 
taken  as  important  evidence  for  the  view  of  the 
objective  defended. — The  paper  was  followed  by  a 
discussion. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

Hon.  Koyal  Acailem.v,  4.—'  Enthusiasm  in  the  Pursuit  of  Sculpture, 
Br.  W.  a.  Colton. 

—  Society  of  Arts.  8.— '  Modern  Warships,'  Lecture  IV.,  Sir  W. 

White.     (Cantor  Lecture.) 
TrKS.     Colonial  Institute,  4.— 'Our  Emigration  Plans,'  General  Booth. 

—  Koyal  Institution,   5.  —  '  Food  and  Nutrition,'  Lecture   III.. 

Prof.  W.  Stirling. 

—  Statistical.  5.—'  Wages  in  the  Engineering  and  Shipbuilding 

Trades  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,'  Messrs.  A.  L.  Bowlej 
and  8.  II.  Wood. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  8.—' A  Plea  for  better  Country 

Roads.'  Mr.  G.  K.  .lehb ;  '  Country  Koads  for  Modem  Traffic,' 
Mr.  J.  E.  Blackwall. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Illuminated  Manuscripts,'  Mr.  H.  Yates 

Thompson. 

—  Zoological,  8.30. 

Wkd.  Meteorological,  7.80.— ' Report  on  the  Phonological  Obaaiia- 
tions  for  1905.'  Mr.  E.  Maw-ley  ;  '  Discussion  of  the  General 
Features  of  the  Pressure  and  Wind  Conditions  over  the 
Trades-Monsoon  Area,'  Mr.  W.  L.  Dallas;  'The  Dispersal  or 
Prevention  of  Fogs.'  Mr.  W.  It.  Newton. 

—  British  Archaeological,  8.— 'Some  Old  Buildings  of  the  Strand,' 

Mr.  A.  Oliver. 

—  British  Numismatic,  8.— 'Art  and  English  Coins,'  Mr.  II.  A. 

Parsons. 

—  Folk-lore,  8.—'  The  Folklore  of  Dolls.'  Mr.  E.  Lovctt. 

—  Geological,  8.—'  The  Constitution  of  the  Interior  of  the  Earth, 

ius  revealed  by   Earthquakes,'  Mr.  If.  Dixon  Oldham;  'The 
Tarannon  Series  of  Tarannon,'  Miss  Ethel  M.  H.  Wood. 

—  Microscopical,  8.  —  '  An  Improved  Method  of  taking  Stereophoto 

Micrographs  and  of  mounting  the  Prints, '  Mr.  EL  Ta\erner. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.—' The  Fisheries  of  the  North  Sea.'  Mr.  W. 

Garstang. 

—  Sociological,  &— 'A  Practicable  Eugenic  Suggestion,'  Mr.  W. 

Mi  llongall. 
Turns.  Koyal  Academy,  4.— 'The  Rough-hewed  and  the  Imitation  of 
Life.'  Mr.  W,  K.  Colton. 

—  Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal  Institution,  Ii.—' The  English  Stage  in  the  Eighteenth 

Century.'  Lecture  II.,  Mr.  1!.  11.  Irving. 

—  Institution  of   Electrical    Engineers,   8.—  Crane   Motors  and 

Controllers,'  Mr.  C.  W.  Hill. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,   8.30. —  'The  Ancient  Towns  on    the 

Roman  Road  from  Bilhilis  to  Tarragona.'  Mr.  A.  G.  Hill. 
Fm.       Physical,  «.  —  'A  Note  on  Talbot's  Bands,'  Mr.  ,1.  Walker;  and 
two  other  Papers. 

t-  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.—'  The  Graphical  Determina- 
tion of  the  Deflection  of  Beams,'  Mr.  C.  H.  Sumner. 
(Students'  Meeting.) 

—  Royal  Institution,  o.— 'The  Internal  Architecture  of  Metals,' 

lVof.  J.  O.  Arnold. 
SiT.       Royal  Institution. 3  .— ' George  Frederick  Walts  as  a  Portrait 

Painter,'  Lecture  II. ,  Mr.  M.  H.  Bplelmann. 


Stesttta  (Gossip. 

In  view  of  the  increased  attention  now 
being  given  to  science,  The  Athena: um  has 
decided  to  publish  a  series  of  articles  on 
scientific  subjects  by  scholars  of  European 
reputation,  irrespective  of  nationality.  They 
will,  so  far  as  is  possible,  deal  with  general 
principles,  and  as  care  has  been  taken  to 


i  unit iniiint hhI  formula  anion! 

i  b-t  nib,  tiny  ehould  bet  intelligible  to  •  tduoaj 
loin  without  special  knowledge  oi  the  aub- 

nf  which  they  treat.      I  jina 

this  week  with  an  article  by  .M.  Henri 
Poincare,  member  <>f  the  [natitul  di    iTrai 

and    professor    at    tin-     I  ni\  <r-ity    "i     Pai 

whose   titled   to  Came   are   too   well   kip 

to  need  recapitulation.  Articles  by  Sir 
William  Romany,  Prof.  A.  EL  Bucheret  (of 
Bonn),   M.  Philippe  A.    Guye    (of  Geneva), 

I'rof.  Norman  Collie,  and  others  will  follow 
from  time  to  tin 

The   Thirteenth    International    Anthropo- 
id Congress  is  announci-d  to  take  place 
at    Monaco    from    April     16th    to    21st,    by 
special  invitation  of  the  Print 

Sir  William  Crookes  has  been  elected  to 
the  French  Academie  des  Sciences  by  44 
votes  out  of  45. 

The  Nautical  Almanac  for  1909  has  just 
been  issued  ;  the  data  and  contents  are 
generally  the  same  as  in  preceding  years. 
There  will  be  no  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  ;  an 
annular  one,  on  June  17th,  will  be  visible 
only  in  Arctic  regions,  the  middle  of  the 
central  line  being  over  the  North  Pole. 

The  orbit  of  Brooks's  new  comet  (a,  1906) 
has  been  computed  by  Herr  Ebell,  of  the 
Bureau  of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichten  at 
Kiel,  who  finds  that  it  passed  its  perihelion 
so  long  ago  as  December  20th,  at  the  distai 
from  the  sun  of  L28  in  terms  of  the  earth* 
mean  distance.  It  made  its  nearest  approach 
to  the  earth  on  the  10th  inst.,  when  its  dis- 
tance from  us  was  092  on  that  scale,  or  about 
86,000,000  miles  ;  and  it  is  slowly  diminish- 
ing in  apparent  brightness.  Its  place  is  now 
in  the  constellation  Draco  (near  its  boundary 
with  Ursa  Major),  little  more  than  5°  from 
the  North  Pole,  moving  in  a  south-westerly 
direction.  Prof.  Barnard,  describing  it  as 
seen  at  the  Yerkes  Observatory  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  28th  ult.,  says  that  it  was  then  of 
the  ninth  magnitude,  large,  round,  andjvery 
diffused,  but  gradually  brighter  in  the 
middle,  with  an  ill-defined  and  very  faint 
nucleus. 

Herr  Wedemeyer  publishes  in  Aat.  Xnch.. 
No.  4074,  a  continuation  of  his  ephemeris  of 
Giacobini's  comet  (c,  1905),  which  is  now 
near  the  star  n  Ceti.  moving  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  and  diminishing  rapidly 
in  brightness,  so  that  it  is  no  longer  visible  to 
the  naked  eye. 

Prof.  Berberich  states  that  one  of  the 
eight  small  planets  announced  as  new  dis- 
coveries at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory, 
Heidelberg,  on  the  24th  ult.  is  ascertained 
to  be  identical  with  Thisbe,  No.  88,  which 
was  discovered  nearly  forty  years  ago. 

A  beginning  has  just  been  made  with  the 
building  of  the  new  Magnetic  Observatory 
at  Eskdalemuir,  which  is  to  take  the  place 
of  the  present  Observatory  at  Kew.  The 
observations  at  Kew,  it  is  well  known,  have 
been  seriously  affected  by  disturbances 
caused  by  electric  installations,  railways,  «.vc. 
Eskdalemuir  is  fifteen  miles  from  a  railway, 
in  a  high-lying  pastoral  district  sometimes 
called  the  roof  of  Dumfriesshire. 

Mr.  Alexander  W.  Roberts,  of  the 
Lovedale  Institution,  South  Africa,  intends 
to  gather  his  various  papers  upon  astro- 
nomical subjects  into  a  volume.  He  is 
taking  a  year's  holiday  in  this  country.  His 
latest  astronomical  paper  is  on  '  rear-shaped 
Stars,'  a  subject  he  has  been  studying  for 
1 1  it"  past  ten  years. 

Mit.  Lynn  has  in  the  press  new  editions 
of  his  handy  little  books,  '  Remarkable 
Comets  '  and  '  Remarkable  Eclipses,'  brought 
up  to  date,  which  will  be  issued  early  next 
month  by  Messrs.  Sampson  Low  &  Co. 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


205 


FINE   ARTS 


The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  :  a  Complete 
Dictionary  of  Contributors  and  their 
Work  from  its  Foundation  in  1769  to 
1904.  By  Algernon  Graves.  Vols.  III. 
and  IV.     (H.  Graves  and  Bell  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Graves's  third  volume  makes  a 
considerable  advance  in  the  alphabetical 
arrangement,  extending  as  it  does  from 
Eadie  to  Harraden  ;  and  the  compiler 
must  have  the  pleasant  conviction  that 
his  great  task  is  making  considerable 
progress,  although  the  end  will  not  be  in 
sight  for  several  months.  We  are  glad 
to  have  had  frequent  demonstration  during 
the  last  few  weeks  that  Mr.  Graves's 
splendid  contribution  to  books  of  reference 
"has  already  become  a  standard  work,  for 
in  several  libraries,  public  and  private, 
we  have  noticed  it  in  conspicuous  positions. 
When  the  comprehensive  character  of  the 
work,  and  the  great  labour  which  it  has 
involved,  are  considered,  the  cost  of  the 
quarterly  volume  is  but  small,  and  it  is 
satisfactory  to  know  on  excellent  autho- 
rity that  the  financial  side  of  the  under- 
taking is  no  longer  an  anxiety.  It  would 
•have  been  little  short  of  a  calamity  if  a 
dictionary  of  this  kind  had  been  forced 
to  suspend  publication  for  want  of 
material  support. 

The  numerous  names  contained  in  the 
volume  are  of  a  bewildering  character  and 
variety.  Who  were  all  these  artists,  and 
where  are  all  the  pictures  ?  From  the 
limitations  of  his  scheme,  Mr.  Graves  tells 
us  very  little  about  either  of  these  things, 
important  as  they  are  to  those  who  take 
an  interest  in  the  history  of  British  art. 
With  ample  leisure,  means,  and  an  un- 
limited lease  of  life,  one  could  make  some 
elaborate  and  highly  interesting  annota- 
tions on  Mr.  Graves's  entries  ;  but  even 
then  many  of  the  artists  whose  works  are 
here  recorded  would  remain  mere  names, 
and  nothing  could  rescue  them  from  the 
oblivion  into  which,  deservedly  or  un- 
deservedly, they  have  fallen.  Christie's 
catalogues  would  doubtless  tell  us  much, 
but  the  exhaustion  of  this  source  alone 
would  probably  take  twenty  years.  A 
small  percentage  of  the  pictures  here 
named  are  to  be  found  in  public  galleries 
in  and  outside  London,  a  few  in  well- 
known  private  collections,  but  many 
probably  are  no  longer  in  existence. 

The  most  distinguished  name  in  the 
third  volume  is  that  of  Gainsborough, 
whose  exhibits  from  1769  to  1783  occupy 
four  columns  :  in  one  year  he  exhibited 
thirteen  works,  and  in  another  twelve. 
Thanks  chiefly  to  Walpole's  annotations, 
the  names  of  nearly  all  Gainsborough's 
portraits  have  been  preserved.  Walpole 
had  a  great  admiration  for  this  artist's 
landscapes,  one  of  which  he  declares  to 
to  be  "by  far  the  finest  ever  painted 
in  England,  and  equal  to  the  great 
masters."  One  of  the  anonymous 
portraits  of  "a  gentleman  "  in  1780, 
No.  189,  is  annotated  "  Mr.  Bute,  author  of 
The  Morning  Post."     This  is  of  course  an 


error  for  Mr.  Bate,  the  famous  "  fighting 
parson,"  afterwards  Sir  Henry  Bate 
Dudley,  one  of  the  ablest  and  earliest  of 
"  gutter  "  journalists.  The  "  portrait  of 
a  gentleman,"  No.  273  in  1783,  is  described 
as  "  Billy  Ramus,"  which  was  doubtless 
Walpole's  pleasantly  familiar  way  of  de- 
scribing a  man  of  very  great  dignity, 
William  Ramus,  the  king's  page,  father 
of  the  two  beautiful  ladies  painted  in  or 
about  1777  by  Romney,  and  again  by 
Gainsborough  himself  as  '  The  Sisters.' 
The  portraits  by  Romney  now  belong  to 
the  Hon.  W.  F.  D.  Smith,  M.P.,  whilst 
the  Gainsborough  canvas  was  destroyed 
in  a  fire  at  Waddesdon  some  years  ago. 

Other  more  or  less  distinguished  names 
attract  one's  notice  in  turning  over  the 
leaves  of  the  volume  :  Sir  Charles  East- 
lake,  P.R.A.,  Hy.  Edridge,  Edward  Ed- 
wards, Elmore,  Engleheart,  Etty,  Faed, 
Mr.  Frith,  Flaxman,  Goodall,  Fantin,  and 
Sir  F.  Grant,  another  P.R.A.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  three  of  these  exhibitors 
were  represented  on  the  walls  of  the 
Academy  for  over  half  a  century,  Flax- 
man  exhibiting  from  1770  to  1827, 
Goodall  from  1838  to  1902,  and  Mr.  Frith 
(who  is  still  hale  and  hearty)  from  1840 
to  1902.  Many  others  have  close  on  a 
half  century  of  exhibits  to  their  credit, 
so  that  if  they  are  no  longer  household 
words  in  the  annals  of  English  art,  it  is 
not,  at  all  events,  their  fault.  It  cannot 
be  said  equally  of  the  two  sister  arts, 
poetry  and  painting,  that  those  whom  the 
gods  love  die  young,  for  whilst  many  of 
our  greatest  poets  have  died  in  early 
manhood,  painters  seem  more  long-lived. 

Some  of  the  minor  names  here  suggest 
considerable  additional  information  to 
that  found  in  the  new  edition  of  Bryan's 
'  Dictionary.'  John  Eckstein,  for  instance, 
is  stated  in  Bryan  to  have  died  "  in  London 
in,  or  soon  after,  the  year  1798,"  and  yet 
he  was  exhibiting  up  to  and  including 
1802.  He  showed  very  few  portraits,  and 
yet  he  must  have  been  excellent  in  this 
way  if  the  fine  whole-length — a  little  too 
flamboyant,  perhaps,  according  to  modern 
ideas — of  Sir  William  Sidney  Smith  at 
Acre,  recently  on  view  at  Earl's  Court,  can 
be  taken  as  an  example.  Edward  Ed- 
wards, who  was  exhibiting  from  1771  to 
thefyear  of  his  death,  1806,  is  almost 
exclusively  remembered  as  a  painter  of 
historical  subjects,  yet  we  here  find  that 
he  had  a  number  of  portraits  hung  at  the 
Academy,  in  some  cases  of  interesting 
people  —  Jonas  Hanway,  for  instance, 
whose  portrait  was  pronounced  by  Wal- 
pole to  be  "  extremely  like  ";  T.  Kirgate, 
the  Strawberry  Hill  printer ;  and  "  Mr. 
Leigh,  bookseller,"  who  was,  there  can 
be  very  little  doubt,  George  Leigh,  uncle 
of  John  Sotheby,  both  of  the  firm  now 
known  as  Sotheby's.  Samuel  Baker,  the 
founder  of  the  firm,  was  painted  in  1771 
by  Charles  Grignon  (Athenaeum,  July  16th, 
1898).  Edwards  would  seem,  from  his 
exhibits  at  the  Academy,  to  have  painted 
more  portraits  and  views  of  places  than 
anything  else. 

The  number  of  foreign  artists,*French, 
German,  Spanish,  and  others,  whose  names 
appear  in  the  third  volume  is  remarkable. 


They  exhibited  for  the  most  part  very 
irregularly,  many  of  them  only  two  or 
three  times,  finding,  no  doubt,  that  the 
advantages  of  being  seen  in  London  were 
not  commensurate  with  the  trouble  and 
expense.  Fantin-Latour,  however,  was 
represented  nearly  every  year  from  1862 
to  1900 — probably  a  unique  record  so  far 
as  regards  a  foreign  artist.  The  well- 
known  picture  of  his  lifelong  English 
friends  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwin  Edwards  was 
exhibited  in  1876.  Pierre  Edouard  Frere 
(Mr.  Graves  has  it  Frere)  exhibited  almost 
every  year  from  1868  to  1885  ;  and  J.  L. 
Gerome  (whom  Mr.  Graves  deprives  of 
both  accents)  from  1870  to  1893.  The 
latter  was  elected  an  Honorary  R.A.  in 
1870. 

Mr.  Graves's  fourth  volume,  which 
extends  from  Harral  to  Lawranson,  is 
extremely  interesting  ;  a  notable  feature 
is  the  number  of  family  groups  of  painters 
with  which  it  deals.  We  have  in  this 
instalment  the  Hayters,  the  Hones,  the 
Hoppners,  the  HolLs,  the  Horsleys,  the 
Landseers,  to  mention  only  a  few  at 
random.  We  have  also  the  records  of 
such  living  veterans  as  Mr.  J.  C.  Hook, 
who  began  to  exhibit  in  1839  ;  Mr. 
Holman  Hunt,  whose  earliest  exhibit  was 
in  1848  ;  and  Mr.  George  Elgar  Hicks, 
who  first  appeared  at  the  Academy  in 
1848.  In  addition  to  these  three, 
there  are  many  others  here  recorded 
whose  careers  might  very  well  be  taken 
as  a  proof  of  the  longevity  of  artists. 
Mr.  Hook,  we  think,  is  the  Father  of  the 
Academy,  so  far  as  exhibitors  are  con- 
cerned, although  Mr.  Frith  is  the  oldest 
of  the  official  members,  as  he  was  elected 
an  A. R.A.  in  1845,  six  years  before  Mr. 
Hook  ;  but  he  did  not  begin  to  exhibit 
until  1840.     Both  were  born  in  1819. 

Hoppner,  it  will  be  generally  conceded, 
is  the  great  central  figure  of  Mr.  Graves's 
fourth  volume,  as  Gainsborough  was  of 
the  third  and  Beechey  of  the  first.  His 
career  as  an  exhibitor  was  not  long, 
extending  only  from  1780  to  1809  (thirty- 
four  years  less  than  that  of  Beechey)  ; 
but  his  vigorous  activity  resulted  in  167 
pictures,  mostly  portraits,  being  hung,  and 
all  of  these,  so  far  as  now  known,  were  of 
a  high  quality  and  excellence  approached 
by  no  other  early  English  master  after 
Reynolds  and  Gainsborough.  Hoppner 
started  well,  and  maintained  the  high 
promise  of  his  early  manhood.  In  noticing 
the  Academy  of  1783  The  Morning 
Chronicle  acclaimed  him  as  possessing 
genius,  and  declared  "  the  great  possi- 
bilities of  art  "  to  be  "  within  his  reach. 
He  cannot  fail  to  be  a  great  painter." 
Mr.  Graves  has  been  able  to  identify 
many  of  the  earlier  anonymous  portraits 
by  this  artist,  but  there  are  a  few  omissions. 
The  «  Girl  with  a  Salad,'  1782,  No.  425, 
is,  we  think,  an  early  portrait  of  his  wife  ; 
the  whole-length  portrait  of  a  gentleman, 
1785,  No.  145,  is  referred  to  in  our  notice 
of  Mr.  Skipton's  little  book  on  Hoppner 
(Athenaeum,  September  16th,  1905);  '  Capt. 
Lloyd,'  1786,  No.  3,  was  Capt.  Richard 
Lloyd  ;  and  we  have  in  our  annotated  list 
of  that  year's  exhibits  the  name  of  Mrs. 
Hoppner  entered   against  the  portrait  of 


206 


Til  E    at  ii  kn.et  m 


N    W86,  Feb.  17,  1906 


a  lady,  No.  170.      Th«  Academy  Catalogue 

of  1 7**7  m  a  -  oompiled  with  more  than  the 

u-ual   amount    of   carelessness,   and   ei  i 

wore  pointed  « >n t  by  mora  than  one  otitic 
of  the  time  ;   we  should  be  mora  disposed 

to     put     faitli    in    a    booklet     entitled     "  A 

Guide    to    the   Exhibition   of   the    Royal 

\    idemy,'    1 7'»7.    than    in   any   other   list. 

whether  Anthony  Pasquin'fl  or  the  official 
catalogue.     This  'Guide1  does  not  seem 

to  he  known  t"  Mr.  (oaves;  so  we 
may  state  that,  of  the  Hoppner  pic- 
tures,   his     Xo.     256,     '  Portrait    of     a 

Nobleman."  was  of  Lord  Grower;  and  his 
No.  3»x>,  "  Portrait  of  a  Nobleman,1  should 
he  '  Portrait  of  a  Lady  and  her  Son.' 
otherwise  Mrs.  (  aldwell  and  her  son.  Our 
list  further  differs  from  Mr.  Graves's  in 
some  of  the  1799  entries.  His  Xo.  212  is 
Lord  Melbourne,  whereas  ours  is  the  Kail 
of  Chatham  ;  and  his  No.  302  is  Lord 
Euston,  whilst  we  have  it  as  Mrs.  Arbuth- 
not.  The  1807  '  Portrait  of  a  Lady,' 
No.  59,  was  of  Miss  St.  Clare.  There 
are  a  few  other  differences  which  might 
be  mentioned,  did  space  permit. 

Several  of   the  entries  have   obviously 
given  Mr.  Graves  a  good  deal  of  trouble, 
more  particularly  with  regard  to  two  men 
of  the  same  name.     As  a  rule,  he  indicates 
the    doubts,    and    generously    leaves    his 
readers  to  supply  the  solution  according 
to  their  taste  or  discretion.     "  G.  Harvey, 
A.N. A.,"  is  an  illustration.     In  his  '  Dic- 
tionary of  Artists  '  Mr.   Graves  includes 
all  the  exhibits  of  G.  Harvey  under  the 
heading  of  Sir  George  Harvey,  the  eminent 
Scotch    artist    and    P.R.S.A.     On    going 
over  the  same  ground  for  this  new  dic- 
tionary Mr.  Graves  comes  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  eight  of  the  entries  (1832-39) 
belong  to  another  individual  of  the  same 
name,  who  in  1839  described  himself  as 
A.N. A.    (i.e.,    Associate   of   the   National 
Academy    of    America).     But    we    have 
not  found  any  record  of  such  an  artist, 
American  or  English,  and  his  name  does 
not  appear  in  the  lists  of  deceased  members 
or    associates    of    that   institution.     The 
1849    exhibit    of    the    mysterious     "  G. 
Harvey,    A.N.A.,"    certainly    belongs    to 
Sir  George  Harvey,  as  his  address,  "  Edin- 
burgh," is  given  in  the  index.     Whether 
the  whole  or  any  of  the  exhibits  cata- 
logued   under    his    name    belong    to    Sir 
George  Harvey  (except  the  one  mentioned) 
we   shall    not   attempt   to   say.     In   one 
instance    Mr.    Graves   could    have   easily 
settled    his    own    doubts  :      "  Jeauron " 
(p.  241)  should  be  given  as  "  Jeanron," 
as,  indeed,  it  appears  in  the  body  of  the 
Catalogue,  the  error  occurring  only  in  the 
Index.     To    be    quite    consistent    in    his 
nomenclature,    Mr.    Graves    should    have 
described  both  Charles  Hayter  and  John 
Hazlitt   as    miniature    painters,    as   it   is 
entirely    by    their   miniatures    that    they 
are   known.     "  P.   Henderson's "   (p.   67) 
Christian  name  was  Peter,  and  his  many 
exhibits  of  botanical  drawings  prove  him 
to  have  been  rather  more  than  a  minia- 
turist.    Something  of  the  same  kind  may 
be    said   of    "V.    Huet "    (p.    181),   here 
described  as  a  miniature  painter.     From 
Mr.  Graves's   cross-reference    "  Huet-Vil- 
liers,  F.     See  V,"   there  seems  to  be  a 


probability  that  the  compile]  i^  about  to 

spill    one    man    into    two,    a-    all    CoQectOl 

of  prints  know  Huet  Villiera  did  not  (on- 
line himself  t>>  miniatures.  One  "f  In- 
most  famous  portraits,  '  Mrs.  <<•.  engraved 
by  William  Blake  and  printed  in  odours, 

has  only  lately  heen  reproduced  in  fac- 
simile. 

One  wonders  what  would  he  said  to-day 
of  the  Royal  Academy  if  the  hanging  com- 
mittee admitted  five  portraits  of  the  same 
person  into  the  same  exhibition.  And 
yet  such  a  tiling  happened  in  1S43.  when 
John  Hayter  sent  live  portraits  in  cha- 
racter of  Miss  Adelaide  Kemble.  Not 
content  with  this,  Hayter  had  three  more 
of  her  in  the  1844  exhibition,  one  in  1845, 
and  two  in  1847.  If  this  distinguished 
lady  were  remembered  for  nothing  else,  she 
would  at  least  deserve  a  niche  in  biogra- 
phical dictionaries  for  the  number  of  her 
appearances  on  the  walls  of  the  Academy. 
From  Kemble  to  Irving  is  not  a  far  cry, 
and  so  we  note  what  was  probably  the 
late  Sir  Henry  Irving's  first  appearance 
at  the  Royal  Academy,  when  Robert 
Jackson  exhibited  in  1874  a  marble  bust 
of  the  great  actor. 

We  have  noticed  one  interesting  entry 
which  apparently  did  not  strike  Mr. 
Graves  as  of  importance.  Miss  A.  P. 
"  Jessup  "  (it  should,  without  doubt,  be 
"  Jessop  "),  of  Norwich,  is  recorded  on 
p.  247  as  exhibiting  five  drawings  in  1787. 
This  lady  was  one  of  Beechey's  art  pupils 
during  his  stay  in  Norwich,  and  master 
and  pupil  contrived  a  runaway  match. 
Ann  Phillis  Jessop  became  Mrs.  (after- 
wards Lady)  Beechey,  and  her  exhibits 
as  a  miniature  painter  are  duly  recorded 
by  Mr.  Graves  in  his  first  volume.  Lady 
Beechey's  charges  for  miniatures  varied 
from  two  to  five  guineas  each,  according, 
apparently,  to  the  depth  of  her  sitters' 
pockets. 

A  few  trifles  may  be  noted  by  way  of 
corrections  in  the  fourth  volume.  "  Pil- 
beach  Gardens"  (p.  21)  should  be 
Philbeach  ;  "St.  Michael  Le  Flem- 
ing's"  (p.  212)  should  be  Sir  Michael 
Le  Fleming's  ;  -1  Havod  "  (p.  280)  would 
be  more  correct  as  Hafod ;  "  genre 
engraver  "  (p.  260)  is  presumably  a  slip 
for  "  gem  engraver  "  ;  and  "  Rose  Josa- 
phat,  Brussels  "  (p.  218),  does  not  seem 
correct.  On  the  whole,  however,  Mr. 
Graves  is  continuing  to  perform  his  onerous 
task  with  every  reasonable  care,  and  the 
more  frequently  one  refers  to  his  volumes 
the  more  valuable  do  they  seem. 


"  INDEPENDENT    ART " 
MESSRS.    AGNEW'S. 


AT 


Iv  noticing  the  recent  exhibition  at  the 
Carfax  Gallery  of  works  by  members  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  we  alluded  to  this  exliibi- 
tion  announced  by  Messrs.  Agnew,  and  now, 
after  some  delay,  on  view.  The  two  shows 
complement  each  other.  '  Some  Examples 
of  Independent  Art'  is  the  title  on  the 
catalogue  ;  and  though  Mr.  Strang,  who  is 
an  exhibitor,  must  now  be  reckoned  as  of  the 
Academy,  and  though  Mr.  John  and  some 
other  forcible  workers  among  the  younger 
men  are  absent,  the  visitor  may  consider  the 


collection  of  paintings  a-  very  fairly 
tentative  of  the  beat   talent   nrhich  t 

officially  recognu  rlington  Hoaee* 

only  the  impression  received  is  far  n. 
stimulating    than    that    derived    from    the 
Carfax   exhib  feion.     Here   'I  ral 

aiti-t-    uiio   maintain   the  living  'Ua 

tradition  of  our  country's  art.  -..  deplorably 

thrown  away  by  mo-t  tji  it-  official  uphold. 
And    by    "tradition        ire    do    not    mean   thy 

unintelligent  repetition  ol  past  formulas,  I 
superficial  attempt   to  reproduce  a   way  of 

seeing  form  and  colour  winch  i-  no  longer 
natural    to    our    day.       We    mean    the   adh-T- 

io  Reynolds's  principles  of  the  necessity, 
in  a  larj.'  i    thought  < 

cent  ration  oil  essentials— m  K  phrase, 

of  "fundamental  brainwork  " — for  the  pro- 
duction of  pictures  which  shall  permanently 
interest.  There  are  half  a  dozen  paintings  m 
this   exhibition    which    show  and 

natural  affinity  with  the  classics  of  art  :  and 
these  are  precisely  those  wnich  have  the 
most  original  savour  and  power. 

At  the  same  time  there  is  a  good  deal 
which  differs  in  brilliance,  force,  and  attrac- 
tion from  the  kind  of  art  associated  witli  the 
Academy,  but  fundamentally,  in  aim  and 
ideal,  is  not  so  different  after  all.  Mr. 
Roche's  able  Scottish  Fishwife  (No.  41),  for 
instance,  besides  being  immensely  too  large 
for  its  subject,  has  no  real  pictorial  motive. 
We  admire  the  wonderful  skill  with  which 
Mr.  G.  H.  Mackie  has  painted  the  crossing 
and  reflected  lights  of  a  sunny  afternoon 
entering  a  room  bcneatli  half-drawn  blinds 
(24),  but  the  figures  of  musicians  and  listeners- 
on  whom  the  lights  play  do  not  cohere  or 
provide  a  central  interest.  Problems  of 
complex  illumination,  once  solved,  become 
no  longer  very  interesting  ;  the  artist  has 
heie  grappled  with  and  mastered  an  accident 
of  his  subject,  without  using  it  to  enforce  or 
enhance  the  essence  of  it.  Again,  we  cannot 
feel  that  Mr.  Orpen,  though  he  has  found  a 
pictorial  motive  in  his  Wash-house  (36), 
atones  for  the  photographic  character 
of  his  vision  by  his  astonishingly  brilliant 
execution.  Mr.  Lavery  is.  in  popular  esti- 
mation, a  painter  of  the  advanced  school  ; 
but  he  does  not  advance.  He  seems  content 
with  a  facile  formula,  in  which  a  grey  back- 
ground does  duty  for  "  distinction."  How- 
ever, one  has  seen  far  better  work  of  his  than. 
the  two  portaits  (3  and  31).  which  are  sadly 
lacking  in  vitality  and  expressiveness  ;  no- 
stroke  seems  to  be  in  the  right  place,  and 
the  texture  has  the  disagreeable,  almost 
"slimy."  quality  which  Mr.  Lavery  affect-. 

There  seems  to  us  no  comparison  between 
such  work  and  the  Aliens  at  Prayer  (14).  by 
Mr.  Rothenstein.  who  surely  has  here  sur- 
passed all  former  efforts.  This  is  not  a 
clever  study  of  praying  .lews  by  some 
one  interested  from  the  outside  in  a  pic- 
turesque corner  of  actual  life.  The  artist 
has  sunk  himself  in  his  subject,  as  Rem 
brandt  did,  and  the  actual  theme  suggests 
that  master;  but  Mr.  Rothenstein  proves 
his  affinity  not  by  reproducing  a  Rem- 
brandtesque  effect  of  light  or  texture  of 
pigment,     but     by     his     sincere    and     serious 

interpretation  of  what  he  sees.  The  design, 
has  dignity,  the  drawing  character  and 
emphasis  without  a  single  foiced  note. 
Mr.  Strang,  who  can  draw  and  compose  as 
few  men  living  can.  suffers  a  little  from  a 
tendency  to  sacrifice  spontaneous  and 
significant  gesture  to  the  general  rhythm  of 
the  design.  In  his  large  group  of  a  j>easant 
family.  Supper  Time  (3.")).  we  do  not  under- 
stand the  attitude  of  the  mother,  swinging 
across  the  canvas,  except  for  the  exigence 
of  balance  in  the  composition.  And  there 
is  something  of  the  same  artificiality  of  pose- 
in  The  Bathers  (6).     But  this  is  an  artist's 


N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


207 


fault.  In  both  pictures  the  design  is  large 
-and  impressive,  the  colour  rich,  and  the 
■quality  of  pigment  finer  than  in  Mr.  Strang's 
•earlier  paintings.  In  Mr.  C.  H.  Shannon's 
Millpond  (23)  we  may  wish  for  a  hint  of 
more  abruptness  here  and  there  in  the  suave 
rhythm  of  the  bathers'  forms,  but  the 
subject  is  originally  conceived,  it  coheres 
in  an  atmosphere  of  its  own,  and  it  is  steeped 
in  a  poetic  mood.  We  too  often  forget  that 
imaginative  compositions  ought  to  be  judged 
;apart  from  the  portraiture,  whether  of  men 
and  women  or  of  scenery,  which  forms  the 
great  bulk  of  contemporary  painting.  Let 
us  remember  that  there  has  scarcely  been  a 
period  in  art  when  fine  portraits  were  not 
painted,  and  that  it  is  in  the  main  by  its 
imaginative  work  that  a  period  retains  its 
hold  on,  and  charm  for,  posterity.  Mr. 
Shannon  is  one  of  the  exceedingly  few  living 
artists  who  are  capable  of  treading  in  the 
footsteps  of  Watts,  Rossetti,  and  Burne- 
-Jones.  With  Watts,  and  to  a  less  degree 
Rossetti,  he  has  a  natural  kinship,  but  his 
imagination  is  entirely  his  own.  His  second 
•contribution,  Tibullus  in  the  House  of  Delia 
•(10),  is  to  our  mind  the  finer.  There  is  a 
sense  of  drama  in  the  contrast  between  the 
wistful  aloofness  of  the  Delia,  a  tress  of 
whose  hair  the  poet  passionately  kisses,  and 
the  raised  hands  and  cups  of  the  revellers 
behind.  Both  colour  and  design  are  in- 
ventive and  rich,  full  of  delightful  detail  not 
at  once  apparent — a  richness  apt  to  be 
sacrificed  by  the  Glasgow  painters  to  insist- 
ence on  obvious  pattern.  Opposite  hangs 
the  one  contribution  by  Mr.  Ricketts,  The 
Betrayal  (33).  Here  also  is  the  priceless 
gift  of  imagination,  though  expressed  in 
far  different  method  and  temper.  Figures, 
background,  sky,  colour,  handling,  are  all 
dyed,  so  to  speak,  in  the  artist's  tragic 
■conception.  Mr.  Ricketts  has  an  instinct 
for  the  intense  dramatic  moment.  The 
spiritual  majesty  of  the  betrayed  Lord 
makes  itself  felt  in  the  isolation  of  the 
figure,  before  whom,  with  a  sudden  ashamed 
gesture,  Judas  kneels  to  kiss  the  hand,  not 
the  cheek  ;  while  recoiling  and  pressing  back 
out  of  the  picture,  soldiers  lift  their  sputter- 
ing torches.  In  the  moonlight  is  the  young 
man  fleeing  naked.  Mr.  Ricketts  has  done 
nothing  finer  than  this  impressive  design. 

There  are  several  good  landscapes  in  the 
exhibition.  Mr.  Wilson  Steer  is  one  of  the 
few  who  realize  that  to  paint  sunlight,  or 
some  novel  effect  of  atmosphere,  is  not 
enough  to  make  a  good  picture.  His  Sunset 
(11 ) — apparently  on  the  Wye  at  Chepstow — 
is  fine  in  its  reserved  sentiment  ;  it  has  much 
more  than  mere  observation,  it  has  sugges- 
tiveness ;  and  the  painting,  especially  of  the 
.spacious  and  softly  troubled  sky,  is  masterly. 
We  fancy  that  perhaps  some  touch  of 
arbitrary  definition  in  the  boat,  some  genial 
defiance   of   Nature   such   as   Turner   never 

rank  from,  might  make  this  picture  still 
more  impressive.  Mr.  C.  J.  Holmes's  Hills 
of  Dornach  (4)  deserves  special  mention. 
W re  are  glad  that  one  of  the  younger  genera- 
tion lias  taken  up  landscape  in  the  spirit  of 
the  noble  landscapes  of  Watts.  In  this 
vision  of  mountains,  blue  in  shadow  with 
such  blue  as  Titian  rightly  dared  to  see  and 
paint,  viewed  across  autumn  woodlands 
touched  with  flying  gleams  that  catch  white 
wingB  above  the  blue  curve  of  a  stream,  there 
i  n  sense  of  "  glory  "  such  as  painters  gifted 
with  far  more  natural  facility  fail  to  find. 
Mr.  1).  Y.  Cameron's  Berwick-on-Tweed  (8) 
is  admirable  in  another  way,  tender  and 
delicate  in  tone.  Mr.  MacClregor  has  been 
n  to  better  advantage;  and  Mr.  Pepper- 
corn shows  monotony  W  Ins  refined,  sombre, 
nes.  Mr.  Roger  Fry,  however,  is  at  his 
Very    best    in    his    Chdteau    de    Brecy    (21). 


Naturally  sympathetic  to  the  mood  of  an 
older  art,  he  has  painted  the  beautiful 
gateway  in  a  chequer  of  light  and  shadow, 
with  no  archaistic  spirit.  The  pale-red  roof 
behind  adds  charm  to  a  successful  colour- 
scheme  ;  and  if  we  wish  that  a  waft  of  Mr. 
MacTaggart's  breezes  from  a  neighbouring 
picture  stirred  the  rather  lifeless  tree-tops, 
we  must  also  say  that  Mr.  MacTaggart's 
attractive  painting  suffers  much  from  lack 
of  design  and  its  painfully  inchoate  fore- 
ground. 

A  very  few  water-colours  are  shown,  Mr. 
Brabazon  and  Mr.  MacColl  being  well  repre- 
sented, Mr.  Rich  not  so  well.  Altogether 
the  exhibition  is  one  that  increases  our  hope 
for  the  future.  We  have  had  no  space  to 
mention  as  they  deserve  characteristic  and 
original  works  by  such  men  as  Mr.  Nicholson, 
Mr.  Pryde,  and  Mr.  Conder. 


THE  ETCHINGS  OF  CHARLES  JACQUE. 

The  exhibition  of  Jacque's  etchings  at 
Mr.  Gutekunst's  Gallery  in  King  Street, 
St.  James's,  affords  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
some  of  the  rarer  work  of  one  of  the  greater 
exponents  of  the  art.  The  thirty-two  examples 
which  it  contains  do  not,  indeed,  amount  to 
a  tithe  of  the  total  number  of  Jacque's 
works  at  the  time  of  the  compilation  of  M. 
Guiffrey's  catalogue  in  1866,  and  his  pro- 
duction continued  for  at  least  a  dozen  years 
after  that  date.  Mr.  Gutekunst's  selection 
is,  however,  representative,  and  it  is  especially 
interesting  as  containing  several  of  the  most 
charming  of  the  dry-points,  such  as  L' Abreu- 
voir and  Village  au  Bord  de  VEau,  of  which 
there  is  at  present  no  specimen  in  the  collec- 
tion in  the  British  Museum.  Had  opportunity 
allowed,  there  might  also  have  been  included 
some  example  of  that  naivete  of  humour 
which  is  seen  in  such  compositions  as  '  Petits 
Petits'  (Guiffrey,  187),  'Grave!  Grave! 
Tres  Grave  !  '  (G.  420),  or  '  Premiere  Lecon 
d'Equitation  '  (G.  178).  But  of  those  that 
represent  the  common  scenes  of  rustic  life 
— in  the  portrayal  of  which  Jacque's  strength 
lay— we  are  furnished  with  examples  which 
show  the  full  orbit  of  his  activity.  In  such 
early  work  as  Un  Anon  (1844)  there  is  a 
certain  timidity  combined  with  something 
of  a  Callot-like  freakishness.  The  daintiness 
and  delicacy  of  his  art  and  its  power  to  render 
the  most  subtle  atmospheric  effects  are  seen 
in  maturity  in  the  seven  dry-points  of  the 
year  1848,  notably  in  the  rainy  mist  of  the 
Vaches  d  V Abreuvoir,  the  soft  sunlit  haze  of 
the  Village  au  Bord  de  VEau,  and  the  Rem- 
brandtesque  arrangement  of  Le  Cavalier. 

With  Une  Femme  donnant  d  manger  d  des 
Pores  (1850)  may  be  said  to  begin  the 
maturity  of  his  vigour  and  naturalism  ;  and 
this  culminates  in  freest  interpretation  of 
structure  and  girth  in  Cochons,  and  exquisite 
modelling  of  form  in  Le  Berger  ;  in  the  im- 
pressiveness  of  L'Orage,  where  the  air  is 
heavy  with  impending  thunder  ;  and  in  the 
ripe  simplicity  of  Moutons  (1868). 

The  Troupcau  de  Moutons  a  V Abreuvoir  of 
the  year  1878  serves  to  show  a  decline  of 
] lower.  The  forms  are  somewhat  crowded, 
and  inferior  in  grace  and  effectiveness  ;  and 
we  note  a  certain  flatness  and  indecision  in 
the  treatment  of  the  landscape,  though 
Jacque  is  seldom  entirely  successful  with 
trees  in  foliage,  and  apparently  found  the 
leafless  structure  more  congenial  to  the 
needle's  stroke.  Dan,s  le  Bois,  executed  in 
1879,  exhibits  signs  of  exhaustion.  It  is 
over-smooth  in  execution,  and  seems  to  lack 
the  fire  and  freshness  of  much  of  his  earlier 
work.  It  resembles  a  repetition  of  some 
theme    of    the    Barbizon    School.      Jacque's 


own  sympathies  led  him  to  the  li-sieres 
de  bois,  which  form  a  background  for  a 
scene  of  herding  or  tending  cattle  rather 
than  into  the  depths  of  the  forest. 

M.  Blanc  has  sought  to  show  how  the 
influence  of  Millet  led  to  a  gradual  change 
in  Jacque's  type  of  peasant-woman  from  a 
well-favoured  urban  type  in  masquerade  to 
the  rough  peasant  of  reality,  worn  with 
labour  ;  but  the  dates  of  the  etchings  he 
selects  to  illustrate  his  theory  fail  to  support 
his  inference.  The  two  have  in  common  a 
love  of  rusticity  ;  but  though  Millet's  influ- 
ence is  certainly  perceptible,  it  was  never 
dominant.  Only  occasionally — as  in  the 
figure  of  the  old  man  chopping  wood  in 
Une  Cour  or  that  of  the  tired  peasant-woman 
in  the  Femme  faisant  rentrer  des  Pores  dans 
une  Porchiere — have  Jacque's  figures  any 
suggestion  of  the  tragic  intensity  and  un- 
conscious pathos  of  Millet's  peasants  ;  for 
when  this  occurred  it  was  incidental,  and 
formed  no  part  of  his  general  purpose.  He 
was  primarily  an  animalier.  The  raison 
d'etre  of  his  peasants  is  to  attend  to  their 
flocks  and  herds,  and  with  this  his  interest 
in  them  ceases.  In  La  Gardeuse  de  Vaches, 
in  contrast  with  the  slightly  drawn  figure  of 
the  attendant,  the  cattle  are  drawn  with  all 
Troyon's  sense  of  freedom  and  plasticity  of 
line. 


THE]  DUTCH    ARTISTS    AT    THE 
FINE-ART    SOCIETY. 

The  interest  that  proceeds  from  good 
workmanship  is  to  be  found  in  the  exhibition 
of  water-colours,  pastels,  and  bronzes,  by 
eight  living  Dutch  artists  of  the  younger 
generation,  now  on  view  at  the  rooms  of 
the  Fine-Art  Society.  These  works  show  a 
high  general  level  of  technical  skill,  the 
effect  of  which  is  enhanced  by  the  breadth 
and  suavity  of  their  execution,  together 
with  the  fact  that,  while  characterized  by 
restraint  and  sobriety  of  purpose,  they  possess 
considerable  richness  of  colouring.  The 
work  in  landscape  is  first  in  importance. 
The  insistent  tradition  of  cloudy  skies  and 
dull  weather,  which  Mauve  and  Jakob  Maris 
have  established  in  Dutch  landscape  art,  is 
adhered  to  by  Le  Conte,  Gruppe,  and  Arnt- 
zenius.  In  the  last  two  it  is  at  times  apt  to 
result  in  a  certain  monotony  of  tone,  and 
Gruppe,  in  the  attempt  to  avoid  this,  is 
sometimes  betrayed  into  forcing  a  note  of 
colour  unduly.  So  his  white  in  the  cattle  of 
Pasture  seems  to  offer  too  sharp  a  contrast 
to  the  softness  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
should  be  more  affected  by  its  aerial  covering ; 
and  also  in  the  pretty  study  of  windmill  and 
red-roofed  houses  At  Overschie  the  brightness 
of  the  distant  roofs  is  somewhat  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  prevailing  hue  of  grevness. 

Schregel's  country  scenes  are  especially 
successful  in  depicting  the  play  of  broken 
sunlight  on  plaster  walls  and  pathways  :  but 
his  skies  in  Nos.  16  and  25  seem  rather 
harsh  in  tone.  Le  Conte's  landscapes  are 
on  the  whole  the  most  satisfying.  His 
instinct  for  effective  arrangement  is  in  evi- 
dence in  the  picture  of  Dunkirk  as  seen  from 
the  harbour  ;  here  the  colours  are  admirably 
contrasted.  He  displays  also  a  true  per- 
ception of  values.  The  VoUcndaw  is  har- 
monious in  tone,  and  possesses  great  unity 
of  feeling.  The  grey  misty  light  on  the 
water  in  the  hay  is  excellently  rendered. 
His  small  snow  scene  Winter  has  simplicity 
and    direct  ness.    and    is    very    successful    in 

atmospheric  effect. 

Of  the  various  pictures  by  Haverman 
representing    peasant-women    and    babies, 

some    rather    haggard     in     type,     the     most 

pleasing  is  Thu    Young  Mother,  a  sketch  m 


208 


Til  E    ATI!  ENJSUM 


N    1080,  I'll'..  17,  1906 


delicate  colour,  supple  and  Bowing  in  tine, 
in  which  the  artist   has  oaughl   Vi tv  effec- 
tiwk  the  abandon  of  the  mother*!  attitude. 
The  bronzes  of  Charles  ran  Wvk  exhibit 

vigour  ot  OOnOeption.  In  sonic  tin-  action 
is  strained,  hut  it  is  well  translated  into 
Structure  and  tension  of  muscle  in  ToUtrt 
Of  tin   Sin,  a  group  of  two  fishermen  dragging 

ti  boat  by  the  anchor.  The  most  attractive 
is  the  head  of  .1  Fishertoomon  from  Katwyk. 

The  shrewd,  kindly  old  face,  with  wrinkled 
<'he«  ikfl      and       thoughtful      brow,       luus      _\  >  t 

something  of  that  suggestion  <>f  geniality 
which  characterizes  Mine's  bust  of  Bishop 
Salutati  at  Fiesole. 


AKCILEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Pkobably  the  last  public  work  upon 
which  the  late  Jules  Oppert  was  engaged 
was  his  lectures  at  tlie  College  de  France 
upon  Assyrian  philology  and  archeology, 
wherein  he  devoted  himself  to  the  interpre- 
tation of  the  Suinerian  text  known  as  the 
Code  of  Hammurabi.  These  had  fortu- 
nately been  completed  at  his  regretted  death 
in  August,  1905,  and  it  is  hoped  that  they 
will  before  long  be  published.  His  version 
differs  somewhat  from  those  accepted  in 
Germany  and  England,  and  among  other 
novelties  presupposes  that  the  "  Code  " 
was  not  put  forward  de  novo  by  any  one 
lawgiver,  but  was  a  kind  of  digest  of  the 
decisions  from  time  to  time  of  many  tribunals. 

The  lectures  delivered  by  M.  Edouard 
Naville  at  the  same  institution  in  November 
last,  under  the  Fondation  Micnonis,  were 
well  attended,  and  derived  peculiar  interest 
from  the  fact  that  the  lecturer  was  the  first 
foreigner  who  has  been  admitted  to  hold 
forth  within  the  walls  consecrated  to  learning 
by  Francis  I.  He  chose  as  his  subject  the 
religion  of  ancient  Egypt.  His  idea  of  the 
origin  of  what  we  call  the  Egyptian  civiliza- 
tion is  that  Egypt  was  inhabited  in  Neo- 
lithic times  by  a  white  race,  the  ancestors 
of  the  classical  Libyans  and  modern  Berbers, 
who  were  archers  living  in  wicker  huts,  and 
had  for  domesticated  animals  the  deer  and 
the  ostrich.  These  were  the  "  Anu "  or 
"  Tehennu "  who  as  early  as  the  Fifth 
Dynasty  occupied  Darfur  and  Kordofan,  and 
the  only  hint  we  get  of  their  religion  is  con- 
tained in  the  standard  planted  within  the 
stockade  of  the  village  which  perhaps  formed 
the  totem  of  the  tribe.  This  raco,  in  M. 
Naville's  opinion,  was  conquered  by  Menes 
and  his  followers,  who  came  from  Punt, 
or  Somaliland,  by  way  of  South  Arabia 
and  Abyssinia.  He  does  not  think  that 
the  culture  of  the  conquerors  owed  any- 
thing to  Mesopotamia,  but  holds  that  it 
included  writing  and  building  with  bricks. 
As  to  their  religion,  each  invading  tribe 
had  a  totem,  that  of  the  royal  tribe 
being  a  falcon,  the  emblem  of  Horus, 
with  whom  the  king  was  always  identified. 
They  also  believed  in  the  existence  of  a 
double  or  immaterial  counterpart,  of  which 
the  fan  carried  behind  the  monarch  was  the 
emblem,  and  even  under  the  Thinite  dynas- 
ties their  religion  had  become  anthropo- 
morphic. The  lectures  will  be  published, 
it  is  hoped,  consecutively,  in  the  Revue  de 
VHistoire  des  Religions,  where  the  inaugural 
one  has  just  appeared  and  later  will  form 
part  of  one  of  the  publication  of  the  Musee 
Guimet. 

In  the  samo  number  of  the  last-named 
journal  is  also  a  review  of  Messrs.  Ayrton 
and  Currelly's  publication  '  Abydos  III:,' 
wherein  M.  G.  Foucart  points  out  that  their 
discovery  of  the  funerary  chapel  and  stela 
of  Teta  Shera  clears  up  the  mystery  which 
has    hitherto    hung    over    the    ancestry    of 


Aahmes    I.,    the    founder    of    the    glorious 

Eighteenth  Dynasty.  This  king,  who  finally 
delivered    his   country    from    the    rule   of   the 

hated  Efyicso  .  was,  according  to  m.  Foucart, 
the   -on  of   Sequenen-ra,   the  fierce  Sudani 

Iirinoe  who  Brat  threw  off  the  ii  oke, 

>v  Aah-hetep,  who  was  probably  of  the 
ancient  roj al  blood  of  Egypt.     Aah-hefa 

mother  was  the  Teta  Shera  lust   mentioned, 

and  by  Bequenen-ra  she  had  Aahmes's  pre- 
decessor   Ka-mes,    and    by    a    subsequent 

husband  the  celebrated  Ncfert-ari,  whom 
Aahmes  married.  The  great  prominence 
and  the  divine  honours  given  in  later 
Egyptian  times  to  the  queens  of  Aahmes's 
family,  and  especially  to  Nefert-ari,  lend 
much  colour  to  M.  Foucart's  view. 

Mr.  I'.  I).  Scott-Moncrieff,  of  the  British 
Museum,  has  just  returned  from  Khartum, 
where  he  has  been  employed  on  archaeo'ogical 
work  by  the  Sudan  Government.  He  has 
successfully  removed  the  north  wall  of  the 
shrine  of  one  of  the  Candace  queens  found 
nearly  two  years  ago  by  Dr.  Wallis  Budge 
and  Mr.  Crowfoot,  Director  of  Education, 
on  the  island  of  Meroe,  and  has  seen  it  safely 
erected  in  the  Museum  at  Khartum,  now 
in  a  forward  state,  the  companion  wall  on 
the  southern  side  having  been  presented  by 
the  Sirdar  to  the  British  Museum.  He  has 
also  finished  the  excavation  of  the  temple 
of  Thothmes  III.  at  Wady  Haifa,  begun  by 
Mr.  Holled-Smith  and  Dr.  Budge  so  long 
ago  as  1860,  resumed  by  Mr.  Hay  Sadler  in 
1892,  and  continued  by  Dr.  Budge  and  Mr. 
Crowfoot  in  1902,  and  has  built  a  mud  wall 
all  round  it  to  keep  out  the  sand — and 
tourists.  At  Senneh,  south  of  Wady  Haifa, 
he  discovered  some  interesting  stelas  and  a 
fine  statue  of  the  Middle  Empire,  which 
have  yet  to  be  investigated. 

The  Egypt  Exploration  Fund's  work  at 
Deir  el-Bahari  is  also  in  a  forward  state. 
Dr.  Naville's  lieutenant,  Mr.  Hals,  also  of 
the  British  Museum,  has  succeeded  in  clear- 
ing the  southern  court  of  the  temple,  and 
has  discovered  the  south  temenos  wall  ; 
while  he  has  ascertained  that  what  has  hither- 
to been  believed  to  be  the  southern  boundary 
wall  of  Queen  Hatshepsut's  temple  is  really 
the  north  temenos  wall  of  that  built  by  the 
Mentuhoteps  of  the  Eleventh  Dynasty.  He 
has  also  unearthed  several  new  colonnades 
on  the  top  of  the  platform.  Among  the 
smaller  objects  found  are  many  painted 
reliefs  in  the  fine  style  of  the  dynasty, 
including  a  magnificent  statue  of  the 
goddess  Hathor.  He  has  also  recovered 
a  life-size  head  in  sandstone  of  the  King 
Mentuhotep,  and  a  large  vase  in  pottery 
covered  writh  a  rope  network  in  singularly 
perfect  condition.  Dr.  Naville  has  now 
taken  over  the  excavation,  and  more  dis- 
coveries are  expected. 

An  account  of  the  temple  at  Angkor, 
which  contains  the  principal  relics  of  the 
lost  civilization  of  the  Khmers,  is  given  by 
Mr.  E.  Candler  in  the  first  number  of  the 
new  quarterly  The  Acorn.  According  to 
him,  their  empire  was  founded  by  Prea- 
thong,  son  of  a  king  of  Delhi  about  500  B.C., 
who  revolted  against  his  father,  and  left 
India  with  his  army,  raiding  across  the  con- 
tinent until  brought  up  by  the  swamps  and 
marshes  in  the  Mekong  valley.  Here  he 
conquered  the  Khomen,  who  seem  to  have 
been  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  and  from  the  union  of  the  two  races 
formed  the  nation  of  the  Khmers.  It  is 
the  Aryan  followers  of  Prea  thong  who 
seem  to  have  built  the  great  temple  at 
Angkor,  which  is  described  as  being  nearly  a 
third  larger  than  St.  Peter's,  tho  principal 
nave  measuring  79G  by  588  feet,  and  the 
top  of  the  highest  central  pagoda  being 
250  feet  from  the  ground.     It  is  covered  all 


over  with  bas-reliefs  of  the  exploits  of  tho 

founder  and  hie  gods  in  a  style  which  Mr. 
Handler  thinks  to  I-  A  -.nan,  though  M. 
Fournercau     will     have     it     that     the    urchi- 

teoture  was  inspired  by  that  of  Egypt.  As 
the  Persiao  kinf>  pushed  their  conquests 
far  into  India,  there  i-  no  particular  res 

why  an   Indian   prince  should   not    have  liad 

both  Assyrian  and  Egyptian  workmen  at 
his  disposal  ;  hut  a-  both  Assyrian  art  and 
ptian  art  were  m  600  B.C.  in  an  advanced 
•    of  decadi  i  jtence  of  cither 

of  them  in  the  south  ot  A-ia  wants  a  good 
deal  of  explanat  ion. 

At  a  time  when  Moroccan  questions  are 
very  much  to  the  front,  it  is  singular  to 
find  M.  Edouard  Montet,  of  Gene,  a.  identi- 
fying a  Moorish  tribe  with  the  Druses  of  the 
Lebanon.  This,  however,  he  has  done  with 
the  people  called  Zkara,  who  are  known 
to  travellers  as  not  being  Christians  or 
Mussulmans  or  Jews,  but  are  perfectly 
willing  to  profess  any  of  the  three  faiths 
for  cause  shown.  While  allowing  their 
women  a  good  deal  of  liberty,  they  are 
nevertheless  monogamous,  reject  circum- 
cision, and  both  eat  pork  and  drink  wine. 
They  believe  neither  in  heaven  nor  hell, 
but  in  a  series  of  existences  after  death 
culminating  in  union  with  the  Supreme 
Being.  M.  Montet,  whose  opinion  is  en- 
titled to  every  respect,  thinks  they  obtained 
these  doctrines  in  the  eleventh  century  from 
the  Caliph  Hakim,  who  was  certainly  tho 
founder  of  the  Druse  religion.  But  it  is  at 
least  as  likely  that  they  derive  them  from 
one  of  the  Gnostic  sects  who  in  the  time  of 
the  Byzantine  emperors  flourished  in  Africa, 
as  the  instance  of  the  Manichaeans,  to  whom 
St.  Augustine  once  belonged,  shows  clearly 
enough. 

A  curious  study  by  M.  Costantin,  professor 
at  the  Paris  Museum  de  Zoologie,  on  the 
ancestors  of  man  according  to  the  ancients, 
is  now  running  through  the  Revue  Scien- 
tifique.  According  to  him,  one  of  these 
fabulous  ancestors  was  the  cuttle-fish,  and 
he  gives  reasons  for  thinking  that  the 
ancients,  even  in  classic  times,  considered 
it  a  miraculous  being.  Its  occasionally 
huge  size,  its  rapid  and  puzzling  changes 
of  form,  and  the  intelligence  shown  by 
it  in  directing  its  course  through  the 
waves  all  go  to  support  his  theory,  which 
he  illustrates  besides  by  quotations  from 
Callimachus,  Athenaeus,  and  other  authors. 
Whatever  be  thought  of  his  theory,  it  goes  far 
to  explain  the  large  place  occupied  by  the 
cuttle-fish  in  early  Egyptian  and  Mycenaean 
art. 


NOTES    FROM    POME. 

I  have  already  described  in  an  earlier 
article  the  discovery  of  graves  of  the  earliest 
inhabitants  of  Rome  at  the  depth  of  five 
metres  below  the  level  of  the  Forum,  about 
three  metres  above  that  of  the  sea.  Now 
in  the  remote  age  to  which  the  graves  pertain, 
the  hollow  of  the  (future)  Forum  was  covered 
by  the  waters  of  the  Lesser  Yelabrum,  a 
profunda  pains,  a  deep  inlet  of  the  Tiber  fed 
by  the  river  Spinon,  and  by  the  local  springs 
of  the  Tullianum,  of  the  Lautoke,  of  tho 
Lupcrcal,  and  of  Juturna.  The  existence  of 
this  pond,  so  often  mentioned  by  classics, 
has  been  made  evident  by  the  discovery  of 
its  shores,  of  its  bottom,  and  of  a  layer  of 
peat  in  which  stems  of  reeds  were  plainly 
visihle,  reaching  from  the  Piazza  della  Bocca 
della  Verita,  where  the  two  Velabra  came  in 
contact  with  the  Tiber,  to  the  (site  of  the) 
Temple  of  Romulus,  son  of  Maxentius,  where 
the  lesser  stream  terminated.  Such  being 
tho  condition  of  things,  the  presence  of  graves 
under    the    foundations    of    the    equestrian 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


209 


statue  of  Domitian  in  the  middle  of  the 
Forum  becomes  a  problem  of  doubtful  solu- 
tion, because  it  involves  as  a  consequence 
the  fact  that  the  primitive  dwellers  on  the 
Palatine,  on  the  Subura,  and  on  the  Carina?, 
having  at  their  disposal  vast  surfaces  of  dry 
land  in  which  to  lay  their  dear  ones  to  rest 
(Acca  Larentia  was  buried  on  high  ground 
•"  extra  urbem  antiquam  non  longe  a  porta 
Romanula  "),  made  use  instead  of  the  bottom 
of  a  marshy  lake  below  the  level  of  the  Tiber, 
which  runs  quite  close.  However,  as  the 
official  report  on  these  finds  has  not  yet  been 
published  (we  are  still  waiting  for  an  account 
of  the  discovery  of  the  Basilica  /Emilia, 
made  six  years  ago),  it  is  wiser  to  postpone 
any  judgment  on  this  affair,  and  to  discuss 
only  facts  which  have  been  ascertained 
beyond  any  shadow  of  doubt.  Such  is  the 
discovery  of  a  skeleton,  made  in  mysterious 
circumstances,  at  the  south  corner  of  the 
above-mentioned  foundation  of  Domitian's 
statue  One  of  our  leading  anthropologists, 
Prof.  Angelo  Mosso,  of  the  University  of 
Turin,  gave  a  description  of  it  at  the  sitting 
of  the  Lincei  Academy  on  the  21st  ult., 
from  which  I  gather  the  following  details. 

The  skeleton  belongs  to  a  woman  who 
was  well  formed,  but  a  dwarf,  only  lm.  20 
high.  The  "  sutura  metopica  "  in  the  fore 
part  of  the  skull  proves  this  woman  to  have 
belonged  to  a  superior  dolichocephalic  race, 
which  lived  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean long  before  the  invasion  of  Eastern 
immigrants,  whose  skulls  are  rounded.  The 
dwarf  woman  was  not  regularly  buried,  but 
simply  thrown  into  the  pond,  so  that  her 
skeleton  was  lying  at  the  bottom  of  it,  with 
arms  outstretched.  We  feel  an  additional 
interest  in  the  fate  of  this  unhappy  being 
from  the  fact  that  she  appears  to  have  been 
murdered.  Whether  the  instrument  used 
was  a  stone  hammer  or  a  stone  chisel,  the 
fact  remains  that  the  break  in  the  skull  is 
sharp,  well  defined,  and  coloured  by  the 
same  patina  of  age  which  has  stained  the 
rest  of  the  cranium.  The  blow  was  given 
while  the  dwarf  was  either  standing  or  sitting 
upright.  Next  to  her  remains  were  those  of 
a  foetus  a  few  months  old,  to  whom  likewise 
the  honour  of  funeral  rites  had  been  denied. 
These  finds  have  excited  the  fancy  of  sensitive 
scholars.  I  have  heard  some  of  them 
whisper  wild  suppositions  about  the  crime, 
which  they  consider  to  belong  to  "  legal 
medicine  "  rather  than  to  archaeology,  and 
one  of  them  has  gone  so  far  as  to  mention 
the  name  of  Rhea  Silvia  ! 

This  is  by  no  means  the  only  instance  of 
■"suggestion"  in  reference  to  the  excavations 
of  the  Forum.  We  have  come  to  the  point 
when  no  vulgar  brick-stamp,  no  pipe,  no 
no  lamp,  no  marble  fragment,  can  be  un- 
earthed from  that  district  without  being 
proclaimed  at  once — in  certain  quarters — 
as  an  historical  monument  marking  an 
epocli  in  the  annals  of  archaeological  investi- 
gation. We  have  been  reminded  of  this 
state  of  things  by  the  latest  sensational 
announcement  concerning  the  discovery  of 
an  alleged  Tribunal  Principatus,  on  the 
BOUtfa  Bide  of  the  Forum,  facing  the  Basilica 
Julia. 

We  know  that,  under  the  Empire,  the 
Forum,  the  Comitium,  the  Rostra,  the 
margins  of  the  Sacra  Via,  &c,  became 
ered,  little  by  little,  with  monuments 
raised  to  emperors  as  well  as  to  eminent 
men.  winch  took  every  possible  shape,  from 
a  plain  inscribed  stone  to  an  equestrian 
ne  placed  on  a  pedestal  large  enough  to 
■contain  a  small  room. 

One    of    these    structures— or    rather    the 

■faint  traces  <<\  a  hrick  pedestal  with  a  small 

M,   the   pavement  of  which   was   once 

inlaid   with   marble   crusts,   and   the   ceiling 


moulded  in  white  stucco — has  just  been 
discovered  on  the  south  side  of  the  Forum. 
This  simple  matter-of-fact  occurrence  has 
been  magnified  into  an  archaeological 
revelation  little  short  of  miraculous,  and 
the  nameless  cedicula  has  been  described 
in  the  semi-official  press  as  the  Tiibunal 
Principatus,  the  same  one  from  the  "  rostra  " 
of  which  Trajan  ordered  the  burning  of  the 
registers  in  which  the  sums  due  to  the 
Treasury  by  negligent  taxpayers  were  regis- 
tered !  The  Tribunal  Principatus  will  stand 
henceforth  a  worthy  companion  to  the 
Rostra  of  Caesar,  to  the  Cellular  Prison,  to 
the  Romulean  Steps,  and  other  such  ima- 
ginary monuments  with  which  the  popular 
fancy,  thanks  to  the  inspiration  or  suggestion 
of  certain  papers,  has  filled  that  unfortunate 
district  ol  ancient  Rome. 

In  the  memoirs  of  Gaspare  Celio  (I  am  not 
perfectly  sure  of  tiie  name)  it  is  related  that 
when  Cardinal  Enrico  Caetani  rebuilt  the 
church  of  Santa  Pudentiana  in  the  year 
1597,  with  the  help  of  Francesco  da  Volterra, 
a  copy  of  the  '  Laocoon  '  was  discovered  at 
the  bottom  of  the  trench  dug  for  the  founda- 
tion of  one  of  the  piers  of  the  dome,  on  the 
right-hand  side  of  the  apse.  It  is  also  said 
that  the  contractor,  fearing  to  be  interrupted 
in  his  work,  or  to  be  otherwise  inconveni- 
enced by  the  fact  that  Cardinal  Caetani,  as 
Camerlengo,  had  absolute  power  in  the 
matter  ot  treasure-trove  and  archaeological 
finds,  ordered  his  men  to  break  up  the  group, 
and  throw  the  fragments  into  the  foundation 
wall  of  the  pier.  On  the  strength  of  this 
doubtful  information  some  one  petitioned 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  to  be 
allowed  to  search  for  the  said  pieces,  and, 
strange  to  say,  permission  was  granted.  As 
long  as  the  searchers  kept  on  digging  in  the 
rubbish  which  forms  the  subsoil  of  the 
Church  (where  no  '  Laocoon  '  could  be  found) 
the  official  inspectors  allowed  the  search  to 
proceed,  but  as  soon  as  the  pier  itself  was 
reached,  in  the  core  of  which  the  '  Laocoon  ' 
was  supposed  to  be  embedded,  the  search 
was  stopped,  for  fear  of  weakening  the  pier 
and  impairing  the  stability  of  the  dome. 
We  are  therefore  left  in  doubt  as  regards  the 
authenticity  of  the  tradition  related  by 
Gaspare  Celio.  At  the  same  time  we  have 
received  good  tidings  from  another  quarter. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  several  copies  of  the 
group  existed  in  Rome  besides  the  Belvedere 
original.  Flaminio  Vacca  describes  a  wall 
running  under  and  across  the  main  ward  of 
the  Hospital  of  St.  John  the  Lateran,  built 
with  pieces  of  statuary,  some  of  which, 
from  their  shape  and  exquisite  finish,  made 
him  think  of  the  Belvedere  masterpiece. 
We  are  indebted  to  Dr.  L.  Pollak  for  a 
tangible  proof  of  the  existence  of  more 
than  one  Laocoon  in  Rome.  At  the  sitting  of 
the  German  Institute  held  on  January  14th, 
viz.,  on  the  very  day  on  which  the  original 
group  was  found  four  centuries  ago  (Janu- 
ary 14th,  1506)  by  Felice  de  Freehs  in  the 
main  hall  of  the  "  domus  Titi  Imperatoris," 
Dr.  Pollak  exhibited  a  replica  of  the  right 
arm  of  the  principal  figure,  which  proves, 
what  we  had  already  suspected  for  other 
reasons,  that  its  restoration  by  Bernini  (?) 
is  altogether  wrong.  The  arm  was  not 
raised,  but  bent  so  as  to  rest  on  the  head, 
the  coil  of  the  snake  encircling  the  wrist. 
The  place  of  discovery  of  this  valuable 
piece  is  not  known,  the  fragment  having 
been  purchased  by  Dr.  Pollak  from  a  dealer 
in  whose  shop  it  had  been  kept  for  some 
time.      At    the   end   of  the   sitting    President 

Koerte  expressed  the  wish,  on  behalf  of  the 

assembly,  that  the  Vatican  authorities 
would  do  away  with  Bernini's  restoration, 
so  disagreeable  to  the  eye  and  so  prejudicial  to 
the  effect  of  the  intense  action  of  the  group. 


The  task  of  editing  the  papyri  discovered 
or  collected  in  the  Fayoum  by  the  Italian 
mission  of  1904  has  been  entrusted  to  Profs. 
Vitelli  and  Comparetti.  At  the  sitting  of 
the  Lincei  Academy  on  Sunday,  Janu- 
ary 21st,  Prof.  Comparetti  made  an  inter- 
esting communication  concerning  one  of  the 
documents,  which  belongs  to  a  set  of  businesg 
letters  exchanged  between  an  estate  agent 
named  Heronynos,  of  the  village  of  Thea- 
delphia,  in  the  nome  of  Arsinoe,  and  many 
clients  who  owned  wheat-lands  in  that  dis- 
trict. The  letter  in  question,  written  to 
Heronynos  by  the  secretary  of  a  landowner 
named  Alypios,  contains  a  curious  mixture 
of  (Homeric)  poetry  and  business.  He  says  : 
"It  is  ample  time  you  should  forward 
either  the  wheat  or  the  money  gathered 
from  its  sale.  As  regards  Thyotis  (a  small 
farmer  in  distress),  tell  him  that  if  I  do  not 
get  at  once  the  sack  of  grain  he  owes  me,  or 
its  equivalent  in  money,  I  shall  place  the 
matter  in  the  hands  of  the  police."  Alypios, 
in  reading  over  the  epistle  written  by  his 
secretary,  added  in  his  own  handwriting 
verses  1-2  of  the  second  book  of  the  Iliad  : 
"  The  gods  and  the  heroes  were  still  sleeping 
soundly  "  ;  and  again  the  words  "  sleeping 
soundly,"  a  manifest  allusion  to  the  negli- 
gence shown  by  the  agent  at  Theadelphia 
in  serving  the  interests  of  his  clients. 

It  is  a  known  fact  that  Augustus,  the 
founder  of  the  Empire,  was  a  palaeo-ethno- 
logist,  a  student  of  prehistoric  life,  and  a 
keen  collector  of  prehistoric  remains.  The 
"  res  vetustate  ac  raritate  notabiles  "  which 
he  found  in  the  caverns  of  the  island  of  Capri 
are  described  by  Suetonius  ('  Aug.,'  72)  as 
"  bones  of  giants,"  that  is  to  say,  of  fossil 
monsters,  and  as  "  arma  herouin,"  weapons 
of  men  living  in  past  ages,  which  is  a  toler- 
ably good  definition.  The  researches  of 
Augustus  are  carried  on  at  the  present  day 
by  a  local  physician,  to  whom  we  are  indebted 
for  the  following  discovery.  At  a  place 
adjoining  the  Eremitaggio,  and  at  the  bottom 
of  a  deep  trench,  he  has  found  bones  of 
rhinoceros  and  other  great  animals,  and 
stone  hammers  of  the  roughest  make,  some 
of  which  weigh  six  pounds.  Bones  and 
hammers  are  buried  in  a  layer  of  reddish 
clay — probably  the  bottom  of  a  marsh — 
which  rests  on  the  limestone  core  of  the 
island,  and  which  is  covered  in  its  turn  by  a 
volcanic  formation  of  tufa.  This  find 
shows  the  correctness  of  the  statement 
of  Suetonius.  Had  Augustus  discovered 
ordinary  flint  implements  belonging  to  the 
age  of  polished  stone,  the  biographer 
would,  as  usual,  have  called  them  "  gemmas 
ceraunias  "  or  "  lapides  minimis  "  (lightning 
stones).  By  making  use,  however,  of  the 
expression  "arma  heroum  "  he  distinctly 
alludes  to  the  special  kind  of  heavy  hammers 
just  rediscovered  at  the  Eremitaggio,  which 
belong  to  the  first  representatives  of  the 
human  race  who  ever  set  foot  in  the  beautiful 
island,  which  was  still  undergoing  the  process 
of  geological  formation. 

RODOLFO    LANCIANI. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  loth  inst.  the 
following  piotures :  T.  S.  Cooper,  Isaac's  Sul>- 
Btitute,  12fi/.  B.  W.  Leader,  The  Hills  at  Lodore, 
near  Keswick.  157/.  J.  A.  Lomax,  Extract  frem 
an  Old  Diary.   110/.      .Marcus   Stone.  The  Tost -Bag, 

2461.     'I'll,  de  Bock.  A  Road  to  the  Village,  17s// 

The  same  linn  sold  on  (lie  12th  inst.  the  follow- 
ing piotures  :  A.  Canaletto,  A  View  of  Warwick 
Castle,  with  figures  promenading  in  the  fore- 
ground, '2.~r2J.  ;  Old  Somerset  House,  with  figures 
en  the  terrace.  262/.     B.    Kale  net.   Portrait  of  a 

Lady,    in    blue    dress,    with    fur  lined    (hulk.    2154 

Hoppner,    Hester     Elizabeth,     Lady    Selsey,    in 


'210 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


white     drew,    with    ■    bhok     laoe     oep,    '-A*'- 
Rodney,  Ladv  Greville,  in  black  eloak,  with  laoe 
oap     with     liuw-ooloured     ril>l><>n.     840f.  ;     Isdv 
Greville,  in  blank  oloak,  with  white  oap  with  pink 
ribbon,  178/.  .  . .  ..     .  „ 

On  tin-  13th  in-i-  the  Bame  firm  sold  the  follow- 
ing engravings :  After  Reynolde:  TheConnteaa  <>f 
Ayleaford,  bj  V*.  Green,  2W.  :  The  Duoheaa  of 
Ehioolenoh  and  Daughter,  by  J.  Watson,  29/. 
After  rnrner:  Croaainfi  the  Stream,  by  R. 
Brandatd,  257.  After  Eaeiaeonier  :  1806,  by  J. 
Jaoquet,  'Mil. 


|finr-^.rt  (5ossip. 

Messrs.  Henry  Graves  &  Co.  hold  to-day 
a  private  view  of  '  English  and  Foreign 
Landscape  '  in  water-colours  by  Baroness 
von  Cramm.  To-day  is  also  the  private 
view  at  the  Ryder  Gallery  of  oil  paintings 
and  water-colours  by  various  old  masters, 
including  Titian  and  Murillo  as  well  as 
several  early  English  painters. 

At  the  Fine-Art  Society's  rooms  an  exhi- 
bition of  eighty  water-colours  by  Evelyn 
J.  Whyley,  '  From  the  Alps  to  the  Apennines,' 
is  on  view. 

Messrs.  Dowdeswell  are  showing  etch- 
ings in  proof  state  after  Corot  by  several 
well-known  hands. 

At  the  Leicester  Galleries  pictures  in  oil 
and  water  colour  by  Mr.  Charles  Sims  are 
open  to  private  view  to-day. 

The  Prussian  Government  has  lent  from 
the  National  Gallery,  Berlin,  thirty-five 
examples  of  the  work  of  Menzel  to  the  forth- 
coming exhibition  of  the  International 
Society,  which  opens  next  Thursday.  The 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  and  many 
private  collections  will  also  afford  further 
specimens  of  this  master's  work. 

The  Royal  Society  of  Painter-Etchers 
and  Engravers  are  opening  their  exhibition 
to  the  press  on  Thursday  and  Friday  next. 

At  the  spring  exhibition  of  the  Bristol 
Academy,  open  to  private  view  to-day,  the 
principal  exhibits  are  an  altarpiece  by 
Hogarth,  painted  for  St.  Mary  Redcliffe 
Church  in  1757,  which  has  not  been  shown 
since  1860,  and  a  memorial  collection  of  the 
works  of  the  late  Reuben  Charles  Carter, 
the  black-and-white  comic  artist,  who  was 
a  native  of  Bristol.  Mr.  Thomas,  as  a  native, 
is  also  showing  bis  statue  '  Lycidas.' 

Two  drawings  by  Millet  from  the  exhibi- 
tion at  the  Leicester  Galleries  have  been 
acquired  for  the  nation.  The  examples 
chosen  are  the  elaborate  study  for  the 
famous  picture  '  Les  Glaneuses  '  in  the 
Louvre,  and  the  dramatic  drawing  entitled 
'  L'Enfant  Malade.' 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Samuel 
Edmonston,  a  Scottish  artist,  in  his  eighty- 
first  year,  at  Larkspur,  Colorado.  He  was 
a  fellow  student  of  the  Faeds,  at  one  time 
practised  as  an  engraver,  and  was  an  ex- 
hibitor in  water  colour  and  oils  at  the  Scottish 
Academy. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
Edward  Tayler  on  Wednesday,  the  7th  inst., 
at  the  age  of  seventy-seven.  Mr.  Tayler 
has  often  been  termed  the  father  of  the 
present-day  miniature  painters,  for  he  was 
the  link  between  the  days  of  Sir  William 
Ross  and  the  present  time.  For  over  half 
a  century  Ins  miniatures  and  water-colour 
drawings  have  been  known  to  the  public, 
and  for  thirty  consecutive  years  he  was  an 
exhibitor  at  the  Academy.  He  was  also 
the  honorary  treasurer  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Miniature 
Painters,  and  in  the  present  exhibition  of 
the  Society  three  of  his  works  appear. 


Wi;  have  received  a  prospectus  from 
Berlin  of  rThe  Graphical  Society,"  the 
object  of  which  is  to  furnish  faithful  repro- 
ductions of  rare  and  excellent  printed  works 
of  art.  Each  publication  will  appear  in  book 
form  and  bo  complete  in  itself.  The  cost 
is  to  be  defrayed  by  the  contributions  of 
members.  Tho  annual  subscription  is  fixed 
at  30  marks,  at  the  beginning  of  each  year, 
and  the  publications  will  appear  in  the 
autumn  following.  Further  details  can  be 
obtained  from  the  firm  of  Bruno  Cassirer, 
Derfrlingerstrasse  16,  Berlin,  W. 

The  friends  in  Paris  and  elsewhere  of  tho 
late  William  Bouguereau  have  decided  to 
eiect  a  monument  to  his  memory,  and  a 
committee  has  been  formed  for  the  further- 
ance of  the  scheme.  M.  Bonnat  is  the 
president,  and  MM.  Carolus  Duran,  Moyaux, 
Tony  Robert-Fleury,  and  Henri  Roujon  are 
the  vice-presidents.  The  office  of  the  com- 
mittee is  at  28,  Rue  du  Mont-Thabor,  but 
subscriptions  will  also  be  received  at  the 
offices  of  the  Societe  des  Artistes  Francais, 
Grand  Palais  des  Champs-Elysees,  Paris. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  Richard 
Josey,  a  well-known  mezzotint  engraver 
who  rendered  many  famous  pictures.  Mr. 
Josey  was  born  in  1841,  and  exhibited  at 
the  Academy  from  1876  to  1887. 

M.  Arthur  Fontaine,  the  French  Director 
of  Labour,  has  presented,  and  there  is  now 
printed  as  a  French  Yellow  Book,  a  second 
report  on  apprenticeship,  which,  under  the 
title  '  Rapport  sur  l'Apprentissage  dans  les 
Industries  de  l'Ameublement,'  gives,  by  way 
of  introduction,  a  history  of  French  furniture. 
The  early  Middle  Ages  and  the  Renaissance 
are  dealt  with  in  interesting  fashion,  and 
there  are  some  forgotten  facts  about  the 
Revolution.  Of  the  great  days  from 
Louis  XIV.  to  Louis  XVI.  there  was  nothing 
new  to  tell. 

The  death  in  his  fifty-sixth  year  is  re- 
ported from  Ajaccio  of  the  distinguished 
sculptor  Wilhelm  von  Riimann.  Munich, 
where  he  resided,  contains  many  of  his  works, 
among  them  the  monuments  of  Liebig  and 
Ohm.  The  Bavarian  monument  at  Worth 
was  also  by  his  hand. 

An  unusually  interesting  "  lot  "  was  sold 
at  the  Hotel  Drouot,  Paris,  this  week  by 
M.  Maurice  Delestre,  a  gouache  by  Michel 
Barthelemy  Ollivier  of  the  well  -  known 
picture  in  the  Louvre,  '  Du  The  chez  le 
Prince  de  Conti,'  with  young  Mozart  playing 
on  the  harpsichord,  and  Gelyotte  singing, 
and  at  the  same  time  playing  on  a  guitar. 
The  picture  was  exhibited  at  the  Salon  in 
1777,  and  has  been  in  the  Louvre  nearly 
ever  since. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  picture 
sales  arranged  for  in  New  York  during  the 
present  season  is  that  of  the  late  Joseph 
Jefferson,  the  actor,  an  enthusiastic  collector, 
and  himself  an  excellent  landscape  artist. 
The  collection  is  remarkable  for  the  number 
of  examples  of  artists  of  modern  French 
work,  whilst  of  the  Early  English  School 
there  are  pictures  ascribed  to  Reynolds, 
Lawrence,  Hoppner,  Gainsborough,  and 
Constable. 

The  Year's  Art  for  1906  (Hutchinson  & 
Co.),  edited  by  A.  C.  R.  Carter,  is  a  useful 
guide,  which  we  are  glad  to  have.  We  think 
the  photographs,  which  include  a  drawing 
by  a  child  of  eight,  are  unnecessary.  Who 
buys  a  book  of  this  sort  for  its  pictures  ? 
The  '  Directory  of  Aitists  and  Art-Wrorkers  ' 
is  of  real  value,  but  will,  we  hope,  be  ex- 
tended to  include  some  well-known  art  critics. 
It  is  accurate  and  well  arranged,  as  well  as 
wide  in  range. 

The  death  is  announced  this  week  of  the 
French    architect    Ferdinand    Dutest,    who 


had  been  ill  for  several  years,  and  whoae 
best-known  work  is  the  famous  Galerie  des 
Machines,  which  he  designed  and  carried 
out  in  1889. 


MUSIC 

THE    WEEK. 

iEoLTAN  Hall. — Broadwood  Concert. 

The  programme  of  the  Broadwood  Concert 
on   Thursday    week    was   one   of   special 
interest.     Of  instrumental,  and  especially 
orchestral,  music  there  is  no  lack,  but  few 
opportunities  are  given — at  any   rate  in 
LcricLon — of  hearing  madrigals  and  part- 
songs,  those  essentially  English  composi- 
tions.    The  concert  was  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Dr.  Walford  Davies,  and  the  vocal 
numbers  were  sung  (and  admirably)   by- 
members    of    the    Temple    Choir.     There 
were  the  following  madrigals  :    '  Lullaby  * 
by  Byrd,  Morley's  "  Fire,  fire,"   Benet's 
'  Thyrsis '     and     "  All     creatures,"     and 
Gibbons's  '  Silver  Swan  '  and  "  0  that  the 
learned  poets."     It  is  good  to  hear  the 
works  of  composers  who  in  their  day  shed 
such   glory    on   native    art.     Then    there 
were  madrigals  and  part-songs  by  Stephens, 
who,    of   course,  was  represented   by  his 
"  Cloud-capt  towers,"  in  which  the  solemn 
words  help  one  to  forget  that  the  music  is 
not  strong  ;    two  very  dainty  part-songs 
by    Sir    Hubert    Parry,    and    "  In    dulci 
jubilo "    and    '  Sir    Patrick    Spens '    by 
Pearsall.     Between  the  two  groups  came 
a  noble  cantata  by  Bach,  "  Gottes  Zeit  ist 
die  beste  Zeit."     Dr.  Davies  is  conductor 
of  the  Bach  Choir,  the  very  man,  therefore, 
to  render  honour  to  the  old  master.     The 
performance,  if  not  altogether  sans  reproche 
— at  moments  there  did  not  seem  to  be  an 
entente  cordiale  between  voices  and  instru- 
ments— was  on  the  whole  very  impressive, 
and  we  hope  that  it  may  create  a  desire  to 
hear  more  of  Bach's  many  church  cantatas. 
At   the    Temple    Church,    of    which    Dr. 
Davies  is  the  organist,  some  are  sung,  and 
probably  the  same  may  be  said  of  other 
churches  ;    but  in  our  concert-rooms  they 
are   extremely   rare.     The  church   is   the 
best  place  for  them ;  but  when  given  in  a 
concert-room  they  ought  to  be  in  a  pro- 
gramme devoted  entire ly  to  sacred  music. 
This  may  sound  like  a  reproach  to  Dr. 
Davies,  but  it  is  meant  only  as  a  hint ;   in 
arranging  his  programme  he  probably  felt 
that    something   light    and   pleasant — the 
renderings  of  the  madrigals  and  part-songs, 
by  the  way,  were  among  the  best  things  of 
the  evening — would  be  generally  accept- 
able. 

Queen's      Hall. — London      Symphony 

Orchestra. 
Thk  London  Symphony  Orchestra  gave  a 
concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Monday 
evening.  The  programme  opened  with 
Sir  Edward  Elgar's  '  In  the  South ' 
Overture,  after  which  came  Strauss's 
'  Tod  und  Verkllirung.'  Dr.  Richter 
always  conducts  well,  but  in  this  work  he 
seemed  over-anxious,  as  if  he  had  not 
given  his  final  instructions  to  his  men. 
The  novelty  of  the  evening  was  a  '  Sym- 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


211 


phonic  Fantasia '  by  Mr.  York  Bowen. 
The  book  expressly  stated  that  it  was 
abstract,  not  programme  music.  From 
the  structure  of  the  work — its  number  of 
•sections  following  without  break,  its 
strongly  contrasting  moods,  and  a  recur- 
ring theme  making  for  the  unity  of  the 
whole — we  cannot  but  think  that  the 
composer  had  some  poetic  basis.  The 
work  really  wants  a  clue.  There  are  signs 
of  the  influence  of  Wagner,  Tscha'ikowsky, 
and  Strauss  in  it,  but  this  is  natural. 
The  music,  ably  scored,  is  full  of  life,  also 
of  storm  and  stress.  The  composer  is 
only  twenty-two  years  of  age,  and  what 
he  has  achieved  is  of  high  promise. 
*'  Better  too  little  than  too  much " 
should  be  his  motto. 


MOZART  :    A    CORRECTION. 

Savile  Club. 

My  attention  has  been  drawn  by  Mr.  J.  S. 
Shedlock  to  a  strange  mistake  in  the  new 
edition  of  Kochel's  '  Thematic  Catalogue  of 
Mozart's  Works.'  which  has  recently  been 
brought  out  by  Count  Paul  von  Waldersee. 
On  p.  19  it  is  stated  that  the  autograph 
anthem  (which  Kochel  calls  a  madrigal  !) 
presented  by  Leopold  Mozart  to  the  British 
Museum  in  1765  bears  in  the  margin  ('  Auf 
■idem  Rande  ')  the  following  remarks  :  '"  This 
extremely  curious  and  inst  cresting  Composi- 
tion is  not  in  Mozart's  handwriting  (sic  !)," 
•&c.  In  this  description  there  are  three 
mistakes:  (1)  the  note — which  is  in  the 
handwriting  of  Vincent  Xovello — is  not  in 
the  margin  of  the  autograph,  but  bound  up 
with  it,  and  mounted  separately  ;  (2) 
Novello  spells  the  word  "  interesting  " 
correctly,  and  not  with  an  additional  s  ; 
(3)  the  word  "  not  "  does  not  occur  in  the 
•original. 

As  my  name  is  mentioned  in  the  preface 
to  the  new  edition  of  Kochel  as  having  sup- 
plied information  with  regard  to  the  Mozart 
autographs  in  this  country,  I  wrote  to  the 
publishers  to  inquire  what  was  the  origin  [of 
these  strange  misstatements.  In  reply  Count 
von  Waldersee  informs  me  that  he  is  unable 
now  to  say  where  he  derived  his  authority 
for  inserting  the  word  "  not,"  and  that  he 
drew  attention  to  the  matter  by  adding 
"  (sic  !)  "  to  tlje  copy.  Count  von  Walder- 
see adds  that  he  will  take  the  opportunity  of 
publishing  this  correction  in  a  musical  paper. 
Wm.   Barclay  Squire. 


iKnsical  (5ossip. 

There  was  a  good  attendance  at  Miss 
Maud  MacCarthy's  second  violin  recital  on 
Tuesday  afternoon  at  Queen's  Hall.  The 
programme  began  with  Beethoven's  Romance 
in  f,  which  was  rendered  with  great  charm 
and  delicacy.  The  second  number  was 
Bach's  '  Cliaconne  '  The  rendering  of  this 
exacting  work,  though  in  many  respects 
praiseworthy,  lacked  strength  and  decision: 
an  apology,  however,  was  made  for  the  gifted 
lady,  who  was  suffering  from  t lie  effects  of  a 
severe  attack  of  influenza. 

Mlle.  Camii.ee  Landi's  vocal  recital  at 
the  Bechstein  Hall  last  Saturday  afternoon 
attracted  a  very  large  audience.  The  gifted 
artist  sang  Haydn's  charming  canzonet 
4  The  Wanderer,'  though  with  French  words  ; 
while  French  versions  were  also  used  for 
Brahms's  two  songs  with  viola  obbligato 
(Mr.  Alfred  Hobday).  Why  this  was  done 
is   difficult   to   understand,    as   Mile.    Landi 


sang  songs  by  Bach,  Hugo  Wolf,  and  Herr 
Max  Reger  in  German.  Her  rendering  of 
Scarlatti's  "  Per  te  vive  "  was  piquant, 
that  of  '  L' Apparition  de  Pallas  '  from 
Saint-Saens's  '  Helene  '  highly  dramatic, 
while  in  the  German  songs  of  Reger  and 
Wolf  she  was  most  successful.  Reger's 
'  Mein  Traum  '  is  very  charming,  and  not 
like  many  of  his  compositions,  in  which 
there  is  more  of  art  than  of  nature. 

A  successful  concert  was  given  by  the 
pupils  of  Madame  Eugenie  Joachim  Gibson 
at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  on  Monday. 
Of  the  pupils  we  would  mention  Miss  Bar- 
well  Holbrook  and  Miss  Edith  Romea, 
both  of  whom  have  very  good  and  well- 
trained  voices.  The  programme  included 
a  '*,  Song  Play,"  '  The  Garden,'  the  graceful 
music  by  Mr.  Richard  H.  Walthew.  The 
orchestia  was  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
W.  H.  Cummings. 

The  concerts  of  the  Garde  Republicaine 
at  Covent  Garden  are  being  given  for  the 
benefit  of  various  French  charities  in  London, 
and  for  the  Hilda  disaster  and  Unemployed 
funds. 

The  programme  of  the  first  concert  of 
the  Philharmonic  Society  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  the  27th  inst.  includes  Herr  Felix  Wein- 
gartner's  Symphony  in  G,  Op.  23,  announced 
to  be  given  for  the  first  time  "  in  London  "  ; 
it  appears  to  have  been  first  performed  in 
England  at  one  of  the  Symphony  Concerts 
at  Bournemouth  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
Dan  Godfrey.  The  following  works  are  to 
be  given  during  the  season  :  a  pianoforte 
concerto  (in  one  movement),  first  perform- 
ance, by  Mr.  York  Bowen  ;  a  second  set  of 
'  Four  Old  English  Dances,'  by  Dr.  Cowen  ; 
Sir  Charles  Stanford's  Second  Irish  Rhapsody 
and  '  Orchestral  Variations  on  an  African 
Theme,'  by  Mr.  Coleridge  Taylor,  first  per- 
formance. 

In  connexion  with  the  British  music 
recently  performed  at  Paris,  it  may  be  inter- 
esting "to  note  that  in  The  Athcncvum  of 
March  23rd,  1867,  English  music  is  said  to 
be  "  at  last  creeping  into  Paris."  Pasdeloup. 
it  appears,  had  given  at  his  concerts  two  of 
Wallace's  overtures,  also  Bishop's  '  Bon 
Soir,'  i.e.,  probably  a  French  version  of 
'"  Sleep,  gentle  lady,'"  a  serenade  in  '  Clari.' 

The  anniversary  of  the  150th  birthday  of 
Mozart  was  celebrated  throughout  Germany, 
and  in  various  ways.  The  programme  of 
the  concert  given  by  the  Singkranz  at  Heil- 
bronn  on  January  25th  was  by  no  means  one 
of  the  least  interesting.  A  large  portion  of 
it  was  devoted  to  youthful  works  of  the 
composer  :  a  Kyrie  for  mixed  choir,  with 
accompaniment  of  strings,  written  at  the 
age  of  ten  :  the  soprano  aria.  '*  Conservati 
tedele."  composed  at  the  Hague  for  the 
Princess  of  Weilburg  in  the  same  year 
(1766);  also  fragments  from  the  operetta 
'  Bastien  and  Bastienne  '  of  1768. 

The  16th  of  January  was  the  twentieth 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  Almicare  Pon- 
chielli,  composer  of  '  La  Gioconda '  and  'I 

Promessi  Sposi.'  and  in  memoriam  Annibal 
Ponchielli  is  preparing  for  the  press  some 
of  his  father's  unpublished  compositions. 

M.  Saint-Saens's  new  opera  *  L'Ancetre  ' 
will  be  produced  at  Monte-Carlo  on  Saturday 
next,  and  will  be  repeated  on  the  25th  and 
27th.  and  on  March  8th. 

A  MONUMENT  in  memory  of  Verdi,  by  the 
sculptor  Laforet.  has  been  erected  OP  the  San 
Giovanni  Square,  Trieste.  The  inauguration 
took  place  on  January  27th.  For  this  city 
the  composer  wrote  'II  (oi'Miro '  in  184S, 
and  'Stiffelio'  in  18f>0.  It  was  there,  too, 
that  the  father  of  Verdi's  second  wife,  la 
Strepponi,    was    maestro   al   cembalo   at   the 


Grand  Theatre.  La  Strepponi  also  made 
her  debut  there  in  1835  in  Rossini's  '  Matilde 
di  Chabran.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Garde 
Six. 

JlOTt. 

Tces. 

Wed. 

ThUBS. 

Fiu. 


RepuMieaine  — Sunday  and  every  Evening.  8,  Covent  Garden 

—Abo  Mutinies, 3,  Sunday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday. 
Sunday  Society  Concert, 8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hull. 
H.  I'elafosse  s  Orchestral  Concert.  :1.  Queen's  Hall. 
tondon  Choral  Society.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  1>.  F.  Tov.-y s  Pianoforte  Recital,  s.lo.  Broadwood's. 
Miss  Kathleen  ChabOt  b  Pianoforte  Recital,  s.so,  .Eolian  HalL 
Nora  Clench  Quartet,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall 
M.  Haurel's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Miss  Kate  Parker's  Orchestra]  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Hiss  Irene  s.harrcr's  Pianoforte  Recital.  B,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Miss  Grace  Thynne  s  Violin  Recital,  &30,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Royal  Academy  Concert.  S,  Queens  Hall. 
Me  k:n-..  SetheG  VicliE  K   .ii   1        ]V.h.i..,i  H-.ll. 
Miss  Gertrude  Poster's  Pianoforte  Recital.  8,  Bechstein  HalL 
London  Symphony  Orchestra, ::,  Queens  Hall. 
Sunderland-ThistletonOld  Chamber  Music  Concert,  4,  Conduit 

Street. 
Herr  Hegedtls's  Violin  Recital.  9  15,  Queen's  Hall. 
Miss  Jerome  and  M.  Zacharewi tech's  Vocal  and  Violin  Recital. 

8,  Bechstein  Hall, 
vvr.       Chappell'a  Ballad  Concert.  S,  Queen's  Hall 

—  Miss  Mary  Cracroft's  Concert,  ■'.  .F.olian  Hall 

—  Popular  Concert  for  children  and  Young  Students,  ."•.  Steinway 

—  Mr.  1>.  F.  Tovey's  Pianoforte  Recital,  s,  Broadwood'a 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Shaftesbury. — A  Gilded  Fool :  Comedy 
in  Four  Acts.     By  Henry  Guy  Carleton. 

'  A  Gilded  Fool,'  with  which  Mr.  Nat 
Goodwin  begins  a  temporary  tenure  of  the 
Shaftesbury,  readies  us  with  something 
of  a  reputation  from  America.  Since  the 
notion,  which  is  better  suited  to  the  United 
States,  is  now  laid  in  England,  it  is  per- 
missible to  believe,  though  we  are  without 
information  on  the  subject,  that  some 
species  of  adaptation  has  been  accom- 
plished. It  is,  however,  a  matter  of  little 
importance,  since  the  work,  if  moderately 
sympathetic,  is  of  no  literary  or  dramatic 
account.  Its  only  object  appears  to  be 
to  show  Chauncey  Short,  its  hero — appa- 
rently designed  for  Mr.  Goodwin  —  like 
Sir  Simple  Simon,  "  not  such  a  fool  as  lie 
looks."  Chauncey  Short  is  a  multi- 
millionaire upon  whom  a  shark  of  an 
adventurer  has  cast  greedy  eyes.  A 
simpleton  according  to  appearance  and 
his  own  avowal,  the  hero,  so  soon  as  he 
finds  himself  in  the  grip  of  a  scoundrel, 
displays  resourcefulness,  self  -  control, 
astuteness,  and  other  qualities  which  fit 
him  to  run  for  the  Presidency  instead  of 
remaining  an  outsider  in  life's  race.  A 
love  interest  is  added,  in  the  course  of 
which  a  lady  to  whom  the  hero's  millions 
constitute  a  drawback  is  conquered,  if  not 
exactly  by  "  doughty  deeds."  at  least 
by  devotion  and  self-sacrifice  so  exem- 
plary as  may  well  compensate  for  the 
retention  of  his  embarrassing  millions. 
Mr.  Goodwin  plays  the  hero  with  a  satis- 
factory amount  of  whimsicality  and  senti- 
ment. One  or  two  capable  actors  are  com- 
prised in  the  cast  but  are  provided  with 
parts  which  furnish  them  with  a  minimum 
of  opportunity. 

New  Royalty. — Les  Surprises  du  Divorce, 
<n  Trois  Act**.  Par  Alexandre  BissOD 
ct  Antony  Mars.  —  Insurrection  :  Phi;/ 
in    a    Prologue    and    Fire    Arts.      From 

Tolstoi's  Novel  by  Henry  Bataille. 

The  lightest,  and  in  some  respects  the 
plcasantest .  portion  of  the  season  of  French 
plays  ended  with  the  departure  of  Mile. 


212 


Til  K     ATIIENyEUM 


N°  408(1,  Feb.  17,  1906 


Thorn imrin.  followed  after  brief  pause  by 
that  uf  If.  QeJipauz.  During  ber  short 
stay  the  former  had  established  herself  as 
the  prettiesl  and  most,  gracious  comSdienne 
of  modem  days,  the  possessor  of  b  Bpeoies 
of  apUgUrit  to  which  the  English 
public  ia  always  susoeptible.    Tlic  battel 

showed   liiinsrlf  a  capable  and  a  versatile 

actor,  the  master  of  a  species  of  unbridled 
fun.  For  the  last  entertainment  of  M. 
Galipauz  was  chosen  a  singularly  rollick- 
ing and  old-fashioned  farce,  now  beginning 

to  set  in  a  little  out  of  date.  First  pro- 
duced in  Paris  at  the  Vaudeville  on 
Manh  2nd,  L888,  with  M.  Jolly  as  the 
hero.  '  Lee  Surprises  du  Divorce  '  was 
given  by  M.  Cbquelin  on  April  10th  of  the 
same  year:  and  an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Syd- 
ney Grundy,  entitled  '  Mama,'  served  for 
the  opening  of  the  newly  rebuilt  Court 
Theatre,  the  principal  parts  on  that  occa- 
sion being  assigned  Mr.  John  Hare  and 
Mrs.  John  Wood.  In  recklessness  of 
drollery  M.  Galipaux  surpasses  his  prede- 
cessors,  but  his  performance,  like  the 
piece  itself,  defies  criticism.  Mile.  Feriel, 
a  French  actress  born  in  Spain,  made  a 
favourable  impression  as  Diane. 

From  M.  Bataille's  workmanlike  render- 
ing of  '  Resurrection,'  produced  at  the 
Odeon  on  November  14th,  1902,  was 
drawn  the  English  version  by  Mr.  Michael 
Morton,  given  the  following  February  at 
His  Majesty  s.  The  original  was  produced 
on  Monday  at  the  Royalty,  with  Mile. 
Berthe  Bady  as  the  heroine,  and  with  a 
cast  stronger  on  the  whole  than  that  with 
which  it  was  first  seen.  A  pleasing  and 
engaging  actress,  Mile.  Bady  played  in 
the  prologue  with  much  grace  and  tender- 
ness, and  showed  in  the  later  scenes  much 
melodramatic  grip.  In  no  respect  did  the 
general  performance  surpass  that  still 
remembered  at  His  Majesty's. 


Dramatic  (Sossip. 

This  evening  witnesses  at  the  Waldorf  the 
first  of  the  performances  of  "  classic  " 
comedy  to  be  given  by  Mr.  Cyril  Maude. 
'  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  '  is  substituted  for 
'  The  Heir-at-Law.'  In  this  Mr.  Maude 
will  be  old  Hardcastle  ;  Miss  Winifred 
Emery,  Miss  Hardcastle;  Miss.  Beatrice 
Femur,  Constantia  Neville  ;  and  Mrs.  Charles 
Calvert,  Mrs.  Hardcastle.  Mr.  Paul  Arthur 
will  be  Young  Marlow.  A  new  departure 
will  be  made  by  Mr.  Sydney  Brough,  who 
will  play  Tony  Lumpkin.  To  show  that 
cul)  as  a  youngster  is  a  desirable  innovation. 

Mr.  Martin  Harvey  is  to  be  seen  in 
London  during  the  spring  in  a  revival  of 
'The  Corsican  Brothers,'  and  also  in  a 
romantic  piece  by  Mr.  K.  M.  Dix  and  Mr. 
E.  (.'•.  Sutherland,  entitled  'The  Rapparee 
Trooper.' 

A  BBVTVAX  of  '  Measure  for  Measure  '  is 
promised  at  the  Adelphi  for  Easter.  Miss 
Lily  Brayton  will  be  Isabella,  and  Mr. 
Oscar  Asche,  Angelo.  The  play  has  scarcely 
been  seen  since  the  memorable  revival  of  it 
at  the  Haymarket  in  187G,  with  Miss  Neilson 
a-  Isabella. 

'  The  Alabaster  Staircase  '  is  the  title 
of  the  new  piece  by  Capt.  Marshall,  in  which, 
at  the  Comedy,  Mr.  Hare  will  appear  next 
Wednesday  as  an  English  Prime  Minister. 


Bib  Chabx.es  Wyxdkam  promises  a 
revival  <>t  'The  Candidate,'  an  adaptation, 

by    -Mr.    Justin     lluntlv     .McCarthy,    of    '  I -• 

Depute*  de  Bombignao1  of  M.  Bisson, 
played  at  the  Criterion  on  November  2nd, 
1884.      The  piece  will,  it  is  said,  bo  brought 

"  up  to  date." 

Di  him;  the  week  'The  Prodigal  Bon ' 
has  been  given  at  the  Camden  Theatre, 
with  a  east  including  Miss  Alma  Murray, 
Bliss  Lily  Hall  Caine,  and  Mr.  Norman 
Partridge. 

Om:  consolation  may  be  found  by  the 
cynic  in  the  fact  that  the  appropriation  by 

tlie  music-halls  of  dramatic  "turns"  soems 
likely  to  free  entirely  the  regular  theatre 
from  the  incubus  of  the  burlesque.  It  i> 
at  the  Coliseum  that  the  burlesque  of  '  Nero  ' 
is  being  given. 

'  The  Voysey  Inheritance  '  was  revived 
on  Monday  at  the  Court  Theatre,  with  a 
cast  including  the  author,  Mr.  Granville 
Barker,  but  differing  in  many  respects  from 
that  with  which  it  was  presented  at  the 
same  house  in  November  last. 

'  Major  Barbara  '  has  also  resumed  its 
place  for  a  short  time,  being  given  on  after- 
noons on  which  '  A  Question  of  Ago '  was 
expected. 

The  Cambridge  Review  announces  that  the 
next  Greek  play  will  be  a  revival  by  the 
Universit y  of  the  '  Eumenides  '  of  iEschylus, 
which  was  set  to  music,  it  may  be  re- 
membered, by  Sir  Charles  Stanford. 

Ludwig  Speidel,  whose  death  is  reported 
in  his  seventy-sixth  year,  was  one  of  the  fore- 
most dramatic  critics  of  Vienna,  and  had  few 
rivals  as  a  writer  of  feuilletons  ;  but  he  was 
too  much  swayed  by  his  artistic  prejudices 
to  be  impartial.  Speidel  was  born  at  LTlm, 
but  had  lived  in  Vienna  for  over  fifty  years. 


To   Correspondents.  —  F.  A.  — R.  P.   K.— J.   0.    T.- 
Keceived. 
A.  R.  H.  T.— Too  late. 
H.  &  Co. — Next  week. 
.1.  H.  I.— Many  thanks. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦ — 

Pace 

Authors'  Agents       185 

Bagster  &  SONS 214 

Bell  a  sons      212 

Blackwood  &  sons 188 

CATALOGl  ES  185 

Chapman  &  Hall        216 

Duckworth  a  Co 187 

Km  cation  vi 185 

Exhibitions         185 

Harper  &  brothers 214 

Hurst  A  Blackett 190 

Jarrold  &  SONS 214 

Lane 215 

Longmans  A  Co 188 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co 214 

Mil  Ml  I.I.  AN   &  Co 190 

Miscellaneous 185 

Mi  die's  Library        186 

Murray      216 

Notes  and  Queries 214 

Nl  TT 216 

Publishers'  Circular        100 

1:.  Grant  Richards 180 

Bales  by  Auction       ..       ..  lso 

Sill  nin\v   \  mvi         186 

Situations  Wanted ise 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co 818 

So(  IETIES 185 

Type-writers 185 


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N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


213 


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London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


214 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


HARPER    &   BROTHERS' 

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N°  4086,  Feb.  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


215 


DAVID     NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 

— ♦ — ■ 

THE  CLASSICAL  REVIEW. 

Editor  :  J.  P.  POSTGATE.  54,  Batemun  Street, 
Cambridge. 

Associates.    England :  H.  B.  WALTERS,  British  Museum 

(Archeology).    America  .  WM,  GARDNER  HALE, 

University  of  Chicago,  T.  D.  SEYMOUR,  Yale 

University,  and  J.  H.  WRIGHT,  Harvard 

University. 

Vol.  XX.     FEBRUARY.     Xo.  1,  3*.  net. 

Contents. 
EDITORIAL  AND  GENERAL. 
ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  :— 

Apostrophe  in  Homer— A  Rejoinder.      R.  M.  HENRY. 

Colonus  Hippius.     L.  CAMPBELL. 

Adversaria.     T.  W.  ALLEN. 

Platonica.     VII.     HERBERT  RICHARDS. 

Platonica.     R.  G.  BURY. 

An  Emendation  of  Isocrates,  Panegyric  HO.  ARTHUR 

PL  ATT. 
A  Correction  in   Aristotle,  'Nicomachean  Ethics  IV.,' 

1128  A  27.     J.    S.  PHILLIMORE. 
Ad  Epictetum.     A.  J.  KRONENBERG  (Continued). 
Notes  on  the  Erotici  Graeci.     H.  RICHARDS. 
A  Supposed  Qualification  for  Election  to  the  Spartan 

Senate.     R.  D.  HICKS. 
An  Unrecorded  Attic  Colony  in  Euboea  ?    LEWIS  R. 

FARNELL. 
The  Relation  of  the  Resolved  Arsis  and  Resolved  Thesis 

in    Plautus    to    the     Prose     Accent.      CHARLES 

EXON. 
The  Silvae  of  Statins.     A.   E.  HOUSMAN. 
Quintilian's     Quotations    from     the     Latin     Poets. 

CHARLES  N.  COLE. 
The  'Tributum  Capitis.'    C.  F.  BALLE1NE. 

REVIEWS:— 

Reinach's    '  Greek     and     Demotic     Papyri.'      F.     G. 

KENYON. 
Bonner's  '  Evidence  in  Athenian  Courts.'    W.  WYSE. 
Ways 'Odyssey.'     ARTHUR  PLATT. 

Burghcleres  and  Cromer's  Classical  Translations.     J. 
GOW. 

Marx's 'Lucilius' (Second  Notice).     W.  M.  LINDSAY. 

Clark's 'Orations  of  Cicero.'    J.   E.  SANDYS. 

\Y>sereau's  'Aetna.'     ROBINSON  ELLIS. 

Hennings's  '  Odyssee.'    Prof.  P.  D.  CH.  HENNINGS. 
CORRESPONDENCE  :— 

Live  and  Pictorial  Illustration.     W.  WYSK. 
REPORTS  :— 

Proceedings    of   the    Oxford    Philological    Society.  — 
Michaelmas  Term,  1905.    A.  H.  J.  GREENIDGE. 

The  Classical  Association  (of  England  and  Wales]. 
VERSION:— 

Bood's' The  Death-Bed.'    G.  DUNN. 
ARCH.EOLOGY:  — 

Thranite,  Zugite,  and  Thalamite.    W.  W.  TARN. 

The  Temples  of  Castor  and  of  Concord  in  the  Roman 

Forum.     ALBERT  W.  VAN  Bl'RE.V 
Waldstein's  '  Argive  Ileiteuin.'     W.  H.  D.  ROl'SE. 
Walter's 'Ancient  Pottery.'     JANE  E.   HARBISON 
The  Hunterian  Coin  Catalogue,    o.  F.  HILL 
Monthly  Record.     F.  H.  MARSHALL 
Arclueological  Summaries.     H.    I>.    W. 

SUMMARIES  OK  PERIODICALS. 

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Jfmmtal  0!  (Knglislj  aixh  jfflmgn  literature,  %amtt,  tfa  Jfin*  ^Vrts,  ffinm  atti  tlj*  Drama, 

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SATURDAY,   FEBRUARY    24,    1906. 


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Situations   Jfacant. 


u 


NIVKRSITV    COLLEGE 

ABERYSTWYTH. 


OF    WALKS, 


iA  Constituent  I  ollege  of  the  University  ,.f  Wales.) 
PROFESSORSHIP   OF    ENGLISH 
TheCOUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  OF 

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Applications,  together  with  seventy  five  printed  copies  of  T. -ti 
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March  13,  h">.. 

Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

J.  H.  DAV1KS.  MA.  Registrar. 


u 


THE  VICTORIA 

NIVERSITY      OF      MANCHESTER. 


The  COUNCIL  is  prepared  to  appoint  a  MISTRESS  of  METHOD 
\Mi  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  IN  EDUCATION.  Stipend  25W 
per  annum.  — For  detailed  conditions  apply  to  THE  REGISTRAR, 
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c 


0   U   N   T   Y        OF         L  0   N   I)  0   N. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  TEACHER   OF  SINGING— 
Lei-   SECONDARY  schools 

The   LONDON   COUNTY   COUNCIL  invites   applications  for  the 
appointment  of  a   TEACHER  "f  SINGING  and  VOICE  PIMDli 
TION  in  the  Le.c.  SECONDARY  schools. 

Applicants  should  be  capable  of  Teaching  Iscth  the-  Staff  and  the 
Tonic  Sol  fa  Notations  and  also  Voice  Production, 

The  Salary  attaching  to  the  i>ost  will  be  SOU,  a  yea] 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  official  form,  to  be  obtained  from 
the-  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council.  Education  Offices,  \i  toria 
Embankment,  W.C.,  to  whom  they  must  t>c  returned  not  later  than 
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of  recent  elate. 

Candidate's  applying  through  the  |*c.t  for  the  form  of  applic 
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other  expenses 

Canvassing,  either  din>tly  or  Indirectly,  will  be  considered 
qualification.  O.  L.  GOMME, 

clerk  of  the  London  County  Coun<  (1. 

Education  Offices,  \  Ictoria  Embankment.  W  C. 

MEDICAL    SECRETARY.     WANTED,    a 
QUALIFIED     MEDICAL     PRACTITIONER,     with 
Literary  and   Journalistic   experience,  who  is   prepared   to  c 

least    Three-    hays    a    Week,    or    their    equivalent,    to    the    Woik, 
Address,  stating  terms  and  experience,  tee   STATESMAN,  ere   of 
Street's,  30,  Cornhil),  E  C. 


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PARIS :  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli :  and  at  the 
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BANCROFTS  SCHOOL,  WOODFORD  GREEN, 
Essex.— The  Court  of   Assistants  of   the  Drapers"  Company, 

the  Governors  of  the  School,  invite  applications  for  the  post  of 
HEAD  MASTER,  about  tee  become  vacant  owing  to  the  resignation, 
on  account  of  ill-health,  of  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Svnins,  M.A.  Applicants 
must  be  between  2s  and  40  years  of  age.  Members  of  the  Church  of 
England  (Clerical  or  Lay),  Graduates  of  a  University  iu  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  have  had  experience  iu  Teaching.  The  School 
contains  about  330  Boys,  of  whom  100  are  foundationers  and  the 
remainder  Day-Boys.  The  Head  Master  is  remunerated  by  a  Salary 
and  Capitation  Fees  estimated  to  produce  from  7.">0f.  to  8007.  per 
annum,  with  the  Use  of  a  House  free  of  rent,  rates  and  taxes,  and 
repairs.— Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  must  reach  the 
clerk  to  the  Governors,  Drapers'  Hall,  Throgruorton  Street,  London, 
not  later  than  MARCH  12. 

DRINCE     HENRY'S     GRAMMAR    SCHOOL 

-L       AND  PUPIL  TEACHERS'  CENTRE  (MIXED),  EVESHAM. 

The  GOVERNORS  of  the-  above  SCHOOL  invite  applications  for  the 
post  of  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS,  specially  qualified  to  teach 
English  Language,  Literature,  and  History,  with  Needlework  and 
Music  (Theory)  as  subsidiary  subjects. 

Salary  100/.  per  annum,  non-resident. 

Applications,  marked  "Assistant  Mistress  for  Grammar  School." 
must  l>e  sent  in  to  the  undersigned,  the  clerk  to  the  Governors, 
together  with  copies  of  not  more  than  three  Testimonials,  on  or  before 
FRIDAY,  March  2.  1906. 

Further  parti-.nlars  if  rr  ,  lircd  -an  be  obtained  on  -ii.i  [ration  to 
THE  HEAD  MASTER,  Grammar  School,  Evesham. 

THOS.  A.  COX. 

Town  Clerk  s  Offices,  Evesham,  F<  binary  17.  Plot,. 


THE  COUNCIL  of  the  CHEMICAL  .SOCIETY 
propose    to    appoint   an    EDITOR    of    the    SOCIETY'S    PUB- 
LICATIONS at  a  Salary  of  300?.   per  annum.      The-  Editor  will   not 

be    precluded    from   holding   another   appointment Applications, 

stating  qualifications  and  experii  nee,  will  he  received  until  MARCH  "> 
by  the  HONORARY  SECRETARIES,  Chemical  Society,  Burlington 
House,  \Y.,  from  whom  the  conditions  of  the  appointment  may  be 
obtained. 


LIBRARIAN  TO  THE  SOCIETY  OF  WRITERS 
TO  HIS  MAJESTY'S  SIGNET. 

The  Office  of  LIBRARIAN  to  the   SOCIETY  of  WKI 
MAJESTY  S   SIGNET,   recently  held    by   the  late  Ml 
Edmond,  being  NOW  VACANT,  applications    for    the  0 
panied  by  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  rn.iv  be 
before   MARCH   20,  1908,    to  JAMES   H.   NoTM  AN.    V,, 
Signet,  is,  Y'ork  Place.  Edinburgh,  <  lerk  to  the  Society. 
any  further  information  may  be  obtained. 

February  10,  1906. 


ITER  to  HIS 
John   Philip 

Office,  aooom- 
macle,   on  or 

rVriter  to  the 
from  whom 


TNDEXER  WANTED.— The  ROYAL  INSTI- 
LL   TUT  ION  of  CORNWALL  desire  an  INDEX  of  their  JOURNALS 

and  REl'oRTS.  16  volumes  aie.I  4S  Reports  iHistorica],  Scientific  and 
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Hall,  Redruth. 


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Address  L.  S..  Willing  s.  126,  Stran.l,  W.C. 


Situations   Mantra. 

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all  qualifications  and  Salary  required,  L  L,  care  of  Hart's  Advertta 
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AS  COURIER  or  TRAVELXINQ  COMPANION. 
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Miss  E,  10,  Georgi  Btreet,  Hanover  Square,  W.    Tele  MMGcrrard 

AN    active   V  0  UNO     M  A  N   c2:\)   requree 
situation  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLER'S    18818 
TANT.    Can  supply  good  references     T.  u.ev  10TO,  Athenanua  i*rrss. 
mis  Buildings,  i  ban  erj  Lane,  B.C 


218 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


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I      ,k  Richard  Dovle  Harry  Furness,  James  GiUray,  Ernest  Onset, 

John     Leech !     Haliiot    K.    Br. '™-:-'     """"    A,k""     Thomaa 


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r  unless,  .'.in,--*-    .j. ...••..,    -• --     

orowne    (Phiz),   Henry   Aiken.  Thomas 
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ad  Eighteenth  Centuries.    The  Items  arc  ^I'^^io^       foi  n 

under  their  Authors'   Names,  and  the    whole    Catalogue  »nns  an 
lot,  nt  addition  to  the  Bibliography  of  Shakespeare  andBaoon,and 

i  ,        ever-  attractive  to  the  Collector  of  Shakespearian:!  and  to 

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On  TUESDAY.  February  27,  OLD  ENGLISH 

and  ORIENTAL  PORCELAIN  of  FREDERICK  TOWNSEND,  Es.l 
deceased',  and  from  numerous  sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  February  28,  and  THURS- 
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JEWELS  of  the  late  Mr.  E.  M.  MARCOSO. 

On   FRIDAY,   March  2,   ORTECTS    of   ART, 

PORCEL'IN  and  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE  of  A.  A.  RAM. 
Fs,  \doecasedi  and  OLD  ENGLISH  and  FRENCH  FURNITURE  of 
the  late  COLIN  HUNTER.  Esq.,  A.R.A. 

On    SATURDAY,    March    3,    PICTURES    by 

OLD  MASTERS,  the  Property  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  SKEFFINGTON 
SMYTH  and  the  late  A.  A.  RAM,  Esq. 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


219 


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48,  QUEEN  VICTORIA  STREET,  E.C. 

Autograph  Letters. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  Sl-'.LT,  by  AUCTION".  at  tlieir  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  February  26,  at  i  o'clock  precisely, 
AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  AND  HISTORICAL  DOCUMENTS,  in- 
cluding Specimens  of  A.  Pope,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Thackeray,  Coleridge, 
T.  Carjyle,  Lord  Byron,  Tennyson,  Sc. — Signatures  of  Sovereigns  and 
other  Royal  Personages— Albums  of  Letters,  Franks.  4c.—  an  extensive 
Collection  of  Me. Heal  and  Surgical  Autographs— fine  Letters  from 
Lord  Nelson  to  Lady  Hamilton —  an  important  Series  .if  Political 
Letters  from  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfleld — Documents  relating  to  the 
Poet  Keats— Letter  and  Stanzas  of  Robert  Bums. 

May  he  viewed.    Catalogues  may  l>e  had. 

The  valuable  Collect  inn  of  English  Crown  Pieces,  the  Property 
ofT.  W.  BARRON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  11. .use.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.c. on  TUESDAY,  February  27,  at  l  o'clock  precisely, 
the  valuable  Collection  of  ENGLISH  CROWN  PIECES  and  other 
ALLIED  COINS,  the  PropertyofT.  W.  BARRON,  Esq.,  of  Vow  Tree 
Hall.  Forest  Raw,  Sussex,  Member  of  the  British  Numismatic  Society, 
including  many  of  the  Choicest  Specimens  from  the  Murdoch,  Moon, 
(iihl.s,  t;.  D.  Brown,  and  other  celebrated  Collections. 
May  he  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  valuable  Library  of 
the  late  S.  GEORGE    HOLLAND,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  [by  Order  of  the  BxecutorLat  then- 
House,  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY, 
February  28,  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  l  o'clock  precisely,  the 
valuable  LIBRARY  of  the  late  8.  GEORGE  HOLLAND,  F>.'i  .  [of 
iii\.  Stiss.-x  square',  comprising  First  Editions  of  Modern  Authors, 
including  the  following  Writers:  A'Beckett,  Ainsworth,  M.  Arnold, 
Barham,    Blackmore,    BrontS,    the    Brownings,     Dickens,    Dodgson, 

Fli..i  Hardy,  Leigh  Hunt,  Lady  Jackson,  <;  P.  K.  James, 
Rich,   Jefferies,    Do  old,  .i    II    Jesse,  Chat     Lamb,  Andrew 

Lane,  ('has.  Lever,  Capt  Marryat,  Ruskin,  Sir  W.  s...tt.  Shelley, 
li.  i..  Bterenson,  1!.  s.  Surtecs,  Swinburne,  Lord  Tennyson, 
Thackeray.  4c — Special  and  Bare  Works  illustrated  by  Geo.  and  It. 
Cruikshank,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  II.  K.  Browne,  Doyle,  &<■ .  and 
Collections  «-f  Caricatures— fine  Snorting  hooks  by  Aiken,  Onne, 
Millais,  Grimble,  Crealock,  Apperley,  Bcrope,  Taunton,  .v..  Annals 
of  Sporting  and  Fancy  Gasette  Badminton  Library,  Large  Paper^- 
Fnr  and  Feather  Series,  4c.  Ackermann's  Pubbeations  Goupil's 
Historical  Monograph!  Extra-illustrated  hooks.  i:.H,k^  on  Birds 
(including  Goulds  Birds  ol  Great  Britain),  Works  on  Costume— 
Sbakespeare'i   Plaj  printed  upon    vellum— Scholey.  1803-4, 

&e.;  the  «h.>le  being  In  the  choicest  condition,  in  Original  Parts  or 
Cloth  uncut,  or  bound  bj  the  best  binders 

May  be  viewed  two  .lays  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  ha.l. 

The  Collection  of  Tickets,  Passes,  and  Badges  relating  to 
Theatres,  Gardens,  Gaming-houses,  Racecourses,  Ac,  the 
Property  of  WILLIAM  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Neweastle-on- 
Tyne. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY, WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
»ill  BELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  Ro  IS,  Wellington 
Strand,   w  C.on   MONDAY,   March  B,  at   i  o'clock  precisely 
the  COLLECTION  of  TICK  ET8,  PASSES,  and  BADGES  relating  to 
Theatres,   Gardens,  Gaming-houses,    Racecourses,  fa-,  also    I 

Tickets,  s  fine  Series  ^Scotch  Farthings    Medals  and  Tokens  of 

Numismatists— a  few  Colonial  Pieces  of  great  raritv    a  sp. r.  ..f 

i  «  Pattern  Penny  ol  1 7xtt  -Matthew  Young's  Token  in  Bilver 
and  a  tii" 
NORMAN,  F.s 
matic  Bo  iety. 


Hossopi  Pattern  Penny  of  IWB  -Mattoew  Young i  Token  m  Bilver— 
and  a  fine  Series  of  the  Tokens  of  Australia,  the  Property  of  WILLIAM 
NORMAN,  Esq.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Hembei  of  the  British  Numis- 


May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  !«.-  had. 


Original  Drawings  by  Linley  Sambourne. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellinirton 
Street,  Strand.  W.C,  on  TUESDAY.  Mareh  fi.  and  Following  Ihtv,  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS  by  Linley  Sam- 
bourne  ithe  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN),  for  most  of  his  famous 
Cartoons  in  Punch,  which  have  appeared  during  the  last  fifteen  years. 
May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 

The  Collection  of  Coins  ami  lledals  formal  by  the  Rev. 
JOLIX  CLEMENT  BARXWELL,  deceased. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C,  on  FRIDAY.  March  9.  at  1  o'clock  precisely. 
a  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD  and  SILVER  COINS,  the 
Proiwrtymf  a  GENTLEMAN;  ROMAN  GOLD  COINS;  and  the 
COLLECTION  of  COINS  and  MEDALS  formed  hv  the  Rev.  JOHN 
CLEMENT  BARNWELL,  deceased,  of  St,  Leonards-on-Sea.  com- 
prising Greek  and  Roman  Coins  in  Gold  and  Silver— Ancient  British 
Gold — Anglo-Saxon  Pennies— English  Coins  in  Gold  and  Silver- 
Bronze  Coins— Medals— Coin  Cabinets,  4c. 

Hay  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Snuff  Boxes.  Patch  Boxes,  Medals,  Samplers,  Ac,  from 

Private  Collection*. 

TUESDAY,  February  27,  at  half-past  11  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  his  Rooms,  38,  Kine  Street.  Covent  Garden,  W.C,  a 
number  of  verv  choice  SNUFF  BOXES,  MEDALS.  Fob  SEALS, 
PATCH  BOXES,  a  large  Collection  of  SAMPLERS.  MINIATURES. 
4c,  from  the  COLLECTION  formed  by  the  late  W.  W.  ROBINSON, 
Esq.— a  Collection  of  Coins  from  another  Source— also  China,  Bronzes, 
Jade.  Weapons,  and  a  variety  of  Miscellaneous  Curios. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  4  and  Morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

Household  Furniture — Holtzapffel  Lathe — Tools — Fishing 

Tackle — Photographic  Cameras,  dc. 

FRIDAY  NEXT,  at  half -past  12  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION 
at  his  Rooms.  38,  Kin;-'  Street.  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C, 
a  number  of  high  class  CAMERAS,  with  LENSES  and  ACCES- 
SORIES, in  first  rate  order,  hy  l.est  makers,  being  surplus  stock 
from  a  West  End  Firm— 100  Lots  of  superior  Household  Furniture 
and  other  Effects,  sold  by  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  H.  L. 
MATTHEWS.  Esq.— a  6 -in.  Ornamental  Turning  and  Screw-Cutting 
Lathe  by  HoltxapffeL  together  with  Goniostat,  and  a  number  of 
valuable  Chucks,  Cutting  Frames,  4c— Fishing  Rods  and  Tackle  hy 
Hardy  and  Others— Astronomical  Telescope  by  Dallmeyer,  with  Eye- 
pieces complete— also  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  riew  day  prior  2  till  5  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

China,  Weapons,  Bronzes,  Ac 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms,  ,;s  King  Street  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.  on 
TUESDAY.  March  6.  at  half-past  12  o'clock.  PORCELAIN.  IVORY 
CARVINGS,  BRONZES,  ENAMELS.  4c.  from  CHINA  and  JAPAN 
Arms  and  Curios  [various]  from  the  Congo — Maori  Carvings— Bronzes 
from  India,  and  a  number  of  Native  and  other  Curios  from  all  parts. 

On  view  day  prior  10  till  5  and  morning  of  sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  bv 
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WEDNESDAY.  March  7.  and  Following  Days,  VALUABLE  MIS- 
CELLANEOUS looks,  comprising  Holinshed's  Chronicles,  3  vols. 
1586-7,  and  other  Black  latter  and  Early  Printed  Books— Books  on 
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Philology— the  Publications  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology, 
:il  vols.  1874-1902— Palestine  Exploration  Fund.  IS  \..K  1838-1902— 
Series  of  the  Palestine  Pilgrims  Text  Society,  i-i  vols,  the  Jewish 
Quarterly  Review,  and  Hel.raica— Works  in  Hebrew  and  Semitic 
Literature  —  handsome  Fine  Art  and  Illustrated  Books  —  Scott  B 
Waverley  Novels,  4c,  ss  vols— First  Editions  of  Esteemed  Authors,  \c. 
Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  Lair  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  00.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  116,  Chancery  Lane.  W.d 
DURING  MARCH,  VALUABLE  LAW  BOOKS,  comprising  s  Sel  of 
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Times  Reports  from  the  commencement  in  1865  to  1905,  and  the  Jurist 

from  the  • encement  to  186C    a  Series  of  Justice  of  the  Peace 

Reports  in  King's  Bench,  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer    Campbell's 

Ruling  I  -  R. ut  Editions  of  Standard  Text-Books,  4.    ; 

also  a  handsome  Carved  Oak  Bookcase,  and  other  Library  and  Office 
Furniture. 

Cat  doguea  are  preparing. 


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('..,.!■  ntS. 

SIR  JolIN  CON8TANTINE.    Chape.  17-19.    By  A.  T.  Quiller-Couch. 
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Algernon  West,  G.CB. 
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THE  LASS  oF  WINDW  \RD  F  \RM.     By  llalliwell  Sut.litTe. 
THE  JUDGMENT  OF  (F.TONE      By  R.  A.  K. 
GENERAL    ROMER    YOONGHUSBAND  AND    SCINDE.     By  Sir 

Francis  Younghusband,  ELC  I  E, 
some,  NATURAL  HISTORY'.    III.    By  the  Re  v.  Dean  Latham. 
some  FORGOTTEN  admirals.    By W. J. Fletcher. 
from  a  COLLEGE  V*  indow.    XI. 
CHLPPINGE.    Chaps.  ~  •'     By  8tanley  J.  Weyman. 

London  :  smith,  elder  4  CO.  it,  Waterloo  Place,  s.w. 


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[Continued  on  p.  220.] 


G.    P.    PUTNAM'S   SONS' 

NEW  BOOKS. 


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The  Adventures  of  a  French  Officer  in  the  Pontiac  Con- 
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PHYSICAL    EFFICIENCY.     A    Review 

of  the  Deleterious  Effects  of  Town  Life  upon  the 
Population  of  Britain,  with  Suggestions  for  their 
Arrest  Bv  JAMES  CAXTLIE,  M.A.  M.B.  D.Ph. 
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D.Sc.  LL.D.  F.R.S.,  and  a  Foreword  bv  Sir  JAMES 
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LOUIS  XIY.  AND  LA  GRANDE  MADE- 

MOISELLE.  By  ARYKDE  BARINE.  Authorized 
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*»*  No.  ',"  in  the  "Heroes  of  the  Nations."  For  full  List 
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THE  LIFE   OF   GOETHE.     By   Albert 

BIELSCIIOWSKY.  Authorized  Translation  from  the 
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study.      By   ELISABETH    LUC?   c.WiY.   Author  of 
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Do, i.i,.  Ada  ,  tist .: 


THE  RELIGION   OF   CHRIST   IN  THE 

TWENTIETH  CENTURY.  Crown 8ro,  doth.  ::•-.  6f.net, 
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BALTHASAR  HUBMAIER  :  the  Leader 

of  the  Anabaptista     Hy  Prof,  II.  ('.  \  EDDER,     Fully 

illustrated.    Crown  8vo,  cloth,  6s.    (No,  8  in  "H   toes 
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Dundee  A 
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HEALTH  AND  THE  INNER  LIFE.     An 

Analytical  and  Historical  study  of  the  Spiritual 
Healing  Theories,  with  an  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Teachings   of    P.    P.    Ouimby.       By    HORATIO    W. 

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220 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


NM087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


_  BOUT  2,000  BOOKS  WANTED  a  i  rtised 

t\  >  ,,,  ■;  iik  11  BL1H1I1  UN   i  im  I  l.u:  AN 

hi:i.l.hl  I  lata  of  the 

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t\  >T  l'l  BT.Wp.TaMl 

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l.AM.l'At.K. 

1     ABW1DJ0HANN8ON.il  \    P  f  German  l.-ingu.igc  and 

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THE  WESTMINSTER  CONFESSION 

OF  FAITH  AND  THE 

THIRTY-NINE  ARTICLES  OF  THE 

CHURCH   OF   ENGLAND: 

The  Legal,  Moral,  and  Religions  Aspects  of 
Subscription  to  Them. 

BY 

JAMES  DONALDSON,  M.A.  LL.D., 

Principal  of  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 


EXPOSITORY  TIMES. 
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REVIEW  OF  THEOLOGY  AXD  PHILOSOPHY. 

"The  decision  of  the  House  of  Lords  in  August,  1904,  has 
suggested,  if  not  prompted,  the  publication  of  Principal 
Donaldson's  book,  but  it  has  been  prepared  for  during  a 
long  and  busy  life,  devoted  to  learning  as  student,  teacher, 
professor,  inquiring  reader  of  Christian  fathers  and  brilliant 
heathen  prophets  of  a  kind  who  tried  to  believe  in  Jove,  and 
his  broad  Catholic  ideas  now  descend  with  authority  from 
ttie  position  of  Principal  of  the  oldest  of  the  Scottish 
Universities" 

SPECTATOR. 

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which  are  smouldering  to-day  and  may  be  burning  to- 
morrow...  .Principal  Donaldson's  suggestions  are,  he  has 
warned  us,  only  .suggestions,  put  out  to  make  his  readers 
think.  As  such  they  cannot  fail  of  their  purpose,  and  we 
would  offer  to  the  writer  of  so  thought-provoking  a  book 
not  polemics,  but  thanks." 

ABERDEEN  FREE  PRESS. 
"This  remarkable  volume  by  the  Principal  of  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews  can  hardly  fail  to  command  the 
attention  of  the  public,  learned  and  unlearned  alike.  Its 
Conclusions  may  be  contested,  and  its  purport  will  be 
disliked  by  many  ;  but  its  frankness  on  fundamental 
matters  and  the  position  of  the  author— who,  besides  being 
head  of  a  University,  is  a  foremost  authority  on  the  history 
and  literature  of  Early  Christianity— impart  to  it  no 
ordinary  degree  of  interest." 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.'S 

LIST. 


INDUSTRIAL    EFFICIENCY: 

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in  England,  Germany,  and  America. 
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•>.  vols.  8vo,  26s.  net. 
The  author  is  careful  to  explain  that  h 

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/      is  planned,  and  the  investigation  <>n  which 

'  wat  carried  out,  fie  writes,  before  tli"-  ]» 

i/  arose.  "  But  it  urns  inspired  by  the 
»amr  circumstances — namely,  the  growing  jtresmire 
of  international  competition  in    industry,    which    is 

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NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  LATE  BISHOP  STUBBS. 

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LONGMANS,    GREEN    &    CO. 
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LITANIES   OF   LIFE.     By   Kathleen 

WATSON.  Third  Edition.  Ba04.net 
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BROWN.    LANGHAM    &   CO. 

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THE    ATHENAEUM 


221 


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THE    ATHEN^UM 


223 


SATURDAY,  FEBRUARY  24,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  History  of  Venice 223 

The  Thread  of  Gold         224 

The  Chronicle  of  Eusebius      225 

Versailles  and  Louis  XIV 225 

New  Novels  (A  Supreme  Moment ;  Mrs.  Erricker's 
Reputation  ;  No.  101 ;  A  Son  of  the  People ;  The 

Beauty  Shop)  226—227 

Politics  and  Politicians 227 

Short  Stories 228 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Source  of  the  Blue  Nile  ;  A 
Study  of  the  Congo  State  ;  The  Heart  of  a  Garden ; 
Tuscan  Folk-lore  and  Sketches ;  Sainte-Beuve  on 
the  Eighteenth  Century ;  The  Romance  of  an 
Indian  Elephant  ;  La  Terreur  Blanche  ;  Mrs. 
Beeton's  Household  Management  ;  The  Lyceum 
Annual  ;  The  Gentleman's  Magazine)  . .      229 — 230 

List  of  New  Books 231 

Chaucer— "  Prestes  Thre"  or  "Prest  Estrk"? 
Ancient  Coal-fields  in  Ireland  ;  '  New  Col- 
lected Rhymes'  ;  '  Melanges  Nicole'  ;  A  Lamb 
Reference  Explained;  'The  Tree  of  Life'; 
Chaucer's  Ancestry  ;  The  Spring  Publishing 

Season  ;  The  Truman  Sale 231—234 

Literary  Gossip        234 

Science  — Travels  of  a  Naturalist  in  Northern 
Europe;  The  Tree  of  Life;  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
Theories  of  Matter  ;  J.  G.  Goodchild  ; 
Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  235—239 
Pine  Arts— Social  Caricature  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century;  Leukas-Ithaka  ;  Leather  Binding; 
Thrfe  Exhibitions  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip  . .  240—243 
Music— Mr.  Newman's  Benefit  Concert  ;  Mr. 
Theodore  Holland's  Concert  ;  Symphony  Con- 
cert ;  M.  Delafosse's  Orchestral  Concert  ; 
Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week      ..     243—244 

Drama— Gossip 244 

Index  to  Advertisers        244 


LITERATURE 


Gleanings     from     Venetian    History.     By 

F.    Marion    Crawford.     2    vols.     (Mac- 

millan  &  Co.) 
A   Short  History  of    Venice.     By  W.   R. 

Thayer.     (New    York,    the    Macmillan 

Company.) 

It  was  said  not  long  ago  that  Venice 
possessed  little  interest  beyond  what 
it  derived  from  its  art.  This,  though 
not  improbably  the  view  of  nine  out  of 
every  ten  tourists  who  go  round  the 
churches  and  galleries  of  the  city  with 
their  Ruskin  in  their  hands,  is  ludicrously 
wide  of  the  truth.  What,  we  sometimes 
wonder,  would  Aristotle,  that  student  of 
polities,  have  said  could  he  have  foreseen, 
or  read  of,  that  marvellous  aristocracy, 
scarcely  changed,  save  by  the  occasional 
registration  of  customs  already  in  force, 
for  eleven  centuries,  with  its  unfailing 
lines  of  chief  magistrates  succeeding  one 
another  in  an  unbroken  series  for  the 
same  period  ?  The  Papacy  is  the  sole 
institution  to  compare  with  it  for  perma- 
nence ;  but  Venice  had  no  Great  Schism, 
nor  did  any  Doge  govern  from  Avignon. 
Even  at  that  venerable  age  it  succumbed 
only  before  the  cataclysm  under  which 
all  the  old  order  of  Europe — much  of  it 
far  less  old  than  it — went  down.  Surely, 
in  presence  of  this  wonderful  record,  the 
most  incurable  dilettante  cannot  but  own 
that  art  does  not  afford  the  only,  or  even 
the  first,  ground  on  which  Venice  can  base 
its  claim  to  the  interest  of  mankind. 

Such,  at  all  events,  seems  to  be  the  view 
of  the  two  latest  writers  on  the  sea-girt 
city.  Mr.  Crawford,  indeed,  opens  with 
a  rhapsody,  and  throughout  seems  to  find 
an  occasional  difficulty  in  abstaining  from 
the  dithyrambic  ;   Mr.  Thayer  is  the  philo- 


sophical historian  always.  Also  Mr.  Craw- 
ford tends  somewhat  to  expatiate  in  the 
field  of  anecdote,  where  Mr.  Thayer  sternly 
restrains  himself.  The  former  has  most 
to  say  about  people,  the  latter  about 
events.  Thus,  to  take  an  instance  from 
that  event  which  perhaps  more  than  any 
other  formed  a  turning-point  in  the  for- 
tunes of  Venice,  the  League  of  Cambray 
and  the  resulting  war,  sketched  by  Mr. 
Thayer  as  fully  as  the  limits  of  his  space 
will  permit,  serve  Mr.  Crawford  merely 
as  a  peg  on  which  to  hang,  in  one  place, 
the  true  and  tragical  history  of  Count 
Frangipane,  his  ring,  and  his  faithful  wife, 
and,  in  another,  a  description  of  a  wondrous 
"  mummery  "  with  which  the  indomitable 
city  kept  up  its  spirits  when  that  storm 
was  about  to  burst  upon  it.  Even  of  the 
few  pages  devoted  to  painting  in  Mr. 
Crawford's  book  a  very  large  part  is 
occupied  with  anecdotes,  mostly  rather 
well  worn,  about  Pietro  Aretino.  We 
do  not  know,  by  the  way,  where  Mr. 
Crawford  learnt  that  that  worthy  was  ever 
a  monk. 

On  the  general  character  of  the  Venetian 
system  both  authors  are  at  bottom  pretty 
much  in  agreement  ;  for  though  Mr. 
Crawford  does  once  call  it  "  the  most  un- 
scrupulous, sceptical,  suspicious,  and  tho- 
roughly immoral  organisation  that  ever 
was  devised  by  man,"  the  details  he  gives 
do  not  bear  out  this  severe  judgment.  It 
is  all  very  well,  for  example,  to  write  : — 

"  Modern  diplomatists,  and  especially 
Americans,  may  be  interested  to  know  that 
the  post  of  an  ambassador  was  so  little  desired 
as  to  make  it  necessary  to  impose  a  heavy 
fine  on  any  noble  who  refused  it  when  he 
was  appointed  ;  and  it  actually  happened 
more  than  once  that  men  paid  the  fine  rather 
than  ruin  themselves  altogether  in  the 
service  of  their  sordid  Government." 

It  is  only  needful  to  read  the  piteous 
appeals  made  by  the  English  ambassadors 
in  Paris  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century  for  speedy  deliverance  from  "  this 
burdensome  charge  wherein  my  fortune  is 
wasted,"  or  words  to  that  effect,  or  to 
remember  that  Castelnau,  after  many 
years'  faithful  service  in  England,  re- 
turned to  France  a  ruined  man,  to  realize 
that  Venice  was  not  unique  among  the 
Powers  of  that  day  in  its  thrifty  treatment 
of  public  servants. 

Of  all  the  institutions  in  the  Venetian 
polity,  none  has  perhaps  come  in  for  more 
animadversion,  if  not  from  sober  historians 
at  any  rate  from  imaginative  writers, 
than  the  famous  Council  of  Ten.  The 
popular  view  of  this  body  is  as  of  a  blend 
of  the  Inquisition  and  the  Vehmgericht, 
with  a  dash  of  the  Court  of  Starchamber — 
acting  mainly  on  anonymous  delations, 
and  punishing  the  innocent  as  often  as 
the  guilty.  Both  our  authors  do  their 
best  to  show  how  unjust  is  this  notion. 
Mr.  Thayer  says  :  "  In  reality  the  Ten 
were  the  Venetian  Cabinet  " — this  perhaps 
is  going  a  little  too  far  ;  he  is  probably 
nearer  the  mark  elsewhere,  where  he  calls 
them  "  the  Ministry  of  Police  " — "  pro- 
bably the  most  hard-working  body,  gene- 
ration after  generation,  in  the  world." 
He  points  out  that  their  spies,  of  whom  so 


much  has  been  made,  were  after  all  pretty 
much  what  we  should  now  call  detectives  ; 
and  that  as  for  the  secret  nature  of  their 
proceedings,  considering  how  short  an 
individual  member's  term  of  office  was, 
we  may  conclude  that  "  there  were 
always  two  or  three  hundred  patricians 
alive  who  had  been  members  of  the 
Ten,  conversant  with  its  secrets  and 
responsible  for  its  methods."  Mr.  Craw- 
ford is  no  less  emphatic  : — 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  on  more  than 
one  occasion  the  execution  of  the  verdicts 
of  the  Ten  was  performed  quickly  and  in  a 
secret  manner  ;  yet  it  does  not  appear  that 
this  was  done  because  the  sentence  had  been 
passed  from  any  motive  of  private  hatred  or 
vengeance,  but  only  because  prudence  re- 
quired that  the  public  should  not  be  allowed 
to  express  an  opinion  on  the  matter.  It 
may  be  remarked  that  in  European  countries 
the  procedure  nowadays  is  often  similar  in 
courts-martial . ' ' 

On  the  whole,  the  Ten  had  reason  to 
congratulate  themselves  on  the  rarity  of 
their  mistakes  —  at  any  rate,  of  an  irre- 
vocable kind.  Seldom  did  it  become  neces- 
sary for  them,  after  the  fashion  of  the 
legendary  American  sheriff,  when  his 
committee  had  hanged  the  wrong  man, 
to  approach  the  widow  with  "  We  must 
confess,  madam,  that  this  time  you  have 
the  laugh  of  us."  One  terrible  blunder 
they  did,  indeed,  commit  in  the  case  of 
Antonio  Foscarini,  sometime  ambassador 
to  the  English  Court,  who  was  put  to 
death  unjustly,  as  his  judges  presently 
recognized — at  a  time  when  the  nerves 
of  the  Venetian  Government,  not  un- 
reasonably, were  in  a  highly  sensitive  state 
where  anything  like  conspiracy,  especially 
with  Spain,  was  suggested.  (Mr.  Craw- 
ford, by  the  way,  does  not  refer  to  the 
Bedmar  conspiracy,  which  would  have 
given  him  much  of  the  material  that  he 
knows  how  to  use.)  It  must  be  said,  too, 
that  the  evidence  against  Foscarini  was  so 
skilfully  concocted  that  even  Sarpi  was 
convinced  of  his  guilt.  Both  our  authors 
tell  the  tragic  story,  each  in  his  own 
manner.  Full  light  has  never  yet  been 
thrown  on  it,  and  many  documents  relat- 
ing to  it  are  still  unexplored.  It  may 
be  hoped  that  the  researches  which  Mr. 
A.  B.  Hinds  is  now  making  at  Venice,  on 
behalf  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  will 
clear  up  this  and  other  obscure  byways 
of  seventeenth-century  Venetian  history. 

It  is  true  of  Venice,  as  of  most  other 
Italian  States,  that,  though  fiction  has 
dwelt  more  on  its  later  ages,  its  history 
has  only  been  adequately  written  down 
to  the  end  of  the  "  Cinquecento."  One 
can  understand  this  to  some  extent  for 
the  rest  of  the  peninsula.  Once  the  blight 
of  Spanish  domination  has  settled  down, 
the  historian  who  has  followed  the  course 
of  one  of  the  Tuscan  or  Lombard  city 
states  through  the  days  when  it  was  ;i 
power  in  Europe  naturally  shrinks  from 
the  dismal  record  of  a  petty  dependent 
Court.  But  Venice  at  least  preserved  its 
liberty  (though  its  citizens  did  not  always 
make  a  good  use  of  their  privilege),  and 
continued  to  produce  an  occasional  hero. 
It  was  not  its  fault  that  with  the  progress 
of  geographical  knowledge  the  course  of 


224 


T  ii  E    A  tii  i:.\\i:r  \i 


N \'4087f  Feb.  24,  1906 


(rude  was  swept  i 1 1 1 « >  other  channels,  and 
new  rivals  arose  with  whom  it  could  not 

compete.     Lumii\   .Hid  wantonness  may 

have  hastened  it--  decline  ;    but   it   is  hard 

to  see  liuu   tin-  abstinence  <>f  Sparts  or 

the  continence  of  Tacit  ns's  ( lermanv  con  Id 
have  postponed  the  day  on  which  the  last 
Doge  laid  aside  bis  ducal  cap.  That  a  State 
which  saw  ( 'hai  lemagne  should  have  lasted 

without  serious  revolution  till  it  was  des- 
troyed by  Napoleon  is  marvel  enough  : 
and  we  may   be  grateful  to  the  writers 

who  have  carried  OS  through  its  whole 
Story. 

I  I  .isionally.  one  finds  small  points  for 
criticism.  It  was  probably  rather  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  earlier  Venetian 
territory  than,  as  Mr.  Thayer  sugge-N. 
"  her  deepest  love  of  liberty  and  her 
fortunate  isolation,"  that  saved  Venice 
from  feudalism.  It  would  be  hard  to 
carve  fiefs  out  of  a  domain  consisting  of 
marshes  and  sea.  We  do  not  understand 
why  in  an  English  book  Italian  forms 
should  be  used  for  the  names  of  people 
who  lived  centuries  before  there  was  any 
Italian  language.  It  is  no  doubt  all  right 
for  an  Italian  historian  to  write  of  Pao- 
luccio  Anafesto  ;  for  English  readers  we 
prefer — what  he  doubtless  wrote  himself 
— Paulutius  Anafestus.  Mr.  Crawrford, 
who  calls  him  (we  know  not  on  what 
authority)  Paulus  Lucas,  at  least  avoids 
this  ;  though  even  he  begins  to  italianize 
the  names  too  early.  Mr.  Thayer  should 
also  know  better  than  to  write  "  Rodriguez 
Borgia."  He  would  not  like  to  be  called 
"  Williams  Thayer  "  ;  yet  that  is  precisely 
parallel.  His  occasional  illustrations  of 
his  subject  by  reference  to  modern  com- 
parisons add  liveliness  to  his  narrative ;  but 
he  is  perhaps  carrying  it  a  little  far  when 
he  writes  :  "  Venice  for  her  part  did 
little  to  propitiate  her  ill-wishers.  She 
carried  herself  with  haughtiness  among 
them,  making  no  more  effort  than  the 
modern  Britisher  to  dissemble  the  belief 
in  her  own  superiority." 

Of  course,  Mr.  Crawford  has  something 
to  say  about  the  case  of  Giordano  Bruno. 
With  his  estimate  of  Bruno  we  agree  in 
the  main,  though  an  allusion  to  "  the  very 
scarce  volume "  of  his  writings  (which 
are  easily  obtainable  in  a  modern  edition), 
and  another  to  "  one  of  his  obscene  come- 
dies "  (whereas  he  is  not  known  to  have 
written  more  than  one),  do  not  suggest 
any  very  intimate  acquaintance  with  his 
works.  But  Mr.  Crawford  deals  far  too 
lightly  with  the  treachery  of  Mocenigo, 
which  delivered  the  unlucky  philosopher 
into  the  hands  of  his  enemies. 

Mr.  Joseph  Pennell's  illustrations  are 
unequal.  The  photogravures  are  pretty, 
with  an  occasional  reminiscence  of  Turner. 
The  blocks  in  the  page,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  for  the  most  part  either  scratchy  or 
smudgy,  and,  as  the  modern  fashion  is, 
illustrate  as  a  rule  nothing  in  particular 
in  the  text. 


The  Thread  of  Gold.     By  the  Author  of 
'  The  House  of  Quiet.'     (John  Murray.) 

This  is  a  book  of  vagrant  essays,  which 
have  nevertheless,  as  the  name  implies,  a 


certain  inner  connexion.  tOOUgh  not  icla 
tion.      It    is    a    meditative    hook,     busied 

indeed)  with  outward  things,  hut  anzioui 
chiefly  to  catch   in   them   the  reflex 
a    spiritual    light.      It    represent      those 
moments,  Ear  apart  in  a  life,  when  some 

passing     matter    tOUOheS     the     inner    inn- 

Boiousness,  troubling  it  to  a  sudden  gleam 

of  spiritual  perception,  come  and  gone 
like  the  dip  of  a  bird's  wing  on  water. 
The  external  cause  varies  endlessly,  often 
most  trivial,  and  never  twice  alike:  the 
inner  consequences  are  recognized  at 
once  by  a  common  affinity.  The  themes 
of  these  essays  are  therefore  diverse  and 
heterogeneous  enough  :  it  is  in  their 
effect  on  the  mind  of  the  writer  that  they 
claim  our  interest,  and  in  that  exi-t- 
their  secret  link.  Their  measure  of  interest 
must  depend  on  the  character  of  the  writer, 
mainly  or  exclusively.  It  is  a  somewhat 
perilous  test  ;  for  the  greatest  sincerity 
will  not,  alone,  give  attraction  to  the 
processes  of  an  individual  mind  or  soul. 

But  the  author  of  these  essays  has  a 
character  which  will  stand  the  test.  And 
he  has  style.  One  gathers  that  he 
resolved  to  avoid  being  "  fine  "  (that  is. 
showy  :  for  to  be  truly  fine  is  to  rise  with 
one's  subject,  elevated  thought  and  emo- 
tion bringing  inevitably  elevation  of 
style,  richness  of  thought  and  emo- 
tion producing  richness  of  style)  ;  that 
he  resolved  to  avoid  conscious,  deliberate 
research  of  language.  But  his  style, 
though  clear,  direct,  and  unelaborate, 
has  an  unsought  refinement  :  partly  the 
reflection  of  character,  partly  the  trained 
practice  of  writing,  wrhich  has  given  him  a 
technique  yielding  with  facile  immediate- 
ness  to  the  plastic  stress  of  mind  and  feel- 
ing. The  character  of  which  it  subserves 
the  expression  is  attractive  and  sym- 
pathetic :  not  a  man  of  genius,  but  a  man 
of  delicate  talent,  a  man  of  individuality, 
cultivated  and  with  no  small  measure  of 
the  fastidiousness  which  comes  from 
culture,  but  marked  off  from  the  medio- 
crity that  often  enough  accompanies 
fastidious  culture  by  that  indefinable  and 
incommunicable  quality  we  name  dis- 
tinction ;  yet  (a  trait  not  common  in 
such  a  character)  having  sympathies  with 
broad,  elemental,  and  simple  things  ;  and 
saved  from  a  dilettante  ineffectuality  not 
only  by  these,  but  still  more  by  a  moral 
gravity  and  sincerity  which  endeavour 
after  high  living,  high  thinking,  and  the 
seeing  of  truth.  He  tells  us  that  he  has 
set  down  in  this  book  only  the  things  that 
made  for  beauty  or  for  joy  in  his  experi- 
ence. But  what  distinguishes  it  from 
that  research  of  mere  aesthetic  beauty 
and  delight,  mere  epicurism  of  the  nerves, 
which  in  numerous  modern  books  is  so 
stale,  flat,  and  unprofitable  to  the  reader, 
so  burdened  (by  inevitable  retribution) 
with  an  undertone  of  sad  satiety — what 
separates  it  from  this  is  the  fact  that,  in 
his  nature,  beauty  and  delight  always 
leave  a  luminous  trail  of  spiritual  sugges- 
tion. This  it  is  that  gives  to  the  record 
of  these  things  elevation  and  sanity,  an 
ozone  (so  to  speak)  which  makes  them 
tonic  to  the  reader  as  they  were  to  the 
writer. 


Hence,    in    what    superficially   apjiears 

a    volume   of   fugitive   QSSSyi   on   the   i 

desultory  and  often  trifling  themes,  we 
have  really  the  revelation,  by  significant 

flash-lights,  of  a  high-minded  nature 
solitarily  and  often  doubtfully  Eeefing 
it-   way  towards  truth  and  right  :    alwavs 

i    rympathetk  le,  and  doubly  so 

when  the  nature  is  thoughtful  and  tenderly 

reverent  towards  it-  fellow-men,  at  it  is 

here. 

But  though  this  be  the  underlying  cha- 
racter of  all  the  essays,  their  external 
mood  and  character  vary  indefinitely. 
Some,  like  the  exceedingly  pleasant  paper 
on  the  '  Farmyard,1  have  a  quiet  and 
observantly  amused  humour,  which,  like 
the  best  humour  has  a  sublatent  tender- 
ness never  very  far  from  the  surface,  and 
needing  but  a  touch  to  ooze  through. 
Others  are  glimpses  of  natural  beauty, 
with  touches,  at  times,  of  a  poet's 
feeling  and  fancy  ;  for,  like  most  lovers 
of  the  reflective  life,  he  reaps  his  "  harvest 
of  a  quiet  eye  "  mainly  in  the  country. 
Other  essays  have  their  origin  in  art  and 
literature,  more  from  something  seen  or 
heard  in  human  intercourse.  But  all  are 
suggestive  to  him,  and  through  him  to  the 
reader.  If  a  beetle  flies  in  his  eye,  it 
begets  a  speculation  on  one  of  the  mys- 
terious problems  of  life. 

Some  of  the  closing  papers  are  direct 
speculations  concerning  the  religious  as- 
pects and  secrets  of  existence  ;  and  these 
will  be  regarded  by  readers  with  diverse 
and  divergent  attitudes.  For  ourselves, 
we  find  in  them  much  matter  both  for 
assent  and  dissent.  But  there  can  be 
only  one  attitude  towards  the  sincere 
and  reverent  spirit  in  which  they  are 
written.  The  general  tone  of  the  book 
might  almost  be  defined  (if  such  a  con- 
tradiction in  terms  may  be  permitted) 
as  a  believing  and  hopeful  agnosticism  : 
a  belief  that  all  things  are  for  good,  we 
know  not  how  ;  and  will  be  made  clear, 
we  know  not  when  or  where.  The  chief 
fault,  indeed,  one  has  to  find  with  the 
volume  is  that  the  habitual  iteration  of 
this  belief,  as  the  outcome  of  every  chain 
of  meditation  or  discussion,  gradually 
assumes  a  cumulative  effect  of  vague  and 
lame  conclusion,  and,  together  with  the 
very  gentleness  and  resolved,  continual 
charity  of  the  writer,  produces  an  im- 
pression of  weakness  and  want  of  fibre. 
The  injustice  of  such  an  impression  there 
is  plenty  to  demonstrate,  but  it  happens 
so  ;  to  such  a  degree  that  we  feel  actually 
refreshed  by  a  vigorous,  hard-hitting, 
wrathful  assault  on  '  Paradise  Lost  '  and 
the  later  Milton.  Here  at  least  the  critic 
is  by  "  no  weak  pity  moved,"  we  say  with 
unregenerate  satisfaction  ;  and  the  lan- 
guor goes  out  of  our  emotional  muscles. 
It  is  doubtless  part  of  that  unholy  element 
in  man  which  found  Paradise  slow  with- 
out the  snake. 

These,  however,  are  the  chief,  if  not 
the  only  limitations  in  a  good  book 
— the  exposition  of  a  fine  and  sensitive 
character,  with  that  touch  of  the  dreamer 
which  makes  for  distinction,  though  other- 
worldliness  has  not  loosened  his  sym- 
pathetic hold  on  this  world. 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


225 


The  Bodleian  Manuscript  of  Jerome's 
Version  of  the  Chronicle  of  Eusebius. 
Reproduced  in  Collotype.  With  an 
Introduction  by  J.  K.  Fotheringham. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

The    Delegates    of    the    Clarendon    Press 
deserve  to  be  congratulated  on  publishing 
this    photographic    reproduction    of    the 
MS.  of  Jerome's  version  of  the  '  Chronicle  ' 
of   Eusebius    belonging   to    the   Bodleian 
Library.     It  has  been  a  source  of  surprise 
to  many  that   a  Dutch   publisher,   Herr 
A.  W.  Sijthoff,  should  be  so  enterprising 
as  to  issue  a  series  of  photographic  repro- 
ductions of  the  most  important  classical 
MSS.  in  existence,  including  the  famous 
Codex  Clarkianus  of  Oxford,  while  Oxford 
itself  took  no  part  in  such  contributions 
to  scholarship.     It  has  at  last  bestirred 
itself.     The   work   before   us   is   executed 
with  much  care  and  skill,  and  is  of  great 
value  to  all  who  devote  themselves  to  the 
study  of  antiquity  and   of    ecclesiastical 
history.     Even  in  this  subject,  however, 
the  Dutch  publisher  has  been  before  the 
Oxford  press,  for  as  a  supplement  to  his 
series  he  has  reproduced  photographically 
the  fragments  of  one  of  the  earliest  MSS. 
of  the  '  Chronicon,'  edited  by  Traube. 

The    history    of    the    Bodleian    MS.    is 
singular.     It  was  bought  by  Gaisford  in 
1824,    and    deposited    in    the    Bodleian 
Library.     It  lay  there  unnoticed  with  the 
inscription  on  it  "  Auct.  T.  II.  6."     More 
than  seventy  years  after  its  purchase  it 
was    accidentally    handed    to    a    German 
scholar,    instead    of    another    MS.    which 
he   had   asked   the   library   attendant   to 
bring  him.     He  saw  at  once  that  it  was  a 
manuscript  of  great  value,  and  drew  the 
attention    of    the    chief    librarian    to    it. 
After  the  lapse  of  about  a  year  he  sent 
photographs  of  several  pages  to  Mr.  (now 
Sir  E.)  Maunde  Thompson,  of  the  British 
Museum,  who  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  belonged  to  the  early  part  of  the  sixth 
century.     Shortly    after    this    Mommsen 
visited  Oxford,  and  the  Bodleian  Librarian 
showed  him  the  MS.     Mommsen  examined 
it,  and  wrote  an  article  on  it  in  Hermes 
with  the  heading  '  Die  alteste  Handschrift 
der  Chronik  des  Hieronymus.'     The  atten- 
tion of  scholars  was  thus  attracted  to  it, 
and  Schone,  who  had  produced  the  best 
edition    of    the    '  Chronicon,'    wrote    and 
obtained  a  collation  of  it.     He  thought 
•first    of    again    editing    the    '  Chronicon,' 
but    gave    up    the    idea.     He    prepared, 
however,    a    book    entitled    '  Die    Welt- 
chronik  des  Eusebius  in  ihrer  Bearbeitung 
durch  Hieronymus,'  in  which  he  discussed 
all  the  important  questions  that  emerge 
in   connexion    with    the    oldest   MSS.    of 
Jerome's     version     of    the     '  Chronicon.' 
These  are  numerous,  and  are  of  this  nature. 
How  far  do  the  MSS.  represent  the  form 
in  which  Eusebius  left  his  '  Chronicle  '  ? 
What    do    we    know    of    the    '  Chronici 
Libri '     of    Eusebius  ?     What    was     the 
exact    arrangement    of   Jerome's    '  Chro- 
nicle '  as  to  exhibiting  the  dates  and  the 
events    assigned    to    them  ?     What    was 
meant  by  the  colours,  such  as  black  and 
red,  which  are  employed  in  some  of  the 
MSS.  ?     Did  Jerome  dictate  his  transla- 


tion ?  Did  he  issue  two  editions  of  it  ? 
Are  there  interpolations  even  in  the 
earliest  MSS.  ?  What  is  the  relation  of 
the  Armenian  version  to  the  original 
work  of  Eusebius  ?  Schone  has  gone 
very  thoroughly  into  these  questions. 
Mr.  Fotheringham  acknowledges  that  to 
his  work  he  is  indebted  for  the  sugges- 
tion of  most  of  the  problems  discussed  by 
him.  Schone's  discussion  is  more  com- 
plete than  that  of  the  English  writer, 
and  no  textual  critic  of  Eusebius  or 
Jerome  can  do  without  his  book.  But 
Mr.  Fotheringham  has  some  decided 
advantages  on  his  side.  He  has  examined 
the  oldest  MSS.  with  his  own  eyes,  and 
has  consulted  others  to  which  Schone  had 
not  access.  He  has  gone  over  the  ground 
with  the  greatest  care  and  a  resolution 
to  be  accurate.  And  he  has  offered 
solutions  of  some  of  the  questions  men- 
tioned above  which  seem  nearer  the 
truth  than  those  of  Schone. 

Mr.  Fotheringham  has  added  value  to 
the  edition  by  appendixes  contributed  by 
himself  or  others.  In  one  of  these  he 
exhibits  all  the  passages  which  are  not 
clearly  legible  in  manuscript  or  collotype, 
and  in  another  a  list  of  passages  in  red 
ink.  In  the  MS.  there  are  marginalia, 
besides  notes  in  a  late  handwriting.  The 
latter  are  difficult  to  read,  and  a  large 
selection  of  them  is  edited  in  an  appendix 
by  Mr.  R.  L.  Poole.  There  is  also  an 
interesting  paper  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Turner 
on  Jean  du  Tillet,  but  it  has  no  bearing 
on  the  text  of  the  MS.,  the  only  connexion 
being  that  Du  Tillet  was  for  some  time 
proprietor  of  the  MS. 

Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson,  as  we  have 
seen,  assigned  the  MS.  to  the  early  part 
of  the  sixth  century.  Traube  argues  that 
the  part  of  the  MS.  written  in  uncials, 
constituting  the  body  of  the  work,  must 
be  placed  between  400  and  450  a.d. 
Mr.  Fotheringham  agrees  with  him,  and 
says  that  "  this  opinion  is  confirmed  by 
the  opinions  of  other  scholars  which  have 
been  communicated  to  me."  He  thus 
sums  up  his  conclusions  in  regard  to  the 
'  Chronicon  '  : — 

"  The  further  my  researches  have  gone, 
the  more  I  have  been  convinced  that  all 
forms  of  the  '  Chronica '  are  ultimately 
descended  from  one  closely  resembling  that 
of  the  Fleury  fragments  recently  edited  by 
Dr.  Traube,  that  the  differences  of  text 
between  the  best  MSS.  are  far  from  serious, 
and  that  there  should  be  no  formidable 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  an  editor  armed 
with  photographs  of  all  the  earlier  MSS." 


Versailles  and  the  Court  under  Louis  XIV. 
By  James  Eugene  Farmer.  (Eveleigh 
Nash.) 

The  subject  of  Mr.  Farmer's  book  is  one 
of  wide  interest  :  it  is,  in  fact,  a  chapter 
in  the  history  of  the  civilized  world.  As 
he  most  truly  writes  :  "  Versailles  was 
a  policy  and  a  system  of  government. 
Versailles  was  more  than  a  palace  :  it 
was  a  world."  On  the  whole,  we  may 
congratulate  him  upon  its  treatment.  He 
writes  carefully  and  without  pretence, 
makes  judicious  use  of  the  best  authorities, 


and  eschews  for  the  most  part  sweeping 
statements,  whilst  occasionally  appending 
to  his  narrative  well-founded  conclusions 
and  pithy  comments.  The  book  is  therefore 
likely  to  be  of  some  value  as  a  work  of 
reference,  whilst  it  should  also  appeal  j  to 
the  general  reader. 

The  first  two  sections,  which  are  largely 
based  upon  Dussieux's  work,  published 
some  twenty-five  years  ago,  are  concerned 
with  the  Palace  and  Park  of  Versailles, 
with  sub-sections  on  Trianon  and  Marly. 
As  was  perhaps  inevitable  from  the 
method  of  arrangement  adopted,  this  part 
of  the  volume  rather  suggests  the  very 
superior  guide-book.  It  is  probably  none 
the  worse  for  that,  especially  as  it  is  free 
from  verbiage,  and  the  present  state  of 
the  grounds  and  buildings  is  treated  of 
in  connexion  with  their  past  history. 
Plans  of  the  first-floor  of  the  chateau  and 
of  the  gardens,  in  addition  to  many  well- 
produced  illustrations,  should  prove  of 
use  to  visitors  to  Versailles  who  wish  for 
something  more  extensive  than  the  ordi- 
nary guide-book,  and  prefer  to  have  their 
information  in  English. 

In  his  account  of  Marly,  Mr.  Farmer 
with  some  justice  characterizes  as  absurd 
Saint-Simon's  statement  that  its  expense 
exceeded   even   that   of   Versailles   itself. 
According    to    M.     Eckard's    researches, 
based  upon  official  documents,   the  cost 
of  Marly,  including  in  the  estimate  that 
of  the  celebrated  machine,  amounted  to 
little  more  than  a  tenth  of  that  of  Ver- 
sailles.    It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that 
Saint-Simon  did  but  represent  the  general 
feeling  which  expressed  itself  very  audibly 
towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV., 
when   the   king   was   still   adding   to   his 
favourite  palace  in  the  midst  of  a  most 
devastating  war  ;    and  that,  so  far  back 
as  1698  (eight  years  after  the  place  was 
supposed    to    have    been   finished),   even 
Madame  de  Maintenon  had  "  ventured  to 
make   some   remarks  "   on  its  increasing 
expense — remarks  which  were  ill  received. 
Louis  XIV.  built  Marly  with  the  view  of 
getting  some  slight  relaxation  from   the 
tyranny   of   Court  life  ;     but   how  slight 
that  relief  was  !     There  were  fewer  nobles 
in  attendance  than  at  Versailles,  and  a 
greater    proportion    of    ladies,    and    the 
former  were  expected  to  wear  their  hats 
when  promenading  with  the  king  ;    whilst 
some  of  them,  when  within  the  chateau, 
had   even   the  privilege   of  a   temporary 
seat  in   the   royal  presence.     Marly   was 
saved  from  destruction  by  Saint-Simon's 
influence  with  the  Regent  Orleans  ;   it  fell 
at  the  Revolution,  "  but  not  in  the  manner 
commonly  supposed,"  says  Mr.   Farmer, 
who  tells  the  true  story.     To-day  it  is  a 
State  farm  ;   nothing  remains  of  its  seven- 
teenth-century splendour  but  the  ruined 
basin  of  the  Abreuvoir. 

The  rest  of  the  work,  though  a  trifle 
repetitive,  is  full  of  interest.  It  consists 
of  a  mosaic  of  descriptive  pieces  illustrative 
of  the  character  and  daily  life  of  the  king 
and  the  chief  personages  of  his  family  and 
Court  from  1682,  when  Versailles  became 
the  headquarters  of  the  monarchy,  until 
the  end  of  the  reign  thirty-throe  years 
later.     Saint-Simon,    Dangeau,    and    the 


226 


1 1:    a 'i' 1 1 i:\  .i:r.M 


N    1087,  Feb.  34,  1906 


memoirs  of  the  I  hich<  ol  Oi  leans  | "  I  be 
Palat iin-  "  i  are  lavishly  drawn  upon,  but 
used  with  judgment.  The  authority  <>f 
the  '  fit  at  »!<•  la  France, '  for  instanoe,  is 
very  properly  preferred  to  that  of  the  first 
1 1 .- 1 1 1 1 1  - « 1  upon  the  weighty  question  whether 
the  Qrand  Monarque  wore  his  short  wig 
in  bed  <>i  first  put  it  on  for  the  lever  ;  and 
on  some  other  points  the  keen  powers  of 
observation  and  attractive  style  of  one  of 
the  best  of  modern  memoir-writers  have 
not  blinded  the  author  to  the  fact  that 

his  pen  was  that  of  a  writer  by  DO  means 
destitute     of     prejudices.      Mr.     Farmer's 

portrait  of  Louis  XIV.  possibly  does  him 
a  little  more  than  justice  ;  whilst  he  seems 
to  take  an  unduly  harsh  view  of  Madame 
de  Maintenon.  Louis's  pride  would  appear 
to  he  considered  by  him  his  only  serious 
fault ;  his  second  wife's  beauty,  he  writes 
in  one  place,  was  the  one  genuine  thing 
about  her.  The  author  allows  us  to  see 
that  the  grave  defects  of  the  Regent 
Orleans  were  due  much  less  to  his  own 
character  than  to  the  enforced  idleness 
for  which  his  uncle  was  entirely  responsible. 
An  instance  of  the  terrors  of  Court 
etiquette  (and  that  at  Marly)  is  cited  in 
Saint-Simon's  account  of  the  dire  ofTence 
of  Madame  de  Torcy.  She,  an  untitled  lady, 
was  frowned  upon  throughout  dinner  by  the 
king  merely  because  the  Duchesse  de  Duras 
had  allowed  her  to  keep  the  place  at  table 
above  herself  which  she  had  unwittingly 
taken,  Louis  informing  Madame  de  Main- 
tenon  that  he  had  just  been  witness  of  an 
act  of  "  incredible  insolence,  which  had 
thrown  him  into  such  a  rage  that  he  had 
been  unable  to  eat !  "  Her  husband,  who 
was  Foreign  Secretary,  had  to  write  a 
letter  of  abject  apology  before  the  king 
was  appeased. 

At  Versailles  even  Monsieur,  the  king's 
brother,  could  not  sit  down  until  he  had 
been  twice  asked  to  do  so ;  and  the 
illness  of  a  near  relation  was  not  accepted 
as  an  adequate  excuse  for  the  non-attend- 
ance of  ladies  at  Court.  Even  in  the 
ballroom  each  person  had  a  fixed  position  : 
the  whole  thing  was  reduced  to  absolute 
clockwork.  So  unvarying  were  not  only 
the  king's  hours  of  work  and  pleasure,  but 
also  everything  else  about  him,  that  it 
was  noticed  as  remarkable  that  upon  one 
occasion  he  actually  turned  round  to  speak 
to  some  one  ! 

Yet  the  Roi  Soleil  was  human  after  all. 
He  had  a  gigantic  appetite ;  he  was 
accustomed  to  kiss  his  old  nurse  ;  he 
could  even,  at  times,  appreciate  a  joke. 
He  was  genuinely  and  spontaneously 
kind  at  moments,  and  at  rare  intervals 
he  as  genuinely  and  spontaneously  lost 
his  temper.  But  his  "  poise,"  as  Mr. 
Farmer  calls  it,  was  usually  almost  in- 
humanly perfect.  One  night  during  supper 
"  a  large  black  form,"  flung  by  an  unseen 
hand,  was  impudently  thrown  down  upon 
the  kind's  table,  with  such  force  as  to 
make  the  plates  jump.  Every  one  was 
astounded  at  the  impertinence  ;  but  the 
king  only  turned  his  head  half  round  and 
said,  "  I  think  that  is  my  fringe  !  "  It 
was,  indeed,  a  bundle  of  some  crimson- 
velvet  hangings  which  had  been  myste- 
riously cut  away  from  the  grand  apart- 


ment   i.\    i ime  pei  ■  n  nnknon  a     b  pet  ion 
l>\  the  tray,  who  wat  nevei  discovered 
Probably    feu    people    realise    what    a 

hard    life    these    splendid    satellite-,    the 

courtiers    of    the    Sun    King,    had    to    led 
The     valet     of    the     .Marerhal    de     Xoaille- 
*ras  instructed  to  call  linn  at  eight  o'clock, 
"if  no  one  dies  during  the   night."      The 

significance  of  the  qualification  is  made 

dear   by  the  story  of  how   La  Vrilliere 

secured     the    succession     to     his  father's 
secretaryship  of  state  : — 

'The  news  of  ('liutemmcuf's  death  Wi 
brought  to  La  Vrilliere  by  a  courier  at  five 
o'clock  in  the  morning.  He  did  not  Lost 
his  wits  at  the  news,  hut  at  once  sent  and 
woke  up  the  Princesse  d'Harcourt,  and 
heg^ed  her  to  come  and  see  him  instantly. 
Opening  his  purse,  he  prayed  her  to  go  to 
see  Madame  de  Maintenon  as  soon  as  she 
got  up,  and  propose  his  marriage  with  Mile. 
de  Mailly,  whom  lie  would  take  without 
dowry  if  the  king  gave  him  his  father's 
appointments.  The  Princesse  d'Harcourt, 
whose  habit  it  was  to  accept  any  sum,  from 
a  crown  upward,  willingly  undertook  this 
business.  She  went  to  Madame  de  Mainte- 
non immediately,  and  then  repaired  to 
Madame  de  Mailly,  who,  without  property, 
and  burdened  with  sons  and  daughters, 
was  in  no  way  adverse  to  the  marriage. 
The  king,  upon  getting  up,  was  duly  made 
acquainted  with  La  Vrilliere's  proposal,  and 
at  once  agreed  to  it." 

The  king,  it  was  known,  would  wake  at 
eight  o'clock  and  hear  the  news  :  the 
whole  thing  had  to  be  done  within  three 
hours.  As  a  rule,  an  alert  courtier  at 
Versailles  was  up  and  dressed  by  seven 
o'clock. 

As  we  have  intimated,  Mr.  Farmer  is 
usually  content  either  to  let  his  autho- 
rities speak  for  themselves  (sometimes  at 
great  length),  or  to  tell  a  plain  unvarnished 
tale  without  aiming  at  style.  He  has, 
however,  rare  bursts  like  the  following  : — 

"  The  Court  promenades  of  Versailles 
were  splendid  spectacles,  made  expressly  to 
be  painted.  To  gain  some  notion  of  them, 
one  should  stand  in  the  parterre  of  Latona, 
and  look  toward  the  palace.  If  the  sun  is 
sinking,  and  the  fountains  play,  the  leaping 
waters  flash  as  they  fall  aloft  on  Latona 
and  her  children,  and  afar,  beyond  the  green 
yews,  in  the  long  yellow  facade  of  the 
chateau,  the  lofty  windows  of  the  gallery 
become  refulgent.  Then,  as  in  the  flesh, 
one  may  see  again  the  Court  of  France,  in  a 
blaze  of  pomp  and  color,  descending  that 
huge  marble  staircase  at  the  heels  of  the 
Grand  Monarch." 

Despite  a  few  Americanisms,  sucli  as 
"  to  loan,"  Mr.  Farmer's  diction  is  usually 
pure  enough  and  his  translations  are  faith- 
ful. But  he  is  rather  prone  to  use  "grand" 
when  he  means  great ;  and  "  a  salle  of 
verdure,"  and  "  the  nation  entire  "  are 
scarcely  pleasing  phrases.  He  writes,  more- 
over, of  Madame  de  Maintenon  getting  an 
armchair  so  fitted  up  as  "  to  shield  her 
from  drafts,"  and  twice  uses  '"  the  latter  " 
to  express  one  of  four.  The  illustrations 
are  mostly  appropriate  and  well  pro- 
duced ;  but  the  portrait  of  Turenne 
seems  somewhat  out  of  place,  since  even 
his  name  does  not  appear  in  the  text  : 
he  belongs,  in  fact,  to  the  pre- Versailles 
period  of  the  reign.  The  index  is  unfor- 
tunately far  from  adequate  ;   but  we  have 


seldom  read  a  book  containing  so  nraofa 

matter    which    |  free    from    print. 

erron      The    blue  -  and  -  girt    binding  in 
handsome. 


NEW  NOVELS. 
.1    Suprnm     Monunt.      By   Mrs.    Hamilton 

S\  age.     (Fisher  l  fawin.) 

Ik     all     the     oharacten     in        A     Supreme 

Moment  '  had  been  drawn  with  something 

of  the  can-  and  insight  that  have  ..'"tie  to 
the  creation  of  one  of  them,  we  could  b 

called  this  a  vi-i  v  interesting  hook.  Agatha, 
living  a  quiet,  conventional  life  with  her 
brother  in  an  English  village,  devotee  her 
days  conscientiously  to  the  trivial  duties 
of  her  small  household  and  to  little  a 
of  parochial  kindness.  Into  their  midst 
comes  an  orphaned  girl  from  Italy, 
vivacious  as  she  is  beautiful,  and  uncon- 
ventional as  she  is  accomplished.  How 
gradually  this  new  element  in  the  house- 
hold affects  Agatha's  character,  how  even- 
tually it  lifts  her  out  of  her  narrow  groove 
and  broadens  and  softens  her  outlook  on 
life,  is  shown  with  marked  skill.  Unfor- 
tunately, all  the  other  characters  are 
wholly  wanting  in  vitality.  The  narrative, 
too,  lacks  force  and  lucidity.  There  are 
suggestions  of  mystery,  but  nothing  comes 
of  them,  and  the  story  has,  so  far  as  we 
can  see,  no  supreme  moment. 


Mrs.  Erricker^s  Reputation.     By  Thomas 
Cobb.     (Alston  Rivers.) 

Mr.  Cobb  has  not  written  a  brighter  or 
cleverer  novel  than  '  Mrs.  Erricker's 
Reputation.'  The  plot,  it  is  true,  is  on 
familiar  lines.  Mrs.  Erricker  is  a  young 
widow  who  allows  her  irresponsibility  to 
carry  her  to  the  point  of  indiscretion.  To 
save  the  reputation  of  her  sister-in-law, 
who  meets  with  an  accident  on  an  electric 
launch,  she  tells  the  jealous  husband  that 
it  was  she  who  was  the  owner's  '_ruest, 
whereupon  her  mother-in-law,  from  whom 
she  receives  a  handsome  allowance,  re- 
quires her  to  give  up  the  custody  of  her 
little  son.  Mr.  Cobb's  powers  of  narrative 
and  dialogue  have  never  been  displayed 
to  better  advantage.  But  his  characters 
do  not  live  ;  they  merely  talk.  Even 
when  Mrs.  Erricker  faces  poverty,  the 
deeper  emotions  of  life  are  untouched. 


No.  101.  By  Wymond  Carey.  (Black- 
wood &  Sons.) 
To  some  the  fascination  of  the  circle  de- 
scribed elsewhere  on  this  page  is  irre- 
sistible. To  such  this  romance  will 
appeal,  and  not  merely  on  account  of  its 
environment  :  it  is  crowded  with  the 
intrigue,  plot,  and  counter-plot  of  the 
fair  women  and  gallants  of  Versailles  at 
a  time  when  the  Pompadour  was  in  the 
ascendant,  and  is  said  to  be  based  on  facts 
unearthed  from  eighteenth-century  MS. 
dispatches  in  the  British  Museum  and  the 
Record  Office.  Few  of  the  figures  have 
the  indefinable  quality  of  vitality,  but 
perusal  brings  the  not  altogether  unsatis- 
factory sensation  of  having  assisted  at  a 
well-staged    historical    drama   while   still 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


227 


enjoying    the   comforts    of   the   domestic 
hearth . 

A  Son  of  the  People.     By  Baroness  Orczy. 
(Greening  &  Co.) 

Kemeny  Andras  is  the  hero  of  the 
Baroness  Orczy's  latest  romance,  which 
is  a  tale  of  the  Hungarian  plains.  Hungary 
remains  apparently  in  the  condition  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  when  peasants  were 
parted  from  their  feudal  lords  by  gulfs. 
Bideskuty  Gyuri,  however,  is  not  quite  a 
feudal  lord  ;  he  is  a  big  landowner,  who 
designs  to  revolutionize  agriculture  in  his 
district  by  the  erection  of  a  mill.  To  do 
this  he  borrows  from  the  Jews  in  the  most 
reckless  manner,  and  signs  documents 
without  reading  them.  One  hopes  that 
this  is  not  the  habit  of  the  Hungarian 
gentleman.  The  mill  also  incurs  the 
hostility  of  the  peasants,  who  look 
upon  it  as  an  emanation  of  the  devil. 
On  these  simple  and  primitive  materials 
the  author  builds  her  story.  It  is  senti- 
mental and  of  a  conventional  type,  but 
the  setting  is  new,  and  so  it  takes  on  a 
novel  air.  The  aspiration  of  a  wealthy 
and  virtuous  peasant  to  the  hand  of  the 
fairy  princess  is  not  an  original  theme  ; 
nor  is  it  unusual  in  such  cases  that  the 
lady,  married  against  her  inclination, 
should  scorn  her  low-born  husband,  but 
finally  recognize  his  merits.  The  peasant 
behaves  with  wonderful  magnanimity,  and 
all  is  well  in  the  end.  The  novel  is  most 
interesting  for  its  pictures  of  Hungarian 
life.  

The  Beauty  Shop.     By  Daniel  Woodroffe. 
(Werner  Laurie.) 

Compactness   of  design,   capable  execu- 
tion, and  a  light  yet  remorseless  touch  on 
some  of  the  actual  crazes  and  phases  of 
fashionable   life   characterize    this    novel. 
The  action  centres  round  a  Bond  Street 
"  beauty  "   shop,   except  when  it  passes 
to  a  rural  parish  in  Kent.     Everywhere  a 
sense  of  rather  charmless  reality  strikes 
one.     The  different  places  and  people  are 
kept  admirably  in  hand  by  a  writer  who 
knows  how  to  knit  up  her  fabric  and  keep 
in    touch    scenes    and    persons,    however 
varied.     Bond    Street    has    its    code,    its 
language  ;    and  the  villagers  have  theirs. 
The  latter  serve  as  chorus  (homely  and 
at  times  a  trifle  ribald)  to  the  doings  of 
the  leisured  folk  whose  lines  are  cast  both 
in  town  and  country.     With  little  detail 
or   description,    many    types    of   manner 
and  character  are  evolved.     The  leading 
motive  is  the  present  eager  quest  after 
physical  beauty  when  time  or  nature  has 
proved  unkind.     In  the  treatment  of  this 
unpleasing  and  depressing  theme  touches 
of  humour  are  not  entirely  lacking.     A 
soul  of  pity  may  be  found  lurking  in  the 
wreckage  of  even  trivial  hopes,  and  the 
insatiable  lust  of  luxury  and  pleasure  may 
sadden  as  well  as  disgust.     There  are  no 
plain  and  overt  tragedies,  but  their  pres- 
ence below  the   surface  is    suggested  by 
absolutely  undramatic  means.  The  author 
appears  to  have  few  antipathies  or  prefer- 
ences,  to  hold   no   brief  for  any  one  in 
particular.     Presentment,  not  persuasion, 


is  her  business.  It  takes  her  to  a  corner 
of  life  not  likely  to  be  viewed  from  the 
sentimental  side.  The  resultant  picture 
is  clever  enough.  The  reader  is  all  along 
pursued  by  evil  and  disquieting  influences. 
They  permeate  the  salons  where  mani- 
curists, masseuses,  and  "  transformation  " 
makers  ply  their  trade  ;  and  where  ladies 
of  doubtful  or  known  reputation  meet 
their  "  friends  "  and  repair  their  faces. 
Another  form,  menacing,  sinister,  repul- 
sive, is  encountered  in  the  hop  gardens 
also.  Things  known  by  experience  or 
divined  by  instinct  are  vividly  pictured. 
That  these  undercurrents  cannot  be 
ignored  or  at  once  forgotten  shows  the 
author's  ability  to  make  one  perceive 
some  of  the  less  palpable  yet  haunting 
conditions  of  existence. 


POLITICS    AND    POLITICIANS. 

Mr.  S.  H.  Jeyes  has,  on  the  whole, 
executed  with  success  a  most  difficult  task 
in  his  book  on  The  Earl  of  Rosebery,  in  the 
series  "  The  Prime  Ministers  of  England  " 
(Dent  &  Co.).  There  is,  however,  in  addi- 
tion to  a  few  of  the  usual  errors,  one  remark- 
able divergence  from  the  now  accepted  view, 
which  is  so  startling  that  we  hesitate  to  call 
it  a  mistake.  It  is  possible  that  the  infor- 
mation of  Mr.  Jeyes  upon  this  point  is  new 
and  more  or  less  accurate  ;  but  if  so,  atten- 
tion should  have  been  diiected  to  its  source, 
for  otherwise  it  stands  in  contradiction  to 
recent  statements  made  witli  authority. 
Mr.  Jeyes  says  in  three  passages  that 
Gladstone  had  decided,  some  time  before 
his  retirement  from  the  House  of  Commons, 
to  propose  Lord  Rosebery  as  his  successor, 
and  that  the  choice  was  "  made  by  the 
Queen  on  the  advice  of  Mr.  Gladstone." 
On  the  publication  of  Mr.  Morley's  '  Life  of 
Gladstone  '  the  announcement  to  the  oppo- 
site effect,  showing  that  Gladstone  had  pro- 
posed Lord  Spencer,  was  a  surprise.  But 
the  assertion  was  made  too  widely  and  with 
too  much  basis  for  it  to  be  possible  for  a 
contradiction  to  be  so  much  as  considered 
without  explanation  of  the  sources  of  the 
denial. 

With  regard  to  smaller  matters,  the  points 
in  which  Mr.  Jeyes,  in  his  otherwise  remark- 
ably   well-informed    narrative,    follows    the 
ordinary  opinion  rather  than  historical  fact 
may  be  mentioned.    He  states  that  Gladstone 
"  had  cheerfully  concurred  in.  .  .  .a  reversal 
of  his  own   foreign  policy  by  the  colleague 
whom    lie   had    appointed."      "  Cheerfully  " 
is  hardly  in  accordance  with  the  fact.     It 
is   certain    that    at   least   on    the    Egyptian 
question    Gladstone    did    all    he    could    to 
struggle  against  a  decision  which  was  hateful 
to  him  ;    and  this  was  the  most  momentous 
matter    of    the    foreign    affairs    of    1893-4. 
Biographers  of  living  statesmen   are,   as   a 
rule,  but  most  naturally,  too  friendly  to  the 
men  whose  career  they  have  been  drawn  by 
some  sympathy  to  describe.     In  the  case  of 
Mr.  Jeyes  this  cannot  always  be  said  ;   and 
in  the  matter  of  the  conflict  between  Great 
Britain  and  France  over  Siam,  at  the  time 
of  the  French  blockade  of  the  capital,  the 
attitude   of   this   country   is   represented   as 
less  firm  than  it  was.      How  great  was  the 
risk  of  war  was  not  known  to  the  public  at 
the  time.     The  answer  given  in  the  House  of 
Commons  by  Sir  Edward  Grey  was  altered 
by    the    French    subsidized        telegraphic  " 
agency  in  such  a  way  as  to  avoid  the  shock 
to  French  public  opinion  which  it  would 
otherwise   have   given.     Many   years   after- 


wards Lord  Rosebery  himself  explained,  in 
a   speech,    that   on   the   day   to   which   the 
answer  in  the  House  of  Commons  referred, 
the  two  countries  had  been  within  an  ace 
of  war.     In  the  matter  of  the  other  famous 
answer   by    Sir    Edward    Grey,    relating    to 
what    afterwards    came    to    be    known    as 
Fashoda,  Mr.  Jeyes  is  wrong  in  suggesting 
that  at  the   time   France   had  already   dis- 
patched   an   expedition    under   Major   Mar- 
chand.     He  is  right,  however,  substantially, 
because    the    five    French    expeditions,    of 
which    the    "  Liotard    Mission "    was    one, 
had     been     decided,     and     the     one    which 
afterwards    grew  into   the   Marchand   expe- 
dition had  started.     The  mistake  is  caused 
by   the   introduction   of   Major   Marchand's 
name.     In  the  account  of  the  arrangement 
between     Lord     Salisbury     and     Germany 
which  affected  the  scheme  of  a  Cape  to  Cairo 
railway    Mr.    Jeyes    alludes    to    its    having 
broken  the  line,  "  except  as  regards  a  stipu- 
lated   right    of    way    over    the    non-British 
portion."     It  was  the  failure  of  Lord  Salis- 
bury to  secure  any  such  binding  or  effective 
stipulation  which  was  the  cause  of  the  sub- 
sequent trouble.     Neither  is  it  the  case,  as 
is  thought  by  Mr.  Jeyes,  that  Walfisch  Bay 
"  might  have  been  made  a  formidable  rival 
to  Cape  Town."     The  opponents  in  South 
Africa  of  the  transfer  of  Walfisch  Bay  to 
Germany  never  suggested  that  it  was  likely 
to   have   this   kind  of   importance.     It   was 
valuable   as   being   the   only   good   landing- 
place  possible  for  a  trade  never  likely  to  be 
large,   and   for   troops.     It   is   not  the   case 
that  France,  in  her  opposition  to  the  Salis- 
bury-Drummond- Wolff   Convention   for   the 
evacuation  of  Egypt,  desired  "  to  get  French 
troops  in."     That  desire  has  never  at  any 
time  been  entertained  in  France,  and  if  it 
had,    could   easily  have   been   accomplished 
without    risk    of    war    by    several    modes 
which  were  thoroughly  understood  by   the 
negotiators   of   the   Convention   and   by   its 
opponents.     The   French  did  not  desire  to 
admit  the  status  quo,  and  could  not  afford 
to  do  so  before  their  electorate  ;    but  quite 
as  little  did  they  desire  to  disturb  it  and  to 
risk   the   blame   which   the   financial   world 
would  have  thrown  on  them  for  the  loss  of 
property  which  would  have  occurred.     Mr. 
Jeyes  goes  out  of  his  way  to  declare  on  his 
own  part  that  the  undertaking  to  leave  Egypt 
"  ought  never  to  have  been  entered  into." 
We  will  not  discuss  the  question  involved, 
but  cannot  resist  the  temptation  of  pointing 
out  the  sharp  conflict  between  the  opinion 
of  our  author  on  this  matter,  which  concerns 
ourselves,  and  that  which  he   expresses  for 
himself  and   Lord   Rosebery  as   to   Russian 
action     at    Batoum.       The    usual     Russian 
reply    to    us    was   virtually    in    the    words 
of  Mr.  Jeyes — about  Egypt. 

The  account  given  by  Mr.  Jeyes  of  the 
negotiation  between  some  of  the  Conservative 
leaders  and  Farnell  in  1885  is  more  accurate 
than  that  which  we  have  criticized  in 
several  recent  volumes,  including  Mr. 
Churchill's  '  Life  '  of  his  father  :  but  the 
events  are  dated  too  late.  The  material  fact 
is,  not  that  a  decision  was  taken,  after  the 
formation  of  the  Government,  to  avoid 
coercion,  and  to  enter  into  negotiation  on 
Home  Rule  while  ordering  inquiry  into 
Lord  Spencer's  acts,  but  that  those  tilings 
had  been  promised  in  advance  in  order  to 
turn  out  the  preceding  Government.  Mr. 
Jeyea  also  puts  the  responsibility  too  ex- 
clusively upon  Lord  Randolph  Churchill, 
Lord  Carnarvon,  "  and  at  least  one  other 
member  of  the  Cabinet,"  and  excludes 
Lord  Salisbury,  except  so  far  as  to  Bay  that 
Lord  Carnarvon  hoped  and  attempted  to 
convert  him  to  a  modified  scheme  of  Homo 
Rule.  Further  on  he  says  that  Lord  Salis- 
bury   "  never     wavered."       It     would     be 


228 


T  II  E     A  Til  EN  .1".  U  M 


N    1087,  Fi  b.  24,  r."><; 


gathered  from  Ins  natron  that  Lord  Salisbury 
\mi -  i n >t  a  ]>nrt\  to  the  offers  of  Lord  Ran- 
dolph ('linn-lull  and  tn  the  interviews 
between  Lord  Carnarvon  and  Paraell;  hut 
n  i-.  of  course,  the  case  that  [<ord  Carnarvon 
stated  in  the  Souse  of  Lords,  in  the  preaenoe 
of  Lord  Salisbury,  thai  the  Prune  Minister 
\\as  acquainted  with  every  step  as  it  m 
taken,  and  it  is  also  the  case,  as  we  know 

from  Mr.  Churchill's  hook,  that  Lord  Salis- 
bury had  assented  in  advance  to  at  hast  a 
portion  of  the  promises  made  by  Lord 
Randolph  Churchill  to   I'arnell. 

On  the  appearance  in  1900  <>f  M.  Victor 

I '>■  rard's  hook  now  translated  hy  Mr.  EL  W. 
Foskett   under  the   title    British    1 mprrialixnt 

and   Commercial   Supremacy   (Longmans   & 

Co.).  we  expressed  much  doubl  us  to  its 
tacts.  M.  Hcrard  is  a  brilliant  writer,  but 
in  those  of  his  articles  in  the  ReVtU  ill  Paris 
which  are  here  in  part  reprinted  and  in  part 
the  subject  of  addition,  he  was  perhaps  less 
excellent  than  in  his  other  books,  though 
more  specially  interesting  to  us  on  this  side 
of  the  Channel.  In  our  notice  (No.  3785) 
we  pointed  out  that  the  doctrines  of  the 
New  Imperialism  attributed  to  Mr.  Cham- 
berlain by  M.  Berard  had  not  "  conquered  " 
the  whole  electorate,  as  M.  Berard  seemed 
to  think,  and  that,  instead  of  there  being  a 
majority  of  100  to  1,  there  had  been  but 
a  change  of  a  mere  percentage,  and  that, 
probably,  more  affected  by  the  education 
controversy  than  by  "  Fair  Trade."  In  the 
interval  Mr.  Chamberlain,  by  his  famous 
speech  of  three  years  ago,  has  raised  that 
'  fiscal  issue  "  which  had  been  anticipated 
by  M.  Berard  ;  and  the  recent  election  has 
shown  that  our  doubts  as  to  M.  Berard's 
figures  were  well  founded.  With  the  main 
doctrine  of  the  French  writer  we  have  much 
sympathy  :  it  will  probably,  as  a  well- 
grounded  foreign  view  should,  antedate  the 
verdict  of  history.  It  is,  that  Mr.  Cham- 
berlain has  become  the  strongest  man  of  the 
Conservative  electorate,  having  repudiated 
neither  his  Radical  "  name  nor  his  theories. 
....  He  only  agreed  to  an  alliance  with  the 
Tories  on  condition  that  they  should  change 
their  name  and  state ....  The  Tories  have, 
had  to  resign  their  obscurantist  traditions." 
When  he  comes  to  detail,  M.  Berard  makes 
statements  far  too  sweeping  ;  as,  for  example, 
in  claiming  as  adherents  of  Mr.  Chamberlain, 
representing  "the  Radical  element,"  the  Mr. 
Goschen  of  a  few  years  ago  and  Lord  Lans- 
downe.  Not  only  are  such  allusions — never 
true — now  rendered  absurd  in  the  case  of 
Lord  Goschen  by  his  violent  opposition  to 
Mr.  Chamberlain's  later  developments  of 
opinion,  but  a  large  portion  of  the  volume 
is  in  a  similar  position.  In  face  of  the 
recent  electoral  and  present  Parliamentary 
figures,  it  seems  impossible  to  declare  that 
the  particular  form  of  Imperialism  described 
"  is  all-triumphant."  It  is  also  impossible 
to  assert  that  opponents  have  become  "  far 
fewer  in  numbers,"  while  "  their  protesta- 
tions are  stifled."  The  book  largely  rests 
on  figures,  and  these  are,  of  course,  hope- 
lessly out  of  date.  It  is  difficult  to  maintain 
that,  as  yet,  even  "  the  Midlands "  are 
"  ruined  by  German  competition."  The 
supposed  loss  of  our  South  American  trade 
ik>  also  not  based  upon  modern  statistics. 
M.  Berard  quotes  the  evidence  in  a  Blue- 
book,  now  many  years  old,  of  consuls  in 
South  America,  who  explain  how  "  in  South 
America"  non-British  "cotton  goods  are 
conquering  the  market."  Another  consul 
is  made  to  declare  that  "  the  Germans  have 
conquered  South  America."  It  is  impossible 
to  justify  these  assertions  in  face  of  the 
statistics  of  our  trade  :  the  export  of  British 
produce  and  manufactures  to  Latin  America, 
and  to  South  America  in  particular,  is  in- 


creasing, and  our  trade  holding  its  own  with 

that  of  rivals  who  are  still  infinitely  behind 
ii        lii  another  portion  of  the  volume  the 

United  States  are  named,  an  though  they, 
rather  than  the  QeimanS,  were  our  lUCOeSSful 

commercial  foes  in  South  America:    "Their 

manufactures  have  already  Conquered  the 
American  shores  of  both  ooeam  :  and  a 
third  British  consul  is  made  to  add  the 
WOrda,  "We  continue  to  lose  (.'round."  It 
is.  on  the  contrary,  an  extraordinary  fact 
that  the  United  States  are  not  gaining 
ground  in  South  America,  and  it  is  impossible 
to  give  scientific  study  to  the  economical 
circumstances  of  the  moment  without  keep- 
ing steadily  in  view  the  maintenance  of 
British  commercial  supremacy  in  the  Latin- 
American  world. 

M.  Berard  is  not  completely  to  be  trusted 
in  his  account  of  the  historical  rise  of  the 
New  Imperialist  doctrine.  He  names  in 
five  or  six  passages  Sir  Charles  Dilke's 
'  Greater  Britain  '  of  1868  as  teaching  the 
union  of  the  British  Empire  against  the 
world  ;  whereas  the  doctrine  of  that  book 
included  under  the  title  '  Greater  Britain  ' 
the  development  of  English  laws  and  insti- 
tutions in  the  United  States  ;  and  its 
author  has  opposed  that  "  Imperial  Federa- 
tion "  "  beneath  the  banner  of "  which 
he  is  made,  by  M.  Berard,  to  march. 
Mr.  John  Morley,  too,  would  repudiate  a 
suggestion  with  regard  to  himself  which  is 
made  on  p.  37  of  the  translation.  In  some 
passages  M.  Berard  quotes  from  English 
originals,  and  his  French  version  is  retrans- 
lated, without  verification,  into  English. 
No  doubt  the  translator  has  checked  the 
passages  which  he  could  find,  but  some  have 
escaped  discovery,  with  the  result  that  they 
are  obviously,  though  nominally  quoted 
from  the  English,  altered  in  the  process. 
On  the  whole,  the  translation  is  meritorious, 
and  pains  have  been  bestowed  upon  the  book. 
One  of  the  few  positive  mistakes  is  in  the 
use  of  the  French  term  "  Anabaptists  "  for 
our  well-known  Baptist  body.  Another  is 
to  be  found  in  the  phrase  "  language  of 
Birmingham's  deputy,"  the  reference  being 
to  Mr.  Chamberlain  as  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment. 

The  House  of  Commons  in  1906,  published 
by  the  Pall  Mall  Press,  is  a  useful  handbook, 
with  electoral  factseyand  portraits  and 
biographies  of  members.  It  is  no  draw- 
back that  some  of  the  portraits  are  from 
photographs  and  others  from  imagina- 
tive caricatures  ;  or  the  caricatures  are 
more  like  their  subjects.  In  several  cases 
members  have  provided  photographs  so 
ancient  that  a  gentleman  in  late  middle  life 
is  represented  as  a  youth.  In  the  case  of 
hard-worked  ministers  it  must  be  assumed 
that  the  photographs  have  been  otherwise 
procured,  for  much  later  portraits  of 
Mr.  Haldane,  for  example,  have  appeared 
elsewhere  than  that  figured  in  the  handbook 
before  us.  It  is  a  pity  that  this  should  be 
the  case,  as  a  good  many  of  the  members 
whose  likenesses  are  in  this  volume  cannot 
be  recognized  from  the  portraits  given  here. 
The  opposite  is  the  case  with  the  caricatures. 
The  unfortunate  subjects  of  them  may  com- 
plain that  their  friends  will  know  them.  The 
only  special  feature  of  this  volume,  as  com- 
pared with  its  rivals,  which  need  be  noted 
is  that,  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  favouring 
redistribution  of  seats,  the  electoral  figures 
are  set  forth  so  as  to  piove  the  necessity  of 
such  a  measure. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


Visionaries  :  a  Book  of  Tales — Occult  ami 
Pagan,  Mystical  and  Gothic.  By  James 
Huneker.     (Werner     Laurie.) — Here     is     a 


volume   "f    ihorl  with   title   ami   Mil- 

title  <if  an  aggressively   fantastic  churn 
which  i    a  proclamation  (one  might  almost 

.i    war   VhOOp)    of    \tn   claim    to    be    what 

the  pre  .lit  fashion  to  call  "mystical." 
But    to    10X06    the    rnosi    mysterious    t1 

about     it     will     be    the    author's    nationality. 

He  ,  have  an   Englishman's  know- 

ledge  of  England,  an  American's  knowledge 

of  America,  and  a  Frenchman's  knowledge 
ot  France.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  know 
that  he  is  a  native  of  Philadelphia  who  lias 
studied  in  Franca,  and  has  taught  music 
and  written  dramatic  criticism  in  New  York. 
Without  this  knowledge  we  should  have 
fixed  on  his  singular  notions  of  humour  ax 
certainly  Anglo-Saxon. 

The  stoi  i  ite  their  flamboyant  -uK- 

title,  are  of  a  type  sufficiently  familiar — the 
fantastic  type  illustrated  by  Edgar  Poe  and 
such  German  writers  as  Hoffmann  and 
Wieland.  The  influence  of  Poe  is  evident 
enough  ;  and  Mr.  Huneker  might  have 
copied  also  his  moderation  in  titles.  Poe 
never  deemed  it  necessary  to  announce  his 
stories  by  such  a  terrifying  array  of  adjec- 
tives. We  dare  not  conjecture  which  of 
the  tales  are  specifically  "  occult,"  "  pagan," 
or  "  mystical."  There  may  be  a  difference 
between  "  occult  "  and  "  mystical  "  in  their 
application  to  stories  of  this  kind,  but  we 
have  not  discovered  it  ;  while  "  pagan  " 
might  be  used  of  the  entire  book  —  not 
least  when  its  subjects  are  technically  Chris- 
tian. They  are  clever  stories,  the  work  of 
an  able  man  with  a  large  variety  of  curious 
reading  ;  they  aim  at  being  "  weird,"  and 
if  morbidity  could  make  them  so,  they 
would  abundantly  attain  their  end.  They 
are  morbid  enough  to  have  made  Goethe 
blaspheme,  and  would  have  ravished  the 
soul  of  Mephistopheles,  and  they  are  deca- 
dent to  the  core,  with  the  latest  decadence 
of  Paris  (the  fount  and  origin  of  decadence). 
The  preternatural  is.  in  itself,  morbid  ;  but. 
the  unwholesomeness  of  these  tales  is  some- 
thing apart  from  their  preternatural  cha- 
racter. It  is  a  gratuitous  quality.  Poe's 
tales  are  morbid,  sometimes  horrible  ;  but 
he  was  too  good  an  artist,  had  too  much 
imagination,  to  make  them  repulsive.  It 
is  defect  of  imagination  which  tries  to  create 
a  sensation  by  the  violent  and  mechanical 
means  of  sheer  repulsion.  Because  the 
weird  is  always  unnatural,  it  does  not 
follow  that  the  unnatural  is  always  weird. 
Mr.  Huneker  seems  to  us  to  confound  the 
unnatural  with  the  preternatural,  or  at 
least  to  think  that  one  is  essential  to  the 
other.  Perhaps  it  is  merely  a  grafting  of 
Parisian  decadence  on  the  stock  of  Edgar 
Poe.  Poe's  is  a  semi-insane  world,  in  which 
nature,  the  senses,  are  morbidly  heightened 
and  acute.  Parisian  decadence  wishes  to 
invert  and  reverse  nature.  So  in  '  Vision- 
aries '  you  have  people  possessed  with  dis- 
eased passion  ;  people  in  whom  a  crazed 
sense  performs  the  functions  proper  to  other 
senses  ;  women  always  sensual  and  sinister  : 
men  turned  topsy-turvey  and  effeminate 
who  all  seem,  morally,  to  be  trying  to  stand 
on  their  heads  ;  love  always  animal  ;  Judas 
Iscariot  as  a  maligned  person  who  was 
crucified  as  a  substitute  to  save  the  Christ 
he  repented  having  betrayed — a  phantas- 
magoria of  the  perverted,  like  a  landscape 
in  water,  but  without  its  beauty. 

With  all  this  straining  after  the  repellent 
and  lawless,  the  tales  for  the  most  part  miss 
their  designed  effect.  They  are  cleverly 
executed,  with  no  insignificant  portion  of 
imagination  ;  yet  with  two  or  three  excep- 
tions they  fail  to  be  uncanny.  They  are 
sensationally  outside  natural  experience; 
they  produce  an  intensely  disagreeable 
feeling  ;     but    they    give    one    no    shudder, 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


229 


such  as  Poe  could  create  with  material 
that  would  be  flat  enough  in  other  hands. 
There  was  human  nature  under  the  horror 
or  the  preternaturalness,  and  it  was  in  the 
intimate  realization  of  it  as  a  natural  experi- 
ence is  realized,  and  the  imaginative  use  of 
shadowy  suggestion,  that  the  power  lay. 
Here  that  intimate  imagination  is  lacking, 
no  less  than  the  suggestion — everything  is 
said,  and  said  with  overplus,  with  elabora- 
tion. Only  in  '  The  Spiral  Road  '  and  '  The 
Eighth  Deadly  Sin  '  is  the  note  of  uncanniness 
Teally  and  impressively  touched.  The  latter 
{a  series  of  visions  evoked  by  the  magical 
manipulation  of  suggestive  scents)  has  a 
veritable  thrill  of  horror,  partly  because  it 
suggests  more  mystery  than  is  expressed  ; 
though  even  this  is  spoilt  by  a  riotous 
■elaboration  of  phrase.  Virtuosity  of  diction, 
dear  to  the  modern  expert  in  prose,  is  fatal 
to  the  subtle  and  shadowy  effects  of  the 
supernatural.  Yet,  setting  aside  this  pur- 
suit of  the  weird,  so  hard  of  achievement, 
we  confess  that  the  tales  are  very  well 
written,  with  a  finished  mastery  over  the 
form  of  the  short  story  ;  and  some  are  purely 
psychological — studies  of  human  types.  '  A 
Mock  Sun,'  '  A  Sentimental  Rebellion,'  and 
the  opening  tale  belong  to  this  class  ;  and 
here  Mr.  Huneker  is  entirely  successful. 
They  are  well  observed  and  skilfully  con- 
structed. But  in  the  eerie  tale  the  imagina- 
tion which  cannot  be  denied  him  does  not, 
we  think,  go  far  enough  ;  or  perhaps  it  is 
•overweighted  by  culture.     Which  is  it  ? 

The  Blue  Peter.  By  Morley  Roberts. 
{Eveleigh  Nash.) — Under  an  excellent  title 
Mr.  Roberts  groups  five  stories,  all  relating 
to  the  sea.  He  describes  them  as  "  sea 
comedies,"  but  they  might  with  better 
justification  be  dubbed  sea  farces.  The 
author  has  an  obvious  familiarity  with  ships 
and  shipmen,  and  on  occasion  can  scatter 
nautical  slang  among  his  readers  to  their  be- 
wilderment. However,  this  intimate  know- 
ledge of  a  sailor's  life  and  language  has  not 
inspired  Mr.  Roberts  to  write  seriously  and 
realistically.  He  is  out  for  a  lark  in  this 
book,  and  a  lark  he  has.  The  first  tale 
relates  how  the  ill-treated  captain  and  mates 
of  the  Nemesis  turned  on  their  owners,  who 
misguidedly  went  to  sea  with  them  ;  the 
second  describes  how  the  crew  of  the  En- 
chantress turned  on  her  bullying  captain. 
The  third — more  frankly  farcical — tells  of 
the  wreck  of  the  Swan,  and  of  the  iceberg 
on  which  the  crew  were  crowded,  and  of  the 
superhuman  luck  and  spirit  of  Capt.  Spink. 
Capt.  Spink  is  something  of  a  figure,  and  it 
seems  a  pity  that  he  should  be  ruffling  it  in 
unadulterated  farce.  Mr.  Morley  Roberts's 
methods  are  broad.  He  shoulders  his  way 
along  ;  he  splashes  ahead.  He  is  magnifi- 
cently indifferent  to  his  medium,  so  long  as 
he  can  keep  going.  And  the  lordliness  of 
his  tone  is  as  great  as  Mr.  Kipling's.  A 
brisk  and  vivid  writer,  with  a  sense  of 
character,  lie  never  really  does  himself 
justice.  These  stories  certainly  do  not  do 
him  justice,  but  they  are  essentially  readable. 

The  Measure  of  Life,  by  Frances  Campbell 
(Chapman  &  Hall),  is  a  collection  of  studies 
— from  the  point  of  view  mainly  of  Celtic 
mysticism — in  that  class  of  subjects  to 
which  the  adjective  "  supernatural  "  is 
broadly,  though  inaccurately  applied.  They 
are  frequently  marked  by  much  beauty 
both  of  thought  and  expression,  but  the 
author  was  perhaps  ill-advised  in  intro- 
ducing any  admixture  of  realism  j  for 
while  her  symbolical  personages,  such  as 
the  "  master  of  illusion,"  are  charming,  her 
contemporary  characters,  whether  English 
ladies  or  Irish  peasants,  do  not  entirely 
carry  conviction.  This  criticism  does  not, 
however,  hold  good  with  regard  to  the  still- 


life  of  the  picture,  which  testifies  to  an  inti- 
mate and  sympathetic  acquaintance  with 
Irish  landscape,  and  to  a  notable  gift  of 
description.  As  the  most  finished  of  the 
short  stories  here  we  should  select  '  The 
Ship  of  Heaven,'  an  appealing  fragment  of 
dream-life,  and  '  The  Church  of  the  Four 
Winds.' 

The  House  of  Biddies.  By  Dorothea 
Gerard.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — More  stories 
than  the  one  which  gives  its  name  to  this 
volume  are  included  in  it.  We  regret  to 
say  that  we  find  in  them  little  to  praise, 
and  there  is  as  a  rule  more  than  this  to  say 
of  works  by  this  writer.  But  here  of  cha- 
racter or  incident  we  find  not  much  of 
interest. 

Tales  of  the  Fish  Patrol.  By  Jack  London. 
(Heinemann.) — Mr.  London  is  prolific — 
dangerously  so,  perhaps  ;  but  he  continues 
to  give  good  measure  of  adventure  in  his 
stories.  This  collection  consists  of  seven, 
all  dealing  with  the  work  of  the  fish  patrol, 
a  sort  of  maritime  police  force,  in  San 
Francisco  Bay.  The  laws  regarding  the 
pursuit  of  fish  on  the  Pacific  coast  are 
stringent  and  comprehensive,  their  principal 
object  being  the  prevention  of  the  reckless 
decimation  of  young  fish.  That  the  laws 
are  needed  is  sufficiently  shown  by  these 
stories  of  the  devices  adopted  and  the  risks 
run  in  evading  them  by  the  wild  tribe  of 
Greeks,  Chinese,  and  other  alien  fishermen 
who  make  the  bay  their  hunting-ground, 
and  defiance  of  the  patrol  their  business. 
The  tales  are  told  in  the  first  person,  as 
by  one  who,  as  a  lad,  worked  with  the  patrol 
and  met  with  various  more  or  less  exciting 
adventures.  Mr.  London's  style  has  of  late 
shown  marked  signs  of  a  chastening  process. 
He  progresses.  His  gift  for  description  and 
for  easy  narrative  is  undeniable.  This  is 
better  work  than  '  The  Game,'  his  last  book. 

Terriens  is  a  volume  of  Normandy  tales, 
partly  in  dialect,  by  M.  Jean  Revel,  whose 
previous  writings  include  two  volumes  of 
the  same  kind.  They  are  full  of  observation 
and  humour,  coarse,  and  strong.  The  pub- 
lisher is  Charpentier  (Fasquelle). 

Some  Parisians,  acquainted  neither  with 
the  Commonwealth  nor  with  Australian 
literature,  have  been  attracted  by  the  stories 
contained  in  M.  Paul  Warrego's  A  V Autre 
Bout  du  Monde  (Librairie  Universelle). 
They  are  a  pale  copy  of  some  of  the  powerful 
tales  contained  in  the  weekly  newspapers 
of  Sydney,  Melbourne,  and  Brisbane.  No 
care  has  been  taken  to  prevent  gross  errors, 
and  we  find,  for  example,  "  black-traker  " 
and  "un  'cooce  '  "  within  three  lines. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

In  The  Source  of  the  Blue  Nile  (Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.)  Dr.  A.  J.  Hayes  recounts  lus 
adventures,  such  as  they  were,  when  in 
1902  he  accompanied,  as  its  medical  officer, 
the  surveying  party  sent  by  the  Anglo- 
Egyptian  Government  to  Lake  Tsana,  in 
Abyssinia,  and  the  valley  of  the  Atbara. 
His  own  experiences  appear  to  have  been 
unimportant  and  uninteresting,  relating 
chiefly  to  the  shooting  of  game  and  the 
collection  of  entomological  specimens  for 
museums,  when  he  was  not  doctoring  the 
patients  .  about  whose  ailments  he  gives 
detailed  information,  unpleasant  to  most 
laymen,  and  not  precise  enough  to  satisfy 
men  of  science.  But  he  has  a  happy  knack 
in  quotation,  and  cleverly  ekes  out  his  bald 
statements  about  Abyssinian  customs  and 
institutions,  geography,  and  other  physical 
conditions  by  woll-chosen  extracts  from  the 


evidence  of  earlier  and  more  explicit  tra- 
vellers, from  the  sixteenth-century  Alvarez 
down  to  Mr.  Augustus  Wylde  and  Mr. 
Herbert  Vivian,  and  especially  from  Baker, 
Mansfield  Parky ns,  Hormuzd  Rassam,  and 
Stecker.  The  '  Note  on  the  Religion,  Cus- 
toms, &c,  of  Abyssinia,'  which  fills  the  last 
third  of  the  volume,  consists  almost  entirely 
of  such  extracts. 

Prof.  Cattier  has  published  through 
Larcier  of  Brussels  an  Etude  sur  la  Situation 
de  VEtat  Independent  du  Congo,  a  book 
which  must  be  taken  with  Mr.  Fox  Bourne's 
'  Civilisation  in  Congoland  '  as  giving  all 
the  facts  with  regard  to  the  Congo  State. 
The  publication  by  a  distinguished  Belgian 
of  a  truthful  volume  on  the  subject  is^an 
historical  event  of  importance.  Hitherto 
there  has  been  an  attempt  to  represent  the 
writing  of  those  who  have  been  horrified  by 
the  recent  history  of  the  Congo  State  as 
being  inspired  either  by  Protestant  mission- 
aries, British  and  American,  or  by  interested 
Liverpool  merchants.  M.  Cattier  deals  with 
the  matter  as  a  scientific  observer  of  so- 
called  white  colonization  among  black 
tropical  races,  and  shows,  as  has  been  well 
shown  on  many  occasions  by  Mr.  E.  D. 
Morel,  that  the  Congo  State,  founded  though 
it  was  on  philanthropic  principles,  has 
violated  well-known  laws,  with  consequences 
which  were  inevitable.  The  responsibility 
of  the  United  States — whose  treaty  is  relied 
on  to  show  that  the  Congo  State  is  an 
independent  Power,  winch  was  actually  in 
existence  before  the  first  European  Con- 
ference regulated  its  affairs — and  the  respon- 
sibility of  our  own  Government,  are  so 
marked  in  the  history  of  the  Congo  State 
that  doctrines  of  non-intervention  are 
inapplicable.  Every  English  and  American 
reader  of  M.  Cattier  should  realize  the  fact 
that  he  is  one  of  those  who  are  directly 
responsible  for  the  creation  and  maintenance 
of  the  state  of  things  described.  M.  Cattier 
shows  how  a  different  view  of  the  labour  of 
the  black,  and  of  the  future  of  the  black, 
has  grown  up  in  Africa,  and  especially  in  the 
Congo  State,  from  any  which  can  be  justified 
by  any  creed  or  ethical  rule  ;  and,  although 
the  recent  commission  of  inquiry  has  pointed 
out  the  horrors  of  the  situation,  which  had 
been  denied  previously  by  all  official  Belgians, 
M.  Cattier  points  out  that,  as  regards  the 
conception  formed  of  the  negro,  that  com- 
mission itself  "  succumbed  to  the  conta- 
gion." He  also  proves  that  there  has  never 
existed  in  the  history  of  the  world  any  other 
Government  so  completely  fulfilling  the 
conditions  of  an  absolute  monarchy,  resting 
solely  upon  one  man's  will  or  caimce — 
Governors  and  Secretaries  of  State^Being 
but  his  "  blind  instiT>m^^3."  He  relates 
the  creation  of  the  F^^^fc  Domain  and 
of  the  Crown  Domaiij^Hd  shows  tho 
investment  in  Belgiuin  of  the  enormous 
sums  of  money  which  the  Domain  of 
the  Congo  jCrown  lias  produced.  He 
briefly  names  the  expenditure  of  immense 
secret  funds  upon  press  bribery  and  upon 
ywhat  he  calls  paid  "legal  opinions"  and 
shows  that  it  is  thus  that  "  the  ery^f  suffer- 
ing and  the  supplications  of  the  native 
millions  have  been  lost  in  the  silence  of  the 
equatorial  forest."'  The  charge  is-  one  of 
tremendous  weight.  It  is  vir^^lly  a  direct 
impeachment — for  deliberate  s^rvery,  under- 
taken for  personal  gain,  carried  to  the  point 
of  extermination  of  millions  of  people — of 
the  King  of  the  Belgians,  published  by  a 
distinguished  Belgian,  in  Belgium,  and  it  is 
all  the  nioro"  forcible  for  the  quiet  stylo  in 
which  the  grey  language  of  the^pthor 
states  the  tacts.  The  conclusion,  ror  ex- 
ample, of  the  chapter  on  the  Domain  of  the 
Crown  is  that  its  development  has  been  by 


230 


Till-:     ATIIKNM'M'M 


N    K)87,  Fii'..  24,  L906 


"  foroed  labour  applied  with  roofa  extreme  vigour 
»s  to  decimate  the  population,    li  Li  without  doubt 

tin'  pit  ilrss  iijiplii  atimi  "t  I  In'  system  w  h  it'll  dooided 
tlif  King-Sovereign  to  take  toe  itrioteal  possible 
precautions  i"  prevent   tin-  publio  from  being  able 

to  estimate  the  revenue  whian  he  baa  drawn  fi 

tin-  Qron  ii  Domain." 

'II  ii  ■  i  ml  \  tli  hi  I  it  which  has  arisen  in  t  In-  mini  I 
of  tin-  I-.  \  iewi  r  in  reading  the  pages  «'i  Prof. 
Cattier  concerns  tin-  principle  of  concessions. 
II'-  has  damaged  tin-  whole  system  upon 
which  tin-  concession  companies  reel  almost 
a-  heavily  as  has  .Mr.  Morel,  but  he  cornea 
to  tin-  Bomewhat  weak  conclusion  that  it  i- 
possible  to  take  precautions  which  may 
muse  tin-  vices  of  the  system  to  disappear, 
ami  lir  thinks  that  a  Btrong  olause  breaking 
thf  concession,  "if  acted  on  and  enforced, 

would    be    satisfactory.      We    know    by    our 

own    British    experience    the    difficulty    of 

acting  on  such  a  clause. 

'I'm:  astonishing  flood  of  garden"1  books 
has  ceased,  ami  one  can  hardly  regret  the 
shrinking  of  a  flood  which  brought  with  it 
an  ill-assorted  collection  of  sticks  antl  straws. 
odds  and  ends  which  it  would  need  the 
energy  of  a  bower-bird  to  admire  or  put  to 
profitable  use.  Some  of  these  fashionable 
"horticulturists"  could  write,  but  knew 
nothing  of  gardening;  others  eould  garden, 
but  had  not  mastered  the  principles  of 
grammar,  much  less  of  rhetoric ;  a  few  had 
a  sense  of  humour,  while  the  majority 
persisted  in  cumbering  the  ground  with 
irritating  and  irrelevant  human  characters. 
In  The  Heart  of  a  Garden  (Moring)  Mrs. 
Marriott  Watson  is  both  humoursome  and 
practical.  Her  prose  is  a  fund  of  fancies 
new  and  old,  varied  with  some  excellent 
verse  of  a  quality  which  is  well  known  to 
our  readers.  The  result  is  one  of  the  prettiest 
books  we  have  seen  for  many  a  day!  The 
pictures  alone  of  flowers  and  gardens  are 
things  of  real  beauty.  The  prose  is  full  of 
happy  touches,  wilful  and  wistful  by  turns. 
But  the  book  has  charm — that  is  the  essen- 
tial point.  Charm  is  sauciness  chastened 
or  educated,  as  Aristotle  said,  and  it  is  the 
lack  of  any  such  restraint  that  makes  some 
modern  wilfulness  tiresome.  Mrs.  Watson 
often  has  "  no  other  than  a  woman's  reason," 
she  takes  this  and  that  to  be  so  because  she 
likes  it  so  ;  but  she  has  the  humour  to  see 
that  one's  flower  may  be  another's  weed. 
No  point  or  thought  is  tortured  ;  all  is 
lightly  said,  and  not  the  less  serious  for  that. 
"A  chaqut  oiseav  eon  nid  eat  beau,  ami  there  is 
no  extant  branch  of  'the  fancy'  but  has  its  own 
peculiar  fails  to  foster,  as  tiresome,  perhaps,  as  the 
nursery's— or  the  lover's— little  language  to  the 
detached  observer." 

It  is  clear,  at  least,  that  the  writer  loves 
the  birds  as  few  do.  She  lets  her  trapped 
tits  go,  to  the  undoing  of  the  strawberries; 
she  writes  better  about  the  blackbird  than 
anybody  else  ;  and  her  fancies  for  barbaric 
colour  and  other  delights  of  romance  will 
please  many  as  well  as  herself.  Perhaps 
there  is  a  superabundance  of  literary  remi- 
niscence here  and  there,  but  the  general 
effect  is  one  of  admirable  unity,  not  without 
some  sly  hits  at  the  authors  recalled.  Never, 
at  any  rate,  do  we  feel  that  obsession  of 
odd  words  in  wrong  places  which  seems  the 
secret  of  much  modern  style.  The  impres- 
sion we  have  is  that  of  a  genuine  and  sensi- 
tive personality,  giving  the  quintessence  of 
such  talk  as  might  be  evoked  in  the  best  of 
talking  places  by  an  understanding  com- 
panion- -one  who  knew  birds  and  flowers 
and  was  not  afraid  of  his  fancy,  as  serious 
persons  often  are. 

Tuscan  Folk-lore  and  Sket6he8.  By  Isa- 
bella M.  Anderton.  (Arnold  Fairbairns.) — 
Mrs.  Anderton,  the  author  of  this  delightful 
collection  of  Tuscan  sketches,  was,  as  we  are 


told  by  her  biothora  in  a  modest  biographical 
note,  bora  at  Lower  Clapton  in  1868,  and 
was  educated  at  tip-  school  kepi  by  her 
father,  where  boys  and  girls  weie  taught 
together,  after  tin-  manner  now  followed  by 
many  American  schools.  Among 
educated  there  uen-  the  children  of  the 
German    poet    Freiligrath.     Mi       Anderton 

taught  for  four  years  in  the  school,  but  Owing 

to  weak  health  had  t"  take  rest.  In  l-»:; 
she  went  to  Italy,  where  sin-  began  her 
Italian  studies,  in  1ks7  she  was  obliged 
to  go  to  the  Apennines  to  recruit,  ami  it 
was  while  Btaying  there  thai  she  heard  these 

-i 'Hies    from    the    peasants,     by    whom     she 

was  received   with   the  kindest   hospitality. 

Recollections    of    Napoleon    III.    ami    Victor 

Emmanuel  an-  included,  and  one  old  woman, 

whose    husband    had    served    in    Napoleo 
"summer    excursion    to    Moscow."    "firmly 
believed    that   le   petit   caporal   bail    perished 

miserably  at  Moscow    pickled  in  a  barrel  of 

salt."  The  sketches  include  'A  Wedding 
in  the  Pistoiese,'  and  a  visit  to  a  villa  where 
olive  oil  was  made.  The  proprietor  was  a 
man  of  antiquarian  and  artistic  tastes,  and 
being  a  lover  of  Latin  inscriptions,  had  over 
the  door  the  legend  "  Parva  domus  magna 
quies."  There  is  also  a  description  of  the 
Florentine  Calcio.  The  little  volume  includes 
an  account  of  a  month  in  Elba,  translations, 
and  other  studies. 

In  1890  Isabella  Anderton  was  married 
to  Rodolfo  Debarbieri,  and  lived  in  Florence 
to  the  close  of  her  short  life.  She  died  there 
in  December,  1904,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Protestant  cemetery  of  the  Allori,  "  amid 
the  sunny  olive-clad  hills  she  loved  so  well." 
In  her  love  for  Italy  and  its  people  she 
reminds  us  of  Elizabeth  Bairett  Browning, 
who  "made  her  poetry  a  golden  band  between 
Italy  and  England." 

Portraits  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  Historic 
and  Literary.  By  C.  A.  Sainte-Beuve. 
Part  I.  translated  by  Katharine  P.  Wormeley. 
Part  II.  translated  by  G.  Burnham  Ives. 
(Putnam's  Sons.) — In  these  two  comely 
volumes,  compiled  from  '  Causeries  du 
Lundi,'  '  Portraits  de  Femmes,'  and  '  Por- 
traits Litteraires,'  we  have  yet  another 
proof  of  the  fascination  which  eighteenth- 
century  France  has  of  late  years  exercised 
upon  publishers,  and  presumably  also  upon 
the  public.  The  charm  of  these  incompar- 
able essays  cannot,  in  its  fullness,  survive 
divorce  from  the  original  language.  Further, 
we  can  hardly  expect  to  find  perfect  French 
rendered  by  English  equally  perfect.  The 
ideal  translator  is  rare,  and  we  fear  that 
his  devotion  meets  with  inadequate  reward. 
It  is  the  more  reasonable  and  more  gracious 
course  frankly  to  acknowledge  the  merit 
possessed  by  such  versions  as  those  now 
before  us  in  giving  generally  the  correct 
sense  of  the  original  and  avoiding  flagrant 
errors  of  taste.  It  would  certainly  be  im- 
possible to  mistake  them  for  anything  but 
translations,  and  translations  of  a  rather 
literal  order,  the  difficult  phrases  being 
representd  more  often  by  a  word-for-word 
rendering  than  by  a  corresponding  English 
idiom,  and  this  is  especially  the  rase  in  the 
portion  undertaken  by  Mr.  Burnham  Ives, 
whose  name  is  less  familiar  to  us  than  that 
of  his  coadjutor.  The  great  body  of  readers, 
however,  is  scarcely  likely  to  quarrel  with 
these  defects  of  style,  and  the  subject-mat t er 
remains  as  interesting  as  ever.  The  numer- 
ous and  attractive  illustrations  are  generally 
taken  from  fairly  authentic  sources,  ami 
both  binding  and  letterpress  are  satisfactory. 

Matsya  :  the  Romance  of  an  Indian 
Elephant,  bj'  Warren  Kilhngworth  (Wells 
Gardner  &  Co.),  is  the  story  of  a  young 
elephant  of  lineage,  whose  immediate  relat  ions 


were,  however,  so  fur  fallen  in  the  wot! 

to  be  reduced  to  the  labour  of  haul 

lint    Matsya   had  ideas,  ami  .   t.i  he  a 

rajahs   elephant,    ami    walk    in    prooei 

with   a   jewelled    howdah    On    his   back,   an   his 

grandfather  bail  done  before  him.     To  this 

.on    attained,    by    a    fortunato 

chance;     but    he  hud     '  j  1 1  <  •  I  \    time   to   pi 

hirnsell  on  hi-  exalted  position  before  ho 
was  kidnapped,  ami,  after  various  vit 

tudes,    shipped     to     Knglund,    when-     he 
came    a    ClTCUfl    elephant.       I'.ut      the     rajah'* 

chief  mahout,  whom  Ifatsya  loved,  tracked 

him    to    the    very    arena,    and     brought     him 

home  in  triumph.  It  is  pleasantly  told,  if 
with  no  particular  distinction  of  style;  ami 
though  we  are  unable  to  assert  that  tin- 
author  has  an  insight  into  elephant  life  and 

character.    In-    at    least     BUCCOeds     in    making 

his  big  beasts  humanly  interesting.  The 
attractiveness  of  the  book  i^  considerably 
enhanced  by  the  illustrations,  which  are 
both  well  done  and  effective. 

Thk  Librairie  Haehette  <v  tie.  publish  a 
new  edition  of  M.  Krnest  Daudet's  La  Tern  ur 
Blanche,  mentioned  by  us  on  its  first  appear- 
ance twenty-eight  years  ago.  It  is  int<  i 
ing  at  the  moment,  for  the  first  part  of  this 
history  of  the  south  of  France  during  the> 
Hundred  Days  and  the  later  part  of  1815 
goes  over  the  ground  of  d'Hautpoul,  named 
by  us  in  our  review  of  the  recently  published 
memoir  of  that  general. 

Mrs.  Beeton's  Book  of  Household  Manage- 
ment (Ward  &  Lock),  in  spite  of  much  imi- 
tative competition,  still  remains  the  sheet 
anchor  of  happy  domesticity.  Successive 
editions  have  more  than  quadrupled  the 
size  of  the  original  book  of  1861  ;  indeed, 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that,  so  far  as  mere  bulk  is 
concerned,  a  culminating  point  has  been 
reached.  The  edition  now  before  us,  with 
its  2,050  pages,  theoretical,  practical,  and 
scientific,  on  every  branch  of  domestic? 
science,  measures  five  inches  across  the> 
back,  and  requires  an  Amazonian  hand  to 
support  its  weight.  New  coloured  plates, 
photographic  reproductions,  and  entirely 
new  type  give  the  requisite  freshness  to  this 
household  classic  ;  while  the  inclusion  of  a 
chapter  on  chafing-dish  and  casserole  cookery 
and  on  electric  appliances  in  the  kitchen 
proves  that  it  has  been  brought  thoroughly 
up  to  date.  We  note  also  that  the  chauffeur 
is  not  forgotten  under  '  Domestic  Servants 
and  their  Duties.1 

The  Lyceum  Annual.  1906  (Lyceum  Pre--. 
128,  Piccadilly),  published  by  the  Lyceum 
Club  "  as  a  venture  in  international  periodi- 
cals," is  written  in  English,  French,  (Jerman. 
Dutch,  and  Italian,  and  has  on  its  li>t 
of  contributors  Brada,  Katharine  Tynan, 
Mrs.  Mary  E.  Mann,  the  Countess 
Martinengo  -  Cesaresoo,  and  other  well- 
known  writers.  Its  most  marked  charac- 
teristic is,  perhaps,  the  complete  absence- 
of  the  note  of  militant  feminism.  Next 
to  this  we  are  struck  by  the  prevailing 
tone  of  sadness.  This  i?-  especially 
observable  in  the  generally  sympathetic 
and  graceful  stories  contributed  from  the 
Continent,  scarcely  one  ^i  which  can  be 
Called  cheerful  reading.  The  literary  level 
maintained  throughout  is  high,  and  none  of 
the  items  is  without  merit.  The  two  which 
most  appeal  to  us  are  a  short  poem  by  a 
New  Zealand  author,  Jessie  Rfackay,  and  a 
descriptive  article  (by  no  means  melancholy) 
on  '  An  Outpost  o\  Ireland,1  by  Martin  Ross- 

Thk  issue  of  The  (tenth-man's  Mai/azine 
for  February  under  Mr.  BaUen'e  control  is 
excellent,  combining  things  new  and  old. 
The  first  article  is  concerned  with  'The 
Pepysian  Treasures."  the  next  with  '  Some- 
Recollections   of   George   Gissing,'   in  which 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


231 


the  writer  holds  a  poorer  opinion  of  his 
later  works  than  we  have  expressed.  '  The 
Real  Claverhouse  '  is  another  article  of 
Interest,  followed  by  a  rendering  from 
Propertius.  '  Correspondence  '  and  '  Retro- 
spective Reviews  '  are  further  features  of  a 
capital  revival.  We  notice  that  most  of  the 
articles  are  unsigned.  Should  they  not  have 
some  device  or  letter  to  mark  their  authors, 
which  would  represent  a  personality  without 
giving  away  its  secret  ? 


LIST   OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Allies  (T.  W.),  The  Throne  of  the  Fisherman,  New  Edition, 

5/ 
Benson  (R.  H.),  The  History  of  Richard  Raynal,  Solitary, 

3/6 
Book  of  Angels,  edited  by  L.  P.,  6/  net. 
Bousset  (W.),  Jesus,  translated  by  J.  P.  Trevelyan,  edited 

by  Rev.  W.  D.  Morrison,  4/ 
Comforting  Words  for  Widows  and  Others  who  Mourn,  com- 
piled by  M.  G.,  and  edited  by  J.  S.,  5/ 
Edmonds  (bom  C),  The  Early  Scottish  Church,  its  Doctrine 

and  Discipline,  6/  net. 
Landis  (H.  M.),  Mission  Map  of  Japan,  3/  net. 
McCulloch  (J.  E.),  The  Open  Church  for  the  Unchurched, 

3/6  net. 
McTaggart  (J.  McT.  E.),  Some  Dogmas  of  Religion,  10/6  net. 
Mortimer  (A.  G.),  Confirmation,  2/6 
New   Visits    to    the  Most  Blessed   Sacrament,   edited  by 

Cardinal  Wiseman,  Gd.  net. 
Schmidt  (N.),  The  Prophet  of  Nazareth,  10/6  net. 
Scrivener's  Greek  Testament,  India-Paper  Edition,  0/  net. 
Senex,   Religions    of    the    Past  and  the  Religion  of    the 

Future,  1/  net. 
Spiritual  Combat,  translated  from  Father  Lorenzo  Scupoli, 

New  Edition,  Gd.  net. 
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CHAUCER  :    "  PRESTES    THRE  "    OR 
"  PREST    ESTRE  "  ? 

It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  among 
the  many  students  of  Chaucer  who  have 
stumbled  against  the  "  prestes  thre  "  in 
the  '  Prologue  '  of  '  The  Canterbury  Tales,' 
not  a  single  one,  to  my  knowledge,  has 
ever  tried  to  amend  the  reading  of  this 
passage.  That  there  was  one  priest,  not 
three,  in  the  retinue  of  the  prioress  is 
evident,  not  only  from  the  fact  that  Chaucer 
gives  us  the  tale  of  the  nun's  priest,  but  also 
from  the  number  of  the  pilgrims  who  met 
at  the  Tabard  Inn  on  the  eve  of  the  famous 
journey.  Chaucer  tells  us  expressly  that 
they  were  thirty  in  all,  himself  included. 
Now  a  simple  addition  of  the  characters 
mentioned  in  the  '  Prologue  '  will  show  that 
they  would  have  been  thirty-two  if  the 
prioress  had  really  been  accompanied  by 
three  priests.  We  may  therefore  dismiss 
at  once,  as  utterly  impossible,  the  reading 
of  the  manuscripts.  Instead  of  "  prestes 
thre,"  I  would  suggest  "  prest  estre,"  a 
phrase  which  sounds  very  much  like  the 
one  I  am  objecting  to.  Estre  is  an  adjective 
derived  from  estre,  a  noun  much  used  both 
in  the  singular  and  plural  number,  not  only 
by  French  writers  of  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries,  but  by  Chaucer  himself. 
We  read  in  '  The  Legend  of  Good  Women  ' 
(1.  1715), 

The  husbond  knew  the  eetni  well  and  fyne; 

and  in  '  The  Canterbury  Tales  '  (A.  1971), 

Lyk  to  the  est  res o(  the  grisly  place  ; 

nor  are  these  the  only  passives  that  could 
be  quoted.     In   modern    French   the   noun 

Ore,    in    its   plural    form,    is   often    used    with 

the  meaning  of  "  whereabouts,"  "  ins  and 
outs  "  of  a  place,  chiefly  of  a  house.  In 
mediaeval  French  the  same  word  occurs 
more  frequently  than  now.  and  witli  a 
greater  variety  of  acceptations;  hut  what- 
ever the  shades  may  he,  the  dominant 
idea  is  always  that  of  home,  interior,  privacy. 


232 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


By  "  prest  estre  "  «<■  must  therefore  under- 
stand u  presbyter  domesticus,  what  tin* 
French  call  an  aumdnier.  The  following 
passage  >>t  'Lancelot  du  Lac'  tiii.  f.  23), 
quoted  by  Laourne  de  Ste.  Palaye,  throws  a 
pood  deal  of  light  on  the  subject  : — 

••  II  Be  ti>t  ;i  hii  oonfessei  <l<-  tous  lea  peokez  donl 
il  Be  Bentoit  o  mpable  vers  Dieu  :  Bi  lui  demanda  It 
champellain  d  :  et  il  lui  oompta  toute  sa 

\  if." 

The  line  which  immediately  precedes  the 
one  we  have  just  now  been  considering  has 
also,  it  seems,  been  tampered  with.  As  it 
appears    in    the    manuscripts,    it   does    not 

stand  on  its  legs,  being  two  syllables  short. 
It  is  highly  probable  that  the  word  which 
has  been  suppressed  clashed  in  some  way 
or  other  with  the  "  prestes  thre,"  and  on 
this  supposition  I  would  suggest  the  follow- 
ing reading  : — 

A  nonne  and  eke  a  prest  with  hire  hadd  she, 
Who  was  fair  chapefeine  and  prest  estre. 

"Clerk"'  might  be  substituted  for  "prest" 
in  the  first  line. 

If  it  be  objected  that  all  the  manuscripts 
which  have  come  down  to  us  have  "  prestes 
thre,"  I  would  submit  that  all  these  manu- 
scripts were  probably  copied  from  one 
another,  or  that,  at  any  rate,  they  were 
reproductions  of  the  same  original,  in  which 
case  the  guilty  party  would  be  poor  Adam 
Scrivener,  in  whom  Chaucer  himself  does 
not  seem  to  have  had  unbounded  confidence. 

My  emendation  of  the  first  line  I  give 
for  what  it  is  worth,  and  I  confess  I  do  not 
attach  great  importance  to  it  :  but  the  sub- 
stitution of  "  prest  estre  "  for  "  prestes 
thre  "  I  cannot  help  considering  a  marked 
improvement  of  the  text. 

V.  Kastner. 


ANCIENT    COAL-FIELDS    IX 

IRELAND. 

Willesden,  February  19th,  1906. 
In  the  interests  of  historical  truth,  and  as 
a  point  of  economic  interest,  will  you  allow 
me  to  point  out  an  error  into  which  your 
reviewer  falls  when  criticizing  the  Rev. 
W.  Carrigan's  '  History  of  Ossory  '  ?  While 
blaming  the  author  for  not  dwelling  upon 
the  Wandesforde  family  as  a  distinguished 
Ossorian  house,  the  review  in  question 
practically  gives  to  Christopher  Wandes- 
forde, pioneer  of  the  name  in  Ireland,  the 
entire  credit  for  establishing  the  coal 
industry  of  Kilkenny  and  Queen's  County — 
of  discovering,  in  fact,  "  Ireland's  only 
coal-field."  This  is  far  from  being  the  truth. 
Never,  at  any  time,  a  notable  race  in  Ireland, 
the  Wandesfordes  can  lay  no  claim  to  having 
sunk  these  ancient  mines.  Long  before 
Christopher  Wandesforde,  through  favour 
of  Strafford,  obtained  control  of  the  terri- 
tory of  "  Idough,  otherwise  O'Brenan," 
coal  was  mined  there  by  the  original  pro- 
prietors, the  O'Brenans.  This  can  be  seen 
from  an  article  on  the  district,  by  that 
excellent  antiquary  the  Rev.  Mr.  Graves, 
in  vol.  i.  of  the  Kilkenny  Archaeological 
Society,  wherein  many  documents  from  the 
muniment  room  of  the  Marquess  of  Ormonde 
are  quoted  ;  and  in  a  more  recent  series  of 
papers,  founded  upon  the  Irish  Public 
Records,  by  Mr.  George  Dames  Burtchaell, 
in  the  Kilkenny  Moderator.  So  far  from 
Christopher  Wandesforde  having  found 
Idough,  or  North  Ossory,  undeveloped,  and 
the  coal  lying  "  on  the  surface  "  (as  your 
reviewer  would  have  us  believe),  there  were 
a  dozen  mines  at  least  in  full  working  order 
in  1632,  when  the  Leinster  Inquisitions  were 


taken  for  the  district,  and  several  of  the 
O'Brenans  arc  Bet  down  as  being  possessed 
of  "coal-pitta,  &C."  Iron  also  was  mined, 
and  worked  by  the  O'Brenans  to  a  consider- 
able extent  :  as  can  be  seen  from  the  very 
monograph  on  the  Wandesforde  family 
quoted  by  your  reviewer.  At  p.  275  of  this 
work  (by  Air.  H.  B.  MacCall)  is  given  u 
deed  of  transfer,  by  Mrs.  Blanchville  to 
Christopher  Wandesforde,  of  "one  ancient 
furnace  and  one  forge  anciently  erected  for 
the  making  and  casting  of  iron,"  in  the 
territory  of  "  Idough,  otherwise  O'Brenan," 
and  of  another  similar  furnace  "  called 
Clannagharet,  with  all  the  appurtenances, 
coal  places,  mine  places,  forges,  bellows, 
and  all  manner  of  tools  belonging  to  the 
said  ironworks."  This  is  dated  March  31st, 
163").  which  was  before  Christopher  Wandes- 
forde effected  what  is  euphemistically 
termed  a  "  purchase  "  of  Idough  and  its 
20,000  acres  ;  and,  as  it  may  be  noted,  the 
mining  works  are  described  in  the  deed  as 
"  ancient." 

On  his  death-bed  Sir  Christopher  Wandes- 
forde, evidently  remorseful,  bequeathed  a 
large  sum  to  the  chief  members  of  the 
O'Brenan  clan  ;  but  the  payment  of  this 
conscience  money  was  evaded,  after  a  long 
Chancery  contest,  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

Gerald  Brenan. 


'NEW    COLLECTED    RHYMES.' 

St.  Andrews. 

I  heartily  agree  wdth  the  praise  which 
the  reviewer  of  my  '  New  Collected  Rhymes  ' 
gives  to  a  piece  called  '  The  Food  of  Fiction.' 
It  is  charming.  But  it  is  not  by  me.  The 
'  Rhymes  '  were  printed  from  a  copy  of  a 
manuscript  collection  of  my  verses  made  by 
a  friend,  who  had  inserted  several  things 
which  I  detected  as  nan  meet,  po?na.  But 
'  The  Food  of  Fiction  '  I  supposed  to  be  my 
own  till  a  lady  told  me  that  it  was  hers,  and 
that  it  had  appeared  in  '  The  Sign  of  the 
Ship  '  in  Longman's  Magazine.  Then  I 
remembered  the  circumstances.  Unfortun- 
ately, this  wras  the  lady's  one  flight  in  song. 
I  am  sorry  to  say  that  another  piece  in 
the  volume  is  by  another  lady  :  critical 
readers  may  detect  it  if  they  can.  In  excuse 
I  can  only  plead  the  example  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  not  only  appropriated  and  pub- 
lished as  his  own  some  lines  by  a  very  different 
person,  but  attributed  Cleveland's  song  in 
'  The  Pirate  '  to  B3'ron,  and  announced  that 
in  a  collection  of  his  minor  pieces  published 
about  1818,  he  did  not  pretend  to  know 
exactly  which  were  due  to  his  fancy  and 
which  to  his  memory. 

I  also  long  since  accused  Mr.  Austin  Dobson 
of  the  authorship  of  verses  of  which  he  proved 
me  to  have  been  guilty.  A.  Lang. 


'MELANGES    NICOLE.' 

It  is  the  laudable  custom  in  continental 
universities,  when  a  professor  attains  a 
certain  length  of  years  or  of  academic 
service,  to  present  to  him  a  volume  of  short 
papers  more  or  less  connected  with  the  sub- 
ject of  his  teaching,  and  written  by  his 
colleagues  and  pupils.  Such  a  Festschrift 
is  now  before  us,  and  was  compiled  in  honour 
of  M.  Jules  Nicole,  Professor  of  Gieek 
Philology  at  the  University  of  Geneva. 

M.  Nicole,  who  was  a  pupil  of  M.  Michel 
Breal  at  the  Paris  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes, 
has  just  completed  thirty  years'  tenure  of 
the  chair  he  adorns,  and  is  well  known  as 
the  editor  of,  among  other  things,  Menander's 
Few/jyo?.     Among  the  sixty  contributors  to 


the  volume  are  such  well-known  scholars 
as  MM.  Michel  Breal,  Reno  Cagnat,  Louis 
Havet,  Theopliile  Homolle,  and  Gaston 
Maspero,  from  France  ;  Profs.  Dorpfeld, 
Furtwangler,  Wiedemann,  and  Helbig,  and 
Dr.  Karl  Wessely,  from  ( li-riiiuny  and  Austria ; 
Profs.  Comparetti  and  Vitelli,  from  Italy  ; 
and  Profs.  Cavvadias,  Spiridion  Lambros, 
Tsountas,  and  Zenghchs,  from  Greece  :  while 
America  is  worthily  represented  by  Prof. 
Goodspeed  ;  Great  Britain  by  Mr.  Cony- 
beare,  Drs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt,  Dr.  Mahaffy, 
Prof.  Smyly,  and  Dr.  Tyrrell  ;  and  the  Swiss 
universities  of  Bale,  Geneva,  and  Zurich  by 
a  solid  phalanx  headed  by  the  veteran  Paul 
Oltramare.  Russia,  Holland,  Belgium,  and 
Bohemia  also  figure  in  the  list  of  contributors, 
the  only  university  of  the  first  rank  which 
is  not  represented  being  Cambridge.  The 
whole  book  is  excellently  illustrated  and 
got  up,  and  reflects  great  credit  on  MM.  W. 
Kiindig,  of  Geneva,  from  whose  press  it 
issues. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  pick  out  any 
articles  for  special  mention  where  all  are  so 
good,  but  among  those  of  general  interest 
we  may  perhaps  notice  Prof.  Dorpfeld's 
painstaking  essay  on  the  '  Verbrennung  und 
Bestattung  der  Toten  im  alten  Griechenland.' 
Following  therein  his  countrymen  Bottiger 
and  Becker,  he  will  have  it  that  in  all  ages 
the  Greeks  burnt  instead  of  burying  their 
dead.  Even  in  the  tombs  of  the  Mycenaean 
age  he  can,  he  thinks,  find  traces  that  the 
corpse  was  "  passed  through  fire  "  before 
being  laid  to  rest  ;  and  in  the  Homeric  and 
the  classical  periods  he  considers  the  literary 
evidence  too  clear  to  be  gainsaid.  He  does 
not  think  that  the  body  was  in  all  cases 
utterly  consumed,  as  in  modern  cremations, 
but  considers  that  it  was  always  exposed 
to  the  fire  before  the  interment  of  the  bones. 
The  subject  is  important,  because  burial 
customs  are  among  the  most  enduring  things 
in  this  world,  any  peculiarity  in  this  respect 
being  generally  a  far  better  test  of  race 
than  religion  or  language,  and  the  burning 
of  the  dead  is  therefore  one  proof  the  more 
that  the  people  who  made  the  graves  of 
Mycenaean,  and  even  of  "  prehistoric," 
times  were  really  the  ancestors  of  the  classical 
Greeks.  On  the  other  hand,  the  argument 
cuts  both  ways,  and  the  very  speedy  aban- 
donment in  Christian  times  of  the  hygienic 
practice  of  cremation  for  the  Semitic  custom 
of  burying  the  dead  without  any  attempt  to 
guard  against  decay  demands  more  atten- 
tion than  it  has  hitherto  received.  That 
this  was  not  at  first  due  to  Christian  teaching 
may  be  gathered  from  Cicero's  statement 
that  interment,  and  not  cremation  of  the 
dead,  was  the  practice  of  the  Cornelian  gens 
down  to  the  time  of  Sulla. 

Another  remarkable  article  is  that  by 
M.  Francotte,  of  the  University  of  Liege, 
on  the  distributions  of  bread  in  Greek  cities. 
The  question  of  corn  imports  seems  to  have 
been  as  pressing  with  the  Greeks  as  it  has 
lately  become  with  us,  and  in  Athens  in 
particular  the  foreign  corn  imported  was 
more  than  double  the  home  production  of 
all  Attica.  So  long  as  she  maintained  her 
maritime  supremacy  she  seems  to  have 
made  up  the  deficiency  for  the  most  part 
with  the  strong  hand  ;  and  when  she  lost 
the  command  of  the  seas  the  assurance  of  a 
good  market  was  sufficient  to  attract  corn 
from  Sicily,  Egypt,  and  the  Bosphorus.  By 
a  law  of  Antigonus,  which  seems  to  M. 
Francotte  to  be  our  chief  source  of  infor- 
mation on  the  subject,  all  grain  brought 
into  the  Piraeus  had  to  be  taken  to  the 
Athenian  Agora,  and  there  the  price  as 
well  as  the  quality  was  strictly  undev  the 
control  of  the  sitophylaces  and  other  magis- 
trates.    But  if,  in  spite  of  this,  the  price 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


233 


became  so  high  as  to  be  prohibitive  for  the 
poorer  classes,  it  was  the  custom  of  the 
rich  to  make  a  distribution  under  cost  price. 
Whether  this  was  always  due  to  strictly 
charitable  intentions,  M.  Francotte  is  in- 
clined to  doubt,  being  rather  of  opinion 
that  it  was.  in  fact,  a  form  of  tax,  by  which 
those  who  had  made  much  money  by  the 
purchase  of  corn  abandoned  to  their  fellow- 
citizens  a  share  of  the  profits  that  they  well 
knew  they  would  not  be  allowed  to  keep. 
However  that  may  be,  it  soon  degenerated 
into  the  distribution  of  corn  gratis  ;  and 
as  many  other  cities  hastened  to  follow  the 
example  of  Athens,  it  was  not  long  before 
this  custom  extended  to  Asia  Minor  and  the 
colonies.  And  all  this,  it  should  be  noticed, 
took  place  while  Greece  was  more  or  less  free. 
Afterwards,  when  it  became  incorporated  in 
the  Roman  system,  the  emperors  did  not 
see  their  way  to  withdraw  the  privileges 
which  the  cities,  in  the  time  of  their  liberty, 
had  granted  to  their  poorer  citizens. 

More  technical  than  either  of  these  essays 
is  that  of  M.  Le  Coultre,  of  Neuchatel,  on 
the  pronunciation  of  Latin  in  the  days  of 
Charlemagne.  He  begins  by  pointing  out 
that  at  the  time  of  the  great  emperor's 
coronation  classical  learning  had  fallen  to 
its  lowest  pitch  in  the  West,  and  that  it 
was  only  in  Italy  and  the  British  Isles  that 
some  shred  of  organized  teaching  of  Latin 
remained.  Alcuin  came  to  Charlemagne, 
he  reminds  us,  from  York,  and  it  is  to  his 
teaching  that  he  attributes  the  revival  of 
the  study  of  Latin  in  France.  He  thinks, 
too,  that  from  his  treatise  '  De  Orthographia  ' 
can  be  recovered  a  great  part  of  the  pro- 
nunciation of  Latin  in  his  time,  although  he 
does  not  think  it  affords  any  hint  as  to  the 
debated  pronunciation  of  c  as  k  before  the 
first  three  vowels.  As  to  the  vowels  them- 
selves, he  is  of  opinion  that  all  the  diphthongs 
had  disappeared  from  the  spoken  tongue 
with  the  single  exception  of  au,  which  was 
still  used  as  a  very  open  o.  The  e  and  the  i 
had  also  become  assimilated.  That  there 
was  some  similarity  between  u  and  i  seems 
likely  from  the  constant  confusion  noted  by 
Alcuin  between  monumentum  and  muni- 
mentum,  arcuhus  and  arcibus  ;  while  it  is 
probable  that  where  two  successive  ?<'s  were 
employed,  as  in  tribuunt,  mortuus,  and  the 
like,  there  was  a  tendency  to  elide  one.  As 
for  the  consonants,  6  seems  to  have  been 
interchangeable  with  v,  even  for  Alcuin 
himself;  and.d  slid  into  something  like  the 
English  th,  in  which  we  may  perhaps  see 
the  influence  of  the  Byzantine  Court.  The 
q  seems  always  to  have  been  pronounced 
as  if  followed  by  u,  and  not  turned  into  a 
hard  c,  as  some  authors  would  have  it  ; 
while  there  was  a  tendency,  which  has  lasted 
down  to  our  time,  to  give  a  sibilant  sound 
to  the  ti  in  words  like  benedictio  and  oratio. 
Generally,  it  may  be  said  that  the  pronun- 
ciation of  the  vowels  had  altered  much  more 
from  what  it  had  been  in  classical  times 
than  had  that  of  the  consonants. 

Of  wider  interest,  perhaps,  in  an  age  so 
nervous  as  our  own,  is  the  excellently  illus- 
trated article  by  M.  Paul  Milliet,  late  pro- 
fessor at  the  Polytechnic  Association  of 
Paris,  on  the  haggard  eyes  apparent  in  most 
of  the  extant  examples  of  the  later  Greek 
art.  He  shows  by  many  instances,  drawn 
mostly  from  Pompeii  and  Herculanoum, 
that  the  Alexandrian  artists  loved  to  depict 
even  their  gods  as  wearing  an  intense  expres- 
sion which  often  resulted  in  showing  the 
upper  part  of  the  iris  with  a  clear  space 
between  it  and  the  eyelid,  instead  of  half 
hidden  by  the  latter,  as  is  generally  the 
oase  when  the  face  is  in  repose.  He  attri- 
butes this  to  an  excess  of  nervous  excite- 
ment, which   he   holds   to   be    the   peculiar 


characteristic  of  the*.  Hellenistic  period, 
and  the  result  of  overmuch  devotion  to 
the  mysteries  of  "la  religion  bacchique." 
This  may  be  so,  and  he  is  right  when  he 
says  that  the  same  expression  may  be 
traced  in  the  insipid  portraits  of  the 
Byzantine  Empire.  We  may  not  go 
so  far  as  he  does  in  proclaiming  it  to  be  a 
mark  of  degenerescence  and  "  la  nevrose 
hereditaire,"  but  it  may  be  worth  noticing 
that  that  observant  satirist  Mr.  Punch 
reproduced  it  some  years  ago  in  the  fades 
bicyclica,  or  expression  produced  by  bicycling. 
"  Le  culte  de  Dionysos,  auquel  nous  devons 
les  grossieretes  de  la  comedie  aussi  bien  que 
l'enthousiasme  delirant  et  desordonne  des 
lyriques,"  as  says  M.  Milliet,  was  hardly  to 
blame  in  this  last-named  instance. 

Space  fails  us  to  give  an  account  adequate 
to  their  merits  of  the  Egyptian  articles  of 
M.  Maspero,  M.  Iildouard  Naville,  and  Prof. 
Wilcken,  as  well  as  of  many  other  articles 
that  we  should  like  to  have  noticed  ;  but 
perhaps  enough  has  been  said  to  send  the 
curious  reader  to  the  collection.  Mention 
must,  however,  be  made  of  the  two  graceful 
epigrams — by  Prof.  Tyrrell  and  Prof.  Mahaffy 
respectively — which  are  prefixed  to  the  book. 
A  glance  at  them  will  show  the  instructed 
that  we  still  preserve  our  supremacy  in 
the  delightful  exercise  of  Greek  verse,  and 
we  suppose  it  was  only  the  exigencies  of 
metre  which  led  the  last-named  scholar  to 
grsecize  the  beneficiary's  patronymic  as 
NikoAAos  instead  of  NikoAoos. 


A    LAMB     REFERENCE    EXPLAINED 

Readers  will  be  grateful  to  Mr.  Toynbee 
for  his  reference  to  '  The  Two  Lovers  '  of 
Marie  de  France.  The  story  is,  however, 
familiar  to  many,  and  has  been  used  by 
Mr.  George  Meredith  {Once  a  Week,  Decem- 
ber 31st,  1859,  p.  10)  in  a  ballad  which  he 
has  not  reprinted.  The  poem  is  entitled 
'  The  Crown  of  Love,'  and  has  a  breathless, 
but  not  very  reasonable,  illustration  by 
Millais.  Paul  Chapman,  M.D. 

***  Other  correspondents  are  thanked  for 
similar  information. 


1  THE  TREE  OF  LIFE  ' : 
A  CORRECTION. 

February  18th,  1906. 

May  I  request  the  hospitality  of  your 
columns  for  giving  publicity  to  a  very 
necessary  correction  in  my  book  on  religion  ? 

My  friend  Dr.  J.  G.  Frazer  points  out  to 
me  that  on  p.  195  I  represent  him  as  holding 
a  theory  that  gods  are  developed  from  the 
bogies  frequently  used  by  early  peoples  for 
disciplinary  purposes.  On  investigating  tne 
matter  I  find  that  my  statement  has  no 
foundation  whatever.  While  I  cannot  ex- 
plain how  the  mistake  arose,  I  am  anxious 
to  correct  at  once  such  a  misrepresentation 
of  Dr.  Frazer's  views. 

Ernest  Crawley. 


CHAUCER'S   ANCESTRY. 

Woodbridge. 

The  results  of  recent  researches  among 
the  records  of  the  borough  of  Ipswich  enablo 
me  to  confirm  the  statement  that  on  his 
father's  side  Chaucer's  pedigree  is  traceable 
to  Ipswich.  His  father,  John  le  Chaucer, 
was  the  son  of  Robert  le  Chaucer  (known 
among  his  Ipswich  kinsfolk  as  "  the  Sade- 
ler  "),  son  of  Andrew  Malyn,  of  Dennington, 


co.  Suffolk,  who  settled  in  Ipswich,  where 
he  held  a  tavern  near  the  church  of  St.  Mary 
le  Tower.  Robert  le  Chaucer,  also  known 
as  Robert  Malyn,  of  Dennington,  had  a 
sister  Agnes,  whose  second  husband  was 
Geoffrey  Stace,  of  Ipswich ;  and  a  daughter 
Isabella,  who  married  Thomas  de  Blakeney, 
citizen  of  London.  The  poet's  first  cousins 
were  Stephen,  Joan,  and  Cristine  de  Blake- 
ney. V.  B.  Redstone. 


THE   SPRING   PUBLISHING   SEASON. 
MESSRS.  HUTCHINSON  &  CO. 

announce  Robert  Owen,  by  Frank  Podraore,  2  vols., 
with  numerous  illustrations, — Carthage  and  Tunis, 
by  Douglas  Sladen.  2  vols.,  with  numerous  illus- 
tration,— Liberia,  the  Negro  Republic  in  West 
Africa,  by  Sir  Harry  Johnston,  2  vols.,  with  nearly 
400  illustrations, — Antoinette  Sterling,  and  other 
Celebrities,  by  H.  S.  MacKinlay,  with  illustrations 
and  facsimilies, — The  Real  Louis  XV.,  by  Lieut.- 
Col.  Andrew  C.  P.  Haggard,  2  vols.,  illustrated, — • 
From  Yalu  to  Port  Arthur,  by  William  Maxwell, 
illustrated, — The  Arts  and  Crafts  for  Beginners,  by 
F.  G.  Sanford,  with  over  200  working  photographs, 
— Memoirs  of  Malakoff,  edited  by  R.  M.  Johnston, 
2  vols., — By  the  Waters  of  Carthage,  by  Norma 
Lorimer,  with  illustrations, — The  Standard  Operas, 
by  (i.  P.  Upton, — in  the  Library  of  Standard 
Biographies,  Roseoe's  translation  of  the  Memoirs 
of  Benvenuto  Cellini,  and  Memoirs  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  by  Madame  Campan,  —  Five  Fair 
Sisters,  an  Italian  Episode  at  the  Court  of  Louis 
XIV.,  by  H.  Noel  Williams,  illustrated,  —  The 
Deathless  Story,  by  A.  C.  Addison  and  W.  H. 
Matthews,  with  many  illustrations, — France  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century,  by  Elizabeth  W.  Latimer, 
witli  22  portraits, — in  the  Classic  Novels,  Tristram 
Shandy  and  The  Sentimental  Journey,  in  one 
volume,  with  illustrations  by  Cruikshank, — and 
many  volumes  in  the  Popular  Classics,  including 
Bret  Harte's  Choice  Tales  and  Verse  ;  Waterton's 
Wanderings  in  South  America,  edited  by  W.  A. 
Harding,  and  illustrated  ;  and  Leigh  Hunt's  The 
Town,  illustrated. 

In  Fiction  :  The  Far  Horizon,  by  Lucas  Malet,— 
Ring  in  the  New.  by  Richard  VYhiteing, — Made  in 
his  Image,  by  Guy  Thome, — The  Way  of  the 
Spirit,  by  H.  Rider  Haggard.  —  The  Spanish 
Dowry,  by  L.  Dougall, — Capt.  John  Lister,  by 
John  A.  Hamilton,  —  In  Subjection,  by  Ellen 
Thorneycroft  Fowler, — The  Artful  Miss  Dill,  by 
Frankfort  Moore,—  The  Pride  of  Life,  and  The 
House  of  Riddles,  by  Dorothea  Gerard, — The  Only 
World,  by  G.  B.  Burgin, — A  Man  of  No  Family,  by 
C.  C.  and  E.  M.  Mott,— -Queen  of  the  Rushes,  by 
Allen  Raine, — Thalassa,  by  Mrs.  Baillie  Reynolds, 
— Love  Decides,  and  A  Girl  of  Spirit,  by  Charles 
Garvice, — The  Magic  Island,  by  E.  Everett-Green, 
— The  Wood  End,  by  J.  E.  Huckrose, — and  In  the 
Name  of  a  Woman,  by  A.  W.  Marehmont. 

MESSRS.  CASSELL  &  CO. 

have  in  hand  :  —  Travel,  History,  and  Bio- 
graphy :  Pictures  from  the  Balkans,  by  J.  F» 
Fraser, — The  Adventures  of  a  Born  Tramp,  by  B. 
Kennedy, — The  Thames  and  its  Story,  with  many 
illustrations,  -Reminiscences  of  a  Radical  Parson, 
by  the  Rev.  W.  Tuckwell,  a  cheap  edition.  -The 
Hon.  F.  S.  Jackson,  by  P.  C.  Standing,— The  Story 
of  Protestantism,  by  F.  H.  (Talc 

Fiction  :  A  Human  Face,  by  S.  K.  Hocking,— 
The  Red  Seal,  by  Morico  Gerard, — The  Hidden 
House,  by  J.  C.  Dane, — A  Toy  Tragedy,  by  Mrs. 
Henry  de  la  Pasture,— The  Burglars'  Club,  by 
H.  A.  Hering, — The  Mystery  of  tho  Shadow,  by 
Fergus  Hume, — Highcroft  Farm,  by  ■'.  S.  Fletcher, 
— The  Light,  by  Mrs.  Harold  G>rst, — The  Woman 
at  Kensington,  by  W.  Le  Queux,  —  Miriam 
Lemaire,  Money  -LcndtJ^  by  C.  Stanton  and  H. 
Hosken. 

Reprints  and  New  Editions:  Pocket  Editions  of 
Dante's  Purgatory  and  Paradise,  illustrated  by 
Mure,  and  other  classics, — Wild  Nature's  Ways, 
by  R.  Kearton, — many  additions  to  the  National 
Library,  in  special  binding, — and  to  the  Standard 
Library, — and  Farrar's  Life  of  Christ  and  other 
popular  volumes  at  sixpence. 

Science,  Technical  Manuals,  fto.  :  Electricity  in 
the    Service   of    Man,    by   P.    M.    Walmsley, — The 


2:U 


THE    ATIIENjEUM 


N°4087,  Feu.  24,  1906 


Story  of  the  Sim,  by  Bit  ft.  Ball,  new  edition, 
1  "1.  t •  i  i.il  1  'i .i.  1 1.  .i  1  ('.uii.itii.il  Growing,  by  W.  P. 
Wright,  Building  Obnitruotion,  bj  Prof.  II. 
Adams,  in  tin-  "Technical  Instruction  Series," 
Praotioal  Painters1  Work;  Practical  Bool  and  Shoe 
Pattern  Cutting  and  Clicking ;  Iron,  ita  Properties 
jmtl  Manufacture;  Sanitary Conveniences ;  Sanitary 
Construction  in  Building,-  and  other  teohnioal  aids 
and  handbooka 

In  Art:  Stanhope  Forbes,  AH. A.,  and  Eliza- 
lH'th  Stanhope  Porbea,  A.K.W.S.,  by  Mrs.  Lionel 
Birch,  Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1906,  Pictorial 
London,     Flowers  and   bow   t<>   Paint   Them,  by 

Maud  XatU'l,  a  new  edition,  new  serial  pub- 
lications on  The  Cathedrals  <>f  England  and  Wales, 
ami  Familiar  Trees,  by  Prof.  Bomger,  with  plates 
by  W.  H.  J.  Boot  and  "A.  ]•'.  Muckfoy. 


THE   TRUMAN  SALE. 


MlMBRB.  SOTHXBT,  Wilkinson  &  HODGE  sold 
•  on  four  days  last  week  the  general  library  of  the 
late  Dr.  Edwin  Truman,  which  included  the 
following  high-priced  books :  A'Beckett'a  Comic 
Histories  of  Rome  and  England,  original  numbers, 
1S46,  12/.  15*.    Aokermamrs  Microcosm  of  London, 

3  vols..  1808,  151.  Aiken's  Analysis  of  the  Hunting 
Field,  lS-iti,  157,  Bacon's  Advancement  of  Learn- 
ing, 1605,  132.  Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy, 
first  edition  (slightly  defective),  1621,  167.  ">.-.  The 
Busy-Body,  plates  by  Gillray,  4  vols.,  1S16-18, 
12/.  15s,  Cries  of  Paris,  by  C.  Vernet,  1(K)  coloured 
lithographs,  IS/.  15s.  Dickens's  Sketches  by  Boz, 
24  original  numbers,  1837,  <i.V.  10*.;  Pickwick, 
original  numbers,  1836-7,402.  Kk  Egan's  Life  of 
an  Actor,  first  edition,  boards,  uncut,  1825,202.  10s. 
Evelyn's  Memoirs,  extra-illustrated,  1819,  11/.  ; 
Sculpt ura,  1662,  14/.  Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the 
World,  first  edition,  2  vols.,  original  boards, 
uncut,  1762,  44/.;  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  24  coloured 
plate6  by  Rowlandson,  1817,  10/.  15*.  Ireland's 
Life  of  Napoleon,  Cruikshank's  plates,  1823-7, 
17/.  Lever's  Works,  first  editions  (16),  68/. 
Lysons's  Environs  of  London,  large  paper,  coloured 
copy,  6  vols.,  1796-1811,  10/.  2.1.  6c/.  Manning  and 
Bray's  Surrey,  large  paper,  1804-17,  17/.  Marston's 
What  You  Will,  first  edition,  1607,  15/.  15s.  A 
volume  of  plays,  seventeenth  century,  including 
The  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton,  1655,  31/.  10*  A 
volume  of  twelve  plays  by  Massinger,  Ford, 
Rowley,  &c,  1631-3,  88/.  Psalter  in  English, 
IMS.  on  vellum,  imperfect,  Ssec.  XV., 562.  Miseries 
of  Human  Life,  illustrated  by  Rowlandson,  1809, 
14/.  10*.  Tragicall  Raigne  of  Selimus,  1594  (im- 
perfect), 192.  5s.  Tragedie  of  Locrine,  T.  Creede, 
1595,  24/.  10.t.  Shirley's  Plays  (9),  original  editions, 
1633-55,  35/.  Albert  Smith's  Adventures  of  Mr. 
Ledbury  and  The  Fortunes  of  the  Scattergood 
Family,  first  editions,  illustrated  by  Leech,  1S44-5, 
362.    To*.      Smith's    British    Mezzotint    Portraits, 

4  vols.,  1883,  14/.  10*  Catalogues  of  the  Society 
of  Artists  of  Great  Britain,  complete  from  1760-69, 
numerous  illustrations  inserted,  B.  June's  copy, 
4  vols.,  382.  Id*.  Surtees's  Sporting  Novels  (6), 
first  editions,  1852-65,  612.  Thackeray's  Vanity 
Fair,  original  parte,  1847-8,482.;  History  of  Pen- 
dennifl,  original  parts,  1848-50,  10/.  .">*'.:  Second 
Funeral  of  Napoleon,  first  edition,  1841,  30/.     Van 


in  parte),  1825-6,  312. 

Dr.  Truman's  engravings,  drawings,  and  carica- 
tures will   be   sold    in   March    and   April,  and   the 

Cruikshank  collections  in  May. 


The  centenary  of  Mrs.  Browning  in 
March  will  be  celebrated  by  a  memoir  of 
her  by  Mr.  Percy  Lubbock,  with  a  portrait 
by  Mrs.  Bridell  Fox.  On  the  same  occa- 
sion will  appear  the  correspondence 
of  Browning  with  two  friends  of  his 
.youth,  Alfred  Domett  and  Arnould,  after- 
wards Sir  Joseph  Arnould,  Chief  Justice 
of    Bombay.     These    letters    will    appear 


under  the  editorship  of  Mi.  I'.  G.  Kenyon 
with  portraits  <>f  tin-  three  friends.     Loth 
hooks  will  be  published  bj   Me    re.  Smith 
&  Elder. 

In  The  Cornhill  Magazint  for  March 
'  Mi.  Gladstone  as  I  Knew  Him,'  by  Sir 
Algernon  West,  gives  many  persona] 
touches  of  reminiscence.  Sir  Francis* 
Younghusband  writes  on  'General  Homer 
Younghusband  and  Scinde.'  '  Some 
Natural  History  :  III.'  is  another  of 
Dean  Latham's  sketches  of  Life  in  Lam- 
beth. The  'Judgment  of  (Etone,'  by 
R.  A.  K.,  is  a  Tennysonian  parody  on 
the  choice  between  volunteering,  music, 
and  handicraft  at  Eton.  Mr.  W.  A. 
Shenstone  writes  '  About  Solutions,'  and 
Mr.  W.  J.  Fletcher  on  '  Some  Forgotten 
Admirals.' 

The  opening  article  in  the  March 
Independent  Review  will  be  on  '  The 
Religious  Difficulty,'  by  Canon  Barnett. 
It  contains  a  new  suggestion  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  education  question.  Mr.  J. 
Ramsay  Macdonald  is  contributing  an 
article  on  '  The  Labour  Party  and  its 
Policy,'  and  Mr.  Herbert  Paul  a  paper  on 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill.  Among  the 
other  contributions  may  be  mentioned 
'  Moketo,  Gurth,  and  Bill  Brown,'  by  the 
editor,  Mr.  Jenks  ;  '  Satire  and  Poetry 
at  Olney,'  by  Mr.  Sidney  T.  Irwin  ;  '  The 
Situation  in  Ireland,'  by  Mr.  Robert 
Donovan  ;  '  Shakespeare  at  the  Theatre 
Antoine,'  by  Miss  Marjorie  Strachey  ;  and 
poems  by  Mr.  Wilfrid  Gibson  and  Mr. 
Herbert  Trench. 

Mr.  Stopford  A.  Brooke  is  publishing 
through  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons  another 
book  on  the  same  lines  as  '  The  Gospel  of 
Joy  '  and  '  The  Kingship  of  Love.'  This 
is  a  volume  of  extracts  from  his  unpub- 
lished sermons  and  addresses,  entitled 
'  The  Life  Superlative,'  and  deals  largely 
with  social  and  civic  religion.  A  new 
photogravure  portrait  of  the  author  will 
form  the  frontispiece. 

Book  I.  of  Mr.  Alfred  Noyes's  poem 
'  Drake  :  an  English  Epic,'  appears  in  the 
March  Blackwood.  Amongst  other  articles 
'  An  Underground  Republic '  gives  an 
account  of  a  recent  visit  to  the  stronghold 
of  Damon  Grueff,  the  original  organizer 
of  the  Macedonian  Committee,  and  '  The 
Kabul  Tragedy '  is  compiled  from  the 
papers  of  a  survivor  of  the  massacre  in 
Afghanistan,  1841-2.  In  'Scotch  Cousins' 
some  unpublished  correspondence  gives 
a  picture  of  the  quaint  family  life  of  an 
old  friend  of  Walter  Scott ;  and  '  A  Camp 
of  Instruction  '  is  a  sketch  of  the  Indian 
army  in  training  "  under  service  condi- 
tions." 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Blunt  will  contribute  to 
the  forthcoming  number  of  The  Nine- 
t<  >  nth  Century  an  article  on  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill.  In  reviewing  Mr.  Winston 
Churchill's  biography  of  his  father  we 
said  that  the  records  of  his  relations  with 
Home  Rule  were  hardly  complete  ;  and 
this  deficiency  Mr.  Wilfrid  Blunt's  remi- 
niscences of  his  former  political  and 
personal  friend  will  do  something  to  supply. 


DR.     JOHB      HaSSOBT,     Whose        Atomic 

Theory  of  Lucretius'  appeared  some 
twenty  go,  bas  since  then  kept  up 

US  study  of  the  poet.  The  high  reputa- 
tion  which   his   hook   enjoy-    lends   special 

interest  to  the  fact  that  he  has  now 
almost  completed  for  press  a  much  larger 

work,  'Lucretius,  Epicurean  and  Poet,' 
which  will  take  account   of  the  important 

mi  and  others. 

Skvkhai.  of  the  articles  in  the  April 
number  of  The  Library  will  he  on  Shak- 
spearian  subjects,  the  most  important 
being  a  description   by   Mr.   Sidney  Lee 

of  the  copies  of  the  First  Folio  which 
have  been  brought  under  his  notice  since 
the  publication  of  his  '  Census.'  Another 
article  of  considerable  interest  will  be  on 
'  The  Printers  of  Shakspeare's  Plavs,'  by 
Mr.  H.  R.  Plomer. 

A  new  county,  that  of  Dorset,  has  been 
added  to  Mr.  Phillimore's  Register  Series. 
The  volume  will  be  issued  to  subscribers 
in  a  few  days.  In  its  preparation  the 
editor  has  been  assisted  by  the  Rev. 
Edmund  Nevill  and  the  Rev.  R.  Grosvenor 
Bartelot.  It  will  contain  the  marriage 
registers  of  ten  parishes. 

The  Clarendon  Press  proposes  to  publish 
in  the  autumn  the  literary  remains  of 
Prof.  York  Powell,  prefaced  by  a  selection 
from  his  letters  and  a  memoir.  A  final 
appeal  for  biographical  material,  and  for 
the  loan  of  letters,  is  made  by  the  editor, 
Prof.  Oliver  Elton,  to  whom  communica- 
tions should  be  addressed  at  35,  Parkfield 
Road,  Liverpool. 

Mr.  Montgomery  Carmichael  lias 
just  completed  a  preface  for  a  new  edition 
of  his  '  In  Tuscany.' 

Mr.  E.  Marston  ("  The  Amateur 
Angler")  has  in  the  press  with  Mr. 
Werner  Laurie  '  Fishing  for  Pleasure  and 
Catching  It.'  The  volume  will  contain 
an  account  of  various  holiday  angling  ex- 
cursions, to  which  are  added  two  chapters 
on  '  Salmon  and  Trout  Fishing  in  North 
Wales,'  by  Mr.  R.  B.  Marston.  It  will  be 
illustrated,  and  printed  at  the  Chiswick 
Press  on  special  paper. 

Mr.  Yates  Thompson's  lecture  on 
*  Illuminated  Manuscripts  '  at  the  Society 
of  Arts  on  Tuesday  was  one  of  great 
interest.  The  purchase  by  him  at 
Messrs.  Sotheby's  some  three  years 
ago  of  the  second  volume  of  a  finely 
illuminated  (but  mutilated)  manuscript  ; 
the  discovery  of  the  first  volume  in  the 
possession  of  the  French  Government ; 
and  the  further  discovery  at  Windsor 
Castle,  by  Mr.  Warner  of  the  British 
Museum,  of  ten  of  the  twelve  miniatures 
which  had  been  cut  out  of  Mr.  Yates 
Thompson's  volume,  read  more  like  a 
chapter  from  a  romance  than  one  in  real 
life.  The  decision  of  King  Edward  and 
Mi.  fates  Thompson  to  have  the  ten 
miniatures  replaced  in  their  original 
setting,  and  the  volume  offered  to  France, 
will,  we  are  sure,  be  fully  appreciated  by 
the  French  people.  The  ten  miniatures, 
it  may  be  mentioned,  are  of  special  interest 
because  they  are  by  no  less  a  person 
than  Jehan  Fouquet. 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


235 


The  death  is  announced  of  Mr.  David 
Johnstone  Walker,  of  the  Edinburgh 
publishing  firm  of  Bell  &  Bradfute.  This 
firm,  established  in  1734,  is  the  oldest 
existing  publishing  house  in  Scotland,  and 
Mr.  Walker  had  been  for  many  years  the 
sole  surviving  partner.  He  was  one  of 
the  oldest  members  of  the  Edinburgh 
Booksellers'  Society,  of  which  he  was  at 
one  time  president.  He  took  a  great 
interest  in  education  and  free  libraries 
in  Xew  Zealand,  and  had  often  been  en- 
trusted with  important  book  contracts 
by  the  Government  of  that  colony. 

Buens's  house  at  Dumfries  is  now  held 
on  lease  by  the  Town  Council,  and  is 
under  the  charge  of  Mrs.  and  Miss  Brown, 
granddaughter  and  great-granddaughter 
of  the  poet.  To  the  relics  preserved  in 
the  house  a  number  of  important  addi- 
tions have  just  been  made.  These  include 
a  copy  of  De  Lolme  ;  On  the  British  Con- 
stitution,' one  of  four  books  presented  by 
Burns  to  the  Dumfries  Public  Library. 
On  the  fly-leaf  he  wrote  :  "  Robert 
Burns  presents  this  book  to  the  Library. 
and  begs  they  will  take  it  as  a  Creed  of 
British  liberty — untill  they  find  a  better." 
Several  private  collectors  have  placed  a 
number  of  relics  on  permanent  loan. 

The  death  is  announced  of  "  Carl 
Joubert,"  who  wrote  a  number  of  sensa- 
tional volumes  on  Russian  subjects,  in- 
cluding *  The  Fall  of  Tsardom,'  '  Russia 
as  It  Really  Is,'  and  'The  Truth  about 
the  Tsar  and  the  Present  State  of  Russia.' 
1  The  White  Hand,'  a  Russian  story, 
was  only  published  the  other  day. 
The  knowledge  of  Russia  displayed  in 
these  volumes  was  severely  questioned  by 
experts.  Little  is  known  of  the  author, 
except  that  his  real  name  was  not,  as 
generally  supposed,  Carl  Joubert. 

A  new  edition  of  '  Billiards,'  by  Major 
Broadfoot,  in  "  The  Badminton  Library," 
has  just  been  published.  The  history  of 
the  game  during  the  ten  years  which  have 
passed  since  the  first  edition  appeared  is 
included,  and  alterations  consequent  on 
the  abandonment  of  the  push  stroke  and 
other  modifications  have  been  introduced. 

Oxe  of  the  most  important  book  sales 
of  the  present  season  will  comprise  the 
choice  library  of  early  printed  books  with 
illustrations,  originally  formed  by  the  late 
Mr.  Richard  Fisher,  and  considerably 
augumented  by  his  son.  Mr.  Fisher 
obtained  a  European  reputation  as  an 
authority  on  engravings  by  and  after  the 
old  masters,  and  the  dispersal  of  his  fine 
collection  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  some  years 
ago  will  be  fresh  in  the  minds  of  many. 
The  collection  of  illustrated  books,  which 
will  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  in  May 
next,  is  as  fine  in  its  way  as  that  of  the 
engravings. 

Lord  Glenesk  presided  at  the  News- 
vendors'  annual  meeting  on  Tuesday  last, 
when  Mr.  W.  Wilkie  Jones  announced 
that  the  year's  receipts  amounted  to 
3,252/.,  this  large  sum  being  mainly  owing 
to  the  successful  festival  in  October  last, 
when  Sir  Horace  Brooks  Marshall  pre- 
sided.    Four  pensioners  were  elected  with- 


out having  to  undergo  the  expense  inci- 
dental to  a  ballot.  A  small  subscription 
of  five  shillings  a  year  for  ten  years 
qualifies  a  member  for  a  pension  of  25/. 
When  the  advantages  are  considered,  it 
is  surprising  that  there  are  not  a  larger 
number  of  newsvendors'  assistants  among 
the  subscribers. 

As  we  have  already  announced,  Lord 
Montagu  of  Beaulieu  will  preside  at  the 
Readers'  Dinner  on  March  3rd.  Among 
the  guests  expected  are  Lord  Desborough, 
Sir  John  Colomb,  Sir  Richard  Temple, 
Major-General  Sir  Alfred  Turner,  Mr. 
E.  F.  Benson,  Mr.  Warwick  Bond,  Mr. 
G.  K.  Chesterton,  Dr.  W.  L.  Courtney, 
Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest,  Dr.  William  Garnet t, 
Prof.  Herkomer,  R.A.,  Prof.  Mayo  Robson, 
Mr.  Howard  Saunders,  Mr.  Owen  Seaman, 
and  Mr.  Francis  Skrine.  The  dinner  is  in 
aid  of  the  pension  fund  of  the  London 
Association  of  Correctors  of  the  Press. 

M.  Axatole  France  is  going  to  publish 
in  March  his  new  comedy  in  one  act. 
which  is  of  so  literary  a  nature  that  we 
prefer  to  include  this  paragraph  here 
rather  than  in  Dramatic  Gossip. 

The  letters  of  Alfred  de  Yigny,  spread 
over  a  large  part  of  his  life,  from  1816  up 
to  less  than  half  a  century  ago,  have 
attracted  notice  during  the  appearance 
of  portions  of  them  in  leading  French 
reviews,  and  are  now  published  in  a 
volume. 

A  book  which  is  to  appear  in  Paris  in  a 
few  days,  under  the  name  of  ;  The  Women 
of  the  Second  Empire,'  deals  with  the 
ladies  of  the  Court  of  Louis  Napoleon. 

The  new  volume  of  M.  P.  Louvs, 
:  Archipel,'  is  not,  as  some  had  expected, 
classical,  like  some  of  the  author's  work, 
but  turns  out  to  be  a  collection  of  short 
stories  of  modern  life. 

M.  P.  Bourget's  book  is  now  found  to 
be  a  new  edition — possibly  with  some 
changes — of  a  portion  of  a  previous  work, 
though  with  a  different  publisher. 

Some  particulars  have  just  been  pub- 
lished concerning  the  library  formed  by 
Thiers,  and  included  in  the  late  Mile. 
Dosne's  gift  of  the  Hotel  Thiers  to  the 
French  Institut.  It  comprises  about 
4,600  volumes,  and  includes  a  complete 
set  of  the  Moniteur  Universe!  from  1789, 
and  of  the  Journal  Officii  I.  its  continuation, 
up  to  the  year  1903,  385  volumes  in  all. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  presentation 
copies,  many  of  which  are  annotated  by 
Thiers.  The  series  of  maps,  drawings, 
plans,  and  manuscripts  is  also  of  consider- 
able extent. 

The  death  is  announced  from  Munich 
of  the  eminent  philologist  and  classical 
scholar  Wilhelm  von  Christ.  He  was 
born  at  Geisenheim  in  1831,  studied  at 
Berlin  and  Munich,  and  in  1860  was 
appointed  professor  at  the  University  of 
Munich,  where  he  was  still  lecturing  this 
term,  in  spite  of  his  advanced  age.  His 
literary  work  covered  an  extensive  field. 
His  '  Griechische  Literaturgeschichte  '  has 
become  a  standard  work  in  Germany  :  and 
his  '  Metrik  der  Griechen  und  Romer  '  is 


well  known.  He  produced  an  '  Antho- 
logia  Graeca  Carminum  Christianorum  '  in 
collaboration  with  Pararikos,  and  a  number 
of  treatises  dealing  with  archaeology. 

The  late  Prof.  Menger  has  bequeathed 
his  magnificent  library  to  the  University 
of  Vienna.  By  the  terms  of  his  will  his 
considerable  fortune  is  to  be  employed  in 
endowing  an  Anton  Menger  Library  for 
the  reproduction  of  writings  which  take 
up  the  cause  of  the  people.  In  politics 
democratic  writings  are  alone  to  be  con- 
sidered, in  theology  those  that  are  un- 
orthodox, and  in  political  economy  those 
only  in  which  the  point  of  view  is  Socialistic 

A  museum  of  objects  belonging  to 
Hans  Andersen  or  connected  with  him 
has  just  been  opened  at  Odense,  in  the 
house  where  he  was  born,  now  the  pro- 
perty of  his  native  town.  A  good  many 
things  have  already  been  given  to  it,  and 
more  are  promised  by  people  who  knew 
the  great  writer  of  fairy  tales. 

At  the  last  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Booksellers' 
Provident  Institution,  held  on  Thursday, 
the  15th  inst.,  Mr.  C.  J.  Longman  in  the 
chair,  the  sum  of  110/.  was  voted  for  the 
relief  of  56  members  and  widows  of 
members.  Three  new  members  were 
elected. 

Some  curious  rock  inscriptions  have 
been  discovered  at  Khalsi,  in  Ladakh,  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Francks,  of  the  Moravian 
Mission.  These  show  that  an  active  trade 
was  carried  on  between  India  and  Yarkand 
1.200  years  ago,  and  in  sufficient  amount 
to  make  a  customs  revenue  profitable. 
The  inscriptions  are  dedicated  to  a  customs 
official  of  that  period,  and  are  on  rocks 
overhanging  the  present  main  road,  and 
facing  the  remains  of  an  old  bridge  over 
the  Indus. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of  inter- 
est this  week  is  the  Numerical  List  and  In- 
dex to  the  Sessional  Printed  Papers  of 
2nd  February,  1904— 15th  August.  1904, 
with  a  Table  and  Index  to  the  Public 
General  Acts  of  the  same  Session  (la.  lid.). 

SCIENCE 


Travels  of  a  Naturalist  in  Northern  Europe  : 
Norway  1871,  Archangel  1872.  Petchora 
1875.  2  vols.  By  J.  A.  Harvie-Brown. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

By  name  at  least,  the  author  must  be  well 
known  to  our  readers  from  his  valuable 
contributions  on  the  fauna  of  Scotland, 
noticed  in  these  columns  during  the  last 
eighteen  years  ;  and  among  ornitholo- 
gists still  living  there  are  few  who  have 
achieved  equal  fame  as  a  pioneer,  for  as 
early  as  1872  he  had  pressed  east- 
ward beyond  the  country  which  was 
explored  by  John  Wollev.  and  made  col- 
lections in  the  district  of  Archangel. 
In  addition  to  the  very  satisfactory  direct 
results,  definite  information  was  then 
obtained  which  indicated,  almost  with 
certainty,  that  the  breeding-places  of 
several  species  of  waders  must  be  at  no* 
great  distance  further  eastward.      An  ex- 


2M<> 


THE     ATIIKNiKUM 


N"  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


pedition  was  therefore  arranged  for  in- 
vestigations in  the  \  alley  of  the  Petohora 

in  1*71.  and  Messrs.  Hat  \  ie- Blown  and 
Danford    were    at    dialing   Cross   Station, 

literally  on  the  eve  of  starting,  when  a 
telegram  from  Archangel  said,  'Too 
late  ;  roads  broken  up."  So  the  two 
friends  made  some  modifications  in  their 
baggage,  and  went  instead  to  Transyl- 
vania. 

In  1875,  however,  the  author  reached 
the  desired  goal,  accompanied  on  this 
occasion  by  an  equally  keen  ornithologist, 
the  late  Mr.  Henry  Seebohm  ;  and  it  was 
then  that  the  nesting-places  of  the  grey 
plover,  little  stint,  and  Bewick's  swan 
■were  discovered,  for  the  first  time  in 
Europe.  Hitherto  the  eggs  of  the  former 
two  had  been  known  only  from  a  few 
specimens  obtained  by  Middendorf  in 
1843,  on  the  Taimyr  Peninsula,  very 
much  further  to  the  eastward.  Messrs. 
Harvie- Brown  and  Seebohm  returned  to 
find  themselves  famous  in  ornithological 
circles  :  the  eggs  and  nestlings  of  the 
plover  and  stint  were  figured  ;  an  account 
of  the  entire  results  of  their  trip  appeared 
in  The  Ibis  ;  and  a  book  by  Seebohm, 
entitled  '  Siberia  in  Europe,'  soon  ran 
out  of  print.  Since  the  days  of  Wolley's 
discoveries  in  Lapland  there  had  not  been 
such  excitement  among  British  oologists  ; 
for  thirty  years  ago  egg  -  collectors 
were  an  enthusiastic  set.  Every  year, 
however,  shows  a  diminution  in  the 
number  of  species  whose  breeding-places 
remain  unknown  ;  and  when  the  nesting- 
haunt  of  the  great  shearwater  shall  have 
been  discovered,  hardly  a  blank  will  be 
left  in  the  cabinet  of  the  collector  of  eggs 
of  "  British  "  species. 

Mr.  Harvie-Brown's  visit  to  Archangel 
and  the  Dvina  valley  has  been  already 
mentioned,  and  a  list  of  the  birds  appeared 
in  The  Ibis  for  1873  ;  but  no  narrative 
had  seen  the  light,  and  Mr.  H.  M.  Cook, 
late  British  Consul  at  Archangel,  who 
had  perused  important  extracts  from  the 
author's  journals,  strongly  urged  their 
publication,  "  because  they  contained 
matters  of  much  interest  connected  with 
the  Archangel  government  as  it  was 
known  thirty  years  ago."  In  consequence 
of  this  and  other  counsels,  it  was  considered 
desirable  to  print  the  entire  journals  kept 
during  the  two  expeditions  mentioned, 
as  well  as  the  daily  record  of  a  trip  to 
Norway  in  1871  with  the  late  Mr.  Edward 
R.  Alston,  who  was  also  the  author's 
companion  on  the  Archangel  visit.  There 
is  a  freshness  about  notes  made  on  the 
spot  which  is  frequently  wanting  in 
finished  narratives,  and  we  do  not  com- 
plain of  the  author  for  having  "  made  no 
attempt  to  rewrite  or  clothe  in  new 
phraseology  [his]  original  journals  "  ;  but 
a  great  many  details  respecting  his  daily 
meals  are  of  no  permanent  interest  after 
more  than  thirty  years  have  passed,  and 
might  have  been  omitted  with  advantage. 
The  Norwegian  journal  is  redolent  of  the 
enjoyment  of  youth,  but  the  route  fol- 
lowed— namely,  from  Christiania  to  the 
"Sogne  Fjord  and  Vossevangen — calls  for 
no  particular  remark  at  the  present  day. 
Par  more  important  was  then — and  would 


be  now — the  journey  to  Archangel  ;  and 
as  the  railway  in  those  days  ended  at 
St.   Petersburg,    it    was    not     altogether 

easy.  The  experiences  of  the  two  col- 
lectors near  Archangel,  and  also  north- 
eastward as  far  as  Mezen,  are  racily 
described  ;  while  the  scientific  results  were 
valuable. 

From  this  point  of  view,  however,  the 
third  expedition,  in  company  with  See- 
bohm, was  by  far  the  best ;  and  although 
the  main  features  have  been  somewhat 
discounted  by  the  publications  already 
mentioned,  there  are  to  be  found  in  Mr. 
Harvie-Brown's  journals  many  interesting 
details  which  do  not  appear  in  Seebohm's 
book.  We  have  gone  through  both,  date 
for  date,  and  have  found  in  the  journals 
numerous  amusing  particulars  and  side- 
lights concerning,  inter  alia,  the  idio- 
syncrasies of  the  assistants  employed  in 
various  capacities.  For  instance,  a  Polish 
exile  had  been  deputed  to  watch  the  nest 
of  a  wild  swan  in  order  to  identify  the 
species,  and  after  lying  in  ambush  for 
about  seven  hours,  he  sent  a  message  that 
the  swan  would  not  come  near  the  nest. 
On  reaching  the  spot  Mr.  Harvie-Brown 
found  that  a  fine  beaten  path  had  been 
made  in  a  straight  line  from  the  nest  to  a 
conspicuous  hut,  in  a  wall  of  which  a  hole 
had  been  left  big  enough  for  a  culverin. 
Of  course,  no  swan  under  the  blue  vault 
of  heaven  would  come  to  its  nest  in  such 
circumstances. 

Very  exciting  is  the  description  of  the 
adventures  at  Cape  Dvoinic,  where  the 
naturalists  landed  and  took  up  their 
abode  in  a  stranded  wreck  for  a  week, 
while  the  steamer  was  engaged  in  repairing 
the  beacons,  after  which  it  was  to  return 
and  pick  them  up.  Bad  weather,  coupled 
with  characteristic  indifference,  caused 
delay,  and  as  the  Russians  employed  had 
been  improvident  with  their  provisions 
the  party  were  nearly  starved ;  but 
although  they  prayed  clamorously  for 
bread,  they  would  not  take  the  trouble 
to  assist  in  "  rounding-up  "  the  flocks  of 
geese  which  were  then  moulting  their 
quill-feathers  and  unable  to  fly.  Mr. 
Harvie-Brown  by  no  means  limited  his 
interest  to  birds,  and,  as  a  lover  of  wood- 
craft, his  journals  contain  many  drawings 
and  descriptions  of  snares  and  traps  for 
hares,  otters,  foxes,  and  squirrels  ;  while 
several  plates  are  devoted  to  the  reindeer- 
harness  used  by  the  Samoyeds.  The 
index  is  full,  and  the  print  clear  ;  there 
are  four  useful  maps,  two  coloured  plates 
of  the  eggs  of  the  grey  plover  and  the 
little  stint,  and  many  photogravures  of 
scenery  as  well  as  of  the  coadjutors  in 
the  various  expeditions.  The  likeness  of 
the  author  forms  the  frontispiece  of  the 
first  volume  ;  in  the  second  is  that  of 
Alston,  who  died  in  1881,  and,  though 
less  deplored,  is  not  forgotten. 


Tfie  Tree  of  Life  :  a  Study  of  Religion.  By 
Ernest  Crawley.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — We 
should  define  Mr.  Crawley's  book  as  a  brave 
attempt  to  prove  that  religion  is  as  much  a 
part  of  human  life,  and  as  much  a  necessity, 
as  any  other  known  factor  of  man's  existence. 
In  this  attempt  Mr.   Crawley  makes  some 


notable  contributions  to  anthropological 
.-'  1'iice,  discusses  fairly  and  sanely  problems 
n  liidi  generally  arouse  feelings  not  conducive 
to  tli>  M  qualities,  and  arrives  at  his  conclu- 
sion by  methods  which  may  properly  be 
called  scientific.  We  need  not  point  out 
that  merits  of  this  nature  are  somewhat  rare 
in  books  which  deal  with  religion,  and  we 
therefore  welcome  all  the  more  cordially 
this  particular  example,  even  though  we  do 
not  agree  with  Mr.  Crawley  on  ail  points. 

Perhaps  his  most  significant  suggestion 
is  one  that  apparently  takes  but  a  small 
part  in  his  argument,  but  seems  to  us  to  be 
almost  at  its  root.  At  the  threshold  of  his 
inquiry  we  come  upon  this  passage  : — 

"  The  history  of  religious  phenomena  exemplifies 
in  the  must  striking  manner  the  continuity  of 
modern  and  primitive  culture;  but  tl, 
tendency  on  the  part  of  students  to  underestimate 
this  continuity,  and,  by  explaining  it  away  on  a 
theory  of  survivals,  to  lose  the  only  opportunity 
we  have  of  deducing  the  permanent  elements  of 
human  nature." 

This  sentence  at  once  prepares  us  for  much 
that  is  to  follow;  but  Mr.  Crawley  leaves 
the  point  itself  untouched,  except  by  impli- 
cation, until  well  on  in  the  middle  of  his 
book,  and  then  we  have  his  dictum  that 
"  it  may  be  finally  asserted  that  nothing 
which  has  to  do  with  human  needs  ever 
survives  as  a  mere  survival."  It  will  at 
once  be  seen  that  we  have  here  a  new 
estimate  of  the  force  which  survivals  play 
in  the  evidence  of  human  progress.  They 
prove  the  continuity  of  modern  and  primitive 
culture.  They  are  part  and  parcel  of  modern 
life,  filling  a  vacuum  which  has  not  been 
filled  by  modern  thought,  carrying  on,  there- 
fore, the  standard  of  religious  belief  and 
religious  ideal  from  point  to  point  until 
they  can  be  replaced  by  newer  ideas  and 
concepts.  This  definition  of  survivals  is 
very  bold.  It  answers  Mr.  Crawley's  pur- 
pose and  argument  in  a  way  which  no  other 
fact  in  human  history,  so  far  as  we  can 
judge,  could  answer  it.  It  is  the  basis  upon 
which  his  whole  argument  is  founded. 
Occupying  such  an  important  place,  it 
should  have  received  explicit  investigation, 
instead  of  being  treated  as  a  sort  of  side 
issue  of  incidental  importance. 

When  explicit  investigation  is  undertaken, 
Mr.  Crawley's  case  must,  we  think,  break 
down.  Survivals  are  carried  along  the 
stream  of  time  by  people  whose  culture- 
status  is  on  a  level  with  the  culture  in  which 
the  survivals  originated.  It  matters  not 
that  these  people  are  placed  in  the  midst 
of  a  higher  civilization  or  alongside  of  a 
higher  civilization.  When  once  the  higher 
civilization  penetrates  to  them,  the  survival 
is  lost.  There  is  not  continuity  between 
modern  and  primitive  thought  here,  but, 
on  the  contrary,  there  is  strong  antagonism, 
ending  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  the 
primitive  survival.  This  is  the  evidence 
wherever  survivals  can  be  studied,  whether 
in  the  midst  of  our  own  civilization,  or 
even  of  primitive  civilizations,  which  con- 
stantly exhibit  traces  of  older  beliefs  and 
ideas  being  pushed  out  of  existence  by 
newer.  It  is,  indeed,  a  mistake  to  suppose, 
as  some  authorities  apparently  do,  that 
survivals  can  only  be  studied  when  they 
are  embedded  in  a  high  civilization.  It 
is  almost  a  more  fruitful  method  to  study 
them  when  they  appear  in  the  lower  strata  ; 
and  even  in  such  a  case  as  the  Australian 
aborigines  we  think  that  it  is  the  neglect 
of  observing  survivals  that  has  led  to 
some  of  the  erroneous  theories  which  have 
recently  been  advanced  against  Messrs. 
Spencer  and  Gillen's  conclusions. 

We  cannot,  therefore,  accept  Mr.  Crawley's 
conclusions,  though  we  recognize  all  the 
advantage  which  must  accrue  to  scientific 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


237 


investigation  through  ideas  set  forth  so 
■clearly  and  patiently  as  his.  Mr.  Crawley's 
method,  if  tested  in  other  directions  not  so 
important  in  its  results  as  that  to  which 
we  have  just  directed  attention,  is  exceed- 
ingly helpful,  and  perhaps  his  treatment  of 
myth  is  the  best  example  of  this.  He  sees 
plainly  that  myth  is  not  mere  imagination. 
•"  The  object  of  historical  criticism,"  he  says, 
"'  being  to  separate  the  historical  from  the 
legendary  and  mythical,  it  must  be  careful 
not  to  destroy  the  historical  residuum,  if 
such  there  be!"  There  is  no  need  for  the 
last  clause,  for  every  myth,  unless  it  is  the 
conscious  product  of  a  literary  era,  contains 
as  its  root  a  central  fact,  and  that  Mr.  Crawley 
understands  this  is  evident  from  his  inci- 
dental definition  of  science  as  "  modern 
magic."  This  would  have  been  better  under- 
stood if  it  had  been  put  the  reverse  way, 
namely,  that  the  magic  of  primitive  peoples 
was  their  science.  Mr.  Crawley,  in  this  as 
in  other  cases,  seems  to  us  just  to  miss  the 
true  statement  of  the  case.  He  comes  so 
near  it,  and  oftentimes  in  such  brilliant 
fashion,  that  it  .seems  regrettable  he  did  not 
take  the  one  step  further  necessary  to  bring 
him  to  the  final  stage  of  his  own  thought. 
And  the  present  reviewer  cannot  help  think- 
ing that  one  cause  of  this  failure  is  the 
persistent  acceptance  of  the  axiom  that  the 
Bible  and  Christianity  have  a  fundamental 
connexion.  The  life  of  Christianity  is 
dependent  upon  the  central  teaching  of  its 
Founder,  essentially  an  ethical  teaching, 
and  one  often  opposed  to  the  principles  of 
Judaic  thought.  The  Bible  is  the  record  of 
traditions  which  contain  the  scientific  con- 
clusions of  early  Judaism,  and  cannot  be 
said  to  contain  such  a  concept  as  Mr.  Crawley 
claims  for  it  when  he  declares  that 

■"  such  theories  as  the  Mosaic  account  of  creation 
or  of  the  Noachian  deluge  are  scientific  according 
to  the  standard  of  an  early  age,  the  science  of 
which  differs  from  ours,  not  in  kind  but  in  degree, 
-and  mark  an  early  stage  of  Revelation." 

Surely  there  is  something  wrong  here. 
Revelation  cannot  be  identified  with  science 
by  a  phrase,  and  at  most,  on  Mr.  Crawley's 
own  ground,  all  that  can  be  said  is  that 
these  accounts  mark  an  early  stage  of  man's 
receptivity  for  revelation.  "  Revelation 
suited  to  the  stage  of  culture  in  which  they 
appear  "  is  not  a  phrase  one  would  have 
expected  Mr.  Crawley  to  use  ;  and  he  dis- 
appoints by  indulging  in  such  playing  with 
words. 

We  have  said  enough  to  give  our  general 
opinion  of  this  interesting  book.  For  the 
rest,  Mr.  Crawley  states  the  problem  fairly, 
dealing  with  the  rationalist  attack,  the 
anthropological  attack,  the  methods  of 
defence,  the  theories  of  religion,  the  origin 
of  religion,  and  the  function  of  religion  in  a 
series  of  chapters  which  are  distinctly  valu- 
able. Mr.  Crawley  claims  that,  if  he  can 
eliminate  one  invariable  factor  from  the 
facts  in  the  history  of  religion,  we  shall 
have  reached  the  origin  of  religion.  It  may 
be  so,  but  the  point  has  to  be  proved,  for 
even  a  common  factor  may  not  lead  to  origins ; 
and  when  he  declares  that  this  factor  is  the 
conception  of  the  essence  of  life,  we  confess 
we  do  not  seem  to  be  much  nearer  the  solu- 
tion of  the  problem,  for  the  student  of 
anthropology  may  say  that  man  has  ever 
paused  in  his  career  towards  the  higher 
culture  to  ask  the  inevitable  questions  of 
himself,  Whence  am  I  ?  Whither  go  I  ? 
always  receiving  tho  answer  that  it  is  not 
given  to  man  to  know.  Mr.  Crawley  has 
advanced  enough  fresh  thought  for  it  to  be 
worth  while  for  anthropologists  to  re- 
examine their  material,  and  they  may 
perhaps  discover  many  items  which  have 
not  been  brought  into   use,  but  which,   in 


the  light  of  Mr.  Crawley's  researches,  ought 
to  occupy  an  important  place.  Mr.  Crawley 
must  be  content  with  this  position.  We 
cannot  say  he  has  succeeded  in  proving  the 
case  he  puts  forward,  but  we  are  prepared 
to  say,  and  to  say  emphatically,  that  he  has 
made  out  a  good  case  for  the  re-examination 
of  anthropological  data  which  it  has  been 
too  readily  assumed  have  yielded  their 
final  suggestions  for  the  history  of  man. 


DR.  LE  BON'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  Feb.  17th,  1906. 

I  will  take  the  statements  in  Mr.  Norman 
Campbell's  letter — which,  I  may  remark,  I 
see  now  for  the  first  time — in  their  order. 

He  begins  by  accusing  The  Athenceum  of 
referring  favourably  to  Dr.  Le  Bon,  and 
states  that  its  opinion  differs  from  that  of  the 
majority  of  those  qualified  to  judge.  Yet  I 
find  M.  Dastre,  a  member  of  the  Institut, 
writing  in  1901,  after  referring  to  the  radio- 
activity of  matter  :  "  C'est  a  Gustave  Le 
Bon  que  revient  le  merite  d' avoir  percu,  des 
l'abord,  la  grande  generality  de  ce  pheno- 
mene,"  and  M.  Lucien  Poincare,  Inspecteur 
General  de  1' Instruction  Publique,  speaking 
in  1903  of  "M.  Gustave  Le  Bon,  a  qui  Ton 
doit  de  nombreuses  publications  relatives 
aux  phenomenes  d'emission  de  divers  rayon- 
nements  par  la  matiere,  et  qui  fut  certaine- 
ment  l'un  des  premiers  a  penser  que  la 
radio-activite  est  un  phenomene  general  de 
la  nature ....";  while  M.  de  Heen,  Professor 
of  Physics  at  the  University  of  Liege,  in  his 
work  '  La  Matiere,'  published  last  year,  says 
of  the  disintegration  of  radium  :  "  Un  tres 
grand  nombre  de  substances  manifestent  du 
reste  des  tendances  analogues,  ainsi  que  l'a 
montre  pour  la  premiere  fois  le  Dr.  Gustave 
Le  Bon."  Here  are  three  sufficiently  well- 
known  men  of  science  sharing  with  The 
AtJienceum  the  guilt  of  referring  favourably 
to  Dr.  Le  Bon,  and  against  their  opinion  I 
can  find  no  published  utterances  save  those 
of  Mr.  Norman  Campbell  and  Mr.  Whetham, 
whose  ungenerous,  and,  as  it  seems  to  me, 
unjust  review  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  '  L'Evolution 
de  la  Matiere  '  I  have  mentioned  in  '  Research 
Notes.'  Were  I  to  adopt  Mr.  Campbell's 
system  of  inference,  I  should  suggest  that 
he  considers  himself,  Mr.  Whetham,  and  a 
third  unnamed  person  to  be  alone  qualified 
to  judge  who  should  or  should  not  be 
referred  to  favourably.  In  any  case,  the 
balance  of  learned  opinion  seems  to  be 
against  him,  and  Dr.  Le  Bon's  claim  to  have 
first  pointed  out  the  universal  radio-activity 
of  matter  and  the  disintegration  of  the  atom 
to  be  not  at  all  preposterous,  but  much 
more  widely  accepted  than  he  would  have  us 
believe. 

I  come  to  the  charge  of  intentional  vague- 
ness, which,  according  to  him,  enables  Dr. 
Le  Bon  to  claim  the  most  diverse  discoveries 
as  variations  of  his  own  theory.  Yet  Dr. 
Le  Bon,  writing  in  1900,  declared  that  "  les 
experiences  qui  precedent  prouvent  que  tous 
les  corps  de  la  nature  sont  spontanement 
radio-actifs,  et  que  cette  activite  n'est  en 
aucune  facon  une  propriete  n'appartenant 
qu'a  un  petit  nombre  de  corps  tels  que 
l'uranium  ou  le  radium."  In  the  same  paper 
he  says  by  way  of  summary  that  "  sous 
l'influence  dc  causes  tres  variees — lumiere, 
reactions  chimiques,  electrisation,  &c. — les 
corps  peuvent  subir  desetatsdedissociation," 
and  that  matter  thus  disintegrated  "  se 
manifesto  sous  forme  de  particules  infini- 
ment  petites,  anitnoos  d'une  immense  vitesse, 
capables  do  rendre  l'air  conducteur  et  de 
traverser  les  corps  opaques  aussi  facilcment 
que  la  main  traverse  un  liquide " ;  while 
in  this  state  "  l'atome  ast  probablement 
dissocio."     It  is  difficult  to  imagine  anything 


less  vague  than  these  statements,  though 
the  form  in  which  a  pioneer  worker  in  a 
new  field  may  state  his  conclusions  natu- 
rally differs  from  that  in  which  a  teacher 
will  later  deliver  them  cut-and-dried  to  a 
pupil.  In  the  same  paper  he  further  says : 
"  Si  ce  ne  sont  pas  les  radiations  qui  agissent, 
nous  sommes  obliges  d'admettre  que  les 
actions  produites  par  les  corps  dits  radiferes 
du  type  de  l'uranium  et  du  thorium  sont 
dues  a  une  emanation  de  matiere  emise 
par  ces  corps,"  which,  in  view  of  the 
discovery  by  Prof.  Rutherford  and  Prof. 
Dorn  of  the  emanations  from  thorium  and 
radium  respectively,  supplemented  by  the 
work  of  Sir  William  Ramsay  and  Mr.  Soddy, 
may  be  accounted  another  lucky  guess — or 
rather  deduction — in  addition  to  that  with 
which  Mr.  Campbell  consents  to  credit  him. 
I  go  on  to  the  proofs  of  the  disintegration 
of  matter,  as  to  which  Mr.  Campbell  will 
only  allow  to  be  valid  those  given  by  Prof. 
J.  J.  Thomson  and  Prof.  Rutherford.  I 
have  nothing  to  say  against  either  of  these, 
but  if  Dr.  Le  Bon,  writing  before  the  Cana- 
dian professor  had  developed  his  theory  of 
the  changes  in  radium,  chose  to  accept  as 
sufficient  proofs  like  the  penetration  of 
matter  by  infra-atomic  particles  and  the 
magnetic  deflection  of  the  cathode  stream, 
who  will  say  that  he  was  wrong  ?  It 
enabled  him,  at  any  rate,  to  formulate,  six 
years  ago,  a  theory  of  which  Mr.  Campbell 
is  now  obliged  to  admit  the  sufficiency. 
Dr.  Le  Bon  did  not  claim  the  Ronteren  rays 
as  a  proof  of  his  theory,  because  he,  from  the 
first,  accepted  the  demonstration  that  they 
were  not  emissions  of  matter,  but  pulses  in 
the  ether,  and  his  description  given  above 
of  "  particules  infiniment  petites  "  and  the 
rest,  shows  that  he  did  not  think  he  was 
dealing  with  ions  larger  than  molecules.  As 
for  Mr.  Campbell's  remark  about  radio- 
activity being  in  Dr.  Le  Bon's  opinion 
induced  by  heat,  it  is,  as  it  stands,  mis- 
leading. It  is  true  that  Prof.  Rut  her  ford 
has  laid  it  down  that  the  activity  of  the 
naturally  radio-active  bodies  is  "sponta- 
neous, and  not,  so  far  as  is  yet  known,  altered 
by  change  in  the  chemical  or  physical  con- 
dition." But  he  at  the  same  time  mentions 
that  the  rate  of  escape  of  the  emanation  is 
very  much  affected  by  such  conditions,  and 
notably  by  heat.  Now  the  emanation  itself 
bears  no  electric  charge,  and  it  is  the 
active  deposit  left  by  it  which  is  the  source 
of  that  free  emission  of  Alpha,  Beta,  and 
Gamma  rays  which  gives  rise  to  the  radio- 
active phenomena.  That  before  these  pheno- 
mena were  completely  observed,  Dr.  Le  Bon 
should  not  have  been  careful  accurately  to 
distinguish  between  them,  and  should  there- 
fore have  spoken  of  heat  and  chemical 
change  as  "  the  cause,"  as  they  are.  in  the 
cases  given,  the  ultimate  cause  of  radio- 
activity, is  natural  enough.  It  is  the  more 
to  be  regretted  that  Mr.  Campbell  should 
again  affect  to  ignore  this  explanation, 
because  it  has  already  been  twice  given, 
first  in  Dr.  Le  Bon's  book,  and  then  in  the 
summary  of  it  in  No.  4055  of  Tht  Athenawn. 
Passing  to  Dr.  Le  Bon's  experiments, 
which  Mr.  Campbell  pronounces,  papaliter 
and  without  instance  given,  to  be  crude, 
only  capable  of  proving  that  certain  sub- 
stances will  ionize  the  surrounding  air.  and 
badly  designed,  I  see  much  reason  to 
think  that  he  is  unacquainted  with  the 
greater  part  of  them.  To  '  L'Evolution  de 
la  Matiere  '  Dr.  Lo  Bon  appended  details  of 
a  few  experiments  which  he  states  in  a  pre 
fatory  note  are  "  tres  simples,  et,  par  con- 
sequent, facilos  a  repeter."  It  is  one  of 
j  my  causes  of  quarrel  with  Mr.  Whetham 
that  he  chose,  although  I  have  BOme  reason 
to  think  that  his  attention  had  been  specially 


2:J8 


THE    ATIIENtEUM 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


drawn  to  it,  to  ignore  this  note,  and  to  state 
in  his  review  that  "  the  small-print  appendix 

contains   an   abstract    of   the   experimental 

evidence  on  which  Dr.  Le  Hon  is  content  to 
rest  his  theories."  It  seems  to  me  probable 
that  Mr.  Campbell  has  been  misled  by  this. 
If  not,  1  would  point  out  that  in  addition  to 
M.  di     Heen,  who  in  his  *  Prodrome  '  quotes 

Dr.  Le  Bon's  experiments  frequently,  Prof. 
Rutherford  in  '  Radio-Activity '  mentions, 
without     questioning     their     validity,     his 

experiments  on  "  lumiere  noire"  and  the 
luminescence  of  quinine  sulphate  ;  that 
Prof.  Fleming  in  his  Cantor  Lectures  alludes 
with  approval  to  his  "  striking  experiment  " 
on  electrical  resonance ;  and  that  Ur.  Parodi, 
in  a  memoir  presented  to  the  Institut 
Egypt ien,  says  that  he  has  repeated  his  chief 
experiments  on  phosphorescence  and  on  the 
variability  of  chemical  species  with  perfect 
success.  But  I  am  prepared  to  believe  that 
it  is  not  every  one  who  can  thus  follow  in 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  footsteps.  I  am  not  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Carse's  work,  but  the  unnamed 
case  which  Mr.  Campbell  says  he  investigated 
and  found  capable  of  a  totally  different 
interpretation  seems  to  be  that  of  the 
quinine  sulphate.  This,  as  stated  in  '  Re- 
search Notes  '  (Athenaeum,  No.  4085),  Prof. 
Kalahne,  of  Heidelberg,  has  lately  repeated, 
with  the  result  that  he  finds  the  reaction  due 
to  chemical  change,  as  originally  pointed 
out  by  Dr.  Le  Bon,  and  not  to  heat,  as  con- 
tended by  Mr.  Campbell. 

I  pass  over — for  the  present,  at  any  rate — 
Mr.  Campbell's  remarks  on  myself,  as  being 
rather  a  transparent  instance  of  the  device 
known  as  abusing  the  plaintiff's  attorney, 
and  I  come  to  what  he  is  pleased  to  call  his 
summing-up.  Here,  instead  of  recapitulat- 
ing his  diffuse  arguments,  he  rather  unexpect- 
edly assures  us  that  the  theory  which  Dr. 
Le  Bon  now  advocates  is  correct,  the  innu- 
endo being  that  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  substituted 
it  for  some  other  only  lately.  Whether  this 
is  true  or  ingenuous  the  reader  who  has  read 
the  quotations  given  above  can  judge  for 
himself.  Mr.  Campbell  further  tells  us  that 
he  is— as  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  been  from  the 
first— a  firm  believer  in  the  general  radio- 
activity of  matter  and  the  spontaneous  dis- 
integration of  atoms.  But  in  this  case  why 
have  he  and  Mr.  Whetham  taken  pains  to 
assail  with  so  much  virulence  the  first 
promulgator  of  these  doctrines  ?  His  pro- 
test   of    disinterestedness    in    the    face    of 

barren  "  wranglings  for  priority  is  too 
fervent  not  to  remind  one  of  the  fox's 
declaration  that  the  grapes  were  sour. 
With  regard  to  his  kind  anxiety  lest  the 
un-"  professed  "  public  should  think  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  writings  or  methods  models  of 
accepted  scientific  procedure,  he  may  make 
his  mind  easy.  There  are  more  roads  than 
one  to  the  truth,  and,  as  some  of  his  fellow- 
workers  have  lately  had  occasion  to  reflect 
the  final  touchstone  of  all  scientific  theory 
is  not  the  opinion  of  the  Cavendish 
laboratory,  but,  in  the  words  of  Prof. 
Karl  Pearson,  "equal  validity  for  all 
normally  constituted  minds."  F.  L 


J.  G.  GOODCHILD. 


A  distinguished  geologist  has  just  passed 
away  in  the  person  of  Mr.  John  George 
Goodchild,  of  Edinburgh.  His  early  re- 
searches were  carried  on  among  the  Tertiary 
strata  and  drifts  of  the  south-east  of  Eng- 
land, but  on  his  appointment  as  an  officer 
of  the  Geological  Survey,  he  transferred  his 
attention  to  the  old  rocks  of  the  north-west, 
especially  those  in  the  Lake  District. 
Many  years  ago  he  was  removed  officially 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  had  charge  of  the 
fine  geological  collections  exhibited  in  what 


is  now  the  Royal  Scottish  Museum.  Mr. 
Goodchild   was  at  on<se  a  successful  teacher 

and  a  prolific  writer.  Many  scientific 
journals  attest  his  industry  and  ver- 
satility by  papers  not  only  on  geology 
and  mineralogy,  but  also  on  such  diverse 
subjects  as  ornithology,  archaeology,  and 
the  study  of  dialects.  Perhaps  his  most 
valuablo  published  work  was  based  on 
his  study  of  the  glacial  phenomena  of  the 
Eden  Valley.  For  many  years  he  was  editor 
of  the  Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  and 
Westmorland  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Literature  and  Science  ;  and  he  also 
devoted  much  time  to  editing  Dr.  Heddle's 
great  work  on  the  mineralogy  of  Scotland. 
Mr.  Goodchild  will  be  missed  from  many 
iearned  societies,  where  as  a  clear  and  fluent 
speaker  he  was  always  ready  to  join  in 
discussions  on  the  numerous  scientific  topics 
which  engaged  his  attention. 


SOCIETIES. 


Astronomical.  —  Feh.  9.—  Annual  Meeting.— 
Mr.  W.  H.  Maw,  President,  in  the  chair.— The 
Report  of  the  Auditors  of  the  Treasurer's  accounts 
for  the  past  year  was  read.  —  The  President 
announced  that  the  gold  medal  of  the  Society  had 
been  awarded  to  Prof.  W.  W.  Campbell,  Director 
of  the  Lick  Observatory,  for  his  spectroscopic 
researches,  which  have  greatly  increased  our  know- 
ledge of  stellar  motions.  The  President  delivered 
an  address  setting  forth  the  grounds  upon  which 
the  award  had  been  founded,  and  dealing  specially 
with  Prof.  Campbell's  long-continued  and  extensive 
researches  upon  the  motions  of  stars  in  the  line  of 
sight.  The  medal  was  received  by  the  American 
Ambassador  for  transmission  to  Prof.  Campbell. — 
The  secretaries  read  the  Report  of  the  Council, 
giving  the  progress  of  the  Society  during  the  past 
year,  with  obituaries  of  Fellows  and  Associates, 
reports  of  observatories,  and  notes  upon  the  pro- 
gress of  astronomy  during  1905.— The  ballot  was 
then  taken  for  officers  and  Council  for  the  ensuing 
year.  

GEOLOGICAL. — Feh.  16. — Annual  Meeting. — The 
officers  were  appointed  as  follows  :  President,  Sir 
Archibald  Geikie ;  Vice  -  Presidents,  Mr.  R.  S. 
Hemes,  Dr.  J.  E.  Marr,  Mr.  Aubrey  Strahan, 
and  Dr.  J.  J.  H.  Teall ;  Secretaries,  Prof.  E.  J. 
Garwood  and  Prof.  W.  W.  Watts  ;  Foreign  Sec- 
retary, Sir  John  Evans ;  Treasurer,  Mr.  H.  W. 
Monckton. — The  awards  of  medals  and  funds  were 
made  (announced  in  Science  Gossip,  January 
13th). — The  President  delivered  his  anniversary 
address,  which  dealt  with  '  The  Influence  of  the 
Geological  Structure  of  English  Lakeland  upon  its 
Present  Features.' 


Asiatic. — Feb.  13. — Lord  Reay  in  the  chair. — 
Prof.  A.  A.  Macdonell  read  a  paper  on  'The  Study 
of  Sanskrit  as  an  Imperial  Question.'  He  first 
dwelt  on  the  importance  of  what  may  be  termed 
Sanskritic  civilization  as  having  exercised  a  pro- 
found influence,  chiefly  through  Buddhism,  on  the 
life  and  beliefs  of  the  peoples  of  the  Farther  East. 
He  then  went  on  to  show  that  Sanskrit  is  the 
linguistic  key  to  the  vernaculars  of  nearly  three 
hundred  millions  of  people  in  India  itself ;  and 
that  Sanskrit  literature  was  similarly  the  chief 
means  of  explaining  historically  the  modes  of 
thought  and  the  institutions  of  the  modern  Hindu. 
Sanskrit  ought  therefore  to  be  an  essential  element 
in  the  training  of  young  men  preparing  to  rule  a 
Hindu  population.  But  though  still  an  optional 
subject  in  the  curriculum  of  the  Indian  Civil 
Service  probationers,  it  had  come  to  be  virtually 
excluded  by  the  new  regulations,  which  had 
reduced  the  number  of  optional  subjects  to  one  ; 
for  out  of  an  average  of  over  fifty  young  English- 
men annually  going  out  to  India  as  its  future 
administrators,  hardly  two  now  went  out  equipped 
with  even  a  rudimentary  knowledge  of  the  classical 
language  of  the  country.  After  arrival  in  India 
the  civilian  had  no  time  to  learn  Sanskrit,  nor, 
even  if  he  had,  could  he  obtain  adequate  teaching 
in  the  subject.  The  remedy  for  this  educationally 
deplorable  state  of  things  seemed  to  be  to  make 
Sanskrit    compulsory    for    probationers    assigned 


to  provinces  with  peculiarly  Sanskritic  vernacu- 
lar I,  while  those  going  to  other  provinces  might  lw 
encouraged  to  take  Sanskrit  by  a  higher  scale  of 
marks  foi  this  language.  Turning  to  the  condition 
of  things  in  India, the  lecturer  said  that  in  Sanskrit 

the    teacher     had     ready    to     hand    a    subject 

which,  Imtli  on  the  linguistic  and  the  literary  side, 
could,  if  properly  handled,  be  made  at  least  equal 
to  Latin  and  Greek  as  an  agency  for  developing 
the  mental  faculties.  At  present,  however,  the 
subject  was  by  no  means  bo  bandied  in  India.  The 
native  learning  of  the  Brahmans  was  a  purely 
traditional  affair,  un  progressive  and  uncritical, 
because  the  historical  and  comparative  methods 
were  completely  beyond  its  ken.  Its  object  was 
not,  like  that  of  European  science,  to  enlarge  the 
boundaries  of  knowledge,  but  Bimply  to  hand  on 
the  ancient  learning  unimpaired  from  one  genera- 
tion to  another  by  the  exercise  of  abnormal  powers 
of  memory  at  the  expense  of  the  reasoning  facul- 
ties. It  was  hound  to  die  out  with  the  spread  of 
the  English  system  of  education.  The  latter 
would,  however,  as  far  as  Sanskrit  was  concerned, 
prove  a  very  inadequate  substitute  in  its  present 
form.  In  the  Government  colleges  students  were 
made  to  depend  too  much  on  memory,  and  get  up 
their  prescribed  books  in  a  mechanical  way  ;  while 
the  curriculum  in  Sanskrit  was  not  well  thought 
out,  nor  were  the  text-books,  as  a  rule,  satisfac- 
torily edited.  Matters  were  still  worse  in  regard 
to  higher  studies.  For  some  years  past  the 
Government  of  India  had  ceased  appointing 
Europeans  to  professorships  of  Sanskrit,  and  soon 
there  would  be  no  Western  Sanskritist  left  in  the 
country  who  could  be  relied  on  cither  for  advice  in 
educational  matters  concerning  Sanskrit,  or  for  the 
guidance  of  native  scholars  in  critical  methods  of 
research.  Moreover,  though  the  subject  was  a 
matter  of  practical  and  Imperial  importance  to  us, 
and  did  not  directly  concern  any  other  Western 
nation,  we  had  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  only 
four  endowed  chairs  of  Sanskrit,  while  Germany 
had  about  twenty-six.  There  being  thus  virtu- 
ally no  prospects  now  for  young  Sanskrit 
scholars,  the  study  of  the  subject  was  inevitably 
discouraged.  The  best  remedy  seemed  to  be 
the  appointment,  in  each  Indian  University,  of  a 
trained  European  to  a  chair  of  Sanskrit  in  associa- 
tion with  a  native  scholar.  The  teaching  of 
Sanskrit  should  further  be  reformed.  Under  a 
well-devised  system  the  ancient  language  and 
literature  of  India  would  be  a  potent  instrument  in 
educating  the  Hindu  mind,  in  making  the  Indian 
peoples  understand  their  own  civilization  histo- 
rically, and  thus  bringing  about  their  intellectual 
and  social  regeneration.  As  a  factor  in  the  training 
of  I.C.S.  probationers,  it  would  contribute  to 
rendering  our  rule  in  India  sympathetic  as  well  as 
just.  In  referring  to  the  study  of  Indian  antiqui- 
ties the  lecturer  paid  a  tribute  to  Lord  Curzon  for 
having,  as  Viceroy,  been  the  first  to  place  the 
archaeological  department  in  India  on  a  firm 
administrative  basis. 


Royal  Numismatic. — Ft  b.  15. — Sir  John  Evans, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Howland  Wood  was 
elected  a  Fellow. — Mr.  W.  C.  Boyd  exhibited  a 
London  halfpenny  of  Henry  VI.  of  the  annulet 
and  rosette  coinage.  This  denomination  appears 
to  be  unpublished. — Miss  McDowall  read  a  paper 
on  '  Contorniates  and  Tabula.-  Lusorhe,'  in  which 
she  argued  that  contorniates.  inedallic  pieces  of 
disputed  origin,  were  in  reality  calculi  used  for 
games  played  on  various  forms  of  tahu/te,  with 
which  they  can  be  connected  through  similar 
symbols  and  inscriptions  occurring  on  both,  as  well 
as  through  the  description  given  by  Isidorus. 
They  appear  to  be  of  numismatic  origin  ;  many 
are  actual  copies  of  coins  (used  as  draughtsmen  by 
the  ostentatious),  and  all  bear  a  strong  resemblance 
to  them.  The  obverse  types  are  usually  portraits, 
literary  or  imperial  ;  and  the  reverse  types  are 
very  varied,  including  subjects  connected  with  the 
circus  and  amphitheatre,  legendar}'  scenes,  and 
representations  of  daily  life.  Twelve  interesting 
types,  hitherto  unpublished  or  imperfectly  de- 
scribed, were  then  dealt  with,  these  including  a 
subject  from  the  'Phcenissse'  of  Euripides,  iu 
which  the  actors  wear  the  full  tragic  dress, 
Hercules  spinning  in  the  dress  of  Omphale,  Jason 
taming  the  brazen  bulls,  and  a  reproduction  of  an 
important  and  otherwise  unknown  coin  of  Metro- 
polis with  head  of  Solon.  In  connexion  with  this 
paper  the   President    exhibited    a  series  of  con- 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


239 


torniates  and  a  facsimile  sketch  of  an  incised  slab 
in  the  Forum  at  Rome,  which  from  certain  sj-mbols 
on  it,  often  found  also  on  contorniates,  had  evi- 
dently served  as  a  tabula  on  which  games  could  be 
played.  In  conjunction  with  Lady  Evans,  the 
President  showed  how  the  game  could  be  played 
■after  a  set  of  rules  which  he  had  drawn  up. 


Zoological. — Feb.  6. — Mr.  6.  A.  Boulenger, 
V. P.,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  F.  Gillett  exhibited  a 
case  of  mounted  cubs  of  the  timber-wolf  (Cant* 
occidentali*)  which  he  had  obtained  in  the  province 
of  Keewatin,  Canada. — Dr.  C.  W.  Andrews  exhi- 
bited and  made  remarks  upon  some  restored  models 
of  the  skulls  and  mandibles  of  Mceritherium  and 
Palseomastodon. — Dr.  Walter  Kidd  exhibited  lan- 
tern-slides of  sections  of  skin  from  the  palmar  and 
plantar  surfaces  of  twenty -four  species  of  mammals, 
and  the  plantar  surfaces  of  seven  species  of  birds. 
The  functions  of  the  papillary  ridges  and  the 
papillary  layer  of  the  corium  in  connexion  with 
the  sense  of  touch  were  alluded  to. — Dr.  J.  W. 
•Jenkinson  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Histology  and 
Physiology  of  the  Placenta  in  the  Ungulata.' — 
Sir  Edmund  Loder  exhibited  a  living  specimen 
of  a  dwarf  species  of  cavy,  probably  the  salt-marsh 
•cavy  (Dolichotis  salinicola).  — -  A  communication 
from  Mr.  E.  S.  Russell  contained  a  description  of 
Trichorhiza,  a  new  Hydroid  genus. — Miss  Gertrude 
Ricardo  communicated  a  description  of  the  new 
genus  Melissomorpha,  formed  for  the  reception  of 
■a  horse-fly  of  the  Pangonin.t  division  of  the  family 
Tabanidae,  discovered  by  Col.  C.  T.  Bingham  in 
Sikkim. — Mr.  Harold  Schwann  read  a  paper  on 
the  mammals  collected  at  Kuruman  and  Molopo, 
in  Bechuanaland,  by  Messrs.  R.  B.  Woosnam  and 
R.  E.  Dent.  The  specimens,  numbering  about  120 
and  belonging  to  26  species,  were  of  great  interest. 
— A  communication  from  Mr.  R.  Lydekker  con- 
tained a  description  of  a  new  species  of  ratel 
(Mellivora)  from  Central  Africa,  also^a  notice  of 
the  occurrence  of  a  new  subspecies  of  chevrotain 
(Dorcatherium)  in  that  district. — Mr.  H.  G.  F. 
Spurrell  read  a  paper  entitled  '  The  Articulation 
of  the  Vertebrate  Jaw. ' 


Entomological. — Feb.  7. — Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  President  announced 
that  he  had  nominated  Mr.  Herbert  Goss,  Mr.  E. 
Saunders,  and  Mr.  C.  0.  Waterhouse  as  Vice- 
Presidents  for  the  session  1906-7. — Mr.  H.  J. 
■Carter  and  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Heale  were  elected 
Fellows. — The  decease  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Greene, 
author  of  '  The  Insect-Hunter's  Companion,'  was 
announced. — Mr.  W.  E.  Sharp  exhibited  a  speci- 
men of  Lathrobium  lnvipcnne,  Heer,  a  beetle  new 
to  the  British  list,  taken  by  him  in  a  sandpit  near 
Oxted,  Surrey,  in  August,  1905. — Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey 
•exhibited  specimens  of  South  African  butterflies 
belonging  to  the  Nymphalinse,  Acnvina?,  Danainse, 
and  Papilioninre,  and  remarked  upon  the  odours 
attaching  to  them  which  he  and  Dr.  LongstafF 
had  observed  in  the  field.  He  drew  attention  to 
the  significance  of  the  fact  that  scents  of  an 
agreeable  nature  (as  in  Pierinse  generally,  Myca- 
lesis  safilza,  &c. )  were  as  a  rule  confined  to  the 
male  sex,  while  those  of  a  disagreeable  or  dis- 
gusting character  (as  in  Acrteinffl  and  many 
Papilios)  were  often  common  to  both  sexes.  A 
•discussion  followed  on  the  organs  and  uses  of 
scent  for  purposes  of  attraction  and  defence  in 
insects  generally. — Dr.  G.  B.  LongstafF  exhibited 
four  species  of  Acres  taken  in  South  Africa  during 
the  visit  of  the  British  Association,  viz.,  (1)  A. 
■anemosa,  Hew.,  from  the  Victoria  Falls,  and 
Mochudi  in  Bechuanaland  ;  (2)  A.  alboradinta, 
Auriv. ,  previously  known  to  Mr.  Roland  Trimen 
by  two  females  only,  and  considered  by  him  as  a 
variety  'f  anemoaa;  (3)  A.  atotmis,  Weatw.,  to 
which  Westwood  gave  the  names  of  atohnis  and 
<icontias,  although  there  seems  no  doubt  tliey  are 
one  species  ;  and  (4)  A.  atergatis,  Westw.,  of  which 
"the  two  types  are  in  the  Hope  Collection  at  Oxford. 
— Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton  exhibited  and  read  a  note 
upon  two  Diptera  whiofa  had  been  observed  fol- 
lowing the  bee  Andrena  labialis,  Kirb.,  by  Mr. 
A.  H.  Hamiii,  and  identified  by  Mr.  <;.  H.  Verrall 
as  a  species  of  Chortophila. — Mr.  W.  (!.  Sheldon  ex- 
hibited a  collection  of  Rhopalocera  made  by  him 
in  Spain  during  July  and  August,  1905,  together 
with  typical  European  specimens  for  comparison  ; 
an  aberration  of  Argynnis  aglaia,  with  the  black 
blotches   on   the   superiors  enlarged   and    banded, 


and  with  dark  suffused  ground-colour  on  all  wings ; 
an  interesting  series  of  Laosopis  corydon  with  var. 
hixjtana  and  forms  approaching  var.  polonus  from 
the  Albarracin  Sierra,  with  intermediates  between 
all  the  forms,  and  also  British,  French,  and 
Swiss  typical  specimens  for  comparison.  —  Dr. 
G.  B.  LongstafF  read  a  paper  '  On  some  Rest  Atti- 
tudes of  Butterflies,'  and  also  a  paper  '  On  some 
Bionomic  Points  in  certain  South  African  Lamel- 
licorns.' — Mr.  Roland  Trimen  c  mmunicated  a 
paper  '  On  some  New  or  Hitherto  Unfigured 
Species  of  South  African  Butterflies.'  —  Com- 
mander J.  J.  Walker  communicated  '  Some  Ob- 
servations on  the  Reproduction  of  Hemiptera- 
Cryptocera  by  Claj'don  Hewett,  B.Sc.' 


Meteorological. — Feb.  21  — Mr.  Richard 
Bentley,  President  in  the  chair. — Mr.  E.  Mawley 
read  his  '  Report  on  the  Phenological  Observa- 
tions for  1905.'  He  said  that  as  affecting  vegeta- 
tion the  weather  of  the  phenological  year  ending 
November,  190o,  was  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
dryness  and  mildness  of  the  winter  months,  the 
drought  and  frosts  in  May,  the  long  spell  of  hot 
and  dry  weather  in  Jul}-,  and  an  exceptionally 
cold  period  in  October.  Wild  plants  came  into 
flower  a  few  days  earlier  than  usual  until  about 
the  beginning  of  May,  after  which  they  were,  as  a 
rule,  about  the  same  extent  late.  Most  of  the 
early  spring  migrants,  such  as  the  swallow,  night- 
ingale, &c,  reached  these  shores  in  advance  of 
their  average  dates.  The  best  farm  crops  of  the 
year  were  those  of  wheat,  beans,  and  hops  ;  while 
barley,  potatoes,  turnips,  and  mangolds  were  all 
over  average.  On  the  other  hand,  the  yield  of 
oats,  peas,  and  hay,  was  almost  everywhere 
deficient,  the  last  being  the  worst  crop  of  the  year. 
Apples,  pears,  and  plums  were  in  all  parts  of  the 
British  Isles  below  average ;  whereas  the  small 
fruits,  as  a  rule,  yielded  well. — The  other  papers 
read  were  '  Brief  Discussion  of  the  General 
Features  of  the  Pressure  and  Wind  Conditions 
over  the  Trades-Monsoon  Area,'  by  Mr.  W.  L. 
Dallas,  and  '  The  Dispersal  or  Prevention  of  Fogs,' 
by  Dr.  W.  B.  Newton. 


Institution  of  Civil  Exgineeks. — Feb.  20. — Sir 
Alexander  Binnie,  President,  in  the  chair. — The 
papers  read  were  'A  Plea  for  Better  Country 
Roads,'  by  Mr.  G.  R.  Jebb,  and  '  Country  Roads  for 
Modern  Traffic,'  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Blackwall. 


Anthropological  Institute. — Feb.  13. — Prof. 
W.  Gowland  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  exhi- 
bited two  clay  images  used  by  the  A-Kiku3*u  of 
British  East  Africa  in  harvest  ceremonies,  and  a 
slide  showing  four  remarkable  dance  armlets  used 
by  the  natives  on  these  occasions.  The  images  are 
about  nine  inches  in  height,  and  are  very  rude 
representations  of  the  human  figure  :  they  appear 
to  be  greatly  venerated  by  the  natives.  The  two 
specimens  shown  are,  as  far  as  is  known,  the 
only  ones  that  have  yet  reached  Europe.  —  Mr. 
A.  L.  Lewis  exhibited  a  selection  of  slides  of  rude 
stone  monuments,  and  read  a  paper  on  rude  stone 
monuments  in  Glamorganshire.  He  described  the 
monuments  at  Tmkinswood,  near  Cardiff,  and  the 
fine  cromlech  at  St.  Lythian's,  which  hears  close 
resemblance  to  that  at  Kit's  Coty  House.  At 
Pontypridd  there  is  a  curious  group  of  stones, 
consisting  of  a  rocking  stone  surrounded  by  two 
circles,  and  two  small  curved  avenues  forming  the 
head  and  tail  of  a  serpent.  This  group  has  been 
considered  by  many  to  be  ancient,  and  many  inge- 
nious theories  have  been  woven  round  it  ;  but  Mr. 
Lewis  was  able  to  prove  conclusively  that  t lie 
stones  had  not  been  in  position  much  longer  than 
fifty  years.  Mr.  Lewis  also  showed  slides  of  the 
dolmen  at  Lanyon  Quoit.— Mr.  N.  W.  Thomas 
read  notes  on  '  Deluge  Legends,'  tracing  their 
distribution. 

Historical. — Feb.  15. — Annual  Meeting.— "Rev. 
W.  Hunt,  President,  in  the  chair.— Messrs.  J.  A. 
Balfour,  H.  (J.  Brown,  and  T.  Kemp  were  elected 

Fellows. — The  retiring  Vice-Presidents  and  Coun- 
cillors were  reelected. — Dr.  J.  Holland  Hose  was 
elected    a    Member    of    Council    in    place    of    Prof. 

'I'.  \V.  Rhys  Davids,  who  resigned  owing  to  his 
appointment  in  the  Victoria  University,  Man- 
chester. —The  President  delivered  an  address  upon 
the  progress  of  the  Society  and  upon    the  nature 


of    historical    study,    with    a    reference     to    the 
Romanes  Lecture  of  Prof.  Rav  Lankester. 


Physical. — Feb.  9. — Prof.  J.  H.  Poynting,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — The  Reports  of  the  Council 
and  the  Treasurer  were  read  and  adopted. — 
Messrs.  F.  Kohlrausch  and  A.  A.  Michelson  were 
elected  Honorary  Fellows.  - —  The  following  were 
elected  officers  and  Council  for  the  ensuing  year  : 
President,  Prof.  J.  Perry  ;  Vice-Presidents,  those 
who  have  filled  the  office  of  President,  together 
with  Dr.  C.  Chree,  Mr.  H.  M.  Elder,  Prof.  J.  A. 
Fleming,  and  Mr.  J.  Swinburne  ;  Secretaries,  Mr. 
W.  R.  Cooper  and  Prof.  W.  Cassie ;  Foreign 
Secretary,  Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson  ;  Treasurer,  Prof. 
H.  L.  Callendar ;  Librarian,  Dr.  W.  Watson; 
Other  Members  of  Council,  Mr.  T.  H.  Blakeslev, 
Mr.  A.  Campbell,  Mr.  W.  B.  Croft,  Mr.  W. 
Duddell,  Dr.  J.  A.  Harker,  Mr.  W.  A.  Price,  Mr. 
S.  Skinner.  Mr.  S.  W.  J.  Smith,  Dr.  W.  Watson, 
and  Prof.  H.  A.  Wilson. — Prof.  J.  Pern-  then  took 
the  chair  and  delivered  an  address. 


meetings  next  week. 


Mox. 


Royal  Academy,   4.— 'Modern  Sculpture,'  Mr.  W.    Goscombe 
John. 

—  Institute  of  Actuaries,  5.—' On  a  Form  of  Spurious  Selection 

which  may  arise  when  Mortality  Tallies  are  Amalgamated," 
Mr.  W.  Palin  Elderton. 

—  Gresham  College,  6.—'  The  Laws  of  Light,'  Prof.  W.  H.  Wag- 

staff. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Modern  Warships,'  Lecture  V.,  Sir  W. 

White.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  8.— 'The  Assimilation  of  the  Practice 

of  Quantity  Surveyors.'  Mr.  John  Leaning. 

—  Geographical.  N. .'«).  —  '  Travels  on  the  Boundaries  of  Bolivia  and 

Peru."  Baron  Erland  Nordenskj<*ld. 
Ties.     Royal     Institution,  5.— 'Food    and    Nutrition,'    Lecture    IV.. 
Prof.  W.  Stirling. 

—  Gresham  College.  6— 'The  Eye,'  Prof.  W.  H.  Wagstaff. 

—  Institution  of  Civil   Engineers,  8— Discussion  on  '  A  Plea  for 

Better  Country  Roads,'  and  'Country   Koads   for  Modern 
Traffic' 

—  Anthropological,    B.15. — 'Anthropological    Notes    from    Lake 
Tanganyika,'  Mr.  W.  A.  Cunnington. 

Society  of  Arts.  8.—'  London  Traffic'  ('apt.  G.  S.  C.  Swinton. 
Royal  Academy,  4.— 'The   Evolution  of  Sculpture:  Egypt  and 

Greece,'  Lecture  I.,  Sir  W.  B.  Richmond. 
Roval,  4.30. 
Royal  Institution,  s— 'The  Physiology  of  Plants,' Lecture  I., 

Mr.  Francis  Darwin. 
Gresham    College,   6.— 'Optical    Illusions,'    Lecture    I.     Prof. 

W.  H.  Wagstaff. 
Linnean.  8.—'  On  a  New  Type  of  Stem  from  the  Coal  Measures.' 

Dr.  D.    H.   Scott:  'Notes  on   some  Species  of   Nereis  in  the 

District  of  the  Thames  Estuary.'  Dr.  H.  ('.  Sorby. 
Chemical.   8.30.— ' Studies  of   Dynamic   Isomerism:    Part   IV. 

Stereo  isomeric     Halogen     Derivatives    of     Camphor,'    Mr. 

T.  M.  Lowrv. 
Gresham    College,  6.— 'Optical  Illusions,'   Lecture    II..    Prof. 

w.  II.  Wagstaff. 
Philological.  &— 'On  the  Dictionary,  and  on  my  Trip  to  South 

Africa,'  Dr.  .1.  A.  H.  Murray. 
Roval  Institution,  9.—'  Hippocrates  and  the  Newly  Discovered 

Health  Temple  at  Cos.   Dr.  K.  Caton. 
Roval    Institution,   J.— 'The  Corpuscular    Theory  of  Matter, 

Lecture  I.,  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson. 


Wed. 

TlIl'KS 


FBI. 


^run«  (Gossip. 

The  Board  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
have  appointed  Mr.  E.  T.  Whittaker,  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  to  the  Andrews 
Chair  of  Astronomy,  vacant  by  the  death 
of  Prof.  Jolly.  This  chair  carries  with  it 
the  title  of  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ireland. 

On  Thursday  next  Mr.  Francis  Darwin 
will  deliver  the  first  of  three  afternoon 
lectures  at  the  Roval  Institution  on  'The 
Physiology  of  Plants,'  and  on  Saturday  at 
three  o'clock  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  begins 
a  course  of  six  lectures  on  '  The  Corpuscular 
Theory  of  Matter.' 

Dr.  Gustave  Le  Bon,  whose  name  will 
have  become  familiar  of  late  to  readers  of 
The  Athencrum,  has  just  been  elected 
Foreign  Associate  of  the  Academic  Hoyale 
of  Belgium. 

The  Twenty-Third  Congress  for  "  Innere 
Medizin  "  will  take  place  at  Munich  from 
April  23rd  to  26th,  under  the  presidency  Of 
Geheimrat  von  Stxumpell.  An  exhibition 
of  medical  preparations,  apparatus,  and 
instruments  will  be  held,  ami  a  number  of 
interesting  papers  have  been  promised. 

Prof.  W.  H.  Pickbbing  having  recently 

called  attention  to  some  periodical  variations 
in  the  size  of  the  glow  BUrrOUnding  the  small 

lunar  crater  Linne,  Prof.  Barnard  has  thought 
it  worthwhile  to  examined  with  the  40-inch 
telescope,  and  his  measures  have  substan- 
tiated changes  of  the  kind,  though  he  avoids 
endorsing  Prof.   Pickering's  theory  of  their 


•  -,,, 


T  II  E     A  T  II  EN  .KT  M 


\    KI87,  l'i  is.  .'I.  \U(H) 


n  lii<  I.  i-  <!'  i -* »—  1 1  i 

«■(    I  i  iii.  r   during   tin- 

lunar    night       h    will    i  I    thai 

I  ifi(  <l  u  i<  tnarkable 
I  be  >  rati  r  itself,  and 

Ilia!  li.ii.  Ii     li  tO     the 

liia.     Prof.  Barnard  finds  that  it 
i.  now         .ill  (about         -       ile  or  3,1 
in  .  1  deep,  wuli  a  wall  of  oon- 

hiderahlc  height. 

sun  will  h<  vertical  nvt-r  the  equator 
about    1    o'clock  nwich   time)   <>n   the 

nt'i i  i  f  th<    Jl  I  |  r.>\..  w  biota  ii  1 1 

daj  of  the  equinox.     The  moon  will 

\h   lull  ..ii  the  i\>  nins  of  the  10th,  and  new 

about    midnight   on  the  84th.     She  Mill   be 

•  arili  on  the  morning  of  the  13th. 

the  Hyades  cluster  Mill  be  occulted 
•  •n  th<  second;  disappearanoi  of  i  Tauri  at 
••Ii.  41i  iwich  time))  reappearance  at 

Tli.  45m.  The  planet  Mercuxj  will  be  at 
greatot  eastern  tion  from  the  son  on 

the  1m!:  prox.,  and  will  be  visible  in  the 
i  v  ii i>iu  about  a  week  before  to  a  week 

after  that  date,  situated  in  the  constellation 
i'  •-.  and  moving  in  a  north  rmntnrljr 
tilt.  •  Venus  is  also  in  Pisces,  and  >ct> 

m  litii.  later  each  evening;  she  will  be  in 
oonjui  ction  with  the  moon  i>n  the  86th  prox.. 
and  wit!.  Mercury  (t<>  the  south  of  him)  on 

the  88th.  Mar-  moves  during  next  month 
tr..i  into  Arii  s.  Betting  about  it  o'eloek 

in  tin-  evening;  he  will  be  in  conjunction 
with  the  moon  on  the  :27th  prox.  Jupiter 
i-  visible  in  the  evening,  situated  in  Taurus, 
between  the  Pleiades  ami  the  Hyades  ;  he 
will  be  in  conjunction  with  the  moon  on  the 
-"•'tli     pi  -.turn,    being    in   conjunction 

with    the    ran    to-night,    will    not    become 
bk  ant  il  April. 

\\      have   received   the   first   number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memarit  detta  Societd  degli 
opisti  Italian*.     The  principal  papers 
are  by  1  rof.  Msscari,  on  the  statistics  of  the 
son  .  faruhe,  and  protuberances  Been 

Ht  Catania  during  the  second  half  of  1905, 
and    observations    ol    the   solar   eclipse   on 

DSl    30th  at   the  Same  place,  where  it   was 
not    quite  total.      There  is  also  bm  article  by 

M.  Hanaky,  giving  some  photographs,  with 

description,     of     the    solar     granulations    as 

d  with  the  astrograph  at  Pulkowa. 


FINE    ARTS 

Social  Caricatwrt  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
Bj  Georgi   Paston.    (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Cabii  1 1 1  i ■!.  was  born  in  Italy,  armed 
in  Bolland,  and— says  our  author — "it 
might  be  added  that  the  art  attained 
natality  in  England,  the  land  of  the  free 

|K'iicil    no  le-s  than  of  the  free   pen."      M . 

FUon,  the  French  critic,  would  account 

foi  it-  popularity  in  this  country  on  tin- 
ground  that 

"  the  RngHsh  have  no  taste  for  abstractions, 
i  ■    ■  presented  to  them 

m    ■  te    form.      Again,    they    combine 

■  lov<    I  ■!   OlOCkery  With  a  love  Ol    preaching, 

to    which    predilections    may    be    added    a 

on  of  lib.  rtj  ....  Lastly."  for  the  Hriton, 
oghi  not    simply    the    negation    of    the 

beautiful,  l>ut  an  artistic  entity  to  l»-  itadied 
and  appreciated  for  its  own  asaa 

()in  present  author,  however,  is  pre* 
pared  with  an  explanation  which,  though 
more   prosaic,    ii    tcarcely  more  compli- 

mcntaiy  to  our  national  vanity.  She 
maintain-  that 


reasoa  sss  with 

w  Iii.  Ii    t  In-     Kngliah    ih 

the  oraft  (>•    found  in 

the   i.'tal    lack   "I    facilitien   n.r  art    trail 

in  i !..-  em l\  •  ury  .  ...  In  ■ 

Oature    untrained    Hbiht\     found    and     -ci/<  d 

pportunity . . . . Like  the  child   ami    the 
the  amateur    or    self-taught    artist 

mad.-      hi-      inclining     i  leiir     l>\ 

i  he    characl  "i    In-    in...i.  I  - 

bj  appending  a  written  explanation  of  hi- 
I . •  the  unlettered  patron  of  these 
popular  prints,  with  oil  Saxon  love  of 
allegory,  n  was  the  pleasant  occupation  of 
a  wr  renins,  to  solve  the  meenin] 

ilematical  i  Brtoon." 

Many    of    these,    indeed      would     be    in 

themselves  obscure  to  the  more  informed 
reader  oi  to-daj  ;  but  Georgi  Paston  is 
familial  with  the  period, and  her  descrip- 
tive   comments    render   this    sumptuous 

volume    an    illuminating    and    instructive 

history.      It    contains    :M.'{    illustrations, 

beautifully      reproduced,     and      OOveri      I 

wide  field  of  Knglish  life  largely  be- 
neath the  notice  of  serious  historians — 
the  beau  numde.  the  stage,  art  and 
belles-lettres,  sport  and  superstitions. 

Although  the  author's  Introduction 
occupies  only  a  few  pages,  it  includes  a 
concise  history  and  definition  of  the  art 
illustrated,  with  summaries  of  methods 
in      Caricature      and      subjects      satirized. 

rge     Paston    quotes    with    approval 

Fielding's  well-known  comparison  between 
inic  and  burlesque  art  "  ;  she  ela- 
borates, from  contemporary  evidence, 
the  technical  training  proper  for  this  class 
of  draughtsmen  and  the  basic  elements 
of  a  varying  task  in  humour  :  she  main- 
tains that  the  best  caricaturists  did  not 
love  ugliness  for  its  own  sake,  and  reminds 
us  that  their  portraits  were  "  less  libellous 
than  we  are  prone  to  imagine  them." 
Indeed,  we  must  not  too  hastily  condemn 
the  coarseness  of  the  artist,  for  the  English 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  from  over- 
indulgence and  distaste  for  exercise,  were 
frequently  bloated  and  unwieldy  in  figure  ; 
while  the  fashionable  of  both  sexes  in- 
dulged in  absurdities  of  dress  and  manner 
which  it  would  be  difficult  to  exaggerate. 
It  is  perhaps  inevitable  that  the  text 
of  the  book  itself,  being  obviously  "  written 
up  "  to  the  illustrations,  should  be  less 
interesting  as  a  whole,  though  abounding 
in  isolated  good  things.  Hut  we  cannot 
help  feeling  that  George  I'aston,  with  her 

excellent   style  and  intimate  knowledge, 

ought    to  have  written  a  social  history  of 

the  century  in  its  lighter  aspects,  for  which 

the  drawings  would  have  formed  a  per- 
fectly appropriate  ornament  and  inter- 
pretation. Her  chosen  method,  of  pro- 
viding US  with  what  is  really  no  more  than 
a  descriptive  catalogue,  though  enriched 
with  criticism  and  quotation  from  con- 
temporary literature,  is,  in  fact,  the  more 
Unsatisfactory  from  being  SO  well  done. 
We  are  perpetually  tantalized  by  fssjbi- 
nating  glimpses  of  history  in  costume  and 
manners  ;  but  these  lack  perspei  ti\e.  and 
moreover,  are  immediately  withdrawn  for 
a  notice  of  "  the  next  plate" 

In  other  circuni-t  .un  |  |  SO  I  an-ful  I 
w  liter  would  have  been  bjSJ  arhitiary,  or 
careless,  in  devoting  so  much  mOTC  I] 


bo  the  i'"\  ab    bi  itoi  i   ol  tome  di 

Ii  Mil    than    to    that    of    otl,.  i    w.aild 

have    avoided,    for    example,    the    1 

[it  i<  .ii  i  'f    VValjn 

concerning  Lad}    Mar)    M  ml  the 

South     Sea     Hubble.        A-     each     <  1 1  \  I  -  i « .  1 1    of 

the   subject    i-    independently    compli 
throughout    t  he  i  enl  in  v,  we  ed 

wards  and  forwards  in  date,  to  the 
confusion  of  an}    attempt  to  form  apro* 

gless|\  ,.   |,|,  | 

But  the  materia]  is  hen-,  and  we  1. 
oo    intention    of   depreciating    its    value. 

ton    lias    given    u*    the 
history    of    the   century,    though 

emeai ;  while  foi  student-  ..f  technique 
the  volume  also  afl  mple  means  ol 

comparing  the  best  works  oi  I  iree 

masters  of  caricature,    Hogarth,   Gilh 
and    Row  land-on      BO    happily    contrast    1 
by  our  author. 

Hogai t h's    great    moral    and   dram 
series  are,  naturally,  left  untouched  ;    but 

"  he  was  incidentally  a  cai  uat  in  i-t .  and  hia 

methods    undoubtedly   influenced    t: 

of  such  of  lus  contempoi  -sors 

I  ted   t  licir  hands  at    the  H  is 

genius  and  his  example  raised  the  standard 
of  the  art,  purged  it  of  many  of  its  puerilities, 
and   brought    it    into    repute   wit! 
cultivated  taste." 

Gillray,  on  the  other  hand. 

"  never  hesitated  to  lnt  below  the  belt,  and 
too  often  Bought  to  make  his  points  by 
exposing  the  infinnities  of  the  body  bastead 
of  attacking  the  deformities  <>i  the  mind. 
While    Hogarth    cat  the    world    in 

the  guise  of  a  reformer,  Gillray  appeared  m 

that  of  an  executioner,  and  his  favourite 
method  Of  punishment  was  the  torture, 
satirist  lias  ever  attacked  with  such  con- 
centrated malignity,  combined  with  such 
skill  in  touching  the  raw,  persons  in  private 
life  who  had  done  him  no  w  rone—  with 
whom,  in  all  probability,  he  had  DJ 
chanced  a  word." 

Rowiandson  worked,   to  some  extent. 

under  the  influence  of  Watteau  and 
Boucher : — 

'Though   he  tOO   is  a  dthordant.   he  lias  a 
caressing  touch  ;    and  even   in  his  enormities 

there  is  an  unexpected  coquetry  that  reminds 

the  critic  of  those  '  jolis  clow: 
who  perform  their  acrobatic  feats  in  white 
kid  gloves ....  Ruthless  towards  old  | 
ugliness,  and  squalor,  he  showed  a  spirit  of 
universal  indulgence  to  all  that  was  young, 
graceful,  and  charming.  Be  was  on  t  ho 
side  of   the  servants  against    the   mistresses, 

of    the    children    against    the    parents,    of 

debtors    against    their    creditors,    and    of    all 

rebels figamirl  established  authority. . . .Where 

II  irth  frowned  and  Gillray  struck.  Kow- 
landson  merely  shrugged  his  shoulders  and 
passed  on." 


1  ■  ukas-lilmkit  :   die  li< •  inuiih  des  Odysseus. 
bm   I  »r.    Peter  Qoessler.     (Stuttgart,  J.  B. 

Met/ler.)  In  this  little  book  Dr.  (ioessler 
undertakes  to  expound  to  a  wider  audience 
the   theory    maintained    with   such   ingenuity 

by   Prof.   Dorpfeld  in  the  afsawssaj  I'crrot, 

to  the  effect  that  the  Ithaca  of  the  Odj 

is  not  th(>  Ithaca  of  classical  and  niodcni 
times,  but  is  to  be  Identified  with  the  island 
later  known  its  beucas.  Few  problems  in 
Homeric  topography  have  given  ri»o  to 
more  discus-ion  or  more  diversity  of  opinion 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


241 


than  the  identification  of  the  various 
localities  mentioned  in  the  Odyssey.  On 
the  one  hand  there  have  been  those  who 
maintained  that  the  poetical  topography 
was  purely  imaginary,  created  to  suit  the 
exigencies  of  the  situation  ;  on  the  other 
those  who  identified  with  the  minute  exact- 
ness of  a  guide-book  every  locality  men- 
tioned by  the  poet  in  Ithaca  or  the  adjacent 
islands.  The  latter  have  hitherto  had  a  very 
difficult  task,  for  it  must  be  frankly  acknow- 
ledged by  any  unprejudiced  reader  that  the 
situation  of  the  island  now  called  Ithaca 
can  only  by  the  most  perverse  ingenuity 
be  reconciled  with  the  description  given 
by  Ulysses.  To  many  the  other  opinion 
seems  more  probable,  especially  in  view 
of  the  theory  that  the  Homeric  poems 
were  composed  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
and  that  therefore  neither  the  poet  nor 
his  audience  was  likely  to  have  any  detailed 
knowledge  of  the  topography  of  the  Ionian 
Islands.  A  curious  contribution  to  the 
controversy  is  found  in  the  attempts 
that  have  been  made  to  find  the  originals 
of  the  Homeric  descriptions  elsewhere — 
for  example,  Samuel  Butler's  theory  of  the 
Sicilian  origin  of  the  Odyssey,  and  his 
identification  of  all  the  chief  features  of 
its  topography  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Trapani. 

Even  those  who  are  not  disposed  to 
accept  Prof.  Dorpfeld's  theory  will  admit 
that  it  has  given  the  advocates  of  actual 
as  against  imaginary  topography  in  Homer 
a  much  more  tenable  position.  If  we  leave 
on  one  side  the  geological  question  whether 
Leucas  was  an  island  in  Homer's  time — a 
question  as  difficult  and  complicated  as 
the  silting  up  of  the  lagoons  and  the  extent 
of  the  harbour  at  Pylos — its  position 
relative  to  the  coast  and  to  the  other  islands 
can  be  reconciled  with  the  Homeric  descrip- 
tion as  interpreted  by  Dorpfeld  and  Goessler, 
especially  in  view  of  the  well-attested  fact 
that  local  navigators  tend  to  regard  the 
adjacent  coast  of  the  mainland  as  running 
east  and  west,  instead  of  north-west  and 
south-east.  But  when  we  come  to  details, 
the  correspondence  is  almost  too  complete, 
and  the  ingenuity  expended  on  the  identifica- 
tion of  Laertes's  farm,  of  Eumaeus's  stall,  of 
the  harbour  of  Phorcys  and  its  stone  looms 
and  vases  of  the  Nymphs,  arouses  distrust 
rather  than  conviction.  So,  too,  the  island 
Asteris,  where  the  suitors  waited  in  the 
"  double  harbour  "  for  Telemachus.  Nor  is 
it  easy  to  take  seriously  the  argument  that 
the  remark  frequently  made  to  strangers 
on  their  arrival  in  Ithaca,  "  By  what  ship 
did  you  come  ?  For  I  don't  suppose  you 
came  on  foot,"  implies  the  existence  of  an 
approach  by  land  and  a  ferry.  This  too 
literal  insistence  on  details  may  prejudice 
some  scholars  against  the  new  theory,  and 
so  prevent  their  giving  it  the  consideration 
it  deserves.  It  is  otherwise  with  the  sug- 
gested explanation  of  the  transference  of 
the  names — that  the  people  of  Homeric 
Ithaca,  driven  out  of  their  home  by  the 
Dorians,  transferred  its  name  to  the  island 
that  was  before  called  Same,  and  that  the 
people  of  Same  similarly  transferred  them- 
selves and  the  name  of  their  city  to  Same 
in  Cephallenia.  This  suggestion  is  ingenious, 
and  even  probable,  though  it  lacks  evidence 
to  confirm  it.  The  illustrations,  from  admir- 
able photographs,  show  the  beauty  of  Leucas, 
and  make  clear  the  topographical  argument. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  those  who  look 
for  an  actual  original  of  the  poetical  descrip- 
tions of  the  Odyssey  will  do  better  to  seek 
it  in  future  in  Leucas  rather  than  in  the 
modern  Ithaca  ;  but  the  old  controversy 
between  realists  and  idealists  is  not  likely 
to  bo  assuaged  by  this  or  any  other  theory. 


LEATHER    BINDING. 

Report  of  the  Committee  on  Leather  for 
Bookbinding  {Society  of  Arts).  Edited  by 
Viscount  Cobham  and  Sir  Henry  Trueman 
Wood.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— This  is  the  per- 
manent form  of  the  epoch-making  report 
first  issued  in  July,  1901.  Every  one 
interested  in  the  subject  must  obtain  this 
edition,  for  not  only  does  it  contain  a  large 
number  of  plates  illustrating  the  effect  of 
light,  heat,  &c,  on  bookbinding  leather, 
dyed  or  undyed,  and  of  diagrams  illus- 
trating the  text  most  usefully,  but  also  with 
these  there  are  a  number  of  additional 
sections  of  the  highest  value,  dealing  with 
the  strength  of  the  skins,  the  causes  of 
decay  in  leather,  the  preservation  of  books, 
and  the  fading  of  coal-tar  colours  in  sumach- 
tanned  leather.  Mr.  Cobden-Sanderson,  Mr. 
Cockerell,  and  Lord  Cobham,  who  initiated 
the  movement  ;  the  Society  of  Arts  and 
the  Leathersellers'  Company,  who  supported 
it ;  and  the  members  of  the  committee, 
have  deserved,  and  should  receive,  the 
grateful  thanks  of  book  -  lovers.  Their 
labours  have  arrested  the  production  of 
the  perishable  bookbinding  leather  used, 
even  by  our  best  binders,  no  more  than 
five  years  ago,  and  made  it  possible  for 
artists  and  the  public  alike  to  obtain  good 
material  without  difficulty. 

Leather  for  Libraries.  By  E.  W.  Hulme 
and  others.  (Library  Supply  Company.) — 
This  little  volume  is  produced  under  the 
direction  of  the  Sound  Leather  Committee 
of  the  Library  Association,  and  consists  of 
five  essays  of  unequal  importance :  on  the 
history  of  bookbinding  leather  in  this  country, 
by  Mr.  Hulme,  of  the  Patent  Office  Library  ; 
on  the  causes  of  its  decay,  by  Dr.  Parker,  a 
well-known  leather  chemist  ;  on  its  cha- 
racteristics and  provenance,  by  Mr.  Seymour- 
Jones,  a  tanner  ;  on  the  repair  of  books, 
&c,  by  Mr.  Davenport,  of  the  British 
Museum  ;  and  on  the  fitting  of  a  small 
bindery  (a  hideous  term),  by  Mr.  Williamson. 
Mr.  Hulme's  historical  account  shows  that 
sumach  tanning  was  introduced  into  England 
early  in  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  soon  spread 
over  the  country.  English  tanners  were 
introduced  into  Scotland  by  Lord  Erskine 
in  1620.  The  use  of  sulphuric  acid  in  tanning 
is  due  to  a  Dr.  McBride,  of  Dublin  (1768)  ; 
it  became  general  with  the  invention  of 
aniline  dyes.  To-day  all  leathers,  except 
for  boots  or  machinery,  may  be  said  to  be 
prepared  solely  with  a  view  to  their  appear- 
ance. Uniformity  and  brilliance  of  colour 
are  obtained  by  the  reckless  use  of  strong 
acids,  which  destroy  the  fibre  of  the  leather  ; 
inferior  sheepskins  are  grained  to  imitate 
highly  priced  morocco  or  pigskin,  and  when 
this  deteriorated  material  comes  into  the 
bookbinders'  hands,  it  is  pared  down  to  a 
thin  layer  destitute  of  any  power  of  resist- 
ance. It  is  not  surprising  that  librarians 
and  others  have  raised  frequent  complaints 
against  this  state  of  things.  Search  was 
made  for  the  cause  of  it,  and  the  first  answer 
given  was  the  "  Bulphur  in  the  coal  gas  " 
theory.  But  libraries  in  which  no  artifical 
light  was  used  suffered  in  almost  an  equal 
degree.  At  last  matters  got  to  such  a 
point  that  no  sensible  man  would  have  a 
calf-bound  book  in  his  library,  and  morocco 
or  buckram  was  the  only  reasonably  safe 
binding  for  permanent  use.  Then  a  small 
committee  was  formed  to  initiate  inquiry, 
which  produced  the  standard  volume  just 
noticed.  Sumach  -  tanned  leathers  seem 
to  be  by  far  the  best,  the  catechol- 
tannins  being  unsuitable.  The  use  of 
sulphuric  acid  in  any  form  is  absolutely 
condemned  ;  and  strong  light  is  found  to  be 
harmful.     The  Library  Association,  working 


on  this  basis,  have  appointed  an  official 
examiner  of  leather,  who  will  report  on  the 
nature  and  suitability  of  any  sample  of 
leather  at  a  small  fixed  rate.  A  certain 
number  of  manufacturers  have  taken  up  the 
matter,  and  make  sound  bookbinding  leather. 
H.M.  Stationery  Office  has  drawn  up  a  speci- 
fication insisting  on  proper  manufacture  of 
the  leather  supplied  to  it,  and,  if  they  will, 
librarians  now  have  the  matter  entirely  in 
their  own  hands.  They  have  only  to  insist 
that  the  leather  used  for  binding  shall 
(1)  not  be  "stripped,"  retanned,  or  arti- 
ficially grained  ;  (2)  be  genuine  as  described, 
tanned  with  pure  sumach,  or  oak  and  sumach 
without  the  use  of  mineral  acids  either  in 
tanning  or  in  binding.  The  binder,  who 
buys  from  a  leather  broker,  will  doubtless 
be  unwilling  to  give  this  guarantee  ;  but  if 
his  customers  insist  on  it,  he  will  be  forced 
to  obtain  a  similar  warranty  from  his  brokers, 
and  these  from  the  tanneries.  The  fact  that 
there  are  leading  firms  ready  to  give  their 
warranty  makes  this  moral  compulsion  easier. 

Unfortunately,  a  serious  problem  is  before 
us  as  to  what  is  to  be  done  with  the  decaying 
bindings  already  on  our  shelves.  No  effi- 
cient preservative  has  yet  been  found.  It 
is  well  for  those  using  polishes,  &c,  to  bear 
in  mind  Dr.  Parker's  warning  against 
mixtures  containing  turpentine.  Un- 
doubtedly the  best  preservative  is  the  natural 
oil  of  the  skin.  Books  in  constant  use  do 
not  dry  or  crack.  Vaseline  evaporates  too 
readily,  and  leaves  the  binding  worse  than 
before.  Lanoline  is  just  better  than  nothing. 
In  our  experience  a  solution  of  paraffin  wax 
in  castor  oil,  very  lightly  applied,  gives  the 
most  satisfactory  results  as  a  softener  and 
preservative.  A  good  furniture  polish,  free 
from  turpentine,  may  then  be  used. 

The  existence  of  an  official  leather  analyst 
is  a  great  step  in  advance.  We  strongly 
commend  Mr.  Davenport's  advice  to  libra- 
rians :  "  Do  not  accept  any  bindings  except 
under  a  guarantee  that  they  contain  no 
sulphuric  acid,  and  even  then  send  a  six- 
inch  strip  of  the  leather  for  examination." 
This  little  work  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  librarian,  bookbinder,  and  owner  of 
books. 

The  Decoration  of  Leather.  From  the 
French  of  Georges  de  Recy  by  Maude  Nathan. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — This  workmanlike  book 
differs  considerably,  and  for  the  better,  from 
its  French  original,  which  appears  to  have 
been  intended  by  its  author  to  exploit  the 
capabilities  of  leather  as  a  medium  of  decora- 
tion in  the  style  of  the  Art  Xourcau.  In 
this  edition  many  of  the  French  plates  are 
superseded  by  examples  of  leather  work, 
ranging  from  the  Winchester  Book  and  the 
best  work  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries  to  English  leather  work  of  our  own 
days — less  pure  and  vigorous  in  style, 
perhaps,  than  its  predecessors,  but  free 
from  merely  perverse  eccentricities.  The, 
book  appeals  to  a  growing  class  of  amateurs, 
willing  to  work,  and  capable  of  acquiring 
the  requisite  dexterity.  Any  one  with  a 
reasonable  aptitude  in  the  use  of  tools,  and 
(what  is  indispensable)  a  feeling  for  the 
limitations  of  the  medium,  should  by  the 
aid  of  this  manual  be  able  in  a  reasonable 
time  to  produce  respectable  results.  Of 
course,  no  one  expects  to  learn  an  art  without 
a  master,  but  it  should  considerably  facilitate 
a  student's  progress.  One  thing  only  st  rikes 
us  unfavourably  about  the  )iook,  and  that 
is  the  cool  way  in  which  leather-workers 
Seem  to  allow*  themselves  to  treat  their 
material.  Acids  which  in  a  few  years  will 
reduce  their  work  to  chips  and  dust  are 
applied  to  it,  apparently  in  the  belief  thai 

they    can    be    washed    out    when    done    with. 
Alkalis    which    destroy    the    very    Bubstance 


'![■! 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°40S7,  Feb.  24,  1906 


of  the  fibre  axe  also  as  light-heartedlj  am  d. 

*•  Boda  baa  the  stum'  effeol  aa  potash,  exo<  pi 
that  it  is  a  little  leea  strong  ;  1  >* » *  1  *  Bubetaneea 
have  always  been  much  employed  in  dyeing 
.skins":  the  author  is  here  speaking  or 
oauatio  Boda  and  potaah.  "Sulphate  of 
iron.... is  also  somewhat   injurious.     It  is 

useful,  however,"  &0.  "Colours  obtained 
from  potash  and  sulphate  of  iron  are  much 
used  for  groundwork."     "The  dye  may  be 

removed    subsequently    by decolorants. 

Sulphuric,  hydrochloric,  oxalic,  nitric,  or 
muriatic  [sic]  acid,  diluted  with  water  in 
the  proportion  of  one  in  five,  can  be  used 
for  this  purpose."  An  artist  who  sells 
leather-work  treated  in  this  way,  without 
informing  his  client  that  his  purchase  is 
doomed  to  speedy  disintegration,  is,  con- 
sciously or  otherwise,  deceiving  him.  A 
man  buys  a  piece  of  fine  leather-work  because 
he  knows  that  if  it  is  properly  kept  leather 
is  one  of  the  most  durable  of  materials.  The 
solitary  consoling  reflection  is  that  posterity 
will  be  saved  the  bewildering  contemplation 
of  their  ancestors'  Art  Nouveau. 


THREE    EXHIBITIONS. 

THE    LEICESTER    GALLERIES. 

The  exhibition  of  works  by  Mr.  Charles 
Sims  at  the  Leicester  Galleries  affords  an 
interesting  presentment  of  the  art  of  a  pro- 
mising painter  of  the  younger  generation  in 
its  formative  period.  Nine  out  of  ten  of 
the  works  shown  are  sketches  in  water 
colour,  some  of  which  may  be  said  to  be 
studies  in  various  manners.  For  example, 
the  Nocturnes  Nos.  32  and  33  and  the  pretty 
sketch  of  moonrise  (No.  53)  approach  the 
method  and  the  faculty  of  vision  of  Whistler, 
and  the  same  influence  is  seen  in  Nos.  31 
and  36 — bright  stretches  of  sand  dotted 
with  bathing  tents,  and  ladies  in  light 
summer  dresses,  with  children  digging  and 
flying  kites.  In  like  manner  the  scenes  in 
parks  and  watered  woodlands  where  figures 
are  reclining  in  siesta  have  something  of  the 
spirit,  and  much  of  the  influence,  of  Frago- 
nard  and  Boucher.  In  others,  again,  of  the 
more  mythological  sort,  there  are  memories  of 
the  brilliant  colour  visions  of  Tiepolo  ;  and 
in  a  few  there  are  traits  in  common  with  the 
work  of  Bocklin.  In  thus  attempting  to 
recount  some  of  what  we  conceive  to  be 
tutelary  influences  we  are  not  unconscious  of 
the  presence  of  a  certain  native  grace  and 
delicacy  of  colour,  a  daintiness  of  conception, 
and  a  fantastic  humour  effective  on  occasion. 
The  quotations  of  Scripture  used  as  titles 
for  many  of  the  sketches  tend  sometimes  to 
darken  counsel,  but  their  application  is 
usually  intelligible  after  a  careful  study  of 
the  picture.  Hide  Thyself  for  a  Little 
Moment  is  one  of  the  easier.  It  represents 
a  girl  playing  hide-and-seek  with  a  child 
upon  a  sand  dune.  It  is  very  delicate  and 
charming  in  texture,  and  the  drawing  is 
spirited  and  free.  Mr.  Sims's  boldness  in 
use  of  colour  is  effectively  displayed  in  the 
note  of  crimson  of  the  girl's  sash,  which 
contrasts  admirably  with  the  greens  and 
browns  of  grasses  and  sand  dunes. 

The  child's  head  seen  in  shadow,  with 
curly  tangled  hair,  has  something  of  the 
elfin  'ook  of  Hornel's  children,  and  the  same 
analogy  strikes  us  in  the  large  oil  painting 
of  children  peeping  through  foliage  entitled 
Beech  Boughs.  Sunshine  and  Wind,  a 
sketch  in  oils  with  the  same  two  figures, 
shows  skilful  brushwork.  Here,  as  in  his 
picture  in  the  Independent  Art  Exhibition, 
Mr.  Sims  is  especially  successful  in  rendering 
the  action  of  the  wind  upon  the  light  fabric 
of  the  dress. 

The    composition    of    Jack    Frost    suffers 


from  the  lack  of  structural  lines  in  the 
lower  half  of  the  picture.  In  their  absence 
the  tangle  of  bracken  and  bramble  beCOl 

uninteresting.      The  large  oil  Weuhmg  Day 

has  very  successful  portions,  notably  the 
painting  of  the  linen  and  of  the  head  of  the 
woman  in  shadow  on  the  right.  As  a  whole 
it  lacks  unity.  The  figures  do  not  seem  to 
bo  there  for  any  other  purpose  than  to  mako 
a  group  for  the  painter.  The  red  skirt  on 
the  right  is  not  an  entirely  successful  attempt 
to  introduce  variety  in  the  scheme  of  colour. 
It  seems  to  dominate  the  whole  too  insist- 
ently. 

The  most  attractive  of  the  works  in  oils 
is  the  Bacchus  and  Ariadne.  Here  the 
colours  are  completely  harmonious,  and 
entirely  subdued  to  the  disposition  of  the 
light.  The  figure  of  Ariadne  seen  in  shadow 
is  very  skilfully  modelled.  The  translucency 
of  the  air  above  the  car  of  Bacchus  and  the 
dim  figure  with  lifted  arms  seen  against  the 
sky  are  like  a  fantasy  of  Tiepolo's. 

FROM   THE    ALPS   TO    THE    APENNINES. 

The  exhibition  of  water-colours  entitled 
'  From  the  Alps  to  the  Apennines,'  by  Miss 
Evelyn  J.  Whyley,  now  visible  in  the  rooms 
of  the  Fine-Art  Society,  portrays  scenes  in 
Italy  and  Switzerland  with  much  fidelity  of 
colour  and  exact  interpretation  of  atmo- 
spheric conditions.  It  attains  a  high  and  a 
remarkably  even  standard  of  execution.  Of 
the  various  architectural  studies  we  may 
cite  as  among  the  most  effective  the  South 
Porch — Bergamo  Cathedral,  the  West  Door, 
Verona  Cathedral,  and  A  Lombard  Tower, 
Susa  ;  these,  and  more  especially  the  last, 
have  a  suggestion  of  Prout's  Italian  studies 
in  their  simplicity  and  sense  of  stillness,  and 
in  the  impression  they  convey  of  the  air  as 
steeped  in  sunlight.  In  like  manner  the 
scenes  of  Swiss  lakes  and  mountains  may 
be  said  to  breathe  the  inspiration  of  Turner. 
It  is  certainly  perceptible  in  the  two  delicate 
studies  of  sunrise,  The  Sun's  Awakening 
Touch  :  the  Gemmi,  and  Flush  of  Sunrise, 
Montreux.  In  the  former  the  sun  is  touch- 
ing the  clouds  which  lie  wreathing  the  base 
of  the  rock  ;  in  that  on  Lake  Leman  its 
action  on  the  misty  air  and  its  faint  flush  in 
the  water  are  rendered  with  much  subtlety 
and  power.  We  may  also  mention  the 
Daybreak,  Lago  di  Garda,  and  the  Lovere, 
Lago  d'Iseo,  as  among  the  most  delightful  of 
the  lake  scenes. 

Among  the  studies  of  Italian  hill  towns, 
which  constitute  the  most  numerous  section, 
one  of  S.  Gemignano  excites  comment,  if  only 
from  the  fact  of  the  sky  being  overcast  ;  the 
changing  tones  of  the  plaster  and  stones  of 
walls  and  towers  as  seen  in  the  diffused  light 
are  rendered  with  great  delicacy  of  touch. 
The  foliage  of  the  olives  in  the  foreground  is 
perhaps  somewhat  too  opaque.  Of  the 
group  of  studies  in  and  about  Assisi  we  like 
best  Hazy  Dawn,  the  Town  of  St.  Francis, 
in  which  the  huge  buttresses  of  the  monastery, 
seen  from  the  valley,  loom  impressively 
above  the  light  morning  mist  ;  and  as  a  type 
of  several  we  may  note  a  sketch  of  Signa, 
looking  over  the  shoulder  of  the  hill,  across 
the  valley  of  the  Bisenzio,  to  the  hills 
beyond  :  the  air  of  the  valley  seems  tremu- 
lous with  heat,  and  the  lights  and  shadows 
of  the  distant  hills  are  excellently  rendered. 
Lovers  of  Italian  scenery  will  find  much  to 
interest  them  in  Miss  Whyley's  work. 

THE    GRAVES    GALLERIES. 

The  series  of  landscape  paintings  in  water 
colour  by  the  Baroness  Helga  von  Cramm 
comprise  picturesque  scenes  in  England, 
Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  the  Riviera, 
Madeira,  and  Egypt.  They  are  rich  in 
interest  to  the  traveller,  and  we  are  all 
travellers  nowadays.      However,  the  Baron- 


ron  Cramm  has  a  happy  knack  of  -■  1 
ing  pretty  and  effective  subject-,  and  a  truo 
eye  for  colour;  but  over-close  adherence  to 
iletuil,  a  timidity  of  execution,  and  a  lack 
of  power  to  render  property  the  gradations 
of  distance  militate  considerably  against  the 
urtistic  value  of  her  work.  Her  di-tant 
outlines    are    apt     to     be     too     definite  ;      her 

grounds  lack  the  requisite  boldness  of 

treatment.  So  the  prettily  arranged  sketch 
of  part  of  Sorrento,  a^  seen  from  the 
would  gain  in  effectiveness  if  the  ripples 
of  the  water  in  the  near  foreground  were 
proportionately  larger  than  those  further 
away.  The  Chalets  at  Zermatt  is  a  pleasing 
sketch  which  presents  very  effective  con- 
trasts of  colour  in  the  browns  of  the  timber 
houses  and  the  greens  of  the  Alpine  pasture  ; 
and  The  Blue  Lake,  near  Kandersteg,  with 
the  branches  of  the  submerged  pines  seen 
through  the  water,  is  a  very  picturesque 
conception.  In  the  Antique  Doorway,  Both- 
enburg,  and  the  facade  of  An  Unknown  Blue 
Mosque  in  Cairo — the  latter  lustrous  with 
Persian  tiles,  the  former  soft  with  the  gi 
and  greens  of  sculptured  stone — the  artist's 
care  in  treatment  of  detail  is  very  effective 
in  result  ;  and  of  the  various  sea  pictures 
we  may  mention  The  Harbour  of  Las  Palmas 
and  Camera  di  Lobos,  a  Fishing  Village  on 
Madeira. 


SALES. 

Mkssrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  17th  inst.  the 
following  pictures  :  P.  Bordone,  Portrait  of  a 
Lady,  in  rich  crimson  dress,  a  gentleman  standing 
behind  her,  462/.  Early  English,  Portrait  of  a 
Lady,  in  grey  and  white  dress,  609/.  Gains- 
borough, a  Young  Girl,  seated  in  a  landscape,  with 
a  pitcher,  199/.  Giorgione,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in 
rich  slashed  dress,  holding  a  fan,  1I<»/.  Andrea 
Mantegna,  St.  Peter,  and  Three  Other  Saints, 
924/.  A.  van  Ostade,  a  Tavern  brawl,  168/. 
C.  Janssens,  Portrait  of  a  L\dy,  in  dark  dress, 
147/.  Lawrence,  Miss  Drake,  in  white  dress,  31.5/. 
J.  Ruysdael,  A  Rocky  Waterfall,  168/.  J.  de 
Mabuse,  The  Virgin  and  Child.  105/.  A.  Canaletto, 
The  Quay  of  St.  Mark's.  Venice,  346/.  3. 
Marieschi^  The  Rialto,  Venice,  210/.  ;  A  Canal 
Scene,  Venice,  131/.  Venus,  a  drawing  by  F. 
Boucher,  fetched  10")/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  19th  inst.  a  drawing 
by  S.  Prout,  Market  Figures  in  an  old  Town.  ,Vf/. 

On  the  20th  inst.  the  same  firm  sold  the  follow- 
ing etchings  and  engravings  :  The  Breaking-up  of 
the  Agamemnon,  by  Sir  F.  Seym  ur  Haden.  2.V. 
The  Kitchen,  by  Whistler,  30/.  Turner's  Liher 
Studiorum.  71  plates,  with  14  of  the  Etchings,  and 
a  duplicate  of  Calm.  525/.  Henrv,  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk, by  J.  Becket,  37/.  After  Morland  :  Bathing 
Horses*  by  W.  Ward,  35/.;  Giles,  the  Fanner's 
Boy,  by  the  same,  52/. ;  The  Thatcher,  by  the 
same,  29/. ;  The  Warrener.  by  the  same,  30/.  Inside 
of  a  Country  Alehouse,  by  the  same.  46/.;  The 
Turnpike  Gate,  by  the  same,  27/.:  The  List  Litter, 
and  The  Hard  Bargain  (a  pair),  by  the  same,  162/. 
Paying  the  Hostler,  by  S.  W.  Reynolds,  53/. 
Innocence  Alarmed,  by  R.  Smith,  43/.  The  First 
of  September :  Morning  and  Evening  (a  pair),  by 
W.  Ward,  113/.;  The  Farmer's  Stable,  by  the 
same.  77/.:  The  Sportsman's  Return,  hv  the  same, 
46/.:  Feeding  the  Pigs,  by  J.  R.  Smith.  73/. ;  The 
Return  from  Market,  by  the  same.  117/.:  The 
Farmyard,  and  The  Farmer's  Stable  (a  pair).  84/.; 
The  Contain,  and  The  Horse  Feeder  (a  pair),  by 
J.  R.  Smith.  7")/.:  Breaking  the  Ice.  and  Milkmaid 
and  Cowherd  la  pair),  by  the  same.  56/.;  The 
Fisherman's  Hut.  and  Selling  Fish  la  pair),  by  the 
same,  67/.:  Stable  Amusement,  and  The  Puhlic- 
house  Door  (a  pair),  by  W.  Ward.  1891.;  Tho 
Country  Butcher,  by  T.  Gosse,  33/.;  Sailors' Con- 
versation, by  W.  Ward,  30/.;  A  Conversation,  and 
Peasant  and  Pigs  (a  pur),  by  J.  R.  Smith,  86/.; 
Fishermen  Going  Out,  and  Fisherman  on  Shore  (a 
piir).  by  S.  W.  Reynolds  and  W.  Hilton,  ">4/.  ; 
Nurse  and  Children  "in  the  Fields,  by  G.  Keating, 
and  The  Kite  Entangled,  by  W.  Ward,  63/.  After 
W.  Owen :  The  Roadside,  by  W.  Say,  25/.  A 
Christmas  Holiday,  by  and  after  J.  R.  Smith,  29/. 
After  Liwranson:  A  Lady  at  Haymaking,  by 
J.  R.  Smith,  32/. 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


243 


3fttu-^rt  dtossip. 

Messrs.  T.  Agnew  &  Sons  are  showing 
some  examples  of  '  Independent  Art  of 
To-day,'  English,  Scottish,  and  Irish. 

Messrs.  Colnaghi  have  on  view  a  selec- 
tion of  engravings  and  colour  prints  after 
Reynolds,  Romney,  and  others. 

At  Messrs.  Obach's  galleries  Dutch  water- 
colour  drawings  by  Sir  John  C.  Day  are  on 
view. 

At  the  Rowley  Gallery  '  Belgian  Water- 
colours  '  are  on  view. 

Thirteen  women  artists  are  showing 
sculpture,  paintings,  and  miniatures  at  the 
Dore  Gallery  next  week.  The  private  view 
is  on  Friday  and  Saturday.  A  day  earlier 
Miss  Patience  E.  Bishopp  opens  an'exhibition 
at  the  same  place  of  '  Sketches  in  Town  and 
•Country.' 

The  forty-fifth  annual  exhibition  of  the 
Royal  Glasgow  Institute  of  the  Fine  Arts  is 
now  open. 

Mr.  F.  G.  Stephens,  our  art  critic  for 
many  years,  sent  to  The  Times  of  Friday, 
the  16th  inst.,  a  vigorous  denunciation  of 
Mr.  Holman  Hunt's  charges  against  him  in 
*  Pre-Raphaelitism  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite 
Brotherhood.' 

There  is  about  to  appear  in  Paris  a  fine 
illustrated  volume  on  Gustave  Courbet. 

A  volume  with  a  preface  by  M.  Bataille, 
the  dramatic  author,  contains  a  clever  series 
of  drawings,  slightly  suggestive  of  Gavarni, 
concerning  "  Paris,  Province,  Etranger." 

A  work  on  Monet  which  appeared  five 
years  ago  with  coloured  illustrations  is  now 
republished  in  a  smaller  edition,  with  twelve 
new  and  original  compositions,  wholly  differ- 
ent from  the  illustrations  of  the  previous 
book,  which  was  also  well  turned  out. 

The  Societe  des  Artistes  Francais  are  re- 
organizing their  scheme  of  retiring  pensions 
for  such  members  as  have  fallen  on  evil  days. 
At  the  beginning  of  last  year  107  artists 
were  compelled  to  accept  a  pension  ;  by 
January  1st  in  this  year  15  of  these  pen- 
sioners had  died,  but  there  were  18  new 
claimants.  We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the 
fund  for  pensions  lias  been  increased  from 
947,479fr.  to  l,02S,382fr. 

The  death  in  his  fifty-eighth  year  is 
announced  from  Vienna  of  the  genre  and 
portrait  painter  Eduard  Charlemont,  who 
was  a  pupil  of  Makart,  and  noted  for  his 
pictures  of  children. 

M.  Loys  Delteit,,  the  Paris  engraver  and 
expert,  who  has  already  published  an  im- 
portant work  on  Honore  Daumier,  announces 
the  first  volume  of  '  Le  Peintre-Graveur 
Illustre.'  It  will  appear  next  month,  and 
will  be  devoted  to  Millet,  Th.  Rousseau, 
Jules  Dupre,  and  J.  P>.  Jongkind.  Instead 
of  the  usual  descriptive  text,  each  engraving 
will  be  represented  by  a  much  reduced 
facsimile,  and  the  text  will  consist  chiefly 
of  a  description  of  the  various  states,  and 
the  prices  realized  at  auction  during  the  last 
twenty  years. 

Although  Paul  Verlaine'a  monument  is 
not  yet  erected  at  the  Luxemburg,  his 
memory  is  being  perpetuated  at  the  nfusee 
Caroavalet,  to  which  M.  F.  A.  Cazals  has 
just  presented  a  death  mask  of  the  poet. 
The  same  museum  lias  lately  received  some 
other  interesting  relics,  including  a  mirror 
which  once  hung  in  Voltaire's  study;  a 
lock    and    key    from    the    famous    debtors' 


prison  at  Clichy ;  and  the  "  cocardes  "  worn  by 
Robespierre  at  the  Jacobin  Club  and  by 
Saint-Just  at  Wissembourg. 

The  Antiquary  for  March  will  include  the 
following  articles  :  '  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  : 
being  some  Account  of  her  Connexion  with 
Art  and  Letters,'  Part  I.,  by  Mr.  W.  G. 
Blaikie  ;  '  An  Illustrated  Note  on  the 
Church  of  St.  Fiacre  in  Brittany,'  by  Mr. 
Warwick  H.  Draper  ;  '  Old  Heraldic  Glass 
in  Brasted  Church,'  by  Dr.  W.  E.  Ball  (con- 
clusion) ;  '  Notes  on  the  Old  Church  Bands 
and  Village  Choirs  of  the  Past  Century,'  by 
the  Rev.  F.  W.  Galpin  (illustrated)  ;  and 
'  Destiny  and  Wizardry  in  the  Northern 
Sagas,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Green. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Queen's   Hall. — Mr.   Newman's   Benefit 
Concert. 

Mr.  Robert  Newman's  benefit  concert 
took  place  last  Wednesday  week,  when 
the  programme  consisted  entirely  of 
overtures,  from  Mozart  to  Tscha'ikowsky. 
To  select  overtures  likely  to  please  the 
public  is  one  thing ;  to  present  those 
which  best  exhibit  the  different  phases  of 
the  overture  from  the  days  of  Mozart 
onwards  is  something  different.  If  the 
latter  was  the  scheme  intended,  then 
'  Leonore  '  No.  3  would  have  been  better 
than  '  Egmont,'  while  '  Mignon  '  might 
well  have  made  way  for  a  Gluck  overture. 
That  Wagner  should  occupy  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  second  part  was  natural 
enough,  for  in  his  overtures  we  find  how 
he  first  followed  classical  lines,  and  finally 
created  a  form  for  himself.  The  various 
performances  under  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood's 
direction  were  excellent. 


Bechstein    Hall. — Mr.    Theodore    Hol- 
land's Concert. 

Mr.  Theodore  Holland  gave  a  concert 
at  the  Bechstein  Hall  yesterday  week, 
when  the  programme,  with  the  exception 
of  the  last  number,  was  devoted  to  his 
own  compositions.  Now  although,  on  the 
whole,  they  show  a  skilful  and  fluent  pen, 
and  though  some  of  the  songs  are  pleasing, 
and  the  violin  solos,  Romance,  Ballade, 
and  Canzonetta — admirably  performed  by 
Herr  Carl  Halir — very  tasteful,  yet  simi- 
larity of  style  caused  a  certain  feeling  of 
monotony.  Mr.  Holland  was  a  student 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  and  after- 
wards of  Prof.  Joachim  at  the  Hochschule, 
Berlin.  The  concluding  number  of  the 
programme  was  a  Pianoforte  Trio  in 
f  sharp  minor,  Op.  84,  by  Herr  Max 
Reger,  a  composer  whose  works  have 
been  much  played  in  Germany.  He 
studied  under  Dr.  Hugo  Riemann,  and 
at  present  he  is  professor  of  the  Organ  and 
Composition  at  the  Munich  Academy  of 
Music.  Of  his  great  ability  there  can  be 
no  question,  but,  as  we  remarked  last 
week  in  writing  about  a  simple  song  of  his. 
most  of  his  compositions  show  more  of  art 
than  of  nature  ;  and  among  works  of  this 
kind  we  should  include  the  trio  in  question. 


Queen's  Hall. — Symphony  Concert.     M. 
Delafosse's  Orchestral  Concert. 

Madame  Teresa  Carreno  was  the  pianist 
at  the  Symphony  Concert  last  Saturday 
afternoon,  and  her  reading  of  the  Tschai- 
kowsky    Concerto    in    b    flat    minor    was 
strong  and  vivid.     She  plays  in  what  may 
be  termed  a  grand  style,  while  her  command 
of  the  keyboard  is  absolute.     Mr.  Wood 
recently   placed   a  Mozart   symphony   at 
the  head  of  a  programme  which  ended 
with  Strauss's  '  Don  Quixote,'  and  at  the 
concert    now   in    question    Haydn's    '  Le 
Midi,'  an  early  yet  characteristic  symphony, 
was  opposed  in  similar  manner  to  '  Helden- 
leben.'     As  Mr.  Wood  is  making  a  special 
feature  of  Strauss's  music,  we  naturally 
presume  that  he  thinks  it  epoch-making  ; 
we  should  not,  however,  be  surprised  if, 
in    the    long    run,  the   public,    weary  of 
clever    and    complex    symphonic    poems, 
turned  for  rest  and  refreshment   to   the 
symphonies  of  old,  yet  ever  new  masters. 
M.  Leon  Delafosse,  who  gave  an  orches- 
tral concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Monday, 
is  a  pianist  of  great  skill.     He  has  con- 
siderable technique,  and  his  touch  in  soft 
passages  is  remarkably  delicate  ;    in  loud 
passages,  however,  his  tone  becomes  some- 
what  hard,    and   consequently   unsympa- 
thetic.    He  charms  at  one  moment,  dis- 
turbs    at    another  :      the     rendering    of 
Chopin's  Prelude  in  D  flat,  for  instance, 
was  delightful,   while  that  of  the  Q  flat 
Etude,  Op.  10,  No.  5,  was  unpoetical,  and, 
moreover,    spoilt    by    certain    additions. 
To  increase  the  difficulty  of  the  composer's 
music  may  show  off  M.  Delafosse's  fine 
technique,   but  it  does  not  improve  the 
music.     In  a  well-written,  though  super- 
ficial '  Fantaisie '  for  pianoforte  and  orches- 
tra  the  pianist-composer  achieved  success. 
The    London    Symphony    Orchestra    was 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Landon  Ronald. 


ittttGiral  (Bossip. 

Msss  Kathleen  Chabot.  who  gave  a 
pianoforte  recital  at  the  .Eolian  Hall  last 
Monday  evening,  has  studied  with  Miss 
Fanny  Davies,  whose  style  she  reproduces 
with  fidelity.  To  her  performances  of  Beet- 
hoven's 'Moonlight'  Sonata,  three  harpsi- 
chord pieces  by  Scarlatti,  and  a  group  of 
Mendelssohn's  '  Songs  without  Words  '  the 
young  artist  brought  a  sound  technique, 
good  taste,  ami  refinement  of  style,  and  she 
had  no  difficulty  in  pleasing  her  audience. 

Another  very  promising  pianist  is  Miss 
Irene  Scharrer,  who  at  her  recital  in  the 
same  room  on  Tuesday  evening  made  a 
strong  impression  by  reason  of  her  lino 
technical    equipment    and    the    remarkable 

intelligence  which  she  brought  to  bear  upon 
her  reai  lings  of  the  chosen  work>.  The 
youthful  artist's  command  oi  varied  expres- 
sion enabled  her  to  present  Chopin's  Ballade 

m    G    minor    and    Nocturne    in    E    sharp    ill 

a  singularly  attractive  manner,  while  her 
performance    of    Beethoven's    'Moonlight' 

Sonata    was  notable   for  earnestnc— .   feeling. 

and  refinement  o\  style.  If  she  continues 
to  study  hard,  Mi>s  Scharrer  should  make 
a  name  for  herself. 

Fovk  special  Saturday  afternoon  concerts 
are  to  be  given  at  the  Crystal  Palace  on  tlio 


24J 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


following  dates  :  March  3rd,  loth,  anil  :Hst, 
and  April  7th.  At  th<-  first  and  third  the 
London  Symphony  Orchestra  will  bo  under 
the  direction  <>f  Mr.  Walter  W.  Hedgcook. 
On  March  10th  and  April  7th  there  will  be 
violin  recitals,  by  Mischa  Elman  and  Miss 
Vivien  Chartrea  respectively. 

Two  cycles  of  the  '  Ring  dee  Nibelungen,' 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Hans  Richter, 
will  he  included  in  the  regular  opera  season 
at  Covenl  Garden,  which  opens  on  May  3rd. 
The  dates  of  the  cycles  are  as  follows: 
May  4th,  5th,  7th,  and  9th  ;  and  12th,  14th, 
16th,  and  18th.  The  work  will  be  given 
without  cuts,  and  the  hours  of  commence- 
ment will  be  8.30  for  '  Rheingold,'  5  for 
'Die  Walkiire  '  and  'Siegfried,'  and  4.30 
for  '  Gotterdammerung.'  There  will  be  the 
usual  interval  of  an  hour  and  a  half  after 
the  first  act  of  the  last  three  sections. 

The  season's  repertoire  will  include 
Gluck's  "Armide,'  Cornelius's  'Barber  of 
Bagdad.'  Tschaikowsky's  'Eugene  Onegin,' 
Massenet's  '  Le  Jongleur  de  Notre  Dame,' 
and  E.  Poldini's  'Der  Vagabund  und  die 
Prinzessin,'  and  possibly  other  novelties. 
Among  the  artists  engaged  are  Mesdames 
Melba.  Destinn,  Agnes  Nicholls,  Giachetti, 
Wittich,  Kirkby  Lunn,  Reinl,  and  Edna 
Thornton  ;  and  MM.  Burrian,  Caruso,  John 
Harrison,  Lieban,  Gilibert,  Journet,  Van 
Rooy.  Sammarco.  and  Scotti.  The  con- 
ductors will  be  Dr.  Hans  Richter,  Signor 
Campanini,  and  M.  Messager. 

The  Bach  Choir  will  celebate  its  thirtieth 
season  this  year  by  holding  a  Bach  Festival, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Walford  Davies, 
on  April  2nd  and  4th.  The  programme  of 
the  first  concert  will  include  two  church 
cantatas  and  the  Concerto  for  Two  Violins 
in  d  minor.1"  At  the  second  concert  the 
'  Hohe  Messe '  will  be  performed  for  the 
twelfth  time  by  this  society. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Garde  Republicaine. — Sunday  and  every  Evening,  f>,  Covent  Gnrilen.— 
Al-o  Matinees,  :!.  Sunday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  8.80,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  v.  Queen's  Hall. 

Mr.  Charles  Williams's  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

Mr.  1 1.  P,  Tovey's  Pianoforte  Recital,  B.15,  ISroadwood's. 

Miss  Nora  Long  ami  Miss  V.  Jennings's  Vocal  and  Violin 
Recital  8.30,  Beehstein  Hall. 

Messra  Tertie  and  Vork  Bowen's  Reeital.  R.S0,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mis>  Hand  MacCarthj's  Violin  Reeital,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

Philharmonic  Conceit,  h,  Queen's  Hall. 

Mi>s  Mavis  Wingfield's  vocal  Recital,  s.so,  Beehstein  Hall. 

I^jmloli  Liallad  Collrert.  H,  Oueen's  Hall. 


Si    N. 

M<>\\ 


Tt  iv 


»'»'!> 


|*»:I>.      iKindon  Liallad  Concert.  H,  Oueen's  Hall. 

—        Royal  Choral  Society  | '  The  Redemption '),  S,  Alhert  Hall. 
BUBS.  Broadwood'e  Concert.  8.S0,  .Eolian  Hall. 


Tii 
Fin. 


Miss  Betty  Booker  and  Mr.  F.  Harford's  Concert,  S.SO,  .Eolian 

Hall. 

Berlin  Philharmonic  Trio,  s,  Beehstein  Hall. 

Symphony  Concert  (Queen's  Hall  Orchestra  and  Leeds  Clioir1, 

:;,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  D.  F  Tovey's  Pianoforte  Recital.  "\5.  Broadwood's, 
Miss  Knnlie  Owen's  Vocal  Recital,  3.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Special  Concert  iLoudou  Symphony  Orchestral,  3.J0,    Crystal 

Palace. 


DRAMA 


Dramatic  (C>05r.ip. 

The  revival  at  the  Waldorf  Theatre  of 
'  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  '  reveals  once  more 
Miss  Winifred  Emery  as  the  best  existing 
Miss  Hardcastle  and  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  as  an 
admirable  Mr.  Hardcastle.  In  the  more 
broadly  comic  characters,  and  notably  in 
the  Tony  Lumpkin  of  Mr.  Sydney  Brough, 
there  is  a  regrettable  amount  of  over-accen- 
tuation. 

Madame  Simone  Le  Baegy  appeared  on 
Monday  at  the  New  Royalty  Theatre,  play- 
ing her  original  part  of  Jacqueline  (other- 
wise Jack)  in  '  Le  Detour,'  a  three-act  play 
of  M.  Henry  Bernstein,  first  given  at  the 
Gymnase  on  January  5th,  1902.  Her 
presentation  of  the  heroine — who,  after  an 
una  vailing  attempt  to  free  herself,  by  a 
bourgeois  marriage,  from  the  trammels  of 
early   associations,   allows   herself   to   lapse 


into  a  congenial,  hut  unrecognized  alliance 
■ — was  an  admirable  piece  of  aoting,  hut  the 
subject  is  distasteful. 

'  Tin:  I.itti.i:  Stua.voeh,'  a  three-act  piece 
by  Mr.  .Michael  Morton,  which,  after  one  or 
two  preliminary  trials  in  the  country, 
produced  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  last  week, 
has  not  the  slightest  claim  to  consideration 
as  drama,  but  is  likely  to  hold  the  public 
for  many  a  month  to  come.  In  the  person 
of  a  dwarf  who,  at  the  age  of  some  four- 
teen years,  preserves  the  appearance  of  a 
child  of  two,  Mr.  Morton  has  discovered  a 
source  of  apparently  unending  laughter. 
To  the  development  of  the  eccentricities  of 
this  freak  everything  else  is  sacrificed.  Miss 
Sydney  Fairbrother,  as  the  nurse  of  the  little 
monster,  convulsed  with  fear  at  his  un- 
wonted proceedings,  acted  with  comic  inten- 
sity altogether  overpowering. 

On  Tuesday  afternoon  next  the  Court 
will  witness  the  production  of  two  novelties 
by  Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett,  the  first  entitled 
'  Pan  and  the  Young  Shepherd,'  a  pastoral 
in  two  acts,  the  second,  '  The  Youngest  of 
the  Angels.' 

Next  Saturday,  at  the  Imperial  Theatre, 
Mr.  Lewis  Waller  will  produce  Sir  Conan 
Doyle's  'Brigadier  Gerard,'  with  Mr.  A.  E. 
George  as  Napoleon,  Mr.  Edward  E.  O'Neill 
as  Talleyrand,  and  Miss  Evelyn  Millard  as 
the  Comtesse  de  Roquelaure.  Mr.  Waller 
takes  the  part  of  Gerard. 

Miss  Jessie  Millward  will  appear  at  the 
Scala  Theatre  on  March  3rd  in  '  The  School 
for  Husbands,'  a  four-act  comedy  by  Mr. 
Stanislaus  Stange,  in  which  she  will  be  sup- 
ported by  Mr.  Frank  Cooper,  Miss  Ethel 
Matthews,  and  Miss  Dolores  Drummond. 

'  A  Judge's  Memory,'  a  new  play  by 
Mr.  Brandon  Thomas,  will  succeed  '  The 
Heroic  Stubbs  '  at  Terry's  Theatre,  the  cast 
including  Mr.  James  Welch,  Mr.  Sam  Sothern, 
Miss  Wallis,  Miss  Beatrice  Terry,  and  Mrs. 
E.  H.  Brooke. 

'  All-of-a-Sudden  Peggy  '  is  the  title 
of  a  comedy  by  Mr.  Ernest  Denny,  in  which 
Miss  Marie  Tempest  will  next  Tuesday  be  seen 
at  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre,  supported  by 
Miss  Florence  Wood,  Mr.  Eric  Lewis,  Mr. 
Gerald  Du  Marnier,  and  Mr.  Alfred  Bishop. 

The  Drury  Lane  pantomime  is  to  be  trans- 
ferred in  September  next  to  Paris,  and  to  be 
given  by  a  French  company  at  the  Porte 
Saint  Martin. 

Mr.  Stephen  Phillips's  '  Nero  '  will  be 
published  in  book  form  on  March  2nd  by 
Messrs.  Macmillan. 


To  CORRESPONDENTS.  —  .1.  C.  T.— K.  D.— R.  15.  J.— 
J.  H.  B.— F.  H.— received. 

J.  R.  M.— We  know  of  none  of  worth.  You  must  rely  on 
your  own  experience. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents 
Autotype  Company 

B.vostkr  &  Sons 

Bell  &  sons      

Brown,  LangHAM  A'  Co. 

Catalogues        

Dent  *  Co 

Educaxionai 

Exhibitions       

Heinemann         

Hurst  a-  Blackett 

Lectures   

Longmans  &  Co 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co. 
Macmillan  &  Co. 

Magazines,  dbc 

Methuen  &  Co 

Miscellaneous 

MUDIE'S  Library 
Newspaper  Agents     .. 
Notes  hid  Queries    .. 

Putnam's  sons 

Sales  by  Acction 
Situations  Vacant 
Situations  wanted 

SONNBNSCHBIN  it  Co 

Stock  

Type-writers 

Wells  Gardner  a  Co. 


Pag* 

.  -218 

.  218 

.  247 

.  '244 

.  220 

.  -218 

.  248 

.  -217 

.  217 

.  247 

2-22 

.  217 

.  220 

.  247 

222 

!  219 

.  221 

.  218 

.  219 

.  218 

.  246 

.  219 

.  218 

.  217 

.  217 

.  245 

.  220 

.  218 


MESSRS.    BELL'S 

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MI XI A  TUBE  II.  I.  USTRA  TED  CA  TALOGUE 
post  free  on  application. 


YARI0RUM  EDITION  OF  BEAUMONT 
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NOVUM       TESTAMENTUM 

GRAECE.  Edited,  with  Various  Readings, 
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N°4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


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Books  XI- 


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contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies, 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 

SECOND      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  AND  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Campbell,  Keats,  and  Virgil — Allusions  in  Carlyle — Casanoviana 
— Authors  of  the  Chaldee  MS. — CLauceriana — Chorley  on  the 
Birth  of  Edward  VII. — Civil  List  Pensions — John  Cleave  and 
the  Taxes  on  Knowledge — Coleridge  as  a  Translator — County 
Histories — Cowper  on  his  own  Immortality — Daniel's  '  Sonnets 
to  Delia' — Danteiana — De  Quincey's  Syntax — Dibdin  Biblio- 
graphy— Dickensiana — Drydeniana  —  Edition,  its  Meaning — 
George  Eliot  and  Mark  Rutherford  —  •  Field '  Jubilee  — 
Fielding's  'Tom  Jones'  in  France — Edward  FitzGerald  and 
E.  M.  Fitzgerald — Percy  Fitzgerald's  '  Pickwickian  Manners 
and  Customs  ' — Florio's  '  Montaigne  ' — Fly-leaf  Inscriptions. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Dorothy  Cecil — Job  Charnock,  Founder  of  Calcutta — Chester- 
field on  Beau  Nash — Col.  T.  Cooper — General  Cope— Defoe's 
Last  Descendants  —  Notes  on  the  '  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography  ' — Ralph  Dodd  and  the  Thames  Tunnel — Date  of 
Robert  Dodsley's  Death — Due  d'Enghien's  Death — Chancellor 
Silvan  Evans — Fahrenheit  and  his  Thermometer — Flaxman's 
Wife  —  Ugo  Foscolo  in  London — Lady  Elizabeth  Foster  — 
Simon  Fraser,  Lord  Lovat  —  Epitaph  on  Mary  Frith  ("  Moll 
Cutpurse"). 

CLASSICAL  SUBJECTS. 

"  Bernardus  non  vidit  omnia  " — "  Comes  jucundus  in  via  pro 
vehiculo  est  " — "  Cane  decane  canas  " — "  Crescit  amor  nummi  " 
— "  De  male  quassitis  vix  gaudet  " — "  Dies  creta  notandus  " — 
"  Est  rosa  flos  Veneris  " — "  Furem  pretiosa  signata  sollicitant." 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Queen  Candace — English  Cardinals  —  Organs  destroyed  by 
Cromwell — Chalice  as  Race  Cup — Childbed  Pew — Chi-Rho 
Monogram — Modern  Instrumental  Choirs — Clipping  the  Church 
— Smallest  Church  in  England — Deflected  Chancels — Devil's 
Door  in  Churches — Clergymen  as  Duellists — Papal  Bull  against 
a  Comet — Use  of  the  Cope — Crosier  and  Pastoral  Staff — Date 
of  the  Crucifixion — Clandestine  Marriages  in  Curzon  Chapel, 
Mayfair — Defender  of  the  Faith — Epitaph  at  Doncaster — 
Bleeding  Image  in  Christ  Church,  Dublin — Title  of  Bishop  of 
Durham — Easter  and  the  Full  Moon — Eucharist  eaten  by  Mice. 

TINE  ARTS. 

Miniature  of  Mrs.  C.  Arbuthnot — Architectural  "  Follies  " — 
Artists'  Mistakes — Portraits  of  Joanna  Baillie — Books  illus- 
trated by  Blake — Buss's  Illustrations  of  Dickens — Christ  as  an 
Infant  at  the  Breast — Portraits  of  Dante — George  Dawe,  R.A. 
— Desborough  Portraits — Lawrence's  Picture  of  Countess  of 
Derby — Portraits  of  Female  Fighters  —  Marjorie  Fleming's 
Portrait. 


FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Child's  Caul — Childbirth  Folk-lore — Christmas  Decorations — 
Coal  as  a  Charm — Cure  by  Hand  of  a  Corpse — Crossing  Knives 
and  Forks — Cup-turning  in  Fortune-telling — Devil  as  a  Black 
Dog — Drowned  Bodies  Recovered  —  Evil  Eye — Fire  kept 
Burning — "  First  Foot "  on  New  Year's  Day — First  Flesh-eater 
— Flogging  at  the  Cart-tail — Flower  Game — Football  on  Shrove 
Tuesday — Footprints — Coins  in  Foundation  Stones  —  French 
Robin  Hood — Freund  Hein  in  German  Folk-tales — Friday 
Superstition. 

GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Carey  Family  —  Carson  Family  —  Centenarians  —  Knightley 
Charleton,  of  Apley  Castle — Chelsea  Borough  Arms — Bridget 
Cheynell — Brothers  and  Sisters  with  same  Christian  Names — 
Citizen  Baronets  —  Right  to  Cockades  —  Cogan  Peerage — 
Commonwealth  Arms  in  Churches — Continental  Heraldry — 
John  Crewe,  three  of  the  Name — De  Liancourt,  four  of  the 
Name — Arms  of  the  Dominican  Order — Dowager  Peeress's 
Title — Arms  of  Dutch  East  India  Company — Dutton  Family 
and  Arms — Edgett  Family — Foreign  Arms  in  England — The 
Title  Esquire — Eton  College  Arms — Family  Crests — Fir-cone 
in  Heraldry — Fleetwood  Pedigree — Le  Neve  Foster  Arms  and 
Motto. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

The  Cabinet  and  the  Constitution — Canute  and  the  Tide — 
Queen  Caroline's  Trial — King's  Champion — Genuine  Relics  of 
Charles  I. — Charles  II. 's  Hiding-places — Death  of  Princess 
Charlotte — Conservative  as  Political  Term — Coronations  of 
Victoria  and  Edward  VII. — Cromwelliana — English  Contingent 
in  the  Last  Crusade — British  Prisoners  in  France — Snow  at 
Battle  of  Edge  Hill— Edward  VII.'s  Title  in  Scotland— Scandal 
concerning  Elizabeth — Executions  at  Tyburn — Fathers  of  the 
House  of  Commons — The  National  Flag — Flemish  Weavers  in 
England  —  Northern  Fighters  at  Flodden — Irish  Brigade  at 
Fontenoy  —  Lines  on  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales  —  French 
Prisoners  of  War  in  England. 

MUSIC  AND  THE   DRAMA. 

Early  Mention  of  Actresses  —  The  Dresden  Amen  —  First 
American  Theatrical  Company  in  England — Mrs.  Charlotte 
Atkyns — Bacon-Shakespeare  Controversy — John  Bland,  Edin- 
burgh Actor — Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  styled  "  Cceli  Regina  " — 
Cervantes  on  the  Stage — Musical  Settings  of  Cowley's  Poems — 
Exeter  Theatre  in  1348 — Blanche  Fane,  Actress — Farquhar'a 
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Published  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°  4087,  Feb.  24,  1906 


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from  AUBREY  H.  MALIM,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Grantham,  February  26,  190H. 

BANCROFT'S  SCHOOL,  WOODFORD  GREEN, 
ESSEX— The  Court  of  Assistants  of  the  Drapers'  Company, 
the  Governors  of  the  School,  invite  applications  for  the  ]>ost  of 
HEAD  MASTER,  about  to  become  vacant  owing  to  the  resignation, 
on  account  of  ill-health,  of  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Symns,  M.A.  Applicants 
must  be  between  28  and  40  years  of  age.  Members  of  the  Church  of 
England  (Clerical  or  kiyi.  Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  have  had  experience  in  Teaching.  The  School 
contains  about  :>:!0  Boys,  of  whom  100  are  foundationers  and  the 
remainder  Day-Boys.  Tile  Head  Master  is  remunerated  by  a  Salary 
and  Capitation  Fees  estimated  to  produce  from  'ml  to  800/.  per 
annum,  with  the  Use  of  a  House  free  of  rent,  rates  and  taxes,  and 
repairs.— Applications,  with  conies  of  Testimonials,  must  reach  the 
Clerk  to  the  Governors,  Drapers'  Hall,  Throgmorton  Street,  London, 
not  later  than  MARCH  12. 


c 


0  U  N  T  Y 


0  F 


LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  ASSISTANT  MASTER. 
L.C.C.    SHOREDITCH    TECHNICAL    INSTITUTE. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  qualified  to  teach  English 
and  Science  Subjects  at  the  L.C.C.  Shoreditch  Technical  Institute, 
Pitfield  Street.  N. 

The  Salary  attaching  to  the  i>ost  will  commence  at  15W,  a  year. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council.  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  10  a.m.  on  MARCH  10,  liioti,  accompanied  by  copies  of  three 
Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  Candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee,  will  lie  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  V  considered  a 
disqualification. 

G.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


K 


ENT     EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 


SITTINGBOURNE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB  (  OMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  SITTINGBOURNE. 
WANTED,  after  EASTER,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  at  the 
above-named  School  to  teach  chiefly  English  and  Arithmetic  Degree, 
or  equivalent,  essential;  Games  and  Needlework  desirable.  Initial 
Salary,  non-resident,  90/. -110/.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience. 

Application  Forms  will  Ik-  supplied  by  Mr.  E.  BRIGDEN;  Terrace 
Road.  Sittingboume,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

eras.  W.  (R"oK.  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C,  February  21.  1906. 

KING'S    NORTON    AND     NORTHFIKL1) 
URBAN  DISTRICT  COUNCIL. 
APPOINTMENT  OF  LIBRARY  STAFF. 
The  above  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  billowing  appoint- 
ments j— 
THREE  LIBRARIANS,  at  Salaries  of  NL  per  aim. 
THREE  assistant  LIBRARIANS,  at  Salaries  of  967.  per  annum. 
ONE  SENIOR  ASSISTANT,  at  a  Salary  of  521.  per  annum. 
Preference  will  be  given  bo  candidates  baling  previous  experience  in 
Library  Work. 

The  Persons  appointed  as  Librarians  will  be  required  to  take  .barge 
of  one  of  the  Councils  Libraries,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Chiel 
Librarian. 

Further  particulars  of  the  duties  may  be  obtained  on  application  to 
the  umlersnnied. 

Applications,  endorsed  "Application  for  "  (aathe 

ease  may  bel,  accompanied  by  copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent 
Testimonials,  must  !«■  received  at  the  office  of  the  undersigned  not 
later  than  12 o'clock  noon  en  MONDAY,  March  12,  1908. 
By  Or.ler. 

EDWIN  DOCKER,  clerk  to  the  Council. 
10,  Ncwhall  street.  Birmingham,  February  At,  iihwi. 


T 


HE  COUNCIL  of  the  CHEMICAL  SOCIETY 

propose    to    appoint   an    EDITOR    of    the    804  I ETY  S    PUP. 
LICATIo.NS  at  a  Salary  .if  >0I  ' 
l>c   precluded   from   holding  .. 

stating  qualifications  and  experience,  will  he  received  until  MARCH  i 
by  the  Honorary  SECRETARIES, Chemical  Society,  Burlington 


lOOl,   pet  annum. 


i.n  .\  i  I. -.,.->  .n  .i  .T.ii.,1,  ..I  ....),,  i„-i  ,  MiKiiu.  The  Editor  will  not 
Ik.  precluded  from  holding  another  appointment.  —  Applications 
stating  qualifications  and  experience,  will  be  received  until  MARCH 
by  the  HONORARY  SECRETARIES.  Chemical  Society,  Burlington 
1 1. .use.  \V.,  from  whom  the  ...n. lit  ions  of  the  appointment  may  In' 
obtained. 


T  1BRARIANTOTHE  SOCIETY  <)K  WRITERS 

J  J  To  HIS  MAJESTY  s  SIGNET. 

The  Office  of  LIBRARIAN  t..  the  SOCIETY  of  WRITER  to  Ills 
HAJESTi  s  SIGNET,  recently  held  bv  the  b.te  M,  John  Philip 
Edmond,  being  sow  \  \i  ant.  applications  for  the  Office,  accom 
nanied  bv  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  may  be  made  on  ,., 
before  MARCH  DO,  1908,  to  JAHE8  II  NOTMAN,  Writer  to  the 
Signet.  IB,  York  Place,  Edinburgh.  Clerk  to  the  Society,  from 
anv  further  information  may  In-  obtained. 

I'eliruary  10,  )!«*). 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
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PUBLISHER'S  MANAGER  seeks  RE- 
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iy,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C 

PRACTICAL  PRINTER  seeks  SITUATION. 
Young,  but  has  had  practical  anil  working  experience  in  all 
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ment.—U.  V.  W.,  13,  Leslie  Road,  East  Finchley. 

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references. — T..  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing,  Encycloivedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non  Resident  Secretaryship.  Classics,  French,  German.  Italian, 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects :  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— Miss  SELBY',  53,  Talbot  Road,  W. 


LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at   the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.    Excellent; 
Testimonials.— A,  B.,  Box  KXSi,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 

•i  c-,  i  iiancery  Lane,  E.C. 


Utiairuss  for  Disposal. 

BUSINESS  for  SALE.— BOOK,  LIBRARY, 
STATIONERY,  and  BRANCH  POST  OFFICE.  —  In  MON- 
TREAL.—High  class.  Best  Residential  District.  Long  Established. 
Valuation  about  l,000f.  sterling.  Terms-,  say  half  prompt,  and  instal- 
ments. Owner  has  undertaken  a  Government  appointment.  Would 
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Athenaeum  Press   i:i,  Breams  Buildings,  Chan,  cry  Lane,  E.C. 


®wpe- Mr  iters. 


\  UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES, PLAYS, 

u\.  ESSAYS  ITYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy,  !U.  pei- 
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TYPE-WRITING.     MESS.,    SCIENTIFIC,    and 
of   all    Descriptions.    COPIED.       Special    attention    to    work 
ing    care.       Dictation    Room*    .shorthand    or    Typewriting1. 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.   B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House.  ",«. 
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TV PE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,1)00 words.—  PLAYS, 
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TYPE- WRITING !  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;    Cambridge  Higher  Local;    Modern 

Languages).  Research,  Revision.  Translation,  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10.  Duke  Street. 
Adelphi,  W.C. 


THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd. 
[CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY), 

CECIL  HOUSE,  11(»,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

Over  Messrs.  l.illey  A  Skinners. I 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING,   DUPLK  ATING.  TRANSLATING. 

IK  ICING,  * 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  taken. 
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AUTHORS'  Mss..  &c.,   neatly  and   aoourately 
.     TYPED  by  experience.!  Typists,    lOtf.  pet  1,000      References 
iinc     Shorthand         SOUTH    WEST    si|oRTH\M»     (Ml 
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A 


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JOHN     EDWARD 


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2->0 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N  408.x,  March  3,  1906 


iHisrfllnitfous. 


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JUtljors'   Agents. 

THE  FICTION  EDITOB  for  some  time,  and  the 
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M 


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Paternoster  Row,  E.O.,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
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Ilefaispaptr  ^$mts. 

C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
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Mitchell  House,  1  and  2,  Snow  Hill,  Holborn  Viaduct.  E.G. 


ffiatalognrs. 


0 


LD       AND       RARE       BOOKS. 


CATALOGUE    OF    ENGLISH    LITERATURE, 

noted  BIBLIOGRAPHICALLY  and  BIOGRAPHICALLY, 
Including  First  or  Early  Editions  of  the  "Writings  of  politically  every 

English  Author  from  Chaucer  to  R.  L.  Stevenson. 

504  pp.  8vo,  with  Descriptions  and  Silling  Prices  of  nearly  4,000  Rare 

Books,  half-cloth,  post  free,  2s.  6d. 

This  Catalogue  has  been  pronounced  on  all  sides  to  be  the  most 

interesting  Booksellers  Catalogue  on  the  subject  ever  issued. 

CATALOGUE  OF  SPORTS,  PASTIMES, 
ARTS,  AND  SCIENCES. 

222  pp.  Svo.  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  nearly  2.000  Old  or 

Rare  Books  U[>on  almost  every  Branch  of  Si»rt,  Science,  or  Art. 

Paper  cover,  i>ost  free,  tkl. 

CATALOGUE  OF  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS. 

126  pp.  8vo,  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  about  900  Old 
or  Rare  Books, 
Including  Works  on  Africa,  America,  Australasia— First  Editions  of 
Books  illustrated  by  Randolph  Caldecott.  George  and  Robert  Cruik- 
shank.  Richard   Doyle,  Harry  Furness.  .lames  Gillray,  Ernest  Onset. 
John    Leech,    Hablot    K.    Browne    (Phiz),    Henry    Aiken.    Thomas 
Rowlandson.   and  numerous  rare    Works   with  Coloured  Plates— an 
interesting  Collection  of  Old  Curiosa,  Erotica,  Facetiae,  Old  Romances, 
Chap   Books,  and  Children's  Books— numerous  Topographical  Works 
relating  to  most  of  the  Counties  of  England.  Ireland.  Scotland,  and 
Wales— fine   Illuminated   Manuscripts  with   Miniatures— a   valuable 
Assemblage  of  Early  Typographical  Specimens,  including  many  rare 
Editiones  Principes  and  Examples  of  the  Early  Printers. 
Paper  cover,  ix>st  free.  6(1. 

CATALOGUE  OF  TRACTS  AND  PAMPHLETS, 

Chiefly  HISTORICAL  and  TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
238  pp.  8vo,  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  3,000  Rare  Tracts 
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Including   Items   on    Africa  —  A merica  —  Queen    Anne— Astrology- 
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William  I II. — Wiltshire — Worcestershire— Y'orkshire. 
Paper  cover,  post  free,  6d. 

CATALOGUE  OF  SHAKESPEARE  AND 
SHAKKSPEARIAXA. 

Consisting  of  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  BOOKS. 
Including  Drama.  Prose,  and  Poetry  of  the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth, 
and  Eighteenth  centuries.  The  Items  are  arranged  Alphabetically 
under  their  Authors'  Names,  and  the  whole  Catalogue  forms  an 
Important  addition  to  the  Bibliography  of  shakes), can-  ami  Bacon,  and 
must  prOY6  very  attractive  to  the  Collector  of  Shakcspeariana  and  to 
the  Bacon-Shakcspcarc  Theorist,  as  well  as  to  the  Student  of  Early 
English  Literature. 

86  pp.  Svo,  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  nearly  900  Rare 
Books,  paper  cover,  6u\ 

PICKERING    &    CHATTO, 

66,  HAYMAKKET,  LONDON,  S.W. 


A  NCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

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LEIG  HTON'8 
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WILLIAM  GLAISHER, 

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FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
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THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
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CATALOGUE  No.  44.—  Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
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TIMES.— ORIGINAL  COPY  of  JUNE  22,  1815, 
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Box  1090,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

"VTOTES  and  QUERIES.— COMPLETE  SET  to 

i_*      JULY,  1!K)5,   antl   Indexes,  well    bound  in  Publisher's  <  'ases. 
What  offers?— COLEMAN,  71,  Brecknock  Road.  Camden  Road.  N. 


FOR  SALE.  —  A  NEW  RALPH  ALLISON 
OVERSTRUNG  UPRIGHT  GRAND.  4  ft.  :1  in.  high,  in  Rose- 
wood. List  price.  SB  Guineas.— For  particulars  apply  R.,  122,  Lough- 
borough  Road,  S.W. 

TUNBRIDGE  WELLS.— APARTMENTS. 
Comfortably  Furnished  Sitting-Room  and  One  Bedroom. 
Pleasant  and  central.  No  others  taken.— R.  H.,  66,  Grove  Hill  Road, 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


^ales  bjj  ^.urtt0n. 


M 


The    CoOeetton    <■'     /  '  /' ■       -,    <iin'    Batlyeu   relating   to 

Tlf  ■  '■  •  '  I. -.   the 

Property  oj   WILLIAM   .\OBMAX,   £*>j.,   KeteeattU-on. 

MKSsks.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 
»ill  SELL  bv  AU<TloN.  at  their  Hoase,  (Co      ..  Wellington 
■•||>M>\\     March  .'».  at  l  o'clock  urerisely, 
l.l.Ki  TIon  .,i  TK  KETS   PASMEH    mil  BADGES  relating  to 
Theatres,    Gardens,   Gaming  bouses,    R  A.< .  ;   aluo  Trades- 

in.  m  .  Til  k. ■!..  ■  tin  li  Earthing--  Medal,  and  Token,  of 

NumismatUU     a  few  Colonial    P  It]     sSpectsBSSI  of 

Moasop's  Pattern  Penny  oi  1788    Matthew   V'oung's  Token  in  Silrer— 
and  a  i  the  Tokens  of  Auatralia.  tbe  Properti  ■■!  WILLIAM 

NORMAN,  E~i  .  Newcastle-oo-Tyne,  Member  of  the  liritieh  NuuuV 
niatlcft- 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogue*  may  tie  had. 

(nal  Drawing*  by  Linley  8a mboume. 

MESSRS.  80THEBY,  WILKINSON  ft  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Boose,  No  1 .:.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.  on  TUESDAY.  Marrb  •).  and  Following  l> 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS  by  Linler  Sam- 
bonms  Ithe  Property  of  s  GENTLEMAN  .  for  most  of  hi,  famous 
Oartoonstn  I'mi'li.  watch  have  appeared  dorfaag  the  last  fftesn  years. 
May  be  rimed  two  ilay»  prior,    "sfsl  g  irs  may  i>e  had. 

Tlie  Collect !•, a  oj  Cobu  " '»'  Me<laU  funned  by  the  Rev. 
JOllS  CLEM  EST  HA  l:.\  WELL,  deceased. 

MESSRS  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  tleir  House,  No.  13,  Well 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.,  on  FRIDAY,  March  •>.  at  1  o'clock  precisely. 
a  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  GOLD  and  SILVER  i>ilNS,  the 
Property  ol  ■  GENTLEMAN;  ROMAN  <.<  >!.)>  i"is-;  and  the 
COLLECTION  of  COINS  and  MEDALS  formed  br  the  Rei  JOHN 
i  LEMENT  BARNWELL,  deceased,  of  St.  Leonards-on-Sea,  com- 
lirising  (ireek  anil  Itoinan  Coins  in  Geld  and  Silver— Ancient  British 
Gold  — Anglo-Saxon  Pennies— English  Coins  in  Gold  and  Silver- 
Bronze  Coins— Medals— Coin  Cabinets,  Ac. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Books,  including  n  Library  removed  from 
Hertfordshire. 

ESSRS.   PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 

_  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C,  on 
MONDAY.  March  12,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock 
precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  Bath  Illustrated  by  Nattcs. 
Coloured  Plates— Century  Dictionary.  8  rote. — Ackermaun's  University 
of  Oxford.  Coloured  Plates— Scrope's  Salmon  Fishing,  1843— Egans 
Life  in  London,  boards,  uncut  —  Manuscripts  on  Vellum,  with 
Miniatures  —  Brathwait's  English  Gentleman,  16::0  —  Old  Plajs  — 
Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson,  First  Edition— Vidal,  Les  Instruments  a 
Arehet,  3  vols,  morocco  extra— Salt's  Yiew*s  in  St.  Helena.  &c, 
Coloured  Plates  —  Costume  of  Russia.  Coloured  Plates— Robsons 
Grampian  Mountains.  Coloured  Plates— Hasted's  History  of  Kent.  12 
Tols.  Extra-Illustrated— Duruy's  History  of  Greece.  8  vols.,  1!<92— 
Austen  s  Emma,  :!  vols,  uncut— Vyncr's  Notitia  Venatica.  1S47 ; 
Memorials  of  the  Ilaliburtons.  with  Autograph  Letter  of  Sir  W.  Scott 
—Moore's  Views  in  Rangoon,  Coloured  Plates  —  Costumes  of  the 
Madras  Army,  Coloured  Plates— Standard  Editions  of  Ancient  and 
Modem  Writers  on  Theology,  Science,  Travel,  Biography.  Ac.  —  First 
Editions  of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  and  Lever,  many  in  the  Original 
Parts  as  issued— Autograph  Letters— Ex  -  Libris,  and  Works  in 
General  Literature. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON,  and  WOODS 
respectfully  give  Notice  that  thev  will  hold  the  Following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  James  1 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  : — 

On  TUESDAY,  WEDNESDAY,  THURSDAY, 

and  FRIDAY',  March  6.  7.  8, and 9,  OLD  ENGLISH  BILVER  PLATE. 
JEWELLERY,  OBJECTS  of  ART,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNI- 
TURE ol  the  late. I.  RUSSELL  BUCKLER,  Esq. 

On   SATURDAY,   March   10,   and   MONDAY, 

March  12,  MODERN  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late 
J.  RUSSELL  BUCKLER.  Esq. 

On   MONDAY,    March    12,    and     TUESDAY. 

Mar.h  13.  ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  late  J.RUSSELL 
BUCKLER  Esq. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  March  14,  valuable  BOOKS, 
MANUSCRIPTS. and  AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  from  the  Libraries 

of  the  Right  Hon.  LORD  AUCKLAND.  I  RUSSELL  BUCKLER. 
ESOy  deceased  [sold  by  order  of  the  Executors!.  FREDERICK 
TowNSEND.  Esq.,  deceased  Isold  by  order  of  the  Execu torsi,  and 
from  various  sources.  Including  NELSON  S  ORIGINAL  INSTRUC- 
TIONS FOR  THE  BATTLE  OF  TRAFALGAR. 


A  Collection  oj 'Engravings,  d-c. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HOlx;E 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  a.  Wellington, 
Street.  Btrand,  W.C,  on  SATURDAY.  March  10.  at  1  o'clock  pre 
a  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS.  Ac.  tprinctpaJlj  framedi.  the- 
Propertyofa  GENTLEMAN  going  abroad,  comprising  Mezzotint  and 
other  Portraits  after  Sir  .1  Reynolds.  Sir  T.  Lawrence,  Sir  G.  Kneller. 
Rembrandt,  J.  R.  Smith,  J,  Hoppner,  (J.  Bomney,  Ac.;  and  a 
PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  comprising 
Portraits  and  Fancy  Subjects  by  J.  Jones,  J.  Collyer,  V.  G 
S.  Cousins.  .1.  Faber,  Ac  — Drawings  in  Water  Colours  bv  Birket 
Foster,  R.  Caldecott  W.  E.  Frost.  W.  Hamilton.  T.  Rowlandson, 
T.  Stotbard.   and  others  ;  also  a  few  OIL  PAINTINGS. 

May  lie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 

Works  of  Art. 

1VTESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

AjI.  will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  It,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY.  March  14.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  Works  ,,f  ART.  the  Priijierty  of  a 
GENTLEMAN  leaving  London,  comprising  Carvings  in  Ivory  of  the- 
Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  and  Sixteenth  Centuries  —  Venetian  and 
German  Glass  —  Bronzes  —  Iron.  Silver  Work.  4c,  including  the- 
Si>eculum  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Dee,  from  StrawlM-rry  Hill,  and  a 
remarkable  Pair  of  Candlesticks,  in  Enamelled  Brass,  of  tbe  Early 
Seventeedth  Centnrv.  from  the  Earl  of  Warwick's  Collection  ;  together 
with  s  small  COLLECTION  of  BRONZE,  formed  by  W.  U. 
NEWMAN.  Esq. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 


M 


Curiot 

TR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER  at  his  Room?, 


38,  King  Street.  Covent  Garden.  London.  W.C  .  on  TUESDAY 
NEXT.  March  ti.  PERSIAN  OKN  AM  ENTS-Chinese  and  .laiwnese- 
Porcelain— Enamels— Cloisonne— Bead  Work  OrnamenU  from  South 
Africa— New  Guinea  Curios— Indian  Idols— also  a  Death  Mask  of 
Oliver  Cromwell — handsome  Malachite  Table— a  Lock  of  Charles  I.'8> 
Hair— and  a  ditto  of  Edward  IV.— lectures— Prints — Old  Violins.  4c. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  4  and  Morning  of    Sale.    Catalogues  on. 
application. 

Sales  tjf  MiteeOtUttWtm  Property. 
IV/TR.   J.   C.    STEVENS   begs   to   announce    that 

i.Tj-  SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms.  3S.  King 
Street.  Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C,  for  the  dis)>osal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, slides,  and  OBJECTIVES —Telescopes— Theodolites 
Levels  -Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras.  Lenses,  an, I 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household. 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  ami  morning  of  Sale. 


IMPORTANT  AUCTION  OF  DOCUMENTS,  (IKNK.V- 

LOGICAL  AND  HISTORICAL. 

AUTOGRAPHS. 

JAvres  iPHeuret — Med/kevai  MSS. — Miniahtrm  A  utogmphs 
(Gabrielle d'Estr.vs,  De  liuoter,  Dibdin,Grotimt,  Vlrich  von 
Hutten,  Kant,  John  Locke,  Schiller,  Garrick,  Beethoven, 
Boerhaave,  Herschel,  Jermer,   Limine,    Xetctan,  James 

Watt,  dr.)— Albums  Amicorum  (Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teenth Centuries)  —  Armorials  —  Family  Documents— 
Economical  Works  of  P.  de  la  Court  (MSS.  of  the  Seven' 
tecnth  Century),  dc. 

Collections. 

Baron  M.  P.  SMISSAKRT. 
Baron  OUST.  \"AN  HAVRE. 
Baron  P.  H.  DK  LA  COURT. 

Baron  Van  den  BOGAERDE  OF  HEKSWIJK. 

AUCTION  in  AMSTERDAM  at 

TtfTESSRS.    FREDERIK  MULLER  &  CO.,. 

DOELENSTRAAT  10, 

APRIL  2-4. 

The  Catalogue  (i,200  Items,  with  8  Reproductions)  13- 
sent  on  application. 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


251 


MUDIE'S  LIBRARY 

(LIMITED), 

30-34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET, 
LONDON. 


STOCK-TAKING 
SALE. 


MESSRS.  MUDIE  are  offering 
for  Sale  from  MARCH  5  until 
MARCH  17,  a  LARGE  STOCK 
of  SECOND-HAND  LIBRARY 
BOOKS,  and  MISCELLANEOUS 
STANDARD  WORKS  in 
VARIOUS  BINDINGS.  CLOTH 
and  LEATHER,  at  SPECIAL  RE- 


DUCTIONS. List  on  application. 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancer*  lane.  \V.C\,  on 
THURSDAY.  March  8,  and  Following  Day,  \  ALU  ABLE  MIS- 
t .'ELLAXEnl  S  BOOKS,  comprising  Holinshi-d's  Chronicles,  3  vols. 
1(88-7,  and  other  Black-Letter  and  Early  Printed  Books— Books  on 
latiirpiolopy  and  Church  Ritual— Standard  Works  in  History  and 
Philology,  including  Wright's  English  Dialect  Dictionary,  6  vols. — the 
Publications  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archeology,  81  vols.  1S7J  1902— 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund,  is  vols.  1888-1902— Series  of  the  Palestine 
Pilgrim's  Text  S.-ciety,  14  vols.— the  Jewish  Quarterly  Review,  and 
Hebraic*— Works  in  Hebrew  and  Semitic  Literature— Poynter's  The 
National  Gallery,  3  vols. — and  other  handsome  Fine-Art  and  Illus- 
trated Books— The  Italian  Novelists,  9  vols..  Japanese  Vellum  Copies- 
Editions  de  Luxe  of  Thackeray,  Dickens,  and  Walter  Pater— Scott's 
Waverlej  Novels.  4c,  88  vols—  Egans  Life  in  London.  Original  Issue — 
First  Editions  of  Scott's  Novels  in  boards),  Lever,  and  others. 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

Bare  and  Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancer;  Line.  W.C.,  on 
nrUKSDAY,  March  »,  and  Following  Dav.  at  1  o'clock,  rare  and 
valuable  BOOKS  and  manuscripts,  comprising  a  Twelfth  Century 
Kvangeliarium.  and  other  MSS.  on  vellum,  some  with  Illuminations — 
Early  Pi inted  Books  from  the  Qennan  and  Italian  Presses— Specimens 
4lf  Stamped  Leather  and  old  Morocco  Bindings— a  Collection  of  scarce 
Americana  —  curious  Black-Letter  Rooks  and  rare  volumes  in  old 
English  Literature,  including  the  writings  of  chapman,  Daniel, 
Massingcr.  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Burton.  Wither,  Donne,  Milton, 
M  r  •  .11.  Killlgrew,  D'Avenant.  Wycherley,  St, -nie.  and  Swift,  many  in 
contemiiorary  bindings— Cotton's  Scarronides,  with  Ms.  Dedicatory 
es,  and  other  Autograph  Presentation  Books— a  fir\c  Set  of 
Jesse's  Historical  Works,  Original  Editions— First  Editions  of  Scott's 
IUjo  -f  My  Landl  rl  ftrat  Serial  4  \  A;,  bctrfc  nt  i:-:  1  r  ut:i:t  — 
Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare,  with  Blake's  Plates,  2  Tola,  original 
binding, and  others— a  fine  and  complete  Set  of  the  Palangraphica] 
Society's  Publications— Bury's  Sixteen  Coloured  Views  on  tin  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  Railway,  and  other  Books  with  Coloured  Plates— a  mag- 
nificent Set  of  Cannon's  Historical  Records  of  the  British  Army  (sold 
by  order  of  the  Executor  of  the  late  Miss  Sophia  Cannon  .  67  vols,  in 
the  Original  sumptuous  Morocco  Bindings,  with  88  duplicate  vols.,  and 
a  Collection  of  tne  original  Water-Colour  Drawings  of  the  Colours, 
Uniforms,  and  Battle  Scenes,  by  \V.  Heath  and  others,  used  to  illus- 
trate the  volume 

Catalogues  (containing  facsimiles)  on  application. 


iHagajitus,    &c. 


ABOUT  2,000  BOOKS  WANTED  arc  advertised 
for  weekly  In  THE  PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR  AND  BOOK- 
SELLERS' RECORD  (established  18371,  which  also  gives  Lists  of  the 
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Books,  Ac.  Subscril»ers  have  the  privilege  ,if  a  Free  Advertisement 
for  Four  Books  Wanted  Weekly.  Sent  b>r  83  weeks.  i«.st  free,  f"i 
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N 


AMI. I.  BE  PUBLISHED  MONDAY  NEXT.  FEBRUARY  19. 
THE  SIXTY-FIRST  ANNUAL  ISSUE  OF  THE 

EWSPAPER     PRESS     DIRECTORY,    1906, 

AND  ADVERTISERS  (HIDE. 

Price  2».  net ;  post  free.  2t.  (d. 

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Mitchell  House,  1  and  2,  Snow  Hill,  llollwrn  Viaduct,  London. 


"DLACKWOOD 

For  MARCH  contains— 

DRAKE  :  an  English  Epic.     Book  I. 

By  ALFRED  XOYES. 

AN  UNDERGROUND  REPUBLIC  :  an  Adven- 
•     ture  in  Macedonia. 

SCOTCH  COUSINS. 

A  CAMP  OF  INSTRUCTION.  By  X. 

A  HISTORIC  FRAGMENT. 

By  LADY  BAILLIE  HAMILTON. 

A  VESTAL  MOTHER. 

THE  KABUL  TRAGEDY. 

From  the  Papers  of  a  Survivor  of  the  Massacre  in 
Afghanistan,  1841-42. 

COUNT  BUNKER.     Chaps.  13-18. 

By  J.  S.  CLOUSTON. 

AT  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  SASKATCHEWAN. 
By  CHAS.  HAXBURY  WILLIAMS. 

"A  LA  GRANDE  CHAUMIERE." 

By  CHARLES  OLIVER. 

GAME  PRESERVATION  IN  the  TRANSVAAL. 
By  Major  J.  STEVENSON-HAMILTON, 

Warden  Transvaal  Government  Game  Reserves. 

TRUANT  TRUTH.  By  G.  K.  M. 

MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD. 

Drama  in  the  Village— The  Decay  of  our  Rural  Dis- 
tricts—What ails  the  Stage  ?— Lord  Byron  and  a  For- 
gotten Scandal— A  Cabinet  of  Amateurs. 

ENGLAND'S  MISSION  IN  THE  FAR  EAST. 

By  Pl'-Ll -SSC. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS,  Edinburgh  and  London. 


T 


HE      MONTHLY       REVIEW. 
Edited  by  CHARLES  HANBURY- WILLIAMS. 
MARCH,  1906.     2s.  6<<.  net. 
DEBACLE.    Walter  Frewen  Lord. 
LORD  LOVELACE  ON  THE  SEPARATION  OF  LORD 

AND  LADY  BYRON.     Rowland  E.  Prothero. 
THE    COMING    EDUCATION    BILL:    A    FORECAST. 

Beriah  G.  Evans. 
SOCIALISM     AND     DEMOCRACY     IN     GERMANY. 

Louis  Elkind,  M.D. 
THE  OFFICER  QUESTION.    Lieut -Col.  Alsager  Pollock. 
WOLFGANG  AMADEUS  MOZART.     A.  EL  Keeton. 
LORD  CURZON  IN  INDIA,  1899-1905.     "Anglo-Indian." 

A    SERVANT    OF    THE    CROWN.      Theodore    Andrea 

Cook. 
SOME  ACCOUNT  OF  A  SLUM.     A.  Gleig. 
ANTI-SEMITISM  IN  RUSSIA.     L.  Villari. 
ON  THE  LINE. 
A  FACE  OF  CLAY,  Chaps.  XI.-XIIL    Horace  Annesley 

Vachell.  

JOHN  MURRAY,  AlbemarlelStreet,  W. 

THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND  AFTER, 
MARCH,  190B. 
THE    FLOOD -AND  AFTER.      By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Herbert 

Maxwell,  Bart. 
THE  LIFE  OF  GLADSTONE.    By  Lord  Hugh  Cecil 
EDUCATION    AND    THE    NEW  GOVERNMENT.      By  the  Right 

Hon.  Lord  Btanlej  of  Alderley. 
EVANGELICALS    AND    THE    EDUCATION    QUESTION.     By  the 

Ladj  Wlmoome. 
RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL:  a  Personal  Recollection.     By  Wilfrid 

Scawen  Blunt. 
THE  FUTURE  OF  EUROPE.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Avebury. 
THE  NATION   AND  THE  ARMY      ByOoL  the  Earl  of  Enroll. 
THE  EXPATRIATION  OF  CAPITAL.     By  W.  H.  Mallock. 
THE  DANCE  IN  ANCIENT  GREECE.     By  Marcelle  Azra  Hinoks. 
EARTHQUAKES  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN.     By  Dr.  Charles  Davison. 
THE   LABOUR    PARTY:  a   Unionist  View.     By  Sir   Henry  Seton- 

Karr,  c  M  G. 
THE  UNEMPLOYED  AND  TRADES  UNIONS.     By  David  McLaren 

Morrison. 
BltlXKN  AND  HEALTH      By  Lady  Paget. 

THE  HOLY  SEE  AND  FRANCE.     By  the  Rev.  Ethelred  Taunton. 
FOOTBALL  AND  POLO  IN  CHINA.     By  Herbert  A.  Giles,  Professor 

of  Chinese  at  Cambridge. 
"THEIFIRSTGENTLEMAN  OF  EUROPE"  AS  PATERFAMILIAS. 

By  the  Hon    Mrs   Oonrad  Dillon. 
THE  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  opposition.    By  Herbert  Paul- 

M  P, 

London:  SPOTTISWOODK  ft  CO.,  Ltd.,  S,  New  Street  S-piare. 

THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine 
Strut .  London,  W c  .  MARCH  :i.  contains:— 
Tlu  Queen  Victoria  Memorial.  Liverpool  :  The  Report  of  the  Traffic 
Commission;  Porches  and  Approaches  (Architectural  Aasociateon) ; 
Royal  Academy  Lectures  Sculpture;  The  Assimilation  of  the 
Practice  Of  Quant  it  v  Sun  ••  vim;  .Sui  reyors'  Institutioni  ;  Efrlorescrncr 
in  Brickwork:  Mathematical  Date  for  Architects;  Itoalgn  for  s  Sken 
Bridge  iGrissell  Medal  Design,  Institute  of  Architects),  fee.— From 
iben    *./ ,  by  i«.st  <}</ .  i,  m  through  any  Ncwsag.  Tit.  , 


SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.'S 

LI8T. 

■     ♦ 

ELIZABETH      BARRETT 

BROWNING  IN  HER  LETTERS.  By 
PERCY  LUBBOCK.  With  a  Photogravure 
Portrait  of  Mrs.  Browning  from  a  Chalk 
Drawing  by  Mrs.  Bridell  Fox.  Crown  8vo, 
"is.  6d.  net.  [Early  in  March. 

ROBERT    BROWNING    AND 

ALFRED  DOMETT.  Edited  bv  FREDERIC 
G.  KEN  YON,  D.  Litt.  F.  B.  A.  With  3  Photo- 
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Is,'  &c. 

THE    DRAKEST0NE.      By   Oliver 

ONIONS,  Author  of  "  The  Odd-Job  Man,'  &c. 

IN    SILENCE.     By  Mrs.  Fred  Rey- 

NOLDS,  Author  of  '  A  Quaker  Wooing,'  &c. 

JENNIFER   PONTEFRACTE.     By 

ALICE  and  CLAUDE   ASKEW,  Authors  of 
'  Shulamite,'  '  Anna  of  the  Plains,'  &c. 


HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited, 
182,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


MESSRS.  CONSTABLE'S 
L  I  S  T. 


NEXT    WEEK'3    BOOK8. 
A    SHORT    HISTORY    OF    ITALY 


(476-190         B       111  MtV      dwigui 
with  Map,    Dwnj  -  •■•  --  <■ 


-l.l«,\W<  K. 


CITIES  OF  PAUL :  Beacons  of  the 

T  ..kindled      by     the      l-n--.nl.        liv      WII.MA.M 

111  KM-.  I  WEIGHT,  Author  of  'Ancient  Citie*  from 
the  Dawn  to  the  Daylight.'    Drown  8*0,  <■».  M.  net. 

THE    RELIGION    OF   ALL    GOOD 

.MKN.and  other  Studio  in  <lir.-ti.,n  Kllii.  -.  Isvll  W. 
OARROD,  Fellow  of  Merlon  College,  Oxford.  Extra, 
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GLASGOW,  Author  of  'The  Deliverance,'  Ac. 

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Author  of  '  Petronilla  Heroven,'  'The  Wedding  of  the 
Lady  of  Lovell,'  Ac. 

Messrs.  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  d.  CO. 
beg  to  announce  tluii  by  arrangement 
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THE  EUAHLAYI  TRIBE :  a  Study 

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N°  4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


255 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  3,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Prof.  Ridgeway  on  the  Thoroughbred  Horse  ..  255 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton  and  the  Dramatic  Poem  ..  256 
Almond  of  Loretto  ..       ..       ~.       ..       ..       ..    257 

India  and  the  Apostle  Thomas  258 

New  Novels  (The  Gambler ;  Fanny  Lambert ;  The 
Drakestone  ;  The  Scholar's  Daughter  ;  The  Am- 
bush of  Young  Days  ;  In  Silence  ;  Mark  Maturin, 
Parson  ;  Les  Grands  Bourgeois)  ..         ..      259 — 260 

Classical  Books        260 

French  History        261 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Burlesque  Napoleon ; 
Julian  the  Apostate ;  A  Book  of  Mortals  ;  Suffer- 
ing's Journey  on  the  Earth ;  Essays  by  John 
Morley ;  Reminiscences  of  a  Radical  Parson ; 
Everyman's  Library  ;  The  Universal  Library  ;  The 
English  Catalogue  of  Books  ;  Yickers's  Newspaper 

Gazetteer) 262—264 

List  of  New  Books 264 

Goethe  and  Heine;  Chaucer— " Prestes  Thre"; 
The  Spring  Publishing  Season;  Sale  ..     265—266 

Literary  Gossip        266 

Science— The  Central  Tian-Shan  Mountains  ;  A 
la  poursuite  d'une  ombre  ;  research  notes  ; 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  Theories  of  Matter  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  267—271 
Fine  Arts— English  Furniture  ;  Art  and  Artists  ; 
The  International   Exhibition  at  the  New 

Gallery  ;  Sale  ;  Gossip       271—274 

Music  — London  Symphony  Orchestra  Concert; 
Mr.  Campbell  McInnes's  Bach  Concert  ;  Miss 
Mary  Cracroft's  Concert  ;  Philharmonic 
Concert  ;    A   New    Italian    Opera  ;    Gossip  ; 

Performances  Next  Week 274—276 

Drama— Gossip 276 

Index  to  Advertisers       276 


LITERATURE 


The  Origin  and  Influence  of  the  Thorough- 
bred Horse.  By  William  Ridgeway, 
Disney  Professor  of  Archaeology.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) 

The  title  of  this  book  does  not  at  first 
sight  suggest  more  than  a  fraction  of 
the  interest  Prof.  Ridgeway's  work  must 
have  for  students  of  animal  or  of  human 
history.  Stories,  indeed,  are  already  being 
told  of  prominent  friends  of  the  turf  who, 
having  bought  the  volume  for  the  study 
of  "  form,"  have  shown  an  amazed  dis- 
appointment upon  reading  of  Hittite 
basreliefs  and  colour-inheritance  in  Mus- 
covy ducks.  Prof.  Ridgeway's  purpose 
has  been  to  trace  the  history  of  the  use 
of  horses  by  mankind,  and  to  determine  the 
influence  which  the  possession  of  them, 
and  in  particular  the  possession  of  the  North 
African  horse,  has  exercised  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  the  chief  nations  of  all 
historical  periods.  To  this  task  he  has 
applied  all  the  stores  of  his  learning  and 
the  most  indefatigable  and  catholic  re- 
search. Regarded  simply  as  a  contribution 
to  archeology  and  history,  this  work  of 
the  Cambridge  Professor  would  in  several 
sections  of  it  mark  an  epoch.  But  this  is 
not  all,  for  the  author  has  not  allowed  him- 
self to  be  confined  within  any  academic 
limits  of  his  own  subject ;  and  the  result 
of  the  width  he  has  given  to  his  range  of 
view  is  a  notable  contribution  to  another 
science.  It  is  the  simple  truth  that  no 
such  addition  has  been  made  in  biology 
to  the  study  of  a  domesticated  animal 
since  Darwin  wrote. 

We  need  not  now  be  reminded  of  the 
valuable     material     for     the    science    of 


heredity  which  Darwin  found  in  the  study 
of  domesticated  animals,  and  the  results 
produced  by  the  conscious  selection  of 
favourable  varieties.  Domestication  has 
provided  through  the  ages,  as  he  said, 
"  an  experiment  on  a  gigantic  scale  "  ; 
yet  we  cannot  now  avail  ourselves  of  the 
data  given  by  this  experiment,  in  the 
absence  of  conscious  records  of  them, 
without  elaborate  historical  inquiry. 
To  restore  these  data  Darwin  gave  such 
limited  time  as  his  own  experiments  left 
to  him,  and  that  was  in  the  days  when 
scientific  archaeology  was  in  its  infancy 
as  regards  material  if  not  method.  If  we 
compare  the  survey  which  he  gives,  often 
tentatively,  of  the  course  of  the  domesti- 
cation and  development  of  our  horses 
with  the  detailed  wealth  of  the  informa- 
tion Prof.  Ridgeway  has  brought  together, 
ranging  over  the  whole  field  of  ancient 
and  modern  history,  we  can  realize  effec- 
tively the  immense  value  of  the  help 
which  this  new  instrument  of  precise  his- 
torical inquiry  has  supplied,  in  Prof. 
Ridgeway's  hands,  to  that  branch  of 
biology. 

After  a  condensed  review  of  the  geo- 
logical records  of  the  ancestry  of  the  horse 
— records  whose  recent  enrichments  Dar- 
win could  not  profit  by,  though  he  foretold 
them — Prof.  Ridgeway  investigates  closely 
the  relationships  of  all  the  existing  Equidse. 
On  this  side  it  is  enough  to  say  that  his 
conclusions  are  in  the  main  supported  by 
the  work  of  Prof.  Osborn  in  America  and 
by  that  of  Prof.  Ewart  in  Edinburgh, 
whose  studies  in  zebra  hybrids  are  so 
well  known,  and  to  whom  this  book 
is  dedicated.  Some  opposition  at  first 
evoked  is  already  beginning  to  lose  its 
champions. 

In  his  third  chapter  Prof.  Ridgeway 
describes  the  horses  of  prehistoric  and 
historic  times,  and  it  is  here  that  he  shows 
the  greatest  wealth  of  research  and 
versatility.  Unluckily,  this  chapter  betrays 
a  lamentable  want  of  method  in  the 
arrangement  of  its  accumulated  details. 
It  constitutes  three-fourths  of  the  whole 
book,  but  the  presentation  of  the  matter 
is  inartistic  and  sometimes  confusing. 
Every  tree  is  worth  study  and  claims 
ungrudging  praise,  but  the  forest  is  too 
often  lost  from  view.  A  great  improve- 
ment could  be  effected  in  later  editions 
by  the  employment  of  smaller  type  for 
subordinate  evidence,  and  the  liberal  use 
of  subdivisions  and  guide-headings  :  in  so 
extensive  a  field  of  study  the  reader 
should  be  saved  by  these  elementary 
devices  from  the  great  effort  at  present 
required  to  keep  the  main  issue  in  view. 

The  chief  thesis  developed  here  is  the 
definite  assignment  of  the  "  blood " 
horse  to  a  North  African  ancestry  not 
far  removed  from  the  quagga  races.  It 
is  shown  that  for  the  improvement  of  the 
native  European  horse,  which  was  pri- 
marily slow  and  intractable,  constant 
infusions  of  Libyan  blood,  with  its 
accompaniments  of  speed,  good  looks, 
and  extreme  docility,  have  been  made 
since  the  earliest  times.  The  weight  of 
the  historical  evidence,  which  Prof.  Ridge- 
way   brings    forward    in    detail,    of    the 


importations  of  "  blood "  horses  from 
Africa  to  Spain,  through  Spain  to  Gaul, 
to  Greece,  to  Rome,  and  to  the  East,  is 
entirely  on  the  side  of  the  conclusion  that 

"  it  is  now  beyond  all  doubt  that  from  the 
dawn  of  history  down  to  the  eaily  centuries 
of  our  era  the  Libyan  horse  surpassed  all 
others  in  swiftness,  and  that  no  horse  was 
able  to  compete  with  him  save  those  of 
Spain,  Gaul,  and  Greece,  which  were  them- 
selves wholly  or  in  great  part  sprung  from 
the  same  blood." 

A  very  interesting  inscription  has  recently 
(1903)  been  discovered  at  Rome  which 
gives  striking  support  to  this  conclusion. 
It  was  set  up  in  honour  of  a  famous 
charioteer  of  the  first  century  a.d.,  when 
racing  was  an  absorbing  passion  at  Rome, 
and  it  not  only  sets  forth  a  list  of  his 
winning  horses,  but  also  supplies  a  descrip- 
tion of  their  breeds.  Of  42  horses  in  all, 
actually  38  were  purely  North  African 
horses  ;  one  was  Spanish,  one  Gallic, 
and  two  Lacedemonian  :  none,  it  must 
be  noted,  was  of  Arabian  or  Asiatic  origin. 
This  significant  omission  is  confirma- 
tory of  one  of  Prof.  Ridgeway's  main 
conclusions,  namely,  that  Arabia,  to 
which  legend  and  so  much  current  belief 
ascribe  the  origin  of  the  "  blood  "  horse, 
and  from  which  the  best  ancestors  of 
English  thoroughbreds  were  derived  in 
the  seventeenth  century  and  later,  was 
not  the  original  home  of  the  so-called 
"  Arab,"  and  did  but  transmit  the  strains 
acquired  comparatively  lately — in  the 
centuries  after  Christ — from  Africa,  and 
that  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
era  the  Arabs  of  the  peninsula  did  not 
possess  the  Libyan  horse,  or  indeed  any 
other.  We  confess  that  Prof.  Ridgeway's 
accumulated  evidence  in  support  of  this 
view  seems  to  us  irresistible.  The  point, 
moreover,  is  shown  to  be  one  of  far  wider 
interest  than  if  it  concerned  only  the 
history  of  the  thoroughbred.  For  it  is 
claimed  by  the  author  that  the  acquisi- 
tion of  good  horses  by  the  Arabs  in  the 
centuries  just  before  the  birth  of  Muham- 
mad was  one  of  the  most  momentous 
events  in  the  history  of  the  world  : — 

"  All  the  fervour  and  fanaticism  of  the 
Prophet  would  have  been  of  little  avail,  and 
Islam  might  never  have  affected  the  world 
as  it  has  done,  had  it  not  been  that.  .  .  .then* 
leading  men  had  obtained  horses ....  and 
had  become  skilful  horsemen." 

This  nexus  between  the  use  of  horses  of  a 
high  type  and  the  development  and 
success  of  the  races  owning  them  is 
referred  to  again  and  again,  and  it  is 
this  which  gives  so  high  an  historical 
interest  to  Prof.  Ridgeway's  inquiries. 
He  urges  the  lesson 

"  that  all  the  races  which  have  in  their  turn 
held  the  mastery  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe, 
have  owed  the  extension  of  their  power,  or 
the  preservation  of  their  liberty,  to  the 
possession  of  horses  ; .  .  .  .  that  the  lack  of 
horses  till  after  the  conquest  of  Gaul  was  the 
great  weakness  of  Koine  ;.  .  .  .that  had  not 
the  Franks  owned  good  horses  by  732  a.d. 
Western  Europe  might  have  been  enslaved 
by  the  Saracens  ;  that  the  possession  of 
horses  enabled  the  Normans  to  eonquer  at 
Hastings  ;...  .whilst  Bdarlborough's  great 
victories  were  largely  duo  to  his  cavalry." 


256 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


Pregnant  as  these  pages  are  with  living 
human    interest,    they    are    charged    also 
with  facts  and  suggestions  of  the  greatest 
biological  value.     Prominent  among  these 
is  the  evidence,   which  appears  in  more 
than     one     direction,     of    a    correlation 
between  physical   qualities  and  such   an 
apparently  irrelevant  character  as  coat- 
colour.     It  is  shown,   for  instance,   that 
one   of   the   results   of  crossing   the   bay 
Libyan    horse    with    the    dun    or    white 
horses  of  Asia  and  Europe  was  a  black, 
and  that  this  particular  result  among  all 
the  others — grey,  piebald,  chestnut,  and 
the    rest  —  is    combined    generally    with 
strength  and  fair  speed  ;    and  in  all  ages 
and  in  all  countries  the  black  horse  has 
been    valued    for    war.     The    quality    of 
speed  seems  correlated  definitely  with  a 
bay    coloration  —  the     ancestral    Libyan 
coat ;  and  the  rigorous  selection  for  speed 
exercised  through  the  past  century  among 
racehorses     in    England    has     not     only 
effected    an    inevitable    development    of 
pace,    but   also   has   incidentally  obliter- 
ated   all    colours    other    than    bay    from 
successful  racehorses  of  the  present  day. 
Other  points  of  biological  interest  cannot 
now  be  dealt  with,  but  we  may  mention 
the    evidence    put   forward   of    reversion 
among  blood  horses  to  ancestral  African 
features,   and   the   material   supplied   for 
the  study  of  the  gigantic  experiment  un- 
consciously performed  by  the  introduction 
of  horses  to  South  America  in  the  six- 
teenth century — as  to  which  Prof.  Ridge- 
way  brings  forward  new  details  of  interest 
— and  their  lapse  into  the  feral  condition. 
Prof.  Ridgeway  supplies  some  interest- 
ing concluding  pages  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  equitation  and  the  implements 
and  ornaments  associated  with  it.     These, 
like  the  rest  of  the  volume,  are  admirably 
and    abundantly    illustrated.     We    have 
only  to  complain  that  a  work  so  important 
as  this  in  two  separate  departments  of 
thought,  and  of  such  internal  fascination, 
should  be  compelled  to  wear  the  dull  and 
unattractive   livery    of   the    "  Cambridge 
Biological  Series  " — a  series  properly  de- 
voted to  class  manuals  and  text-books. 
Prof.  Ridgeway  can  well  afford,  however, 
to  disregard  any  risk  which  might  threaten 
other  works   than  his  with  burial  in  that 
series. 


The  Coming  of  Love :  Rhona  BoswelVs 
Story,  and  other  Poems.  By  Theodore 
Watts-Dunton.     (John  Lane.) 

In  his  introduction  to  this  seventh  and 
enlarged  edition  of  '  The  Coming  of  Love,' 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton  explains  that  the  new 
poems  incorporated  are  those  which  had 
been  "  lent  to  friends  in  manuscript  and 
mislaid  "  when  the  book  was  originally 
published.  Their  absence  was  indicated 
in  previous  editions  by  breaks  in  the 
numbering  of  the  sections  and  by  aster- 
isks. Since  then,  "  as  the  missine  portions 
were  one  after  another  found,  they 
were  printed  in  the  Athenaeum  and  the 
Saturday  Review."  The  poem  is  now 
complete,  and  can  be  judged  as  a  whole. 
As  it  is  in  structure,  as  well  as  imaginative 
quality,  one  of  the  most  original  poems 


written  during  the  past  tentury,  it  is 
worth  while  to  try  to  define  its  place  in 
the  development  of  poetic  art. 

Aristotle  said  that  a  play  is  meant  to 
be    read    as    well    as    acted.     This    was 
peculiarly  true  of  the  Greek  drama  with 
its  Chorus,  one  of  whose  functions  was  to 
fill  up  with  oblique  statements  the  lacunae 
in    the   dramatic    action   caused    by    the 
incidents  transacted  off  the  stage.      The 
Chorus,    of    course,    was    a    reminiscence 
of  the  old  Thespian  drama,  the  primary 
object    of    which    was    the    chanting    of 
Bacchic    hymns.     This    reminiscence    the 
Greek  drama  never  lost  until  it  decayed 
altogether.     Something     very     like     this 
occurred  in  the  evolution  of  the  English 
drama,  which  had  its  origin  in  the  mys- 
teries, in  which  the  primary  object  was 
recitation.     In  the  same  way,  the  English 
drama,    right   down   to   the   last   of   the 
Shakspeareans,  never  lost  the  ruling  idea 
that   it   was   a   recitation    as   well    as    a 
dramatic  picture.     This  accounts  for  the 
great  flexibility  of  the  old  English  drama. 
Although    the    dramatist    could    not    get 
into  its  structure  as  much  of  himself  as 
he  could  get  into  a  modern  novel,  he  still 
could  secure  something  of  the  self-indul- 
gence of  expression  which  the  imaginative 
writer   requires.      But    as    the   theatrical 
demands   of   the   acted   drama  increased 
year  by  year,  this  flexibility  became  more 
and   more   repressed.     The   result   is,    as 
may  be  seen  in  Mr.  Pinero's  latest  play, 
'  His  House  in  Order,'  that  the  dramatist 
now    makes    but    little    attempt    to   get 
beyond    the    theatrical    "  business."     No 
dramatist    is    more    capable    than    Mr. 
Pinero    of    painting     subtle     shades     of 
character,  but  his  genius  is  stifled  by  the 
tyrannical    limitations    of    the    theatrical 
form.     Poets    have    inevitably    been    so 
completely   baffled   by   this   growing   im- 
possibility of  getting  anything  into  a  play 
except  "  business  "  that  they  have  shrunk 
from   making  the  attempt.     When  they 
do  not  shrink  from  it,  they  find,  as  Mr. 
Stephen  Phillips  found  in  writing  '  Nero,' 
that  they  must  actually  collaborate  with 
the  actor-manager  and  the  stage-carpenter. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  many 
of  the  situations  and  curtains  and  stage- 
effects  in  '  Nero  '   are  due  to  Mr.   Tree. 
The  fact  that  Mr.  Phillips  felt  bound  to 
acknowledge    publicly    his    obligation    to 
Mr.    Tree    is    not    without    significance. 
The    dramatist    might   not   have    chosen 
the  burning  of  Rome  as  the  climax  or 
anticlimax  of  his  tragedy,  if  he  had  been 
free  from  the  tyranny  of  "  business."     He 
would  probably  have  carried  the  action 
to  its  natural  end,  the  death  of  Nero. 

Dramatic  dialogue  without  the  restric- 
tions of  theatrical  form  remains  the  one 
way  of  telling  a  story  so  that  it  brings  out 
the  delicate  details  of  character.  It  was 
the  recognition  of  this  artistic  law  that  in 
the  first  half  of  the  last  century  gave  rise 
to  what  was  called  the  "  dramatic  poem  ": 
that  is  to  say,  the  poem  which  is  a  drama 
untrammelled  by  theatrical  conditions.  It 
is  Charles  Wells's  grasp  of  this  faet  in 
'  Joseph  and  his  Brethren  '  which  gives 
him  a  place  in  our  poetic  literature  which 
is   realized   only   by  such   critics   as   Mr. 


Swinburne  and  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti. 
In  '  Joseph  and  his  Brethren  '  we  find,  as 
Mr.  Swinburne  has  pointed  out,  the  cha- 
racter of  a  woman,  Phraxanor,  which  for 
vitality  has  never  been  surpassed  except 
by  Shakspeare. 

Following   '  Joseph  and  his   Brethren  * 
came     Bailey's     '  Festus.'      Bailey     was 
almost  a  great  poet,  as  may,  perhaps,  be 
recognized   when   dilettantism    in    poetry 
and  criticism   is  dead  and   buried.     But 
Bailey  was  much  more  inartistic  than  he 
ought  to  have  been,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that   he  was  defying    the  restrictions  of 
theatrical  form.     There  was  no  need  for 
him  to  put  into  the  mouths  of  his  cha- 
racters  such   preposterously   long-winded 
disquisitions  as  those  in  which  Festus  and 
Lucifer  indulge.     And  when,  in  the  sub- 
sequent editions  of  his  poem,   he   intro- 
duced, as  a  speech  made  by  one  of  the 
angels,  an  entire  poem  which  he  had  pre- 
viously published  as  a  separate  epic,   it 
must   be   admitted   that  he   allowed   the 
poetic  egoist  to  throttle  the  poetic  artist. 
Whatever  the  artistic  defects  of  '  Festus  ' 
may   be — and   they   are   unpardonable — 
many  a  poet  who  now  laughs  at  Bailey 
would  never  have  written  his  best  lines  if 
Bailey  had  not  written  '  Festus.'     Sydney 
Dobell,  who  was  an  acknowledged  pupil 
of  Bailey,  produced  in  '  The  Roman  '  a 
far    more    satisfactory    dramatic    poem. 
Indeed,  despite  the  length  of  some  of  the 
speeches,  it  is  the  best  specimen  of  the 
blank-verse  dramatic  poem   that  exists  ; 
for  Alexander  Smith's   '  Life  Drama  '   is 
so  defective  in  characterization  as  to  fall 
below  Dobell's  work  either  in  '  The  Roman* 
or    in    '  Balder.'     It    was    '  Balder,'    no 
doubt,     that    prejudiced    English    poets 
against  the  dramatic  form,  and  no  serious 
attempt   was    made    to    revive   it    until 
Mr.  Watts-Dunton  published  ;  The  Coming 
of  Love.'     Since  then  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy 
has    embarked    upon    '  The    Dynasts,'    a 
bold  attempt  to  overthrow  and  annihilate 
that  tyranny  of  theatrical  form  which  has 
enslaved  the   English  dramatic  poet  for 
hundreds    of   years.     '  The    Dynasts,'    as 
Mr.  Hardy  explains  in  his  preface  to  the 
first  volume,  is  "  a  play  intended  simply 
for  mental  performance,  and  not  for  the 
stage."     He    contends    that,     '"  by    dis- 
pensing   with    the    theatre   altogether,    a 
freedom  of  treatment  "  is  attainable  that 
is  "  denied  where  the  material  possibilities 
of    stagery "    have    to    be    "  rigorously 
remembered."     He  goes  on  to  say  : — 

"  Whether  mental  performance  alone  may 
not  eventually  be  the  fate  of  all  drama  other 
than  that  of  contemporary  or  frivolous  life, 
is  a  kindred  question  not  without  interest. 
The  mind  naturally  flies  to  the  triumplis  of 
the  Hellenic  and  Elizabethan  theatre  in 
exhibiting  scenes  laid  '  far  in  the  Unapparent,' 
and  asks  why  they  should  not  be  repeated. 
But  the  meditative  world  is  older,  more 
invidious,  more  nervous,  more  quizzical, 
than  it  once  was,  and  being  unhappily  per- 
plexed by 

Riddles  of  Death  Thebes  never  knew, 
may  be  less  ready  and  less  able  than  Hellas 
and  old  England  were  to  look  through  the 
insistent,  and  often  grotesque,  substance  at 
the  thing  signified." 

It    is    clear,    then,    that    a    revolution 


N°  4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


257 


against  the  tyranny  of  the  theatre  is  in 
active  progress.  It  is  raging  fiercely  in 
the  Irish  Literary  Theatre,  where  its  rise 
may  be  traced  to  the  influence  of  Maeter- 
linck and  his  "  static  theatre,"  another 
phase  of  the  same  revolt.  And  con- 
currently with  this  revolt  of  the  dramatic 
poet  there  is  a  similar  revolt  in  the  minds 
of  the  more  intelligent  playgoers,  who  are 
beginning  to  grow  weary  of  the  florid 
pageantry  of  stage  spectacle  and  trivial 
"  business." 

There  is,  of  course,  a  great  difference 
between  the  kind  of  dramatic  poem  above 
described  and  '  The  Coming  of  Love.' 
In  the  first  place,  '  The  Coming  of  Love  ' 
is  composed  throughout  in  rhyme,  whereas 
the  dramatic  poems  of  Wells,  Bailey, 
Dobell,  and  Mr.  Hardy  are  written  in 
blank  verse  (Tennyson's  '  Maud,'  of  course, 
is  not  really  a  dramatic  poem,  but  a 
dramatic  monologue).  Indeed,  as  it  is  a 
lyrical  dramatic  poem,  '  The  Coming  of 
Love  '  is  more  nearly  related  in  point  of 
form  to  Burns's  cantata  '  The  Jolly 
Beggars.'  And  this  leads  us  to  the 
suggestion  that  the  true  ally  of  the 
dramatic  poet  is  the  musical  composer. 
If  such  poems  as  '  The  Jolly  Beggars  '  and 
'  The  Coming  of  Love  '  are  to  be  acted  at 
all,  they  might  be  acted  with  music,  the 
imagination  of  the  spectator  supplying  the 
scenery  and  the  other  physical  details. 

Among  the  new  poems  we  note  the 
important  addition  of  the  '  Haymaking 
Song.'  This  lovely  dramatic  lyric  is 
placed  at  the  opening  of  the  second  part, 
and  the  effect  is  magical.  The  whole 
poem  is  transfigured  by  it.  The  fragrance 
of  rural  England  is  shed  upon  the  story, 
and  upon  the  characters  who  sing  in  turn 
the  song  of  the  sweet-scented  hay. 
Another  important  addition,  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  part  of  the  entire  poem, 
and  one  which  knits  it  to  '  Aylwin,'  is  the 
long  section  entitled  '  The  Haunted  Girl.' 
In  this  poem,  after  Rhona's  lover  has  gone 
to  sea,  Sinfi  Lovell  takes  her  to  the 
Knocker's  Llyn  on  Snowdon,  with  the 
intention  of  hypnotizing  her  by  the  music 
of  the  crwth,  and  by  this  means  reading 
through  the  eyes  of  Rhona  the  mirrored 
pictures  in  the  Llyn,  thus  discovering 
something  about  Henry  Aylwin,  the  man 
she  herself  loves.  Rhona,  however,  is  so 
possessed  by  her  own  love  affair  that  she 
is  powerless  as  a  clairvoyante,  and  can 
call  up  nothing  but  pictures  of  her  parting 
from  Percy.  The  poem  is  iridescent  with 
Rhona's  changing  moods,  which  answer 
with  exquisite  grace  the  changing  moods 
of  Sinfi's  music.  This  delicate  effect  is 
new  both  in  its  conception  and  execution. 
The  metrical  form  responds  as  subtly  to 
Rhona's  changing  moods  as  Rhona's 
changing  moods  respond  to  Sinfi's  music. 
Indeed,  the  musical  richness  of  '  The 
Haunted  Girl '  suggests  at  once  an  oppor- 
tunity for  a  composer,  especially  as  the 
effect  in  the  last  stanza  is  obtained  by  the 
use  of  the  simplest  words  : — 

Closer,  closer,  my  dearest  ! 
Let  me  feel  the  dear  breath  on  my  face  ! 
Closer,  my  nearest  and  dearest  I 
The  last  embrace. 

The  unity  of  the  poem  is  greatly  en- 


hanced by  the  fresh  section  called  '  New 
Year's  Eve  in  the  Alps.'     Here  is  shown 
the  effect  of  solitude  and  sorrow  upon  the 
poet,  transmuting  Nature  the  Malignant 
into  Nature  the  Benignant  : — 
New  Year,  the  stars  do  not  forget  the  Old  ! 
And  yet  they  say  to  me,  most  sorely  stung 
By  Fate  and  Death,  "  Nature  is  ever  young, 
Clad  in  new  riches,  as  each  morning's  gold 
Blooms  o'er  a  blasted  land  :  be  thou  consoled  : 
The  Past  was  great,  his  harp  was  greatly  strung  ; 
The  Past  was  great,  his  songs  were  greatly  sung  ; 
The  Past  was  great,  his  tales  were  greatly  told  ; 
The  Past  has  given  to  man  a  wondrous  world, 
But  curtains  of  old  night  were  being  upcurled 
Whilst  thou  wast  mourning  Rhona  :  things  sublime 
In  worlds  of  worlds  were  breaking  on  the  sight 
Of  Youth's  fresh  runners  in  the  lists  of  Time. 
Arise,  and  drink  the  wine  of  Nature's  light  ! " 

We  note  several  irritating  misprints, 
such  as  "  sobb  "  for  sob  ;  and  in  the  last 
line  of  '  Kissing  the  Maybuds,' 

Where  never  a  sight  could  fright  or  power  bend  her, 

a  second  "  could  "  has  dropped  out. 

The  point  is  important,  for  it  raises  the 
question,  on  which  poets  have  differed, 
whether  "  power  "  ought  to  be  treated  as 
one  syllable  or  two. 


Almond  of  Loretto.     By  R.  J.  Mackenzie. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
If  any  one  of  middle  age  or  younger  will 
reflect  on  the  different  appearance  which 
the  streets  even  of  London  present  on  a 
hot  day  in  the  summer,  as  compared  with 
that  afforded  fifteen  or  twenty  years  back 
he  will  have  some  notion  of  the  work  of 
the  late  Head  Master  of  Loretto.  Nowa- 
days straw  hats  and  flannels  will  be  visible 
everywhere  ;  the  stove-pipe  hat  and  the 
frock  coat,  though  not  absent,  will 
clearly  be  no  longer  the  normal  dress  of 
the  Londoner  in  sweltering  weather.  A 
few  years  ago  it  was  hardly  possible  for  a 
man  to  walk  the  streets  of  an  English 
provincial  town  in  knickerbockers  without 
the  risk  of  sneers.  At  this  moment  such 
freedom  of  dress  awakens  no  remark.  That 
the  change  is  due  entirely  to  Almond 
is  of  course  an  exaggeration.  The  general 
wave  of  athleticism  has  much  to  do  with 
it,  as  has,  perhaps,  the  fact  that  there  is 
a  game,  which  was  once  chiefly  Scottish, 
but  now  appeals  to  hundreds  through- 
out Great  Britain  for  whom  football  is 
only  a  memory  and  even  cricket  either  a 
regret  or  an  indiscretion.  Colonial  views 
of  dress  have  also  become  of  importance 
since  the  Boer  war.  Yet  we  think  that 
the  greater  part  of  this  movement  to 
rational  freedom  is  due  to  the  dialectic  of 
Almond,  to  his  energy  and  faith.  To  be 
accurate,  it  is  to  the  public-school  system, 
as  refined  and  modified  by  a  great  person- 
ality and  a  real  educator,  that  the  change 
is  due.  Even  recently  we  have  heard  of 
a  very  important  English  head  master 
who  regarded  socks  instead  of  stockings 
as  indecent  ("  save  the  mark  !  ")  for  beys 
running  in  a  paper  chase. 

But  whatever  be  the  case  in  England, 
there  is  no  more  doubt  of  the  magnitude 
of  Almond's  work  in  Scotland  than  there 
is  of  its  difficulty.  There,  as  Mr.  Mackenzie 
tells  us,  the  idiotic  ideals  of  the  Mid- 
Victorian  parent  were  paramount.     Man 


was  essentially  a  trousered  animal,  who 
required  to  be  taught  to  use  his  brains, 
and  turned  into  either  a  thinking  or  a 
money-making  instrument.  The  path  of 
the  historian  of  education  is  strewn  with 
the  wrecks  of  human  cruelty  and  stupidity. 
Yet  no  wreck  is  more  disastrous  than  that 
produced  by  the  formula  of  our  grand- 
fathers, "  Take  care  of  the  mind,  and  the 
limbs  will  take  care  of  themselves." 
Whatever  be  the  faults  of  athleticism 
pushed  to  extremes,  the  present  ideals  of 
schoolmasters  are  rationality  itself  com- 
pared with  those  encountered  by  Almond 
— ideals  to  which  the  German  professor  is 
the  perfect  embodiment  of  humanity, 
and  Walter  Scott  a  "  wastrel." 

We  cannot  go  at  length  into  the  story 
told  by  Mr.  Mackenzie  of  Almond's 
struggle  for  freedom  in  dress  and  ration- 
ality in  regard  to  food,  sleep,  exercise, 
and  also  punishment.  His  success  could 
not  have  been  achieved  except  through 
his  abounding  vitality,  his  imperturbable 
good  humour,  and  his  extraordinary  faith 
in  his  own  ideas.  Like  most  enthusiasts, 
he  exaggerated  ;  like  most  iconoclasts,  he 
had  to  make  conventions  in  spite  of  him- 
self ;  like  most  prophets,  he  failed  some- 
times to  see  the  other  side.  We  may 
briefly  indicate  the  limitations  of  Almond's 
views,  after  having  stated  their  general 
soundness. 

He  was,  in  our  opinion,  absolutely  right 
in  commanding  exercise  in  flannels  daily,  in 
his  Spartan  regulations,  in  his  provision  of 
plentiful  food  coupled  with  the  punishment 
of  "  grubbing,"  and  in  his  development 
and  reliance  upon  the  monitorial  system  ; 
and  also  in  his  habit  of  treating  his  boys 
as  friends.  His  substitution  of  the  cane 
for  all  other  forms  of  punishment  is  (pace 
modern  humanitarians)  a  proof  of  the 
wholesomeness  of  his  system  ;  and  his 
belief  in  it  not  merely  as  a  means,  but  also 
as  an  end,  in  order  to  teach  boys  to  bear 
pain,  is  founded  on  truth.  It  was  Menan- 
der,  we  think,  who  said  that  no  man  was 
educated  who  had  not  been  flogged  ;  and 
there  is  much  truth  in  this  statement. 
The  effect  of  impositions  and  detention  is, 
we  believe,  wholly  bad  ;  they  have  every 
defect  which  punishments  ought  not  to- 
have.  They  are  not  sharp  at  the  moment, 
they  mainly  involve  inconvenience,  en- 
danger health,  and  make  the  literary 
side  of  work  seem  duller  than  ever. 
Perhaps  "  repetition  "  is  not  so  bad  as 
a  punishment.  But  on  the  whole,  in 
these  soft  days,  no  better  penalty  can  b,e 
employed  than  the  ancient  one  which, 
seems  founded  on  the  laws  of  human 
nature,  and  is  at  once  brief,  painful,  and 
elastic. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  think  Almond 
overreached  himself  in  regard  to  conven- 
tions. It  is  true  that  the  particular  con- 
ventions of  his  day  needed  destroying  ; 
it  is  a  very  good  thing  to  teach  hoys,  the 
most  conservative  of  beings,  that  custom 
is  only  custom,  and  must  be  considered 
in  the  light  of  reason.  But  convent .ion 
is  needful  alike  in  society  and  education. 
It  saves  trouble.  We  do  not  want  to 
have  to  think  how  many  buttons  we  need 
with  every  coat  we  have    made.     More- 


258 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


over,  tlie  mass  of  men,  wherever  they  are, 
will  always  he  governed  by  convention  ; 
■and  the  reformer  can  never  do  more  than 
substitute  a  good  convention  for  a  bad, 
which  is  just  what  Almond  did.  He 
admits  that  he  ordered  his  prefects  to  cane 
all  boys  who  wore  coats  when  cycling  in 
hot  weather.  The  present  reviewer  thinks 
that  he  was  right ;  but  it  is  absurd  to  sup- 
pose that,  after  two  generations  of  such  a 
system,  the  average  boy  would  regard  the 
prohibition  in  any  other  light  than  that 
of  a  good  custom.  Neither  schools  nor 
States  can  exist  without  method  ;  and 
to  be  without  conventions  is  to  be  without 
method — in  fact,  is  nothing  more  nor 
less  than  anarchy.  Conventionalism,  we 
admit,  is  bad  ;  but  there  is  also  a  cant 
of  unconventionality,  which  is  worse, 
because  it  is  unreal. 

In  regard  to  the  intellectual  side, 
Almond  again  was  partly  right,  but  not 
wholly.  In  his  detestation  of  the  effects 
of  the  modern  system  of  cramming 
small  boys  for  open  scholarships,  every 
real  believer  in  education  will  share.  In 
his  denial  of  the  all-importance  of  intellect 
we  can  most  of  us  follow  him  :  mere 
intelligence  produces  a  "  Martian,"  a 
decadent,  or  a  pedant.  Almond's  attempt 
to  make  all  studies  interesting  was  also 
on  right  lines.  We  believe  that  work 
would  improve  in  most  schools  if  hours 
were  shorter,  and  the  lesson  made  more 
living.  But  beyond  that  we  think  Almond 
was  wrong.  Drudgery  must  be  endured 
in  the  intellectual  no  less  than  the  physical 
life.  Boys  ought  to  be  taught  that  it  is 
cowardice  to  "  funk "  a  difficulty  in 
Euclid  (we  believe  there  is  a  new  name 
now)  no  less  than  in  football.  The  most 
erroneous  of  heresies  are  those  which 
inspire  the  average  Englishman  :  that 
ideas  do  not  make  any  difference,  and  that 
we  are  to  take  trouble  with  every  part  of 
our  life  except  our  thoughts.  This  notion 
is  a  great  hindrance  to  our  trade,  it  para- 
lyzes our  politics,  and  is  at  the  bottom  of 
very  much  of  the  canker  of  snobbery. 
Now  though  Almond  did  not  hold  it 
totidem  verbis,  and  was  himself  a  fine 
example  of  intellectual  versatility,  there 
are  many  phrases  and  passages  in  Mr. 
Mackenzie's  book  which,  if  logically 
carried  out,  would  lead  to  similar  results. 
These,  however,  are  but  spots  on  the 
sun.  The  work  of  Almond,  taken  as  a 
whole,  was  as  great  as  his  ideals  were 
noble,  and  his  personality  engaging. 
Mr.  Mackenzie  is  thoroughly  justified  in 
placing  him  along  with  Thring  and 
Arnold  ;  and  he  has  given  his  readers  a 
biography  which  really  brings  them  face 
to  face  with  its  subject. 


India  and  the  Apostle  Thomas  :  an  Inquiry. 

With  a  Critical  Analysis  of  the  '  Acta 
i    Thomae.'     By  A.  E.  Medlycott,  Bishop 

of  Tricomia.     (Nutt.) 

Bishop  Medlycott  has  arrived  at  a  firm 
conviction  that  the  Apostle  Thomas 
preached  the  Gospel  in  India,  that  he 
suffered  martyrdom  in  that  part  of  the 
world,  and  that  his  tomb  is  now  to  be 


found  in  Mylapore.  This  book  is  written 
to  prove  that  his  conviction  is  right.  He 
proceeds,  therefore,  not  as  an  inquirer, 
but  as  an  advocate.  He  pushes  aside  all 
doubts  as  groundless,  and  he  adduces 
historical  witnesses  to  show  that  his  con- 
clusions are  certain.  He  has  rather  a 
hard  task,  but  he  does  not  waver.  He 
pursues  his  studies  in  the  true  spirit 
of  hero-worship,  and  he  deserves  credit 
for  the  perseverance  with  which  he  has 
gathered  his  materials  from  every  kind  of 
source. 

The  first  point  which  the  Bishop  en- 
deavours to  prove  is  that  St.  Thomas  was 
the  Apostle  of  India  and  preached  to  the 
inhabitants  of  the  south  of  that  country. 
He  begins  with  the  testimony  of  St. 
Ephraem,  "  who  was  a  native  of  the  city 
of  Nisibis,  and  had  lived  there  up  to 
a.d.  363."  He  then  adduces  a  long  series 
of  writers  or  documents  belonging  to  the 
fourth  and  subsequent  centuries,  ending 
with  Bede  (d.  735).  All  these  make  it 
certain  that  in  these  centuries  it  was 
generally  believed  that  St.  Thomas  went 
to  India  and  preached  the  Gospel  there. 
This  appears  sufficient  to  the  Bishop  to 
establish  the  fact  that  St.  Thomas  really 
went  to  India  in  the  first  century. 

The  Bishop  then  sets  about  proving 
that  St.  Thomas  was  buried  in  India,  and 
that  his  tomb  still  exists  at  Mylapore. 
He  himself  sums  up  his  argument  thus  : — 

"  In  fact,  a  long  chain  of  witnesses  will 
be  produced,  extending  from  the  sixth 
century  to  the  landing  of  the  Portuguese  on 
the  shores  of  India,  attesting  that  the  tomb 
was  really  in  Mylapore." 

The  author  deems  it  of  importance  to 
show  not  merely  that  St.  Thomas  went  to 
India,  but  also  that  no  other  Christian 
visited  India  in  early  times.  Accordingly 
he  describes  St.  Pantsenus,  St.  Frumentius, 
and  Theophilus  the  Indian  as  the  "  Alleged 
Apostles  of  India,"  and  explains  away 
any  statement  in  early  Christian  writers 
to  the  effect  that  these  men  travelled  to 
India  by  asserting  that  the  India  of  the 
statement  is  not  the  India  of  the  present 
day. 

The  Bishop  then  discusses  the  '  Acts  of 
Thomas.'  He  allows  that  they  are  apocry- 
phal and  contain  much  fictitious  matter, 
but  he  thinks  that  valuable  grains  of  truth 
are  to  be  found  in  them.  These  Acts 
mention  a  King  Gondophares  who  un- 
questionably was  a  real  king,  and  lived 
probably  in  the  first  century  ;  but  the 
Bishop  has  to  face  the  difficulty  that  this 
king  reigned  in  the  north  of  India,  and 
not  in  the  south,  where  he  places  the 
Apostle's  activity.  Various  customs  are 
mentioned  in  the  Acts  which  are  held 
to  prove  that  the  writer  was  in  the 
south  of  India,  and  therefore  that  St. 
Thomas  was  also  there.  But  the  Bishop 
is  somewhat  rash  in  asserting  that  these 
customs  prevailed  only  in  the  south.  Thus 
the  Acts  mention  that  Karish  bathed 
before  dinner,  and  the  Bishop  remarks  on 
this : — 

"  We  would  ask  the  reader  if  he  knows  of 
any  country,  outside  of  India,  where  it  is 
the  custom  to  bathe  before  partaking  of  the 
evening  meal,  or  of  any  principal  meal." 


If  the  Bishop  could  have  recalled  his  know- 
ledge of  the  classics,  he  would  have  modi- 
fied his  statement.  In  one  of  the  most 
popular  books  on  Roman  antiquities  he 
might  have  discovered  this  sentence  : — 

"  Towards  the  close  of  the  republic,  how- 
ever, and  under  the  empire,  the  daily  bath 
became  a  necessary  of  life  and  an  indispens- 
able preliminary  to  the  evening  meal." 

In  connexion  with  these  customs  he  has 
failed  to  take  notice  of  a  most  important 
discussion  in  regard  to  Indian  traces  in 
the  Acts,  which  appeared  in  an  article  by 
Alfred  von  Gutschmid  in  the  Rheinisches 
Museum,  afterwards  republished  in  the 
collection  of  his  '  Kleine  Schriften.'  There 
Gutschmid  propounds  the  theory  that  the 
original  basis  of  the  Acts  was  a  Buddhist 
conversion-narrative. 

From  the  outline  of  the  book  which  we 
have  sketched  it  may  be  inferred  that  its 
principles  of  historical  evidence  are  lax. 
There  is  no  attempt  to  show  that  the  testi- 
mony which  is  adduced  can  be  traced  back 
to  trustworthy  contemporary  witnesses. 
The  Bishop  knows  that  writers  as  well 
acquainted  with  India  as  himself  have 
denied  the  Indian  apostolate  of  St.  Thomas. 
He  refers  to  the  adverse  opinions  of  Bas- 
nage,  La  Croze,  and  Tillemont,  and  then 
adds  : — 

"  The  Rev.  J.  Hough  ('  History  of  Chris- 
tianity in  India  ' )  denies  that  any  Apostle 
was  ever  in  India.  Sir  John  Kaye  ('  Chris- 
tianity in  India')  considers  it  a  worthless 
legend.  The  Rev.  G.  Milne-Rae  ('The 
Syrian  Church  in  India')  rejects  the  tradi- 
tion ;  while  Dr.  George  Smith  ('  The  Con- 
version of  India')  ignores  the  subject 
altogether,  dating  the  first  conversion  of 
India  from  a.d.  193." 

But  the  Bishop  does  not  trouble  himself 
about  these  verdicts.  He  is  sure  that 
St.  Thomas  was  in  India,  and  that  his 
tomb  is  still  there.  He  sees  in  doubts 
about  this  matter 

"  a  just  retribution  of  Providence.  The 
Apostle  who  had  stood  in  the  full  light  of 
the  public  life  and  miracles  of  our  Lord  was 
nevertheless  capable  of  doubt  when  His 
resurrection  was  announced  ;  so  also  the 
field  of  the  same  Apostle's  labours  has  been 
shrouded  with  unnecessary  doubt.  It  will 
be  an  ample  satisfaction  if  we  can  remove 
all  reasonable  doubt  as  to  the  main  facts." 

We  cannot  say  that  he  seems  likely  to 
be  successful  in  his  effort.  He  has  written 
a  big  book — probably  the  biggest  book 
that  ever  will  be  written  on  the  subject ; 
but  his  arguments  are  not  weighty,  and 
will  hardly  reduce  to  silence  most  of  those 
who  have  come  to  an  opposite  conclusion. 

The  author  fills  his  book  with  endless 
digressions,  which  have  no  connexion  with 
his  argument,  and  only  a  slight  connexion 
with  his  subject.  Whenever  he  has  to  quote 
a  writer,  he  inquires  into  his  history  and 
records  the  results  of  this  labour.  He  does 
not  always  consult  the  best  authorities, 
and  accordingly  many  of  his  statements 
are  open  to  question.  Further,  the  reader 
cannot  be  sure  whether  he  has  consulted 
them  at  first  hand.  He  often  makes  quo- 
tations from  Latin  translations  when  the 
books  are  Greek.  He  seldom  quotes  Greek 
words,  and  very  frequently  they  are 
incorrectly  printed,  accents  and  breath- 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENMM 


259 


ings  being  placed  in  positions  which  are 

contrary  to  all  rules.     He  also  refers  to 

the   works   of   German   scholars,    but  he 

evidently  prefers  a  French  translation  of 

them  to  the    original.  Thus  he  mentions 

the  German  titles  of  the  works  of  Barden- 

hewer,   with  dates,   though   he  does  not 

seem    to   know   that   his    last   work   has 

reached  the  second  volume  ;  but  he  always 

cites  the  French  translation  of  the  earliest. 

He  spells  some  names  in  a  peculiar  way, 

as    "  Beryennios "    for    Bryennios,    and 

"  Maruchi  "    for    Marucchi  ;      but    these 

slight  flaws  are  of  little  consequence.   The 

Bishop   has   taken  enormous   pains   with 

his  book,  and  we  hope  that  he  will  long 

retain  the  feeling  that  he  has  done  his  best 

to  stop  the  retributive  hand  of  Providence 

and  to  rescue  the  doubted  St.   Thomas 

of  India  from  all  historical  dubiety. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


devotion  to  her  gay  and  giddy  sire,  which 
makes  her  walk  untarnished  in  conven- 
tionally devious  paths.  Her  love  affairs 
with  the  solicitor,  the  artist,  and  the 
highly  respectable  young  man  of  buckram 
who  lives  in  the  Albany  are  most  cheerful 
reading,  and  one  has  not  the  heart  to 
blame  her  for  her  maddening  tenderness 
to  all.  The  father  is  equally  well  drawn, 
but  plays  a  minor  part  in  the  story,  nor 
does  he  quite  return  his  daughter's 
passionate  love.  Mr.  Stacpoole  is  good 
at  interiors.  The  Bloomsbury  domicile 
and  the  careless -ordered  garden  and  old 
house  at  Highgate  harmonize  admirably 
with  their  inmates.  Minor  types  are 
numerous  and  pleasing. 


Yet  even  to  these  unpromising  materials 
a  certain  charm  is  imparted  by  the  author's 
gift  as  a  raconteur,  and  the  story  moves 
with  ease  and  freedom. 


The  Gambler.     By  Katherine  Cecil  Thur- 
ston.    (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

'  The  Gambler  '  is  a  story  worth  reading, 
but  not  in  any  way  a  great  novel ;   it  does 
not  equal  in  ingenuity  of  plot  or  scenes  of 
quick  excitement  '  The  Circle  '  and  '  John 
Chilcote,  M.P.'     An  Irishman  who  gambled 
hard  had  a  beautiful  daughter  who  hated 
his  vice,   but  in   time  developed   similar 
tendencies.     When  her  father  died,   and 
left  her  and  her  sister  in  debt,  she  married 
in  a  hurry  his  college  friend,  a  dull  archaeo- 
logist.    When  he,  too,  died,  she  was  free 
to  please  herself,  and  had  2,000Z.  a  year. 
How  she  got  into  difficulties  and  nearly 
wrecked  her  fife  is  the  theme  of  the  story. 
It  interests  us  as  showing,  we  fancy,  a  zeal 
for  the  portrayal  of  character  which  the 
writer's  last  success  did  not  display.     Mrs. 
Thurston  is  on  the  right  path  for  one  who 
takes   the   novelist's   art   seriously.     But 
here  she  has  overdone  her  descriptions  of 
states  of  mind  and  her  details  of  scenery, 
which  are  otherwise  pleasing.     We  think 
her  best  characters  are  two  minor  ones  ; 
the  people  of  the  smart  set  introduced 
lack  vitality,  and  the  wicked  old  lord  who 
lays  elaborate  siege  to  the  heroine  seems 
to  have   strayed   out   of  some   favourite 
reading  of  our  uncritical  days.     We  notice 
a  tendency  to  separate  the  Celtic   mind 
from    others    which    occasionally    reaches 
absurdity.     We  read,  for  instance,  of  "  the 
instinctive  clinging  to  familiar  things  that 
forms   so   integral    a   part   of   the   Celtic 
nature."     This  is  one  of  the  commonest 
tendencies  of  the  genus  Homo  in  every 
race  and  country  that  we  ever  heard  of. 
Mrs.    Thurston    has    natural    fluency    in 
writing,  but  might  pay  more  attention  to 
style,  now  that  she  has  secured  a  hold  on 
the  public. 

Fanny    Lambert.      By    Henry    De    Vere 

Stacpoole.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
We  have  not  lately  met  a  more  amusing 
story  than  '  Fanny  Lambert.'  It  is  hard 
to  say  whether  the  Irish  heroine  or  her 
yet  more  Irish  father  arrides  one  more  ; 
but  they  are  a  charming  pair.  Fanny  has 
the  strong   antiseptic   quality   of  a   true 


The  Drakestone.  By  Oliver  Onions.  (Hurst 

&  Blackett.) 
Many  readers  on  opening  this  book  will 
feel  a  measure  of  disappointment,  which 
is  in  itself  a  tribute  to  the  author  of  '  The 
Odd-Job  Man.'     Instead  of  modern  Lon- 
don life,  with  its  complexities,  we  have 
here  the  simple  conditions  of  a  Yorkshire 
community   early   in   last   century.     The 
feud  between  Drake  and  Yewdale  forms 
the  subject  of  the  story,  and  a  boulder, 
too  huge  to  root  from  the  moorland,  is 
the  Drakestone.     One  John  Drake   tells 
the  tale,   beginning  with  his  boyish  ex- 
periences.    There  are  difficulties  insepar- 
able from  this  mode  of  narration  set  in  a 
bygone  time,  and  these  have  hardly  been 
conquered.     There  is  too  little  of  personal 
impression — and    atmosphere    and    space 
are  lacking.     We  never  feel  that  we  are 
really    in    the    heart    of    Yorkshire,    but 
rather  that  the  author  is  trying  hard  to 
place    us    there.     The    conversations    in 
dialect   are    too   long ;    and    the   divaga- 
tions of  an  eccentric  astronomer  carry  no 
conviction.     We  find  ourselves  reflecting 
that  no  lad  could  possibly  remember  and 
report   such   wild   wanderings,    verbatim, 
page  after  page,  and  this  may  be  possibly 
one  reason  for  their  lack  of  force.     Not- 
withstanding all  this,  there  is  much  sound 
work  in  the  novel ;    quaint  local  customs 
are   conscientiously  reproduced,  and   the 
characters,  with  the  exception  of  a  rather 
shadowy  heroine,  are  living  beings. 


The  Ambush  of   Young  Days.     By  Rosa- 
mond Langbridge.     (Duckworth  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  very  Irish  story.  Emphasis, 
they  say,  is  where  Celticism  comes  out 
in  English  speech.  Here  is  much  emphasis, 
but  so  sustained  as  to  become  monotonous. 
From  the  earlier  chapters,  descriptive  of 
much  sordid  life  in  a  lodging-house,  and 
of  the  incidental  "  ambush  "  of  a  common 
sort  which  embitters  the  youth  of  Myrtle 
Hanrahan,  to  the  later,  which  set  forth 
the  true  love  which  condones  the  stain, 
we  find  an  almost  painful  manipulation  of 
language  to  enforce  the  obvious.  Yet 
there  are  good  touches. 


The     Scholar's     Daughter.     By     Beatrice 

Harraden.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 
Compared  with  '  Ships  that  pass  in  the 
Night,'  and  even  with  one  or  two  of  the 
succeeding  novels,  this  story  is  a  grievous 
disappointment.  Miss  Harraden's  strength 
lies  in  such  unconventional  and  slightly 
morbid  characters  as  Bernardine  and  the 
Disagreeable  Man ;   and  in  condescending 
to  the  bright  girl-heroine  and  manly  young 
hero  of  machine-made  fiction  she  merely 
courts  failure.     The  people  in  the  book 
are  all  well-worn  and  more  or  less  dis- 
credited types.     The  two  professors  and 
their  secretaries,  though  learned  and  un- 
practical  to   the    verge   of   low   comedv, 
strike    us    as    singularly    unlike    the    real 
thing.     The  distinguished  actress  is  also 
unconvincing,  and  the  plot  of  which  she 
is  the  centre  is  neither  fresh  nor  probable. 


In    Silence.     By    Mrs.    Fred    Reynolds. 
(Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

Psyche,  the  beautiful  heroine  of  this  tale, 
is  a  deaf  mute.     This  fact  gives  the  book 
an  element  of  distinction,  or,  at  least,  of 
strangeness.      Apart     from     that,     it    is 
written   with   considerable   ability   of  an 
unobtrusive  sort,  and  with  much  tender- 
ness.    One  feels  that  Mrs.  Reynolds  has 
made  a  real  study  of  a  deaf  mute's  cha- 
racter,   and    that    she    has    handled    the 
subject  here  with  loving  care.     The  story 
traces  its  charming  heroine's  life  from  her 
sprite-like  childhood  among  the  heather 
of  a  mountain   farmhouse  to  her  mature 
triumph  as  the  founder  and  guiding  spirit 
of  an  institution  for  the  training  of  children 
afflicted  as  she  has  been.     Her  youthful 
relations  with  the  opposite  sex  are  managed 
with  great  deftness  ;    and  the  picture  of 
her  development  from  the  child  who  is 
unconscious  of  the  existence  of  sound  or 
language,    to    the    accomplished    woman 
who   has   learnt   all   that    "  lip-reading " 
has  to  teach  the  deaf  and  dumb,  is  an 
interesting  and  skilful  piece  of  work. 


Mark   Maturin,   Parson.     By   F.   Cowley 
Whitehouse.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 


If  this  be  a  first  attempt,   the  general 
knowledge  of  London  on  its  seamy  side 
may  be  admitted  as  a  considerable  asset 
in  the  author's  equipment.     But  he  may 
be    advised   not   to   write   another    book 
entirely   in   the   fatiguing   dialect   of   the 
streets.     Even  conscientious  pains  cannot 
render  the  harsh  diphthongs  which  con- 
stitute the  differentia  of   that  delectable 
tongue,  and  to  most  readers  the  conven- 
tional Cockney  of  print  is  only  irritating. 
But  the  adventures  of  Joe  Blencowe,  the 
cabman,   his    "  scrapping "   and  sporting 
proclivities,    his    good    nature,    and    his 
whole-hearted    respect   and    affection    for 
the  manly  parson  who  saved  him   from 
hooliganism,     are     pleasant     reading     for 
those  who  can  forget  the  jargon.     Inci- 
dentally there  is  a  good  outline  sketch  of 
Archbishop    Temple,    a    "  boss    parson " 
who  much  impresses  Joe. 


260 


Til  E     A 'I'll  KWl.r  M 


N    1088,  Mum  h  :;.  1906 


/.     (frauds Bourgeois,     l'-\  Abel  Hermant. 
(I';n  is,  Lemei  i 

t1'iii:  iiiu    \  <  >l  ii  1 1 1<    of  M.   U<i  iii.uil  contain- 

some  «>f  his  \<-i\  best  work,  worthy  to  be 
ml  by  the  ride  <>f  '  Le  Soeptre,1  but  is 
marred,  1 1 u « •  much  <»f  the  writing  »>f  this 
considerable  author,  by  defects.  We  ha\  e 
already  said  thai  Ins  play  of  last  autumn, 

*  La  Belle  Madame  Heber,'  was  one  of  the 
most  powerful  pieces  <>f  character-drawing 

and  of  style  thai  modern  France  has  pro- 
duced, but  that,  nevertheless,  it  failed. 
So  with  the  volume  now  before  us.  The 
sketches  of  well-known  people — slightly 
altered,  as  Disraeli  used  to  alter  the 
heroes  of  his  political  novels,  but  cruelly 
true  in  many  details — are  as  great  in 
characterization  and  in  style  as  anything 
of  the  kind  in  literature,  but  the  repe- 
tition of  catch  phrases  irritates  the  reader 
in  the  same  way  as  the  intelligent  spec- 
tator is  vexed  by  similar  vulgarities  in 
theatrical  farce.  One  explanation  of  these 
weaknesses  is  that  M.  Hermant  writes 
largely  for  La  Vie  Parisienne,  in  which 
fragments  of  the  present  volume  have 
appeared,  and  such  treatment  is  fatal  to 
the  construction  of  a  great  novel. 

The  book  is  full  of  aphorisms,  and  of 
other  passages  worth  notice.  One  which 
we  venture  to  translate  tells  us  that, 
"  given  a  certain  elevation  of  ideas,  con- 
tradictory opinions  become  identic."  The 
reader  will  at  once  think  of  certain  dis- 
tinguished statesmen,  and  of  equally  dis- 
tinguished ecclesiastics  and  their  opponents. 
Another  passage  describes  "  the  magnifi- 
cent stoicism  of  the  great  born-bourgeois 
who  sign  documents  and  set  their  drawers 
in  order  at  the  instant  of  death  to  save 
survivors  unimportant  difficulties  or  the 
trouble  of  a  little  hunt  among  theft1  things." 
We  like  the  description  of  that  one  of  "  the 
Two  Frances  "  to  which  the  author  him- 
self belongs,  at  its  banquets  :  "  Devouring 
with  the  appetite  of  the  heroes  of  Homer, 
while  they  exchange  insults  in  almost  the 
Homeric  style." 

At  p.  49  the  curious  will  find  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  great  Paris  house  belonging  to 
a  widowed  personage  of  the  story  who, 
like  the  occupant  of  this  "  palace,"  was 
once  a  painter  ;  earning  her  livelihood  by 
her  brush.  158,  Boulevard  Haussmann, 
is  thus  put  upon  the  stage,  as  was  Lans- 
downe  House  by  Disraeli.  But  M.  Her- 
mant can  reply  to  criticism,  as  could  the 
English  author,  that  there  are  points  in 
the  character  of  the  personage  who  is 
made  to  live  in  the  palace  which  do  not 
exist  in  the  original.  Other  great  people 
in  the  financial  world  of  Paris  are  described 
in  the  same  way. 


CLASSICAL    BOOKS. 

Tibulli  Carolina.  Edited  by  J.  P.  Post- 
gate.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.)— This 
text  of  Tibullus,  edited  by  Prof.  Postgate, 
has  been  added  to  the  new  scries  of  Oxford 
texts.  It  is  a  finished  and  tasteful  edition 
of  the  poems  of  a  "  most  finished  and  tasteful 
writer,"  and  on  the  whole  the  text  makes  it 
as  easy  as,  in  the  circumstances,  it  can 
possibly  be  for  us  to  appreciate  the  limpid 


flow    and    simple    mes-nu'e    ,,|      the    unluippy 

lover  of  Delis  and  Nemesis.  In  '  Selectu 
1 1 . .in  Tibullus'  (1903)  the  editor  told  us  all 
that  \wis  worth  knowing  about  the  oha- 
i.e  ter  and  authority  of  the  sources  of  Tibul- 
lus's  text,  and  the  Latin  preface  to  the 
present    edition    virtually    repeats  in    brief 

what  has  already  been  said.  The  four  chief 
authorities  are  the  Amhrosianus,  VatieaniiH, 
Quelferbytanus,  sod  Ouiaaianue.     Hut  there 

is  a  marked  difference  between  the  two  texts. 

In  the  '  Selections  '  Prof.  Postgate  "  pre- 
i'  rred  an  uncertain  conjecture  to  a  certain 
corruption,  because  thero  is  no  mischief  so 
easy  to  effect  or  so  difficult  to  repair  as  to 
vitiate  the  feeling  for  language  and  sense 
in  the  young."  In  the  Oxford  text  before 
us,  however,  one  has  only  to  take  a  few 
random  instances  to  appreciate  the  fact  that 
Prof.  Postgate  is  very  conservative.  The 
many  conjectures  made  by  himself,  and 
recorded  in  his  papers  in  The  Journal  of 
Philology  and  The  Classical  Review,  are  here 
bidden  to  stand  aside  for  the  readings 
common  to  the  Ambrosianus  and  Vaticanus. 
For  example,  in  I.  vii.  4  the  editor  personally 
supports  cum  or  quern,  and  gives  cum  in  his 
'  Selections  '  :  here  we  have  the  MSS.  quern. 
lb.  53,  we  here  have  tibi  dem,  as  in  A,  V, 
and  the  conjecture  Geni  :  tibi,  given  in  the 
'  Selections,'  is  abandoned.  This  conserva- 
tism is  altogether  praiseworthy,  and  prompts 
us  to  quote  Prof.  Postgate's  explanation  of 
his  attitude  : — 

"  De  caelo  descendisse  jam  illucl  uolgo  videtur : 
stuiidum  codicibus.  adiciunt  prudentiores  motio  *i 
Itonix  et  in  re  incerta.  ego  aero,  qui  haud  paullo 
audacior  sum,  ttiam  peammu  inquam  et  uel  in  re 
maniftxta.  itaque  necorruptissimis  quideni  uersibus, 
modo  Latins  scripti  uiderentur,  cruces  adfixi  nee 
ueram  illas  saepe  uitiorum  sedem  prodituras  nee 
numero  ruali  magnitudinem  aequaturas.  quid  enim 
legentium  attinebat  una  opera  oeulos  laedere,  intel- 
lectum  non  iuvare  ? " 

It  need  hardly  be  said  that  in  orthography 
we  have  in  this  text  all  the  accuracy  that 
is  attainable.  The  Cambridge  scholar  makes 
a  very  welcome  addition  to  the  series  of 
Oxford  texts. 

The  Captivi  of  Plautus.  Edited  by  Rev. 
J.  Henson.  (Blackie  &  Son.) — We  do  not 
suppose  that  the  swing  of  the  pendulum  in 
classical  education  towards  plain  texts  for 
beginners  will  interfere  with  the  output  of 
annotated  editions  for  moderately  advanced 
students.  It  is  for  such  readers  that  Mr. 
Henson  intends  this  edition  of  the  '  Captivi.' 
We  are  firm  believers  in  the  efficacy  of  anno- 
tation on  the  scale  here  adopted — "  brevity 
of  expression  with  sufficiency  in  the  explana- 
tion." The  editor  claims  that  he  has  given 
few  translations,  and  these  "  as  literal  as 
possible,"  as  he  finds  that  a  boy  presented 
with  an  idiomatic  translation  brings  a  parrot- 
like recollection  of  it  into  form,  without 
having  troubled  to  inquire  for  himself  how 
it  was  obtained.  This,  we  take  it,  is  true 
of  beginners,  but  should  not  hold  for  the 
kind  of  student  the  editor  has  chiefly  in 
mind  :  moreover,  he  does  not  carry  out  his 
purpose,  as  in  several  instances  the  transla- 
tions are  anything  but  literal  :  e.g.,  ne 
frustra  sis,  "  make  no  mistake  about  it." 
The  text  is  mainly  that  of  the  Teubner 
edition,  but  Prof.  Lindsay's  labours  are  not 
neglected.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  a 
sound  orthography  has  been  adopted.  The 
usual  matters  are  dealt  with  in  the  introduc- 
tion, which  is  brief  and  to  the  point,  metre 
being  the  subject  most  fully  treated.  The 
notes  are  judicious,  but  brevity  sometimes 
does  not  end  in  clearness  :  e.g.  (p.  87),  "  The 
Velabruni  was  a  street  in  Rome  lying  between 
the  forum  boarium  and  the  Tunc  us  virus." 
This  is  a  case  of  ignotum  per  njnotius.  The 
fact  is,  as  several  allusions  to  Roman  topo- 


graphy  have  to  be  explained,  that  a  map  of 

Republican  Rome  wii*  want'  <\.  end  aught 
well  have  taken  th<-  place  of  one  or  two  of  the 
illustrations.     <m  the  whole,  thi  .  of 

the  '  Captivi  '  is  s  useful  addition  to  Messrs. 
Blackie  s  illustrated    Latin 

we    can    confidently    recommend     for    11]  | 

forms  in  public  schools. 

Our   best   thanks   are   du--   to    Prof.    Philli- 

mpre  Car  so  Indea  Verborum  Prop* rtinnua 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press).  It  will  I*  of 
cereal  value  to  critics  in  investigating  the 
Latin  of  Proper  tins,  and  i-  admiral.: 
plete,  prepositions  like  a  and  pro  b» 
included.  Such  laborious  work  as  this  is 
generally  done  by  a  German,  and  the  Pro- 
fessor has  taken  Friedlander's  indexes  to 
Juvenal  and  Martial  as  his  model.  We  have 
heard  more  than  once  that  publishers  are 
against  issuing  classical  index*  -  in  spite 
of  their  permanent  value,  and  we  are 
grateful  to  the  Oxford  Press  for  giving  us  an 
instance  to  the  contrary. 

For  some  time  students  of  Petronius  have 
had  no  English  text  or  edition  to  use.  Now, 
about  the  same  time,  two  translations  have 
appeared  with  notes.  Petronii  Lena  Tri- 
malchionis,  edited  with  critical  and  explana- 
tory notes,  and  translated  into  English  prose, 
by  W.  D.  Lowe  (Cambridge,  Deighton  & 
Bell  ;  London,  Hell  &  Sons),  is  the  more 
elaborate.  Mr.  Lowe,  a  Cambridge  scholar, 
now   at   Durham    Universit;.  us   the 

Latin  on  one  page  and  the  English  render- 
ing on  the  other,  with  notes  below  each 
which  show  abundant  care  and  research 
into  the  best  authorities.  His  Introduction 
is,  we  think,  far  too  brief  ;  we  expect  a  dis- 
cussion in  some  detail  of  the  difficulties 
which  the  authorship  and  date  of  the  book 
present.  Nothing  is  said  here  of  the  source 
of  the  events  preceding  the  dinner-party,  or, 
indeed,  of  the  MSS.  at  all.  If  Mr.  Lowe 
had  doubled  the  size  of  the  Introduction, 
his  edition  would  be  fairly  complete  on 
every  side.  As  it  Is,  the  notes  are  meri- 
torious for  the  reasons  we  have  stated,  and 
for  various  modern  touches  which  enliven 
them.  Here  and  there  Mr.  Lowe  might 
have  added  to  his  references  with  advantage. 
For  the  '  Cordax  '  he  might  have  cited 
Athena?us,  who  also  provides  a  better  refer- 
ence for  "  Chian  Life  "  than  that  given 
from  Thucydides.  On  "  Cerdo  "  Juv.  iv.  153 
andviii.  182  should  certainly  have  been  men- 
tioned. Conington's  note  on  the  former 
passage  in  Prof.  Mayor's  'Juvenal'  is 
specially  to  the  point,  and  perhaps  he  was 
thinking  of  Petronius,  who  is,  however, 
not  referred  to.  It  would  be  quite  in 
accordance  with  the  blundering  of  Tri- 
malchio  to  make  Hob  and  Dick  into  a  god. 
It  might  have  been  noted  further  that 
Augustine  and  Arnobius  thought  it  worth 
while  to  protest  against  such  gods  and 
names  as  these.  The  translation  is,  wo 
are  glad  to  find,  not  tied  down  by  pedantic 
literalness,  and  should  give  ordinary  readers 
an  excellent  idea  of  the  freedom  and  natural- 
ness of  Petronius.  The  indexes  are  another 
good  feature. 

The  Walter  Scott  Company  have  started 
a  series  of  "  Two  Readings  Classics,"  of 
which  Petronius  :  Cena  Trimakhionis,  trans- 
lated and  edited  by  Michael  .1.  Ryan,  is  the 
tirst.  The  publishers  are  to  be  congratulated 
on  issuing  an  out-of-the-way  classic  at  a  very 
moderate  price.  Mr.  Ryan  disclaims  origin- 
ality, but  he  has  made  excellent  use  of  the 
learned  labours  of  others,  and  his  Introduc- 
tion, of  some  thirty  pages,  forms  a  good 
summary  of  the  subject.  The  notes  are 
brief  and  sensible,  and  there  is  a  list  of 
'  Variant  Readings.'  The  printing  is  rather 
careless,  and  a  good  proof-reader  would  have 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


261 


removed  some  lapses  in  spelling.  Mr.  Ryan 
misses  out  some  words  in  his  rendering,  e.g. 
"  libentissime,"  p.  2,  which  is  not  of  much 
importance,  perhaps  ;  but  "  stupentibus," 
p.  12,  is  surely  an  essential  touch.  He  also 
omits,  without  attempt  at  paraphrase,  offen- 
sive passages.  He  allows,  too,  words  like 
41  lanista  "  and  "  dispensator  "  to  figure  in 
his  English  text.  His  style  is  occasionally 
awkward,  but  he  has  a  quaintness  which 
is  not  unpleasing,  and  a  vivacity  which  is 
-eminently  suitable.  Here  is  a  short  passage 
from  chap.  45  : — 

"'For  goodness'  sake,'  cried  Eohioh,  a  rag- 
dealer,  '  try  and  talk  sense.  It 's  this  way  or 
that  way,  as  the  farmer  said  when  he  lost  his 
spotted  pig  ;  what  doesn  't  happen  to  -  day  '11 
happen  to-morrow.  By  Hercules  !  you  couldn't 
•ask  for  a  finer  country  than  ours,  if  we  had  men  in 
it ;  we  're  in  difficulties  at  present,  but  there  are 
others  as  badly  off.  We  mustn't  be  squeamish  ; 
no  matter  from  what  part  of  the  world  we  look  at 
the  sky,  it 's  always  the  same  distance  away  :  if 
you  were  anywhere  else,  you'd  say  that  pigs 
trotted  about  here  cooked  and  all.'  " 

Translations  into  Greek  Verse  and  Prose' 
toy  R.  D.  Archer-Hind  (Cambridge,  University 
Press),  hardly  need  recommendation  in  the 
world  of  scholarship.  Mr.  Archer-Hind  was 
«,  Porson  Prize  winner  in  earlier  days,  and 
was  joint  editor  of  the  last  issue  of  '  Sabrinae 
•Corolla.'  That  admirable  collection  offers 
•comparatively  few  examples  of  Greek  elegiacs, 
which  are  not  so  popular  an  exercise  as 
Creek  iambics.  In  both  metres  Mr.  Archer- 
Hind  excels,  but  his  pre-eminence  in  elegiacs, 
is,  we  think,  beyond  dispute.  No  one 
would,  after  reading  this  book,  attempt  to 
oetter  the  translations'  it  contains  of  the 
verse  of  Shelley  and  Mr.  Swinburne,  the 
prose  of  William  Morris,  and  other  pieces  of 
inspired  English.  These  renderings  are  not 
•elaborate  mosaic,  like  some  very  clever  work 
•of  present-day  scholars,  but  so  simple  and 
graceful  that  they  seem  for  the  most  part 
•obvious,  abounding  though  they  do  in  feats 
of  scholarship.  The  author  combines  the 
■easy  flow  of  earlier  composers  with  a  strict 
attention  to  form  and  idiom  which  they  did 
not  attempt. 

As  a  tutor  he  has  provided  many  "  fair 
■copies  "  for  his  pupils  at  Trinity,  but  he 
presents  us  here  with  new  versions  which 
"  have  not  even  seen  the  dim  light  of  a 
lecture-room."  '  The  Garden  of  Proserpine,' 
with  which  the  volume  opens,  flowers  so  natu- 
rally in  its  Greek  form  beside  the  English 
that  it  may  now  be  called  twice  classic. 
The  eighteen  renderings  of  Heine  will 
astonish  the  many; who  have  thought  him, 
with  good  reason,  untranslatable.  In'  the 
style  of  Greek  chorus  and  the  Doric  of  Theo- 
critus Mr.  Archer-Hind  is  equally  effective. 

The  Greek  prose  pieces  are  skilfully 
■chosen  to  exhibit  the  author's  powers  as  a 
follower  of  Plato,  but  he  is  equal  also  to 
other  themes  :  witness  the  commercial 
piece  which  begins,  "  Lord  Rothschild  had 
a  comparatively  easy  task  to  perform  at 
the  meeting  of  Argentine  bondholders  on 
Monday."  If  we  once  began  to  quote,  we 
should  not  know  where  to  stop  ;  so  we  will 
simply  say  that  this  book  is  unequalled  in 
its  way  by  the  work  of  any  living  scholar 
we  know.  A  syndicate  might  compete  with 
Mr.  Archer-Hind,  but  no  single  man. 

The  JEncid  of  Virgil,  with  a  Translation 
by  Charles  J.  Billson,  2  vols.  (Arnold),  is  an 
elaborate  and  beautifully  printed  book,  the 
Latin  being  opposite  the  English  throughout. 
Mr.  Billson  is  styled  of  Corpus  College, 
Oxford,  on  the  title-page,  but  he  gives  no 
introduction  concerning  his  work,  its  form 
or  omissions.  His  metre  is  blank  verse, 
and  though  he  achieves  some  pleasing 
brevity    (which    is,    we   believe,    a  common 


result  of  classical  training)  and  is  never 
feeble,  he  is  seldom  inspired.  If  Virgil  is  to 
be  put  in  blank  verse,  it  must  be  the  blank 
verse  of  Milton,  as  has  been  pointed  out 
more  than  once.  The  metrical  changes 
and  beauties  of  that  master  are  lost  on  Mr. 
Billson,  who  produces  line  after  line  without 
variety.  One  would  not  imagine  from  his 
rendering  that  one  passage  in  the  original 
was  more  dactylic  than  another,  and  this, 
apart  from  monotony,  reduces  the  merit  of 
any  version  very  seriously.  The  author 
omits  some  adjectives  which  are  not,  perhaps, 
of  much  moment,  but  we  may  fairly  expect 
to  find  in  the  English  representatives  of 
such  words  as  those  which  we  italicize  : — 

ubi  flavo 
Argentum  Pariusve  lapis  chcumdatur  auro. — I.  592. 

inseia  Dido 
Insidat  quantus  miserce  deus.  I.  7-20. 

Non  me  tua  fervida  terrent, 
Dicta,  fetox.  XII.  895. 

Should  we  not  be  told  that  Iopas  wore  his 
hair  long,  like  many  later  bards,  and  had 
not  a  teacher  with  a  mere  name,  but  a 
teacher  who  was  "  maximus  "  ?  Further, 
we  do  not  find  in  the  passages  we  have  con- 
sulted any  attempt  to  imitate  obvious 
alliterations. 

C.  Suetoni  Tranquilli  de  Vita  Cccsarum 
Libri  VIII.  (Groningen,  J.  B.  Wolters.) — 
This  volume  is  a  specimen  of  the  "  Biblio- 
theca  Batava  "  of  Greek  and  Latin  writers. 
M.  Leo  Preud'homme,  the  editor,  has  taken 
great  pains  with  the  text,  variants  of  which 
are  printed  at  the  bottom  of  each  page.  The 
type  is  excellent,  and  most  pleasant  to  read, 
and  we  find  paper  covers  and  an  '  Index 
Nominum  '  at  the  end,  as  in  the  "  Teubner  " 
series.  It  cannot,  however,  compare  in 
cheapness  with  that  well-known  issue  of 
classical  books,  though  it  will  be  attractive 
to  advanced  scholars  on  account  of  its 
textual  details. 


FRENCH   HISTORY. 

Select  Documents  of  the  French  Revolution  : 
The  Constituent  Assembly.  Edited  by  L.  G. 
Wickham  Legg.  2  vols.  (Oxford,  Claren- 
don Press.) — We  heartily  congratulate  Mr. 
Legg  on  the  admirable  manner  in  which  he 
is  executing  a  task  we  have  long  wished  to 
see  attempted.  His  work,  full  of  interest 
and  research,  must  rank  among  standard 
books  of  reference.  The  arrangement  of 
material,  the  index,  and  the  notes  are  all 
that  can  be  desired. 

The  quivering  excitement  and  unrest  of 
the  Revolutionary  period  find  then*  truest 
and  most  natural  exposition  in  the  blatant 
heroics,  blasphemous  vulgarities,  passionate 
eloquence,  and  epigrammatic  terseness  cha- 
racterizing its  journalism.  Hence  we  almost 
regret  that  Mr.  Legg  should  have  quoted  so 
largely  from  the  Mercure  de  France,  for  the 
scrupulous  honour  and  sanity  of  that  organ 
— also  the  fact  that  its  editor,  Mallet  du 
Pan,  was  a  Geneveso  and  a  Calvinist — 
exclude  it  from  the  ranks  of  the  represen- 
tative press.  Notwithstanding  the  persecu- 
tion to  which  he  was  subject,  Mallet  retained 
his  attitude  of  strict  impartiality.  In  his 
'Memoirs '  he  strongly  deprecated  the 
royalist  emigration,  yet  in  his  newspaper 
he  as  vehemently  denounced  the  laws 
against  the  absentees,  asking 

"  si  la  sooiebe  qui  ne  privienl  ni  be  punit  l<v  crime 
pint,  sans  one  tyrannic  eemblable  i  oelle  de  Neron 
Fermant  lee  portea  de  Rome  avant  de  1'inoendier, 
oondamner  au  supplioe  de  I'habiter  oeiuc  dent  elle 
n<;  pent  garant  ir  la  vie  trois  jours  (!<•  suite.  ?  " 

To  the  primary  cause  of  the  aristocrat ic 
exodus.  t\w,  fall  of  the  Bastille,  Mr.  Legg 
has    devoted    perhaps     too     much     of     his 


space,  but  very  valuable  are  the  details  he 
supplies  of  the  gradual  and  mischievous 
encroachment  of  the  legislative  on  the 
executive  power.  We  have  the  popular  signs 
of  this  jealousy  from  the  King's  visit  to  the 
Hotel  de  Ville  in  July,  1789,  when,  according 
to  the  Proces  verbal  des  fileeteurs,  Bailly, 
Mayor  of  Paris,  addressed  his  sovereign 
"  sans  flechir  le  genou,"  down  to  September, 
1791,  when,  says  the  Mercure  de  France, 
"  pour  la  premiere  fois  depuis  la  fondation 
de  la  monarchic,  le  Roi  de  France  jurait 
debout  fidelite  a  ses  sujets  assis."  Mean- 
while, in  his  collisions  with  the  Assembly, 
whether  on  matters  touching  his  own  pre- 
rogative or  the  constitution  of  the  clergy, 
Louis,  though  crying  he  would  ne'er  consent, 
consented. 

Was  the  English  Parliament  or  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States  the  better  model  ? 
The  extremists  preferred  the  latter  as  less 
open  to  bribery.  Those  ministers  of  the 
Crown  whom  Mallet  describes  as  "  touiours 
peints  comme  des  ennemis  du  corps  legis- 
latif "  had  already  been  excluded  from 
the  Assembly  when  the  law  was  added 
forbidding  deputies  to  become  ministers. 
These  decrees,  fatal  to  the  executive,  were 
defended  by  Brissot's  Le  Patriote  Francais  ; 
referring  to  the  venal  state  of  our  House  of 
Commons  under  Walpole  and  North,  it 
argued  that  if  ministers  were  allowed  "  la 
voix  consultative "  in  the  Assembly,  "  la 
corruption  elle-meme  sera  mise  a  l'encan ; 
on  cherchera  le  deshonneur  de  se  vendre." 
In  May,  1790,  the  right  of  making  peace 
and  war  was  transferred  to  the  nation,  for, 
said  Les  Revolutions  de  Paris,  "  il  faut 
tou  jours  supposer,  pour  faire  vine  consti- 
tution libre,  que  l'interet  du  prince  est 
oppose  a  celui  du  peuple  ;  s'il  etait  le  meme, 
il  n'y  avait  point  de  tyrans,  il  ne  faudrait 
point  de  constitution."  By  the  end  of  1790 
La  Feuille  du  Jour  paints  "  un  roi  sans 
couronne ....  des  troupes  sans  obeissance, 
des  finances  sans  credit,  un  culte  sans 
religion."  "  L' insurrection  est  le  plus  saint 
des  devoirs  "  was  the  order  of  the  day  when 
in  April,  1791,  the  King  made  the  Revolu- 
tion the  subject  of  his  panegyrics  in  that 
circular  which  he  dispatched  through  Comte 
de  Montmorin  to  the  foreign  Courts,  and  in 
which  he  complacently  posed  as  "  the  first 
public  functionary  of  the  sovereign  nation." 
To  this  confession  of  faith  Louis  gave  the 
lie  by  his  manifesto  of  June  20th,  a  docu- 
ment defending  that  flight  to  Varennes 
which,  as  it  failed,  proved  the  greatest  of 
his  follies,  and  which,  had  it  succeeded, 
would  have  constituted  the  greatest  of  his 
treasons.  June  25th  saw  his  return  to  Paris  : 
"  Ce  n'etait  point  une  marche  triomphale  ! 
c'etait  le  convoi  de  la  monarchie  !  "  observed 
the  Orateur  du  Peuple. 

Now  M.  Aulard  regards  this  manifesto 
of  June  not  only  as  "  une  critique  de  la 
Constitution  de  1791  beaucoup  plus  fine  quo 
celle  quo  de  nos  jours  Taine  en  a  tracee,  ' 
but  also  as  "  bien  l'eeuvre  personnelle  [du 
Roi]"  ('Hist,  Pol.,'  p.  115).  However,  we 
know  that  the  document  was  well  advanced 
on  February  3rd  ('  Lettres  de  Marie  Antoin- 
ette,' ed.  Rocheterie,  vol.  ii.  p.  218);  we 
also  know  that  amongst  the  Kind's  advisers 
Mallet  du  Pan  was  often  to  be  found  ;  henee 
we    consider    as    more    than    a    coincidence 

the  striking  similarities  between  the  denun- 
ciations of  the  committees  and  olubs  in 
the  Mrrcure  de  France  (January  29th  and 
March  5th,  1791),  and  the  protest  against 
flie  same  tyranny  to  be  found  in  the  royal 
manifesto.  The  Mi  retire  describes  the 
Comite  des  Reeherohes  as  "exercanl  mhw 
decreta  les  fonctions  les  plus  redoutables 
que  la  tyrannic  ait  jamais  oonfiees  h  ses 
agents;    (il)  etend  son  autorite'  dans  tout 


2«-3 


THE     ATI!  KN'AIUM 


N    lOft.s,  Mai:,  h  .'{,  1906 


1'empire."     Look   declare!    that    the    mom 

oommittee,  "earn  j   stre  eutoriae'  at   ■ 

mi  mepriH  de  tons  l»-s  dtVri'ts. .  . .  uxeroe  on 

\iiitnl'l<-    deapOtisiXM    plus    Imrlmre    it     plus 

insupportable  qu'aucun  de  ecus  dont  ITue- 
toire  mi  jamais  fail  mention."  The  Mtromtt 
observes,  "  I. 'opinion  ■  detruit  I'ancien 
( lorn arnement.  i "n  t < mlrait  -dii  fonder  la 
nouveeu  buz  la  tarreur  !  "  The  Kins  a  b  . 
■  Deairies-voua  que  I'anarehie  it  despot- 
buna  dee  oluba  remplacaasent  Le  gouverne- 
ment  monarchique  sous  (equal  la  nation  a 
proapere  pendant  quatorze  oenta  ana  ! 
The  Mirciin  proclaims,  •■  Feire  da  Koi.... 
lo  premier  des  fonctionnoires  publics  o'esi 
raver  la  Monarchic  de  la  Constitution  "  ; 
whiUt  Louis  complains  that  "  L'Assemblee 
a  mis  le  Koi  tout-a-fait  hors  dc  la  Constitu- 
tion." These  are  but  a  few  among  many 
parallelpassages. 

We  have  no  space  to  follow  Mr.  Legg's 
documentary  illustrations  of  that  despoiling 
of  the  Church  by  which  the  Assembly  claimed 
to  have  "  retabli  la  purete  des  premiers 
sieeles  Chretiens  "  ;  nor  those  of  that 
populace  "  chez  qui  seul,"  said  the  Revolu- 
tions de  Paris,  "  on  trouvera  a  recruter  le 
bataillon  sacre  des  tyrannicides — les  verit- 
ables  amis  de  la  chose  publique  "  ;  nor 
those  depicting  the  bourgeois  which  the 
same  journal  held  to  be  "  monarchiste  par 
instincte,"  and  therefore  to  be  placed  "  sur 
l'echelle  des  etres  entre  l'homme  et  le  mulct." 
We  can  but  express  our  grateful  appreciation 
for  a  collection  full  of  varied  interest. 

France  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  1830- 
1890  (Hutchinson  &  Co.),  is  not  badly  put 
together,  but  is  full  of  small  errors  of  fact 
and  date  and  irritating  mistakes  in  names. 
It  is,  we  judge  from  the  invariable  use  of 
dollars  for  the  equivalent  of  the  moneys  of 
different  countries,  an  American  book  ;  and, 
from  its  references  to  Queen  Victoria  as 
reigning,  and  other  passages,  appears  to 
have  been  previously  published  in  whole  or 
in  part.  We  see  less  reason  to  differ  from 
the  views  of  "  Elizabeth  W.  Latimer  "  than 
from  those  of  many  writers  on  what  may  be 
called  the  Court  side  of  modern  history.  In 
the  passages  relating  to  the  Mexican  adven- 
ture of  the  Second  Empire  we  find,  however, 
hero-worship  of  Maximilian  carried  to  the 
point  of  representing  him  as  a  martyr,  and 
his  execution  as  the  butchery  of  a  humane 
prince,  who  had  given  no  cause  for  what 
occurred.  It  is,  of  course,  a  well-known 
historical  fact  that  it  was  the  personal  order 
of  Maximilian  to  shoot  the  Mexican  generals 
for  doing  their  duty,  and  the  carrying  out  of 
that  order  in  circumstances  of  exceptional 
cruelty,  which  rendered  it  impossible  for 
Juarez  and  Diaz  to  spare  his  life  when  pressed 
to  do  so  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States.  That  Maximilian  was  personally 
"  a  good  man  "  may  no  doubt  be  easily 
admitted  ;  and  his  weakness  and  total  un- 
fitness for  the  task  on  which  he  entered,  at 
the  bidding  of  his  wife,  are  acknowledged  by 
the  author. 

Among  the  curious  mistakes  which  rob 
the  volume  of  historical  value,  and  which 
extend  to  many  of  the  best-known  names, 
are  two  strange  errors  in  dates — remarkable, 
as  they  are  both  inexplicable  and  also 
extremely  easy  to  correct.  The  visit  of 
Queen  Victoria  to  Paris,  for  the  first  Inter- 
nationa] Exhibition  which  Her  Majesty 
attended  after  that  of  1851,  is  over  and 
over  again  referred  to  as  having  occurred 
in  1857,  and  never  dated  in  the  right  year, 
1855.  Yet  the  French  generals  who  com- 
manded the  army  on  the  day  of  the  Queen's 
passage  through  Paris  to  St.  Cloud  and  at 
the  great  review  are  described  as  having 
just  returned  from  the  Crimea.  The  exist- 
ence in  Paris  of  a  magnificent  street  which 


bears    the    name    of    Hue    du    4    Si  pt<-ml>n- 

ought  to  have  indicated  a  -mniar  confusion 
with  regard  to  the  date  of  the  revolution 
whirii  virtual] y  aatabhahsd  tin- Third  Repub- 
lic. Our  author  atataa  that  notb'pg  waH 
known  of  the  mrrwidor  of  Sedan  by  the 
public  "until  the  evening  o!  Beptemoei  i 
....Tin-  Legislative  A  embly  held  a  mid- 
night session  ;  but  nothing  was  determined 
on  until  the  morning,  when  tin-  Empire  was 
voted  out,  and  a  Republic  voted  in." 
Several  pagea  further  <>n  are  are  correspond- 
ingly informed  that  the  Empress  herself  did 
not  become  conscious  of  the  loss  of  her 
position  until  "  the  night  of  September  4." 
Still  later  in  the  book  an  account  is  given  of 
tin-  action  of  the  mob  "by  one  o'clock  on 
September  5."  All  these  dates,  of  course, 
are  wrong,  and  are  set  late  by  twenty-four 
hours.  The  Corps  Legislatif,  moreover,  did 
not  vote  out  the  Empire,  nor  was  "  a 
Republic  voted  in."  The  Regency  was  put 
an  end  to  by  a  coup  d'etat,  without  Parlia- 
mentary sanction.  Among  the  names  which 
are  repeatedly  misspelt  are  those  of  the 
Due  de  Blacas  and  of  General  Cavaignac  ; 
but  we  do  not  propose  here  to  give  a  list  of 
the  numerous  blunders,  which  as  a  rule  run 
through  the  volume  and  extend  also  to  the 
index.  The  usual  misspelling  of  Galliffet  is 
venial  by  the  side  of  many  of  the  others. 

Messrs.  Putnam  have  published  an 
"  authorized  English  version  "  of  Louis  XIV. 
et  La  Grande  Mademoiselle  by  Arvede 
Barine,  which  we  reviewed  at  length  on 
July  8th,  1905.  It  is  a  book  of  striking 
interest,  and  the  rendering  is  tolerably  well 
done,  though  it  retains  French  idiom  too 
much,  and  gives  us  occasionally  but  jerky 
English.  The  abundant  illustrations  add  to 
the  value  of  the  volume,  and  we  are  glad 
to  see  an  index  of  substantial  length. 


\ 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 


Mb.  Philip  W.  Sergeant  has  written  an 
entertaining  account  of  Jerome  Bonaparte 
in  The  Burlesque  Napoleon  (Werner  Laurie). 
The  narrative  is  well  put  together,  and  the 
style  is  not  without  merit,  though  occasion- 
ally it  is  disfigured  by  slipshod  expressions. 
Jerome's  career  was  certainly  not  wanting 
in  variety.  From  his  youth,  when  he 
showed  his  dislike  of  discipline  and  restraint 
by  absenting  himself  without  leave  from  his 
ship  in  the  West  Indies,  and  contracted  his 
unfortunate  alliance  with  Miss  Patterson,  to 
the  time  when  he  squandered  the  meagre 
resources  of  Westphalia  and  spoilt  the  first 
great  move  of  the  Grand  Army  in  Kussia  in 
1812,  there  occurred  numerous  episodes 
which  can  scarcely  fail  to  offer  good  reading. 
Mr.  Sergeant  sets  them  forth  well,  and  gar- 
nishes his  story  with  details  respecting  the 
other  figures  that  necessarily  appear — Miss 
Patterson ;  Lucien  Bonaparte ;  the  recog- 
nized wife,  Princess  Catherine  of  Wurtem- 
berg ;  the  personages  of  the  Westphalian 
Court,  including  that  indispensable  person, 
Le  Camus,  whom  the  King  created  Count  of 
Fiirstenstein  ;  and  the  more  important  men, 
Daru,  Reinhard,  Johann  von  Miiller,  who 
occasionally  had  to  divert  the  King  from  his 
pleasures  to  affairs  of  State.  Mr.  Sergeant 
has  entered  into  the  chief  details  of  the 
hasty  marriage  at  Baltimore ;  and  the 
facts  which  he  has  gathered  from  various 
sources  respecting  Elizabeth  Patterson,  as 
well  as  the  portrait  of  her  here  presented, 
show  her  to  have  been  a  girl  of  charming 
and  vivacious  appearance,  and  of  decided 
character.  Napoleon's  treatment  of  her  was 
probably  no  less  injudicious  than  it  was 
brutal.     It  is  fairly  certain  that  the  Patter- 


rnarriagu  mi^ht    have  been  a  utrong  link 
between     the     Bonaparte     family    and 
American    people;  and    their  friendship 
Support    were    worth     more    even    then   than. 
that  of  the  ruler  of  Wurtemt, 

Mr.  i    all  urine  (p.  14*,  note]  to  the 

forced  marriage  of  Jerome  with  the  1'rmeess 
of  Wurtemberg  in  term-,  which  imply  that 
that     union     was    owing    to     the     dc 

Napoleon  to  have    1 Wurtembei 

his  beck  and  call.  But  the  depend* 
Wurtemberg  on  Prance  «a«  assured  t. 
before  Au-terlitz,  and  was  certainly  clinched 
by  that  great  victory  and  by  the  tit! 
King  which  Napoleon  soon  afterwards 
accorded  to  its  Elector.  Further,  we  cannot 
follow  Mr.  Sergeant  in  his  criticism  of 
Napoleon's  conduct  towards  Jerome,  at 
beginning  of  his  reign  in  Westphalia,  as 
being  open  to  the  charge  of  "  injustice,  if 
not  of  actual  bad  faith,"  in  not  allowing 
him  to  touch  the  revenues  of  his  kingdom 
until  the  claims  of  the  French  army  of 
occupation  were  met.  Everything  depended 
on  the  maintenance  of  that  army  in  a  high, 
state  of  efficiency  ;  and  Napoleon  had 
reason  to  know  from  Jerome's  recent  con- 
duct at  Paris  that  he  had  run  up  debts  of 
3,000,000  francs  in  a  few  weeks,  and  was 
likely  to  do  still  worse  at  Cassel  if  he  had  a 
free  hand.  Certainly  Napoleon  treated  him 
hardly  ;  but  Jerome  needed  hardness.  A* 
Mr.  Fisher  has  pointed  out  in  '  Napoleonic 
Statesmanship  :  Germany,'  it  was  a  mistake 
to  place  Jerome  over  the  new  kingdom,  on 
which  the  gaze  of  all  Germans  was  concen- 
trated. 

The  weak  part  of  Mr.  Sergeant's  book  is 
his  failure  to  throw  any  new  light  on  the- 
problems  of  government  in  Westphalia,  and 
the  disputes  which  have  arisen  concerning 
Jerome's  conduct  of  military  affairs  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Russian  campaign.  The- 
latter  question  is  noticed  far  too  briefly.  In 
the  former,  Mr.  Sergeant  has  made  use  of 
good  authorities  —  De  Norvins  and  Mr. 
H.  A.  L.  Fisher  being  of  course  the  chief 
guides — and  lias  duly  acknowledged  his 
indebtedness  to  them.  Perhaps  this  is  all 
that  can  be  expected  in  a  volume  like  this, 
in  which  the  writer  states  in  the  preface  liis 
reasons  "  for  confining  himself  nearly  to  the- 
frivolous  side  of  Westphalian  history."  He- 
might  have  used  with  advantage  the 
'  Lettres  de  Madame  Reinhard  a  sa  Mere,' 
published  by  the  Societe  d'Histoire  Con- 
temporaine  in  1901.  Exception  might  also 
be  taken  to  the  title  of  the  book,  Jerome 
being  in  no  sense  a  burlesque  of  his  great 
brother.  The  fault  was  that  he  was  so» 
intensely  himself.  If  he  had  striven  to- 
copy  Napoleon,  however  feebly,  the 
Napoleonic  regime  in  Germany  might  have 
had  a  better  chance  of  surviving. 

Julian  the  Apostate.  By  Gaetano  Negri. 
Translated  from  the  Second  Italian  Edition 
by  the  Duchess  Litta-Visconti-Arese.  With 
an  Introduction  by  Prof.  Pasquale  Villari. 
2  vols.  Illustrated.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — The 
apostate  emperor  exercises  a  perennial 
fascination  for  all  students  of  history. 
During  the  past  few  years  we  have  had  in. 
England  the  chapters  of  Mr.  Gwatkin  and 
Mr.  Glover,  as  well  as  the  monograph  of 
Miss  Gardner  ;  and  France  has  given  us- 
the  elaborate  work  of  M.  Allard.  It  is 
peculiarly  fitting  that  an  Italian,  both  Senator 
and  philosopher,  should  produce  a  life- 
like portraiture  of  one  who  was  an  Italian, 
both  scholar  and  man  of  affairs.  The  trans- 
lator, the  printer,  the  photographer,  and  the 
publisher  have  risen  to  the  occasion,  and 
given  the  work  an  exterior  quality  commen- 
surate with  its  merits. 

An  introduction  is  followed  by  chapters 
on  '  The  Life  of  Julian,'  '  The  Discord  among 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


263 


the  Christians,'  '  Neo-Platonism,'  '  Julian's 
Attitude,'  '  Julian's  Action  against  Chris- 
tianity,' ^Julian's  Disillusion,'  and  'The 
Sovereign  and  the  Man,'  and  by  a  '  Conclu- 
sion '  and  Index.  Among  the  illustrations 
are  the  bust  of  Acerenza,  which  the  author 
(rightly,  we  think)  inclines  to  regard  as 
genuine  ;  coins  of  Julian  and  his  relatives 
and  successors  in  the  empire  ;  a  sardonyx 
intaglio  now  in  Paris,  which  represents  the 
emperor,  and  a  portrait  of  Negri. 

The  monograph,  which  is  written  in  a 
delightfully  interesting  style,  is  evidently 
based  on  a  careful  and  discriminating  study 
of  the  original  authorities — Julian  himself, 
Libanius,  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  and  Gre- 
gory of  Nazianzus.  Numerous  extracts  are 
given  from  these,  which  add  greatly  to  the 
interest  of  the  book,  especially  as  few,  even 
among  our  best  scholars,  have  much  ac- 
quaintance with  the  originals.  We  miss  a 
reference  (on  pp.  325-6)  to  the  commentary 
on  2  Thessalonians  written  shortly  after 
Julian's  death,  and  now  printed  amongst 
the  works  of  St.  Ambrose  ("  Julianum,  qui 
arte  quadam  et  subtilitate  cceptam  persecu- 
tionem  implere  non  potuit,  quia  desuper 
concessum  non  fuerat  "),  which  is  all  the 
more  valuable  as  reflecting  the  opinion  of  a 
fairly  impartial  observer.  The  author  of 
the  present  work  does  not  hold  a  brief 
either  for  Christianity  or  for  Julian.  He  is 
scrupulously  fair  to  both,  and  if  he  fails  of 
absolute  impartiality,  he  does  so,  perhaps, 
in  depreciating  the  quality  of  the  Christianity 
of  Julian's  time.  His  condemnation  is  just, 
but  he  should  have  found  room  for  the 
exceptions  to  the  general  depravity. 

A  couple  of  quotations  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  author's  method  and  style  : — 

"  He  was  only  a  brilliant  meteor,  passing  and 
evanescent,  when  he  might  have  been  one  of  the 
most  powerful  factors  of  human  history,  a  truly 

great     ruler     of     nations! However,     from     a 

psychological  and  dramatic  point  of  view  it  is  just 
this  strange  union  of  characteristics  which  con- 
stitutes the  principal  interest  in  the  history  of 
Julian.  He  was  at  the  same  time  an  exalted 
idealist,  full  of  mystical  superstitions  and  fixed 
ideas  ;  a  commander  of  genius  ;  a  heroic  soldier  ; 
and  an  expert  administrator." — P.  63. 

"Julian  understood,  or  at  least  had  a  clear 
intuition,  that  to  save  the  empire  it  was  not 
necessary  to  embrace  Christianity  as  Constantine 
had  done,  or  to  persecute  it  like  Diocletian,  but 
rather  to  create  something  that  responded  in  part 
to  those  needs  which  found  their  satisfaction  in 
Christianity,  and  at  the  same  time  preserved  the 
basis  of  ancient  thought  and  civilisation.  For  this 
purpose  he  initiated  that  movement  which  we 
have   called   the  Christianisation  of  paganism." — 

r.  2ea 

The  translator's  accuracy  is  almost  equal 
to  her  taste,  but  we  may  note  a  few 
trifling  corrections.  On  p.  xxxiii  read 
Archeologique  ;  the  church  historian  is 
always  wrongly  given  as  Sozomenes,  instead 
of  Sozomenus  or  Sozomen  ;  on  p.  60  "  some- 
thing new  "  should  be  "a  revolution  "  ; 
on  p.  106  read  "  Mopsucrene  "  ;  on  p.  171, 
n.  2,  for  "p."  read  "  bk."  ;  p.  113,  n.  1, 
read  "  Eunapius  "  ;  p.  291,  n.  1,  read  1873  ; 
p.  316,  read  "  Eumaeus  "  ;  pp.  422,  431, 
read  "  Pessinus  "  ;  p.  435,  read  "  Archi- 
lochus  "  ;  p.  445,  read  "  Autolycus  "  ; 
p.  450,  read  KojirrTavTio?  ;  p.  453,  omit 
**  the  "  before  "  Pontus  "  ;  on  p.  514  it 
may  be  noted  that  Julian's  description  of 
Julius  Caesar  is  certainly  not  borrowed 
from  Suetonius  ;  on  p.  523  read  "  Sym- 
machus  "  ;  on  p.  531,  "  Syracusans  "  ;  on 
p.  558,  "Teos."  The  Greek  printing  is 
very  bad  :  there  is  hardly  a  sentence  which 
is  correct  in  breathings  and  accents.  The 
German  is  wrong  on  p.  20,  n.  5  ;  p.  21, 
n.  2  ;  p.  25,  n.  1  ;  the  English  printing  is 
virtually  perfect  (an  exception  on  p.  22, 
ii.  1). 


The  translation  calls  for  little  criticism. 
The  word  milieu  occurs  too  often.  The 
language  should  be  modified  on  p.  189  and 
elsewhere  to  avoid  the  cumbrous  word 
"  irremissibly."  We  do  not  like  "  recon- 
ducting "  on  p.  473,  and  there  is  a  bad 
sentence  on  p.  59.  We  call  attention  to  these 
matters  in  no  captious  spirit,  but  merely  to 
help  a  book  which  is  excellent  to  approach 
yet  nearer  to  the  ideal. 

A  Book  of  Mortals.  By  Flora  Annie  Steel. 
(Heinemann.) — This  is  an  odd  book,  which 
rather  bewilders  the  reader.  Mrs.  Steel 
clearly  takes  her  subject  seriously,  though 
the  haphazard  selection  of  illustrations 
hardly  suggests  a  book  of  such  a  character. 
We  find  reproductions  of  well-known  pic- 
tures, which  have  a  nondescript  range,  and 
sometimes  no  particular  relevance.  They 
are,  however,  kept  in  some  relation  with 
the  topic  of  the  book  by  containing  animals. 
For  this  volume  is  "a  record  of  the  good 
deeds  and  good  qualities  of  what  humanity 
is  pleasd  to  call  the  lower  animals."  And 
there  we  find  Mrs.  Steel's  bias  at  once. 
In  seeking  to  exalt  the  animal  she  pours 
scorn  on  human  nature.  Human  beings 
are  in  her  eyes  lower  in  the  scale  of  morality 
than  dumb  animals.  But  what,  one  may 
ask  with  Browning  in  '  Jocoseria, ' 

Of  that  self-sacrifice  in  men  which  solves 
The  riddle — Wherein  differs  man  from  beast? 
Foxes  boast  cleverness,  and  courage  wolves : 
Nowhere  but  in  mankind  is  found  the  least 
Touch  of  an  impulse  "To  our  fellows — good 
I'  the  highest !  — not  diminished  but  increased 
"  By  the  condition  plainly  understood 
Such  good  shall  be  attained  at  price  of  hurt 
I'  the  highest  to  ourselves  ! " 

The  author's  is  a  hopelessly  sentimental 
view,  but  she  is  very  much  in  earnest, 
and  pleads  her  case  with  eloquence  and 
with  the  address  of  an  advocate.  She 
writes  well,  and  she  writes  boldly,  as 
upon  marriage  ;  yet  that  chapter  is 
sentimentalism  gone  to  seed.  To  argue 
that  marriage  has  had  to  be  invented 
because  of  man's  inferior  morals,  and  that 
the  dog  can  dispense  with  the  institution, 
because,  presumably,  of  his  superiority, 
seems  to  us  wrong  -  headedness.  If  the 
assertion  had  been  so  limited  as  to  con- 
cern only  that  rigid  monogamist  the  swan, 
we  should  have  had  more  difficulty  in  dis- 
posing of  it.  This  chapter  (we  may  inci- 
dentally remark)  is  illustrated  by  a  nice 
plate  of  '  Bird  and  Arum.'  Mrs.  Steel 
give3  a  vocabulary  of  "  one  dog  "  in  face 
of  which  the  present  reviewer  is  frankly 
heretic.  It  contains  over  a  hundred  words, 
and  includes  five  pronouns. 

The  second  part  of  the  book  is  concerned 
with  what  animals  have  done  for  men,  and 
opens  with  the  serpent,  and  Diirer's  picture 
of  the  Temptation  !  Here  we  have  associated 
the  Passover  lamb,  Ulysses's  dog,  Balaam's 
ass,  the  lion  of  Androcles,  the  phoenix,  the 
wolves  of  the  Capitol,  the  unicorn,  and 
Robert  Bruce's  spider.  Such  a  width  of 
range  is  rather  disconcerting.  Yet  from  it 
all  one  turns  with  approbation  to  the  pre- 
fatory note,  which  breathes  the  author's 
purpose,  and  to  the  dedicatory  verses,  in- 
scribed touchingly  to  a  puppy  who  chose 
"  the  illimitable  liberty  of  death." 

We  trust  that  Suffering's  Journey  on  the 
Earth,  by  Carmen  Sylva,  translated  from 
'  Leiden's  Untergang,'  by  Margaret  A.  Nash 
(Jarrold  &  Sons),  may  secure  as  large  a 
circle  of  readers  as  it  deserves,  for  it  is  a 
book  that  would  certainly  give  pleasure  to 
many  people,  and  not  least,  perhaps,  to 
those  who  as  a  rule  look  somewhat  askance 
on  literature  in  its  Lighter  forms.  Tlw  little 
work,  which  treats  in  allegory  of  the  parts 
played  by  Suffering,  Sin,  and  the  other 
spiritual  powers  in  this  world,  has  genuine 


charm  ;  it  is  fresh  and  spontaneous,  and 
written  from  a  full  heart.  Its  defects — a  lack 
of  artistic  restraint,  and  at  times  a  certain 
incoherence  and  disconnectedness — will  be 
felt  most  keenly  by  the  critical,  or  possibly 
we  should  say  the  hypercritical,  for  they  are 
not  likely  to  interfere  with  the  enjoyment  of 
most  readers.  While  the  experiences  of 
Suffering  and  her  fellow-personifications 
form  the  main  subject  of  the  book,  tales  of  a 
more  purely  human  interest  are  interspersed 
here  and  there,  and  the  final  chapter  is  an 
intimate  and  touching  personal  confession 
of  the  author  herself.  Mrs.  Nash's  transla- 
tion is  sympathetic,  but  very  unsure  :  she 
will  often  render  a  phrase  or  passage  with 
real  felicity,  but  at  other  times  she  shows  a 
curious  want  of  literary  skill,  and  her 
introduction  indicates  but  little  practice  in 
the  art  of  writing. 

In  the  "  Belles  Lettres  "  Series  of  "  The 
Royal  Library  "  (A.  L.  Humphreys)  the 
latest  issue  is  Literary  Essays,  by  John 
Morley.  They  consist  of  papers  on  Byron, 
Carlyle,  Macaulay,  Wordsworth,  and  '  On  the 
Study  of  Literature,'  which  are  well  worth 
the  elegant  form  and  print  here  accorded 
to  them.  Mr.  Morley  is  full  of  sound  sense 
and  knowledge,  and  could  be  a  brilliant 
epigrammatist  if  he  liked.  He  gives  us,  in 
fact,  the  impression  of  suggesting  epigram 
rather  than  writing  it,  as  if  he  thought  fire- 
works were  too  flashy  for  sober  criticism. 
No  word  is  added  by  Mr.  Humphreys  as  to 
the  original  appearance  of  the  essays.  This  is 
a  pity.  The  opening  of  the  '  Wordsworth  ' 
essay  speaks,  for  instance,  of  "  the  poet 
whose  works  are  contained  in  the  present 
volume."  This  seems  nonsense,  but  refers 
to  Messrs.  Macmillan's  standard  Words- 
worth in  the  well-known  green  covers. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Mr.  TuckwelPs 
Reminiscences  of  a  Radical  Parson  (Cassell), 
which  are  at  once  lively  and  practical,  have 
reached  a  "  Popular  Edition." 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  first  fifty 
volumes  of  "  Everyman's  Library  "  (Dent 
&  Co.),  which  are  now  out,  have  created  a 
stir.  The  books  are  wonderful,  and  both 
publishers  and  editor  are  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  far-reaching  character  of  the  scheme 
and  its  execution.  At  a  moderate  price  the 
reader  has  an  introduction  ;  a  biblio- 
graphical note ;  a  good  text  (in  which 
we  are  glad  to  notice  a  standard  of 
accuracy  very  different  from  that  of  the 
ordinary  cheap  reprint)  ;  a  decorative  title- 
page,  which  is  faced  by  a  suitable  motto 
similarly  decorated  ;  and  a  gold-lettered 
binding  which  varies  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  contents.  The  books  are  seven  inches 
high,  so  that  they  are  considerably  larger 
than  "The  Temple  Classics."  More  impor- 
tant, however,  than  cheapness  and  appear- 
ance to  the  serious  lover  of  English  letters  is 
the  quality  of  the  books  issued  and  of  the 
critics  who  introduce  them.  Mr.  Rhys 
edited  "  The  Camelot  Classics  "  of  an  earlier 
period,  and  clearly  this  experience  has  stood 
him  in  good  stead.  Aided,  no  doubt,  by 
the  enthusiasm  of  Mr.  Dent,  whose  zeal  for 
humaner  letters  is  well  known,  he  has  ven- 
tured to  include  things  so  good,  and  so  little 
known  to  the  man  in  the  street  (or  shall  we 
say  the  man  in  the  train  ?),  as  Latimer's 
Sermons,  introduced  in  lucid  style  by  Canon 
Beeching,  and  The  Wild  Ass's  Skin  of 
Balzac,  a  master  piece  which  should  impress 
a  new  circle  in  this  form.  In  this  volume 
there  is  a  brief  account  of  Balzac's  life,  and 
such  should,  we  think,  be  added  in  every 
case  where  the  writer's  life  is  not  well  known. 
Thus  Mr.  Belloe,  in  annotating  Essays  in 
Literature  and  History  by  J.  A.  Froude, 
conveys    no    idea    of    Froude'a    position    at 


2(1 1 


'I'll  I!     AT  II  KN.KIM 


N    1088.  Maw  h  ■>,  L906 


( )\i..i,i.  or,  ni'l'  •  d,  hii>  «  here.     He  i    d 
ing    and    brilliant,    generalize*    About     fclw 
i       ran..-   i.i    Oxford   awd    Cambridge,   and 

(•II  ii-  tlmt  ii|h.m  the  mum  di  -.  ii  wion  <>i 
Proude'i   Ufa      i!    to   unpoeeible   t<>   pe 

j 1 1 . 1 ■_■  1 1 1 . •  r 1 1 .  far  the  element*  <>i  thai  <!, 
■re  now  deetroyed ;  tin-  universities  no 
longer  pretend  to  believe."  We  cannot 
support  In-  minimizing  <>i  Proude'i  inaccu- 
raei  i  and  the  oomplaoenl  reference  to 
tride  reading  which  follows  i-  ■  little  spoilt 
by  the  next  paragraph.  Here  Froude  is 
lauded  for  ascribing  t'>  Rogers  a  Btory  which, 
without  flaims  to  wide  reading,  we  know  to 
be  much  older.  The  world  is  not,  of  com 
full  of  masters  of  praise  l iU«-  Mr.  Swinburne, 
who  introduces  The  Cloister  and  tin  Hearth, 
and  good  choice  so  far  has  been  made  of 
critics,  hut  we  hope  thej  will  be  sensible 
and  not  too  olever.  The  reader  of  this 
aeries  wants,  we  imagine,  a  few  authoritative 
facts  and  conclusions  which  are  not  original 
enough  to  be  brilliant.  Mr.  Synums  is 
excellent  iii  his  introduction  to  Biographia 
Lit<  raria.  though  he  says  more  of  criticism 
in  general  than  of  Coleridge's  in  particular. 
Sir  Oliver  Lodge  writes  admirably,  being, 
like  Huxley,  a  man  of  .science  with  literary 
gifts,  on  Man's  Place  in  Nature,  which 
has  illustrations  in  the  text.  Andersen's 
Fair;/  Talcs  has,  and  needs,  but  a  brief 
editorial  note.  The  children,  however,  have 
got  striking  illustrations  by  the  brother- 
Robinson,  and  the  prettiest  of  the  bindings 
for  their  shilling.  Looking  back  to  our 
early  days  of  bad  print  and  the  general 
dullness  of  books  except  a  few,  we  call 
both  young  and  old  to-day  "  fortunatos 
nimium."  All  the  series  can  be  had  in 
leather  as  well  as  cloth.  The  set  of  Jane 
Austen  in  the  former  style  will  be  specially 
applauded,  for  it  repeats  the  excellent  type 
of  a  more  expensive  issue.  We  have  not 
space  to  dwell  on  further  volumes,  but  the 
satisfactory  boldness  of  the  enterprise  will 
be  recognized  by  all  who  look  at  the  list  of 
volumes  issued  and  promised. 

The  "  Universal  Library  "  of  Mes>i-. 
Routledge  is  receiving  some  additions  of 
high  interest.  We  are  struck  by  the  good 
sense  shown  by  Mr.  F.  L.  Knowles  in  his 
introduction  to  The  Golden  Treasury  of 
American  Songs  and  Lyrics,  a  selection  which 
displays  pre-eminently  both  knowledge  and 
taste.  Whyte-Melville's  Gladiators,  Mac- 
aulay's  Literary  Essays,  and  Tyndall's 
Glaciers  of  the  Alps  show  the  catholic  cha- 
racter of  the  series.  Two  volumes  are  out 
of  Shakespeare's  Works,  edited  by  Charles 
Knight,  a  plain  text  without  notes.  What 
we  strongly  desire  to  see  reprinted  is 
'  Knight's  Companion  Shakespeare,'  with 
introductory  remarks,  and  notes  in  the 
margin,  3  vols.  (G.  Routledge  &  Co.,  1857). 
There  have  been  hundreds  of  editions,  we 
suppose,  since  this,  but  it  remains  one  of 
the  most  useful.  In  this  "Library,"  as  in 
that  just  noticed,  Essays  by  Froude  are 
included,  with  an  index  of  proper  names. 

The  English  Catalogue  of  Books  for  1903, 
now  issued  by  the  Publishers'  Circular, 
Limited,  is  again  before  us,  and  within  five 
minutes  of  its  receipt  we  find  its  information 
useful  and  easily  obtainable.  It  is,  in 
fact,  the  year-book  we  should  be  least 
ready  to  part  with.  We  are  very  glad  that 
its  continued  publication  is  assured.  The 
volume  is  of  great  interest  to  those  who 
analyze  literary  activity.  Japan  occupies 
nearly  a  page  ;  Russia,  including  works  on 
the  war,  about  half  that  amount.  Tennyson 
occupies  nearly  a  page,  several  of  his  books 
being    now    out    of    copyright.      Sliakspeare 

witli  a  page  and  three-quarters  and  Walter 
Scott  with  more  than  a  page  indicate  a 
Strong  and  steady  demand.      In  fiction  Mr.  | 


\\ .   I.'    Queux   I,,,      ixteen  item-  under  bia 

inline:  otherwise  women  x-ein  mole  iiMi\<- 
than  men.  The  late  Adeline  Sergoanl  has 
under  her  name  fouit.  .  n   it<  in   .    L.    I      M<  ad< 

twenty,   Florence  Man  \  at  eleven,  Florence 

Warden      ten.       More      interesting,      perhl 
than    these    frivolous   BgUrCS   is   the   fact    that 

Marcus  Aurelius  has  five  entries,     it  \o 

as    if    he    were    advancing    in    that     popular 

favour  for  which  he  eared  so  little.  But 
we  should  not  care  to  look  to  his  modern 

leaders    lor   details   of    his    life   and    times,    or 

even  the  language  in  which  he  wrote. 

\\  i    have  received  from  Mr.  .lame,  William 

Vickers   his   Newspaper   Gazetteer  for    1906. 

Its  contents  are  well  arranged  and  easy  of 
reference.  The  population  of  the  various 
towns  is  given,  mostly  according  to  the 
Census  of  1901.  The  concluding  portion  of 
the  book  is  devoted  to  the  Colonial 
and  Indian  Press.  We  notice  the  same 
careful,  efficient  editing  as  in  former  years  ; 
and  the  type  and  print  are  excellent. 


LIST   OF  NEW   BOOKS. 

E  X  QLIS  ll. 

Tlienloj}/. 

Allison  (T.)  Lectures  on  English  Church  History,  1/6  net. 
Ancient  Tyre  and  Modern  England,  by  Philo-Anglicanua, 

7  (J  net'. 
Century  Bible:  Psalms  LXXIII.-CL,  edited  by  Rev.  T.  W. 

I).t\  ies,  2/6  net. 
Church  and  the  Adversary,  by  a  Layman,  3/6  net. 
Moves  (MgrA  Aspects  <>f  Anglicanism,  <>  o  net. 
Oldfleld  (W.  .1.)  a  Primer  of  Religion,  2/6 
Richards  ( W.)  The  Spirit  in  the  Letter  of  the  Word,  5  ' 
Wagner  (('.),  The  Gospel  of  Life,  3/6;  Towards  the  Heights, 

2/  net 
Ware  (J.)  The  Divine  Man,  a  New  Epic,  6/ 

Lair. 
Maine  (sir  H.  S.)  Ancient  Law,  5/  net. 

Fine  Art  ami  Arehaotogy. 
Bellini  (Giovanni),  3/6  net. 
Caffin  (C.  H.),  How  to  study  Pictures,  10/C  net. 
Cox  (David),  Drawings  of,  7/6  net. 
Frantz  (H.),  French  Pottery,  7/0  net. 
Havertield  (F.   .1.),  The  Romanization  of  Roman  Britain, 

2/6  net. 
Moss  (F.),  Pilgrimages  to  Old  Homes,  Third  Series,  21/  net. 
sturch(F.),  Manual  Training  Drawing  (Woodwork),  5/ net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Barton  (G.  F.).  The  Pipe  of  Desire,  and  other  Plays. 
Balbi  (.1.  L.),  Regeneration,  a  Play  in  Three  Acts,  ad. 
Hale  (K.  K.  jun.),  Dramatists  of  To-day,  6/  net. 
Hewlett  (M.),  Pan  and  the  Young  shepherd,  a  Pastoral  in 

Two  Acts,  1/6 
Khamara  (Smara),  In  the  Valley  of  Stars  there  is  a  Tower 

of  silence,  a  Persian  Tragedy,  3/6  net. 
Loveman  (R.),  Songs  from   a  Georgia  Garden  and  Echoes 

from  the  dates  of  Silence,  5/ 
McNab  (H.),  The  Viking,  and  other  Poems,  5/ net. 
Rice(C.  V.),  Plays  and  Lyrics,  7/6  net. 
Riethmueller  (R.),  Walt  whitman  and  the  Germans,  a 

Study. 
Roberts  (R.  K.),  Poems,  5/ net. 
Sharpley  (II.),    A    Realist   of  the   .-Fgean,    being   a    Verse- 

Translation  of  the  Mimes  of  Herodas,  2/6  net. 
Bibliography. 
Ancient  Deeds  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  a  Descriptive 

Catalogue,  Vol.  V.,  15/ 
English  Historical  Review,  Index  to  Articles,  Vols.  I. -XX., 

::()  net. 
Griffin  (A.   P.  C),  List  of  Cartularies  (principally  French) 

added  to  the  Library  of  Congress. 
Ph  ilosophy, 
Hbffding  (Dr.  in,  The  Philosophy  of  Religion,  translated 

bj  B.  E.  Meyer,  12/  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

Anderson  (J.  HA  The  Peninsular  War.  1811-18,  8/  net. 

Breasted  (J.  H.),  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt  '■  Historical 
Documents,  vol.  L,  12  ;  History  of  Egypt,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Persian  Conquest,  20/ net 

King   (W.    L    M.),  The  Secret    of    Heroism:    a    Memoir    of 

Henry  Albert  Harper. 
Letters  and  Papers,  Foreign  and  Domestic,  of  the  Feign  of 
Henry  \  III.,  arranged  by  J.  Gairdner  and  R.  II.  Brodie, 

Vol.  XX.  Part   I  .  1 

McCullagh  (FA  With  the  Cossacks,  7  a  net 
Marindin  (A.  II).  The  Salamanca  Campaign,  7/8  net. 

Markhani  (Sir  ( '.),  A  Menioirof  Archbishop  Markham,  S  ml. 

sidgwick  (Henrj ).  a  Memoir,  by  A.  8.  and  E.  M.  S.,  12/B  net 
TuckweU  (Rev,  \v.),  Ruminiscences  of  a  Radical  Parson, 

Popular  Edition.  6 
Who's  Who  in  America,  iixki-7,  18,  net 
Williams (L.),  Granada,  7  6  net 

Geography  ami  Travel 
Hard)  (O.  HA  Red-Letter  Days  hi  Greece  and  Egypt 
Miltoun  (FA  Rambles  in  Brittany,  6/  net. 
snell  (F.  •!.).  The  Hlackmore  Count 
VVrogge(C.  L),  The  Romance  of  the  south  seas,  7/B  net 


rtog    i'     1 

in  1        1.  1 

and  Hunt -in.  n,  edited  l»)  ~n  H    I 

/■!.,!■ 

pimIHiii  Index  t'erboruai  Ptopsttiaane, « 1 

■ 
Bill  ill—  <  1    11  >    1 1  1    i>  .-  ■       ■  1   1: 

1  i;  net 

Deakii  •  1  ■  Algeu 

Army  Handbook  of  Physical  'I  raining,  1    net 
tvebury  (Liird),  The  Iknulir*  of  Nature  luid  tin-    • 
of  the  World  We  Lire  III.  M 

Beanmonl  <w     W.\  >lm.„   Vehicle*    ind  Motors,  v.,1    11 

net 
HI  o  k  -  Medical  Dfa  tionary,  edited  bj   l    I)  < '<>un 
Box(C.  Kjand  I  ■  linlcal  Applied  An.it 

12  6  net 
Burke  li.   R .).  The  Origin  of  Life,  Its  Physical  Basil 

Definition,  16  net. 
DayUm  (HA  Practice  of  Medicine,  1   net 
Haefflei  (C.  HA  The  Cleansing,  Disinfection,  and  Protectioa 

of  the  Hand-.,  translated  bj  C.  Heron 
Hornei  (J.  GA  Modern  Milling  Machines,  li 
/ones  til.  R),  Examination  Qaestioni  for  the  Dipiom 

Public  Health,  I  <i  net 
Kelynaek  (T.  H.),  The  Alcohol  Proi.l.-m  in  its  Biolog 

Aspect  2 
Uebretch  (O.),  Third  Treatise  on  the  Effects  of  Borax 

Boric  Acid  on  the  Human  System,  6    net. 

Milward  (F.  \ '.).  Irlsrnaraof  the  Rectum,  S  net. 
Stevens  (F,   .1),  Smallpox,   it-   Dissemination  and  Pn 

t ion,  I  B  net 
wiia  1  ton    (II.    R.).    Minor   Operative    Surgery,    including. 

Bandaging,  14  6  net 
whittaker  (C.  R.),  Essentials  ,,f  Surface  Anatomy,  2 6  net. 

tHe  Beaks, 
Child's  Birthday  Book,  :t .6  net. 

General  Liletmtwe. 
Blatchford  (R.),  Not  Guilty,  2  6  net. 
Brailsford  (II.  N.),   Macedonia,  it-  Races  and  their  Future,. 

12  6  net. 
Bullen  (F.  T.).  Sea  Spray,  6/ 
Carnegie  Tnist   for  the    Universities    of    Scotland,    1 

Annual  Report 
Cassell's  New  Dictionary  of  Cookei 

Cleeve(L).  Billy  '-  Wife,  6/ 

Dearmer  (MA  Brownjonn's 

Dent's  Everyman's  Library  :    BosweB's   Life   of  Johnson, 

Vols.    I.   and   II.:    Andersen's  Fairy  Tale-:   Coleridge's 
Biographia    Literaria  ;    Fronde  s    Essays   in    Lit«-r:itur«- 
and    History  ;  Jane  Austen's   Novels,   .",  \ol>.  ;    Bull 
Wild  Ass's  skin  :  Reach's  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth  : 
Sermons  by  Hugh  Latimer;  Golden  Book  of  Coleridj 
Huxley's    Essays;   and  other  Volumes,  1     each   cloth: 

2  leather. 

Devine(K.  T.),  Kfficiencv  and  Relief,  8   net. 

Donnell  (A.  II.),  Rebecca  Mary,  6/ 

Gardenhire  (S.  M.),  The  Long  Ann,  67 

Hering  (H.  A.),  The  Burglars'  Club 

Kemp  (G A  By  Liw  EternaL  S/B 

Keniahan  (Mrs.  C),  An  Artist  .-  Model,  6 

Lloyd  (J A  Miriam,  .'{  6 

Marks  (M.  A.  MA  The  Tree  of  Knowledge,  3/G  net. 

Marsh  (R.),  The  Garden  of  M\st, 

Mayor  of  Troy  (The),  by  <,r  I 

Moiiahan  (MA  Benigna  Vena  :  Essays,  Literary  and  Per- 
sonal. 

Munro  (.+:.),  The  Transvaal  (Chinese)  Labour  Problems,. 
2  (i  net. 

Pemberton  (Max),  My  Sword  for  Lafayette,  6/ 

Penty  (A.  •!.).  The  Restoration  of  the  Gild  Svstem,  i  6  net. 

PhiHpotts(F.),  Hie  Unluck)  Number,  6rf. 

Pryce  (GA  a  Son  of  Anon.  6 

Routledge's  New  Universal  Library :  Golden  Treasury  of 

American    Songs    and     Lyrics;     Whyte-Melville's    Th»- 

Gladiators;   Fronde's  Fssa>s:   Shakespeare's    Work-, 
Vols.     I.    and    II.:    Tyndall's    Glaciers    of     the    Alps: 
Macaulay's  Literary  Essays,  1    net  each. 
Sahatini  (R.),  Bardelys  the  Magnificent.  Q 
Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections,  Vol.  III.  Part  ! 
Successful  Bookseller  (The).  7  6  net. 

Supplement  to  Pod's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Kniuh: 

1 '  net. 
Turner  (F.)  and  Hodder(R),  The  Purloined  Prince.  Third 

Edition. 
Tynan  (K.).  The  Yellow  Domino,  and  other  Stories 
Victoria  University  of  Manchester  Calendar,     •  net. 

F  0  R  F  I  (i  N. 

Theology. 
GriltCmacher  (GA  Hieronymus;   Vol.  II.    Sea  I^el>en  u, 

seine  Sohriften  von  885  bis  100,  7  m. 
Leitner  (!•'.).  IVr  golte-dienstlic  he  \  olk-ges,ing  in  judischert 

u.  cbristUchen  Altertum,  Bnv  00. 
Pea  li  ii    ).  De  (nspiratione  Sacne  Scriptuna,  Sin.  80. 

Scriptorea  Syri,  Series   111.  Tome  IX.  Part  HI.  2  vols.,  12m. 

Fine  Art  ami  Arenwology. 

Furtwangler    (A.I.    Fie.  liter    (K    R.t.     unci    Thiersch    ill 
Ae^iua.  d.i-  lleiligtuin  der  Aphaia.  ISQaa, 

Niihotf  (W.\  i.  An  Typographique  dans  lee  Pays-Baa,, 
1600-40,  Part  V11I. 

Poetry  ami  the  Drama. 
France (Anatole),  An  Petit  Bonfaeur,  lfr.  50. 

HiStary  ami  liimjiaplni. 

Brisson  (P.),  Hiatoire  du  Travail  et  dea  TravaiUem  - 

Colin  (AA  Alfred  de  alusset  Intime.  afr. 

Ia'i>e\    (AA    Lee  Troia    Coups   d'F.tat   de  Louis-Napoleon 

Bonaparte:  Strasburget  Boulogne,  Sfr. 
Schuster  (GA  Die  geheimen  G  mnllrwhaftfsi,  Verbmdungeai 

u.  Orden,  2  vols.,  IC111. 
Souhics  (A.)   et    t'aretlc   (F.1,    Les    Regimes    Politique-   au 

XX.  Sieole:  Lea B^pubblques  Parl«nenteirea, 6tr. 
Geoymphy  ami  ZVufeL 
Gentil  (L.X  Mission  deSegontac,  Explorations  auMarocf12(, 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


2c; 


Philology. 
Tonrneur    (V.),     Esquisse     iVune    Histoire     des     Etudes 
Celtiques,  8  fr. 

General  Literature. 
Aubry  (O.),  La  Face  d'Aiiain,  3f.  50. 
Bertheroy  (J.),  Les  Delices  de  Mantoue,  3f.  50. 
Saint-Point  (V.  de),  Trilogie  de  I'Aniour  et  de  Li  Mort :  I. 

Un  Ainouv,  .'ifr.  50. 
Strannik  (I.),  Les  Mage.s  sans  Etoile,  3f.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this-  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


GOETHE    AND    HEINE. 

Probably  nothing  in  the  history  of  lite- 
rary criticism  is  better  known  than  the 
remark  attributed  to  Goethe  that  Heine,  as 
a  poet,  with  all  his  brilliance,  was  deficient 
in  love — 

Love,  without  which  the  tongue 
Even  of  angels  sounds  amiss. 

The  statement  as  applied  to  Heine  I  have 
found  in  Matthew  Arnold,  in  James  Sime's 
'  Life  of  Goethe,'  in  William  Sharp's  '  Life 
of  Heine,'  and  in  the  introduction  by 
Stephen  Born  to  the  edition  of  Heine  in 
Cotta's  "  Bibliothek  der  Weltliteratur  "  ; 
and  probably  it  occurs  elsewhere.  With  so 
many  witnesses  testifying  to  the  fact,  one 
might  well  be  content  to  accept  the  state- 
ment as  accurate  ;  but  as  both  Sime  and 
Sharp  give  Eckermann  as  their  authority 
for  Goethe's  observation,  this  puzzled  me 
exceedingly  ;  for  I  had  read  Eckermann,  not 
only  with  that  keen  interest  which  he  invari- 
ably begets  in  his  readers,  but  with  some 
care,  and  I  could  recall  no  passage  lending 
any  support  to  this  alleged  criticism  of  the 
author  of  the  '  Buch  der  Lieder.'  Again  I 
looked,  but  in  vain  ;  only  one  incidental 
reference  to  Heine  could  I  discover  through- 
out Eckermann's  entire  work.  What  I  did 
find,  however,  was  a  conversation  between 
Goethe  and  Eckermann  on  Christmas  Day, 
1825,  in  which  Goethe  applied  to  Platen  the 
criticism  usually — but  quite  erroneously,  as 
it  seemed — considered  to  have  been  passed 
upon  Heine.  This  was  more  puzzling  than 
ever,  for  with  this  passage  before  them, 
how  did  the  writers  above  mentioned  come 
to  regard  the  criticism  as  applicable  to 
Heine  ?  Turning  again  to  Arnold's  familiar 
lines  on  '  Heine's  Grave  ' — 

But  was  it  thou — I  think 
Surely  it  was  !   that  hard 
Unnamed,  who,  Goethe  said, 
Had  every  other  gift  but  wanted  lore  ; 
Love,  without  which  the  tongue 
Kven  of  angels  sounds  amiss — 

there  seemed  to  be  in  them  a  clue  worth 
following  up.  Arnold  speaks  of  "  that 
bard  unnamed,"  and  it  occurred  to  me  as 
just  possible  that  Eckermann  in  his  early 
editions  might  have  suppressed  the  name  of 
the  poet  to  whom  Goethe  referred.  Accord- 
ingly I  have  looked  at  the  edition  of  Ecker- 
mann dated  1836 — this  I  believe  is  the  first 
edition — in  the  British  Museum,  and  there 
I  find  that  the  poet's  name  is  not  given. 
The  passage  which  now  commences,  "  Wir 
sprachen  fiber  Platen,  dessen  negative 
Hichtung  gleichfalls  nicht  gebilligt  wurde," 
begins  thus  in  the  editions  of  1836  and  1837  : 
Ks  kam  darauf  einer  unserer  neuesten 
deutschen  Dichter  zur  Erwahnung,  der  sich 
in  kurzer  Zeit  einen  bedeutenden  Namen 
gemacht,  dessen  negative  Richtung  jedoch 
gleichfalls  nicht  gebilligt  wurde."  It  then 
continues  as  in  the  later  editions,  except  that 
asterisks  arc  given  where  Platen's  name 
now  appears.  Here,  then,  was  the  explana- 
tion. Finding  no  name  given  by  Ecker- 
mann, critics  immediately  jumped  to  the 
conclusion — the  wrong  one,  as  it  turned  out 
— that  it  was  Heme  who  was  lacking  in  the 
ntial  tiling — love;  and  they  have  gone 
on  repeating  the  error  ever  since,  notwith- 
standing the  change  made  by  Eckermann 


in  the  text  of  his  later  editions.  That  Platen 
was  really  the  poet  in  question  is  put  beyond 
doubt  by  the  index  to  the  1836  edition  of 
Eckermann,  which  (although  the  text  does 
not  disclose  the  name)  contains  this  entry  : 
"v.     Platen,    Graf     Aug....Ihm    fehle    die 

Liebe,  234 " 

It  is  curious  that  Heine  himself,  in  his 
'  Ueber  Polen,'  written  in  1822,  applies  to 
the  French  school  of  philosophy  the  same 
criticism  that  Goethe  applies  to  Platen. 
Referring  to  it,  he  says  :  "  Ich  will  hier 
Stunden,  wo  ich  sie  verehre  :  ich  selbst  bin 
diese  gewiss  nicht  verunglimpfen,  es  gibt 
gewissermassen  ein  Kind  derselben.  Aber 
ich  glaube  doch,  es  fehlt  ihr  die  Hauptsache 
— die  Liebe." 

James  S.  Henderson. 


CHAUCER:     "  PRESTES  THRE  "   OR 

"  PREST    ESTRE  "  ? 

Prof.  V.  Kastner  proposes  to  read 
"  prest  estre  "  for  the  reading  of  the  received 
text  "  prestes  thre."  It  must  be  admitted 
that  there  is  some  difficulty  in  accepting  the 
text  as  it  stands,  and  no  doubt  a  plausible 
and  scholarly  amendment  would  be  welcomed 
by  all  who  are  interested  in  the  work  of 
restoring  Chaucer's  text  to  its  genuine  form. 
Is  it  possible  to  accept  Prof.  Kastner' s 
amendment  ?  I  think  not,  for  if  we  did  so, 
it  would  mean  accepting  "  prest  estre,"  a  non- 
existent phrase,  and  recognizing  "  estre,"  a 
grammatical  monstrosity.  Let  us  just  con- 
sider Prof.  Kastner's  explanation  of  his  hypo- 
thetical form  "  estre."  He  explains  this 
hypothetical  form  as  a  French  adjective 
derived  from  the  French  estre,  occurring  in 
Chaucer  in  the  plural  estres  with  the  mean- 
ing of  the  inner  parts  of  a  house,  and  thus 
he  gets  for  his  estre  the  sense  of  "  domes- 
ticus. "  Is  it  according  to  the  laws  of  French 
word- formation  to  derive  a  word  which  in 
form  is  a  passive  participle  from  a  substan- 
tive ?  Moreover,  this  substantive  is  formally 
an  infinitive,  for  estre,  a  dwelling-place,  is 
identical  with  estre  (modern  French  etre), 
to  be,  meaning  literally  "a  being."  The 
word  "being"  has  precisely  the  same 
meaning  "  a  dwelling  -  place  ' '  in  East 
Anglia ;  see  •  Dialect  Dictionary. ' 

A.  L.  Mayhew. 


THE  SPRING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY'  PRESS 
have  in  the  press  in  the  "  Canihridge  English 
Classics,"  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Complete  Plays 
and  Poems,  Vols.  Til.  and  IV.,  edited  by  Arnold 
Glover  and  A.  R.  Waller;  Crahhe's  Poems, 
Vol.  II.,  edited  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Ward;  Prior's 
Prose  Dialogues  and  other  Works,  forming  with 
the  volume  already  issued  a  eomplete  edition  of 
Prior,  prose  and  verse  ;  Cowley's  Essays  and 
Plays,  completing  Ins  English  works  ;  and  Butler's 
Characters,  edited  by  A.  R.  Waller, — and  in  the 
Cambridge  Type  series,  editions  of  Milton's  Comus. 
and  other  Poems,  and  of  Bacon's  Essays. 

In  History  and  Law  :  Vol.  IX.  of  the  Cambridge 
Modern  History,  Napoleon,— Modern  Spain,  181f>- 
1898,  by  H.  Butler  Clarke,— No  Man's  Land,  a 
History  of  Spitsbergen,  by  Sir  Martin  Conway, 
and  The  Growth  01  an  English  Manor,  by  Miss 
F.  G.  Davenport. 

In    Literature   and    Philology  :    Aristotle's   de 

Sensu  and  de  Mcinoria,  edited  by  (i.  R.  T.  Ross, 
— Herodotus,  Book  IV.,  edited  by  ES.  S.  Shuck- 
burgh,  with   notes,      an  edition  of  the  text  only  of 

Jebb'a  Baochylides,  An  Introduction  to  Com- 
parative Philology  for  Classical  Students,  by  ■!.  M. 

Edmonds,  a  Lit  in  Grammar  by  the  Ever,  A. 
Sloman,  and  a  German  Grammar  by  <i.  H. 
Clarke  and  C.  J.  Murray. 


In  Mathematics  :  Quadratic  Forms  and  their 
Classification  by  means  of  Invariant  Factors,  by 
Prof.  T.  FA.  Bromwieh, — and  a  Trigonometry  for 
Beginners,  by  J.  W.  Mercer. 

A  second  edition  of  The  Origin  and  Propagation 
of  Sin,  by  F.  R.  Tennant,  is  also  in  the  press,  and 
Vol.  IV.  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Sayle's  Catalogue  of  Early 
English  Printed  Books  in  the  University  Library, 
Cambridge. 

MESSRS.  SWAN  SONNENSCHEIN  &  CO. 
announce  in  History,  Biography,  and  Belles- 
Lettres  :  William  Clark,  Journalist  :  his  Life  and 
Work,  by  Herbert  Burrows  and  others, — Topo- 
graphical and  Historic  Links,  by  D.  L.  Maguire, — 
with  illustrations, — Browning's  Sordello  ;  a  Com- 
mentary, by  K.  M.  Loudon, — An  Anthology  of 
French  Poetry  from  the  Time  of  Froissart  to  the 
Beginning  of  the  Present  Century,  selected  and 
arranged  by  Frederick  Lawton  — and  Diary  and 
Correspondence  of  Pepys,  edited  by  Lord  Bray- 
brooke,  a  reprint  of  the  copyright  edition  of 
1848-9,  4  vols. 

In  Philosophy,  Theology,  &e.  :  Physiological 
Psychology,  by  Prof.  W.  Wundt,  a  translation  of 
the  fifth  German  edition,  by  Prof.  E.  B.  Titcheneiv 
Vol.  II.,  with  153  illustrations, — The  History  of 
Philosophy,  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Erdmann,  an  Englisb 
abridgment,  translated  by  W.  S.  Hough, — 
Thoughts  and  Things,  by  Prof.  Mark  Baldwin  : 
Vol.  I.  Theory  of  Knowledge,  Functional  Logic, 
Vol.  II.  Theory  of  Reality,  Real  Logic, — Man  ;. 
or,  Problems  Ancient  and  Modern  relating  to  Man. 
with  Guesses  at  Solutions,  by  the  Rev.  W.  T. 
Nicholson, — The  Workshop  of  Religions,  by  A. 
Lillie, — Genesis  and  Exodus  as  History  :  a  Critical 
Enquiry,  by  J.  Thomas, — and  Apollonius  of  TyanaT 
and  other  Essays,  by  T.  Whittaker. 

Books  of  Reference :  Dictionary  of  German 
Quotations,  by  L.  Dalbiac, — Dictionary  of  Spanish 
Quotations,  by  the  late  T.  B.  Harbottle, — Sonnen- 
schein's  Cyclopaedia  of  Education,  brought  up  to 
date  by  M.  E.  John, — and  The  Girls'  School  Year- 
Book,  1906. 

Social  Economics  and  Science :  in  the  Social 
Science  Series,  A  Practical  Programme  for 
Working  Men  ;  and  John  Thelwall,  by  Charles 
Cestre, — The  Restoration  of  the  Gild  System, 
by  A.  J.  Penty, — The  Student's  Text-Book  of 
Zoology,  by  A.  Sedgwick,  illustrated,  Vol.  III., — 
The  Student's  Hygiene,  by  E.  Evans,  —  The 
Chemistry  of  Common  Life,  by  J.  B.  Coppock, — 
and  Insect  Pests  of  the  Farm  and  Garden,  by 
F.  M.  Duncan,  illustrated. 

Classics  and  Education  :  in  a  New  Classical 
Library,  edited  by  Dr.  E.  Reich,  Plutarch's  Lives, 
Vol.  I.,  translated  by  W.  R.  Frazcr;  and  The 
Annals  of  Tacitus,  Books  I.  to  VI.,  translated  by 
A.  V.  Symonds,  many  other  volumes  being  in 
preparation, — The  Greek  War  of  Independence,. 
With  notes  and  exercises  by  C.  D.  Chambers,— 
School  Gardening  for  Little  Children,  by  L.  R. 
Latter, — The  Fredericksburg  Campaign  (18tJ2),  a 
strategical  sketch  by  Major*!.  W.  Redway,  with 
maps  and  plans, — The  Child  and  the  Curriculum,, 
by  Catherine  I.  Dodd, — and  Scenes  from  the  (It  cat 
Novelists,  by  Elsie  FogeVty,  plays  for  girls,  with 
costume  illustrations. 

MESSRS.  DUCKWORTH  &  CO. 
include  in  their  spring  list  :  The  Museums  and 
Ruins  of  Rome,  Vol.  I.  by  W.  Amelung.  with 
170  illustrations  :  Vol.  II.  by  H.  Holtzinger,  with 
map,  plans,  and  1(H)  illustrations,  edited  by  Mrs. 
Arthur  Strong, — Esto  Perpetua  :  Algerian  Studies 
and  Impressions,  by  H.  Belloo,  M. P.,  illustrated 
by  the  author, — The  Dawn  in  Britain,  by  ( '. 
Doughty,  2  vols.,— The  Scottish  School  of  Paint- 
ing, by  \Y.  1).  McKay,  with  50  illustrations, — 
English  Water-Colour  Painters,  by  A.  .1.  Finberg, 
with  SO  illustrations,— Poems,  byT.  Sturge  Moore. 
collected  in  one  volume,  Rambles  in  Normandj 
and  Rambles  in  Brittany,   both  by  F.    Miltoun, 

with     numerous    illustrations    by    R.     McManus. 
Traffic  :   the  Story   of   a  Faithful  Woman,  by  E.  T. 

Thurston.     The  Ambush   of   Young   Days,  by  R. 

Langbridge,     Lads  of  the  Fancy,  by  G.  Bartram, 

St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  by  R.    M.  de  la  Broise  (in 

"The  Saints"),     and   The    British    Woodlice,  1>\ 

\Y.  M.  Webb  and  C.  Sillen. 

MR.   WKKNKK   LAURIE 

has  the  following  books  in  preparation :  Bernini** 
(■dices  of  a  Country  Politician,  by  John  A.  Bridges* 


266 


T  II  E    AT  II  EN  .r.r  M 


N    W88,  Mabch  :;.  1906 


-   The  8tory  of  Mill  N     I  Gwvnn,  hy  Cranntouii 

M.iwili. .  -Tin  Life  d  <»-.,.  Wilde,  bj  I:  B 
Kherard,  The  Qtthedrals  and  Churches  "i  the 
Rhine  sitd  North  Germany,  bj  T.  P.  Bumpus,  sod 
The  Qkthedrali  "I  England  and  Wales,  by  the 
^.i ii i.  .  V'ol  111.,  Literary  London,  bj  K.  M. 
I*ag,  Bketohes  in  Normandy,  bj  I..  Beoke, 
1^-t t<i-s  i.i  my  Daughter,  by  Hubert  Bland, — 
Stories  from  the  Operas,  by  Gladys  Davidson, — 
The  Complete  Bridge  Player,  by  E.  Anthony,  neu 
edition,  Modern  Medicine  For  the  Some,  by 
Ernest  Walker,  What  Men  like  m  Women,  by 
the  Bar.  K.  J.  Hardy,  —  and  Through  Reoe- 
» rlaaaea,  bj  P.  E  Vim-i-nt. 

In  Pietion  :  The  Binewa  of  War,  by  Eden  l'liill- 
potta  and  Arnold  Bennett,-  -The  I  'at  h  of  Pain,  by 
I  _-us  Hume,  The  Poiaon  Dealer,  by  G.  Ohnet, 
— Tnurtell'i  Crime,  by  I*i<k  Donovan,-  Rowena, 
by  Agnes  Giberne,  The  Mummy  and  Miss 
Nitoens,  by  George  Griffith,  -Retribution,  by 
Ranger  GulL  —  A  Russian  Coward,  by  Fred 
Whishaw,  The  Nihilist,  by  David  Christie 
Murray,  —  The  Financier's  Wife,  by  Florence 
Warden,  —A  Widow  by  Choice,  l>v  C.  Stanton  and 
H.  Hoskin,— and  The  Cubs,  by  S.*F.  Bullock. 

MBSSB&  BROWN,  LANGHAH  &  CO. 
will  pubhah  the  following :  Here  and  There  : 
Memories  Indian  and  Other,  by  Mr.  II.  (J.  Keene, 
— a  cheaper  edition  of  Christopher  Deane,  by 
E.  H.  Laoon  Watson, — A  Daughter  of  Thor,  by 
Mrs.    Helen    Maxwell,   new   edition, — The   Sunset 

"Trail,  by  A.  H.  Lewis,— Rouge,  by  H.  Macfall  and 
D.  C.  Calthrop, — Moons  and  Winds  of  Araby,  by 
R.  White, — It  Happened  in  Japan,  by  the  Baroness 

•d'Anethan, — and  Some  Reminiscences,  by  W.  M. 
Rossetti,  2  vols.,  illustrated. 

MKSSKS.  MASTERS  &  CO. 
announce  :  Day  Book  of  Short  Readings,   by  the 
author   of    '  Pneparatio,'  with   preface   by  Father 

•Congreve, — The  Servant  of  the  Lord,  by  Miss 
Richenda  Buxton, — The  Position  of  the  Eucharist 
in  Sunday  Worship,  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Abraham, 
—The  Problems  of  Faith,  by  H.  T.  Nicholson,— 
The  Communion:  an  Altar  Manual,  by  the  Rev. 

-J.  Wattson  1'ayton, — Addresses  to  Women,  by 
the  Rev.  A.  E.  Tugman, — O  Sapientia,  seven 
sermons,    by   the   Rev.    C.    Witherby,— and    new 

■  editions  of  Stories  for  the  Christian  Year,  by  C.  A. 

.Jones,  8  vols.,  and  Stories  on  the  Church  Cate- 
chism, by  the  same,  4  vols. 


SALE. 

Messrs.  Sothkhy,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold  on 
the  23rd  ult.  the  valuable  library  of  the  late  Mr. 
J.  A.  Slater,  which  included  the  following:  Shel- 
ley's Queen  Mab,  first  edition,  original  boards, 
uncut,  an  immaculate  copy,  1813,  1681.  Dibdin's 
Bibliographical  Decameron,  3  vols.,  1817,  11/  10a 
English  Dramatists,  by  A.  H.  Bullen,  16  vols.', 
1885-8,  l.V.  Z-<.  (hi.  Jameson's  Religious  Art 
(i  vols.,  184H-o4,  9/.  l(k  Tudor  Translations' 
.38  vols.,  1892-1903,  25/.  Walpole's  Anecdotes  of 
Fainting,  Dallaway's  edition,  india  proofs,  5  vols., 
1S2.S,  17/.  Bacon's  Advancement  of  Learning' 
first  edition,  Km,  10/.  Britton's  Cathedral  Anti- 
quities (17),  large  paper,  1814-3."),  10/.  1&.     Kelms- 

•  cott     Press     Publications,     complete      (including 

•  Chaucer).  203/.  (Chaucer  52?. ).    Loddiges's  Botanical 
•Cabinet,  Vols.  I.-XVII.,  1818-30,  10/.  I.m.    Longus. 

Daphnis  et  Chloe,  fine  copy  by  Derome,  1707,  13/. 
Baskervilles  Milton,  fine  copy  in  red  morocco, 
1759,  10/.  r>*.  Turbervile'a  Booke  of  Faulconrie 
and  The  Noble  Arte  of  Venerie  (imperfect),  1575, 
19/.  Musee  Franoais  et  Musee  Roval,  7  vols 
1803-18,    l<)/.     10s.      Turners    Liber   Sbudiorum! 

•  bl  plates,  early  impressions,  ."><)/. 


ICitoarrr  (Bnssip, 

Miss  Alice  C.  C.  Gaussen's  memoir 
of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter,  to  which  we 
referred  in  our  issue  of  January  6th,  will 
he  published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.  on  or  about  the  13th  inst.  under 
the  title  of  'A  Woman  of  Wit  and 
Wisdom.'     Miss  Gaussen  has  tried  to  tell 


as  far  a  ble  the  story  <J  Elizabeth 

Outer'a  life  m  her  own  words,  gathered 

from     all     Sonne-.      The     volume    lias    ;i- 

f  it  nit  ispieoe  a  portrait  of  .Mi-.  Outer  bono 

a    crayon    drawing    by   Sir  Thomas    L.iw- 
rence   in   the   National    Portrait    Gall 
and  it  contains  several  Must  ration-  and  a 
facsimile  of  a  letter  from  Elizabeth  Outer 
to  her  brother. 

Capt.  Philip  Wynter,  whose  father 
was  for  nearly  fifty  years  President  of 
St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  has  written 
a  volume  of  reminiscences  which  covers 
a  period  of  six  decades,  and  gives  inter- 
esting memoirs  of  life  at  Oxford,  in  India, 
and  (as  Queen's  courier)  all  over  the  Con- 
tinent. Capt.  Wynter  was  in  the  Bengal 
army  during  the  Mutiny,  and  for  over 
thirty  years  he  was  a  Foreign  Office  "grey- 
hound." Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons  are 
publishing  the  book  next  week.  It  will 
contain  six  photogravure  portraits. 

E.  Grant  Richards  will  shortly  publish 
an  open-air  anthology  entitled  '  Traveller's 
Joy,'  on  the  preparation  of  which  Mr. 
W.  G.  Waters  has  been  engaged  for  many 
years.  In  this  collection  Mr.  Waters  has 
attempted  to  avoid  two  pitfalls  of  the 
anthologist :  he  has  allowed  neither 
novelty  nor  well-worn  familiarity  to  serve 
as  sufficient  qualification  for  admittance. 
"  '  Traveller's  Joy  '  is  compiled,"  he  says 
in  his  preface, 

"  for  the  student  in  posse  rather  than  in  esse  : 
a  guide  to  those  flowery  wildernesses  which 
lie  a  little  off  the  beaten  track,  and  it  may 
be  hoped  that  those  who  find  novelty  may 
also  find  pleasure  therein.  Those  who,  in 
their  fuller  experience,  may  meet  old  friends 
will  surely  give  them  that  greeting  which 
old  friends  deserve." 

A  special  feature  of  the  book  will  be  its 
end-papers  in  colour,  the  work  of  Mr. 
William  Hyde. 

'  The  Confessions  of  a  Princess  '  is 
the  title  of  a  work  which  Mr.  John  Long 
has  in  the  press,  and  which  was  recently 
suppressed  in  Germany.  It  was  originally 
published  in  Vienna  in  November  last, 
and  within  one  month  forty  thousand 
copies  were  sold.  The  '  Confessions  '  are 
written  in  the  form  of  an  autobiography, 
and  pseudonyms  are  substituted  for  real 
names,  but  to  an  ordinarily  well-informed 
person  it  is  not  difficult  to  read  between 
the  lines. 

In  a  letter  to  the  New  York  Outlook 
Prof.  Harnack  denies  that  he  has  given 
up  his  duties  as  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  at  the  University  of  Berlin  upon 
being  appointed  Director  of  the  Royal 
Library.  He  writes  that  he  is  continuing 
his  professorship  to  the  full  extent  of  his 
work  as  a  teacher,  and  that  it  remains 
his  chief  duty  and  office.  The  general 
direction  of  the  library  he  looks  upon  as 
subsidiary.  His  lecture-room  is  more 
crowded  than  ever. 

Mr.  Whitelaw  Reid,  who  presides  at 
the  116th  anniversary  of  the  Royal 
Literary  Fund  on  Thursday,  May  10th, 
will  be  the  second  American  Ambassador 
to  occupy  the  chair.  It  is  exactly  a 
quarter  of  a  century  since  Russell  Lowell 
presided. 


Tht  Oxford  Magaxin*  for  February  21  I 
p.  oi<i-  thai  the  number  of  andergradnates 
in  resident  e  bai  risen  by  over  one  hundred 
since  Hilary  Term,  L906.  Then  it  was 
2  752  ;   now  it  is  2,8 

'I'm  So  ial  Committee  of  the  Pioneer 
Club,    assisted  by  Rowland    Grey,    hi 

arranged      a      commemoration      of      Mrs. 

Browning*!  i  entenary  next  Tuesday.  Mre. 
IfeyneU  will  read  a  paper  upon  the  poems, 
to  be  followed  I.-,  recitations  and  music. 

In  their  latest  book  catalogue  Messrs. 
E.  Parson-  \-  Son-,  of  15,  Bromj  id, 

offer  for  100/.  an  item  of  exceptional 
interest,  a  bronze  statuette  of  Thackeray 
by  Boehm,  20£  inches  high.  The  statuette 
was  in  the  Royal  Academy  of  1864,  and 
was  executed  during  the  last  year  of 
Thackeray's  life.  A  copy  of  it  in  plasl 
is  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery.  He 
is  figured  with  his  hands  in  his  pockets, 
a  pose  which  shows  well  his  great  height. 

Several  interesting  additions  have 
recently  been  made  to  the  valuable  col- 
lection of  Burns  relics  housed  in  the  poet*! 
birth-cottage  at  Alloway.  .Most  interest- 
ing, perhaps,  is  one  of  "  the  original 
Burns  chairs,"  placed  in  the  cottage  by 
the  hand  of  Burns's  granddaughter  Sarah, 
who  was  brought  up  by  his  widow,  the 
"  bonnie  Jean  "  of  the  songs.  The  bed- 
room grate  which  belonged  to  the  poet 
when  he  farmed  Ellisland  is  also  among 
the  newly  acquired  relics.  It  may  be 
added  that  Burns's  original  seal  was 
bequeathed  to  the  trustees  of  the  museum 
at  the  monument  in  Ayr  by  a  great- 
granddaughter  of  the  poet  who  died  in 
January  last,  but  had  to  be  declined 
because  the  gift  was  burdened  with  the 
condition  that  100/.  should  be  paid 
annually  for  ten  years  to  a  cousin  of  the 
deceased. 

Mr.  Henry  Yates  Thompson  has  been 
elected  a  trustee  of  the  London  Library, 
in  place  of  the  late  Sir  Mountstuart  Grant 
Duff,  and  a  more  excellent  choice  could 
not  have  been  made.  Mr.  Thompson  is  a 
bibliophile  of  wide  knowledge,  and  a 
specialist  in  a  branch  of  book-collecting 
in  which  very  few  students  can  possibly 
be  experts.  He  has  made  many  generous 
gifts  to  the  London  Library,  not  the  least 
of  which  are  the  privately  printed  cata- 
logues of  100  of  his  beautiful  illuminated 
manuscripts,  as  well  as  a  copy  of  his 
Roxburghe  Club  publication,  '  Thirty- 
Two  Miniatures  from  the  Book  of  Hours 
of  Joan  II.,  Queen  of  Navarre,'  1899. 

On  Wednesday  next,  at  the  monthly 
meeting  of  the  Dickens  Fellowship,  Mr. 
Cuming  Walters  will  lecture  in  the 
Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street,  on 
'  The  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,'  and  a 
discussion  will  follow. 

Messrs.  J.  &  J.  Leighton  write  : — 
°  It  may  interest  your  readers  to  know 
that  the  Josephua  MS.  which  you  referred 
to  last  week,  and  which  His  Majesty  and 
Mr.  Yates  Thompson  graciously  propose 
returning  to  Paris,  was  sold  in  March,  1898, 
at  Messrs.  Put  tick  &  Simpson's  in  Mr.  James 
Henry  Johnson's  sale,  where  we  bought  it. 
We  sold  it  the  same  year  to  a  collector,  who 
after  five  years  desired  to  dispose  of  it,  and 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


267 


we  advised  selling  it  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's 
in  hopes  of  its  realizing  a  sum  worthy  of 
the  MS.  In  the  Townley  sale,  where  this 
MS.  sold  for  841.  (with  the  13  miniatures), 
was,  curiously,  another  Josephus  MS., 
'Histoire  des  Juifs,  fol.  MS.  upon  vellum, 
with  numerous  miniatures  finely  executed,' 
which  sold  for  431.  Is.  Could  this  by  any 
chance  be  the  first  part  of  the  work  now  in 
the  National  Library  of  France  ?  " 

The  University  of  California  has  paid 
a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  for 
the  library  of  Mr.  H.  H.  Bancroft.  The 
manuscripts  include  missals,  service  books, 
grammars  and  dictionaries  of  aboriginal 
languages,  Papal  bulls,  and  accounts  and 
letter-books  referring  to  commercial  trans- 
actions in  North  and  Central  America. 
There  are  also  diaries  of  early  American 
trappers,  narratives  of  California  and 
Rocky  Mountain  pioneers,  and  more  than 
five  thousand  volumes  of  newspapers  and 
periodicals. 

Mb.  Edward  Clodd  has  been  appointed 
chairman  of  the  Rationalist  Press  Associa- 
tion, in  place  of  Holyoake. 

The  death  is  announced,  in  his  eighty- 
second  year,  of  Mr.  James  Henderson,  of 
the  well-known  Red  Lion  Court  firm  of 
publishers.  He  was  a  native  of  Lawrence- 
kirk,  near  Montrose,  and  worked  as  a 
printer  in  Glasgow  and  Manchester  before 
he  went  to  London.  His  firm  issue  The 
South  London  Press,  The  Weekly  Budget, 
and  other  journals.  In  Young  Folks, 
now  defunct,  Stevenson's  'Treasure Island' 
and  '  Black  Arrow '  appeared  in  serial 
form,  and  many  other  writers  who  are 
now  well  known  found  a  place.  Mr.  Hen- 
derson was  one  of  the  keenest  and 
boldest  opponents  of  the  "  taxes  on 
knowledge,"  and  risked  serious  losses  by 
producing  his  paper,  The  Glasgow  Daily 
News,  in  Scotland  in  defiance  of  the 
oppressive  stamp-duty  of  the  day. 

Mr.  T.  Francis  Howell  writes  : — 

"  In  a  letter  published  in  the  last  number 
of  The  Athenceum  Dr.  Chapman  states  that 
Mr.  Meredith's  poem  '  The  Crown  of  Love  ' 
has  not  been  reprinted.  This  is  incorrect. 
The  poem  is  to  be  found  at  p.  273  of  vol.  iii. 
of  the  '  Poems  '  (vol.  xxxi.  of  the  complete 
edition)  in  the  edition  de  luxe  of  Mr.  Mere- 
dith's works." 

The  Boston  Evening  Transcript  announces 
the  sale  of  "an  interesting  example  "  of 
Melanchthon's  library  in  the  form  of  a 
copy  of  the  Terence  of  1513,  with  "  the 
great  Reformer's  name  on  the  title-page, 
and  with  numerous  marginal  and  inter- 
lineary  notes  in  his  autograph  throughout 
the  text."  The  book  realized  142  dollars 
50  cents,  and  was  in  the  second  part  of 
the  library  of  the  late  Prof.  Charles  Short, 
of  Columbia  University,  lately  dispersed 
in  New  York.  The  book  once  belonged 
to  the  library  formed  by  Dr.  Kloss,  of 
Frankfort,  sold  at  Sotheby's  from  May  7th 
to  29th,  1835.  It  should  be  pointed  out 
that  690  volumes  in  this  collection  were 
said  to  contain  annotations  by  Melanch- 
thon,  and  that  of  these  there  were 
twenty-five  editions  of  Terence  said  to  be 
so  marked.  But  the  "genuineness" — so 
far  as  Melanchthon  is  concerned  —  of 
these  annotations  is  more  than   question- 


able. A  few  were  no  doubt  by  him, 
but  the  great  majority  certainly  are  not. 
The  compiler  of  the  catalogue,  "who 
boxight  most  of  the  books,  was  hardly 
sound  on  the  subject  of  Melanchthon. 
R.  C.  Christie,  whose  authority  is  beyond 
question,  showed  this  in  an  article 
which  appeared  in  The  Athenceum  of 
March  5th,  1898. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  at 
Charenton  of  M.  Anatole  Claudin,  the 
well-known  bibliophile  and  bookseller, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-three.  The  great 
work  of  M.  Claudin's  fife,  so  far  as 
authorship  is  concerned,  was  the  splendid 
'  Histoire  de  l'lmprimerie  en  France,' 
produced  under  the  auspices  of  the  Im- 
primerie  Nationale,  to  which  reference 
has  been  made  more  than  once  in  these 
columns.  M.  Claudin  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Bibliographical  Society, 
and  No.  6  of  the  illustrated  monographs  of 
that  society,  '  The  First  Paris  Press  :  an 
Account  of  the  Books  printed  for  G. 
Fichet  and  J.  Heynlin  in  the  Sorbonne, 
1470-1472,'  was  by  him.  His  bookselling 
establishment  in  the  Rue  Dauphine  was 
familiar  to  collectors,  and  his  admirable 
catalogues  were  still  more  widely  known. 

No  French  books  of  importance  have 
appeared  in  the  week  which  precedes  the 
writing  of  this  paragraph.  The  letters  of 
Flaubert  to  his  niece  have  already  been 
seen  in  the  Revue  de  Paris  by  those  who 
would  be  attracted  by  them  ;  and  the 
recollections  of  Alfred  de  Musset  by  his 
old  housekeeper  are  hardly  worth  review. 

Alfred  de  Musset  has,  after  long 
years,  at  last  received  what  was  mani- 
festly his  due,  a  public  statue,  and  this 
was  officially  inaugurated  on  Friday  last 
week  at  the  Place  du  Theatre  Francais. 
Of  the  original  committee  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  the  necessary  sub- 
scriptions, only  M.  Jules  Claretie  is  left. 
It  was  at  first  intended  that  Falguiere  and 
Antonin  Mercie  should  collaborate,  but 
this  project  was  abandoned  ;  the  work 
has  been  designed  and  carried  out  by  M. 
Mercie  alone,  and  has  met  with  very 
general  approval.  His  fine  group,  with 
the  appropriate  title,  '  Musset,  la  Nuit  de 
Mai,'  was  exhibited  at  the  Salon  of  1904. 

One  of  the  Paris  papers  announces  the 
death  of  an  interesting  link  with  the 
Bohemians  of  the  Latin  Quarter  of  sixty 
years  ago  —  Madame  Dehors,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Schaune,  and  whose 
brother  was  M.  Schaune,  who  figures  as 
Schaunard  in  Henri  Murger's  '  Scenes  de 
la  Vie  de  Boheme,'  first  published  in  1845. 

The  death,  in  his  seventy-second  year, 
is  announced  from  Budapest  of  the  dis- 
tinguished journalist  A.  E.  Horn,  for 
many  years  editor  of  the  Journal  de 
St.  Petersbourg.  Horn,  who  was  a  Hun- 
garian by  birth,  was  the  first  journalist 
awarded  a  pension  by  the  Russian 
Government  for  the  services  which,  as 
editor,  he  rendered  to  the  State. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
two  volumes  of  Reports  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  London  Traffic,  with 
maps  and  diagrams  (19s.  Qd.  and  405.  9d.). 


SCIENCE 


The  Central  Tian-Shan  Mountains,  1902— 
1903.  By  Dr.  Gottfried  Merzbacher.- 
Published  under  the  authority  of  the- 
Royal  Geographical  Society.  (John* 
Murray.) 

There  are  few  ranges  in  the  old  world' 
so  attractive  in  many  ways  as  the  Tian. 
Shan,  the  Celestial  Mountains,  which 
divide  Russian  from  Chinese  dominions,, 
and  form  the  northern  part  of  the  greafr 
catchment  basin  whence  waters  are  poured; 
from  three  sides  towards  the  East,  and  are 
ultimately  lost  in  the  sand  of  the  greafe 
desert.  For  these  hills  are  but  imper- 
fectly known,  and  therefore  appeal  to- 
explorers  and  geographers  ;  their  valleys- 
and  plateaus  hold  a  fine  stock  of  Marco  • 
Polo's  sheep,  ibex,  Asiatic  wapiti,  andi 
other  varieties  of  game  which  attracfr 
sportsmen  ;  their  strange  formation,  andl 
the  peculiar  effects  of  wind  and  sand  to 
which  they  are  exposed,  interest  the  geo- 
logist ;  whilst  the  beauty  of  the  snowa 
and  comparative  purity  of  the  air  commend' 
them  to  all,  but  specially  to  those  whose 
road  may  lie  at  their  base  in  great  heat, 
intensified  by  dust-laden  air  and  swarms- 
of  insect  pests.  Dr.  Merzbacher  first  saw 
these  hills  in  1892,  and  was  impelled  to 
revisit  them  by  a  desire  "  to  gain  more 
accurate  insight  into  the  highest  regions  of: 
this  mountain  chain  and  its  glaciers,  and' 
also  to  contribute  somewhat  to  their 
exploration."  Accordingly,  under  the- 
auspices  of  the  Imperial  Russian  Geo- 
graphical Society,  he  set  forth  in  1902, 
resolved  to  devote  two  years  to  the  in- 
vestigation of  their  highest  regions,  buried* 
for  the  most  part  in  snow  and  ice. 

To  do  this  satisfactorily  involved  the- 
employment  of  experts  in  science  and  in? 
climbing  ;    so  the  services  of  Herr  Hana- 
Keidel  as  geologist,  Herr  Hans  Pfann  of 
Munich,    as    engineer    and    mountaineer, 
and   two   vigorous  Tyrolese  guides   were 
enlisted.     Assistance   is  further   acknow- 
ledged  from    "  the   celebrated   mountain 
photographer,  Cavaliere  Vittorio  Sella  o£' 
Biella,  and  the  Caucasian  explorer  M.  Von 
Dechy  in  Odessa."     The  results,  so  far  as- 
can  be  judged,  are  satisfactory,  for  valu- 
able information  about  the  glaciers  which 
surround  Khan  Tengri  has  been  obtained, 
and  errors  have  been  corrected  ;    but  ful!' 
detail  of  the  work  done  is  reserved  till  tho 
collections  can  be  examined,  the  present 
volume  being,  like  those  by  Sven  Hedin 
and  Dr.  Stein,  a  general  narrative.      Its 
scope  is  thus  stated  : — 

"  In  this  [preliminary]  report  I  have 
endeavoured  more  particularly  to  embody 
observations  on  the  present  and  past  glacier 
conditions  of  the  Tian-Shan,  and  on  pecu- 
liarities in  the  physical  features  of  its  valley 
formations  ;  subjects  to  which,  throughout 
the  expedition,  my  attention  was  specially 
directed.  On  tho  other  hand,  in  order  not 
to  givo  to  the  report  a  compass  which  would 
retard  its  publication,  botanical,  zoological, 
and  climatologieal  observations  will  have  to- 
be  almost  wholly  omitted." 
Figures  generally,  and  the  heights  ofc" 
mountains,  are  approximately  stated. 


208 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .i:r.M 


N    1088,  M\k<  11  8,  1906 


The  expedition,  planned  at  St.  Pel 
burg  in  January ,  1902,  started  from  Batum 
towards  the  end  of  May.  and  prooeeded  by 
Tiflis  and  Baku  t<»  Krasnovodsk;    thenoe 
l>\  rail  to  Tashkent,  and  by  tarantass,  ria* 

Tokmak    and    the   northern   shore   of    Issik 

Kul,  to  Prjevalsk,  whence  the  Tian  Shan 
wa<  entered  by  the  Santash  pass,  and 
Marin  Kul.  a  station  on  the  upper  waters 
of  tlu-  Tekkes  river,  used  as  headquarters, 
was  reached. 

Excursions  into  the  mountains  began 

on   July    10th.    1902,    with    8    visit    to    the 

country    between    the   Great    and   Little 

Muzart  rivers,  tributaries  of  the  Tekkes  ; 
the  valleys  are  described  as  covered  with 
dense  pine  forest,  and  are  called  Mukur- 
niutu  by  the  Kalmuck  population.  Luxu- 
liant  meadows,  "displaying  a  marvellous 
alpine  Hora  over  old  ground  moraine- 
deposits,"  were  passed,  and  as  the  valley 
WAS  ascended  errors  in  the  Russian  map 
were  discovered.  Khan  Tengri  (23,622  ft. 
approximately),  the  highest  peak,  should 
have  been  seen,  but  was  invisible  : — 

"  All  we  learned  by  our  excursion  was 
therefore  only  the  confirmation  of  the 
opinion  previously  suggested,  namely,  that 
in  this  cardinal  point  the  maps  were  all  of 
them  at  fault.  The  task  therefore  devolved 
on  us  to  determine  the  actual  situation  of 
Khan  Tengri." 

To  establish  this  the  glaciers  leading 
up  to  the  great  peak  were  attacked  with 
varying  success  ;  and  many  hardships  and 
disappointments  had  to  be  borne.  During 
the  worst  of  winter  a  journey  to  Tashkent 
for  instruments  and  photographic  mate- 
rials was  made,  work  being  resumed  in 
April,  1903,  when  two  valiant  young  Cos- 
sacks were  added  to  the  party  as  escort 
by  the  Governor-General,  whilst  a  third, 
by  name  Chernoff,  who  had  been  with 
Sven  Hedin,  joined  later.  It  is  unneces- 
sary at  present  to  follow  closely  the 
various  journeys,  but  it  is  a  pleasure  to 
record  that  eventually  perseverance  was 
■crowned  with  success.  Hopeful,  though 
anxious,  the  Doctor  struggled  up  a  for- 
midable glacier  till  near  its  head,  yet 
Khan  Tengri  and  its  mystery  were  still 
unrevealed  : — 

"  Then,  suddenly,  something  white  began 
to  assume  prominence — behind  the  black 
edge  of  the  promontory — nothing  yet  very 
conspicuous,  but  with  every  step  forward 
the  white  object  grew  bigger  and  bigger. 
A  fine  snowy  summit,  glittering  in  the  sun, 
appeared  aloft,  colossal  white  marble  but- 
tresses projecting  from  it  ;  a  few  steps 
further,  and  a  huge  pyramid  stood  out  freely, 
its  base  also  soon  coming  into  view.  The 
giant  mountain,  tho  monarch  of  the  Tian- 
Shan,  revealed  himself  to  my  enraptured 
gaze  in  all  his  naked  majesty,  from  his  feet 
rooted  in  the  glacier  ice,  up  to  his  crown, 
wrapped  in  sunlit  shifting  mists.... My 
feelings  at  that  moment  baffled  all  descrip- 
tion." 

Many  interesting  and  apparently  correct 
deductions  are  made  from  the  discovery, 
the  results  being  fairly  set  forth  on  the 
map  provided,  which  even  in  its  present 
state  will  prove  most  valuable  to 
travellers. 

Geographers  will  regret  that  so  little 
share  in  the  exploration  of  those  regions 
lias  fallen  to  the  lot  of  Englishmen,  who 


have  gone  there  chiefly  for  sport.  The 
defei  t  i-  less  remarkable  in  Russian  'I'm  k i  - 

tan,      but     the      hound.tr  \     oi      China     li< 

near  Khan  Tengri,  east  ol  which  then 

no  apparent  reason  why  our  countrymen 
should  not  take  their  full  share  of  tin- 
work,   lying  SJ   it    docs  immediately   north 

of  the  desert  through  which,  by  separate 
routes.  Col.  Bell  and  ('apt.  ¥ounghusband 

made  their  way  from  1'ekin  in  L887,  and 
on  the  other  side  of  which  Dr.  Stein  has, 
under  the  Indian  Government,  been  em- 
ployed in  unearthing  sand-buried  cities. 

Although  these  regions  are  compara- 
tively neglected  by  English  geographers, 
Americans,  whose  interest  in  the  glacis  of 
our  Indian  outworks  might  naturally 
be  expected  to  be  less,  are  working  as 
explorers.  Thus  Messrs.  Barrett  and 
Huntington  are  now  studying  on  the  spot 
the  rivers  east  of  Khotan  which  run  into, 
or  are  used  up  on  the  way  to,  the  desert. 
That  waste  bears  traces  of  having  once 
been  an  inland  sea,  and  the  results  of 
their  investigations  compared  with  the 
detailed  reports  of  Sven  Hedin  and  Dr. 
Stein,  should  prove  of  unusual  interest. 

A  defect  of  the  volume  is  the  translitera- 
tion of  native  names,  which  is  the  more 
strange  because  the  Geographical  Society 
has  adopted  a  reasonable  system.  It 
might  surely  have  insisted  that  a  publica- 
tion under  its  authority  should  follow  this 
mode  of  spelling  ;  and  if  that  were  a 
stumbling-block  to  foreigners,  assistance 
could  readily  have  been  provided.  The 
point  is  more  important  than  may  be 
immediately  apparent,  for  correct  trans- 
literation often  indicates  the  meaning  of 
native  names  and  their  pronunciation  ; 
and,  again,  the  labour  of  trying  to  recon- 
cile some  combination  of  consonants  im- 
possible (in  English)  with  any  known  native 
name  is  superfluous.  It  can  be  avoided 
in  many  ways,  a  good  one  being  to  record 
the  name  on  map  or  index  in  the  native 
character.  In  this  book  the  trouble  is 
comparatively  slight,  showing  merely  a 
want  of  finish,  e.g.,  Uertenty  in  the  text, 
Wertento  on  the  map  ;  Przhevalsk  in  the 
text,  Prjevalsk  on  the  map  ;  but  in  other 
books  the  evil  is  a  stumbling-block  and 
hindrance  to  study.  In  this  article  the 
author's  spelling  has  in  instances  been 
followed,  even  where  it  is  probably  wrong 
from  an  English  point  of  view. 

The  illustrations  deserve  special  praise. 
The  frontispiece,  Khan  Tengri  from  the 
south,  the  telephotographic  view  of  the 
same  peak  from  the  north,  and  the  head 
of  the  Saikal  Valley  are  very  fine  ;  whilst 
the  parting  of  Inylchek  glacier  suggests 
the  stately  movement  of  masses  of  ice. 
The  book  will  lead  readers  to  expect 
much  from  the  detailed  report. 


Undkr  the  punning  title  ,4  la  Poursuite 
d'une  Ombre,  Prof.  Moye,  of  the  University 
of  Montpellier,  gives  an  interesting  account 
of  the  expedition  sent  out  by  tho  Flammarion 
Astronomical  Society  of  that  town  to  obsetf  e 
the  total  solar  eclipse  of  la.st  August.  The 
station  selected  whs  Alcala  do  Chisbert. 
in  the  province  of  Valencia,  near  the  coast 
about  thirty  miles  to  the  north-east  of 
Castellon,  where  the  totality  lasted  for  threo 


minutes    and     forty     SSCO!i<i->.      The    .e      unit 

include*  it  sketch  of  th<-  I  .mu 

.'.  it  1 1< — « -« 1    at     previous    •  -< •  1 1 1 ^ - •  •  - .    and    in 

enriched  «jth  ■  number  of  illustrations,  not 
only  of  the.  appearance  of  the  phenomenon, 
but  iil-o  of  the  town  Of  Alea!  ■  rv- 

Ulg  party  in  a  gTOOp, 


KESEARCH     NOTES 


'I'm:  dispute  between  M.  Henri  B 
and  Prof.  Rutherford  n-  to  the  stop 
the  Alpha  rays  by  thin  sheets  of  aluminium 

is  now  terminated  hy  the  handsome  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  great  French  savant  that  hi-i 
Canadian  colleague's  contention  La  justinV  d. 

As  has  been  mentioned  in  these  Notes 
(Athenaeum,  No.  40<i<i),  M.  Beoquerel  has 
always  insisted  that  the  pencil  of  Alpha  H 
was  homogeneous,  and  that  all  the  parti 
composing  it  were  equally  (leviable  in  a 
magnetic  field.  Prof.  Rutherford,  on  the 
other  hand,  stated  (in  The  Phllosophirnl 
Magazine  for  May,  1904)  that,  even  when 
exposed  to  a  strong  magnetic  field,  the  pas- 
sage of  the  jays  through  successive  sheets 
of  aluminium  caused  a  greater  deviation, 
thereby  showing  that  they  had  slackened 
in  speed.  This  was  supported  by  Prof. 
Bragg  and  Mr.  Kleeman,  of  Adelaide  Uni- 
versity, in  papers  published  by  them  last 
year.  M.  Becquerel  now  tells  the  Academie 
des  Sciences  that,  although  his  first  experi- 
ments showed  no  greater  deviation  in  one 
case  than  the  other,  those  of  which  he  now 
gives  details  have  led  him  to  reverse  his 
former  opinion,  and  conform  throughout  to 
the  fact  announced  by  Prof.  Rutherford. 
This  frank  recantation  by  one  of  the  most 
honoured  personalities  of  French  science 
will,  as  has  here  been  said  on  a  like  occasion, 
but  strengthen  the  reliance  in  future  of  all 
men  of  science  upon  the  justness  of  his 
experiments  and  deductions. 

Without  presuming  to  hint  at  any  parallel 
between  the  two  cases,  the  writer  of  these 
Notes  also  owes  an  apology  to  the  readers 
of  them.  On  first  reading  M.  Langevin's 
essay  on  magnetism  in  the  Journal  de 
Physique,  he  took  the  expression  "  Up 
rayonnement  electromagnetique  ou  lumi- 
neux  est  ends  chaque  fois  qu'un  Electron 
subit  un  changement  de  vitesse  "  to  have 
an  alternative  rather  than  an  equivalent 
meaning,  and  it  was  accordingly  stated  in 
these  Notes  (Athenaeum,  No.  4073)  that  M. 
Langevin  had  laid  down  that  an  electro- 
magnetic ray  or  a  ray  of  light  is  given  off 
every  time  an  electron  changes  speed.  On 
looking  again  at  the  passage  he  now  sees 
that  he  was  wrong,  and  that  M.  Langevin 
was  referring  to  the  amission  of  light-rays 
when  an  electron  receives  an  acceleration 
only.  The  mistake  is  more  to  be  regretted 
as  it  found  its  way  into  the  *  Explanation 
of  Magnetism'  appearing  in  The  Athc  >ia  ion 
two  weeks  later,  and  has  been  noticed  by 
both  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  and  Mr.  Norman  Camp- 
bell in  their  since-published  letter-. 

Although  the  statement  cannot,  as  has 
been  seen,  be  justly  fathered  upon  M. 
Langevin,  it  does  not  follow,  however,  that 
it  has  not  a  substantial  foundation.  That 
the  electron  increasing  in  speed  emits 
light -rays  is,  indeed,  "  a  scientific  common- 
place" which  needs  no  further  assertion.  But 
what  happens  when  its  speed  is  reduced  ? 
Does  it  then  emit  an  electro-magnetic  or 
Hertzian  wave  1  Apart  from  statements  of 
Dr.  Larmor  and  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson,  now 
somewhat  out  of  date,  this  is  what  Prof. 
Fleming  seems  to  imply  when  he  says  in  his 
Cantor  Lectures  (1901),  "  When  damped  oscil- 
lations exist  in  any  circuit,  electric  radiation 
in  the  form  of  electric  waves  is  given  off."  At 


N*  4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


269 


all  events,  Hertzian  waves  are  evidently  pro- 
duced with  much  greater  ease  than  was  at 
■one  time  supposed,  Dr.  Le  Bon  going  so  far 
as  to  say  that  they  accompany  every  electric 
spark.  But  it  is  also  his  view  that  it  is  by 
giving  rise  to  visible  and  ultra-violet  light, 
to  Hertzian  waves,  radiant  heat,  and  the 
like,  that  the  electron  parts  with  the  energy 
that  distinguishes  it  from  the  ether  into 
which  it  returns  when  all  its  energy  is  ex- 
pended. If  the  electron  be  looked  upon  as 
a  vortex  in  the  ether,  the  case  of  a  water- 
spout sinking  back  into  the  ocean  seems 
^exactly  analogous. 

We  must  not,  however,  lose  sight  of  the 
fact  that  the  electronic  theory  of  matter  is 
but  a  hypothesis,  mainly  dependent  upon 
mathematical  analysis,  and  supported  only 
by  a  few  experiments,  which  are,  moreover, 
•capable  of  more  than  one  interpretation. 
On  the  one  hand,  we  have  assertions 
like  those  just  made  by  Prof.  Alexander 
Ziwet  in  his  inaugural  address  to  the 
Physics  Section  at  the  New  Orleans  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Association,  where  he 
iis  reported  to  have  said  that  the  criticisms 
of  M.  H.  Poincare  have  left  none  of  Newton's 
"  laws  "  valid  except  the  principle  of  least 
action.  On  the  other,  we  have  not  only 
the  openness  of  mind  shown  by  M.  Poincare 
Sumself  in  his  excellently  clear  article  in 
this  journal,  but  also  the  warnings,  among 
others,  of  Prof.  Ch.  Eugene  Guye  of  Geneva. 
In  a  very  careful  study  of  the  electrical 
•constitution  of  matter  running  through 
the  Journal  de  Chimie  Physique  of  last 
year,  this  scholar  points  out  with  great 
force  that  the  conclusions  of  Prof.  J.  J. 
Thomson  and  others  as  to  the  speed  and 
-charge  of  the  infra-atomic  particles  cannot 
yet  receive  universal  acceptance.  Thus, 
be  argues,  it  is  still  possible  for  us  to  believe 
that,  instead  of  the  electromagnetic  inertia 
being  confined  to  the  negative  electron, 
it  may  have  its  seat  in  its  positive  counter- 
mart, which  may  be  not  larger,  but  very 
much  smaller  than  the  other.  This  has  been 
•already  mentioned  in  these  Notes  (AtJie- 
ncEum,  No.  4069),  but  some  recent  experi- 
ments seem  to  make  it  worth  while  again 
to  call  attention  to  it.  In  the  same  series 
•of  articles  he  also  notes  that  the  appearance 
and  properties  of  the  cathode  ray  resemble 
•extremely  those  of  a  much  rarefied  gas. 

In  this  connexion  may  be  noticed  a  remark- 
able study  by  M.  Sagnac,  whose  work  upon 
the  secondary  (or  Sagnac)  rays  which  result 
when  the  Rontgen  or  X  rays  strike  any  frag- 
ment of  matter  placed  in  their  path  has  been 
so  instructive.  He  thinks,  on  the  evidence  of 
many  new  experiments,  that  when  this  occurs 
the  Rontgen  rays  become  not  diffused,  but 
absolutely  transformed  ;  and  he  points  out 
that  this  is  perfectly  consistent  with  the 
older  theory  that  the  energy  set  free  by  the 
disintegration  of  the  atoms  of  bodies  like 
uranium  and  radium  is  produced  by  an 
unknown  radiation  pervading  all  space,  and 
capable  of  penetrating  most  other  substances 
without  visible  effect.  As  if,  too,  to  prevent 
tins  unknown  radiation  from  being  considered 
merely  hypothetical,  Profs.  Elster  and 
Oeitel  have  in  late  communications  to  the 
Physikalische  Zeitschrift  stated  that  they 
•find  evidence  of  its  existence  everywhere, 
and  that  to  it  they  attribute  the  spontaneous 
leak  of  a  well-insulated  electrometer  at 
most  points  of  the  earth's  surface.  They 
speak  of  it  as  a  very  penetrating  radiation 
•of  the  apparent  nature  of  the  Gamma  rays 
«>f  radium,  and  capable  of  piercing  more 
than  twenty  centimetres  of  lead.  The  one 
substance  that  they  have  hitherto  found 
■capable  of  withstanding  this  radiation  is 
rock-Salt,  their  electroscope,  when  taken 
uito  the  mine  of  that  mineral  at  Hedwigs- 


burg,  showing  a  diminution  in  the  leak  of 
28  per  cent.  In  a  later  number  of  the  same 
publication  Prof.  A.  Schmidt  also  takes  up 
again  Prof.  Mendeleeff's  conception  of  the 
ether  as  an  excessively  tenuous  gas.  He 
calculates  that  the  velocity  of  a  body  falling 
upon  the  earth  from  infinity  would  be  forty- 
three  kilometres  per  second.  He  equates  this 
with  that  assigned  to  the  negative  electrons 
as  possessing  a  two -thousandth  part  of  the 
mass  of  the  hydrogen  molecule,  and  suggests 
that  the  attenuated  atmosphere  of  inter- 
stellar space  may  consist  entirely  of  these. 

Mr.  Butler  Burke  has  written  to  the 
author  of  these  Notes  drawing  attention 
to  certain  points  in  the  report  of  the  Rontgen 
Society's  meeting  lately  summarized  here 
(Athenozum,  No.  4085).  The  only  one  of 
these  which  seems  to  make  in  his  favour  is 
the  fact  that,  while  he  described  his  own 
"  radiobes "  as  completely  soluble,  Mr. 
Douglas  Rudge  would  not  make  without 
qualification  the  same  assertion  regarding 
the  similar  growths  produced  by  him  from 
barium,  lead,  and  strontium.  The  real  crux 
of  the  matter  is,  of  course,  Mr.  Rudge 's 
statement  that,  if  all  sulphur  be  removed 
from  the  gelatine,  no  growths,  big  or 
little,  can  be  produced.  With  regard  to  the 
question  of  priority  between  Mr.  Burke 
and  M.  Dubois,  Mr.  Burke  appears  to 
have  thrown  on  the  screen  a  drawing  of  M. 
Dubois's  cultures,  and  to  have  asserted — 
unless  he  is  wrongly  reported — that  they 
were  produced  "  by  the  action  of  barium 
upon  gelatin."  This  corresponds  with  the 
remark  made  by  Mr.  Burke  in  the  opening 
paragraph  of  his  communication  to  the 
Liege  Congress  on  Radiology,  that  "  at 
the  beginning  of  Michaelmas  Term  last 
October  [i.e.  1904]  I  exhibited  to  a  host  of 
people  at  the  Cavendish  and  Pathological 
Laboratories  at  Cambridge  the  first  experi- 
ments made  on  the  action  of  radium  salts 
on  sterilized  bouillon."  But  this  is  not  de- 
cisive. So  long  ago  as  March  12th  in  that 
year  M.  Raphael  Dubois,  in  a  communication 
addressed  to  the  Societe  de  Biologie,  stated 
that  he  had  added  a  small  quantity  of 
barium  and  radium  chloride  to  a  tube  of 
sterilized  gelatine,  and  had  found  growths 
to  result  ;  that  he  had  then  tried  barium 
chloride  alone,  with  virtually  the  same 
results  ;  and  that  he  was  therefore  not  sure 
that  radio-activity  had  anything  to  do  with 
the  action.  These  statements  were  after- 
wards repeated  more  fully  to  the  same 
society  on  April  16th  and  30th  and  May  1 1th, 
and  photographs  of  the  growths  were  ex- 
hibited, as  any  one  may  see  from  the  Annales. 
The  nearest  Mr.  Burke  has  as  yet  got  to 
admitting  this  is  the  curiously  inverted 
statement  in  his  Fortnightly  article  that 
M.  Dubois  "  admits  [his  eobes]  are  the  same 
as  radiobes."  But  let  him  either  say  frankly 
that  M.  Dubois  has  proved  his  title  to  priority 
of  discovery  and  publication,  or — in  the 
alternative — state  clearly  in  what  his 
"  growths  "  differ  from  those  discovered  at 
Lyons,  and  he  will  get  rid  at  any  rate  of 
one  point  against  him.  F.  L. 


DR.  LE  BON'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Feb.  24th,  1906. 
F.  L.  denies  my  statement  that  the 
balance  of  scientific  opinion  is  against  Dr. 
Le  Bon,  and  quotes  the  approbation  of 
MM.  Lucien  Poincare,  1  last  re,  mid  de  Heen. 
Perhaps  he  will  inform  us  what  work  these 
three  gentlemen  have  done  to  justify  their 
selection  as  typical  of  the  first  rank  of 
physicists.  He  says  that  he  knows  of  no 
person  except  -Mr.  Whetham  niid  myself 
who   havo   openly  condemned   Dr.  Lo    Bon. 


He  has  forgotten  conveniently  M.  Becquerel, 
the  discoverer  of  radio-activity,  whose 
opinion  of  Dr.  Le  Bon,  quoted  by  that 
author  himself,  is  that  he  has  "  n'aucune 
idee  des  phenomenes  de  radio-activite." 
F.  L.  adopts  the  extraordinary  attitude  that 
the  silence  of  the  leaders  of  science  towards 
Dr.  Le  Bon  implies  their  approval  of  his 
work.  Would  F.  L.  interpret  the  silence 
of  scientific  men  on  the  subject  of  some 
theories  of  the  origin  of  life  proposed  recently 
as  evidence  of  their  unanimous  acceptance 
of  those  theories  ? 

But  I  have  the  best  authority  for  my 
statement  :  I  have  that  of  Dr.  Le  Bon  him- 
self. Two  chapters  of  his  book  are  devoted 
to  pressing  his  claim  to  recognition  as  the 
discoverer  of  general  radio-activity  :  even 
I  give  Dr.  Le  Bon  credit  for  more  sense  than 
would  be  shown  by  writing  nineteen  pages 
to  prove  what  nobody  but  Mr.  Whetham 
and  I  dispute.  On  p.  27  will  be  found  the 
following  words  : — 

"  Mes  reeherches  avaient  ete,  en  effet,  assez  mal 
aceueillies  en  France.  Plusieurs  des  notes  que 
j'envoyais  a  l'Academie  des  Sciences  provoquaient 
de  veritables  tempetes.  La  plupart  des  membres 
de  la  section  de  physique  protestaient  avee  energie, 
et  les  journaux  scientitiques  faisaient  chorus.  Nous 
sommes  tellement  hierarehises,  tellenient  hypno- 
tises et  domestiques  par  notre  enseignement  ofticiel 
que  Pexpression  d'idees  independantes  semble  in- 
tolerable." 

Are  these  last  the  words  of  a  recognized 
man  of  science  with  the  full  approval  of  his 
colleagues  ?  or  are  they  the  outpourings  of 
a  disappointed  jealousy  ? 

We  know  that  the  members  of  the 
French  Academy  are  always  ready  to  confer 
a  mark  of  signal  favour  on  any  person 
whose  work  they  consider  to  be  unjustly 
depreciated :  I  have  not  heard  that  they 
have  as  yet  shown  any  recognition  of  Dr. 
Le  Bon. 

F.  L.  has  discovered  four  sentences  in  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  book  which  cannot  be  called  "  vague 
or  inadequate."  What  further  proof  can  be 
required  of  the  unexceptionable  lucidity  of 
that  author  ?  I  may  remark  that  I  did  not 
state  that  Dr.  Le  Bon's  vagueness  was 
intentional. 

F.  L.  cites  Dr.  Le  Bon's  statement  that 
the  action  of  thorium  and  uranium  is  due  to 
an  emanation  emitted  by  these  substances, 
and  remarks  that  it  may  be  accounted 
another  "  lucky  "  guess  in  addition  to  those 
with  which  I  have  already  credited  him. 
I  beg  to  differ.  As  far  as  the  statement  con- 
cerned thorium,  it  was  not  a  guess  at  all, 
but  a  plain  exposition  of  an  ascertained 
fact.  The  paper  which  F.  L.  quotes  was 
written  in  1900,  and  Prof.  Rutherford's 
discovery  of  the  thorium  emanation  and 
his  suggestion  of  its  name  were  published  on 
the  first  day  of  that  year  in  The  Philosophical 
Magazine.  '  As  far  as  the  statement  concerns 
uranium,  it  was  a  singularly  unlucky  guess, 
for  subsequent  investigation  has  proved 
beyond  doubt  that  uranium  does  not  emit 
an  emanation. 

But  let  us  take  the  first  definite  statement 
that  F.  L.  quotes.  Dr.  Le  Bon  claims  that 
by  the  enunciation  of  that  proposition  he 
has  established  his  claim  to  the  discovery 
of  the  general  radio-activity  of  matter.  I 
reply  that  it  was  a  lucky  guess  -interesting 
on  that  account,  but  without  scientific  value, 
because  at  the  time  that  it  was  first  made 
(i.e.  IS'17.  366  p.  377)  there  was  no  evidence 
for  it,  and  since  the  time  that  if  was  made 
Dr.  Le  Hon  has  produced  no  evidence  for  it. 
That  is  my  main  contention.     If  P.  L.  wishes 

to  controvert  it.  let  him  put  forward  a  concise 

statement    of  a  proof  of   that    proposition 

founded  on  any  experiments  before  1*97  or 
on  Dr.  Le  Hon's  experiments  since  that  date. 
In   order   that    the  challenge  may   be   fair,    I 


270 


Til  E     ATI!  ENiEUM 


N    1088,  Mukii  8,  1906 


will,   if   I-'.   |,.   ili-.^iri--  it.  compn     -    within  2<MI 

words  what  1  consider  s  tatisfactory  proof 
of  the  Minn'  |>ro|M>Hiti«)ii,  hused  on  tin-  work 

of  invest  igatora  other  than  Dr.  Le  Hon. 

P,  L.  is  \' t\  free  with  In-  accusation!  of 
ignorance.  I  do  not  require  to  be  told  by 
him  that  besting  ■  solid  radium  salt  ftwuf 
it  to  give  off  emanation  more  freer/;    hut 

I  ImOW  also  that  the  heat  dot*  not  affect  the 
process  of  radio-activity  in  the  least  :  it 
merely  causes  t he  liherat ion  from  the  pop  loi 
the  solid  of  emanation  that  is  already  formed. 

I  am  also  accused,  without  the  slightest 
reason,  of  judging  Dr.  Le  Bon  without  know- 
ing all  his  work.  I  was  an  earnest  student 
oJ  thai  author's  works  two  years  before  his 
book  appeared,  and  I  believe  that  I  have 
read  every  won!  that  he  has  ever  published 
on  physical  questions. 

F.  L.  has  not  referred  to  my  vindication 
of  Mr.  Whetham,  and  I  suppose  that  he 
admits  its  sufficiency.  He  now  says  that 
Mr.  Whetham's  review  was  unfair  because 
it  was  based  only  on  that  portion  of  the 
author's  experiments  which  he  describes  as 
"  tres  simples,  et,  par  consequent,  faciles  a 
repeter."  F.  L.  apparently  thinks  that  a 
study  of  the  other  experiments  would  lead 
to  conviction  ;  but  I  may  point  out  to  him 
that  it  is  not  customary  in  scientific  circles 
to  consider  an  experiment  the  more  con- 
vincing because  it  is  not  "  facile  a  repeter." 
And  surely,  if  he  wants  us  to  belive  that  Dr. 
Le  Bon  has  been  so  foolish  as  to  omit  from 
his  book  his  most  important  evidence,  he 
must  adduce  some  proof  of  his  statement. 

F.  L.  wants  the  reasons  of  my  disbelief  in 
Dr  Le  Bon's  experiments.  I  consider  all 
his  experiments  on  the  increase  of  ionization 
untrustworthy  for  the  follow-ing  reason.  He 
has  attempted  to  measure  the  ionization  in  a 
gas  by  determining  the  current  through  it  : 
now  the  current  through  a  gas  is  a  measure 
of  the  ionization  in  it  only  when  the  current 
is  saturated.  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  described  no 
precautions  to  ascertain  that  his  current  was 
saturated,  and  in  many  of  his  experiments 
performed  in  unclosed  vessels  it  is  impossible 
that  it  should  have  been.  I  also  consider 
all  the  experiments  in  which  he  professes  to 
have  proved  the  existence  of  an  emanation 
untrustworthy  because  he  has  never  applied 
the  well-known  and  simple  test  to  distinguish 
an  emanation  from  a  gas  ionized  from  outside. 
When  F.  L.  has  disposed  of  these  objections 
he  shall  have  more. 

But  F.  L.  wants  a  definite  instance  :  he 
shall  have  one.  Dr.  Le  Bon  stated  that 
the  hydration  of  quinine  sulphate  and 
certain  other  chemical  reactions  caused  the 
surrounding  air  to  be  ionized.  I  have  never 
disputed  this  :  it  is  very  probable,  for  many 
similar  observations  have  been  made  during 
the  last  hundred  years.  But  he  also  stated 
that  these  actions  caused  the  emission  of 
rays  capable  of  penetrating  considerable 
thicknesses  of  metal.  This,  if  it  were  true, 
would  be  most  important,  for  it  would 
practically  prove  that  the  substances  con- 
cerned were  radio-active.  Miss  Gates  has 
proved  abundantly  that  the  statement  is 
not  true  for  quinine  sulphate,  and  her  con- 
clusions are  confirmed  by  the  work  of 
Kalahne.  F.  L.  does  not  seem  to  under- 
stand the  importance  of  the  distinction 
between  the  two  statements  (1)  that  the 
actions  ionize  the  air  immediately  over  the 
surface  of  the  substances  concerned,  and 
(2)  that  they  cause  the  emission  of  penetrat- 
ing rays. 

I  investigated  some  of  the  cases  given  by 
Dr.  Le  Bon,  and  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  there  were  no  rays  given  off  with  pro- 
perties in  the  least  similar  to  those  emittod 
in  radio-activity  ;  and  that  the  effect  pro- 
duced by  the  action  on  the  other  side  of  a 


Hiatal  wall  uus  probably  due  to  the  ohange 
of  temperature  of  the  wall  caused  by  toe 

luat   of    then-action,      To    this   criticism    Dr. 

Le  Bon  replied  in  •  most  remarkable  pes 

(p.  .'h~».'l).   He  says  that  he  never  denied  the 

effect  of  ohange  of  temperature  in  incree 
the  ionization    an  interesting  statement,  hut 
at    present    irrelevant.     Hut    a    change    of 
temperature  cannot  he  the  sole  cause  ;   for, 

firstly,  there  an!  actions  which  cause  no 
increase  of  temperature  and  yet  cause  the 
increase  of  ionization  :  the  example-  be 
gives  are  the  presence  of  lift  quinine  sulphate 
and  the  oxidation  of  phosphorus  !  (Dr. 
Le  Bon  was  wise  not  to  include  this  experi- 
ment in  his  hook  :  an  oxidation  of  phos- 
phorus which  causes  no  evolution  of  heat  is 
certainly  not  an  experiment  "  facile  a 
repeter.")  And,  secondly,  there  are  actions 
which  cause  an  increase  of  temperature,  but 
no  increase  of  ionization.  Will  F.  L.  kindly 
explain  the  logical  connexion  between  the 
following  statements  found  on  one  page  of 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  book  ? — 

(a)  Increase  of  temperature  causes  in- 
crease of  ionization. 

(6)  Oxidizing  sodium  causes  increase  of 
temperature. 

(c)  Oxidizing  sodium  causes  no  increase  of 
ionization. 

It  is  a  doubtful  point  which  is  the  more 
admirable — Dr.  Le  Bon's  fearless  contempt 
of  facts  shown  in  the  first  part  of  his  argu- 
ment, or  his  equally  bold  disregard  of  logic 
displayed  in  the  second.  But  either  virtue 
seems  rather  superfluous  in  one  who  claims 
to  be  recognized  as  the  author  of  the  most 
important  theory  of  modern  physics. 

F.  L.  has  probably  now  enough  definite 
matter  for  refutation  to  occupy  his  next 
letter. 

I  cannot  hope  to  equal  the  delightful 
suavity  of  F.  L.'s  last  paragraph.  He  first 
accuses  me  of  adopting  the  transparent 
device  of  abusing  the  plaintiff's  attorney. 
The  device  may  be  transparent,  but  it  is 
often  legitimate.  If  I  can  show  that  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  most  prominent  champion  in 
England  (F.  L.  will  not  quarrel  with  that 
title)  is  so  ignorant  of  elementary  physics 
that  he  thinks  the  discovery  that  an  electric 
spark  causes  the  emission  of  electromagnetic 
waves  was  made  six  years  ago,  surely  I  shall 
establish  a  presumption  that  the  cause 
which  has  such  a  chief  supporter  is  not  to  be 
accepted  without  further  inquiry. 

From  his  accusation  of  sharp  practice 
F.  L.  proceeds  gratuitously  to  what  is 
perhaps  the  gravest  insult  that  can  be 
offered  to  any  one  who  wishes  to  be  thought 
a  man  of  science.  He  insinuates  that  my 
disinterestedness  is  assumed,  that  the  affec- 
tation of  it  is  a  lie,  and  that  my  real  object 
in  attacking  Dr.  Le  Bon  is  not  the  exposure 
of  error,  but  the  establishment  of  my  own 
claim  to  priority  over  that  gentleman.  I 
deny  that  I  have  any  claim  of  the  sort  ; 
but  no  doubt  F.  L.  has  strong  evidence  for 
such  a  libel  as  he  has  put  forward.  I  shall 
be  glad  to  hear  it  in  his  next  letter. 

Not  content  with  insulting  me,  he  must 
level  cheap  sneers  at  the  "  opinion  of  the 
Cavendish  Laboratory."  That  institution 
has  no  collective  opinion  other  than  that 
which  is  the  sum  of  the  individual  opinion 
of  its  members,  of  whom  I  am  proud  to  be 
one.  I  have  never  pretended  to  speak  for 
the  "  Cavendish  "  :  my  letter  was  not  dated 
therefrom  ;  no  single  member  saw  it  before 
it  was  published  :  F.  L.  has  no  right  to  bring 
it  into  the  controversy  at  all  :  its  name  has 
been  taken  in  vain  too  often  of  late.  My 
letter  was  signed  with  my  own  name,  and 
speaks  for  no  one  but  myself.  But  I  should 
be  glad  to  know  why  F.  L.  sneers  at  the 
Cavendish    Laboratory.     He    has    appealed 


to  the  hslsnce  of  scientific  opinion  \  does  he> 

nally  deny  that  the  worker*  in  that  lahora- 
i.iv  represent  in  the  mam  the  opinions  of 
the  serious  Scientific  world  I 

Ainl    what    doe-    |-\    I.,    mean   by   his  sneer 

at  my  "  fellow-workers  "  ?  To  whom  doe* 
he  refer  !  These  anonymous  insinuations 
are  unworthy  of  the  columns  of  Tfie  AOtc- 
na  urn.      I    demand    that    the   rei-  ■  hall 

either  be  made  more  explicit  or  el^-  with- 
drawn unreservedly. 

Hut  F.  L.  will  have  to  preface  his  next 

letter  with  BO  many  apologies  that  I  must. 
OOCupy  no  more  of  your  B] 

Norma*  R.  Campbell. 


SO  [ETIES. 


Linnkan.— /H.  1.1.— Dr.  A.  Smith  Wood*  i 
V. P. ,  in  the  chair.— Miss  \.  K.  Layard,  Mr.  F. 
Morcy,  and  Mr.  A.  E.  Bousfield  Steams  were- 
elected  Fellows. — ]>r.  H.  C  Bastian  gave  a  lantern 
demonstration  i  f  the  developmental  changes  in 
Zooglcea. — A  paper  by  Mi.  J.  J.  Simpson  on  'The 
Structure  of  Ins  hippuru  (Linnsns),  was  read  in 
abstract  by  the  Zoological  Secretary.  —  Prof. 
Stewart  and  Prof.  Denny  contributed  some  re- 
marks.— The  last  paper  was  by  Mr.  B.  Dayd<<n. 
Jackson,  entitled  '  Note  on  the  Distribution  of 
the  Genus  Shortia,  Torr.  &  Gray.' 


British  Akch.koi.ocical  Association. — Ft)/.  21. 
— Mr.  R.  H.  Forster,  Hon.  Treasurer,  in  the  chair. 
— Mr.  Andrew  Oliver  gave  an  address  dealing 
with  the  memories  and  associations  connected  with 
the  old  buildings  of  the  Strand  and  'Whitehall. 
Of  the  royal  palaces  and  the  stately  mansions  of 
the  nobility  which  once  lined  the  river  bank  there- 
are  but  few  traces  now  remaining.  The  Banqueting 
House  at  Whitehall,  the  water  gate  of  Buckingham 
House,  the  chapel  of  the  Savoy,  and  the  water 
gate  of  Essex  House,  at  the  end  of  Essex  Street, 
still  exist,  and,  with  the  names  of  the  streets- 
which  cover  the  sites  of  the  demolished  buildings, 
serve  to  recall  the  historic  associations  of  this- 
ancient  thoroughfare  of  the  Strand.  The  lecture- 
was  illustrated  by  photographic  reproductions  of 
maps,  prints,  and  engravings  from  Mr.  Oliver's- 
extensive  collection  of  old  London  views. — Mr. 
Emanuel  Green,  Mr.  S.  \V.  Kershaw,  the  Rev. 
W.  S.  Lach-Szyrma,  Mr.  Compton,  and  others 
took  part  in  the  discussion  which  followed. 


Hellenic. — Feb.  20. — Prof.  Percy  Gardner  in 
the  chair. — Mr.  EL  Norman  Gardiner  read  an 
illustrated  paper  on  '  Heracles  the  Pancratiast/ 
In  Greek  tradition  and  literature  Heracles  is 
regarded  as  the  ideal  paneratiast.  and  this  tradi- 
tion is  utilized  by  the  Greek  vase-painters,  who,, 
in  the  hero's  conflicts  w  it li  the  giants  and  monsters- 
from  whom  it  was  his  mission  to  rid  the  world,, 
represent  him  as  the  trained  athlete  triumphing 
over  undisciplined  brute  force.  The  pancration  inj 
the  sixth  and  fifth  centuries  seems  t  i  have  been 
truly  a  contest  of  skill,  the  closest  modern  analogy 
to  it  being  afforded  by  the  Japanese  jiu-jitsu. 
Like  the  latter,  its  object  was  to  force  an  opponent 
to  acknowledge  defeat,  and  to  secure  this  end 
almost  all  means  were  allowed.  There  is  no- 
authority  even  for  the  popular  idea  that  hitting, 
with  the  tist,  or  bitting  a  man  on  the  ground,  was- 
not  allowed.  Like  jiu-jitsu,  the  pancration  was 
systematically  taught,  and  regulated  by  fixed! 
rules  ;  and  the  absence  of  serious  accidents  in  it, 
when  compared  with  lx>xing,  suggests  that  the 
tendency  to  brutality  inherent  in  such  contests 
was,  in  the  K-st  age  of  Greek  athletics,  kept  in 
check  by  the  Greek  love  of  order  and  reason. 
Naturally  such  a  contest  degenerated  under  the 
influence  <>f  professionalism  and  specialization,  and 
the  deterioration  can  be  traced  in  the  change  in 
the  physical  type  of  Heracles.  Pindar,  who- 
regards  Heracles  as  the  typical  pancratiast, 
describes  him  as  "  little  of  stature,  but  invincible 
of  spirit."  and  he  owes  his  victories  not  to  brute- 
force,  hut  to  science.  The  representations  of  the 
hero  in  early  art  agree  with  this  description. 
Heracles  differs  little  from  the  typical  athlete  of 
Pcloponnesian  art,  and  on  the  vases  he  prevails 
over  his  monstrous  opponents  by  the  skill  of  the 


N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


271 


palaestra.  There  is  little  in  common  between  this 
-type  and  the  over-development  of  the  Farnese 
Heracles,  the  product  of  a  false  athleticism  which 
made  athletics  the  object  of  life  for  the  few  and  a 
spectacle  for  the  many  — Among  those  who  took 
part  in  the  discussion  were  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill,  Prof. 
Ernest  Gardner,  Mr.  F.  E.  Thompson,  the  Chair- 
man, Mr.  L.  Dyer,  and  Mr.  J.  Baker-Penoyre. 


British  Numismatic. — Feb.  21. — Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — Sir  Owen 
Roberts,  Dr.  Andrew  Lang,  Prof.  Liebermann,  the 
Rev.  C.  K.  Henderson,  Dr.  E.  C.  Carter,  and 
Messrs.  W.  Day,  E.  Gerrish,  D.  Proskey,  and 
S.  S.  Stanley  were  elected  Members. — Mr.  H. 
Alexander  Parsons  read  a  paper  on  '  Art  and  the 
Coins  of  England,'  in  which  he  traced  and  com- 
pared the  varied  influences  which  had  determined 
the  designs  and  workmanship  of  our  coinage  from 
its  origin  to  the  present  day.  The  writer  dealt 
"with  a  very  complicated  subject  in  a  clear  and 
logical  manner,  showing  how  the  art  of  our  money 
Las  been  affected  by  every  great  constitutional 
Tipheaval  of  the  dominant  races  of  Europe.  Finally, 
lie  regretted  that  our  present  currency  was  of  little 
value  from  either  the  artistic  or  historical  point  of 
view,  but  believed  that  the  conservation  of  its 
designs  was  due  to  the  action  of  those  responsible 
for  their  adoption,  and  not  to  any  lack  of  artistic 
talent  in  the  country.  Mr.  Parsons  illustrated  his 
paper  by  the  exhibition  of  numerous  coins  of  the 
various  periods. — Mr.  Bernard  Roth  contributed 
.an  account  of  three  early  British  coins  which  he 
■exhibited,  namely,  a  stater  of  Epaticcus  found  at 
Witney,  Oxon,  Evans,  viii.  12  ;  a  stater  of  Dum- 
novellaunos  somewhat  similar  to  Evans,  obv. 
xxiii.  14,  rev.  xvii.  11  or  12;  and  an  example  in 
silver  of  the  same  prince,  which  is  the  only 
specimen  known  in  that  metal.  The  two  coins 
last  mentioned  were  found  at  Ferrytown,  Lincoln- 
shire—Presentations were  made  to  the  Society's 
library  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Hurry  and  Prof.  Alexis  de 
Markoff  and  Major  Freer. — Mr.  J.  B.  Caldecott 
and  Mr.  Lawrence  exhibited  various  rare  coins  and 
medals. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Mon. 


Royal  Academy,  4.— 'The  Evolution  of  Sculpture  :  Egypt  and 
Greece,'  Lecture  II.,  Sir  W.  B.  Richmond. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.— General  Monthly  Meeting. 

—  Society  of  Engineers,  7.30 —'  Submerged  Chain-Cable  Groynes,' 

Mr.  R.  G.  Allanson-Winn. 

—  Aristotelian,  8.— 'Self  and  Objectivity,'  Mr.  F.  Tavani. 
Tuns.     Royal    Institution,    5.—' Food    and    Nutrition,'    Lecture    V., 

Prof.  W.  Stirling. 
•-       Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  '  A  Plea  for 
Better  Country  Roads'  and   'Country  Roads  for    Modern 
Traffic.' 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.—' Imperial  Questions  in  the  West  Indies,' 

Sir  Revile  Lubbock. 

—  Zoological.  8.30. 

Wed.     Dante,  s.30.— '  The  Vita  Nuova  as  a  Love  Story,'  Mr.  Justin  H. 
McCarthy. 

—  Archaeological  Institute.  4.  —  ' On  Low  Set  Openings  in  Danish 

sad  other  Scandinavian  Chinches,'  Mr.  A.  P.  Boyson. 

—  Entomological,  s.—' On  the  late  Prof.  Packard's  Paper  on  the 

Origin  of  Markings  of  Organisms,'  Mr.  II.  Eltringham. 
•—       Geological.  8.  —  '  On  the  Occurrence  of  Limestone  of  the  Lower 
Carboniferous  Series  in   the  Cannock  Chase  Portion  of  the 
South  Staffordshire  Coalfield,'  Mr.  G.  Marmaduke  Cockin  ; 
'Liassic  Dentaliidie,'  Mr.  LinsdaU  Richardson. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Art   in  Painting  anil  Photography,'  Mr. 

.1.  C.  Dolhnan. 
Turns.  Royal  Academy,  4.— 'The  Evolution  of  Sculpture:  Egypt  and 
Greece.'  Lecture  III.,  Sir  W.  IS.  Richmond. 

—  Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5— 'The  Physiology  of  Plants,'  Lecture  II., 

Mr.  F.  Darwin. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.—'  A  New  Single  Phase 

Commutator  Motor,'  Mr.  v.  A.  Fynn. 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

Astronomical,  5. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  8.  — 'The  Design  of  a  Two- 
Hinged  Spandrel-Braced  Steel  Arch,'  Mr.  R.  Freeman 
iStudents'  Meeting.) 

Physical.  8.-'  The  Velocities  of  the  Ions  of  Alkali  Salt  Vapours 
at  High  Temperatures,' Prof.  II.  A.  Wilson;  Some  Experi- 
ments on  Earth  Currents  at  Kew  Observatory,' I>r   Haiker 

Royal  Institution,  9.—  Some  Dietetic  Problems,'  Dr.  R. 
Hutchison, 


Fk.. 


Sir. 


Royal   Institution,    3— 'The  CorpuscularTheory  of    Matter,' 
Lecture  II.,  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson. 


%cuntt  (Gossip. 

Continuing  out  series  of  articles  by  ex- 
perts, we  shall  publish  next  week  some 
remarks  on  '  Helium  and  the  Transmutation 
of  Elements '  by  Sir  William  Ramsay. 

The  death  of  Mr.  William  Cunnington,  at 
the  ripe  ago  of  ninety-two,  severs  a  link 
with  a  past  generation  of  geologists  and 
archaeologists.  More  than  half  a  century 
ago  his  name  appeared  on  the  roll  of 
Fellows  of  the  Geological  Society ;  and  his 
enthusiastic    study    of    geology,    especially 


of  the  Cretaceous  fossils  of  Wiltshire,  is 
attested  by  the  important  collections  which 
he  made.  Some  of  these  are  preserved  in 
the  British  Museum,  others  in  the  Museum 
of  Practical  Geology,  and  others,  again,  in 
the  Museum  at  Devizes — an  institution  of 
which  he  was  for  many  years  the  honorary 
curator.  He  was  the  grandson  of  William 
Cunnington,  the  well-known  Wiltshire  anti- 
quary, who  was  the  friend  of  Sir  Richard 
Colt  Hoare  and  of  William  Smith,  "  the 
father  of  English  geology." 

We  also  regret  to  announce  the  death,  in 
the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  of  the 
distinguished  astronomer  and  physicist, 
Prof.  Samuel  Pierpont  Langley,  who  had 
been  for  twenty  years  Director  of  the 
Allegheny  Observatory,  and  was  well  known 
for  his  researches  in  solar  physics,  and  his 
invention  and  application  of  an  instrument 
called  the  bolometer  for  the  measurement 
of  the  heat  of  the  sun's  rays.  He  was 
elected  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  in  1883,  and  received  many 
distinctions  at  home  and  abroad  in  the  way 
of  medals  and  degrees.  Since  1887  he  had 
been  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion. He  was  born  at  Roxbury,  Boston,  on 
August  22nd,  1834,  and  began  as  an  archi- 
tect and  civil  engineer,  but  found  his  true 
bent  as  Assistant  at  the  Harvard  Observa- 
tory in  1865.  Besides  numerous  scientific 
papers  and  articles  he  was  author  of  '  The 
New  Astronomy  '  ;  '  Researches  on  Solar 
Heat ' ;  '  Experiments  in  Aerodynamics  '  ; 
and  '  The  Internal  Work  of  the  Wind. ' 

Thbee  new  small  planets  are  announced 
from  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidel- 
berg, photographically  registered  on  the 
16th  ult. — two  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf,  and  one 
by  Herr  A.  Kopff.  Several  of  the  most 
recent  discoveries  have  been  visually  ob- 
served by  Dr.  J.  Palisa  at  Vienna. 

Twenty-five  new  variable  stars  have 
been  detected  at  the  Harvard  College  Obser 
vatory  as  the  result  of  an  examination  by 
Miss  Henrietta  S.  Leavitt  of  plates  taken 
with  the  24-inch  Bruce  telescope.  Six  of 
these  are  in  the  constellation  Orion,  three  in 
Virgo,  fifteen  in  Cygnus,  and  one  in  Pegasus. 
None  of  them  exceeds  10|  magnitude  when 
brightest  ;  one  in  Cygnus  varies  between 
10£  and  12£,  and  another,  which  is  of  the 
twelfth  magnitude  when  brightest,  sinks 
below  15|  when  faintest.  As  only  one  new 
variable  has  hitherto  been  announced  this 
year  (as  mentioned  in  our  '  Science  Gossip  '  on 
the  3rd  ult.),  the  last  of  the  above  twenty- 
five  stars  will  be  reckoned  as  var.  26,  1906, 
Pegasi.  The  positions  of  the  new  variables 
in  the  small  Magellanic  Cloud  have  been 
measured,  and  observations  of  their  bright- 
nesses are  in  progress  with  a  view  to  deter- 
mining their  light-curves.  A  series  of 
excellent  plates  covering  the  large  Magel- 
lanic Cloud  has  been  received,  and  a  pre- 
liminary examination  shows  that  it  also 
contains  variable  stars  in  great  numbers. 
The  study  of  this  region  is  being  carried  on 
simultaneously  with  that  of  the  small 
Magellanic  Cloud,  which  evidently  contains 
variables  besides  those  already  announced. 

Giacobini's  last  comet  (c,  1905)  is  now, 
according  to  Herr  Wedemeyer's  ephemeris, 
in  the  north-western  part  of  the  constella- 
tion Cetus  ;  it  will  be  about  2°  due  south  of 
y  Ceti  on  the  14th  inst.,  and  very  near  a  Ceti 
on  the  20th,  moving  towards  Taurus.  Its 
brightness  now  is  about  equal  to  that  at  the 
time  of  discovery,  but  will  have  dimi- 
nished to  a  quarter  of  that  by  the  end  of  the 
month.  M.  Giacobini  himself  states  that  it 
was  well  visible  to  the  naked  eye  at  Nice 
during  the  first  week  in  January,  notwith- 
standing the  bright  moonlight  ;    the  nucleus  I 


was  between  the  second  and  third  magnitudes, 
and  the  tail  more  than  a  degree  in  length. 
The  nearest  approach  to  the  earth  was  on 
the  6th  of  that  month,  the  distance  being 
about  100,000,000  miles. 

Brooks's  new  comet  (a,  1906)  is  now  about 
half  as  bright  as  at  the  time  of  discovery, 
situated  in  the  constellation  Camelopardus, 
and  moving  slowly  in  a  south-westerly 
direction.  Its  position  for  to-night  is 
R.A.  5h.  50m.,  N.P.D.  25°  0'. 

M.  Adolphe  Gutllot,  who  died  last  week 
at  Saint-Jean-de-Luz,  after  a  long  illness, 
was  at  one  time  a  juge  d instruction  at  Paris, 
where  he  was  born  on  April  25th,  1836.  His 
first  important  work  was  issued  in  1860  with 
the  title  '  Examen  du  Pro  jet  de  Loi  sur  la 
Propriete  Litteraire  '  ;  ten  years  later  he 
published  a  work  dealing  with  '  Les  Vols 
commis  a  la  Bibliotheque  de  Troyes  et  aux 
Archives  Departementales  de  l'Aube,'  but 
perhaps  his  publications  which  attracted 
most  general  notice  were  '  Paris  qui  Souffre  ' 
(1887)  and  'Les  Prisons  de  Paris  et  les 
Prisonniers  '  (1890).  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
Morales  et  Politiques  on  April  9th,  1892,  in 
succession  to  M.  Baudrillart. 


FINE   ARTS 


ENGLISH   FURNITURE. 

A  History  of  English  Furniture  :  the  Age 
of  Walnut.  By  Percy  Macquoid.  (Law- 
rence &  Bullen.)— This  is  the  second  volume 
of  Mr.  Macquoid's  comprehensive  history, 
and  covers  a  period  between  1650  and  1720 
or  thereabouts.  As  about  the  opening  of 
that  era  oak  was  giving  way  in  some  impor- 
tant particulars  to  walnut,  Mr.  Macquoid 
has,  with  a  passion  for  neat  classification, 
dubbed  his  account  '  The  Age  of  Walnut. 
Roughly,  we  may  say  that  walnut  was 
taken  en  route  to  mahogany.  When  furni- 
ture began  to  get  less  massive  and  ample, 
some  other  wood  than  oak  was  necessary, 
and  was  found  in  walnut,  which  made  its 
appearance  in  the  time  of  the  Common- 
wealth. The  worm,  as  Mr.  Macquoid  points 
out,  killed  walnut  as  a  fashion  in  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  and  mahogany  became  the 
mode.  As  yet  mahogany  has  not  been 
superseded  in  its  sphere.  Mr.  Macquoid 
says  that  with  Cromwell  died 
"the  simple  taste  that,  owing  to  dearth  of 
imagination,  had  gradually  drifted  into  the  com- 
monplace. Had  this  taste  continued,  the  evolu- 
tion must  have  been  devoid  of  artistic  interest, 
and  would  have  added  no  rung  in  the  ladder  ot  the 
beautiful,  as  the  initial  motives  were  not  founded 
on  true  principles." 

This  is  a  little  difficult  to  understand.  The 
austerity  of  the  Puritan  regime  undoubtedly 
helped  to  break  up  the  pomposity  of  Eliza- 
bethan structures.  Its  simplicity  was  a 
refining  and  educating  influence,  which 
prepared  the  way  for  the  eventual  elegance 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  As  in  politics 
and  in  morals,  so  in  taste  the  Restoration 
produced  an  excessive  voluptuousness  in 
reaction,  but  the  submerged  principles 
reasserted  themselves  in  due  course.  Mr. 
Macquoid  himself  remarks  that  towards 
tho  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  the 
best  details  and  nobility  of  proportion  m 
Elizabethan  decoration  and  furniture  dis- 
appeared, giving  way  to  the  somewhat 
exaggerated  mouldings  and  contrast edcun  ea 
prompted  by  the  vagaries  of  the  Italian 
artists."  The  Restoration  had  its  ndmiraulo 
points,  but  extravagance  of  decoration  was 
not  one  of  them.  That  fashion  ebbed  out 
towards  tho  Georgian  period,   and  left  HW 


•.•:•• 


Til  E     ATH  KWKIM 


N    1088,  Mai.-,  m  :;,  \Uor, 


r»»i<l  free  for  Chippendale's  ^ri'iii  revolution. 
Yet  bon  long  timt  revolution  had  bwn  in 
prsparat ion  mii\  i»-  judged  by  the  inspection 
of  iiiim\  oi  tlu<  lat«-r  Stuarl  pn..~  .•!  fund 
turr  illustrated  here,  as,  for  example,  the 
walnut  settees  |Mct un<l  in  chap.  viii.  There 
•in-  manj  ol  the  refined  features  developed 
iit.r  by  Chippendale,  1 1 • « -  absence  of  orna- 
ment, and  tli"  attention  to  form,  even  to 

the  cabriole  leg,  the  claw  and  hall,  and  the 
simple  ami  elegant  contours  of  the  back. 

Mr.  Edacquoid's  work  is  accomplished 
with  great  skill  and  knowledge.  His  chief 
defect  is  that  ho  has  no  apparent  philosophy 

as  a  setting  for  his  studies,  which  would 
link  up  the  craft  of  furniture-making  with 
OrgaiUC  history.  He  is,  however,  extremely 
well  informed  in  details,  and  has  a  good 
sound  taste.  Nor  can  we  praise  too  highly 
the  chic  with  which  he  has  collected  his 
many     illustrations     from     various     sources. 

Mr.  Shirley  siocomhe  has  again  reproduced 
in  colour  some  wonderful  pictures  which 
bring  tie  furniture  before  us  as  vividly  as  if 
we  lived  with  it  ;  and,  this  being  the  epoch 
of  rich  marqueterie,  he  has  a  pay  field  for 
his  brush.  It  is  extremely  interesting  to 
know  timt  so  far  back  as  1689  japanning  (or 
lacquering)  was  taught  to  young  ladies. 
Mr.  Macquoid  quotes,  from  a  letter  by  Ed- 
mund Verney  to  his  young  daughter  Molly, 
at  school,  what  is  worth  reproducing  : — 

••  I  6nd  yon  have  a  desire  to  learn  to  japan,  as 
you  call  it,  and  1  approve  of  it  ;  and  so  I  shall  of 
anything  that  is  good  and  virtuous,  therefore 
learn  in  <;<>d's  name  all  gootl  things,  and  I  will 
willingly  Ik'  at  the  Charge  so  farr  as  I  am  able — 
tho'  they  <  same  from  Japan  and  from  never  so  farr 
and  Looke  of  an  Indian  Hue,  and  odour,  for  I 
admire  all  accomplishments  that  will  render  you 
oensiderable  and  lovely  in  the  sight  of  God  and 
man." 

Admirable  father,  whose  pious  aspirations, 
we  hope,  were  adequately  fulfilled  ! 

English  Furniture.  By  F.  S.  Robinson. 
(Methuen  &  Co.)— In  the  flood  of  books 
written  about  old  furniture  of  recent  years 
Mr.  Rohinson's  treatise  stands  out  signally. 
It  is  too  soon  to  compare  it  with  the 
elaborate  history  of  English  furniture  which 
we  notice  above  ;  but  it  is  easily 
first  among  the  books  on  the  subject 
in  our  time.  The  survey  is  complete  in 
general,  and  is  copiously  supplied  with 
detail.  Indeed,  it  is  open  to  the  objection 
that  Mr.  Robinson  devotes  too  much  atten- 
tion and  space  to  particular  examples  of 
art.  He  describes  with  scrupulous  care  and 
(one  feels)  with  affection  this  table  or  that 
chest,  sometimes  without  contributing  a 
proportionate  enlightenment  to  the  reader. 
There  is  another  fault  we  have  to  find,  and 
then  we  have  done.  The  numerous  collo- 
type illustrations  are  an  annexe  to  the 
text,  and  are  not  inserted  in  it.  There  was 
doubtless  good  reason  for  this  from  a 
technical  point  of  view,  but  it  detracts 
from  the  usefulness  of  a  book  of  this  sort 
when  the  student  has  to  refer  constantly 
to  the  hack  parts  to  let  his  eye  assist  his 
mind.  We  may  say  at  once  that  the  illus- 
trations, though  not  on  the  scale  of  magni- 
ficence reached  by  those  in  Mr.  Macquoid's 
book,  are  well  chosen  and  handsome. 
There  are  also  a  very  careful  descriptive 
list  of  illustrations,  a  useful  bibliography, 
and  an  index  of  names. 

Furniture,  of  course,  as  we  know  it,  is  a 
modern  invention.  We  are  singularly  ignor- 
ant of  ancient  furniture,  though  we  have 
book  knowledge  of  what  graced  the  houses 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  We  hardly 
know  anything  of  the  beginnings  of  our  own 
D  dive  furniture.  Articles  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
or  Norman  period  aro  very  rare.  A  casket 
ia   the   British   Museum   carved   in   whale's 


hone    i^    aknOSl     our    only     key     to    the    pit 
Norman     arts     and     eialt  -.       Mr.      Kobn 

remarks  on  th>-  disappointing  fact  that 
royal  palaces  do  not  contain  the  examples 

that    might    be  expected.       This   is,   of  eour  .  . 
because   they    are   not    museums,    or   at    I 
wen-    not     museums    in    older    days.       What 

was  out  of  date  was  probably  relegated 
to  the  lumber-room  to  make  room  for  new 

fashioned  articles.  And  the  servants  of  the 
bong  have  invariably  had   then    perquisites, 

which  enables,  for  example,  Mr.  Robinson 
to  traps  a  Chippendale  cabinet  out  of 
George  ll.'s  household  to  a  modern  possessor. 
Mr.  Robinson  devotes  a  great  deal  of  space 
and      learning     to     early    furniture,    and     he 

has  a  fund  of  lore  to  draw  on  regarding  oak. 
Hut  the  real  art  of  furniture  began  virtu- 
ally when  oak  was  superseded.  In  judging 
of  the  taste  of  a  writer  on  furniture  as  apart 
from  his  lore,  one  naturally  turns  to  his 
treatment  of  the  masters,  Chippendale  and 
Heppelwhite  and  Sheraton.  Mr.  Robin- 
son's handling  of  them  is  admirable.  He  sees 
the  greatness  of  the  one,  and  the  grace  and 
variety  of  the  others.  Chippendale's  accom- 
lishment  is 

"that  he  took  the  main  shapes  as  he  found  them, 
somewhat  plain  and  severe;  he  left  them  decidedly 
better  proportioned,  lighter,  more  decorative,  yet 
not  less  useful  than  they  were.  The  ideas  reduce 
themselves  to  a  matter  of  artistic  '  feeling,'  a  sense 
of  proportion  which  recognizes,  for  instance,  that 
the  breadth  of  a  chair  splat  is  too  great  or  too 
little  for  the  empty  spaces  on  each  side  of  it.  It 
seems  a  small  affair,  this  ;  hut  such  affairs  make  all 
the  difference  hetween  the  ugh'  and  the  beautiful." 

This  is  essentially  just,  as  are  the  author's 
remarks  on  Sheraton's  later  work.  That 
this  was  disadvantageously  affected  by  the 
excesses  of  the  Empire  style  is  obvious, 
and  Mr.  Robinson  prefers  to  think  that  in 
his  last  designs  Sheraton  was  deliberately 
following  a  fashion,  rather  than  inventing 
in  good  faith.  The  elegance  of  Empire 
costume  (which  also  had  its  excesses  in 
les  merveilleuses  and  the  like)  was  not 
matched  by  the  grandiosity  of  the  crafts 
of  the  day  ;  and  after  the  Empire  came  the 
deluge.  Fortunately,  the  historians  of  furni- 
ture stop  at  this  dreadful  epoch,  being  out 
of  breath,  or,  perhaps,  merely  out  of  heart. 
It  is  odd  that,  appreciative  of  good  work 
as  we  are  to-day,  there  has  been  no  original 
impulse  in  our  generation.  We  confine 
ourselves  to  careful  and  excellent  revivals 
of  old  models,  and  the  exhibitions  of  arts 
and  crafts  have  not  yet  been  productive  of 
a  school.  Mr.  Robinson's  book  is  indispens- 
able to  a  connoisseur. 


ART  AND  ARTISTS. 

Selected  Drawings  from  the  Old  Masters 
in  the  University  Galleries  and  in  the  Library 
at  Christchurch,  Oxford.  Chosen  and  described 
by  Sidney  Colvin.  Part  IV.  (Oxford,  Cla- 
rendon Press.) — Mr.  Sidney  Colvin  has  by 
no  means  exhausted  the  treasures  of  these 
collections,  and  the  series  of  portfolios  keeps 
up  its  high  standard  of  quality  in  every  way. 
We  have  already  in  regard  to  previous  num- 
bers said  much  concerning  the  scrupulous 
care  with  which  these  reproductions  are 
made,  and  the  admirablo  taste  with  which 
they  are  displayed,  and  we  need  only  add 
of  the  present  part  that  it  does  not  fall  short 
of  its  predecessors.  The  selection  is  again 
of  the  most  varied  interest. 

The  volume  opens  with  a  head  of  heroic 
sizo  from  Leonardo's  cartoon  of  '  The  Battle 
of  tho  Anghiari.'  So  full  of  life  is  this — so 
instinct  with  the  "  bestial  madness  of  battle," 
to  adopt  Leonardo's  own  words — that  one 
cannot  wonder  that  Mr.  Colvin  was  tempted 


to  follow   Richardson,  itK  former  owner,  in 
the  supposition  that   her>-  at   least    • 
fragment  laved  from  the  wreck  ot  Leonard 
great  enterprise.     But  more  prol<  ,<i\ 

convinced  Mr.  Colvin  that   so  fascinating  a 

theory   must   be   given   up,   and   that   it    n 

be  regarded  as  one  of  those  nun* 

winch    the    younger    generation    of    ar' 

made     before     the     cartoon     gave      pi 

\  H  ( sari's  bombastic  We  think  he 

is  right  in  this  caution-  estimate  of  what 
remains  a  very  remarkable  and  inter- 
esting document.  Another  larg  >n, 
very    highly    finished,   is    presented    in    th<- 

Second    plate    of    a    Madonna    and    Child    by 

GKanpietrino.  It  has  all  the  merit-,  and 
misses  some  of  the  defects,  of  his  paintii 

Much     more    original     and     more     vital 
Sodoma's  brilliant  drawing  (plate  hi. ),  though 
marred  by  his  inveterate  slovenliness. 

Then  follow  two  sheets  of  those  vapid 
Aktstudien  which  Filippino  and  his  scholars 
turned  out  in  such  quantities,  and  which 
seem  to  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  sur- 
vive when  better  work  perished.  But  these 
sheets  are  good  examples  of  his  later  style* 
especially  the  second,  on  which  there  occurs- 
one  of  those  farouche  figures  which  we  see 
in  Filippino's  latest  frescoes,  and  which 
recall  Piero  di  Cosimo's  style.  Next  come- 
a  noble  study  of  a  horse  by  Michelangelo  andl 
a  sheet  of  first  ideas  for  '  Samson  and  the 
Philistines.'  Then  we  have  a  celebrated 
drawing  adequately  reproduced  for  the  fir>t 
time,  the  well-known  head  of  Raphael  bjr 
Viti,  or,  as  some  think,  an  early  work  by 
Raphael  presenting  some  unknown  youth. 
Mr.  Colvin  wisely  leaves  the  question  open. 
We  rather  incline  to  the  Viti  hypothesis.  It 
does  not  seem  to  us  decidedly  finer  in  quality 
than  several  of  the  heads  that  are  now,  by 
common  consent,  given  to  Viti. 

The  next  drawing,  for  part  of  a  composi- 
tion of  the  Last  Supper,  is  clearly  a  work — 
and  a  beautiful  one — of  Raphael's  Floren- 
tine period.  The  line  work  is  exquisite,  but 
the  touching-in  of  the  high  lights  with  white 
seems  to  us  unsatisfactory.  Without  ex- 
amining the  original  one  cannot  tell,  but  it 
seems  to  us  possible  that  they  are  an  addition 
by  another  hand.  Mr.  Colvin  restores  to 
Raphael  a  drawing  of  men  fighting  which  i- 
connected  with  a  grisaille  in  the  fresco  of 
'  The  School  of  Athens.'  We  find  also  a 
brilliant  impressionist  study  by  Correggio- 
in  which  Mr.  Colvin — rightly,  we  think — 
sees  the  germ  of  the  idea  of  '  The  Madonna 
with  St.  Jerome  '  at  Parma.  Two  admirable, 
but  slight  pen  drawings  by  Titian  complete 
the  Italians. 

A  number  of  grotesques  in  the  manner  of 
Jerome  Bosch  next  attract  our  attention.  Are- 
they,  we  wonder,  certainly  by  him  ?  They 
scarcely  seem  to  have  the  intensity  and 
verve  of  his  touch  as  judged  by  the  authentic- 
paintings.  Two  slight,  but  none  the  less 
intensely  moving  and  significant  Rembrandt  s- 
follow — the  figure  of  John  the  Baptist  kneel- 
ing for  execution,  and  '  The  Woman  of 
Samaria  '  ;  then  a  lovely  landscape  by  l  he- 
same  hand,  also  of  fine  quality.  A  Spagno- 
letto  sanguine,  a  delicious  wash  drawing  by 
Nicholas  Poussin.  and  a  most  interesting 
allegorical  design  by  Watteau  complete  the 
series.  The  Watteau.  though  engraved  by 
CayluS,  is.  we  believe,  a  discovery,  and  a 
most  interesting  one.  It  represents  Watteau 
escaping  from  Neptune,  that  is  to  say. 
landing  in  France  aftc^r  a  bad  Channel 
crossing,  on  return  from  his  unhappy  visit 
to  England  in  172th  Mr.  Colvin's  descrip- 
tive notes  are,  as  usual,  admirable  ;  tiny 
are  just,  concise,  and  scholarly. 

Sam  Bough,  K.S.A.  By  the  late  Sidney 
Gilpin.  (Btdl  ft  Sons.)  —  Sam  Bough  was- 
not  a  great  artist,  but  he  was  a  very  genuine- 


N°  4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


273 


and  talented  one,  and  it  is  possible  that  his 
unpretentious  and  direct  interpretations  of 
certain  aspects  of  nature  will  continue  to 
give  a  certain  mild  pleasure  when  bigger- 
sounding  names  are  forgotten.  So  we  may 
well  be  glad  that  the  outlines  of  his  cha- 
racter and  a  list  of  his  exhibited  works  are 
ihere  placed  on  record.  At  the  same  time 
-we  cannot  help  thinking  that  a  much 
shorter  biography  would  have  satisfied  the 
"world  at  large.  Bough's  companions  were 
for  the  most  part  people  of  only  temporary 
sand  local  importance,  and  his  letters 
teem  with  allusions  no  longer  intelligible 
to  the  public.  Nor  are  these  documents 
remarkable  except  for  the  constant  recur- 
rence of  a  certain  breezy  jocularity,  which 
•doubtless  was  delightful  to  those  who  were 
in  a  position  to  appreciate  the  point  of  it. 
The  funny  stories  and  rudely  smart  or 
humorous  sayings  are,  to  tell  the  truth, 
pointless  now,  and  the  artist  had  apparently 
no  general  intellectual  or  even  artistic 
interests  to  bring  him  into  touch  with  later 
times.  His  life  is,  in  fact,  entirely  pro- 
vincial, and  his  whole  attitude  that  of  a 
jovial  Bohemian  Philistinism.  It  is,  how- 
ever, interesting  to  get  a  glimpse  of  the 
peculiar  kind  of  pothouse  Bohemianism 
which  was  considered  the  correct  thing  for 
an  artist  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 
Bough  was  evidently  a  jolly,  roistering, 
kindly,  practical-joking  sort  of  a  fellow 
who  didn't  care  a  doit  for  anybody,  and 
took  the  first  opportunity  of  saying  so  ; 
but  we  are  none  the  less  rather  glad  that 
this  type  of  Bohemianism  is  no  longer  so 
popular  as  it  once  was. 

Jean  Dominique  Ingres  :  Twenty-Four 
Reproductions  in  Photogravure.  With  Mono- 
graph by  Arsene  Alexandre.  "  Art  Life 
Monographs."  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — 
Ingres's  reputation  has  grown  rapidly  of 
late,  and  as  much  on  this  as  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Channel,  so  that  one  is 
no  longer  surprised,  though  one  is  glad,  to 
see  him  made  the  subject  of  a  popular 
monograph.  The  essay  which  M.  Arsene 
Alexandre  contributes  is  lively,  and  calcu- 
lated to  stimulate  interest,  though  it  scarcely 
amounts  to  a  serious  or  illuminating  study 
of  Ingres's  character  and  position.  The 
reproductions  are  excellent,  though  the 
selection  might  well  have  been  improved. 
His  large  compositions  are  not  well  typified 
by  the  too  well-known  '  Apotheosis  of 
Homer,'  which,  in  spite  of  great  qualities, 
can  hardly  be  counted  a  success.  What 
a  pity,  then,  that,  instead  of  this,  we  were 
not  privileged  to  have  reproductions  of  his 
little-known  and  far  greater  designs,  '  The 
Age  of  Stone  '  and  '  The  Age  of  Gold,'  at 
Dampierre  !  Among  the  studies  reproduced 
we  should  have  liked  more  of  the  character 
of  the  superb  nudes  on  plate  8,  instead  of 
such  an  excessive  number  of  portrait 
•drawings  in  pencil.  Not  that  these  have 
not  great  beauty,  but  they  are  both  more 
familiar,  and  less  important  for  the  true 
appreciation  of  Ingres's  greatness  as  a 
lineal  designer,  than  his  studies  for  heroic 
compositions. 


THE    INTERNATIONAL    EXHIBITION 
AT    THE    NEW    GALLERY. 

SECOND    SECTION. 

The  second  section  of  the  International 
Exhibition  is  the  turn  of  the  "gravers." 
The  sculpture  remains  as  before,  and  there 
are  now  works  in  water  colour,  pastels, 
drawings,  etchings,  lithographs,  engravings, 
*,nd  colour  prints,  almost  every  form  of 
modern    artistic    representation    being    in- 


cluded with  the  exception  of  oil  painting. 
Meunier  and  Forain,  Menzel  and  Hans  Thoma 
— to  name  but  a  few  instances  out  of  many — 
travel  along  very  divergent  paths.  The 
works  are  so  diversified  as  to  render  nugatory 
any  attempt  at  generalization.  It  is  not 
one  exhibition,  but  many,  and  it  must  be 
seen  in  section,  and  we  could  wish  that  the 
limitations  of  space  had  allowed  this  to  be 
done  at  length. 

The  South  Room  is  entirely  given  up  to 
the  works  of  French  artists.  The  German 
works,  some  French,  and  a  few  others,  are 
in  the  West  Room  ;  the  North  Room 
contains  American,  Dutch,  and  English 
work  ;  but  in  the  Balcony  the  system  of 
arrangement  is  less  obvious.  If  it  had  been 
found  possible  to  group  together  all  the 
colour  prints  and  lithographs,  it  would  have 
added  to  their  value  for  the  student. 

There  seems  to  be  a  want  of  proportion 
between  the  amount  of  English  landscape 
work  in  water  colour  judged  as  a  repre- 
sentative selection,  and  that  of  other 
countries.  One  of  Jozef  Israels's  two  small 
sketches  in  that  medium,  representing  a  girl 
sitting  on  a  grassy  slope  and  looking  out  to 
sea,  On  the  Alert,  is  very  soft  and  delicate  in 
feeling  ;  and  a  small  landscape  by  Robert 
Sterl,  entitled  Early  Spring,  has  charming 
passages  of  colour.  There  are  several  by 
the  late  Camille  Pissarro,  and  a  few  more  ; 
but  as  against  these  may  be  mentioned, 
among  others,  a  characteristic  series  of 
twenty  sketches  by  Mr.  Brabazon,  of  which 
the  Nice  and  the  Side  Canal,  Venice,  seem 
most  effective  ;  five  of  Mr.  Bertram  Priest- 
man's  low-toned  harmonies  with  meadows, 
rivers,  and  cloudy  skies  ;  and  half  a  dozen 
slight  but  effective  studies  of  bridges  and 
sea  parades  by  Mr.  Mann  Livens. 

The  proportion  is  reversed  with  the  other 
forms  of  art  represented.  The  English 
works  are  comparatively  few,  and  somewhat 
disappointing  in  quality,  though  there  are 
several  exceptions,  notably  Mr.  Swan's 
studies  of  wild  animals,  especially  the 
Jaguars  Eating,  and  a  lithograph  in  chiar- 
oscuro by  Mr.  Shannon,  The  Breakwater, 
which  shows  his  steady  growth  of  power  in 
free  plastic  treatment  of  form.  A  large 
panel  in  water  colour  on  silk  by  Mr.  Charles 
Conder  is  very  successful  in  colour  and 
design,  and  marks  a  return  to  his  earlier 
and  more  decorative  manner.  A  pastel  by 
Mr.  Alfred  Withers,  a  study  of  an  old  mill, 
Oloron  Ste.  Marie,  attracts  notice  by  its 
striking  fidelity  of  colour  ;  and  we  may 
also  mention  the  delicate  wood  engravings 
of  Mr.  J.  J.  Guthrie,  and  two  delightful 
colour  prints,  Autumn  and  Bullfinches,  by 
Mr.  Allan  W.  Seaby. 

The  German  section  is  compounded  of 
sterner  stuff.  It  is  retrospective  in  scope 
as  well  as  a  record  of  present  performance. 
The  inclusion  of  over  fifty  works  by  Menzel, 
of  drawings  by  Bocklin,  of  lithographs  and 
etchings  by  Hans  Thoma,  Max  Klinger,  and 
Max  Liebermann,  renders  it  representative 
of  some  of  the  more  noteworthy  tendencies 
of  German  art.  Menzel  was  pre-eminently 
a  naturalist  in  art,  and  his  work  is  rich  in 
variety.  The  etching  Das  Letzte  shows  his 
mastery  of  line  ;  the  gouache  Straszenccke 
bei  Mondschein,  with  the  figures  looking  out 
into  the  night  from  the  lamplit  room, 
suggests  sonvething  of  his  skill  in  effective 
composition  and  harmony  of  tones. 

The  portrait  sketches  in  water  colour  are 
triumphs  of  characterization.  In  the  Von 
Kunowski,  the  Knerk,  and  the  Grdfin  von 
Oriolla  he  has  depicted  national  types  witli 
a  precision  of  line,  a  freedom  and  vigour  of 
handling,  which  approach  Lenbach  in 
dignity  and  fidelity  01  result. 

Among  the  drawings  by  Bocklin  is  a  very 


spirited  study  for  a  picture  of  a  Siren,  No  252, 
and  of  the  rest  the  Arcadia  is  very  facile  in 
structural  suggestions  in  the  rounded  limbs 
of  the  children  ;  but  the  selection  is  not 
fully  representative  of  his  powers.  Swiss  by 
nationality,  Italian  in  artistic  sympathies 
and  in  training,  Bocklin  has  been  enthu- 
siastically adopted  by  the  German  people, 
because  his  works  have  embodied  more 
than  have  those  of  any  other  painter  the 
romantic  element  in  German  literature. 
This  is  visible  even  in  his  early  things  in  the 
Schack  Gallery  at  Munich  ;  it  may  also  be 
conjectured  from  the  poetically  conceived 
landscape  drawing  in  this  exhibition,  Der 
Gang  nach  Emmaus.  The  type  of  archi- 
tecture suggests  the  hill  country  above 
Venice.  It  is  the  Italy  of  vision,  the  land 
of  Mignon's  song.  So,  in  like  manner,  his 
pictures  of  centaurs  and  sirens,  his  cypress- 
shaded  castles  by  the  sea,  find  their  counter- 
parts in  the  romantic  ballads  of  Schiller  and 
Uhland. 

The  comparative  immobility  of  German 
art  is  seen  in  the  works  of  Hans  Thoma  and 
Max  Klinger.  The  chief  tutelary  influences 
of  the  former  are  apparently  the  old  German 
wood  engravers  and  Mantegna,  but  in  the 
result  there  is  nothing  archaistic  ;  its 
sincerity  gives  it  life.  His  simplicity,  his 
stateliness  of  line,  are  seen  to  advantage  in 
the  Christ  and  Satan,  The  Rest  on  the  Flight 
into  Egypt,  and  the  allegory  Springtime. 
Max  Klinger — the  greatest  master  of  line  in 
modern  German  art — is  of  the  succession  of 
Diirer.  Inferior  to  him  in  breadth  and 
sense  of  arrangement,  he  has  the  same 
absolute  precision  of  touch  and  something 
of  the  same  faculty  of  vision.  The  Misery, 
from  the  series  of  '  Death,'  and  On  the  Line, 
a  macabre  fantasy  of  a  skeleton  stretched 
across  a  railway  line,  from  the  same  series, 
are  excellent  examples  of  his  power. 

Of  the  various  other  works  by  German 
artists  we  can  only  refer  to  the  lithographs 
and  drypoints  by  Robert  Sterl,  which  breathe 
the  influence  of  Millet  ;  the  works  of  Otto 
Fischer  ;  two  etchings  of  Hamburg  and  a 
pastel  of  The  Little  Lake  in  the  Riesengcbirge, 
with  very  effective  rendering  of  light  ;  the 
mezzotint  landscapes  by  Bernhard  Pankok  ; 
and  some  soft  ground  etchings  of  Corot-like 
scenes  by  Otto  Gampert. 

The  group  of  drawings  by  Constantin 
Meunier  offer  interesting  material  for  the 
study  of  his  sculpture.  They  exhibit  also 
the  essential  harmony  of  his  purpose  with 
that  of  Millet,  whose  influence  dominates 
French  art  when  it  seeks  to  portray  the 
realities  of  the  lives  of  the  workers.  So 
Meunier  in  Briqueteries,  in  Puddleurs,  and 
Lassitude  represents  the  brickmakers  and 
the  puddlers  in  the  iron  foundries  with  a 
grim  realism,  and  something  of  the  tragic 
unconsciousness  of  Millet's  peasantry. 

Rodin's  studies  in  water  colour  are  simply 
an  artist's  notes  of  pose,  and  their  interest 
is  primarily,  if  not  exclusively,  for  followers 
of  the  same  art.  His  etchings  serve  to  show 
how  closely  his  work  is  allied  in  spirit  with 
that  of  the  Renaissance.  The  head  of  Victor 
Hugo  is  full  of  statuesque  quality,  and  the 
same  feeling,  together  with  something  of 
Michelangelo's  freedom  and  dignity  in  repre- 
sentation of  structure,  is  seen  in  the  Bvllonc 
and  in  the  group  ot  figuies  in  La  Rondr  ; 
while  in  Les  Amours  entourant  It  Monde  the 
light  and  free  interpretation  of  softly  rounded 
limb  is  of  a  quality  that  serves  to  recall 
Verrocchio's  well-known  drawing  of  pulti. 

The  specimens  of  the  work  of  IVpis. 
notably  the  two  pastels  Bord  de  Riviere  and 
Paysage,  display  his  innate  sense  of  ColotlT- 
linrmony.      The  '  Paysage'  IB  especially  Subtle 

in  its  rendering  of  atmospheric  effect.     With 
these,  though  Somewhat    inferior  to  them  in 


274 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4088,  Maech  3,  1906 


power,  may  be  mentioned  the  pastels  of 
Simon  Bussy— little  pictures  of  shadowy 
pin. -clad  Hills  and  skies  that  retain  the 
flush  of  sunset.  On  the  other  works  by 
French  artists,  with  at  most  a  few  excep- 
tions, the  obsession  of  the  ballot  and  the 
boulevard  presses  somewhat  heavily.  Degas 
seems  classical,  and  his  dancers  have  the 
repose  of  Greek  vase-painting  by  contrast 
with  much  of  the  work  of  his  successors. 
There  is  a  monotony  in  these  things,  even 
though  they  be  enshrined  in  triumphs  of 
technique. 

Much  of  the  work  of  Leandre  and  Jacques 
Villon  here  displayed  is  only  the  art  of  the 
feuilleton  caricaturist  spread  over  a  wider 
surface.  They  mock  at  life,  but  do  not 
depict  it.  Forain's  bitter  realism  in  his 
Beggars  is  luminous  by  contrast.  Of  his 
various  drawings,  those  slightest  in  work- 
manship, such  as  Jeune  Fille,  L'Avocat,  and 
Pere  et  Fils,  by  their  freedom  and  sureness 
of  line  serve  best  to  indicate  the  basis  of  his 
strength. 

Space  forbids  us  to  do  more  than  mention 
as  deserving  of  notice  the  drypoints  of 
Mary  Cassatt ;  the  water-colours,  of  a  type 
used  in  book  illustration,  by  the  American 
artists  Elizabeth  Shippen  Green  and  Jessie 
Willcox  Smith,  who  is  making  a  reputation 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  scenes 
of  life  in  the  Canadian  backwoods  by  G.  H. 
Hallowell. 


SALE. 

The  sale  at  Messrs.  Christie's  last  Saturday  was 
notable  for  the  fact  that,  for  the  first  time,  a 
picture  by  Sara  Bough  realized  over  1,000/.  This 
was  his  Loch  Achrav,  with  an  angling  party, 
which  fetched  1,029/.  Other  pictures  were  :  Albert 
Moore,  The  Marble  Seat,  126/.  F.  Sandys,  Perdita, 
157/.  Colin  Hunter,  Oban  Regatta.  110/.  Keeley 
Halswelle,  Contadini  waiting  for  Hire,  Theatre  of 
Marcellus,  Rome,  168/.  The  following  drawings 
were  also  sold  :  G.  Barret,  A  Classical  Lake  Scene, 
67/.  Sam  Bough,  Three  Fishers,  67/.  Sir  E. 
Burne-Jones,  The  Choristers,  a  pair  in  one  frame, 
90/.  J.  Holland,  On  the  Giudecca  Canal,  Venice, 
115/.  Millais,  The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  110/. 
Erskine  Nicol,  Pat  has  Pious  Moments,  57/.  G.  J. 
Piuwell,  The  Earl  o'  Quarterdeck,  110/.  ;  The 
Departure,  99/.  S.  Prout,  The  Quay  of  St.  Mark's, 
Venice,  56/.  F.  Walker,  The  New  Pupil,  152/. 
P.  de  Wint,  The  Bend  of  the  River,  105/.  ;  The 
Harvest-Field,  78/. 


fitu-^rt  (gossip. 

The  last  but  one  of  the  elms  in  Hyde 
Park  connected  with  the  Great  Exhibition 
of  1851  has  disappeared  this  week,  having 
been  sawn  into  immense  blocks,  like  round 
tables,  and  carried  off,  after  operations 
extending  over  three  weeks.  It  stood  just 
in  front  of  the  entrance  to  the  building,  and 
survived  by  many  years  the  last  of  those 
which  had  stood  in  the  transept,  having 
itself  long  outlived  its  companions.  The 
only  one  now  left  was  within  the  building 
at  the  extreme  east  end,  answering  to  the 
part  of  the  present  Crystal  Palace  which 
was  destroyed  by  fire  many  years  ago.  The 
tree  just  destroyed  appears  in  most  of  the 
coloured  and  other  prints  of  the  Great 
Exhibition  often  met  with,  and  also  on  some 
of  the  medals  and  embossed  representations, 
of  which  there  are  specimens  in  the  South 
Kensington  Art  Library. 

To-day  is  the  private  view  of  '  Venise  : 
du  Crepuscule  a  la  Nuit,'  by  M.  Henri  Le 
Sidaner,  at  the  Goupil  Gallery. 

At  the  Carfax  Gallery  bronzes  by  Mr. 
Charles  Ricketts,  and  drawings  by  Herr 
L.  von  Hofmann,  are  also  on  private  view 


to-day;  and  pictures  and  drawings  by  tin- 
late  J.  H.  Leonard  at  3,  Wychcombe  Studios, 
England's  Lane,  N.W. 

Messes.  J.  P.  Mendoza  are  showing 
water-colour  drawings  by  Mr.  Frank  Wasley. 

At  the  New  Gallery  we  are  invited  to  a 
"  Gallantee  Show  "  next  Wednesday. 

To-day  at  Messrs.  Graves's  Galleries 
figure  subjects  in  oil  and  original  lithographs 
by  A.  Belleroche  of  Paris  are  open  to  private 
view. 

Miss  Victoria"  Cholmondeley  and  Sir 
William  Baillie-Hamilton  will  hold  an  ex- 
hibition of  water-colour  sketches  of  Rome, 
Bruges,  Scotland,  Hertfordshire,  and  other 
parts  of  England,  at  the  Modern  Gallery, 
from  the  6th  to  the  24th  inst.  The  private 
view  is  on  Monday. 

At  the  Baillie  Gallery  next  Saturday  there 
will  be  a  private  view  of  '  Flower  Paintings ' 
by  well-  known  artists  and  water-colours  by 
Mr.  Vignoles  Fisher. 

An  editorial  article  in  the  March  number 
of  The  Burlington  Magazine  on  '  The  Future 
Administration  of  the  Fine  Arts  in  England  ' 
proposes  that  the  National  Art-Collections 
Fund  should  form  a  committee  for  the  pur- 
pose of  urging  the  Government  to  take  action 
in  regard  to  the  registration  of  works  of  art 
and     other    matters     connected     with     the 
administration  of  the  fine  arts.     A  drawing 
by  Fragonard  in  the  collection  of  Sir  James 
Knowles  is  published  with  an  editorial  note. 
Mr.  Bernhard  Sickert  writes  on  the  exhibi- 
tion  of    "  independent "    artists   at   Messrs. 
Agnew's  ;    Mr.  Lawrence  Weaver  on  '  Some 
Lead    Garden    Statues,'    and    Mr.    Starkie 
Gardner   on    '  Charles   II.    Plate   at   Belvoir 
Castle.'     In   '  Who   was  the  Architect  of  the 
Houses   of  Parliament  ?  '    Mr.   Robert  Dell 
raises  again  the  question  discussed  some  forty 
years  ago  as  to  the  share    of  A.  W.  Pugin 
in  these  buildings,       Mr.   A.   Van    de   Put 
publishes   an   '  Esmail   d'Arragon,'   a  shield 
in  the  possession  of  Sir  J.  C.  Robinson  ;  and 
Mr.  A.  M.  Hind,  in  a  short  article  on  '  The 
Portraits  of  Rembrandt's  Father,'  declares, 
with  some  reservations,  against  the  accepted 
view,    first   stated   by   M.    E.    Michel.     Mr. 
Lionel  Cust  writes  on   '  Early  English  En- 
gravings '    in   view   of   Mr.    Sidney   Colvin's 
recent    book.     The    '  Miscellaneous    Notes ' 
include  one  on  the  mosaic  at   South  Ken- 
sington   Museum    attributed     to     Orcagna, 
which  is  declared,  on  the  authority  of  Signor 
Luigi  Fumi,   a  forgery.     The  editor  of  the 
American    Section    publishes    a    picture    by 
Pollaiuolo  at  New  Haven.     The  frontispiece 
is  a  photogravure  of  an  Italian  bronze  in  the 
collection  of  Sir  William  Bennett. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Adrien 
Moreau,  who  was  born  at  Troyes  on  April  18, 
1843,  and  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most 
successful  and  popular  pupils  of  Pils  at  the 
Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts.  He  first  exhibited 
at  the  Salon  in  1868,  a  picture  inspired 
by  a  passage  from  the  Bible,  and  until 
recent  years  his  works  were  a  feature  of 
the  annual  exhibitions.  They  were  often, 
but  more  particularly  since  1876,  of  an  amus- 
ing character  ;  the  boisterous  life  of  the 
Middle  Ages  and  the  studied  elegance  of 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  in 
France  were  equally  congenial  to  his  talents. 
Many  of  his  works  achieved  great  success 
when  engraved  or  issued  in  chromolitho- 
graphy  ;  one  of  these  was  '  Une  Kermesse 
au  Moyen  Age,'  which  received  a  second- 
class  medal  at  the  Salon  in  1876.  With 
American  collectors  of  twenty  j^ears  or  so 
ago  his  pictures  were  very  popular,  and  many 
of  them  are  still  to  be  found  in  the  United 
States.  He  illustrated  '  Ruy  Bias,'  '  Les 
Beaux  'Messieurs  des   Bois-Dore,'    '  Le  Roi 


s'Amuse,'  '  Candide,'  and  other  books. 
Moreau  was  one  of  the  founders,  in  1878,  of 
the  Societe  des  Aquarellistes. 

The  eminent  painter  Julius  Helbigr 
whose  death  is  announced  at  the  age  of 
eighty-five,  studied  at  Dilsseldorf,  but  even- 
tually took  up  his  residence  at  Liege,  and 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  church  art. 
Helbig  was  for  many  years  editor  of  the 
Revue  de  V Art  Chretien.  His  articles  on  the 
principles  of  mediaeval  art  exercised  an 
important  influence  on  the  study  of  early 
painting. 

In  celebration  of  the  tercentenary  of  the 
birth  of  Rembrandt,  Mr.  Heinemann  an- 
nounces a  memoiial  of  the  artist,  which  is  to- 
be  published  simultaneously  in  England, 
France,  Germany,  and  Holland.  It  will 
contain  forty  "  Rembrandt  "  photogravure 
reproductions  of  the  finest  pictures  of  the 
master.  There  will  be  also  facsimile  repro- 
ductions of  a  number  of  his  drawings,  with 
accompanying  text  by  Emile  Michel,  whose 
biography  has  long  been  the  standard  one 
on  Rembrandt.  The  present  publication 
will  appear  in  fortnightly  parts,  starting 
next  Friday,  so  as  to  be  complete  in  time 
for  Rembrandt's  birthday  on  July  15th. 

'  Monumental  Brasses  in  the  Bed- 
fordshire Churches  '  is  the  title  of  a  work 
by  Miss  Grace  Isherwood,  to  be  published 
shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  It  will  contain 
a  full  description  of  the  brasses  in  the  churches- 
of  the  county,  with  notices  of  the  families 
represented  by  the  monuments.  A  number 
of  illustrations  will  be  included,  copied  frora 
rubbings  by  the  author's  sister. 

Mr.  R.  P.  Spiers  proposes  to  make  the 
balance  of  the  Spiers  Testimonial  the  nucleus 
of  a  fund,  to  be  added  to  by  subscription  or 
otherwise,  for  a  collection  of  drawings  of 
ancient  architecture,  to  be  deposited  at  the 
South  Kensington  Art  Library  or  at  the 
British  Museum  for  the  use  of  students. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Queen's      Hall.  —  London      Symphony 
Orchestra  Concert. 

The  appearance  of  M.  Wassili  Safonoff, 
the  conductor  from  Moscow,  at  the  seventh 
concert  of  the  second  series  of  the  London 
Symphony  Orchestra,  was  an  event  of 
high  interest.  The  modern  art  of 
conducting  began  with  Wagner  ;  he  virtu- 
ally swept  away  the  old  race  of  capell- 
meisters,  to  a  few  of  whom  he,  however,, 
rendered  justice  ;  for  although  he  declared 
that  their  attitude  towards  modern  music 
was  "  old-fashioned,"  he  recognized  that 
in  their  own  way  they  produced  "  good 
solid  work."  Dr.  Hans  Richter,  the 
first  of  the  new  order  of  conductors,  was- 
directly  influenced  by  Wagner,  and  the- 
many  excellent  men  who  have  since  dis- 
tinguished themselves  have  all  taken  him 
as  their  model ;  his  supremacy,  which 
he  retains,  is  universally  acknowledged. 
Great  is  the  personal  influence  of  a  genius, 
and,  however  well  Dr.  Richter  may  conduct 
the  works  of  other  masters,  he  is  no  doubt 
at  his  best  when  interpreting  Wagner,  and 
Wagner's  idol  Beethoven.  The  Russian, 
M.  Safonoff,  knew  Tschaikowsky,  and 
heard  him  conduct  his  works  ;  and  from 
the  interpretation  of  the  '  Polish  '  Sym- 


N°  4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


275 


phony,  No.  5,  we  felt  not  only  that  he 
■was  naturally  gifted  as  a  conductor,  but 
also  that  there  was  a  personal  interest 
and  sympathy  in  the  music.  The 
renderings  of  the  first  and  third  move- 
ments were  especially  impressive :  in- 
tense earnestness,  the  pessimistic  spirit 
of  the  music  kept  under  strong  control, 
sentiment  never  degenerating  into 
sentimentality,  were  all  displayed.  We 
spoke  of  Beethoven  as  Wagner's  idol  ; 
that  of  Tschaikowsky  was  Mozart,  of 
whose  delightful  serenade  for  strings, 
'  Eine  kleine  Nachtmusik,'  a  wonderfully 
delicate  performance  was  given.  M. 
Safonoff  does  not  use  a  baton,  but  conducts 
with  his  hands,  or  we  might  say  with 
hands,  fists,  fingers,  and  eyes.  The  effect 
•on  the  orchestra  was  magnetic.  Every 
movement,  every  glance,  told  :  there 
was  no  empty  show.  It  is  earnestly  to  be 
hoped  that  no  conductor  will  attempt  to 
imitate  a  method  which  with  Safonoff  is 
original.  We  unfortunately  were  unable 
to  hear  the  '  Leonore  '  Overture,  No.  3, 
with  which  the  programme  opened  ; 
according,  however,  to  general  testimony, 
it  was  a  magnificent  performance. 


^Eolian  Hall.  —  Mr.  J.  Campbell 
Mclnnes's  Bach  Concert. — Miss  Mary 
CracrofVs  Concert. 

Mr.  J.  Campbell  McInnes  gave  a  Bach 
Concert  at  the  iEolian  Hall  yesterday 
week.  The  programme  consisted  of  only 
three  works,  but  so  different  in  character 
that  no  monotony  was  felt.  First  came 
the  impressive  church  cantata  "  Ich  will 
•den  Kreuzstab  gerne  tragen,"  for  bass 
solo.  Mr.  Mclnnes  displayed  intelli- 
gence and  feeling,  especially  in  the  second 
aria  and  recitative  leading  to  the  chorale 
at  the  close.  There  followed  the  Overture, 
or  rather  Suite,  in  B  minor  for  flute  (Mr. 
Daniel  Wood)  and  strings,  a  work  in  which 
the  composer  shows  himself  in  an  unusually 
■cheerful  vein.  The  special  feature  of  the 
evening  was,  however,  the  Bauern-Cantate 
for  soprano  and  bass  soli,  entitled  "  Mer 
hahn  en  neue  Oberkeet."  The  music 
throughout  is  simply  charming.  Bach 
has  used  Saxon  folk -tunes,  while  dance 
rhythms  prevail  everywhere.  It  seems 
difficult  to  believe  that  the  composer  of 
the  Matthew  '  Passion,'  or  of  the  stately 
fugues  for  organ  and  clavier,  could  write 
so  fight,  so  piquant  a  work.  The 
scoring,  though  simple,  is  of  the  daintiest. 
The  soli  were  well  rendered  by  Miss  Betty 
•Booker  and  Mr.  Mclnnes,  and  the  per- 
formance greatly  pleased  the  audience. 
'The  small  orchestra  was  under  the  tactful 
and  intelligent  direction  of  Mr.  Charles 
Williams. 

On  the  following  afternoon  Miss 
Mary  Cracroft  gave  a  concert  of 
"  Twentieth  -  Century  Compositions  " 
dn  the  same  hall.  A  sonata  for  'cello 
and  pianoforte  by  Herr  Ludwig  Thuille 
proved  only  moderately  interesting. 
There  were  good  themes  and  good 
workmanship  in  it,  but  a  lack  of  spon- 
taneity ;  it  was  performed  by  Mr.  Carl 
Fuchs  and  Miss  Cracroft.  Six  songs  of 
M.  Claude  Debussy  were  well  sung,  three 


by  Miss  Gladys  Horsford,  three  by  M. 
Carlos  Ronzevalle.  The  composer  is 
chiefly  known  here  by  his  '  L'Apres-midi 
d'un  Faune,'  a  piece  in  which  orchestral 
colouring  plays,  one  may  say,  the  chief 
part.  Again  in  the  songs  in  question  the 
pianoforte  accompaniments  are  of  marked 
importance.  It  is  difficult  to  say  how  far 
the  uncommon  and  at  times  eccentric 
music  results  from  a  conscious  attempt 
not  to  be  commonplace,  or  from  the  clever 
composer's  inability  as  yet  to  express  in 
the  clearest,  simplest  manner  his  thoughts 
and  feelings.  So  far  as  we  can  judge  after 
hearing  so  many  new  songs,  also  three  piano- 
forte pieces  exhibiting  similar  features, 
we  are  inclined  to  take  the  latter  view. 
Of  four  Preludes  by  Rachmaninoff  played 
by  Miss  Cracroft,  two  were  new,  and  of 
these  the  first  in  d  major  was  expressive, 
and  more  interesting  than  the  second,  or, 
indeed,  than  any  of  the  set. 


Queen's  Hall. — Philharmonic  Concert. 

A  Symphony  in  g,  Op.  23,  by  Herr 
Felix  von  Weingartner,  was  performed  for 
the  first  time  in  London,  and  under  the 
composer's  direction,  at  the  opening  con- 
cert of  the  ninety-  fourth  season  of  the 
Philharmonic  Society,  at  Queen's  Hall  on 
Tuesday  evening.  A  later  Weingartner 
symphony  was  heard  at  the  recent  Sheffield 
Festival,  and  the  chief  characteristics  of 
that  work  were  clearness  of  form,  skilful 
development  of  thematic  material,  and 
effective  orchestration.  All  these  qualities 
are  to  be  found  also  in  the  earlier  work,  the 
music  of  which,  however,  appears  to  us 
fresher,  more  spontaneous.  In  these  modern 
days  a  composition  free  from  extravagance 
of  any  kind  is  a  blessing  ;  and  the  present 
example,  which  follows  old  rather  than  new 
lines,  is  significant,  Herr  Weingartner 
being  by  no  means  a  dry-as-dust  con- 
servative. Madame  Teresa  Carrefio  gave  a 
brilliant,  if  at  times  somewhat  too  forcible 
reading  of  Tscha'ikowsky's  B  flat  minor 
Pianoforte  Concerto.  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen 
conducted  the  whole  of  the  programme 
with  the  exception  of  the  above-named 
symphony. 

A    NEW    ITALIAN    OPERA. 

A  new  opera  entitled  '  Raffaello  '  seems 
to  have  filled  all  good  Perugians  with  pride 
and  enthusiasm.  Composed  by  a  native 
of  the  city  of  Perugia,  De  Lunghi,  it  is 
received  nightly  with  applause  ;  and  the 
theatre  of  the  Pavone  proving  too  small  for 
the  large  audiences  drawn  from  all  the  sur- 
rounding country,  it  has  been  removed  to 
the  Morlacchi  theatre. 

Making  due  allowance  for  an  exaggerated 
love  of  its  own  campanile,  my  information 
from  sources  both  public  and  private  shows 
Perugia  to  have  been  carried  by  storm  by 
this  operatic  wonder  of  a  musician  fondly 
described  as  "  a  son  of  the  people  "  {figlio 
del  popolo).  A  Roman  impresario  is  medi- 
tating an  early  reproduction  in  Rome.  The 
libretto  is  by  a  native  of  Assisi  (Count 
Locatelli),  and  has  won  general  admiration. 
Bianchi-Previ  is  said  to  be  an  ideal  Raffaello  ; 
and  Broggi,  the  prima  donna,  an  incompar- 
able Fornarina.  I  merely  chronicle  the 
tale  of  the  first  successes  made  by  a  young 
composer  who  has  rapidly  achieved  a  high 
level  in  the  musical  world.     Wm.  Mercer. 


iHusiral  Gossip. 

There  was  a  large  audience  at  the  Albert 
Hall  on  Wednesday  evening,  when  Gounod's 
'  Redemption '  was  given,  with  Madame 
Agnes  Nicholls  and  Messrs.  John  Coates  and 
Dan  Price  as  principal  and  successful 
soloists.  The  singing  of  the  choir  was 
excellent.  Sir  Frederick  Bridge  conducted, 
this  being  his  first  public  appearance  since 
his  heavy  bereavement* 

The  last  concert  of  the  Westminster 
Orchestral  and  Choral  Society  took  place 
at  the  Kensington  Town  Hall  on  Tuesday. 
The  programme  included  Sir  Edward  Elgar's 
'  King  Olaf,'  and  the  overture  '  Youth,' 
conducted  by  the  composer,  Mr.  Arthur 
Hervey.  The  next  session  of  this  enter- 
prising society  opens  in  the  autumn. 

The  Wessely  Quartet,  with  Mr.  C.  A. 
Crabb  as  second  'cello,  will  perform  Taneiew's 
Quintet  in  g,  Op.  14,  at  their  fourth  concert 
at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday  next. 

For  the  performance  of  the  b  minor  Mass 
at  the  Bach  Festival  in  April,  Dr.  Walford 
Davies's  choir  will  be  increased  to  250  voices 
by  a  contingent  of  Oxford  vocalists.  The 
soloists  engaged  are  the  .  Misses  Gleeson- 
White  and  Ada  Crossley,  and  MM.  Gervase 
Elwes  and  Forington. 

The  second  series  of  the  Monday  Sub- 
scription Concerts  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  L.  Rainbow,  is  announced. 
The  dates  are  March  5th  and  19th  and 
April  2nd  and  23rd.  Madame  Blanche 
Marchesi  will  be  the  vocalist  on  Monday. 

The  judges  in  the  Mark  Hambourg  prize 
competition — Messrs.  Arthur  Hervey,  Gil- 
bert Webb,  Landon  Ronald,  Coleridge 
Taylor,  A.  Kalisch,  and  Mark  Hambourg — 
have  awarded  the  first  prize  to  Mr.  Benjamin 
James  Dale  for  Variations  in  form  of  a 
Sonata,  and  the  second  to  Mr.  Percy  Pitt 
for  a  '  Fantasia  Appassionata.' 

The  inauguration  of  the  monument 
erected  to  Michael  Ivanovich  Glinka  at  St. 
Petersburg  took  place  on  February  16th. 
The  composer  was  described  by  Liszt  as  the 
"  Prophet-Patriarch  "  of  Russian  music,  and 
Berlioz  recognized  his  gifts.  His  opera  '  A 
Life  for  the  Czar,'  produced  at  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1836,  achieved  success,  and  it  is  still 
one  of  the  most  popular  stage  works  in 
Russia.  The  death  is  announced  of  Glinka's 
sister,  Ludmilla  Chestakow,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety-six.  Great  was  her  admiration 
for  her  brother's  genius  ;  she  published  not 
only  his  '  Memoires,'  but,  in  conjunction 
with  a  devoted  friend,  M.  Engelhardt,  all 
his  works  also.  To  her,  had  she  been  spared, 
the  homage  just  paid  to  the  memory  of  her 
brother,  who  has  been  dead  well-nigh  half  a 
century,  would  indeed  have  made  a  strong 
appeal. 

Some  valuable  autograph  letters  formerly 
belonging  to  the  banker  Alexander  Meyer 
Cohn  were  recently  sold  by  auction  at  Berlin. 
One  from  Beethoven  to  Zelter  (March  25th, 
1823),  in  which  the  former  offers  his  Mass 
in  D  for  performance  at  the  Singakadeniie, 
fetched  37/.  10s.  ;  and  another  long  letter, 
concerning  some  variations  of  his  for  violin, 
40/.  A  letter  (three  pai'i's)  addressed  by 
Chopin  to  Breitkopf  &  Hartel  reached  50/., 
while  for  a  letter  from  Gluck  to  Prince 
Kaunitz  200/.  was  given.  Autograph  letters 
of  Gluck  are  exceedingly  rare.  A  letter 
from  Haydn  to  "  liebe  Mademoisell  Lenore." 
written  in  1776,  was  also  sold.  In  it  there 
is  an  interesting  reference  to  critics.  The 
composer  says  : — 

"In    chamber    mafiic    I    linro     Keen     fortunate 

enough  t<>  pleaee  all  people  ezoept  the  Berlinen 

I  am  only  surprised  tliat  these  Berlin  gentle- 


270 


Til  E     ATHKNJKUM 


X   1088,  Mai.tm  3,  1906 


im  i.  in  iln  ii  oriticiuni  on  mj  works  do  not  ob 

am  jual  iimuii,  i..i  one  «"  k  the)  p""- i  to  ,|"' 

akiea,  and  the  next  thej  cut  me  down  earthwards 
si\t \  i. it lioma  d<  •  p. 

To  «lii<  1 1  work*  1 1 H \  i In  refi  ra  w<  know  pot, 
I, ut    it    ii   possible  thai   those  Berlin  critics 

w -i,t  both  in  their  praise  mul  in  their 

l,l,,i,  ,  i  composer  is  not  alwaj  ■  inspin  d, 
and  least  of  nil  one  who  often  wrot<  ool  h 
the  spirit  moved  him,  but  as  bib  prince 
roiiiiiuiiicl'  d. 

/  i/.  rw strt  I  of  February  25th  states  that 
a  collection  of  dance  tunes  and  fragments  <>t 
Old    balletfl   was    to    he    published   at    Leip.sic 

this  week.  The  music  is  by  ('.  EL  Graon, 
who  was  capellmeister  to  Frederick  the 
Creat.  The  volume  also  contains  a  minuet 
OOmpOSi  d    for    the    Carnival    of    1752    by    J. 

Gottlieb    Janiteoh,    another    composer    of 

dance  music  in  the  service  of  the  same  king. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Wl.M 

Mot. 

Ti  i-. 
W.i.. 
Tin  US 

Km. 
S«T. 


Sunda)  P 


:  so,  yu.>. mi  -  II;. 11. 
11.11. 


Bunds]  League  <  lorn  ert.  ".  Queen  • 
,t— Fridai     Creatqre'p    Band,    B,    Queen'i 


Hull  -  XLitiniks. 


~.l;i\  and  Friday, 
Koi  i  i  l«  n<  li  Quarti  i.  -  SO,  B«  hstein  Hall. 
Kii-i  Monday  Subscription  Concert,  *..'•».  foliao  Mull. 
II.  1 1  Karl  Oehler'i  Pianoforte  Recital,  ".  ASolian  Ball. 
W.-m  \\  String  Quartet,  &M,  Bechltein  Hull. 
London  Symphony  Orchestra,  ■'■.  Queen's  Hull. 
New  (  hamber  Musi.  Club,  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 
Chappell'i  Ballad  Concert,  S,  Queen's  Hall. 
Uisi  ha  Klin.iii .-  Violin  Recital,  3.30,  Crystal  Palace. 


DRAMA 


Dramatic  (5osstp. 

So  accustomed  during  late  years  to  pro- 
cesses of  mystification  have  been  our 
audiences  that  Capt.  Marshall  might  be 
pardoned  for  expecting  for  '  The  Alabaster 
Staircase,'  produced  at  the  Comedy  Theatre, 
a  reception  no  less  warm  than  had  been 
accorded  to  'John  Bull's  Other  Island  '  at 
the  Court.  Instead,  however,  of  enabling 
bis  public,  itself  seated  in  the  light,  to  enjoy 
the  perplexities  of  those  stumbling  in  the 
darkness,  he  makes  it  a  sharer  in  the  diffi- 
culties, and  a  partner  in  the  bewilderment. 
Thus,  though  there  is  much  in  the  dialogue 
to  please  and  divert,  and  the  social  sketches 
are  in  the  author's  happiest  vein,  the  general 
result  is  scarcely  to  be  regarded  as  a  success. 
Mr.  John  Hare  gives  a  characteristically  fine 
impersonation  of  the  Prime  Minister  whose 
convictions  are  so  rudely  altered  by  a  fall 
upon  his  own  staircase,  but  the  sense  of  the 
illogicality  of  the  whole  is  too  strong  to 
|>ermit  of  complete  surrender. 

'  An  American  Citizen,'  a  four-act 
comedy  by  Mrs.  Madeleine  Lucette  Ryley, 
first  given  at  the  Duke  of  York's  Theatre 
on  June  19th,  1899,  has  been  revived  at  the 
Shaftesbury,  with  Mr.  Nat  Goodwin  in  his 
original  part  of  Beresford  Cruger,  and  with 
Miss  Alexandra  Carlyle  a.s  Beatrice  Carew, 
and  Mr.  Cooper  Cliffe  as  Peter  Barbury. 

A  new  play  by  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie,  concerning 
the  theme  and  nature  of  which  considerable 
i  it  icence  is  observed,  is  announced  for  speedy 
production  at  the  Haymarket.  Mr.  Charles 
Hawtrey  will  be  assigned  a  prominent  place 
in  the  cast. 

Mm  nt  Hannibal,'  the  historical  novel 
of  Mr.  Stanley  Weyman,  has  been  turned  by 
Messrs.  Freeman  Wills  and  Langbridge  into 
a  four-act  play,  which  is  shortly  to  be  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Norman  V.  Norman. 

Announcements  such  as  that  made  of 
the  forthcoming  appearance  of  Mr.  E.  H. 
Sot  hern  and  Miss  Julia  Marlowe  aro  too 
frequent  from  American  sources  to  inspire 
any  great  amount  of  confidence. 


A  revival  at  the  Imperial  is  promised 
of  'Othello,'  with  .Mr.  Lewis  Waller  as  the 
m. .. it  and  Mr.  EL  r>.  lr\  ing  ■<>.    The 

.  .i  t  will  comprise  Mish  Evelyn  Millard  M 
Desdemona,  .Mi  Wynne  nfatthiaon  aa 
Bmilia,   Hi      Sarah   Brooki    at   Bianco,  Mr. 

Henry    Ainley    a      I  I     i",    ami     Mr.     A.     I.. 

Geoi  ■•  a    I  loderigo. 
'im  promt  ad  performance  at  the  Waldorf 

Theatre  <>!  '  The  1  leir-at- Law  '  is  now  proxi- 
mate.     Mr.     Charles     Cioves     \\ill      \><-     tin 

substitute  for  Mr.  Lionel  Rignold,  originally 
designated   for   Daniel    Dowlas;    and    M 

Madge  Crichton  will  take  the  place  of  Miss 
Jessie  Bateman  as  Cicely  Homespun. 

A  PERFORMANCE  in  London  during  the 
approaching  season  is  promised  of  '  The 
Squaw  Man,'  a  "  comedy  drama  "  in  four 
acts  by  Mr.  Edwin  Milton  Koyle,  which, 
produced  at  Wallack's  Theatre,  New  York, 
on  October  23rd  last,  has  been  running  there 
ever  since.  The  action,  which  begins  in  an 
'"  English  ancestral  home,"  and  is  developed 
in  Wyoming,  will  be  supported  by  a  mixed 
English  and  American  ^company. 

'  The  Charity  that  began  at  Home  ' 
is  the  title  of  a  comedy  by  Mr.  St.  John 
Hankin  which  has  been  secured  for  produc- 
tion at  one  of  the  Vedrenne-Barker  matinees. 

'  La  Piste,'  a  comedy  by  M.  Victorien 
Sardou,  given  at  the  Varietes  on  Febru- 
ary 22nd,  is  in  a  lighter  vein  than  has  recently 
been  worked  by  that  dramatist.  The  piste 
in  question  consists  in  the  efforts  to  show 
the  husband  of  a  divorcee  that  a  compro- 
mising document  on  which  he  has  alighted 
refers  to  a  period  previous  to  his  own 
matrimonial  tenure,  and  so  is  no  concern  of 
his.  Madame  Rejane,  M.  Brasseur,  and 
M.  Prince  were  responsible  for  the  principal 
parts  in  a  clever  cast. 


To  Correspondents.— w.  R.— J.  H.  L.— J.  C.  C— N.  G. 
-Received. 
B.  R.— S.  I.  R.— Many  thanks. 
F.  R. — No  vacancies. 
W.  W.  S. — Printing;  at  once. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Page 

Avthors'  Agents        250 

Bell  &  .Sons       276 

Black        278 

Business  for  Disposal        249 

Catalogues         250 

Chapman  &  Hall         279 

Constable 254 

Duckworth  &  Co 277 

Educational       -iv.i 

Exhibitions         249 

Harper  &  Brothers 278 

Heinemann  279 

Hurst  &  Blackett BM 

Insurance  Companies 27s 

Lash 273 

Longmans  &  Co 262 

Macmillan  &  Co '-'.".4 

Magazines,  &c 2-">l 

Miscellaneous MO 

Mudik's  Library  2.">l 

Newspaper  Agents 280 

Oxford  press 280 

Pitman  &  Sons Sfifl 

Sales  by  Auction        BE0 

SKKLKY  -7S 

Situations  Vacant       M8 

situations  Wasted 249 

smith,  Elder  &  Co 851 

TYrE-WRlTERS 2,49 


MESSRS.    BELLS 

HI8TORICAL    WORKS. 


Catalogui 

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N°4088,  March  3,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


277 


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NEW    NOVEL    BY    E.    TEMPLE    THURSTON, 

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Crown  8vo,  Etched  Frontispiece,  6s. 
".     .     .     For  no  kind  of  traffic 
Would  I  admit ;   no  name  of  magistrate ; 
Letters  should  not  be  known ;   riches,  poverty, 
And  use  of  service,  none ;   contract,  succession, 
Bourn,  bound  of  land,  tilth,  vineyard,  none ; 
No  use  of  metal,  corn,  or  wine,  or  oil ; 
No  occupation  ;   all  men  idle,  all  ; 
And  women  too, — but  innocent  and  pure ; 
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and  enlarged  in  is<i7.  1901,  and  IMS,  perpetually  commemorates  the 

great  advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  Hi.-  rule  of  Her  late 

Majesl     '/  ■■    n   •  i.  ii.ria,  provides  Pensions  of  20'.  a  veal  eai  h  for  Six 

Widows  of  Newsi  endoi  b. 

The  "  Francis  Fund  "  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man.  BB.,  and  One 
Woman  301.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  In  memory  "t  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  Ipril  «,  1 882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Atiunaitm.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  pari 
igbout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  vei  v  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  instil  utlon 

w.  wiLKtE  Jones.  Secretary, 


THE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,000!. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guineas  lor  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 
SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
For  further  information  apply  to    the    Secretary    Mr.    GEORGE 
LARNER,  28,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C 


(gbucaiional. 


FRANCES  MARY  BUSS  MEMORIAL 
SCHOLARSHIP. 
A  TRAVELLING  SCHOLARSHIP  of  80?.  will  lie  awarded,  in  MAY 
NEXT,  for  purposes  of  Educational  Study  abroad,  to  a  Woman  fully 
Qualified  as  a  Secondary  School  Teacher.  Candidates  should  hold  II)  a 
University  Degree  or  its  equivalent ;  (21  a  Certificate  of  Efficiency  as  a 
Teacher ;  13)  have  experience  of  five  years'  Teaching  in  a  Secondary 
School  ;  (4i  should  undertake  to  carry  out  a  satisfactory  Scheme  of 
Study  abroad  and  report  thereon.  Applications,  with  five  copies  of  not 
more  than  three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  made  before  APRIL  1  to 
the  SECRETARY,  F.M.B.  Memorial  Scholarship,  North  London 
Collegiate  School  for  Girls,  Sandall  Road,  London,  N.W. 

Q.T.      PAUL'S      GIRLS'      SCHOOL, 

k3  -        BROOK  GREEN,  W. 

An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open 
to  Girls  under  1ft  years  of  age,  will  be  held  at  the  SCHOOL  on 
APRIL  3,  4,  and  5.  These  Scholarships  exempt  the  holders  from 
the  payment  of  Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  the  HEAD  MISTRESS  at  the  School. 


EDUCATION  (choice  of  Schools  and  Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 
of  successful  Army.  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  ifree  of 
charge!  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS,  SMITH, 
PoWELL  &  SMITH,  School  Agents  (established  1833),  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand,  W.C. 

EDUCATION.  —  PROSPECTUSES    and    parti- 
culars of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  and  GIRLS 
in  ENGLAND  and  ABROAD 
supplied  to  Parents  free  of  charge.    State  full  requirements. 
UNIVERSITY  SCHOLASTIC  AGENCY,  122,  Regent  Street,  London. 
Established  1858. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOK'R  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  CURLS  or 
TUTOKS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  uj»on  er  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GAIUIITAS.  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  \V 


Situations  Vacant. 


C 


ITY 


O  F 


LIVERPOOL. 


The  LIVERPOOL  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  are  prepared  to 
receive  applications  for  the  apiwintment  of  DIRECTOR  of  EDUCA- 
TION. 

The  person  appointed  will  be  required  to  take  charge  of  the 
Administrative  Work  under  the  control  of  the  Committee,  and  to 
advise  upon  all  Educational  questions  relating  to  the  general  provision 
and  co-ordination  of  Education  in  the  City. 

The  person  apiioiiitcd  will  l>e  required  to  devote  his  whole  time  to 
the  duties  of  the  office. 

A  commencing  Salary  of  1,000?.  per  annum  will  be  paid. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  to  be  performed  may  be  had  on  application 
to  the  Town  Clerk,  Municipal  Offices,  Dale  street.  Liverpool. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  recent  Testimonials  unit  exceeding  six), 
must  be  sent  to  the  Town  Clerk  on  or  before  MARCH  20,  1900, 
endorsed  "  Director  of  Education." 

Personal  canvassing  of  members  of  the  Committee  or  of  the  City 
Council  will  disqualify  Candidates 

EDWARD  R.  PICKMERE.  Town  Clerk. 

February  22,  1900. 


u 


NIVERSITY    COLLEGE    OF    WALES, 
ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 

Professorship  of  English. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  PROFESSOR  OF 

ENGLISH  at  the  above  College,  at  a  Salary  of  SOOi.  a  year. 

Applications,  together  with  seventy-five  printed  copies  of  Testi- 
monials, must  reach  the  Registrar  not  later  than  TUESDAY', 
March  13,  i<toti. 

Full  particulars  may  lie  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

J.  11.   DAYTE8,  MA,  Registrar. 


K 


IN(TS      SCHOOL,      GRANTHAM. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER 
The  GOVERNORS  of  the  above  SCHOOL  of  the  Foundation 
of  Richard  Pox,  Bishop  "f  'Winchester,  and  ..f  King  Edward  VI, 
Intend  to  proceed  to  the  appointment  id  a  HEAD  MASTER.  Candi- 
dates must  !"■  bet  ween  the  ages  of  28  and  40  years,  and  he  Graduates 
.if  some  University  within  the  British  Empire.  The  Head  Master, 
when  elected,  will  be  subject  te  the  Schemes  of  the  Charity  Com- 
mission and  of  the  Board  01  Education.  Applications  by  the 
nth  MAKcil  prox.-  Particulars  of  the  appointment  can  be  obtained 
rrom  \i  BREV  11    M  UJM,  Clerk  totheQovt  rn 

Grantham,  February  38,  i»o«. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHENJEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES.  BEAULIEU  SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX. BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES.  JUAN-LES  PINS. 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARD3  (Est,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  k  SON,  348,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  th« 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY,  324,  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


ENGLISH  LECTORSHIP  AT  THE  UNIVER- 
SITY OF  UPSALA. 
The  ENGLISH  LECTORSHIP  will  become  VACANT  on  JULY  I, 

1906. 

Qualifications :— The  Lector  must  be  born  of  English  parents,  and 
have  received  a  liberal  English  education.  He  should  speak  educated 
Southern  English  without  any  provincial  accent.  Knowledge  of 
Swedish  not  required,  but  preference  given  to  Candidate  lxissossing 
some  knowledge  of  a  Scandinavian  Language  or  German.  Some 
previous  practice  in  teaching  English  necessary.  Age  about  2S  to::i>. 
Unmarried. 

Duties :— Public  Lessons  Six  Hours  Weekly  during  the  Two  Terms 
(September  1  to  middle  of  December,  and  middle  of  January  to  end  of 
Mayl.  Private  Lessons  when  required  by  Students.  Practical  Instruc- 
tion in  Pronunciation,  Conversation,  Reading,  and  Translation  into 
English.  With  regard  to  his  Public  Courses  the  Lector  is  bound  to 
take  the  advice  of  the  Professor  of  English. 

Emoluments  :— :l,000  kronor  (=1651.)  a  year,  paid  Quarterly.  Private 
Lessons,  of  course,  paid  extra.  The  Lector  may  reckon  on  earning 
altogether  .'i.SOO  to  4,000  kronor  a  year,  depending  on  his  own  exertions. 

Engagement :— The  Lector  will  lie  engaged  for  two  years  (July,  1906, 
to  June,  19081.  Appointment  may  In-  renewed  for  some  years  more,  ill 
case  of  mutual  satisfaction,  but  it  is  hereby  expressly  stated  that  the 
Lectorship  cannot  be  held  for  life. 

Applicants  requested  to  send  in  Name,  Statements,  and  Testi- 
monials to  Prof.  AXEL  ERDMANN,  Upsala,  Sweden,  before 
APRIL  1  NEXT. 

QT AFFORDSHIRE       EDUCATION 

kJ  COMMITTEE. 

A  HEAD  MISTRESS  is  REQUIRED  for  the  PUPIL-TEACHER 
CENTRE  at  1SILSTON.  Preference  will  lie  given  to  Candidates  who 
are  registered  (or  qualified  for  registration)  In  Column  B  of  the 
Teachers'  Register.    Salary  \~ol.  per  annum. 

Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

Forms  of  Application  must  lie  returned  not  later  than  MARCH  17, 
and  can  tie  obtained  from 

GRAHAM  BALFOUR,  MA. 

County  Education  Offices,  Stafford, 
March  5,  1908. 


K 


ENT     EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 


SITTINGBOURNE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  SITTINGBOURNE. 
WANTED,  after  EASTER,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  at  the 
above-named  School,  to  teach  chiefly  English  and  Arithmetic.  Degree. 
or  equivalent,  essential;  Games  and  Needlework  desirable.  Initial 
Salary,  non-resident,  90(.-110(.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications; 
and  experience. 

Application  Forms  will  lie  supplied  by  Mr.  E.  BRIGDEN.  Terrace 
Road,  Sittingbourne,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned, 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C,  February  21,  1906. 

LIBRARIAN  TO  THE  SOCIETY  OF  WRITERS 
TO  HIS  MAJESTY'S  SIGNET. 

The  Office  of  LIBRARIAN  to  the  SOCIETY  of  WRITER  to  HIS 
MAJESTY  S  SIGNET,  recently  held  by  the  late  Mr.  John  Philip 
Edmond.  being  NOW  VACANT,  applications  for  the  Office,  accom- 
panied by  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  may  be  made,  on  or 
before  MARCH  20,  190G,  to  JAMES  H.  NOTMAN,  Writer  to  the 
Signet,  IS,  Y'ork  Place,  Edinburgh,  clerk  to  the  Seciety,  from  whom 
any  further  information  may  be  obtained. 

February  10,  1906. 


N 


E      YV 


Z      E      A 


N      D. 


SCIENCE  MASTER. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  appointment  of  SCIENCE  MASTER 
I  Physics  and  Chemistry)  at  the  AUCKLAND  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL 
NEW  ZEALAND.  Salary  800?.,  rising  to  :::>"/.  Passage  allowance 
60J.— For  further  particulars,  aud  for  Application  Forms,  apply  t.i  the 
HIGH  COMMISSIONER  For  new  ZEALAND,  13,  Victoria  Street, 
London,  s.w. 

March  2.  1906. 


WANTED,  a  SCIENCE  ASSISTANT  for  the 
I.EVToN    PUPIL-TEACHER   CENTRE,      A  Graduate   In 

s,i, ,,r  an  Associate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Science   prefi 

The  Gentleman  appointed  will  be  required  to  assist  in  the  ; 
work  of  the  Centre,  but  will  teach  mainly  Science.     Salary  i4»?  per 
annum,     applications,  u\  be  returned  hy  MARCH  19,  must  '•■ 
on  Forms  to  be  obtained  from   THE  SECRETARY,   Leyton    Local 
Committee,  Technical  Institute,  Leyton,     (Send  stamped  addressed 
envelope.) 


PUHLISHINC  An  OPENING  occurs  in  a 
PUBLISHING  1'IRM  for  a  Working  PARTNER  with 
capital,  to  develops  n  Publishing  Business.  Write  PUBLISHER, 
3,  Linden  Mansions,  Homsej  Lane,  v 


\  N  OPENING    occurs  for  intelligent    YOUTH 

1  \     to  train  to  till  an  Important  POSITION  in  LONDON  RDITOR  S 
OFFICE     Excellent  future,    Premium  180?.-  Iddri  'udd's 

B,  umvn  \  j,  I,,,  i;i  Street,  London,  r  l 


282 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


Situations    Mnnirft. 

LA1>Y  SECRETARY,  experienced,  demreBoew 
APPOINTMENT,  Individual  or  Society.  Blghast  Literary 
tiualiflrations  Mid  i  .t  >.  1 1.<  1  i.  .i.n.i...  French,  On  man.  Research 
\\,.ik  ;,i-,.  t> i,-  Writlngnml  Shorthand).-  Arnilj  Boa  low, Auunaram 
r  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lena.  jCC,    

LADY  BEt  RETARY  to  Philanthropic  8 tj 
deairet  ADDITIONAL  SECBETAR1AL  WOKS  for  ■  FF.w 
HOURS  DAILY.  Experienced;  good  Accountant  and  Shorthand 
T\|.i..i  -  Win.  H..  car*  of  Wflllnj/a,  73,  Knlghtabridje,  8.W. 


►RIVATE  SECRETARYSHIP  derir/ed  by 

l  a  l'V  »nii  good  Qualifications  and  experience.—  Addreaa  /.  1>.. 
tnu  ..i  Messrs.  Deaci  n  s,  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.c. 


LADY  (aged   21)  seeks   RE-ENGAGEMENT 
PRIVATE    skckktakv.    <;..,h1  Correspondent  unci   Wri... 
Fire  and  ■  hall  years  with  an  Author.— Address  Miss  AMY  BAUM, 
I?.  Harlboro  Place,  Brighton. 


as 
Iter. 


AMANUENSIS.— Experienced   LITERARY  or 
SCIENTIFIC   work.    Fluent  Shorthand  and  Typewriting. 
—A.  L..  SS,  Kensington  Place,  Notting  Hill  Gate,  W, 


EXCEPTIONAL  ACQUAINTANCE  WITH 
PUBLISH  KK8.— The  Advertiser,  who  has  the  alxne  advantage, 
deeiree  ENGAGEMENT  to  KEPRE8ENT  a  PRINTER  or  BINDER, 
oraa  Manager  to  a  Publisher.  He  is  fully  experienced  in  all  depart- 
ments, Literary  and  Commercial.  References  quite  satisfactory.— 
Box  low.  Athensram  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.c. 


AN  active  Y  0  U  N  G  M  A  N  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 


TO  NEWSPAPER  PROPRIETORS.— 
NATURAL  HISTORY.  FIELD  SPORTS.  &c— A  lopular 
NATURALIST  WRITER,  Scientific  and  Field,  extensive  Sportsman, 
Traveller  in  many  lands,  is  prepared  to  SUPPLY  WEEKLY 
ARTICLES.  Terms  moderate.  Highest  references  to  present 
Employers.— Apply  G.  U.  8.,  Box  lOtw,  Athenaeum  Press,  \i,  Bream's 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing,  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship.  Classics.  French.  German,  Italian, 
Spanish.  Anglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects :  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— Miss  SELBY,  5a,  Talbot  Road,  W. 

LITERARY'  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A  B..  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 
ings, Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


Mizct\imtatu&. 


TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.— Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat, 
Sci.  Tripos),  52a,  Conduit  Street,  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 

HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH  CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  in  ENGLAND,  and  prior  to  Emigration  from 
France.  lo.oon  Pedigrees,  mostly  MS.  Unpublished  and  Private 
Sources.— C.  LART,  Cnarmouth,  Dorset  ;  and  London. 


Husnuss  for  Disposal. 

BUSINESS  for  SALE.— BOOK,  LIBRARY, 
STATIONERY,  and  BRANCH  POST  OFFICE.  —  In  MON- 
TREAL—High  Chun,  Best  Residential  District.  Long  Established. 
Valuation  about  1,0007.  sterling.  Terms,  say  half  prompt,  and  instal- 
ments. Owner  has  undertaken  a  Government  appointment.  Would 
advise  in  any  way.— Reply,  in  first  instance,  to  BOOKMAN.  Box  1092, 
Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C 


f&xrpt-WLriUxs. 


TYPE- WRITING.—  MRS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing}. 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FAKRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words. —PLAYS, 
NOVELS.  ESSAYS,  Ac,  with  promptitude  and  accuracy.  Carbon 
Copies  a  speciality.  Highest  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  Higher  Local ;  Modern 
Languages).  Research.  Revision.  Translation,  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10.  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

AUTHORS'  MBS.,  M.  per  1,000  words. 
SERMONS,  PLAYS,  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home  (Remington).  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  exe- 
cuted.—M.  L.  L.,  7,  Vernon  Road;  now  known  as  IS,  Edgeley  Road, 
Clapham.  S.W. 

A  UTHORS'  MSB. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

J\-  ESSAYS  TYPE-WRITTF.N  with  comntete  accuracy.  get  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  Referc-nccH  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank.  KoxlwroughRoad,  Harrow. 


TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
—Miss  E.  at  TIGAR,  64,  Maitland  Park  Road,  Havcrstock  Hill,  N  W. 
Established  1884. 

TYPE-WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICIOS.  Authors'  MSS..  Translations.  &c.  Legal  and  General 
('..living.  Circulars,  &c.  duplicated.  Usual  Terms.  References. 
Established  thirteen  years.— si  KEN  &  SIKES,  229,  Hammersmith 
Road,  W.    (Private  Address:  13,  Wolrerton Gardens,  Hammersmith.) 


A  UTHORS'  MSS.,  ARTICLES,  &c,  neatly  and 
A    accurately  TYPE-WRITTEN    by   experienced    Typists,   iorf. 

i.er  l.ooo.      Highest  references.      Duplicating,  shorthand.— W.  &  S. 
SASTEY,  U»,  Clonmore  Street,  Southficl.ls,  S.W. 


^.utljora'   ^nts. 

gHORT      STORIES,      ARTICLES,      POEM8, 
NOVELS, 

PLACED  PBOMPTIT.    ATHIGIIF.ST    I'ltKL'S      HUNDREDS  0» 

TESTIMONIALS, 
ri  wSmWto1  A»tt«  **•*••  :-"  Vour  agency  having  beta  strun'jly 

A  I  '..ntril.iit..i:  to  the  Strand  UaOtUhu  writes  :-"Not  only  do  I  find 
thatdirec  deallngwith  Editors  and  Publishers  taxes  up  too  much  of 
my  time,  but  also  by  employing  your  Agency  the  prices  paid  mi 
tar  more  advantageous  than  I  can  ..Main  myseU." 

A  <  •'lit  i  ii.iit..i    to  the   /.,„„/„„   tfagatbu  writes:— "  I  urn  somewhat 

surprised  to  learn  that  the  Editor  of has  accepted  my  - t 

story,  as  [sent  it  to  him  myself  just  before  I  sent  it  to  you,  and  then 
he  promptly  refused  it. 

Ljrell-lmown  Editor  writes:-" Through  the  Cambridge  literary 
Agency  I  nave  got  to  writ,-  for  publications  that  I  should  not  other- 
wise bavec a  In  contact  with." 

A.  Free  Lane,-  writes:  "The price  16O/.1  obtained  for  the  series  of 
interrlews  ror  Pearson  t  Magawbu  is  entirely  satisfactory." 

An  unknown  Author  (one  of  many)  writes :—"  I  thank  v.ra  for  vour 
good  news.  I  accept  the  offer  for  my  short  story  with  all  the  pleasure 
ot  a  ftrn  Bueet  is. 

CAMBRIDGE    LITERARY    AGENCY, 

IIS.  STRAND,  W.C. 

rpHE  FICTION  EDITOR  for  some  time,  and  the 

JL  Literary  Reader  ("Taster")  for  many  years  of  the  Hassan. 
Harmsworth,  having  resigned  his  appointment,  ADVISES  UPON 
MSS.  OF  E\EK\  KIND.  The  discoverer  and  prompter  of  many 
^, ■■",'. }.  I'1,'.''1  s-  ,1''";""1  ■'  speciality.— Apply  authors'  ADVISORY 
BLREAl  .  JO.  Buckingham  Street,  West  Strand,  London,  W  C 


rpHE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

J-,  .The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
I'liMishmg  arranged.  MSS.  ,, laced  with  Publishers—Terms  ■  d  Testi- 
menials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  HfKGHES.  34.  Paternoster  Row. 

MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling.  Publishing,  Newspaper, 
I  rinting,  and  Stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged.  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Accounts  Prepared  and  Audited.  All  Business 
earned  out  under  Mr.  Larner's  personal  supervision.— 28  29  and  30 
Pat.-rnoster  Row,  E.C,  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 


|UhJ5pap*r  Agents. 

IV"  E  W  S  P  A  P  E  R  P  RrO  P  E  R  T  I  E  S 

-Ll      BOUGHT,  SOLD.  VALUED.  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 

EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  LDndon  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE    IMPERIAL    NEWS    AGENCY", 

2  and  4,  Tudor  Street,  London,  E.C. 

NORTHERN     NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 

-L~  KENDAL,  ENGLAND, 

Supplies  Editors  with  all  kinds  of  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 
from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts— which  should  be  submitted  by 
arrangement. 


N 


EWSPAPER      PROPERTIES 

SOLD,  VALUED. 

PROPERTIES    FOR    PURCHASE  ION    BOOKS. 

WALTER   WELLSMAN,  Licensed  Valuer, 
20,  New  Bridge  Street,  London. 


A  THENiEUM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

XL  FRANCIS.  Printer  of  the  Athenttum,  Notet  and  Queries,  4c.  is 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  of  BOOK,  NEWS, 
and  PERIODICAL  PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  E.C. 


Catalogues. 


LEIGH  TON'S 
TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE   of    EARLY 

JL  PRINTED  and  other  INTERESTING  BOOKS,  MANUSCRIPTS, 

and  BINDINGS, 

OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  W. 

Thick  Svo,  1,738  pp.,  6,200  items,  with  upwards  of  1.350  Reproductions 

in  Facsimile. 

Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  tops,  25s. ;  half-morocco,  gilt  tops,  30s. 

BOOKS.  —  Largest     Stock    in    London    of 
PUBLISHERS    REMAINDER  STOCKS, 
All  in  perfectly  new  condition  as  originally  published, 
but  at  GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES. 
FEBRUARY    SUPPLEMENTARY    CATALOGUE    JUST    READY 

WILLIAM  GLAISHER, 

Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseller,  265,  High  Holborn.  London. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
No.  141.  containing  a  Special  Article,  entitled  'MODERN 
VIEWS  of  ELECTRICITY  and  MATTER.'  by  Prof.  ALFRED  W. 
PORTER.  Specimen  Copies  gratis- WILLI  AMS  4  NORGATE 
Book  Im]iorters,  14,  Henrietta  Street.  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

HH.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,  Leicester, 
.  Issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS.  and  RARE  books  i*.st  free 
to  P.ook  Collectors.  CATALOGUE  16,  Issued  SATURDAY.  Feb- 
ruary 21.  contains  Holinshed's  chronicles  — Autographs— Hooks  on 
Ireland— Books  with  Woodcuts— Miscellaneous  Old  Literature.  4c. 


READERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  to 
their  advantage  to  write  for  3.  BALDWINS  MONTHLY 
CATALOGUE  of  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS,  sent  i>ost  free  on  applica- 
tion. Books  in  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  bargains  in 
S.ar.e  Items  and  First  Editions.  Rooks  sent  on  approval  if  desired.— 
Address  14.  Osbome  Road,  Lcyton,  Essex. 


0 


IJ)       AND        RARE       B   0  O  K  S. 


CATALOGUE    OF    ENGLISH    LITERATURE, 

not.. I  BIBLIOGRAPHICALLY  and  BIOGRAPHICALLY, 

In.  biding  Fir. I  >.i    Early  Editions  ot  in.   Writings  of  practically  every 

EngUah  Author  from  (  hau.  »-r  to  It    L.  SU-Tenson. 

804  pp  Hvo,  with  I'.«.  ripUonJ  and  Selling  Price*  of  nearly  4,000  Rare 

IfcK.ks.  half-cloth,  i«^i  free.  (a.  tid. 

This  Catalogue  bit  bean  pr ainoed  on  all  side*  to  >w  the  most 

int.-i.-.t in j  Bookseller's  Catalogue  on  the  rahjaet  ever  iskuisl. 

CATALOG  I  K  OF  8PORT8,  PASTIMES, 

A  UTS,   AND  SCIENCES. 

Rtt  pp.  Bro,  with  DeacriptSooi  rod  BeUiiu  Prioei  oi  m-arlj  2.000  om  or 

Bare  l>>uk.3  ttpoo  sUmosI  vrery  Brancsb  nl  Bparti  BotaDat,  or  Art. 

I*;iiM-r  oorar,  |*f*t  free,  ttrf. 

CATALOGUE  OF  MIS(  !ELLANEOU8  BOOKS. 

ISO  pp.  svo.  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  about  800  Old 
or  Bare  Books. 
Including  Works  on   Africa.  America,  Australasia  —  First  Editions  of 
Books  illustrated  by  Randolph  laid.-.  ..tt.  George  and  Rotiert  Cruik- 
shank,  Richard  Doyle,  Harry  Furnesa,  James  Gnllray,  Bmed  Q rises; 
John     Leech,    Hablot    K.   Browne    iPhisl.    Henry   Aiken.   Thoman 
Rowlandson.   and   numerous  rare    Works    with  Coloured   Plat 
Interesting  Collection  of  01.1  Curioaa,  Erotica,  Facetiae,  old  Ron, 
Chap  luw.ks.  and  Children's  Books— numerous  Topographical  Works 

relating  to  most    of   the    Counties   of    Kllkfland.  Ir.l.in.l.  Scotland,  and 

Wal.-s -fine   Illuminated    Manuscripts   with    Miniatuii-s—  a    laluable 
Assemblage  of  Barly  Typographical  Specimens,  in.iuiliug  many  rare 
Editiones  Prindpesand  Examples  of  the  Early  Punters. 
Paper  cover.  i«jst  free,  6J. 

CATALOGUE  OF  TRACTS  AXI)  PAMPHLETS, 
Chiefly  historical  ;m.l  TOPOGRAPHS  AX 

2t8  pp.  8vo,  with  Uescriptions  and  Belling  Prices  of  :t.000  Kart  T: 
aud  P;iiiii'Iilt.'ts, 
Including  Itemfl  nn  Africa  —  America  —  Queen  Anne— AMro.o?v— 
Il'ilii.pUhirc  —  Berkshire  —  lluckinuhamshirc  -  CaiiifinMResIure—  i'i\  i\ 
War— Charles  Land  II. — Channel  talanda — Cheshire— Ooinmanwealth 
—Cornwall— Oliver  Cromwell — Cumberland — I>erbnhire — DeroiiBhire 
— Dorsetshire— Durham — Economics  and  Trade— Queen  EUnbeth— 
Essex— Flanders— France— George  I.  and  II—  German?—  Glouceater- 
fchire  —  Hampshire— Herefordshire—  Hertfordshire— Holland  —  I  ulaii'  I 
— James  Land  1  L— . I esuits— J  cws-Kent— Lancashire— Lsaw— Leicester- 
shire —  Lincolnshire  —  London — Middlesex — Monmouthshire — Norfolk 
— Northamptonshire  — Northum.M_'rland  —  Nottinghamshire  —  Oxford* 
shire— Popery— Popish  Plot— Pretender  (the  Young  and  Old*— Printing 
— Prynne— Quakers— Rutlandshire— Prince  Rui>ert— Scotland— Shrop- 
shire —  Somersetshire  —  Spain  —  Spanish  Armada  —  Staffordshire  — 
Suffolk  —  Surrey  —  Sweden—  Wales  — Warwickshire  —  Westmorland- 
William  III.— Wilt  shire— AVorcestcrshire— Yorkshire. 
Paper  cover.  i>ost  free,  6eJ. 

CATALOGUE  OF  SHAKESPEARE  AND 
SHAKESPEARIANA, 

Consisting  of  a  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH  BOOKS. 
Including  Drama.  Prose,  anil  Poetry  of  the  Sixteenth.  Seventeenth, 
and  Eighteenth  Centuries.    The  Items  are  arranged  Alphabetically 
under  their  Authors    Names,   and   the    whole    Catalogue    forms   an 
important  addition  to  the  Bibliography  of  Shakespeare  and  Bacon,  and 
must  prove  very  attractive  to  the  Collector  of  Snakespeariana  and  so 
the  Bacon-Shakesi>eare  Theorist,  as  well  as  to  the  Student  of  Early 
English  Literature. 
86  pp.  Svo,  with  Descriptions  and  Selling  Prices  of  nearly  900  Bare 
Books,  ])ai>er  cover,  6rf . 


PICKERING    &    CHATTO, 

66.  HAYMARKET.  LONDON,  S.W. 


BOOKS.  —  All  OUT  -  OF  •  PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Booknnder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE.  I  make  a  social 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Sjiecial  List  of  2.000  Books  I  jiarticularlv  want  post  free. 
— EDW.  BAKEK'S  Great  Bookshop,  14-16,  John  Bright  Street,  Birming- 
ham.    Dore  Gallery,  great  bargain,  new,  -lie,  for  7s.  6d. 

CATALOGUE  No.  44. -Turner's  Liber  Sfcodicffum, 
England  and  Wales,  and  other  Engravings— Lucas's  Mezzotint* 
after  Constable— Etchings  by  Whistler.  S.  Palmer.  4c— Drawings  ly 
Turner.  Bume-.lones.  Huskin,  4c.  —  Illustrated  Books  —  Works  by 
Buskin.  Post  free.  Sixpence.  —  WM.  WARD,  2,  Church  Terrace. 
R  ichraond.  Surrey. 


JCST  PrBLISHED. 

CATALOGUE   (No.  CIV.)  of  SECOND-HAND 

\j    FRENCH  BOOKS,  comprising  History  and  Literature— Memoirs 
—Biography  and  Correspondence— Art— Folk-lore — Trarel— Fiction,  4c 


IVIONTHLY     LIST     (MARCH)    of     SECOND- 

-1.T-L  HAND  BOOKS,  consisting  chiefly  of  Works  dealing  with  the 
Topography  of  the  British  Isles.;  also  of  NEWLY  PUBLISHED 
BOOKS.  English  and  Foreign. 

N.B.— The  APRIL  MONTHLY  LIST  will  contain  a  SELECTION 
of  MUSICAL  WORKS. 

B.  H.  BLACKWELL.  so  and  si,  Brond  Street,  Oxford. 


BERTRAM  D#0    B    E    L    L, 

SECOND  HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER. 
7".  Charing  cross  Road,  tjondon,  W.C 
A  large    Stock    of    Old    and    Bare    li.~k-   in    English   Literature, 
including  Poetry  and  the  Drama-  Bhakespeariana— First  Editions  oi 
Famous  Authors— Manuscripts— Illustrated  Books.  4c.  CATALOGUES- 
free  on  application. 

ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 
and  antiquarians  are  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis i  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR. The  finest  Greek.  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  aud  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK  4  SON.  Limitkii,  Experts.  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers,  16,  17.  and  18.  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 

ARUNDEL  CHROMOS.— Large  stock.      Main- 
rare  ones.    Send  stamp  for  THIS  MONTH'S  LIST  (which  gives- 
size  and  shape  of  each  .—ST.  JUDE'S  DEPOT.  Birmingham. 


FOR  SALE.  —  A  NEW  RALPH  ALLISON 
OVERSTRUNG  UPRIGHT  GRAND.  4ft.  .fin.  high,  in  Rose- 
•rood.  List  pri.e.  n  Guineas— For  particulars  apply  R..  122.  Lough- 
borough  Road,  8.W. 

TUNBRIDGE  WELLS.— APARTMENTS. 
Comfortably  Furnished  SittingRoom  nnd  One  Bedroom. 
Pleasant  and  central.  No  others  taken.— K.  H..  86,  Grove  Hill  Road. 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


283 


MUDIES  LIBRARY 

(LIMITED), 

30-34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET, 
LONDON. 


STOCK-TAKING 


SALE. 


MESSRS.  MUDIE  are  offering 
for  Sale  from  MARCH  5  until 
MARCH  17,  a  LARGE  STOCK 
of  SECOND-HAND  LIBRARY 
BOOKS,  and  MISCELLANEOUS 
STANDARD  WORKS  in 
VARIOUS  BINDINGS.  CLOTH 
and  LEATHER,  at  SPECIAL  RE- 
DUCTIONS. List  on  application. 

%ahs  bg  JVutiion. 

Works  of  Art. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.  on  WEDNESDAY.  March  14.  at  1  o'clock 
precisely,  a  COLLECTION  of  WORKS  of  ART,  the  Proi*>rty  of  a 
GENTLEMAN"  leaving  London,  comprising  Carvings  in  Ivory  of  the 
Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  and  Sixteenth  Centuries  —  Venetian  and 
German  Glass  —  Bronzes  —  Iron,  Silver  Work,  &c,  including  the 
Sjieculum  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Dee,  from  Strawberry  Hill,  and  a 
remarkable  Pair  of  Candlesticks,  in  Enamelled  Brass,  of  the  Early 
Seventeenth  Century,  from  the  Earl  of  Warwick's  Collection  ;  together 
with  a  small  COLLECTION  of  BRONZE,  formed  by  a  GENTLEMAN 
going  abroad, 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  l>c  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  W.  W.  ROBISSOX,  Beg. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k  HOTK  rE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
8tnet.  Strand,  W.C  ,  on  THURSDAY.  March  15,  am)  Two  Following 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  W.  W.  ROBIN- 
St>N,  Em.,  H.M.  Coroner  for  Central  Oxford,  comprising  Bewick's 
History  of  Ouadrni>eds  and  Birds  (various  Editions),  and  other  Works 
illustrated  by  Thos.  Bewick— a  large  Collection  of  Chap-Hooks  and 
Children's  Books — Rare  and  Curious  <  lid  Works  on  Witchcraft  Second 
SUM,  Ghosts,  Astrology.  Freemasonry,  Garlands — Works  of  T.  (out. 
of  York— The  Brownisti— Collier's  Illustrations  of  Old  English  Litera- 
f  «n — An  Extensive  Series  of  Old  Song-Books  — llalliwells  Reprints  of 
Rare  Pieces— A  large  Collection  of  .lest  Books— Scarce  Poetical  Tracts, 
Pamphlets.  Remarkable  Trials— Tracts  relating  to  Oxford— Works  by 
John  Taylor,  the  Water  Poet— TojKigraphioal  Works.  Old  Theology, 
Poetrv— John  Collier's  Miscellaneous  and  other  Works— Books  illus- 
trated by  George  Cruikshank,  Hollar,  4c—  Works  on  English  Dialects, 
Modern  Publications,  4c. 

May  tie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

THE  TRL'MAX  COLLECTIONS. 

First  Portion  of  the  Collection  of  Eng  racings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k  HODiiE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  l:!.  Wellington 
Street,   Strand,   W.C.  on  MONDAY.   March    19.   and    Two    Following 

Dan,  .it  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  collection  of  EN. 
OK'AYINGSof  the  late  EDWIN  TRUMAN,  Esq.,  M.R.C.S., the  Home 

Field.  Putney.  S  \\  First  Portion,  comprising  Falicv  ami  other 
Subjects,  prinoi|nlly  by  English  Masters— Portraits  after  Sir  J, 
Reynolds— Theatrical  Portraits— Engravings  by  old  Masters,  including 
numerous  Specimens  of  the  Work«of  a.  Durer,  Rembrandt.  W.  Hollar, 
and  others— a  Series  of  the  Plates  from  Turners  Liber  Studiorum, 
mostly  in  First  States;  a  Complete  8et  of  the  same,  in  the  Original 
"Wr.iwcrs.  4<\ 

May  le  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  I*  had. 

THE  TRUMAX  COLLECTIONS. 
The  Second  Portion  >\f  the  Collection  of  Engraving*. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY.  WILKINSON,  k  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1.1  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W  C  .  on  TIU'ltSD»Y.  March  22.  and  Following  Day 
at  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS,  part  If  ] 
ting  of  Satirical  Prints.  Caricatures,  anil  other  Humorous 
ts.  including  the  Works  of  Rowlandson,  ('illrav.  Ifciao  and 
Robert  Cruikshank.  Hogarth,  and  others— also  Portraits  of  Remark 
able  Characters— and  Collections  of  Miscellaneous  Prints  ou  a  > 
of  subjects. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


British  Lepidoptera. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER  for  SALE 
on  TUESDAY'  NEXT  at  1  o'clock,  the  well-known  and 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA  formed  by  the 
late  C.  G.  BARRETT,  Esq..  F.E.S.,  containing  many  Types  of  the 
Descriptions  and  Figures  of  his  important  Work  '  The  Lepidoptera  of 
the  British  Isles.'  Also  the  Cabinets  in  which  the  Collection  is 
arranged. 

Catalogues  on  application.    On  view  dav  prior  10  to  4  and  morning  of 
Sale. 

Surveying  Instruments,  Levels,  Theodolites,  Fishing  Tackle. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  include  in  his  SALE, 
on  FRIDAY"  NEXT,  a  SURVEYORS  OUTFIT,  comprising 
Levels.  Theodolites,  Sextant  Drawing  Instruments,  Eidograph.  Ac,  by 
Stanley,  Troughton  4  Silnms.  Cooke,  and  other  well-known  M  ikers 
—a  quantity  of  Fishing  Tackle,  including  Rods  by  Hcndy,  Farlow, 
and  others,  with  gut  lines,  and  all  accessories. 

Catalogues  on  application.    On  view  day  prior  2  to  5,  and  morning  of 
Sale. 

China,  Armour,  Weapons,  Antiquities,  d-c. 

MR.     J.    C.    STEVENS'S    NEXT    SALE    of 
CHINA.  ARMOUR  and  WEAPONS.  BRONZES,  &c„  will  take 
place  on  TUESDAY*.  March  -20,  at  half-past  12.. 

Catalogues  in  course  of  preparation. 

Sales  of  Miscella7}eous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY"  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38.  King 
Street.  Coven t  Garden.  London.  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  —  Tcleseo]«?s  —  Theodolites- 
Levels—  Electrical  anil  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


Valuable  Laic  Books,  including  the  Library  of  a  Barrister 
(retiring  from  practice). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  their  Rooms.  118,  Chancery  Lane,  on  WEDNES- 
DAY*. March  14th.  at  1  o'clock,  valuable  LAW  BOOKS,  comprising  a 
Complete  Set  of  the  Law  Reports  from  lstis  to  1905.  :W4  vols,  half  calf— 
the  Lav  Journal  Reports  from  the  Commencement  in  1822  to  1905. 
210  vols,  half-calf,  and  also  a  Series  from  ls->2  to  1865.  95  vols.— a  Set  of 
the  Law  Times  Reports  from  1844  to  1905,  9.1  vols.— The  Jurist  Reports 
from  1837  t<i  186G,  65  vols.— The  Revised  Reports,  complete  to  1905  with 
Index,  80  vols.— Rejiorts  of  the  Commercial  Cases  from  1895  to  1905, 
10  vols. — Encyclopedia  of  the  Liws  of  England,  l:i  vols. — Mews's 
Digest  of  English  Case  Law.  lfi  vols,  half-calf— Campbell's  Ruling  ( Sases, 
with  the  Author's  Notes,  26  vols.— A  Complete  Set  of  Paterson's 
Practical  Statutes.  60  vols—  Selden  Society's  Publications.  14  vols,  and 
a  Selection  of  Standard  Practical  Works  ;  also  an  Open  Carved-Oak 
winged  Bookcase— Mezzot-'nt  Portraits  and  Engravings, 
To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODOSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  bv 
AUCTION  at  their  Rooms,  115.  Chancery  Line,  W.C..  on 
THURSDAY.  March  15.  and  Following  Dav.  at  1  o'clock.  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOKS,  including  the  LIBRARY  of  a  CLERGYMAN 
(deceased),  comprising  Sixteenth-Century  Editions  of  the  Classics- 
Tracts.  Pamphlets,  and  Broadsides  relating  to  Charles  I.  and  the 
Civil  War — Books  of  Travel,  many  relating  to  America— Modern 
Works  in  Historv  and  Bioirraphv — British  Museum  Catalogues — Books 
illustrated  bv  Aiken  and  Cruikshank.  including  the  First  Edition  of 
Grimm's  Fairy  Tales.  2  vols. — Collections  of  Bookplates,  Postage 
Stamps,  and  Autograph  Letters. 

To  lie  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


Bare  and  Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  k  CO.  will  SELL  bv 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115.  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY".  March  29.  and  Following  Dav.  at  1  o'clock,  rare  and 
valuable  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  a  Twelfth-Century 
Evangeliarium.  and  other  MSS.  on  vellum,  some  with  Illuminations- 
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This  book  of  Northamptonshire  families,  complete  in  itself,  is  the  first  of  those  genealogical  volumes 
which  will  accompany  the  '  Victoria  History  of  the  Counties  of  England.'  It  is  made  up  of  the  histories 
of  those  existing  families  whose  importance  makes  their  story  an  essential  part  of  the  county  in  which 
the}'  have  their  seats. 

Though  many  volumes  of  county  pedigrees  have  come  from  the  press,  it  is  believed  with  some 
confidence  that  the  book  which  is  now  put  forward  has  certain  essential  features  which  it  shares  with 
nothing  already  existing. 

In  a  Preface  is  given  a  history  of  the  main  events,  social  and  historical,  which  have  set  upon  their 
lands  those  peers  and  commoners  who  are  in  our  own  day  representative  of  the  landed  hoxises  of 
Northamptonshire,  how  the  few  descend  from  feudal  lords  of  old  time,  and  how  law,  commerce,  and 
agriculture  have  added  to  the  number.  In  this  Preface  also  is  given  some  account,  illustrated  with  their 
shields  of  arms,  of  those  other  families  who,  being  now  at  home  on  their  Northamptonshire  lands,  have 
not  for  various  reasons  been  dealt  with  in  the  detail  of  separate  family  histories. 

CONTENTS. 
General  Introduction  —  Preface  —  THE  LANDED  HOUSES  OF  NORTHAMPTONSHIRE: 
CARTWRIGHT  OF  AYNHOE— CECIL,  MARQUESS  OF  EXETER— DRYDEN  OF  CANONS 
ASHBY— ELWES  (NOW  CARY-ELWES)  OF  BILLING  HALL— FANE,  EARL  OF  WESTMOR- 
LAND— FITZROY,  DUKE  OF  GRAFTON— ISHAM  OF  LAMPORT— KNIGHTLEY  OF  FAWSLEY 
— LANGHAM  OF  COTTESBROOKE— MAUNSELL  OF  THORPE  MALSOR— PALMER  OF 
CARLTON— POWYS,  LORD  LILFORD— ROBINSON  OF  CRANFORD— ROKEBY  OF  ARTHING- 
WORTH  —  SPENCER,  EARL  SPENCER  —  THORNTON  OF  BROCKHALL  —  WAKE  OF 
COURTEENHALL— WILLES  OF '.ASTROP— YOUNG  OF  ORLINGBURY— LIST  OF  SHERIFFS 
OF  NORTHAMPTONSHIRE— LIST  OF  MEMBERS  OF  PARLIAMENT  ELECTED  FOR  THE 
COUNTY— LIST  OF  MEMBERS  OF  PARLIAMENT  ELECTED  FOR  NORTHAMPTON— LIST  OF 
MEMBERS  OF  PARLIAMENT  ELECTED  FOR  PETERBOROUGH— LIST  OF  MEMBERS  OF 
PARLIAMENT  ELECTED  FOR  BRACKLE  Y  —  LIST  OF  MEMBERS  OF  PARLIAMENT 
ELECTED  FOR   HIGHAM  FERRERS. 

In  the  Series  of  County  Histoines  Volumes  of  the  following  Counties 
are  already  published  :— 
HAMPSHIRE.     NORFOLK.     WORCESTERSHIRE.     CUMBERLAND.     HERTFORDSHIRE. 
NORTH  AMPTONSHIRE.        SURREY.         ESSEX.        BEDFORDSHIRE.        WARWICKSHIRE. 
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.     DERBYSHIRE.     DURHAM.     LANCASHIRE. 

Further  Volumes  will  appear  very  shortly  as  follmvs : — 
CORNWALL.     NOTTS.     ESSEX,  Vol.  IL     BERKSHIRE.     NORTHAMPTONSHIRE,  Vol.  II. 
SOMERSET.     LINCOLN.     NORFOLK,  Vol.  II.     GLOUCESTER.     LANCASHIRE,  Vol.  III. 


V  Full  Prospectus  and  all  particulars  of  the  Victoria  History  of  the  Counties 
of  England  post  free  on  application  to  the  Publishers. 

London  : 
ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.,  Limited,  16,  James  Street,  Hayrnarket. 


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289 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  10,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Ainger's  Lectures  and  Essays 289 

The  War  of  isi-2        290 

A  Modern  symposium         292 

Scarabs 293 

New  Novels  (Traffic  ;  The  High  Toby ;  A  Dazzling 
Reprobate  ;  The  Sea  Maid  ;  Irresponsible  Kitty  ; 
TheHatanee)  294—295 

Books  at  Auction 295 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Making  of  Modern  Egypt ; 
With  the  Cossacks  ;  Macedonia ;  The  Dreamer's 
Book;  Mrs.  Barbauld's  Hymns  in  Prose  for  Chil- 
dren ;  The  Story  of  Father  Gapon  ;  La  Riissie  et 
r  Alliance  Anglaise  ;  Au  Petit  Bonheur  ;  The 
Gambia  Colony  and  Protectorate  ;  Political 
Theories  from  Luther  to  Montesquieu  ;  Canon 
Beeching  on  the  Apostles'  Creed ;  Sermons  by 
Dr.  John  Watson  ;  Arthur  O'Leary)    . .        . .      296—297 

List  of  New  Books 297 

"Ei.stow";  Horse-racing  at  Carthage;  Chaucer 
— "Prestes  Thre";  The  Coming  Publishing 
Season  298—299 

Literary  Gossip        299 

Science— Our  Library  Table  (Dr.  Osier's  Counsels 
and  Ideals  ;  New  Methods  of  testing  Explosives ; 
Maladies  caused  by  the  Air  We  Breathe) ;  Helium 
and  the  Transmutation  of  Elements  ;  Anthro- 
pological Notes  ;  Dr.  Le  Bon's  Theories  of 
Matter;  Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week; 
Gossip  301—304 

Fine  Arts— Three  Exhibitions  ;  W.  H.  Boucher  ; 
Sale;  Gossip        305—306 

Music— Symphony  Concert;  Creatore  Band  Con- 
certs ;  Herr  Oehler's  Pianoforte  Recital  ; 
Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week       . .      307—308 

Drama— Gossip 308 

Index  to  Advertisers       308 


LITERATURE 


Lectures  and  Essays.     By  Alfred  Ainger. 
2  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

These  papers  are  a  final  instalment  of 
Ainger's  literary  remains.  They  consist 
of  essays,  mostly  reprinted  from  Mac- 
millan's  Magazine,  and  lectures,  mostly 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution,  though 
a  few  delivered  elsewhere  were  published 
in  periodicals  by  himself,  and  composed 
with  a  view  to  their  ultimate  appearance 
as  essays.  Some  of  them  might  have 
been  withheld  without  precisely  damaging 
the  author's  reputation.  Canon  Beeching 
owns  to  editorial  misgivings  about  the 
Royal  Institution  lectures,  on  the  ground 
of  style.  But  even  the  finished  essays 
and  lectures  are  not  always  free  from  a 
weakness  of  substance.  Ainger's  best 
work  (in  these  volumes,  at  least)  is  shown 
in  those  essays  or  lectures  which  give 
scope  for  study,  knowledge,  and  clear 
good  sense,  rather  than  in  those  which 
demand  subtlety  of  perception.  The 
editor,  whose  business  is  not  to  disparage 
his  wares,  evinces  discernment  of  this  by 
concentrating  his  encomium  on  such 
tilings  as  the  tracking  of  Lamb's  footsteps 
in  Hertfordshire,  or  the  three  opening 
lectures  on  Shakspeare. 

The  purely  critical  papers  are  seldom 
strong,  and  in  the  lectures  already  men- 
tioned are  skimmed  milk.  The  one  called 
1  Euphuism  :  Past  and  Present '  is  a 
typical  instance  :  it  shows  memory  and 
a  general  knowledge  of  literature,  but  is 
not  original  or  otherwise  important.  Once, 


we  think,  Ainger  steps  aside  from  this 
safe  and  beaten  track,  in  discussing  the 
"  euphuism  "  of  Matthew  Arnold's  imi- 
tators, to  have  a  fling  at  certain  of  their 
"  betters  "  whose  style  is  marred  by  this 
"  euphuism  "  of  culture  :  "  The  aim  at 
giving  better  bread  than  ordinary  men 
eat — to  exhibit  '  Distinction  ' — is  at  the 
root  of  it  all."  Then  follows  a  description 
which  irresistibly  raises  the  Parliamentary 
cry  of  "  Name  !  "  and  sets  one  answering 
it  for  oneself.  Did  Canon  Ainger  mean 
Stevenson  %  Other  names,  of  less  wide 
renown,  will  suggest  themselves,  to  which 
it  would  equally  apply  from  the  stand- 
point of  those  who  love  them  not.  But 
here  is  one  implied  doctrine  which  has  at 
least  boldness,  if  not  definite  originality. 
"  Distinction,"  then  is  wrong  ?  It  would 
be  easy  to  show,  out  of  the  author's  own 
mouth,  that  Shakspeare  is  full  of  the 
accursed  thing.  But  we  will  not  go  so 
high.  For  we  turn  the  page,  and  find 
the  lecturer  branding  certain  poetry 
"  treating  in  a  commonplace  way  certain 
interests  intelligible  to  the  ordinary  intel- 
lect, reflecting  in  more  or  less  facile  blank 
verse  sentiments  and  thoughts  familiar 
to  the  uneducated."  So,  after  all,  it 
seems  that  the  supply  of  better  bread  than 
the  ordinary  man  eats  is  not  an  illicit 
trade.  At  what  point,  then,  does  it 
become  unlawful  ?  The  concession  once 
made,  where  shall  we  draw  the  fine  ? 
Shall  we  amend  the  enactment  thus  : 
"It  is  wrong  to  give  better  bread  than 
so-and-so  and  his  friends  eat "  ?  We 
suspect  that  is  about  the  state  of  the  law. 
Though  we  would  not  own  it,  even  to 
ourselves,  that  is  for  most  of  us  the  test 
of  literary  righteousness.  To  us  the 
matter  appears  pretty  clear  in  the  abstract. 
If  a  man  write  a  style  too  specialized, 
literate  (or  what  word  you  will),  for  the 
average  intelligent  reader,  he  limits  his 
audience.  But  he  has  a  right  to  limit 
his  audience  if  he  please  ;  and  the  ex- 
cluded have  a  British  right  to  abuse  him 
for  it,  which  they  will  certainly  exercise. 
He  may,  however,  in  a  variety  of  ways, 
push  such  a  style  to  exaggerations  beyond 
the  limits  of  good  taste  ;  and  then  he  is 
wrong.  But  the  wrong  is  not  in  the 
principle  ;  it  is  in  the  misuse  of  the  prin- 
ciple. That  is  easy  to  state  ;  but  whether 
a  given  writer's  style  does  or  does  not 
carry  the  principle  beyond  the  bounds  of 
taste  may  be  no  such  easy  matter  to 
decide.  And  when  John  Bull  is  worried 
by  a  thing,  his  method  is  to  fling  it  aside 
and  curse  it.  That  is  why  critics  so  often 
rid  themselves  of  what  vexes  them  by 
denouncing  a  principle  en  bloc. 

We  have  noticed  this  chance  utterance 
at  somewhat  disproportionate  length, 
because  it  seems  to  us  typical  :  whenever 
Ainger  propounds  an  idea  of  his  own  in 
the  domain  of  critical  principle,  it  is  apt 
to  be  no  less  disputable  (to  use  a  mild 
term)  than  this  which  we  have  discussed. 
He  seeks  the  '  Secret  of  Charm  in  Litera- 
ture ' — a  secret  so  subtle  that  Coleridge, 
Hegel,  or  Lessing  aright  have  hesitated 
to  make  answer  concerning  it.  But 
Ainger  has  no  difficulty  with  an  answer 
of    comfortable    simplicity  :      it    is    just 


human  sympathy — "  the  ear  that  hears 
the  '  still,  sad  music  of  humanity  '  and 
responds  to  it."  While  you  are  asking 
yourself,  amazedly,  whether  he  can  really 
have  considered  the  facts  in  this  matter, 
you  find  him  naming  poets  in  support  of 
his  solution  ;  and  among  them  Keats  and 
Shelley.  Shelley !  the  most  visionary 
and  supra-mundane  of  poets,  the  very 
cry  against  whom  is  that  he  soars  con- 
stantly in  the  blue,  remote  from  all 
human  sympathies  !  He  is  violently 
humanitarian,  no  doubt ;  but  the  humani- 
tarian vein  leads  him  to  sentimental 
diffuseness  or  to  rant.  His  real  magic 
and  his  characteristic  charm  are  as  remote 
from  mere  humanity  as  poetry  well  may 
be.  Among  his  shorter  poems,  which 
exhibit  him  compendiously,  every  lover 
of  Shelley  would  allow  as  thoroughly 
representative  '  The  Cloud,'  the  '  Skylark,' 
and  'The  Sensitive  Plant.'  Yet  what 
proportion  of  their  lavishly  beautiful 
fascination  has  to  do  with  human  sym- 
pathy or  the  "  music  of  humanity "  ? 
Rather,  we  should  say,  with  the  music 
of  the  spheres.  One  (perhaps  the  most 
exquisite)  stanza  in  the  '  Skylark  '  does 
rest  on  its  human  appeal — that  which 
tells  how  "  Our  sweetest  songs  are  those 
that  tell  of  saddest  thought  " — and  the 
other  verses  of  the  conclusion  are  dimmed 
with  a  human  sigh.  But  the  body  of  the 
poem  is  a  train  of  imagery  as  aloof  from 
humanity  as  a  shooting  star.  Yet  would 
Ainger  have  said  there  was  not  charm — 
and  most  typical  charm — in  that  chain  of 
lovely  fancies  ?  Is  it  the  human  element 
that  gives  charm  to  Coleridge,  Crashaw, 
Vaughan  ?  Of  course  there  is  a  human 
element  in  Vaughan  or  even  Coleridge  ; 
but  the  peculiar  charm  and  value  he  in 
the  added  superhuman  element.  Indeed, 
it  might  be  plausibly  contended  that  such 
is  the  case  in  all  poetry.  Can  one,  in  fact, 
allege  a  common  source  of  charm  at  all 
for  '  Kubla  Khan '  and  '  Pride  and  Pre- 
judice '  ? 

Criticism  was  not  Ainger's  true  forte, 
still  less  critical  originality.  Yet  there 
are  essays  of  this  kind  in  which  he  is  fairly 
successful — that  on  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips's 
'  Paolo  and  Francesca,'  for  instance,  or 
the  more  discursive  paper  on  Tennyson's 
death.  But  the  essays  or  lectures  in 
which  he  is  really  at  home  are  those  in 
which  reading  and  good  sense  are  a  suffi- 
cient equipment.  The  literary  pilgrimage 
among  Lamb's  Hertfordshire  haunts  is 
full  of  pleasant  interest,  with  its  personal 
details  of  what  we  might  call  literary 
adventure,  its  associations  illustrated  by 
quotations  which  Ainger's  knowledge  of 
Lamb  enabled  him  happily  and  readily  to 
make.  In  another  way  the  discussion  of 
Shakspeare's  schooldays  in  '  The  Illiterate 
Peasant'  has  interest,  and  value  as  a 
common-sense  protest  against  the  absurd 
tradition  that  Shakspeare  was  actually  a 
peasant,  and  an  uneducated  peasant. 
So  with  the  papers  on  '  Nether  Stowey  * 
and  'The  Influence  of  Chaucer  on  his 
Successors.'  The  short  paper  on  Cole- 
ridge's '  Dejection  '  has  distinct  value  as 
proving  it  originally  to  have  beet)  ad- 
dressed to  Wordsworth,  not  the  "  Lady  " 


290 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


of  the  Ode  as  we  now  have  it  (who,  the 
reviewer  does  not  doubt,  was  meant  for 
Dorothy  Wordsworth).  Here  clear  sense 
and  some  researcli  were  alone  needed. 
We  are  surprised,  however,  that  Ainger 
should  follow  custom  in  calling  Words- 
worth "  poor  " — the  better  to  contrast 
his  strength  with  Coleridge's  weakness. 
Wordsworth  never  was  poor  as  his  friend 
was  ;  he  was  virtuously  satisfied  with 
Nature — and  a  modest  competence,  for 
which  he  had  not  to  work. 

The    best    of    these    papers    (save    the 
personal  and  reminiscent  one  on  Lamb 
in  Hertfordshire)  is,  as  Canon  Beeching 
sees,   the   '  Three  Stages  of  Shakspeare's 
Art.'  In  these  three  lectures  Ainger  has  his 
material  before  him,  and  brings  together 
and  examines  facts  and  views  prepared 
for  him  by  others.     His  good  sense  has 
scope  in  discussing  and  sometimes  modify- 
ing those  views,  revising  their  weak  points. 
Nay,  we  must  even  commend  a  touch  of 
originality  in  his  perception  that  the  poet's 
blank  verse  matures  and  improves  to  the 
last ;    whereas  it  is  very  generally  held 
that  the  ultimate  versification  is  a  declen- 
sion from  that  of  the  middle  period.     He 
points  out  that  if  Shakspeare  at  one  time 
was  drawn  by  personal  sympathy  towards 
the     sadder     and     darker     problems     of 
humanity,  the  cynicism  often  present  in 
his    characters    did    not    affect    his    own 
treatment  of  such  themes,  which  remained 
sane  in  its  sympathy — contrary  to  Hallam's 
view  that  the  poet  himself  became  misan- 
thropical.    It    is    throughout   an    attrac- 
tive study,  in  which  the  scales  are  held 
with    well  -  balanced     judgment.       But, 
except   in   the  degree  indicated,   it  puts 
forward   no  fresh  idea.     We  notice   that 
Ainger  (perhaps  awed  by  the  high  autho- 
rity of  Mr.  Swinburne)  implicitly  accepts 
the  childlikeness  of  Shakspeare's  children, 
especially  of  Mamillius.     Yet  surely  the 
great  dramatist's  children  are  not  child- 
like or  natural.     With  Mamillius  at  their 
head,  the  quality  which  they  persistently 
display    is    the  artificial   and  precocious 
shrewdness     which     amuses     unthinking 
elders  in  drawing-rooms,  by  its  very  in- 
appropriateness    to   their   childish   years. 
"  Go  to,  you  are  a  forward  child,"  is  the 
sort  of  admiring  reproof  which  his  adults 
habitually  bestow  on  his  children.     And 
it  is  deserved.     One  feels  that  less  notice 
and  more  nursery  would  be  excellently 
wholesome  for  them.     Ainger's   '  Ethical 
Element  in  Shakspeare  '  attracts  us  less. 
It  is  a  verbose  expansion  of  an  original 
point  put  forth  in  one  of  Coventry  Pat- 
more's  essays.     With  another  writer  we 
should  have  assumed  ignorance  of  those 
little-known    essays,    and    withheld    the 
remark.     But  Ainger,  it  happens,  in  this 
very  book  reveals  an  attentive  acquaint- 
ance with  them. 

There  are  other  things — such  as  the 
very  pleasant  gossiping  paper  on  Sir 
George  Rose,  or  that  on  '  The  Art  of  Con- 
versation '—  which  assist  to  make  a  book 
worth  reading,  despite  its  limitations. 
Had  the  Royal  Institution  lectures  been 
omitted,  our  judgment  might  have  been 
much  more  favourable. 


The  War  of  1812.     By  Capt.  A.  T.  Mahan. 
2  vols.     (Sampson  Low  &  Co.) 

In  one  respect  this  work  may  be  said  to 
break  new  ground,  even  for  Capt.  Mahan. 
It  is  "  ad  unguem  f actus,  totus  teres  atque 
rotundus  "  ;    and  to  say  that  any  other 
naval  war  has  received  equally  thorough 
treatment  would  be  to  exaggerate.     That 
it  has   been  possible  to  reach  finality — 
for    we    may    safely    assert    that    Capt. 
Mahan's  verdict  will  here  be  accepted  as 
final — is  due  to  two  reasons  :    the  com- 
parative brevity  of  the  subject,  and  the 
wealth  of  the  evidence  which  illustrates 
it.     When  diligence  and  judgment  of  the 
highest   degree   are   brought   to   bear   in 
such  favourable  conditions,  it  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at   that   the   result  should   be 
as  valuable  to  the  man  of  affairs  as  it  is 
interesting  to  the  student  of  history.     It 
is  perhaps  allowable  to  reflect  how  this 
book  would  have  made  James,  as  honest 
a  chronicler  as  ever  studied  gazette,  stare 
and  gasp.      James    could    see   little  but 
defeat  in  the  war,  and  there  were  at  that 
time  no  writers  beyond  the  Atlantic  who 
would  have  been  willing,  even  if  they  had 
been  able,  to  point  out  to  him  its  true 
significance.     Thus  for  very  many  years 
the  history  of  the  struggle  was  obscured, 
on    the    one   hand   by    a   not   unnatural 
"  spread-eagleism,"  and  on  the  other  by 
a    somewhat    exaggerated    tendency    to 
make  excuses.     This  state  of  things  con- 
tinued until  some  twenty  years  ago,  when 
President    Roosevelt    published    his    dis- 
passionate study  of  the  naval  history  of 
the  war — a  study  which  he  has  recently 
found  occasion  to  furbish  up  somewhat, 
though    without    making    any    essential 
modification.     It  is  doubly  a  matter  for 
congratulation  that  prejudice  had  already 
been  banished  from  the  controversy,  for 
in  this  way  the  field  was  clear  for  Capt. 
Mahan.     There  was  no  occasion  to  root 
out  a  crop  of  weeds,  nor  even  to  descend 
to   details   of   material   force   or   martial 
achievement,   for  this  had  already  been 
done ;    but    it  remained   to  handle  con- 
clusively the  grand  strategy  of  the  war 
as  a  whole,  and,  still  more,  to  examine  its 
political  relationship  to  the  general  history 
of  its  time.     And  Capt.  Mahan's  book  is 
complete  because  it  succeeds  not  only  in 
presenting  the  military  history  in  its  true 
perspective  and  in    sufficient  detail,  but 
also    in    fitting   the   whole  episode    into 
its  proper  place  in  the  history  of  modern 
nations. 

The  inquiry  into  the  causes  of  the 
war  is  exceptionally  thorough.  "  Every 
schoolboy  knows "  that  it  was  due  to 
the  Orders  in  Council  and  to  the  claim 
to  search  American  ships  for  British 
seamen.  But  the  earlier  of  the  famous 
Orders  was  issued  in  1807,  a  date  when, 
Capt.  Mahan  thinks,  war  was  so  far  in- 
evitable that  the  United  States  ought  to 
have  been  in  a  position  to  declare  it  : — 

"  At  a  very  early  stage  of  the  French 
Revolutionary  Wars  the  United  States 
should  have  obeyed  Washington's  warnings 
to  prepare  for  war,  and  to  build  a  navy  ;  and 
....  war  should  have  been  declared  not  later 
than  1807,  when  the  news  of  Jena,  and  of 


Great  Britain's  refusal  to  relinquish  her 
practice  of  impressing  from  American  ships, 
became  known  almost  coincidently." 

And  this  because  the  methods  which  Great 
Britain  pursued  were  invasions  of  just 
rights,  to  which  the  United  States  should 
not  have  submitted,  though  to  her  they 
were  advantageous,  and  did  cause  the 
Emperor's  downfall  and  her  own  deliver- 
ance. But  the  mischief,  as  Americans 
must  needs  have  considered  it,  sprang 
from  the  tenure  of  the  presidency  by 
Jefferson  and  Madison  during  the  critical 
years  which  should  have  been  years  of 
preparation.  Neither  President  was  dis- 
posed to  acquiesce  in  the  course  to  which 
England  was  driven  by  dire  necessity, 
but  neither  was  sufficiently  gifted  to  see 
that  even  the  most  extreme  commercial 
measures,  even  the  strongest  representa- 
tions known  to  diplomacy,  could  not 
avail  an  unarmed  nation  against  an 
adversary  who  was  already  engaged  in  a 
life-and-death  struggle.  Just  as  arbitra- 
tion and  international  law  alike  fall  to 
the  ground  when  they  threaten  the  exist- 
ence of  a  State,  so,  too,  it  is  written  that 
commercial  war  cannot,  at  the  bidding  of 
doctrinaires,  be  substituted  for  the  stern 
clash  of  arms.  Both  Jefferson  and  Madi- 
son were  men  of  the  desk,  both  were  un- 
conscious of  the  necessity  of  backing 
words  with  deeds,  and  to  both  alike  Capt. 
Mahan  applies  Pompey's  retort  to  the 
Mamertines,  "  Will  you  never  have  done 
with  citing  laws  and  privileges  to  men  who 
wear  swords  ?  "  He  might  with  equal 
truth  have  quoted  an  even  stronger 
phrase  from  a  greater  author  than  Plu- 
tarch about  "  droning  charms  over  sores 
that  crave  the  knife." 

Now  that  the  course  of  events  is  pre- 
sented succinctly,  now  that  their  logical 
connexion  and  sequence  are  strongly 
emphasized,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  roots 
of  the  war  spread  deep  down  into  the  old 
colonial  system,  the  legitimate  offspring 
of  the  Navigation  Act.  Apart  from  any 
consideration  of  its  effect  in  strengthen- 
ing the  Royal  Navy,  it  is  indisputable 
that  this  Act  had  succeeded  in  enclosing 
the  commerce  of  the  Empire  within  a 
ring  fence.  The  War  of  American  Inde- 
pendence made  a  breach  in  this  fence, 
and  it  was  not  unnatural  that  England 
should  strive  to  repair  the  damage  by 
seeking  to  maintain  the  system  towards 
the  United  States  after  their  independ- 
ence was  gained ;  failing  this  method, 
which  would  again  have  reduced  the 
United  States  to  the  position  of  a  colony, 
it  was  inevitable  that  the  States  should 
be  made  to  feel  the  weight  of  the  measure. 
"  Of  this  British  commercial  policy," 
says  Capt.  Mahan, 

"  Americans  had  not  the  slightest  reason  to 
complain.  They  had  insisted  on  being 
independent,  and  it  would  be  babyish  to 
fret  about  the  consequences  when  unpalat- 
able. .  .  .It  is  very  possible  that  the  action 

of  Great  Britain  at  this  time  was  stupid 

but  were  the  policy  wise  or  foolish  as  regards 
herself,  towards  the  Americans  it  was  not  a 
wrong,  but  an  injury  ;  and  consequently 
what  the  newly  independent  people  had  to 
do  was  not  to  complain," 

but  to  retaliate. 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


291 


Though  here  he  justifies  the  subsequent 
American  policy  which  resulted  in  the 
Embargo  and  Non-Importation  Act,  it 
must  not  therefore  be  inferred  that  Capt. 
Mahan  condemns  the  British  view.  He 
quotes,  without  endorsing  it,  Jefferson's 
dictum  that  the  way  to  prophesy  what 
England  would  do  "  was  to  ascertain 
what  she  ought  to  do,  and  infer  the  con- 
trary "  ;  and  he  assuredly  does  not  uphold 
the  Jeffersonian  theory  that  commercial 
retaliation  can  be  a  thing  complete  in 
itself.  It  has  also  to  be  remembered 
that,  whatever  may  have  been  England's 
interest  during  the  years  of  peace  which 
followed  the  independence — years  during 
which  the  States  seemed  so  weak  that  their 
unity  was  little  more  than  a  paper  phrase 
— the  great  wars  in  which  England  was 
involved  before  the  end  of  the  century 
entirely  altered  the  outlook.  For  the 
first  time  England  was  at  war  without 
the  whole  of  the  world's  commerce  being, 
in  effect,  ranged  under  one  or  other  of 
the  belligerent  flags  ;  and  this,  too,  at  a 
period  of  great  commercial  development. 
By  her  industrial  inventions  England  was 
setting  the  example  to  the  world,  and  the 
result  was  making  itself  felt  in  a  vastly 
increased  commerce.  Were  the  United 
States,  in  the  new  character  of  a  neutral 
maritime  nation,  to  reap  the  benefit  of 
these  conditions  ?  Never,  while  English 
statesmen  could  see  that  the  strength  of 
their  country  lay  on  the  water — that  her 
commerce  was  to  her  the  breath  of  life. 

And  so  the  commercial  war  followed, 
and  with  it  the  exercise  of  the  much- 
resented  claim  to  impress  seamen  from 
foreign  ships.  As  to  this  latter  difficulty, 
it  is  not  necessary  to  say  more  than  that 
Capt.  Mahan  treats  the  whole  question 
with  discretion  and  impartiality.  Though 
the  controversy  is  thorny,  the  facts  and 
the  principles  are  not  obscure.  But  the 
commercial  war  was  complex  and  wide- 
spread ;  and  at  least  one  of  its  immediate 
results  must  be  taken  into  account.  This 
was  the  additional  wealth  which,  even 
as  things  were,  the  growing  commerce  of 
the  world  brought  to  the  Americans. 
With  their  position  thus  strengthened, 
the  unity  began  at  last  to  have  real 
existence,  and  the  treasury  of  the  navy 
to  have  money  at  its  disposal.  But  this 
money,  easily  sufficient  for  the  building 
of  a  squadron  of  ships  of  the  line,  was 
devoted  to  ends  that  would  have  com- 
mended themselves  to  our  own  "  scientific  " 
economists,  and  some  35,000,000  dollars 
were  wiped  off  the  national  debt  between 
1801  and  the  outbreak  of  war.  Com- 
menting on  this  reduction,  Capt.  Mahan 
quotes  a  Virginian  Senator  :  "  This  differ- 
ence has  never  been  felt  by  society.  It 
has  produced  no  effect  upon  the  common 
intercourse  among  men.  For  my  part, 
I  should  never  have  known  of  the  reduc- 
tion but  for  the  annual  Treasury  report." 
And  Capt.  Mahan  grimly  adds  :  "  Some- 
thing was  learned  about  it,  however,  in 
the  first  year  of  the  war,  and  the  interest 
upon  the  savings  was  received  at  Detroit, 
on  the  Niagara  frontier,  in  the  Chesapeake 
and  the  Delaware." 

The    demonstration    that    the    United 


States  were  caught  between  the  hammer 
of  the  Napoleonic  Decrees  and  the  anvil 
of  the  Orders  in  Council,  and  that  they 
were  not  content  to  submit  quietly,  is 
both  cogent  and  interesting ;  but  to 
trace  its  bearing  on  modern  conditions 
would  lead  us  far  beyond  the  limits  of 
our  space.  We  must,  however,  call  atten- 
tion to  one  clause  of  the  Berlin  Decree, 
which  runs, 

"  This  Decree  shall  be  the  fundamental  law 
of  the  Empire  until  England  has  acknow- 
ledged that  the  rights  of  war  are  the  same 
on  land  and  on  sea  ;  that  it  [war]  cannot 
be  extended  to  any  private  property  what- 
ever "  ; 

and  to  Capt.  Mahan's  comment  on  it,  in 
opposition  to  a  modern  school  which 
would  fain  make  war  with  showers  of 
rose-leaves  and  confetti.  "  The  claim  for 
private  property,"  he  says, 
"  involves  a  play  upon  words  to  the  confu- 
sion of  ideas ....  Private  property  at  a 
standstill  is  one  thing.  It  is  the  unproduc- 
tive money  in  a  stocking,  hid  in  a  closet. 
Property  belonging  to  private  individuals, 
but  embarked  in ...  .  commerce,  is  like 
money  in  circulation.  It  is  the  lifeblood  of 
national  prosperity,  upon  which  war  depends; 
and  as  such  it  is  national  in  its  employment, 
and  only  in  ownership  private.  To  stop 
such  circulation  is  to  sap  national  prosperity; 
and  to  sap  prosperity,  upon  which  war 
depends  for  its  energy,  is  a  measure  as  truly 
military  as  is  killing  the  men  whose  arms 
maintain  war  in  the  field." 

We  have  referred  to  the  author's  belief 
that  the  war  was  inevitable,  unless  Britain 
could  be  induced  to  concede  the  points 
in   dispute,    and   to   his    proof    that   the 
United  States  had  neglected  their  chance 
of  attaining  this  end  by  their  neglect  to 
provide  that  most  powerful  of  diplomatic 
agents,  a  squadron  of  line-of-battle  ships. 
After  Jena,  when  Napoleon's  grip  on  the 
Continent  was  at  its  tightest,  when  Eng- 
land alone  stood  up  firmly  against  him, 
a  small  addition  to  the  forces  of  the  enemy 
would  have  inclined  the  balance  against 
her.     The  Americans  might  have  had  at 
least  a  dozen  ships  of  the  line  ;    and  had 
they  been  thus  ready  for  effective  inter- 
vention, the  mere  threat  would  probably, 
in  the  author's  opinion,  have  been  suffi- 
cient.    As  it  was,  they  were  tied  to  in- 
activity   by    their   naval    weakness,    and 
England  had  learnt  their  secret  ;    so  they 
struggled  on,  fighting  a  commercial  war, 
imposing  restrictions  which  harmed  their 
own  trade  even  more  than  the  English — 
restrictions    which    at    length    combined 
with   the   obnoxious    right   of    search    to 
rouse  such  bitter  feeling  throughout  the 
country   that   war    could    no    longer    be 
avoided.     It  was  the  misfortune  of  Ame- 
rica that  wiien  it  came,  it  came  too  late 
to   hold   out   prospects   of  success.     The 
French  were  on  the  point  of  being  driven 
out    of    Spain  ;     Napoleon    was    already 
embarked  in  the  Russian  adventure  which 
was   to   prove   his   ruin  ;     and   thus    the 
United  States,  which,  even  till  the  declara- 
tion of  war,  had  refused  to  add  to  their 
naval  force,  were  left  very  shortly  to  face 
England  alone. 

The  result  could  never  be  in  doubt,  and 
it  is  in  keeping  with  the  eternal  irony  of 
things    that    the    disastrous    war    which 


followed  has  been  looked  back  upon  by 
successive  generations  of  Americans  as  a 
glorious  episode  in  their  national  history. 
It  was,  on  the  contrary,  a  period  of  great 
distress  and  humiliation,  and  deservedly 
so.  While  giving  full  credit  to  the  excel- 
lence of  both  officers  and  men  of  the 
American  navy,  Capt.  Mahan  never  lets 
us  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  it  was 
unequal  to  its  work.  He  quotes  a  con- 
temporary, "  a  distinguished  naval 
officer,"  as  writing  : — 

"  No  sooner  had  the  enemy  blockaded 
our  harbours,  and  extended  his  line  of 
cruisers  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  than  both 
foreign  and  domestic  commerce  came  at 
once  to  be  reduced  to  a  deplorable  state  of 
stagnation  ;  producing  the  utter  ruin  of 
many  respectable  merchants,  as  well  as  of  a 
great  multitude  besides,  connected  with 
them  in  their  mercantile  pursuits  "  ; 
and,  after  enumerating  the  various  ways 
in  which  the  pressure  was  felt,  the  writer 
adds : — 

"The  coasting  trade,  that  most  valuable 
appendage  to  an  extensive  mercantile  estab- 
lishment in  the  United  States,  was  entirely 
annihilated." 

Again,  the  insults  to  the  coast  depended 
solely  on  the  discretion  of  the  victor,  and 
in  the  end  the  United  States  made  peace, 
virtually  upon  England's  terms.  The 
Orders  in  Council  were  indeed  repealed, 
but  before  the  war  was  really  begun  ;  and 
the  right  of  search  was  never  abandoned^ 
The  strategy  of  the  war  is  treated  not 
only  in  its  naval  aspect,  but  also  as  a 
whole,  and  Capt.  Mahan  shows  howr  the 
United  States  were  acting  on  the  defensive 
on  the  seaboard,  and  on  the  offensive  on 
the  Canadian  frontier.  Here,  too,  lack  of 
preparation  had  to  be  paid  for  ;  inability 
to  grasp  the  fundamental  strategic  fact 
that  the  British  left,  resting  on  the  sea 
at  Quebec,  was  the  true  objective,  com- 
bined with  "  demagogic  prejudice  in 
favour  of  untrained  patriotism  "  to  ensure 
the  failure,  or  the  comparative  failure, 
of  the  Lakes  campaigns  down  to  the  end 
of  1813.  In  the  following  year  the  lesson 
had  been  learnt  that,  as  the  author  puts 
it,  a  tree  is  cut  down  by  striking  at  the 
trunk,  not  by  lopping  off  the  branches  ; 
and,  in  addition,  soldiers  had  been  evolved 
out  of  the  pristine  mobs  of  raw  militiamen. 
The  successful  naval  battle  on  Lake 
Champlain  was  not  unique,  for  there  was 
good  and  intelligent  work  done  in  the 
year  before,  especially  on  Lake  Erie  ;  but 
sound  strategy  gave  Macdonough's  battle 
its  full  effect,  and  the  result  of  the  later 
joint  operations  was  that  in  the  negotia- 
tions for  a  peace  England  was  not  in  a 
position  to  insist  upon  what  was  euphe- 
mistically termed  "  a  rectification  of 
frontier." 

Of  the  seaboard  operations  and  ocean 
warfare  we  have  said  nothing.  Not  that 
Capt.  Mahan  is  less  interesting  here,  but 
that  loss  remained  to  be  said.  Each 
naval  action  is  examined  in  detail,  and 
the  work  of  the  privateers  is  fully  illus- 
trated ;  but  the  material  is  so  well  known 
that  there  were  few  secrets  to  tell.  There 
is,  however,  much  important  comment  on 
the  strategy  of  the  campaign  on  the  ocean, 
and,   as   a   war   of   commercial    destruc- 


•l<r: 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


N    1089,  March  10,  1006 


in, i,    ii     till    ii    possibility,    these    pa 
deserve  careful  study.     Even  as  to  Die 

type  «>f  emiser  which  this  manner  of  wur 

demands  the  lesson  is  bj  no  means  obeo* 
lete,  and  no  stronger  argumenj  in  favour 

Oi  massed  force  in  a  war  against  eoninc 

<-< >ii l<  1  be  adduced  than  the  effect  ol 
Etodgers's  offshore  oroise  in  June  and 
July,  L812. 

We  must  not  conclude  without  Calling 
attention  to  the  illustrations,  which  are 
numerous.  The  maps  and  plans  are 
excellent  and  most  instructive  :  the 
portraits,  especially  those  of  Jefferson, 
Madison,  and  Perry,  are  extremely  inter- 
esting ;  but  the  imaginative  pictures, 
drawn  originally  for  Scribners  Magazine, 
might  with  advantage  be  omitted  in 
subsequent  editions. 


A    Modern    Symposium.     By    G.    Lowes 
Dickinson.     (Brimley  Johnson  &  Ince.) 

This  little  volume  ought  to  be  welcome 
to  all  lovers  of  prose  and  to  all  students 
of  modern  civilization.  As  regards  form, 
it  suggests  comparison  with  the  author's 
dialogue  '  The  Idea  of  Good  '  ;  as  regards 
subject-matter,  with  the  more  famous 
1  Letters  of  John  Chinaman  '  ;  yet  the 
symposium  is  neither  a  dialogue  nor  a 
diatribe.  It  is  a  collection  of  imaginary 
speeches  on  the  principles  that  should 
guide  the  modern  statesman,  and  leans 
to  no  particular  side.  The  speeches  are 
put  into  the  mouths  of  a  number  of 
individualities,  who  are  made  to  represent 
with  uncommon  success  very  various 
types  of  temperament  —  the  aristocrat, 
the  Liberal,  the  Conservative,  the 
Socialist,  the  Anarchist,  the  poet,  the 
Christian,  and  so  forth.  Some  of  them 
are  clearly  suggested  by  well-known  cha- 
racters. In  the  rhetoric  of  the  Liberal 
leader  Remenham  it  is  easy  to  discern 
the  full-blooded  earnestness  of  Gladstone  ; 
and  in  the  sarcasm  of  the  Jew  Mendoza, 
closing  with  the  curious  lapse  into  mysti- 
cism, and  a  melodramatic  offer  of  his 
hand  to  his  rival,  it  is  idle  to  deny  that 
some  at  least  of  the  characteristics  of 
Disraeli  find  emphatic  expression.  All  the 
speakers  are  endowed  with  that  lucidity 
of  diction,  and  those  touches  of  wit  and 
poetic  imagination,  which  we  have  learnt 
to  expect  in  Mr.  Dickinson's  writing. 
We  quote  two  passages  which  illustrate 
this.  The  poet,  who  complains,  some- 
what like  Matthew  Arnold  in  his  famous 
description  of  a  social  science  congress, 
of  the  evil  "  of  taking  all  the  value  out 
of  the  past  and  present  in  order  to  put  it 
into  the  future,"  goes  on  as  follows  : — 

"  Of  course  the  things  really  are  bad  that 
you  say  are  bad.  But  they  're  so  good  as 
well  !  I  mean — well,  the  other  day  I  read 
one  of  those  dreadful  articles — at  least,  of 
course  they  're  very  usoful,  I  suppose — 
about  tho  condition  of  tho  agricultural 
labourer.  Woll,  then  I  took  a  ride  in  the 
country,  and  saw  it  all  in  its  setting  and 
complete,  with  everything  the  article  had 
left  out ;  and  it  wasn't  so  bad  after  all.  I 
don't  mean  to  say  it  was  all  good  either, 
but  it  was  just  wonderful.  There  were 
great  horses  with  shaggy  fetlocks  resting  in 


green  Balds,  end  oattle  trading  in  ihaUow 
ford  .  and  streams  Cringed  with  willows,  snd 
little  oheeping  birds  among  the  reeds,  and 

lurks,     and     DUOkoOS,     and     thrushes.      And 

there   sMte  orchards   white   with   Mossosa, 

and  little  gardens  in  the  Him,  and  (shadows 
of  clouds  bill  bhlg  over  the  j. lain.  And  tie- 
much  discussed  Labourer  was  in  the  midsl 
of  all  this.  And  he  really  wasn't  an  in- 
carnate grievance  !  He  was  thinking  about 
his  horses  or  his  bread  and  cheese,  or  his 
children  squalling  in  the  road,  or  his  pig 
and  his  cocks  and  hens.  Of  course  1  don't 
suppose  he  knew  how  beautiful  everything 
was  ;  but  I  'in  sure  he  had  a  sort  of  com- 
fortable feeling  of  being  a  part  of  it  all,  of 
being  somehow  all  right." 

The  beauty  of  this  passage  is,  we  think, 
apparent. 

Here  is  another  and  a  very  different 
extract  from  the  speech  of  Martin,  the 
Anarchist  : — 

"  The  history  of  the  growth  of  the  State, 
of  public  authority  and  compulsion,  is  the 
history  of  the  decline  from  Florence  and 
Nuremberg  to  London  and  New  York.  As 
the  power  of  the  State  grows  the  energy  of 
the  spirit  dwindles  ;  and  if  ever  the  activity 
of  the  State  should  extend  through  and 
through  to  every  department  of  life,  the 
universal  ease  and  comfort  which  may  be 
thus  disseminated  throughout  society  will 
have  been  purchased  dearly  at  the  price  of 
the  soul.  The  denizens  of  that  city  will  be 
fed,  housed,  and  clothed  to  perfection  ;  only 
— and  it  is  a  serious  drawback — only  they 
will  be  dead." 

It  is  impossible,  without  more  ample 
quotation,  to  do  justice  to  the  security 
and  ease,  the  lightness  and  penetration 
combined,  of  Mr.  Dickinson.  The  book 
is  as  charming  as  it  is  suggestive.  In 
its  author  we  have  one  of  the  few  living 
Englishmen  who  can  really  write  prose. 
There  is  none  of  the  affectation  of  the 
"  stylist "  here.  It  is  "  prose  of  the 
centre,"  limpid,  natural,  musical.  The 
excessive  influence  of  French  models,  the 
exotic  elaboration  of  Pater,  the  artificial 
daintiness  of  aestheticism,  for  once  are 
absent. 

As  to  the  matter  of  the  book  we  have 
perhaps  said  nearly  enough.  But  there 
is  one  passage  which  stands  out  for  origin- 
ality and  force,  the  analysis  of  the  Ame- 
rican mind.  Civilization  is  really  a  state 
of  mind,  and  it  is  Mr.  Dickinson's  merit 
that  he  has  recognized  this,  and  so  dis- 
cerns the  true  differentia  of  Americanism, 
and  of  all  purely  Western  ideals.  "  For 
what  America  is,  that  Europe  is  becom- 
ing." It  was,  indeed,  one  of  the  many 
signs  of  the  extraordinary  genius  of  that 
strange  combination  of  the  seer  and  the 
cynic,  Benjamin  Disraeli,  that  he  discerned 
more  than  fifty  years  back  the  tendencies 
of  the  mechanical  age,  and  pointed  out 
in  '  Coningsby,'  and  more  definitely  in 
'  Tancred,'  the  dangers  incident  to  Europe, 
which  "  talked  of  progress  because,  by 
the  ingenious  manipulation  of  a  few 
mechanical  contrivances,  she  had  estab- 
lished a  society  which  has  mistaken 
comfort  for  civilization."  In  essence. 
the  speech  of  Ellis,  the  journalist,  is 
only  a  development  of  the  same  notion. 
but  a  development  of  such  force  and 
insight  that  it  ought  to  compel  the  atten- 
tion even  of  those  persons  for  whom  the 


mechanical     millennium  peted      by 

some    u  nlei  the  ideal,    or  at  ]• 

Satisfying.  Wt  do  DOt  mean  that  Mr. 
Wells    believe!    this   him-elf,  but  we  think 

that  the  described  in  .such  books  as 

'  When  the  Sleeper  Wake- :  j-  a  society  in 

which  the  latent  ideals  of  Ameri 

oerned  by  ESUis,  have  worked  themseli 

out  to  an  external  perfe.  tion.    We  can  hut 

quote  a  few  phrases  here  and  there,  which 
illustrate   the   imaginary   speal  iew 

that  the  one  object  of  Americans  is  lapidity 
of  life.  To  this,  it  is  contended,  they  have 
sacrificed,  and  will  sacrifice  increasingly, 
every  kind  of  disinterested  passion  :  reh> 
gion,  art,  love,  and  even  science.  •  n  ej,t 
so  far  as  it  has  a  purely  practical  obje  t. 

"  Thanks  to  Europe,  America  has  ne\ 
been  powerless  in  the  face  of  Nature ; 
therefore  has  never  felt  Fear ;  there- 
fore has  never  known  Reverence  ;  there- 
fore never  experienced  Religion.  .  .  .A  nation 
which  knew  what  religion  was  in  the 
European  sense  ;  whose  roots  were  struck 
in  the  soil  of  spiritual  combat,  of  tempta- 
tions in  haunted  forests  or  desert  sands  by 
the  Nile,  of  midnight  risings,  scourgings  of 
the  flesh,  and  vigils  in  vast  cathedrals,  and 
the  miracle  of  the  Host  solemnly  veiled  in  a 
glory  of  painted  light — such  a  nation  would 
never  have  accepted  Christian  science  as%  a 
religion.  No  !  Religion  in  America  is  a 
parasite  without  roots.  The  questions  that 
have  occupied  Europe,  from  the  dawn  of 
her  history,  for  which  she  has  fought  more 
fiercely  than  for  empire  or  liberty,  for  which 
she  has  fasted  in  deserts,  agonized  in  cells, 
suffered  on  the  cross  and  at  the  stake,  for 
which  she  has  sacrificed  health,  wealth, 
ease,  intelligence,  life ....  for  the  American 
people  simply  do  not  exist.  They  are 
as  inaccessible,  as  impossible  to  them  as 
the  sphere  to  the  dwellers  in  Flat  land .... 
Their  religion,  if  they  have  one,  is  what  I 
believe  they  call  '  healthy-mindednes-." 

So  with  art  and  literature.  They  are 
to  the  imaginary  speaker  inconceivable  in 
America, 

"  for  the  spirit  of  Art  is  disinterested  con- 
templation, while  that  of  America  is  cupid- 
ous  acquisition.  ..  .The  Future  is  for  them 
the  kingdom  of  elevators,  of  telephones,  of 
motor-cars,  of  flying-machines.  Let  them 
not  idly  hark  back,  misled  by  effete  tradi- 
tions, to  the  old  European  dream  of  the 
'  kingdom  of  heaven.'  Excudcnt  alii,  let 
them  say,  for  Europe,  Letters,  and  Art  ; 
tu  regere  argento  populos,  Morgan* .  memento, 
let  America  rule  the  world  by  Syndicates  and 
Trusts.  For  such  is  her  true  destiny  ;  and 
that  she  conceives  it  to  be  such  is  evidenced 
by  the  determination  with  which  she  has 
suppressed  all  irrelevant  activities." 

Their  whole  purpose  in  life  is  acceleration  : 
"  To  be  always  moving,  and  always 
moving  faster,  that  they  think  is  the  beatific 
life ....  If  they  are  asked  by  Europeans,  as 
they  sometimes  are.  What  is  the  point  of 
going  so  fast  ?  their  only  feeling  is  one  of 
genuine  astonishment.  Why,  they  reply, 
you  go  fast.  And  what  more  can  be  said  ? 
Hence  their  contempt  for  the  leisure  so 
much  valued  by  Europeans.  Leisure  they 
feel  to  be  a  kind  of  standing  still,  the  un- 
pardonable sin." 

The  speaker  goes  on  to  lament  the 
assimilation  of  all  the  Western  world  to 
this  one  type  : — 

"  True,  says  the  man  of  the  Future  ;  we 
have  no  religion,  literature,  or  art ;  we  don't 
know  whence  we  come,  nor  whither  we  go  ; 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


293 


but,  what  is  more  important,  we  don't  care. 
What  we  do  know  is  that  we  are  moving 
faster  than  any  one  ever  moved  before  ;  and 
that  there  is  every  chance  of  our  moving 
faster  and  faster.  The  principle  of  the 
Universe  is  acceleration,  and  we  are  its 
exponents ;  and  if  we  cannot  answer 
ultimate  questions,  that  is  the  less  to  be 
regretted  in  that  a  few  centuries  hence  there 
will  be  nobody  left  to  ask  them." 
Finally,  the  speaker  rejoices  that 
"  his  friends  are  Socrates  and  Plato,  Dante, 
Michael  Angelo,  and  Goethe,  rather  than 
Mr.  Carnegie  and  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan.  I 
rejoice  that  I  belong  to  an  effete  country, 
and  that  I  sit  at  table  with  almost  the  last 
representatives  of  the  culture,  the  learning, 
and  the  ideals  of  centuries  of  civilization." 

The  speaker  describes,  perhaps  with 
accuracy,  tendencies  undoubtedly  existing, 
but  his  tone  is  for  us  too  pessimistic,  and 
many  will  think  that  he  has  overstated 
his  case  absurdly.  The  speech  of  the  man 
of  science  which  precedes  that  of  Ellis 
in  the  symposium  expresses  the  opposite 
standpoint,  and  thus  preserves  the  balance. 
If  the  older  scheme  of  values  corresponds, 
as  we  believe  it  does,  to  permanent  ele- 
ments in  human  nature,  a  society  con- 
stituted without  them  cannot  have  within 
it  the  power  of  duration.  Already  there 
are  signs  of  reaction.  Nor  would  it  sur- 
prise us  if  the  twentieth  century  were  to 
witness  marvels  of  human  passion  and 
mysticism  on  a  par  with  its  undoubted 
certainty  of  progress  in  mechanism.  It 
may  well  be  that  the  age  of  which  we  are 
as  yet  but  on  the  threshold  will  hold  its 
rank  in  history  less  for  the  evolution  of 
future  Carnegies  and  Edisons  than  for 
some  hero,  who  shall  repeat  in  fresh 
forms  something  of  the  work  of  a  Francis 
of  Assisi,  and  be  one  more  witness  to  the 
undying  romance  of  the  human  soul. 


Scarabs.     By  Percy  E.  Newberry.     (Con- 
stable &  Co.) 

An  authoritative  book  on  scarabs  was 
much  needed.  After  the  Rev.  W.  J. 
Lof tie's  '  Essay  on  Scarabs,'  written  at  a 
time  when  Egyptology  was  neither  so 
popular  nor  so  well  equipped  as  at  the 
present  day,  nothing  of  importance  on 
the  subject  appeared  till  Prof.  Petrie's 
*  Historical  Scarabs,'  which  dealt  only 
with  a  few  objects  made  for  kings  and  other 
great  personages,  and  chosen  to  illustrate 
the  author's  own  theories  of  Egyptian 
history.  Then  came  Mr.  George  Fraser's 
1  Catalogue,'  describing  with  much  good 
judgment,  but  with  equal  brevity,  the 
five  hundred  or  so  rare  scarabs  in  his  own 
collection  ;  and  Mr.  John  Ward's  '  Sacred 
Beetle,'  dealing,  with  greater  garrulity, 
with  about  the  same  number  of  good,  bad, 
and  indifferent  examples  in  his.  Both 
these  books  contain,  by  way  of  preface,  a 
dissertation  on  scarabs  generally ;  but 
Mr.  Fraser's  was  too  compressed  to  be  of 
much  service  to  the  student,  while  Mr. 
Ward  cannot,  and  does  not,  yet  claim  to 
be  a  qualified  teacher  of  Egyptology. 
Hence  Mr.  Newberry,  whose  practical 
knowledge  of  the  Egyptian  language 
surpasses  that  of  most  of  his  colleagues, 


and  who  has  conducted  explorations  in 
Egypt  for  the  last  twenty  years,  found, 
on  coming  to  his  task,  an  almost  unworked 
field.  Let  us  hasten  to  add  that  he 
cultivates  it  admirably. 

He  clears  the  ground,  in  the  first  place, 
by  showing,  as  Dr.  Birch  asserted  long 
ago,  that  the  scarab  was  in  its  inception 
nothing  but  a  seal.  It  is  true  that  it 
often  appears  as  an  amulet,  and  that  in 
that  capacity  it  was  later,  like  most 
things  in  Egypt,  pressed  into  the  service 
of  the  dead.  But  primitive  folk  have  in 
all  ages  regarded  knots,  seals,  and  other 
means  of  preserving  inviolate  things  like 
doors  and  documents,  as  having  a  magical 
efficacy,  and  there  is  thus  no  inconsist- 
ency in  concluding  that  the  scarab  was  a 
seal  before  it  became  an  amulet.  That 
the  same  ideas  were  current  in  early  Baby- 
lonia is  also  likely  enough,  and  Mr.  New- 
berry is  therefore  probably  justified  when 
he  speaks  of  the  use  of  the  cylinder  seal 
as  arguing  a  connexion  between  the  civili- 
zations of  Western  Asia  and  Egypt.  But 
it  is  surprising  to  learn  from  him  that 
these  cy Under  seals,  which  have  lately 
been  much  in  evidence  among  the  relics 
of  the  earliest  Egyptian  dynasties,  con- 
tinued in  general  use  down  to  the  time  of 
the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  when  they  yielded, 
as  he  says,  to  "  the  more  convenient " 
scarab,  but  were  yet  made  in  a  desultory 
sort  of  way  as  late  as  the  Twenty-Sixth 
Dynasty.  It  is  by  no  means  improbable, 
too,  that  for  some  time  the  use  of  scarabs 
as  seals  was  confined  to  the  fair  sex,  who 
found  them  serviceable  as  a  means  of  pro- 
tection for  wine- jars  and  other  domestic 
stores.  This  is  borne  out  by  Mr. Newberry's 
assertion  from  his  own  experience  that 
when  a  scarab  seal  is  found  in  a  grave, 
the  grave  is  nearly  always  that  of  a  female. 
Whether  he  is  right  in  declaring  that  the 
modern  wedding-ring  finds  its  origin  in 
"  the  custom  of  the  man  presenting  his 
wife,  on  her  marriage,  with  a  seal,  which 
she  was  to  use  for  sealing  up  her  stores  of 
provisions,  &c,"  is,  however,  another 
question.  But  it  may  be  noticed  that 
Mr.  Newberry  will  have  nothing  to  do 
with  the  theory  that  scarabs  were  ever 
used  as  money.  As  for  the  other  notion, 
that  they  formed  at  some  late  period 
the  badge  of  adherence  to  the  ancient 
religion  of  Egypt,  he  does  not  even 
mention  it. 

With  regard  to  the  period  when  scarabs 
were  in  general  use,  he  gives  us  one  from 
the  tomb  of  Tehuti-nekht,  ha  prince,  or, 
as  he  translates  it,  "  Mayor,"  under 
Usertsen  I.  and  Amenemhat  II.,  which 
he  declares  to  be  the  oldest  absolutely 
dated  scarab  in  existence.  As,  also,  the 
latest  example  that  he  supplies  is  dated 
in  the  Twenty-Eighth  Dynasty,  we  may 
conclude  that  Mr.  Newberry  would  confine 
their  use  to  the  sixteen  dynasties  included 
in  these  dates,  and  that,  like  most  modern 
Egyptologists,  he  would  reject  as  forgeries, 
or,  at  any  rate,  as  isolated  and  very  rare 
survivals,  all  scarabs  purporting  to  be 
made  in  Ptolemaic  or  Roman  times. 
That  there  are  many  in  existence  bearing 
the  names  of  Menes,  Khufu  or  Cheops, 
Khafra,  and  many  other  celebrated  kings 


of  the  First,  Fourth,  and  other  dynasties, 
is  true  enough  ;  but  he  gives  excellent 
reasons  for  supposing  that  these  were  all 
manufactured  a  long  time  after  the  kings 
they  celebrate,  and,  as  Prof.  Petrie  admits 
that  this  was  the  case  in  certain  instances, 
it  follows  that  only  very  slight  reliance 
can  be  placed  on  scarabs  generally  as  a 
means  of  dating.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr. 
Newberry  affords  information  that  should 
be  most  useful  to  collectors  as  to  the 
different  glazes  that  were  used  in  making 
scarabs  at  different  periods,  and  as  to  the 
variations  that  from  time  to  time  appear 
in  the  anatomical  details  of  the  animal 
represented.  As  to  the  materials  of  which 
they  were  generally  made,  he  is  clear  that 
hard  stones,  such  as  obsidian,  quartz,  and 
jasper,  were  originally  employed,  although 
in  the  earliest  times  the  stone,  instead 
of  being  itself  engraved,  served  merely  as 
a  base  for  a  gold  plate  upon  which  the 
inscription  was  incised.  Precious  stones, 
such  as  carnelian,  lapis  lazuli,  and  tur- 
quoise, were  also  employed  from  the  first ; 
while  from  the  Eighteenth  Dynasty  gold, 
silver,  and  bronze,  though  very  rare,  and 
glass  and  pottery,  begin  to  appear. 
The  majority  of  scarabs  are  of  steatite, 
and  are  generally  covered  with  glaze  of 
different  colours.  In  all  these  matters 
Mr.  Newberry's  experience  makes  him 
the  safest  of  guides,  and  he  will  have 
none  of  Prof.  Petrie's  theory  that  the 
spiral  pattern  originated  in  the  Nile  Valley, 
or  that  its  primary  use  was  the  decoration 
of  scarabs. 

To  come  to  the  objects  themselves, 
there  are  in  the  present  volume  forty- 
four  plates  containing  examples  of  up- 
wards of  twelve  hundred  scarabs.  All 
these  are  drawn  by  Mr.  Newberry  himself, 
which  is  a  guarantee  at  once  of  the  excel- 
lence of  the  representation  and  of  its 
accuracy.  They  are  from  different  public 
and  private  collections  in  Europe.  Africa, 
and  America,  including  some  hitherto 
unfamiliar  even  by  name,  such  as  the 
Chateau  Borelly  Museum  at  Marseilles, 
Mr.  Chauncey  Murch's  collection  at  Cairo, 
and  that  of  Mr.  Piers  at  New  York.  But 
it  is  a  pity  that  Mr.  Newberry  has  given 
us  no  hint  of  the  principle  on  which  his 
specimens  were  chosen.  Some — such  as  the 
wild  cattle  scarab  of  Amen-hetep  III. — 
have  figured  in  earlier  publications,  but 
most  are  new,  and  it  is  much  to  be  wished 
that  Mr.  Newberry  or  some  other  com- 
petent scholar  would  give  us  a  corpus  of 
scarabs,  which  would  not  only  be  of  the 
greatest  use  to  the  student,  but  would 
also  form  a  check  upon  the  unbridled 
imagination  of  dealers  in  antiquities. 
That  Mr.  Newberry's  book  supplies  already 
the  nucleus  of  such  a  work  can  he  seen 
from  the  names  of  the  Twelfth  Dynasty 
persons  (most  of  them  undistinguished 
enough)  found  upon  the  magic  ivory 
wands  or  phylacteries  which  have  of  late 
received  some  attention.  All  these  names, 
except  one,  are  found  repeatedly  among 
the  scarabs  in  Mr.  Newberry's  plates,  and 
the  fact  is  eloquent  <>f  the  wide  sweep 
with  which  his  net  has  been  thrown. 

We  have  noted  a  few  fault-.  -Dine  of 
which  might  easily  he  amended  in  future 


29-1 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .Kl.'M 


N   U)80,  Muini  10.  1906 


impressions.  We  do  not  agree  with  Mr. 
Newberry  that  King  Narmer  ia  "the 
predeoeeeoi  of  Men*,  that  King  Zer  was 
"  Mena'a  Buooeaeor,"  or  tliat  Aha  ia  "  the 
Borue-name  of  Menea,  the  founder  of  the 
l'n-t  Egyptian  Dynasty."  Both  the  first 
two  identifications  depend  upon  the  third, 

and    this    last    lias   no   other  support    than 

the    broken    ivory    tablet    unearthed    by 

If.  de  Morgan  at  N'egadah,  whioh  no  one 
has  yet  succeeded  in  reading,  but  which 
bears  a  sign  whioh  may  possibly  be  twisted 
into  a  representation  of  the  men  sign 
forming    part    of    Menes's    name.     The 

identification  is  rejected  by  several  lead- 
ing Egyptologists,  and  we  think  that 
in  a  book  not  expressly  addressed  to  the 
learned,  the  reader  should  be  warned  of 
the  fact.  Mr.  Newberry  also  translates 
the  Movoyevijs  of  Hora polio  as  "  only 
begotten."  In  tins  be  sins  in  good  com- 
pany, but,  as  in  the  passage  referred  to  it 
is  applied  to  the  scarabseus  beetle  itself, 
it  is  plain  that  bere  it  can  only  have  its 
common  meaning  of  "unique."  In  writing 
"  type  parlant,  '  figured  speech,'  "  Mr. 
Newberry  is  probably  referring  to  the 
punning  or  '"canting"  designs  known  to 
heralds  as  "  amies  parlantes."  This  may 
be  mere  infelicity  of  diction,  but  we  have 
noticed  several  bad  misprints,  among 
which  we  may  mention  "  valliance  "  for 
valiance,  "  Karem  "  for  Harim,  "  cura 
anulis  "  for  curator  (?)  anuli.  While  figs. 
14  and  16  on    pi.  iv.  are    interchanged, 

VKapafios,   (TKapdf3€tos,    and    a(f>payiaTt'jS    are 

all  wrongly  accented.  But  these  are  small 
faults,  and,  looking  at  the  work  as  a 
whole,  we  may  congratulate  the  Uni- 
versity of  Liverpool,  at  whose  expense  it 
is  apparently  published,  upon  a  work 
which  will  probably  become  a  classic,  and 
may,  we  hope,  have  successors.  The 
three  indexes  of  '  Personal  Names,'  l  Titles,' 
and  '  Royal  Names  '  make  it  easy  to  con- 
sult, and  the  whereabouts  of  the  monu- 
ments depicted  is  in  every  case  clearly 
marked. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Traffic.    By  E.  Temple  Thurston.     (Duck- 
worth &  Co.) 

Mr.  Thurston's  novel  is  rather  a  tractate 
than  a  story,  and  it  would  appear  that  his 
zeal  as  a  pamphleteer  has  overpowered 
his  art  as  a  writer  of  fiction.  Here,  as  in 
his  last  book,  the  work  is  very  crude,  and 
yet  has  in  it  the  smouldering  possibilities 
of  tragedy.  As  before,  his  tale  hinges  on 
the  action  and  influences  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  on  human  nature,  and  so 
far  as  his  theme  is  controversial  we  may 
not  criticize  him  in  these  columns.  The 
heroine,  who  is  on  the  whole  excellently 
drawn,  is  forced  into  an  abominable 
marriage,  leaves  her  husband,  and  is  con- 
fronted with  a  real  passion  later.  Between 
her  and  the  realization  of  this  stands  the 
Roman  Catholic  denial  of  divorce.  In 
the  issue  she  drifts  down  and  down,  until 
we  find  her  frequenting  the  promenades 
of  a  music  hall.  Obviously  Mr.  Thurston's 
design  is  to  demonstrate 'that  the  refusal 
of  divorce  may  logically  end  in  physical 


and  moral  degradation^  It  remains  (or 
the  reader  toaey  if  he  ha  proTod  in  -  point. 
<>ui  oonoern  is  with  the  book  aa  a  work  of 
ait  :  and  here  we  find  it.  aa  we  have  said, 

t Midi-  and    melodi  aniat  ic      Chaiact.  i 

move  under  a  lurid  sky  towards  prede  - 
tinate  doom.     And  the  culmination  i 
clumsily  managed  as  to  be  "bathetic." 

Yet  the  writing  is  vigorous,  and  the  expo- 
sition courageous,  and  the  book  is  bettei 
in  parts  than  as  a  whole.  Mr.  Thurston  - 
views  on  the  Irish  are  interesting,  and 
sometimes  epigrammatic,  as — "  Death  and 
emigration  are  the  two  great  incidents  of 
life  in  Ireland.  Marriage  is  a  small 
matter  compared  with  these."  Perhaps, 
then,  it  was  by  reason  of  her  English  blood 
that  the  heroine  found  marriage  so  for- 
tuitously tragic. 


The    High    Toby.     By    H.    B.    Marriott 
Watson.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

This  series  of  stories  recounts  the  further 
fortunes  of  Dick  Ryder,  who  as  "  Galloping 
Dick  "  was  introduced  to  book-readers  in 
1895.  The  "  High  Toby  "  is  robbing  on 
horseback,  and  Ryder  is  a  superior  expo- 
nent of  his  craft,  with  a  wonderful  eye 
for  beauty  in  distress.  He  is  as  incurably 
romantic,  indeed,  as  the  stuff  of  his  adven- 
tures is  —  high-hearted,  generous,  indiffe- 
rent to  worldly  gains.  He  indulges  with 
ease  and  fluency  in  the  "  big  bow-wow," 
to  use  Scott's  phrase.  No  highwayman 
was  ever  so  successful  or  so  accomplished, 
even  at  a  time  when  the  Court  was  witty 
and  blood  ran  faster  than  now.  Mr. 
Watson  dates  his  period  by  introducing 
Judge  Jeffreys,  whom  Dick  outwits  by 
feigning  a  political  mission.  But  much 
as  our  author  would  have  us  believe,  we 
are  fairly  carried  away  by  the  illusion  of 
high-flavoured  language  and  high-pitched 
impudence  presented  to  us.  Here  is  the 
charm  of  dark  roads,  bright  moons,  and 
the  chance  which  makes  adventure.  No 
one  else  could  do  the  thing  so  well,  or  with 
such  verve.  No  one  else,  well  over  one 
series,  would,  we  think,  have  the  matter 
or  the  spirit  for  a  second.  Mr.  Watson's 
stories  have  the  elements  of  popularity 
without  showing  traces  of  that  slovenli- 
ness of  diction  and  that  limited  outlook 
which  seem  essential  for  success  in  English 
fiction. 


A    Dazzling    Reprobate.     By    W.    R.    H. 
Trowbridge.     (Fisher  Uhwin.) 

The  hero  of  Mr.  Trowbridge's  novel  is  a 
highly  gilded  youth,  described  as  "a 
human  exotic,  one  of  those  beautiful  tares 
that  are  cultivated  in  the  parterres  of 
society."  Clanrebel,  familiarly  known  as 
Esau,  has  the  profile,  and  possibly  some 
of  the  habits,  of  an  ancient  Greek  of  the 
decadent  period,  and  a  past  of  such  a 
nature  that  he  grovels  on  the  floor  in 
anguish  when  he  thinks  his  valet  has  dis- 
covered it.  The  past  never  is  discovered, 
however,  and  Esau  retains  to  the  end  his 
brilliant  and  fascinating  personality,  with 
a  great  powrer  of  arousing  affection  in 
contemporaries  of  his  own  sex,  while  his 
cynicism  is  accounted  to  him  as  an  addi- 


tional    and     pathetic     'harm.      Mile,     de 

1 1   any,  to  whom  i  ae  hie  "  loarlol 

amotion,"  •  tibly  prefers  his  an 

time  friend  the  Regenerate,*'  whose 
history  i-  at  lea  I  :   but  Lothair, 

the  young  French  count,  who  come    • 
London  to  itudy  the  waya  of  the  Bi 

tocracy,    and    who    passes    through    a 

taleidoacopic    series    "f    artificial 

remains  faithful  to  hi-  belief  in  E.«au.  The 
book,  which  i-  probably  intended  for  a 
satire  upon  a  certain  section  of  "  High 
Life,"  which  talks  in  epigram  and  mist  l 
cheap  cynicism  for  wit,  has  a  certain 
cleverness,  but  no  quality  that  is  convinc- 
ing. 

The  Sea   Maid.     By  Ronald  Macdonald. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  situation  of  the  Very  Rev.  Archibald 
Prowdeflesche,  Dean  of  Beckminster,  and 
his  wife,  who  are  shipwrecked  in  mid- 
ocean  and  cast  ashore  on  a  coral  island, 
where  they  remain  for  twenty  years,  is 
one  which  gives  ample  scope  for  Mr. 
Macdonald's  pleasing  sense  of  humour. 
This  is  especially  the  case  when  the 
castaways  are  joined  by  a  large  party 
from  a  ship  which  has  been  marooned  at 
an  easy  distance,  the  passengers  and. 
many  of  the  crew  being  sent  comfortably 
ashore  in  boats.  Amongst  the  former  i- 
Lord  Ormsroode,  masquerading  for  hi- 
own  purposes  under  the  name  of  a  fellow- 
passenger,  who  is  only  too  pleased  to 
assume  the  role  of  a  peer.  Hence  in- 
evitable complications  ensue,  since  Mrs. 
Prowdeflesche,  a  thorough  Mrs.  Prowdy, 
deprived  for  twenty  years  of  her  social 
and  ecclesiastical  rights,  is  determined 
that  the  lovely  daughter  born  to  her  in 
exile  shall  marry  the  sham  lord,  whiLst 
Polynesia,  listening  to  the  voice  of  nature, 
sets  her  affections  on  the  real  lord.  One 
of  the  best  scenes  is  where  the  Dean,  who 
is  a  gentleman  as  well  as  a  most  muscular 
Christian,  yields  none  the  less  to  the 
temptation*  to  steal  some  theatrical  de- 
canal garments  from  the  luggage  of  a 
passenger,  thereby  arousing  the  indignant 
jealousy  of  his  wife,  who  cannot  be  so- 
suitably  clothed. 


Irresponsible  Kitty.      By    Curtis     Yorke. 

(John  Long.) 
Irresponsible  Kitty's  dying  mother 
gave  her  as  a  sacred  charge  to  her  respon- 
sible sister  Winifred,  and  she  lived  merrily 
throughout  her  scaramouch  childhood  and 
flirting  girlhood,  calling  the  tune  or  stop- 
ping it  as  she  pleased,  while  Winifred 
paid  the  piper.  This,  when  both  girls  were 
unattached,  was  unfair  to  only  one  of 
them,  and  that  one  did  not  complain  ; 
but  when  Winifred  married  Sir  Basil 
Derrick,  a  jealous  man  with  an  explosive 
temper,  matters  promised  to  become  very 
complicated.  Husbands  are  apt  to  be 
ill-treated  by  loving  wives  in  novels  of 
the  day.  and  Curtis  Yorke  is  no  exception 
to  the  rule.  Winifred,  after  a  few  search- 
ing of  heart,  consents  to  pass  off  on  her 
husband,  returning  from  Australia  after 
some   months'   absence,   the   offspring   of 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


295 


Kitty's  secret  marriage  as  their  own  child, 
and  is  stagily  offended  and  unforgiving 
when  her  husband  takes  literally  her 
answer  of  silence  to  his  question,  "  Is  he 
. . .  .my  child  ?  "  The  end  is  reconcilia- 
tion, as  the  hardened  novel-reader  expects, 
and  the  whole  thing  is  as  false  to  life  as  it 
can  be.  Given  a  minx  like  Kitty  and  a 
fool  like  Winifred,  tragedy  is  inevitable  ; 
but  the  author  does  not  believe  in  her 
own  characters  enough  to  avoid  the  con- 
ventional happy  ending. 


The  Hdtanee.     By  Arthur  Eggar.     (John 
Murray.) 

Burma,  the  land  of  light  hearts  and 
smiling  faces,  has  another  side  to  show. 
It  is  a  land  also  of  Nats  and  ghouls, 
Thayay  and  "  midnight-hatchets  "  ;  but 
worst  of  all  is  the  Hatanee,  the  Burmese 
variant  of  the  widespread  superstition 
of  the  werewolf.  The  Hatanee,  how- 
ever, differs  from  the  type  of  her  tribe. 
The  Burmese  shape-changer  is  oftenest  a 
woman,  an  interesting  racial  point  of 
difference  from  the  type  and  point  of 
approach  to  the  fox-woman  of  Japanese 
folk-lore,  and  leaves  upon  soft  ground  the 
mark  of  a  foot  neither  all  human  nor  all 
bestial,  a  half-pug  : — 

"  We  do  not  know  which  woman  it  is  ; 
she  herself  does  not  know,  for  it  is  when  she 
is  sleeping  that  the  Thing  within  her  bids 
her  rise  up.  Still  sleeping,  she  goes  out  into 
the  night  quietly,  on  tiptoe,  and  as  she  walks 
her  body  turns  into  a  tiger.  Her  footsteps 
change  :  at  first  they  are  woman's  feet  ; 
then  half  woman,  half  tiger.  She  creeps 
from  house  to  house  till  she  finds  one  where 
a  person  sleeps  alone,  without  companions. 
«...  In  the  morning  she  is  once  again  a 
woman,  and  knows  nothing  of  what  took 
place  ;  but  in  that  house  there  lies  the  body 
of  a  man,  with  the  tears  of  claws  and  teeth." 

The  story  hinges  upon  the  recorded 
instance  of  the  murder  of  a  woman  by 
her  fellow  -  villagers  for  just  such  a 
crime  of  shape  -  changing,  though  Mr. 
Eggar  has  spared  us  the  horrider 
tragedy  by  giving  a  male  victim  to 
Fate,  and  flinging  a  choice  morsel  to 
the  God  of  Irony  by  making  the  mur- 
derous Thing-that-walks-by-Night  a  white 
man  and  a  mission  teacher,  inspired  by 
hist  of  gold.  The  love  of  Ba  Saw  and  the 
pagoda-slave  whom  he  steals  awav  for 
his  wife,  and  who  is  the  suspected  Hatanee, 
is  well  done,  and  the  book  makes  the 
reader  ask  for  more. 


BOOKS    AT    AUCTION. 

Awtion  Prices  of  Books.  Edited  by 
Luther  S.  Livingston.  Vol.  IV.  (New 
York,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  ;  London,  Elliot 
•k.) — Mr.  Livingston  is  to  be  sincerely 
congratulated  on  the  successful  accomplish- 
ment of  a  task  before  which  even  the  stoutest 
bibliographical  heart  might  have  quailed. 
To  cope  with  a  solid  mass  of  200,000  book 
records  required  no  small  amount  of  courage, 
and  the  skill  with  which  the  compiler  has 
manipulated  this  material  is  truly  remarkable. 
It  is  obvious  that  to  compress  the  cont<  m 
of  nearly  thirty  volumes  of  the  English  and 
American  'Book-Prices  Current'  into  four 


a  severe  process  of  reduction  would  be 
necessary,  and  we  may  at  once  admit 
that  Mr.  Livingston  has  done  this  with 
every  reasonable  care  and  with  success.  In 
the  case  of  many  rare  books,  notes  and 
annotations  are  not  necessary  in  sale  cata- 
logues, partly  because  bibliographical  details 
are  to  be  found  in  special  bibliographies,  and 
partly  because  a  book  bears  its  own  prima 
facie  evidence  of  being  perfect  or  otherwise  ; 
and  if  a  collector  is  not  sufficiently 
enthusiastic  to  collate  his  purchases  before 
placing  them  on  his  shelves,  he  has  but  a 
poor  idea  of  his  own  responsibilities  as  a 
bibliophile.  But  there  are  instances  in 
which  bibliographical  details  of  some  sort 
are  essential  in  an  auctioneer's  catalogue, 
not  merely  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  pur- 
chaser, but  also  to  indicate  why  one  copy 
of  a  book  should  sell  for  a  few  pounds,  whilst 
another  of  the  same  issue  fetches  five  or  ten 
times  as  much.  So  far  as  we  have  observed, 
Mr.  Livingston  has  discriminated  well 
between  the  two  sections  :  the  books  which 
should  be  annotated  and  those  which  need 
not  be  ;  had  he  failed  to  do  this,  his  com- 
pilation would  have  been  not  only  of  very 
little  value  for  reference,  but  also  misleading 
in  the  extreme.  The  earlier  volumes  of 
'  Book-Prices  Current '  left  much  to  be 
desired  in  the  matter  of  bibliographical 
accuracy,  and  this  fault  is  probably  due  to  a 
great  extent  to  the  auction  catalogues 
themselves  ;  but  during  the  last  decade  or 
so  it  has  been  realized  that  "  minor  "  faults 
are  of  some  consequence,  and  have  to  be 
pointed  out  for  the  protection  of  the  vendor 
as  well  as  for  the  guidance  of  the  purchaser. 

Mr.  Livingston's  concluding  volume  is  the 
most  important  of  all,  Shakspeare  occupying 
60  columns,  Thackeray  21  columns,  Tenny- 
son and  Ruskin  each  about  16  columns,  and 
Walter  Scott  nearly  20  columns  ;  Anthony 
Trollope,  on  the  other  hand,  has  only  two 
entries.  The  Shakspeare  portion  must  re- 
main the  most  elaborate  and  exhaustive 
of  its  kind,  until  Mr.  Edward  B.  Harris  can 
be  induced  to  publish  his  comprehensive 
tabulations  of  Shakspeare  sales  in  London 
from  the  earliest  book  auction  up  to  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  year.  Mr.  Livingston 
has  apparently  availed  himself  of  all  the 
entries  in  Lowndes,  and  also  records  some  of 
the  more  important  sales  held  in  the  interval 
between  Lowndes  and  the  establishment  of 
'  Book-Prices  Current.'  Some  of  the  entries 
of  the  earlier  sales  would  have  been  much 
improved  by  a  little  more  detail.  For 
instance,  the  copy  of  '  Venus  and  Adonis,' 
1596,  is  here  baldly  entered  "  Bolland,  91?.," 
and  "  Bright  (Bolland  copy),  91?.  10s.,"  and 
then  comes  the  entry  of  the  same  copy  in  the 
Daniel  sale  in  1864.  The  dates  of  the 
Bolland  and  Bright  sales  should  have  been 
given.  That  of  the  former  was  November- 
December,  1840,  and  that  of  the  latter 
in  March  -  April,  1845  ;  moreover,  the 
copy  was  a  very  fine  one.  We  do  not 
understand  the  principle  upon  which  the 
unique  copy  of  the  '  Venus  and  Adonis  '  of 
1627  is  omitted:  this  was  in  the  George 
Chalmers  sale  of  1842,  and  again  in  the 
B.  H.  Bright  sale  of  1845,  when  it  was  (pre- 
sumably) acquired  for  the  British  Museum. 
So  also  the  'Titus  Andronicus '  of  1574, 
discovered  in  Sweden,  and  sold  privately  to 
Mr.  Marsden  J.  Perry,  of  Providence,  is 
omitted,  although  its  importance  would 
have  justified  the  compiler  in  making  an 
exception  to  his  hard-and-fast  rules.  In 
the  case  of  the  four  quarto  editions  of  Shak- 
speare Mr.  Livingston  starts  (with  one 
unimportant  exception)  with  the  Daniel 
Bale,  which  seems  a  pity.  It  is  true  the 
previous  sales  are  recorded  in  Lowndes,  but 
Mr.    Livingston's    book    would    have    been 


greatly    improved    had    he    embodied    the 
Lowndes  entries  with  his  own. 

In  some  cases  the  compiler  shows  a 
trust  in  the  accuracy  of  sale  catalogues 
which  is  beautiful  to  behold.  This  accounts 
for  one  entry  of  F.  Shoberl's  '  Tour  from 
Geneva  to  Milan  '  appearing  under  '  Scho- 
berl  '  (p.  76),  whilst  three  other  copies  are 
found  under  Shoberl.  Mr.  Livingston,  how- 
ever, has  not  this  excuse  in  connexion  with 
Richardson's  '  Pamela  '  (p.  2),  which  he 
spells  '  Pamelia.'  '  The  Savage  Club  Papers' 
(p.  70)  were  edited  by  Andrew  Halliday 
[i.e.  A.  H.  Duff),  and  not  by  "  Halleday." 
The  entry  "  Savonarola  (Don  Jeremy)  "  on 
p.  72,  is  obviously  not  a  real  name,  but  a 
pseudonym  of  Father  Prout  (Francis  Syl- 
vester Mahony).  We  find  "  Sir  James  F. 
Stephen,"  whilst  Leslie  Stephen's  well- 
deserved  knighthood  is  ignored. 

The  difficulty  of  hitting  upon  a  proper 
heading  for  anonymous  books  is  not  new, 
and  it  is  one  upon  which  bibliographers  will 
always  disagree.  We  think,  however,  that 
some  of  Mr.  Livingston's  decisions  are  open 
to  improvement.  The  anonymous  '  True 
Art  of  Angling  '  (p.  359)  would  be  better 
placed  under  '  Angling  '  than  under  '  True.' 
'  Streets  of  New  York'  (p.  263)  also  seems 
out  of  place  ;  '  South  Carolina  '  (pp.  206-7) 
would  be  better  under  '  Carolina,  South  '  ; 
and  'Term  Catalogues'  (p.  316)  we  should 
have  placed  under  the  general  heading  of 
Catalogues.  We  should  look  for  Mr.  John 
Payne's  '  Tales  from  the  Arabic  '  (p.  264) 
under  Payne,  certainly  not  under  '  Tales.' 

The  differences  in  prices  paid  in  America 
and  in  England  for  the  same  books  are  some- 
times very  striking.  The  sumptuous  '  Art 
Treasures  of  America,'  edited  by  Edward 
Strahan,  and  published  about  twenty  years 
ago,  realizes  in  America,  unbound,  anything 
up  to  25  dollars  50  cents  ;  but  the  re- 
viewer had  the  good  fortune  to  purchase  the 
late  E.  L.  Weeks's  fine  copy  with  India 
proofs  at  Messrs.  Sotheby's  for  II. 

Book-Auction  Records.  Edited  by  Frank 
Karslake.  Vol.  III.  Part  I.  (Karslake  & 
Co.) — This  instalment  of  '  Book-Auction 
Records  '  includes  the  sales  that  took  place 
during  the  last  quarter  of  1905,  and  contains 
4,401  records.  No  library  of  first-class  im- 
portance was  dispersed  during  that  period, 
but  the  sale  of  Sir  Henry  Irving's  books  at 
Christie's,  which  included  specially  printed 
copies  of  the  Lyceum  plays,  as  arranged  for 
the  stage  by  the  actor-manager,  and  some 
fine  Grangerized  theatrical  biographies,  pos- 
sessed more  than  a  bibliographical  interest. 
No  copies  of  the  first  or  second  editions  of 
Shakspeare's  '  Comedies,  Histories,  and 
Tragedies  '  seem  to  have  come  into  the 
market  during  the  period  under  notice  ;  but 
one  copy  of  the  third  edition  realized  48?.  10s., 
and  three  copies  of  the  fourtli  edition  brought 
respectively  60?.,  119?.,  and  150?.  The  last 
of  these  copies  is  described  as  one  of  tho 
tallest  in  existence,  having  several  uncut 
leaves.  Rarer  than  the  folios,  a  perfect 
copy  of  the  first  edition  of  '  Much  Adoo 
about  Nothing/  printed  by  V.  S.  for  Andrew 
Wise  and  William  Aspley,  1600,  realized  the 
great  sum  of  1,570?.  ;  while  a  copy  of 
Roberts's  edition  of  '  A  Midsommer  Nights 
Dreame,'  1600,  which  in  Halliwell's  opinion 
was  the  first  issue,  though  it  is  commoner 
than  the  edition  witli  Fisher's  imprint, 
fetched  480?.  A  very  fine  copy  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  '  Comedies  and  Tragedies,' 
1647,  realized  103?.  In  thisjpart  of  '  Book- 
Auction  Records '  Mr.  Karslake  gives  an 
illustration  and  short  account  of  Messrs. 
Hodgson's  auction-rooms,  and  a  reprint  of 
an  article  on  '  Second-Hand  Bookselling ' 
that  appeared  in  Chambers's  .Journal.  Janu- 
ary 24th,   1891  ;    and   lie  also  continues  his 


tii  E    a  tii  i:n m:i.m 


N    W89,  Maimh  10,  1906 


good  humoured  comments  on  matter    biblio 
polic.     \\.     would    suggest    thai    in    future 
the  total  >um  roalirod  by  the  sale  of 
raid    tfbrarj    should    l>e    appended    to    tin- 
introduotorj  '  Kej  to  Bales.    This  would  nol 
only  constitutes  useful  record  for  purpo 
oi  reference,  but  would  also  indJoate  to  some 
extenl  the  relative  importance  of  cadi  collec- 
tion that  passed  under  the  hammer  during 
the  p.  riod  dealt  with,     in  all  other  reap 
tin'  compilation  maintains  its  reputation  for 

accuracy  and  completeness. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Sir  Auckland  Colvin  knows  all  that 
there  i-  to  he  known  on  The  Making  of 
Modern  Egypt  (Seeley  &  Co.).  The  fact 
that  he  can  hardly  he  said  to  possess  the  art 
of  constructing  a  book  docs  not  detract  from 
the  worth  of  his  volume,  though  it  renders 
it  heavy  for  the  general  reader.  It  is 
not  our  intention  to  disparage  the  author's 
literary  ability,  which  is  conspicuous  in 
pa--.-...  e  descriptive  of  the  leading  persons 
of  his  story.  We  have  seldom  met  with 
better  characterization  than  in  the  pages 
which  have  to  do,  for  example,  with  Nubar 
and  with  the  Khedive  Tewfik.  The  latter 
stands  out  (as  The  Athenceam  has  constantly 
maintained  he  should)  as  one  of  the  most 
excellent  of  men.  In  reviewing  recent  books 
dealing  with  the  life  of  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill  wo  have  had  occasion  to  repeat 
strictures  passed  many  years  ago  on  the 
charges  brought  by  some  members  of  Parlia- 
ment in  1882  against  the  then  Khedive. 
Justice  at  last  is  done,  upon  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  facts,  by  Sir  Auckland 
Colvin  : — 

"  When  he  was  called  on  to  decide  broad  issues  or 
to  confront  great  difficulties,  he  saw  his  way  rapidly 
to  a  right  conclusion.  He  well  maintained  the 
dignity  of  his  high  position,  for  example,  when,  on 
the  eve  of  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria,  he  was 
invited  to  take  refuge  on  the  decks  of  a  British 
man-of-war.  He  replied  to  that  proposal  without 
hesitation,  that  '  if  he  sheltered  himself  on  board  a 
war  vessel,  whose  guns  were  trained  on  the  forts  of 
his  country,  he  could  never  again  show  his  face  in 
Egyin-'  So  he  retired,  guarded  only  by  mutinous 
soldiers,  to  Ramleh,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Alexandria,  whence  few  of  those  who  bade  him 
farewell  expected  that  he  would  be  permitted  to 
return.'' 

As  regards  the  earlier  life  of  the  Khedive, 
before  the  British  occupation,  another 
passage  is  worth  quotation  : — 

"  There  was  in  Tewfik  Pasha  a  reserve  of  reason- 
ableness and  sound  judgment,  and  an  honourable 
belief  in  the  good  faith  of  advisers  whom  he 
trusted,  which  are  no  mean  substitute  for  ex- 
perience directly  acquired  by  long  handling  of 
public  affairs.  He  had  confidence  in  the  English, 
and  he  especially  felt  the  value  of  their  support  in 
the  presence  of  French  ambitions.  But  as  he  had 
no  wish  to  be  swallowed  up  by  any  Power,  he 
aimed  at  being  friendly  with  all." 

An  interesting  part  of  Sir  Auckland 
Colvin's  narrative  deals  with  the  Drummond 
Wolff  negotiations  and  Convention.  Dis- 
cussing the  theory  set  forth  in  recent  volumes 
as  to  the  influence  of  Lord  Randolph  Chur- 
chill in  the  matter,  Sir  Auckland  Colvin  adds 
that  the  explanation  "  does  not  explain  the 
adoption  of  the  scheme  by  Lord  Salisbury." 
Sir  Auckland  Colvin  does  not  himself  attach 
sufficient  weight  to  the  natural  anxiety  of 
British  Ministers  to  keep  faith  with  the  Great 
Powers. 

The  account  of  General  Gordon  and  his 
mission,  and  the  relation  to  it  of  the  various 
advisers  of  the  home  Government,  is  by  far 
the  best  which  has  yet  appeared,  and  con- 
stitutes in  fact,  although  that  was  not  the 


intention,  a  sounder  defence  of  Gladstone 
than  ba^  been  extract*  d  from  the  correspond' 

ence  oi  the  latter. 

The     only     iiu-tak.-     that     we     <  \'  D 
that    we    have    found    lies    in    the    statement 
that     the     risk     of     war     with     Kussia    which 

affected   the  Soudan  policy   was   "  towards 

the  Close  "i    I-  The  risk  of  war  wa     in 

faet  over  on  the  day  when  Gladstone  made 
his  famous  speech  in  defence  of  the  credit  of 
eleven  million-. 

\\  i:  have  been  greatly  interested  in  the 
perusal  of  Mr.  Francis  McCullagh's  With  the 
Cossacks  (Kveleigh  Nash).  It  is  a  most 
entertaining  volume  for  the  general  reader, 
and  it  also  is  of  some  value  to  the  inquirt  r 
and  historian,  but  how  far  it  will  be  useful 
is  a  little  doubtful.  Mr.  McCullagh,  accord- 
ing to  his  own  statement,  had  most  excep- 
tional means  of  seeing  many  things  that  no 
one  else  saw  at  all,  and  this  not  only  "  with 
the  Cossacks,"  but  also  at  the  mouth  of 
Port  Arthur  during  the  first  twenty-four 
hours  of  the  war,  and  in  Japan.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  he  confirms  the  statement 
that  before  the  beginning  of  the  war  there 
had  arrived  at  Port  Arthur  the  best  gunners 
and  stokers  of  both  the  Baltic  and  the  Black 
Sea  squadrons  of  Russia.  The  action  taken 
by  the  Russian  Admiralty  was  prudent,  but 
as  things  turned  out  it  would  have  been 
better  for  them  had  these  "  special  ratings  " 
been  available  for  the  third  fleet  ;  and  their 
presence  with  it  might  have  made  a  differ- 
ence— probably  in  the  long  run  insufficient, 
nevertheless.  The  early  pages  of  Mr.  McCul- 
lagh and  many  later  ones  bring  before  us 
truthfully  the  common  detestation  of  the 
Japanese  felt  by  residents  in  the  Far  East 
before  the  war.  The  change  which  he 
relates  among  the  Russians  towards  their 
victors  or  their  captors  is  not  greater  than 
that  which  has  occurred  among  the  Britons 
of  the  Treaty  Ports.  It  is  necessary  to  keep 
this  fact  in  mind  in  order  to  discern  the 
origin  of  much  Japanese  suspicion,  which 
our  governmental  and  public  action  has 
only  as  yet  partially  removed.  It  is  difficult 
to  discern  or  to  lay  down  the  rules  of  honour 
which  should  guide  officers  in  spy  work. 
The  officer-spy  still  observes,  and  must  con- 
tinue to  observe,  some  rules.  Lord  Wolseley 
in  his  '  Soldier's  Pocket-Book  '  goes  very  far 
in  the  direction  of  asserting  that  "  all  is  fair 
in  war."  Before  war  breaks  out,  and  espe- 
cially when  it  is  certain,  such  a  principle 
cannot  be  said  to  apply.  We  admit  that 
Mr.  McCullagh,  as  a  correspondent,  was  not 
bound  by  the  rules  which  staff  officers  must 
recognize  ;  and  we  note  the  fact  that  he 
must  have  been  able  to  convey  to  the  Japan- 
ese Consulate  at  Chifu,  to  which  he  went 
straight  from  the  first  battles  off  Port  Arthur, 
valuable  information  for  the  use  of  the 
Japanese  Government,  and  that  the  Russians 
on  his  return  would  have  been  justified  in 
showing  a  greater  suspicion  of  him  than  they 
actually  displayed.  Our  author  had  been 
the  English  editor  of  their  official  newspaper 
in  Port  Arthur.  We  are  justified  in  styling 
"  official  "  the  pet  child  of  Admiral  Alexeieff, 
although  it  was  officially  declared  to  be  not 
even  "  semi-official."  Our  author  had  re- 
peatedly had  interviews  with  the  Viceroy 
and  with  many  of  his  high  officers.  The 
public  matter,  however,  with  which  we  wish 
to  deal  in  a  few  lines  is  Mr.  McCullagh's 
statement  that  the  Japanese  Consul  from 
Chifu,  on  the  day  before  the  attack  upon 
Port  Arthur,  when  he  went  to  take  away  the 
Japanese  non-combatants,  had  with  him  in 
disguise,  as  the  constable  of  the  consulate,  a 
Japanese  naval  commander,  and  that  after 
performing  their  neutral  business,  witli  every 
assistance    from    the    Russians,    they    went 


Xdmiral  Togo  at  .-■  a.       J  i.-    i'-ult 

of  their  conduct,  if  the  story  i->  tni'-,  and  of 

ita  n  eolation,  must  be  that  . 

will,  in  the  case  of  future  period  .  >n, 

be  thrown  in  the  way  of  humanitarian  a-  ten. 

It  i-  most  mi.  resting  to  .-<■••  th<-  extent  to- 
which  Mr.  IfoGullagb  confirmed  at  tin-  tim<*, 
bj    telegraphic  information  in  the  columns 

American   new  ipapi  i  prophet 

which  the  columns  of  The  Athenamm  con- 
tained as  to  facts  which  were  clear  to  a 

i  vers  here,  though  apparent!;. 
realised  by  the  General  Staff  of  Russia,  of 
Germany,  or  of  France.  Our  author  agrees- 
with  General  Sir  [an  Hamilton  that  "  wealth 
and  factory  servitude,  the  eorroders  of  martial 
virtue,  w  ill  gradually  take  the  edge  off  "  the 
valour  of  Japan. 

Messrs.  Mkthuen  &  Co.  publish  Mace- 
donia, by  Mr.  H.  N.  Brailsford,  a  volume 
illustrated  by  admirable  photographs,  wholly 
different  from  those  of  the  same  peoples- 
praised  in  our  notice  of  two  other  volumes 
during  the  last  twelve  months.  We  know 
not  if  Mr.  Brailsford  intends  to  return  to 
the  countries  in  which  he  has  travelled,  but, 
if  so,  he  shows  much  confidence  in  the 
existence  among  the  leading  men  of  a  higher 
standard  of  respect  for  life  than  is  usually 
assigned  to  them.  One  of  his  photographs- 
represents  a  well-known  Greek  archbishop 
at  a  Turkish  review,  standing  by  the  side 
of  the  Governor  and  the  commander  of  the 
troops  ;  and  the  letterpress  relates  a  free 
conversation  with  the  Archbishop,  carried 
on  partly  in  Greek  and  partly  in  German. 
The  description  of  this  brilliant  and  powerful 
personage  is  such  that  we  think  the  conver- 
sation ought  not  to  have  been  published 
without  some  attenuation.  It  is  difficult  to 
suppose  that  the  Archbishop  consented  to 
its  being  reported,  and,  even  if  he  did,  the 
character  of  him  given  by  the  author  is 
inconsistent  with  those  friendly  relations 
on  the  strength  of  which  the  permission 
could  alone  have  been  granted.  Mr.  Brails- 
ford is  fairer  as  between  Slav  and  Greek 
than  is  usual.  As  a  general  rule,  Western 
writers  take  either  the  Slav  or  the  Turkish 
side,  and  are  almost  equally  hostile  to  the 
Greeks.  There  is  much  in  this  volume 
which  would  be  regarded  by  patriotic 
Greeks  as  wilfully  disagreeable  ;  but  the 
author  sees  the  strong  points  of  the  race 
along  with  what  he  thinks  the  weak, 
and  in  at  least  one  eloquent  passage  does 
them  something  like  justice.  He  contributes 
a  political  fact  of  value  in  pointing  out  that 
in  several  Turkish  outrages  of  the  last  two 
years  the  "  refonned  gendarmerie"'  behaved 
at  least  as  badly  as  did  the  troops. 

The  Dreamer's  Book,  by  J.  H.  Pearce 
(A.  H.  Bullen),  is  well  named,  for  the  various 
fantasies  and  stories  it  contains  are  indeed 
such  stuff  as  dreams  are  made  of.  Some  of 
the  sketches  are  a  selection  from  two  pre- 
ceding volumes,  '  Drolls  from  Shadowland  ' 
and  '  Tales  of  the  Masque.'  with  the  addition 
of  others  of  later  date,  and,  with  but  few 
exceptions,  amply  justify  their  preservation 
in  book  form.  Readers  may  be  glad 
to  discover  that  the  poetic  vision  is  not 
strictly  confined  to  the  airy  mountains  of 
the  North  or  the  boglands  of  the  other 
island,  but  is  even  apt  to  flower,  upon  occa- 
sion, in  the  golden  remote  West,  where  the 
gulls  cry  and  the  Severn  sea  thunders  in  the 
caves. 

Mr.  Tcarce  has  a  rare  imagination  and  a 
tense,  vivid  style,  by  no  means  affectedly 
archaic,  but  touched  to  just  the  right  note 
of  a  not  too  rude  simplicity,  that  provides  a 
fitting  medium  for  his  ideas.  Without  the 
aid  of  ghosts  or  goblins,  he  produces  the 
atmosphere  of  the  supernatural,  or,  perhaps 


N°  4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


297 


one  should  rather  say,  the  unperceived,  in 
the  most  natural  manner  in  the  world.  His 
fancies  walk  in  Borderland  as  easily  as  on 
the  high  road  from  one  market  town  to  the 
next,  with  an  effect  of  reality  that  is  some- 
times amazing,  and  of  this  faculty  '  The 
Puppets '  in  particular  is  a  brilliant,  if 
sinister  example.  '  A  Year  and  a  Day,' 
again,  renders  with  an  almost  Maeterlinckian 
simplicity  this  same  dream-atmosphere  of 
real  unrealities  ;  while  '  The  Unchristened 
Child  '  is  worthy  to  survive  in  perpetuity  as 
a  folk-tale.  But  '  A  Voyage  to  the  Golden 
Land  '  is  tragedy  pure  and  simple,  all  un- 
touched to  other-worldliness — a  tragedy  of 
two  children  so  poignant  that  one  comes  near 
to  wishing  that  the  author  had  refrained. 
Throughout  the  book  there  is  nothing  forced 
or  inartistic ;  indeed,  although  it  is  in  no 
way  derivative,  much  of  the  elusive,  tranquil 
charm  of  Hawthorne  is  here. 

In  the  multitude  of  reprints  there  is  not 
infrequently  wisdom,  to  say  nothing  of 
pleasure  and  profit ;  but  the  inspiration 
that  prompted  the  republication  of  Mrs. 
Barbauld's  Hymns  in  Prose  for  Children 
(De  La  More  Press)  can  hardly  be  regarded 
as  happy,  especially  when  it  is  remembered 
how  many  worthier  subjects  for  resurrection 
lie  disregarded  on  the  dust-heap  of  the  past. 
Although  eminently  pious  in  intention,  these 
"  hymns  in  prose  "  are  so  stiffly  artificial, 
for  all  the  author's  laboured  efforts  after 
simplicity,  as  to  raise  up  a  doleful  vision 
of  the  unfortunate  little  mortals  of  an 
earlier  generation  who  were  condemned  not 
only  to  commit  them  to  memory,  but  also 
to  recite  them.  The  characteristic  pre- 
face, which  pompously  praises  Dr.  Watts's 
'  Hymns  for  Children,'  and  commends 
"  the  condescension  of  his  Muse,  which  was 
very  able  to  take  a  loftier  flight,"  proceeds 
to  doubt 

"whether  poetry  ought  to  be  lowered  to  the 
capacities  of  children,  or  whether  they  should  not 
rather  be  kept  from  reading  verse  till  they  are 
able  to  relish  good  verse  :  for  the  very  essence  of 
poetry  is  an  elevation  in  thought  and  style  above 
the  common  standard  ;  and  if  it  wants  this  cha- 
racter, it  wants  all  that  renders  it  valuable." 

Let  us  render  humble  and  hearty  thanks 
to  the  gentler  civilization  of  our  day, 
which  recognizes  "  good  verse,"  and  even 
poetry,  as  the  inalienable  birthright  of  the 
child,  at  the  same  time  acknowledging  in  all 
true  poetry  the  eternal  element  of  childhood, 
a  wonder  and  a  wild  desire. 

The  Story  of  my  Life.  By  Father  George 
Gapon.  (Chapman  &  Hall. ) — Father  Gapon 
suddenly  became  famous  in  the  St.  Peters- 
burg riots,  since  which  he  has  fled  the  country 
and  has  been  residing  in  England  and 
elsewhere.  According  to  the  latest  ac- 
counts, he  is  in  sympathy  with  the  efforts 
of  Count  Witte.  Meanwhile  strikers  are 
everywhere  active,  and  we  have  the 
questions  of  the  various  nationalities  of 
which  Russia  is  composed,  among  others  the 
Polish  and  Lithuanian.  We  do  not  hear 
yet  of  the  summoning  of  the  Duma,  on  which 

Seople  of  liberal  principles  have  placed  such 
opes.  It  is  pleasant  to  read  the  description 
of  the  early  life  and  struggles  of  Father 
Gapon  in  the  village  in  Little  Russia  where 
he  was  born.  For  he  is  a  native  of  the  most 
picturesque  part  of  Russia,  and  one  which 
has  shown  a  vigorous  feeling  of  nationality 
in  spite  of  the  derision  in  which  the  people 
are  held  by  the  Great  Russians,  who  call 
them  khokhli  and  cholopi.  The  scenery  of 
the  country,  we  may  add,  has  been  described 
in  the  poems  of  Shevchenko,  Kulish,  and 
Hudanski,  and  in  the  tales  of  Gogol  and 
Marko  Vovehok. 

Gapon  was    born  in  tho  village  of  Biliki, 


in  the  government  of  Poltava,  where  his 
father  and  mother  are  still  residing.  We 
find  a  picture  of  his  birthplace  and  por- 
traits of  his  parents.  His  father  received 
a  little  education  ;  his  mother  is  not  able  to 
read.  The  accounts  of  his  early  life  will  be 
read  with  interest,  for  there  is  an  air  of 
sincerity  about  his  book,  and  the  story  of 
his  marriage  and  the  death  of  his  young 
wife  forms  a  pathetic  part  of  the  narrative. 
We  have  graphic  accounts  of  Plehve  and 
of  Father  John  of  Cronstadt,  who  is  not 
very  favourably  described. 

Father  Gapon  laments  the  worldliness  of 
the  clergy  and  the  selfishness  of  the  rich 
laymen,  but  an  Englishman  need  not  travel 
to  Russia  to  see  these  characteristics.  Of 
Father  John  he  tells  us  that  he  is  in  close 
relation  only  with  the  powerful,  and  that 
he  receives  high  fees  from  his  votaries. 

The  account  of  Father  Gapon's  escape 
from  Russia  is  not  so  startling  as  that  pub- 
lished some  years  ago  by  Rufin  Piotrowski, 
the  Pole,  who  travelled  through  Siberia,  and, 
after  getting  across  the  frontier  and  reaching 
Konigsberg,  fell  asleep  from  fatigue  in  the 
streets  of  that  city,  was  aroused  by  the 
watchmen,  and  committed  to  prison  because 
ho  would  not  say  who  he  was.  Unfor- 
tunately, there  was  a  treaty  between  Russia 
and  Prussia  by  which  all  fugitives  were 
surrendered  ;  and  surrendered  Piotrowski 
would  have  been,  but  for  the  kindness  of  a 
high  official,  who  connived  at  his  escape. 

We  are  glad  to  have  in  the  appendix  to 
this  volume  a  copy  of  the  petition  of  the 
St.  Petersburg  workmen  to  the  Tsar  on 
January  22nd,  1905.  It  was  signed  by 
Father  Gapon  and  about  135,000  workmen. 
It  shows  that  the  common  people  of  Russia 
are  not  so  universally  illiterate  as  in  the  West 
they  are  believed  to  be. 

MM.  Plon-Notjrrit  &  Cie.  publish  a 
volume  which  we  are  not  able  to  recommend, 
entitled  La  Russie  et  V Alliance  Anglaise. 
The  author,  M.  Nicolas  Notovitch,  belongs 
to  a  school  to  which  we  have  not 
found  ourselves  drawn.  The  object  of 
the  volume  appears  to  be  the  conclusion 
of  an  arrangement  between  Russia  and 
Great  Britain,  to  which  we  are  favour- 
able ;  but  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  force 
forward  such  a  scheme  by  threats  of  invasion 
of  our  Indian  Empire,  and  by  depreciation 
of  the  Japanese.  The  author  seems  to  think 
that  the  advantage  of  the  Japanese  alliance 
to  us  lies  in  a  direct  defence  of  India  by 
Japanese  forces,  which  we  can  assure  him 
has  never  been  contemplated  by  any  British 
statesman. 

There  is  nothing  striking  about  Au  Petit 
Bonheur,  the  new  play  of  M.  Anatole  France, 
except  that  in  tho  list  of  his  works  prefixed 
to  it  '  Pierre  Noziere  '  finds  no  place,  al- 
though the  publisher  is  the  same  (Levy). 

Mr.  F.  Bisset  Archer,  who  has  been 
Treasurer  and  Postmaster  of  our  smallest 
West  African  possession  for  three  years,  has 
compiled  The  Gambia  Colony  and  Protectorate: 
an  Official  Handbook  (St.  Bride's  Press), 
which  he  hopes  will  both  "  provide  a  useful 
medium  of  reference  for  many  directly  con- 
cerned with  this  region,"  and  "  interest  the 
wider  circle  of  the  public  who  are  now,  as 
never  before,  watching  with  keen  and  sym- 
pathetic appreciation  tho  building  up  of 
their  England  beyond  tho  seas."  In  spite 
of  its  numerous  illustrations  and  attractive 
appearance,  the  substantial  volumo  is  less 
likely  to  meet  tho  second  want  than  the 
first.  All  but  six  of  its  fourteen  chapters 
are  made  up  of  bald  statistics  and  bare 
details  of  administrative  arrangements,  with 
an  English-Mandingo  vocabulary  among  its 
miscellaneous    information  ;     and    tho    pre- 


liminary third  makes  no  pretence  at  thorough- 
ness as  an  historical  and  descriptive  sketch 
of  the  insignificant  "  settlements  "  which 
were  formally  acquired  by  Great  Britain 
in  1827,  and  occupied  only  68  square  miles 
until,  a  few  years  ago,  a  "  protectorate  " 
some  seventy  times  as  large  was  added  to 
them.  The  characteristics  of  the  Man- 
dingoes,  Jolloffs,  Foulahs,  and  other  rival 
occupants  of  the  banks  of  the  splendid 
tropical  river,  which  its  British  owners 
make  but  small  use  of  as  a  waterway,  are  of 
exceptional  interest,  and  have  been  the 
subject  of  several  instructive  and  picturesque 
memoirs  by  travellers.  Mr.  Bisset  Archer, 
however,  has  not  turned  to  the  best  account 
the  material  at  his  disposal,  though  the 
official  maps  copied  by  him  are  good. 

Political  Theories  from  Luther  to  Mon- 
tesquieu. By  W.  A.  Dunning.  (New  York, 
the  Macmillan  Company.) — This  is  tho 
second  volume  in  the  sketch  of  the  history 
of  political  thought  which  Prof.  Dunning 
began  some  time  ago.  It  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  earlier  work.  Indeed,  for  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  subject  it  could 
scarcely  be  surpassed.  The  account  of 
Luther's  doctrine  with  which  the  work  opens 
is  particularly  admirable.  To  the  general 
reader  the  subject  is  dry  ;  yet  the  style  of 
Mr.  Dunning  does  much  to  make  it  attractive. 
The  Civil  Service  candidate  should  find 
this  volume  exactly  what  he  needs.  Indeed, 
the  only  thing  to  be  regretted  is  the 
ease  with  which  the  author's  skill  in 
exposition  will  enable  the  careful  crammee 
to  write  on  topics  which  he  fc  knows 
only  superficially.  But  that  is  an  evil 
incident  to  an  age  of  examinations. 

Canon  Beeching  has  written  a  series  of 
short  lectures  on  The  Apostles'  Creed,  which 
Mr.  John  Murray  publishes.  They  are  brief 
and  popular,  but  we  do  not  know  where  else 
to  go  for  so  excellent  an  exposition  of  the 
main  articles  of  the  Christian  faith,  written 
with  simplicity,  but  at  the  same  time  with 
the  grace  and  suppleness  of  diction  of  which 
the  writer  is  a  master.  They  will  bo 
useful  to  many  who  may  find  Westcott's 
'  Historic  Faith  '  too  stiff  ;  the  standpoint 
is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Westcott, 
thoroughly  orthodox,  but  at  the  some  time 
widely  tolerant.  The  little  book  should 
have  a  wide  circulation. 

The  Inspiration  of  our  Faith,  by  Dr.  John 
Watson,  which  comes  to  us  from  Messrs. 
Hodder  &  Stoughton,  should  find  a  larger 
public  than  most  volumes  of  sermons 
can  boast.  The  book  is,  in  our  opinion,  far 
superior  to  the  writer's  well-known  work  on 
'  The  Mind  of  the  Master.'  There  is  not  a 
single  sermon  which  does  not  contain  sug- 
gestive and  stimulating  thought.  Needless 
to  say,  all  are  written  with  that  lucidity 
and  point  for  which  Dr.  Watson  is  famous. 
They  have  the  supreme  merit  (rare  k  in 
sermons)  of  being  interesting. 

We  notice  with  pleasure  the  appearance  of 
Arthur  O'Leary,  with  Cruikshank's  illustra- 
tions, in  Messrs.  Macmillan's  new  uniform 
edition  of  Lever's  novels,  which  would  provo 
an  excellent  addition  to  a  country-house 
library. 

LIST  OF  NEW   BOOKS. 

B  N  ci,is  II. 

Theology. 
Abrahams  (I.),  Festival  Studies,  heing  Thoughts  on  the 

Jewish  Yen,  2/fl 
Bickentetb  (<'.),  Tin-  Qospel  <>f  Incarnate  Love,  8/  not. 
Brooke  (Stanford  A.),  Tin-  Life  Superlative,  0/ 
Duncan  (<  lanon),  Tempted  in  All  Points,  i '  mi 
<;»;itkin  ill.  M),  The   Bye  for  Spiritual  Things,  and  other 

Sermons,  i  8  net. 
Hunks  (W.  P.),  Tin-   Eternal  Witness,  ,i«<|  other  Sermons, 

2/0  net. 


•J!  is 


THE     ATHENJKUM 


N    l-iv,.  MAk,„  ,o,  1906 


ll.-i.         I       Primitive  <  Im.-ii.,ii  i  ducat ,  <  • 

i  ..  k  (.1    W        Itv     II      I 

Lenten   Readings,    dona    Into    I  nglixh    bj    John    Pi 

Mjutiima  "i  But. 
l.illi.  .v       u  .   Workshop  of  Religion 
V..tn.  k(VYA  Junes.  Hi.-  Lord  -  Broth 

Ryder  (C  i.  Ufa  ol  II i.-  Bdward  BridgeO,  :;  0  net 

—-■nil  ft    (Mi.      I'.  .tr~..lli.    Hi.-   <..■■!   "I    all    Comfort    Mid    the 

Merrel  ol  Ilia  Comforting 

\    i       i  •.  n  ilopment  .mil  Divine  1  "hi i>. .~t-.  :.  in  i. 

Fin?  Art  and  A  rclntology. 
,  .  w    |   Longton  II. ill  l'..n -.-l.i in.  4L'   net. 
Jiniiit   (II.).  A  .Manual  of  Costume  U  Illustrated  l.y  Muiiu- 
llll-lll-.l   KniMu  s,   In  li  net. 

i  Inberg  (A.  JA  The  Kngllah  Water-Colour  Painter*,  !  Mb 
O&rdnei  (B.  A),  *  Handbook  .<f  Oreek  Sculpture,  10 
Harrison   (.1.     v. .),    Primitive    Athens    u    described   bj 

i  nucyoides,  8  net, 
Morris  (O.  l.i. u in. i  \v i  (i..), Tin-  Country  Cottage, 9  net. 

PMjMN  <'f  the  lilill>h  Bchool  of  Ki'lllf,  Vol.  III.,  3"    int. 
/      try  and  the  Drama. 

•r.iauniont  and  Fletcher,  edited  by  A.  Glover  sad  A.  It. 

Waller.  Vol.  n.,  \  o  not 
Browning  (K.  It),  Aaron  Leigh,  2  6  net. 
Dante,  Reading!  on  the  Inferno,  l.y  \v.  w.  Vernon,  'j  vol-., 

Bi .  ..ml  Edition,  IE  mt. 
r.lliott  (C),  Hymns  f«.i-  a  wc.k,  o.f.  neb 
Jbeen  (ll.).  II.-.  I.  la  Gaoler,  translated  by  K.  Qosse,  20 
Marks  CM.  a.  MX  The  Tree  of  Knowledge,  3/B  net. 
Moore  (T.  Sturge),  Poems,  fl  neb 
•tlrin.l.i    Booklets:     Katheriiie    Philips;     Robert    Heath; 

Henry  Reynolds  ;  Thomas  Platman,  J  6  ]ier  set  of  six. 
Pembroke  Booklets:  sir  Philip  Sidney,  Mary  Sidney,  and 

M.   Roydon:   Traherne,  Vanghan,  and  Norris  oi  Be- 

merton;  N.  Breton,  Wither,  and  Browne  of  Tavistock; 

Suckling,  Sedley,  and  Wilinot,  each  1  0  net. 
■Phillips  (S.I,  Nero,  4  8  net. 

lout  (R,  J.),  Ecoe  Somniator  Venit !  2/8  neb 
Musis, 
■Peasant  Songs  of  Great  Russia,   collected  by   E.   Lineff, 

5/  net. 
Telford  (J.),  The  Methodist  Hyinn-Book,  5/ net. 

Bibliography. 
James  (M.    RA   Descriptive  Catalogues    of    the    Western 
Manuscripts    in    the    Library    of    Queens'  and    Clare 
Colleges,  Cambridge,  2  vols. 
Watkinfi  (<;.  T.),  Bibliography  of  Printing  in  America,  4/ 

Philosophy. 
tVeetermarck  OS.),  The  Origin  and   Development  of   the 
Moral  Ideas,  Vol.  I.,  14/  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Zorn  (.T.  C.  L.),  Thoughts  on  Taxation  arising  out  of  the 

Tariff  Question,  1/  neb 

History  and  Biography. 
Bates  (Cadwallader  J.),   Letters   of,   edited    by  Rev.    M. 

Culley,  10/6 
Boswell(J.),  Life  of  Johnson,  edited  by  Augustine  Birrell, 

C  vols.  6/  net. 
Colvin  (Sir  A. ),  The  Making  of  Modem  Egypt,  18/  net. 
Dunn  (J.  P.),  Indiana  :  a  Redemption  from  Slavery,  4/6  net. 
Evelyn  (John),  Diary,  1620-4S,  edited  by  W.  Brav,  with  Life 

by  EL  B.  Wheauey,  4  vols.,  42/ net. 
•Oilman  (D.  C),  James  Monroe,  4  6 
iligginson  (T.  W.),  H.  W.  Longfellow,  4/6  net. 
Holyoake  ((i.  J.),  Sixty  Years  of  an  Agitator's  Life,  Popular 

Edition,  2/6  neb 
Josephns,  Works  of,  translated  by  Winston,  edited  by  D.  S. 

Margoliouth,  5/ net. 
Mackinnon  (J.),  A  History  of  Modem  Libertv,  2  vols.,  30/ 

net. 
Magnire(T.  M.),  The  British  Army  under  Wellington,  1811- 

1813,  0/  net. 
Phillips  (<;.  P.  A.),  Guide  to  Military  History  for  Military 

Examinations  :  Part  II.,  Peninsular  War,  1811-13, 3/ net. 
Sedgwick  (H.  DA  A  Short  History  of  Italy,  476-1900,  8/6  net 
Wright  (T),  The  Life  of  Sir  Richard  Burton,  2  vols.,  24/  net' 

Geography  ami  Travel. 
Edwards  (A.  II.),  Kakemeno  :  Japanese  Sketches,  7/6  net. 
Salmon  (A.  L.),  Literary  Rambles  in  the  West  of  England, 

6/ net. 
Where  to  Live  round  London,  Southern  Side,  1/net. 
Wilson  (C.  TA  Peasant  Life  in  the  Holy  Land,  12/  net. 
Wi  ight  ( W.  B.),  Cities  of  Paul,  4/6  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Motoring  Annual  and  Motorist's  Year-Book,  1006,  5/6 
Young  (1-ilsoH),  The  Happy  Motorist,  3/6  neb 

Education. 
Thorndike  (E.  L.),  The   Principles  of  Teaching,  based  on 

Psychology. 

Philology. 
•Gillies  (H.  C),  The  Place-names  of  Argyll,  6/6  net. 
Paolides  (K.)  and  Newborn  (F.  l).),  An  Elementary  Primer 

of  Modern  Greek,  8/9  net. 
Sophocles.    PhOoctetee,    abridged   from   Jebb's   edition   by 

E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  4/ 

School-  Books. 
Blaekie's  English  School  Texts  :  The  Age  of  the  Antonines  ; 

Ma. -aulay's  Third  Chapter;  Mores  Utopia;  Edmund 

Burke,  Speeches  on  America  ;  The  Pilgrim's  Progress, 

Parts  I.  and  ll.,  Bd.  each. 
Blaekie's  Latin  Texts:  Virgil,  .Kneid,  BooksL.IL,  III.,  and 

IV. ;    Csesar,  Gallic  War,  v.  and  VI. ;   Ilias  Latina, 

6VL  net  each  ;  Livy  VI.,  Bd. 
Blaekie's   Little    French   Classics:    I.'Abbt1   de   l'hpee  ;   La 
Demiere  Cltinnr  Ac,  a<l.  each  ;  Histoire  des  Quatre  Pils 
Aymon,  i*'. ;    Lee  A  ventures  de  Tom  Pouce;  Poesies 

<  hoisies,  4</.  racli, 

Bourdase  (A.),  French  Auxiliary  and  Regular  Verbs,  Od, 
BowerfW.  RAand  Satterly  (J.),  Practical  Physics,  i/8 
jionington  (<;.  c.),  Practical  Exercises  in  Chemistry,  2/6 

Lamb's  Tales    from  Shakespeare,  Second  Selection,  edited 

by  J.  H.  Blather,  l  8 

Latter  (H.),    Pr.eis   Writing  for  Amiv  Classes,   dCC.,   Second 

Series,  3/6 
Philips'  Model  Atlas,  Cd.  net. 


i:..    .■  (Hon.   W,    P.)  and  HpeJfbl   (B    I.  i,  The  Imp 

H.-...I.  i 
Reynolds  (rlii  JoshuaX    Diaoonrsas,  «-.iit.-.l   bj  Prof,  J.  J. 

I-  111. II. IN,    I      ll.   I 

Hlmkeapvare  :     A    .Mi.l-niiiiii.  r    Night'M     Hi... in,    edit.-. I    l.\ 

C  W,  Crook,  l  y  .  Pi<  mi.-  Edition,  l, 

Bl  ..  k  Board  Arithmetii  ,  Part  II..  l  <• 
'I  bona  1 11.-  (A).  I  ir-t  Steps  in  (oll.Kiin.il  French,  2/ 
Welch  Mi.  E  i,  ChciuM i>  Lecture  ' 
w  illai.i  (»  .  D),  cu\  Government  fot  Young  Peoj 

galenas. 
Adams  (ll  L  Ob— ell's  Building  Construction 
Blounl  (it),  Practical  Electrochemistry,  Second  Edition, 

U  n.i 

Bichhorn  (C.),  Wireless  Telegraphy,  h  ii  net. 

Garcke    (K.),    Manual    of    Electrical     Undertakings   nasi 

Directory  of  Officials,  1906,  Ifi  nab 
Heaps  (W.),  The  Breeding  Industry,  2/8  aeb 

Mining  Ve.u  Book,  1906,  l.'./net. 

Oliver  fT.),   Maladies  caused   bj    the   Air  we  breathe  iii-i.l.- 
ailll  outside  our  Homes,  g/g  net. 

Webb(W.  M.),  and  siiieiu(C),  The  Biiti-h  Woodlice, 6/ net 

General  Literature. 
Arbiter  (The)  in  Council,  10/ net. 
Avebury  (Lord),  The  Pleasures  of  Life,  <>'. 
Barrett  (A.  w.)  and   Fryers  (A.),  The  Man  with  the  Opals, 

6/ 
Bradshaw's    Bailway    Manual,    Shareholders'    Guide    and 

Directory,  hkkj,  12/ 
Caine  (WA  Pilklngton,  3/6 
Carnegie   Institution  of    Washington,   Year-Book,   No.    4, 

liKlj. 

Oassell'8  Cabinet  Cyclop;rdia,  7/6 

Dyson  (EA  In  the  Roaring  fifties,  <;/ 

Kaston  (M.  G.),  The  House  of  the  Bridge,  6/ 

Essays   Moral   and   Polite,   1660-1714,   edited  by  J.  and   C. 

Maselield,  3/6  net. 
Haggard  (H.  Rider),  The  Way  of  the  Spirit,  6/ 
Hardy  (K.  JA  What  Men  like  in  Women  and  What  Women 

like  in  Men,  1/  net. 
Hutton(H.  H.),  Brief  Literary  Criticisms,  edited  by  E.  M. 

Roscoe,  4/  net. 
Irving  (<;.),  Love?  a  Tale,  6/ 
James  (C),  At  Break  of  Dawn,  3/6 
Kieler  (L.),  Thv  People  shall  be  my  People,  translated  by 

Bemo,  6/ 
Lely  (Sir  P.  S.  P.),  Suggestions  for  the  Better  Governing  of 

India,  1/8  net. 
Lever  (Charles),  Arthur  O'Leary,  Xew  Edition,  3  0 
Lewis  (A.  H.),  The  Sunset  Trail,  6/ 
Oliver  (L.  S.),  The  Expiation  of  Lady  Anne,  6/ 
Oxenham  (J.),  Giant  Circumstance,  6/ 
Pasture  (H.  de  la),  A  Toy  Tragedy,  New  Edition,  3/6  net. 
Regnas  (C),  The  Land  of  Nison,  6/ 
Report  of  S.   P.    Langley,   Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian 

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Roberts  (Earl),  Speeches  and  Letters  on  Imperial  Defence, 

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Separatist  (The),  6/ 
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Tower  Press  Booklets  :  Some  Irish  Essays,  by  A.  E.,  No.  L, 

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Turner  (R.),  Uncle  Peaceable,  a  Comedy,  6/ 
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FOREIGN. 

Fine  Art  and  Arch&ology. 
ChatelierfG.  Le),  Louis  Pierre  Deseine  (1749-1822),  sa  Vie  et 

ses  QSuvres,  lOfr. 
Fiaipont  (G.),  La  Flore  des  Artistes  :  Fleurs  des  Parterres, 

3fr.  50. 
Marcel  (P.),   La  Peinture  Francajse  au  debut  du  XVIII. 

Siecle  (1090-1721),  25fr. 
Riat(li.),  Gustave  Courbet,  Peintre.  22fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Jones  (W.  T.).  Die  Idee  der  Pers.inlichkeitbei  den  englischen 

Denkern  der  Gegenw-art,  2/  net. 
Olle-Livprune  (L.),  La  Riison  et  le  Rationalisuie,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bordeaux  (II.),  Pelerinages  Litteraires,  3fr.  50. 
Lasserre  (B.),   Les  Cent-jours  en  Vendee  :  le   General  La- 
inarque  et  l'lnsurrection  Royaliste,  4fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Demolder  (E.),  L'Edpagne  en  Auto,  3fr.  50. 
Eudel  (PA  Lii  Hollands  et  les  HoJlandais,  4fr. 

Ph  ilology. 
Paris   (Gaston),    Melanges    Linguistiques :   Part  I.    Latin 
Vulgaire  et  Langues  Romanes,  (ifr. 

Science. 
Arnaud(D.)  et  Franche  (G.),  Manuel  de  Ceramiiiue  Iiulus- 

trielle,  12fr. 
liuchner  (L.),  Force  et  Matiere,  2fr. 
Grasset  (J.),  Le  Psychisme  Inferieur,  Ofr. 
Turin   (A.),    L'Amenageinent    des   Klablissements    Publics  : 

Application  au>  Sanatoriums  et  Hopitauz,  7fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
B.'ric  (R),  La  Roumia,  3fr.  50. 
Bi.try  (P.),  Le  Socialisme  et  les  Jaunes,  3fr.  50. 

(iodard(A.),  I>e  Tocsin  National,  3fr.  50. 
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Jauiati  (V.),  Pour  deveuir  Journaliste,  8fr.  60. 
Margueritte  (P.),  Les  Pas  but  le  sable,  8fr.  50. 
Merelli(V.),  Merelia,  :ifr.  50. 
Meunier  (Madame  S.),  I,i  Chatelaine  d'Eca,  3fr.  50. 

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"  ELSTO^ 

The  name  Ektbom  inf>  ;.-t  in 

oonnexion  with  (he  Camoui  John  Banyan. 

1    )m\<-   for   ^'.IIH•     moiitli-    i.ti-t     ix-«-n    BDOV 

roaring  todiaoover  ite  origin,  uml  liavt  at 
la«t  obtained  it. 

The  (oiiiinon  guess  is  that  ac- 

tion oi  1 1. -).  n-t<iv, ,  a  fabrication  which  any 
one  who  has  ha<l  any  experience  in  tra<:in^ 
place-names  would  instinctively  know  to  lie 

;   for  the  model  n  name  do< 
with  il.  and  the  old   forms   all   begin   with 
A  or   E.     Tin-   nsual   Middle   English   forms 
are  Aim-tow. .  m  in  the  Hundred  Rolla,  or 
Elneetowe,  as  in  the  '  Testa  de  N«  \  ill.' 

The  pretence  on  which  the  false  nam- 
"  Helen's  stx>w  "  is  based  Ls  that  the  old 
nunnery  founded  by  Judith,  Countess  of 
Huntingdon,  and  niece  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, was  dedicated  to  "  the  Holy  Trinity, 
St.  Mary,  and  St.  Hehn."  But  the  Domes- 
day Book  explicitly  says,  twice  over  (und-  r 
Elstow  and  Wilshamstead),  that  the  church 
was  called  "  the  church  of  St.  Mary,"  which 
makes  short  work  of  this  false  insinuation. 
And  it  is  obvious  that  Alne-  (or  its  variant 
Aune-)  cannot  possibly  represent  Helen. 

Any  expert  would  readily  conclude  that 
Alne-  or  Elne-  stands  for  Alnes-  or  Elnes-, 
the  final  «  being  dropped  before  the  succeed- 
ing "  stow  "  ;  and  further,  that  those  forms 
are  genitival,  from  a  nominative  represented 
by  Am-  or  Eln-.  The  use  of  A  or  E  of  course 
points  to  the  A.-S.  M,  so  that  both  are 
reducible  to  an  A.-S.  JEln-. 

By  way  of  illustration  of  the  difficulty  of 
expanding  a  contracted  form  of  this  cha- 
racter, I  may  quote  a  passage  from  p.  3  of 
Duignan's  '  Place-names  of  Staffordshire.' 
He  there  states  that  Alston  (Wore.)  means 
"  ^Elfsige's  town  "  ;  that  Alston  (Staffs) 
means  "  ^Elfweard's  town  "  ;  that  Al^tone 
(Glouc.)  means  "Alfred's  town";  and 
Alston  (Somerset)  means  "  ^Elinoth's  town." 
The  n  in  ^Eln-  gives  a  strong  hint  that  the 
last  of  these  is  the  form  we  want.  The 
reduction  of  "  /Elfnothes  stow  "  to  "  Alne- 
stow,"  and  finally  to  "  Elstow,"  is  easy  and 
regular. 

I  had  arrived  at  tliis  probability  when  I 
suddenly  discovered  that  Elstow  had  a 
duplicate  ;  for  in  the  '  Rotulorum  Origina- 
lium  Abbreviatio,'  i.  241,  we  again  find 
Alnestowe  as  the  name  of  a  hundred  in 
Rutlandshire,  obviously  that  which  is  now 
spelt  Alstoe. 

On  this  hint  I  at  once  consulted  the 
Domesday  Book  for  Rutlandshire,  wherein 
the  very  first  name  that  meets  the  eye — 
twice  over  and  in  large  characters — is  that 
of  "  Alfnodestou  wapentac."  Here  we  have 
absolute  confirmation  of  what  before  was  a 
plausible  probability  ;  and  we  may  obviously 
conclude  that  Elstow  was  simply  "  JStfndthfl 
stow."  It  was  not  so  named  because  the 
church  was  dedicated,  in  the  first  place,  to 
St.  Mary,  but  because  it  was  once  the  abode 
of  an  otherwise  unknown  .Elfnoth. 

Walter  W.  Skeat. 


HORSE-RACING    AT    CARTHAGE. 

The  Taris  '  Inscriptiones  Gra?cae  '  (I.  iv.) 
for  this  year  publish  the  most  interesting 
(/( -fixionum  tdbeQa  of  Audollent.  Those  on 
horse-racing  are  specially  important,  as  they 
at  once  illustrate  Tlautus's  '  Pcenulus  '  and 
give  us  the  ancient  equivalent  of  "  drugging" 
(rather  than  "  pulling  ")  racers.  This  equi- 
valent was  sorcery  and  execration,  or  devot- 
ing to  the  infernal  gods.  The  words  of  the 
formula  of  cursing  are  called  technically 
"  Ephesian,"   and   are   largely  made  up  of 


N°  4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


299 


Orientalisms  and  barbarisms,  as  Lucian's 
'  Menippus'  (6,  9)  tells  us.  In  one  cabbalistic 
passage  magna  occurs  twice  (in  Greek  cha- 
racters), possibly  to  save  the  text  of  Hor. 
'  Epoch'  v.  87,  against  Haupt.  Tablet  234 
of  Audollent  calls  on  an  unknown  god  of 
the  dead,  "  whoever  he  is,"  under  any  out- 
landish name  he  wishes,  to  paralyze  certain 
(named)  horses  of  the  factiones  veneta  et 
prasina.  "Victor"  and  other  racers  are  to 
have  their  withers  wrung  in  such  sort  that 
next  day  they  cannot  win  in  the  hippodrome, 
but  may  fall,  jockeys  (or  rather  chariot- 
eers) and  all  [drivers  carrying  the  colours  of 
the  leek  and  of  Venice  (blue)].  Another 
tablet,  No.  235,  is  a  consecration  to  destruc- 
tion of  the  factiones  russata  et  alba.  "  Ery- 
thrseus,  Arbustus,"  &c.  (horses),  Dionysius, 
of  the  "whites,"  and  Superstianus  (chariot- 
eers) are  to  fail  utterly.  On  one  sucli  tablet 
Jah  or  Jehovah  (Yahwe)  seems  graecized 
into  Iwva  (unaccented).  "Baal"  enters  into 
the  compounds  ;  also  "  Shams,"  the  sun  ; 
"  Sabaoth,"  and  "  Solomon's  God  "  ;  "Jesus, 
that  has  the  power  of  this  hour,"  as  one  of 
the  ^Eons  of  the  Gnostics;  with  Egyptian 
and  Greek  deities.  In  another,  one  Vincen- 
tius  is  to  be  unable  to  tie  bears  ! 

H.  H.  J. 


CHAUCER  :     "  PRESTES   THRE  "    OR 
"  PREST    ESTRE  "  ? 

Mr.  A.  L.  Mayhew,  who  sees  in  the  word 
"  estre  "  nothing  but  a  grammatical  mon- 
strosity, because  he  does  not  believe  in  the 
possibility  of  deriving  adjectives  in  e  from 
substantives,  has  probably  never  noticed 
such  ordinary  phrases  as  these  :  "  un  abbe 
mitre,"  "  un  paysan  madre,"  "  un  garcon 
bien  membre,"  "  du  satin  tigre,"  "  des 
cheveux  d'un  blond  cendre,"  &c,  every  one 
of  which  contains  an  adjective  ending  in  e 
clearlj-  derived  from  a  noun. 

I  may  add  that  most  of  the  adjectives 
mentioned  above  were  already  in  use  in 
Chaucer's  time.  V.  Kastner. 


THE  COMING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 
MR.  T.  FISHER  UNWIN 
announces  in  History :  A  Literary  History  of  the 
English  People,  Vol.  II.  (from  the  Renaissance  to 
the  Civil  War,  I.),  by  J.  J.  Jusserand, — A  Literary 
History  of  Persia,  from  Firdawsi  until  Sa'di,  by 
Prof.  E.  <!.  Browne, — The  First  Annexation  of 
the  Transvaal,  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Leyds, — Society  in 
the  Country  House  :  Anecdotal  Records  of  Six 
Centuries,  by  T.  H.  S.  Escott, — A  Short  History 
of  Wales,  by  Prof.  Owen  Edwards, — and  a  cheap 
edition  of  The  Welsh  People,  by  D.  Brynmor 
Jones  and  Principal  Rhys. 

In  Biography:  Haeckel,  his  Life  and  Work,  by 
Prof.  Wilhelm  Bolsche,  translated  by  Joseph 
M<  <  Iftbe,  illustrated, — Cobden  as  a  Citizen,  edited 
by  W.  E.  A.  Axon,— The  "Pope"  of  Holland 
House  (John  Whishaw),  by  Lady  Seymour,  with 
an  Introduction  and  supplementary  chapter  by 
W.  P.  Courtney,  illustrated,  —  Court  Beauties 
of  Old  Whitehall,  by  W.  R.  H.  Trowbridge, 
illustrated, — Sir  Henry  Irving,  by  Percy  Fitz- 
gerald, illustrated, — cheap  editions  of  Sixty  Years 
of  an  Agitator's  Life,  by  G.  J.  HolyoaUe,  and 
of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  by  Major  Martin  A.  S. 
Hume,  and  an  edition  in  sixpenny  parts  of 
Morley'i  Life  of  Cobden. 

In  Travel  :  Rambles  on  the  Riviera,  by  Prof. 
Edward  Strasburger,  translated  by  0.  and  B. 
Oomerford-Casey,  with  coloured  illustrations  by 
Louise  Reusch,  —  Sport  and  Travel  !  Abyssinia  and 
British  East  Africa,  by  Lord  Hindlip,  illustrated, 
—  Spanish  Cities  and  Sights,  by  Major  (Jeneral 
Seymour,  illustrated, — From  Pump  Court  to 
Delhi,  by  S.  P.  Kerr,  illustrated,  —  and  With 
Fire  ana  Sword  in  the  Caucasus,  by  L.  Villari, 
illust  rated. 


In  Fiction  :  The  Dream  and  the  Business,  by 
John  Oliver  Hobbes,— A  Millionaire's  Courtship, 
by  Mrs.  Archibald  Little,— The  Queen  of  a  Day, 
by  J.  S.  Fletcher,— Mister  Bill :  a  Man,  by  Albert 
E.  Lyons, — Cecilia's  Lovers,  by  Amelia  E.  Barr, — 
Adventures  of  a  Supercargo,  by  Louis  Becke, — 
Counsels  of  the  Night  and  The  Double  Marriage, 
both  by  Lucas  Cleeve, — The  New  Chronicles  of 
Don  Q.,  by  K.  and  Hesketh  Pritchard,  illustrated, 
— new  and  cheaper  editions  of  The  Lost  Heir,  by 
G.  A.  Henty ;  Love  Triumphant,  by  L.  T.  Meade  ; 
Under  the  Grand  Old  Hills  and  The  Mistress  of 
Langdale  Hall,  both  by  R.  M.  Kettle  ;  Prisoners 
of  Conscience,  by  Amelia  E.  Barr ;  and  Kitty 
Costello,  by  Mrs.  Alexander,  —  and  sixpenny 
editions  of  The  House  by  the  River,  by  Florence 
Warden  ;  The  Filigree  Ball,  by  A.  K.  Green  ;  The 
Cardinal's  Pawn,  by  K.  L.  Montgomery ;  and 
other  popular  novels. 

Politics  and  Sociology  and  General  :  The  Con- 
tinental Outcast :  Land  Colonies  and  Poor-Law 
Relief,  by  Prebendary  Carlile  and  V.  W.  Carlile, 
with  an  Introduction  by  the  Bishop  of  Southwark, 
illustrated, — The  Labour  Party:  What  It  Is  and 
What  It  Wants,  by  the  Rev.  Conrad  Noel, — The 
Birds  of  Middlesex,  by  J.  E.  Harting,  illustrated, 
— Aristotle's  Theory  of  Conduct,  by  Thomas 
Marshall, — Old  German  Love  Songs,  translated 
from  the  Minnesanger,  by  F.  C.  Nicholson, — 
Schiller's  Dramas  and  Poems  in  England,  by 
Thomas  Rea, — The  Religious  Songs  of  Connacht, 
by  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde,  2  vols., — On  Art  and  Artists, 
by  Dr.  Max  Nordau, — The  Anglo-Saxon  :  a  Study 
in  Evolution,  by  G.  E.  Boxall, — The  Motorist's 
ABC,  by  L.  Elliott  Brookes, — Disestablishment 
in  France,  by  Paul  Sabatier,  translated  by  Robert 
Dell, — Courage,  by  Charles  Wagner, — The  Best 
Plays  of  Farquhar,  edited  by  William  Archer 
(Mermaid  Series)  ;  Economic  and  Statistical 
Studies,  1840-96,  by  the  late  John  Toune  Danson, 
with  a  Memoir  by  his  daughter,  Mary  Norman 
Hill,  and  an  Introduction  by  Prof.  E.  C.  K. 
Conner,— and  a  cheap  edition,  with  new  preface, 
of  Inspiration  and  the  Bible,  by  Dr.  R.  F.  Horton. 

THE  CLARENDON  PRESS 

have  in  hand  in  Theology  :  An  Italian  Version  of 
the  lost  Apocryphal  Gospel  of  Barnabas,  with 
Arabic  Glosses,  edited  by  Canon  Ragg,  —  Con- 
cordance of  Proper  Names  in  the  Septuagint, 
Part  II.,  by  H.  A.  Redpatli, — An  Ethiopic  Text 
of  the  Book  of  Enoch,  edited  by  R.  H.  Charles, — 
and  the  last  two  parts  of  A  Hebrew  and  English 
Lexicon  of  the  Old  Testament,  based  on  the 
Lexicon  of  Gesenius  as  translated  by  E.  Robinson, 
edited  by  Francis  Brown,  S.  R.  Driver,  and  C.  A. 
Briggs. 

In  Education,  Philology,  &c.  :  Le  Feuilletoniste, 
edited  by  C.  Brereton, — Stael's  De  l'Allemagne, 
edited  by  H.  W.  Eve,- — Trois  Grotesques,  edited 
by  H.  J.  Chaytor, — Hugo's  Notrc-Dame,  edited  by 
L.  Delbos,— Lamartine's  Jocelyn,  edited  by  E. 
Legouis,  —  Flaubert's  Salammbo,  edited  by  E. 
Lauvriere,  —Madame  de  Campari's  Memoirs,  edited 
by  H.  C.  Brad by, — Greek  Theories  of  Elementary 
Cognition,  from  Alcnueon  to  Aristotle,  edited  by 
J.  I.  Bearo, — Plautus  Mostellaria,  edited  by  E.  A. 
Sonnenschein, — Selections  from  Plutarch's  Caesar, 
edited  by  R.  L.  A.  Du  Pontet, — Greek  Reader, 
Vol.  II.,  adapted  with  English  Notes  from 
Wilamowitz  -  MoellendorfFs  '  Griechisches  Lese- 
buoh,'  by  E.  C.  Marchant, — Caesar's  Civil  War, 
translated  by  F.  P.  Long, — Longinus,  translated 
by  A.  0.  Prickard, — Propertius,  translated  by 
J.  S.  Phillimore, — in  the  Oxford  Classical  Texts, 
Statins,  Thebaid,  ed.  11.  W.  Qarrod ;  Tacitus, 
Annals,  ed.  C.  D.  Fisher ;  and  Longinus,  ed. 
A.  0.  Prickard, — English-Tamil  Dictionary,  by 
(J.  U.  Pope. 

In  English  Law  and  General  Literature  :  Pierce 
the  Ploughman's  Crede,  edited  by  W.  W.  Skeat, 
— Critical  Essays  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,  b\- 
J.  E.  Bpingarn,  3  vols., — The  Minor  Caroline 
Poets,  edited  by  G.  Saintsbury,  Vol.  II., — A  New 
English  Dictionary,  further  portions  of  Vol.  VI. 
(M),  by  Dr.  Bradley  ;  Vol.  VII.  (P),  by  Dr. 
Murray;  and  Vol.  VIII.  (R),  by  Mr.  Craigie, — 
additions  to  the  World's  Classics,  including  The 
Tenant   of    Wildfell     Hall;     Thoreau's    Walden  ; 

Burke's  Works,  Vol.  I.  ;  Twenty-Three  Tales  by 
Tolstoy,  translated  by  L.  and  A.  Maude;  Borrows 
Romany  Rye;  Gibbon's  Roman  Empire,  Vols.  VI. 
and  VII.,  with  index,  completing  the  work; 
Chaucer's  Works,  Vol.  III.  The  Canterbury  Tales, 


completing  the  work, — Corps  de  Droit  Ottoman,, 
by  Sir  George  Young,  7  vols., — and  Hindu  and! 
Mohammedan  Law,  by  Sir  William  Markby. 

In  History,  Geography,  and  Archaeology:  The- 
Great  Rebellion  of  1381,  by  C.  W.  C.  Oman, — 
Memorials  of  a  Warwickshire  Family,  by  the  Rev. 

B.  Boughton-Leigh,— Canadian  War  of    1812,  by 

C.  P.  Lucas,— The  Face  of  the  Earth,  by  Eduard 
Suess,  translated  by  H.  B.  C.  Sollas,  Vol.  II-,. 
with  many  illustrations,— The  Oxford  Geographies  : 
Vol.  II.,  The  Preliminary  Geography,  by  A.  J. 
Herbertson,  with  many  maps  and  diagrams, — The 
Dawn  of  Modern  Geography,  by  C.  R.  Beazley, 
Vol.  III., — Selected  Drawings  from  the  University 
Galleries  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  Part  V.,. 
chosen  and  described  by  Sidney  Colvin, — and 
Catalogue  of  the  Sparta  Museum,  by  M.N.  Tod, 
and  A.  J.  B.  Wace,  with  many  illustrations. 

In  Philosophy,  Logic,  and  Science  :  The  Theory 
of  Morality,  by  H.  Rashdall,  2  vols., —An  Intro- 
duction to  Logic,  by  H.  W.  B.  Joseph, — Essay  on 
the  Nature  of  Truth,  by  H.  H.  Joachim, — Elemen- 
tary Chemistry,  by  F.  R.  L.  Wilson  and  G.  W. 
Hedley,  Part  II.,— Knuth's  Flower  Pollination, 
translated  by  J.  R.  Ainsworth  Davis,  V  1.  I., — ■ 
Solereder's  Anatomical  Characters  of  the  Dicotyle- 
donous Orders,  translated  by  L.  A.  Boodle  and' 
F.  E.  Fritsch,  and  revised  by  H.  D.  Scott,— A 
Catalogue  of  the  Herbarium  of  Dillenius,  by  G.  C. 
Druce  and  S.  H.  Vines, — Human  Anatomy  for  Art 
Students,  by  A.  Thomson,  a  third  edition,  revised, 
with  new  illustrations, — and  Lectures  on  the 
Method  of  Science,  edited  by  T.  B.  Strong. 

MR.  ELKIN  MATHEWS 

includes  in  Belles  -  Lettres  and  Miscellaneous: 
Reason  as  a  Basis  of  Art,  by  C.  F.  A.  Voysey,— 
Summer  in  San  Sebastian,  by  A.  F.  Calvert,  with 
200  illustrations, — and  DeFlagello  Myrteo,  revised1 
and  enlarged. 

In  Poetry  and  the  Drama :  The  Maid  of  Artemis,. 
a  Comedy,  by  Arthur  Dillon, — Songs  from  tire 
Classics,  by  Charles  F.  Grindrod,  —  Dramatic 
Lyrics,  by  John  Gurdon, — and  in  the  Vigo  Cabinet 
series,  Poems  by  Aurelian  ;  a  selection  from  the 
poetry  of  Lionel  Johnson  ;  and  Whisper  !  by- 
Frances  Wynne. 


The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Press  have  arranged  to  publish  a 
comprehensive  '  History  of  English  Lite- 
rature,' on  a  scale  and  plan  more  or  less- 
resembling  that  of  '  The  Cambridge 
Modern  History.'  The  work  will  be 
published  in  about  twelve  royal  octavo 
volumes  of  some  400  pages  each,  and 
will  cover  the  whole  course  of  English 
literature  from  '  Beowulf  '  to  the  end  of 
the  Victorian  age.  The  action  of  foreign 
influences,  and  the  part  taken  by  secondary- 
writers  in  successive  literary  movements, 
will  receive  a  larger  share  of  attention, 
than  is  possible  in  shorter  histories,  in 
which  lesser  writers  are  apt  to  be  over- 
shadowed. Each  volume  will  contain  a» 
sufficient  bibliography,  and  the  whole  will 
be  edited  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Ward,  Master  of. 
Peterhouse,  and  Mr.  A.  R.  Waller. 

'  The  Genealogy  and  History  of 
the  Matthew  Family  '  is  announced  for 
publication  by  subscription  through  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock.  The  Glamorganshire  family 
of  Matthew  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  in 
Britain,  and  traces  its  descent,  through 
Sir  David  Matthew  of  Llandaff,  standard- 
bearer  to  Edward  IV.  in  1461,  to  Gwaet- 
voed  Vawr,  Prince  of  Cardigan  in  the 
tenth  century.  The  family  is  largely 
represented  in  the  work,  as  are  also  the 
English  and  Irish  branches.     The  volumes 


300 


THE     A  Til  i:\7HUM 


X   1089,  Ifin  b  10,  1906 


will  contain   poitnite,  drawings,   and   fac- 

Mllliles. 

i>\nti:  scholar-  will  be  interested  to 
hear  of  a  small  volume  by  Dr.  Jamet 
Williams.  Bubreetor  of  Lincoln  College 
and  IIil'Ii  Sheriff  of  Flintshire  'Dante 
as  a  . I  mist  '  which  Mr.  BlaokweU,  of 
Oxford,  lias  in  the  press.  The  author 
shows  the  extent  of  Dante's  knowledge 
of  the  civil  and  canon  law  as  indicated  In- 
itially passages  in  the  l  Divina  Comniedia  ' 
and  the  minor  works,  and  finds  analogies 
in  English  statutes  and  decisions. 

The  Rev.  K.  B.  Gardiner,  editor  of  the 
'  Registers  of  Wadham  College  '  and  '  The 
Letters  of  Dorothy  Wadham,'  has  in  pre- 
paration a  continuation  of  his  previous 
volume  of  the  Registers  of  St.  Paul's 
School.  The  first  issue  covered  the 
period  from  the  foundation  of  the  school 
in  1509  to  1876,  when  the  new  scheme  of 
management  came  into  force.  The  new 
volume  brings  the  registers  up  to  July, 
1905  ;  but  such  has  been  the  increase 
of  the  school  under  the  modern  governing 
body  that  the  entries  for  the  last  twenty- 
nine  years  will  occupy  as  much  space  as  all 
those  preceding.  The  volume  is  nearly 
ready  for  publication,  and  will  be  issued 
by  Messrs.  Bell  &  Sons. 

Mr.  Francis  Thompson  will  contribute 
to  the  April  number  of  The  Dublin  Review 
a  poem  on  '  The  English  Martyrs,'  with 
special  allusion  by  name  to  Fisher  and 
More. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  have  in  the 
press  '  The  Life  and  Experiences  of  Sir 
Harry  Enfield  Roscoe,'  written  by  himself. 
The  volume  will  contain  photogravure 
portraits  and  other  illustrations. 

At  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  the 
Birkbeck  Lectureship  on  Ecclesiastical 
History  will  be  vacant  shortly.  The 
Council  of  the  College  propose  to  elect  a 
lecturer  on  May  18th,  and  invite  applica- 
tions from  graduates  of  Cambridge  or 
Oxford.  Applicants  should  send  their 
names  to  the  Master  of  Trinity  on  or 
before  May  1st,  and  should  at  the  same 
time  state  on  what  particular  portion  of 
ecclesiastical  history  they  would  (if  elected) 
propose  to  lecture. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  Mr.  Israel 
Gollancz,  who  has  done  a  good  deal  of 
work  in  English  literature,  both  as  teacher 
and  writer,  is  to  receive  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Letters  at  Cambridge. 

Sir  George  Darwin  is  to  represent  the 
same  University  at  the  celebration  of  the 
two-hundredth  anniversary  of  the  birth 
of j  Benjamin  Franklin  at  Philadelphia  in 
April. 

The  Shakspeare  First  Folio  has  turned 
up  again  in  Scotland,  making  the  second 
copy  extant  there  which  has  escaped  Mr. 
Sidney  Lee's  census.  The  book,  it  appears, 
has  been  for  at  least  twenty-eight  years 
in  Glasgow,  in  the  library  of  the  late  Mr. 
A.  B.  Stewart.  It  has  the  verses,  the 
letterpress  portion  of  the  title,  and  the 
last  two  leaves  in  facsimile  ;  but  it  is 
said  to  have  satisfied  a  previous  owner, 
Mr.  Crawfurd  (he  had  bought  it  from 
Pickering),     who     was     fastidious.     This 


bringi  the  number  of  in  |  Fotios  in 
Soouand  up  to  four,  t  woof  them  in  4  Hasgow. 

Tin.    (hath    of    Signora    Ji      i<      White 
Mario  took   place  on  Monday  at    Flop: 
She    was    well   known   in   earlier  day-    as  a 

correspondenl  of  Thi  l><iiii/  News,  and  w.i- 

a  keen  supporter  of  the  Italian  revolu- 
tionary movement.  She  was  author  of  a 
life  of  Garibaldi  published  at  Milan  in 
1884,  and  edited  the  letters  of  Mazzini. 
We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  story  of  her 
life  and  work,  which  was  arranged  for 
some  years  ago,  is  sufficiently  advanced  to 
allow  of  its  publication.  It  will  be  issued 
by  Mr.  Fisher  Unwin,  and  should  be  of 
abundant  interest  for  its  memories  of 
Mazzini  and  other  notable  men. 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Blunt's  article  '  Randolph 
Churchill,'  in  The  Nineteenth  Century  for 
March,  contains  much  new  interesting 
matter,  and  should  be  put  with  Mr. 
Winston  Churchill's  life  of  his  father  for 
preservation  and  reference. 

A  memorial  of  Mrs.  Carey  Brock  is 
proposed  in  the  form  of  a  pulpit,  and 
clergy  and  choir  stalls,  in  the  church  of 
St.  Pierre  du  Bois,  Guernsey,  of  which 
Mrs.  Brock's  father-in-law,  husband,  and 
son  have  been  successively  rectors  for 
over  a  hundred  years.  Subscriptions 
towards  the  "  Mrs.  Carey  Brock  Memorial 
Fund  "  will  be  received  by  Messrs.  Seeley 
&  Co.,  38,  Great  Russell  Street ;  or  the 
Rev.  H.  W.  Brock,  St.  Pierre  du  Bois 
Rectory,  Guernsey. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  May  I  say  that  the  translation  of  Carmen 
Sylva's  '  Leiden's  Untergang,'  noticed  by 
you  last  week,  is  not  the  first,  and  that  the 
book  is,  in  fact,  by  no  means  new  in  its 
original  form  ?  Over  twenty  years  ago 
Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  published  a  rendering 
from  the  accomplished  pen  of  Miss  Helen 
Zimmern,  entitled  '  Pilgrim's  Sorrow.'  " 

At  the  Readers'  Dinner  last  Saturday 
Lord  Montagu  read  a  letter  from  Mr. 
A.  J.  Balfour  expressing  regret  that  his 
illness  prevented  him  from  being  present, 
and  speaking  in  very  appreciative  terms 
of  the  services  rendered  by  the  correctors 
of  the  press.  The  toast  of  Literature  was 
proposed  by  Mr.  Warwick  Bond,  and 
responded  to  by  Mr.  Owen  Seaman  and 
Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton.  The  donations 
amounted  to  200?.,  and  will  go  towards  a 
third  pension  for  members  of  the  London 
Association  of  Correctors  of  the  Press, 
the  present  pensions  being  held  by  readers 
who  have  belonged  to  the  Association  for 
fifty  years  and  forty-three  years  respect- 
ively. 

A  Dickensian  writes  : — 

"Mr.  Cuming  Walters  lectured  ably  on 
his  theory  of  '  Edwin  Drood  '  last  Wednesday 
at  the  Farringdon  Memorial  Hall,  and  Mr. 
Chesterton  supplied  ingenious  criticism,  with 
a  plea  for  consideration  of  Dickens  as  artist 
which  was  very  pertinent.  I  hear  that 
Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  are  thinking  of  a 
new  edition  of  Dickens.  Why  do  not  they 
at  any  rate  givo  us  his  Letters  (which  seem 
to  bo  out  of  print)  at  a  reasonable  price  ?" 

We  have  pleasure  in  again  reminding 
the  friends  of  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution  of  the  soiree  to  be  held  at  Sta- 
tioners' Hall  next  Tuesday  evening.     The 


ion  promisee  to  be  unusually  intec* 

Mi  of  Parliament  who  are  curious 

■i  to  the  ■•  i-it  now  being  paid  to  South 
Africa  by  Sil  William  Butlei    may  find  in 
Fleet   Street    a  reply   more    informal' 
than   that  given   by   Mi.   ffaldane. 
William  us  to  form  impression-  "f 

the  country  under  its  new  condition-,  and 
he  will  make  a  record  of  them  in  some 
dozen  letters  to  The  Tribune. 

Tin:  Bevut  <l<  Parti  ii  »o<  wef ully edit* 

by  three  considerable  men,  that  a  slip  in 
modern  history  is  worth  noting.  A  foot- 
note to  the  letters  of  Berlioz  reveals  a 
wondrous  blunder.  It  La  thought  worthy 
of  remark  that  attention  should  have  been 
called  in  1837  to  the  ravages  at  Rome  of 
the  "  influenza,"  "  maladie  reputee  plus 
moderne."  At  St.  Petersburg  a  similar 
sickness  of  the  most  deadly  description 
has  always  existed,  known  till  recent 
times  as  "  Petersburg  typhus."  In  the 
twenties  it  became  well  known  in  Italy  as 
"  influenza,"  and  spread  to  Pari-,  where 
it  frequently  assumed,  in  the  period  1824- 
1838,  an  epidemic  form,  being  the  subject 
of  many  literary  allusions,  and  the  cause 
of  the  death  of  many  well-known  people. 

The  review  of  M.  Abel  Hermant's  '  Les 
Grands  Bourgeois  '  in  the  Temps  appeared 
at  the  same  moment  as  our  own,  each 
being  dated  Saturday,  March  3rd.  The 
likeness  of  the  criticism  is  startlingly 
apparent.  M.  Abel  Hermant's  talent  has 
never  previously  been  put  so  high  in  his 
own  city  ;  but  while  his  powers  are  given 
a  first  place,  it  is  noted  that  *'  la  fiction 
tient  dans  son  oeuvre  une  place  de  plus 
en  plus  petite."  In  other  words,  it  is 
admitted  that  in  M.  Hermant's  '  La  Belle 
Madame  Heber  '  and  '  Les  Grands  Bour- 
geois '  we  have  not  so  much  a  clever  play 
and  a  bright  novel  as  two  extraordinarily 
accurate  photographs  of  the  rich  "  upper- 
middle"  class  of  the  Paris  of  to-day.  "'Cette 
diffamation  nous  charme  ;  mais  est-elle 
tolerable?"  For  his  brilliant  dialogue,  "il 
lui  suffit  de  se  souvenir  des  mots  que  nous 
avons  tous  entendus."  The  only  possible 
answer  to  M.  Hermant  is  **  les  grands 
bourgeois  qu'il  nous  montre  ne  consti- 
tuent pas  toute  la  grande  bourgeoisie  :  il 
le  salt  aussi  bien  que  nous." 

M.  Armand  Dayot  has  successfully 
launched  L 'Art  ct  les  Artistes,  and  now 
another  distinguished  art  critic.  M.  Arsene 
Alexandre,  has  started  Le  Plaisir,  which 
is  to  appear  every  fortnight.  It  is  to 
cover  a  very  wide  range,  for  it  claims  to  be 
"  Parisien,  litteraire,  artistique.  theatral, 
mondaine,  satirique." 

After  a  career  of  eighteen  years,  the 
]'ir<>  JSouho,  the  organ  "du  Felibrige  de 
Paris,"  has  ceased  to  exist,  and  its  place 
will  be  taken  by  a  bulletin  of  a  more 
modest  character,  in  which  the  Felibrige 
of  Paris  will  record  the  transactions  of 
their  evenings  at  the  Cafe  Voltaire.  The 
Yiro  Souho — which  derived  its  title  from 
"  la  belle  et  rayonnante  fleur  jeune  du 
midi " — was  founded  by  Paul  Arene, 
Alphonse  Daudet,  and  others  to  assist 
Parisians  in  understanding  the  language 
of     Mistral,    and,    thanks    to    the    taste 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


301 


of  M.  Lucien  Due,  it  was  always  a  fine 
specimen  of  typography. 

The  death,  in  his  seventy-third  year, 
is  announced  from  Stuttgart  of  Prof. 
Wilhelm  Heyd,  the  distinguished  historian. 
He/was  originally  a  clergyman,  but  in  1857 
was  appointed  sub-hbrarian  of  the  Stutt- 
gart Royal  Public  Library,  and  eventually 
succeeded  Pfeiffer  as  head  librarian,  a 
post  that  he  filled  with  great  assiduity  and 
success  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
Of  his  valuable  contributions  to  the  history 
of  commerce  the  most  important  are 
'  Geschichte  des  Levantehandels  im  Mittel- 
alter,'  '  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  des 
deutschen  Handels,'  and  '  Die  grosse 
Ravensburger  Gesellschaft.' 

An  eminent  German  philologist  has 
passed  away  in  Prof.  Moritz  Heyne,  whose 
death  in  his  sixty-ninth  year  is  announced 
from  Gottingen.  His  '  Deutsches  Worter- 
buch,'  and  his  valuable  editions  of  '  Beo- 
wulf,' '  Heliand,'  '  Ulfilas,'  &c,  are  well 
known  to  scholars. 

The  Deutsche  Literaturzeitung  announces 
that  the  International  Historical  Congress, 
which  was  to  have  been  held  this  year,  has 
been  postponed  till  the  summer  of  1908, 
when  it  will  assemble  in  Berlin. 

We  have  to  announce  the  death  of  the 
late  chief  librarian  of  the  Royal  Library, 
Copenhagen,  Dr.  Chr.  Bruun,  on  the 
28th  ult.,  aged  seventy-five. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief 
Inspector  of  Factories  for  1904  :  Part  2, 
Statistics  (Id.)  ;  and  Board  of  Education, 
Draft  Order  in  Council  continuing  certain 
Provisions  contained  in  the  Order  in 
Council  of  March  6th,  1902  (\d.). 


SCIENCE 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

In  Counsels  and  Ideals  from  the  Writings 
of  William  Osier  (Frowde)  Dr.  C.  N.  B. 
Camac  has  compiled  a  book  which  may  be 
read  with  pleasure  and  lasting  profit,  not  only 
by  every  member  of  the  medical  profession, 
but  also  by  the  general  public,  to  whom  the 
ways  and  methods  of  thought  of  medical 
men  are  a  constant  source  of  wonder.  The 
'  Counsels  and  Ideals  '  are  extracts  from  the 
lectures  and  addresses  of  Dr.  Osier,  who 
has  gained  a  world-wide  reputation,  first 
at  Montreal,  and  afterwards  at  Baltimore. 
Steeped  in  knowledge  of  the  classics  of 
medicine,  Prof.  Osier  has  also  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  work  which  is  being 
carried  on  in  the  laboratories  of  Europe. 
He  has,  too,  a  rare  facility  of  expression, 
which  causes  his  thoughts  to  sink  like 
aphorisms  into  the  minds  of  his  pupils. 

The  extracts  indicate  the  advance  made 
by  the  medical  profession  during  recent  years 
in  truth,  in  dignity,  and  in  repute.  Fifty 
years  ago  the  humanities,  or  those  points 
which  go  to  the  making  of  a  gentleman,  were 
confined  amongst  doctors  to  physicians  and 
to  a  few  general  practitioners  of  medicine. 
The  surgeon  was  conspicuous  by  his  brusque- 
ncss  and  want  of  culture,  for  the  sights  and 
sounds  of  the  operating  theatre  needed  mon 
of  coarse  fibre.  Surgery  has  now  been 
reduced  to  a  fine  art.  A  better  education 
and    more    exact    knowledge    are   required. 


whilst  many  of  the  horrors  have  been  dissi- 
pated by  the  use  of  anaesthetics  and  the 
modern  treatment  of  wounds.  The  work 
of  a  surgeon,  therefore,  is  now  little,  if  at  all, 
more  shocking  than  was  that  of  the  physician 
in  former  times,  and  it  claims  a  more 
refined  class  of  men  than  it  used  to  do. 
Surgeons  are  rapidly  becoming  as  highly 
educated,  and  are  held  in  as  great  esteem, 
as  physicians.  What  applies  to  surgeons 
applies  in  a  less  degree  to  general  practi- 
tioners, upon  whom  the  stress  of  competition 
and  unremitting  toil  presses  most  hardly  of 
all.  Such  men  were  paid  formerly  by  the 
amount  of  medicine  they  could  induce  their 
patients  to  swallow  :  now  they  are  paid  for 
the  advice  which  they  give,  and  they  are 
as  often  concerned  with  the  prevention  as 
with  the  cure  of  disease.  Prof.  Osier  points 
out  that  it  took  the  profession  many  gene- 
rations to  learn  that  fevers  ran  their  course, 
influenced  very  little,  if  at  all,  by  drugs  ;  and 
the  sixty  pounds  which  old  Dover  com- 
plained was  spent  in  drugs,  in  a  case  of 
ordinary  fever  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  is  now  better  expended 
on  a  trained  nurse,  with  infinitely  less  risk 
and  infinitely  greater  comfort  to  the  patient. 
Better  education  means  increased  knowledge, 
and 

' '  the  higher  the  standard  of  education  in  a  pro- 
fession, the  less  marked  will  be  the  charlatanism  ; 
whereas  no  greater  incentive  to  its  development 
can  be  found  than  in  sending  out  from  our  colleges 
men  who  have  not  had  mental  training  sufficient  to 
enable  them  to  judge  between  the  excellent  and 
the  inferior,  the  sound  and  the  unsound,  the  true 
and  the  half  true." 

In  this  way  Prof.  Osier  praises  and  blames, 
teaching  the  value  of  honesty,  of  truth,  of 
accuracy,  and  of  thoroughness. 

Dr.  Camac  has  made  his  selection  with 
judgment.  Here  and  there  he  should  have 
added  short  explanatory  notes  for  the 
general  reader  and  those  who  are  not 
skilled  in  the  history  of  medicine.  Very 
few  words,  the  mere  mention  of  the  wounded 
French-Canadian's  name — Alexis  St.  Martin 
— would  have  been  enough  to  recall  to  many 
medical  readers  what  William  Beaumont  did 
with  his  opportunity,  making  it  the  founda- 
tion of  our  modern  knowledge  of  the  physio- 
logy of  digestion.  The  extract  is  featureless 
without  such  knowledge.  In  like  manner  we 
would  gladly  know  something  of  the  lives 
of  those  whom  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
called  the  Brahmins  of  medicine — "  men 
who  raised  our  profession  above  the  dead 
level  of  business  " — Bo  veil  and  Hodder, 
Campbell,  Howard,  and  many  others. 

We  notice  with  pleasure  a  good  index  ; 
and  as  a  frontispiece  there  is  a  facsimile 
letter  from  Prof.  Osier  to  Dr.  Camac.  The 
form  of  the  book  is  exceptionally  good,  and 
the  cloth  binding  is  tastefully  tooled. 

New  Methods  of  testing  Explosives,  by 
C.  E.  Bichel,  translated  and  edited  by  Axel 
Larsen  (Griffin  &  Co.),  is  the  result  of 
investigation  into  the  suitability  of  ex- 
plosives for  use  in  mines  where  dangerous 
gas  or  dust  is  apt  to  accumulate.  The 
author  is  the  inventor  of  the  Carbonite 
explosives,  and  a  director  of  the  company 
manufacturing  them  at  Schlebusch,  near 
Hamburg.  Instead  of  using  the  Trauzl 
method  of  measuring  the  work  done  by  an 
explosive  by  firing  a  stemmed  cartridge  into 
a  cylindrical  lead  block,  Herr  Bichel  has  a 
pressure  gauge  of  special  construction,  and 
the  result  is  recorded  on  a  diagram,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  steam-engine  indicator.  The 
explosive  is  fired  or  detonated  in  a  steel 
cylinder,  and  the  products  of  combustion 
can  be  observed  after  the  explosion.  By  an 
apparatus  designed  by  Dr.  Mettegang,  one 
of  the  Carbonite  Company's  superintendent  I 


chemists,  and  with  the  aid  of  Berthelot's 
calorimeter,  the  heat  of  decomposition 
emitted  on  detonation  is  measured.  The 
rate  of  detonation  is  recorded  by  the  aid 
of  electricity,  and  comparative  photographs 
show  the  length  and  duration  of  the  flame 
and  the  afterflame. 

The  use  of  a  high  explosive  in  considerable 
quantity  would  in  general  give  greater 
efficiency  in  result,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
set  up  greater  heat  of  decomposition,  pro- 
longation of  detonation,  and  larger  and 
more  lasting  flame,  than  a  low  explosive  in 
small  quantity.  But  while  efficiency  is 
required,  the  heat,  prolonged  detonation, 
and  excessive  flame  would  be  sources  of 
danger  in  a  fiery  or  dusty  mine.  In  order 
to  obviate  these  dangers  a  charge-limite  (the 
term  was  applied  by  Watteyne  in  1903)  has 
to  be  fixed,  giving  the  maximum  quantity 
of  any  particular  explosive  that  can  safely 
be  used  in  such  a  mine.  Herr  Bichel's 
apparatus  and  experiments  enable  this 
limit  to  be  fixed  more  accurately  than  with 
the  older  tests,  and  at  the  same  time  give 
more  trustworthy  results  as  to  the  actual 
effect  of  explosion.  For  example,  it  is  not 
always  found  that  the  highest  explosive 
produces  the  greatest  result,  as  the  pressure 
developed  is  by  no  means  proportionate 
to  the  percussive  force,  and  miners  speak 
of  a  shot  of  high  percussive  force,  but  little 
resultant  pressure,  as  having  "  killed  itself." 

In  a  series  of  tables  at  the  end  of  the  book 
the  results  of  experiments  on  a  number  of 
explosives  (including  gunpowder,  guncotton, 
blasting  gelatine,  dynamite,  and  "  safety  " 
explosives)  are  given  partly  in  figures  and 
partly  by  diagrams.  From  these  it  appears 
that  while  the  pressure  developed  by  some 
of  the  higher  explosives  is  more  than  twice 
as  much  as  that  developed  by  the  same 
quantity  of  Carbonite — composed  of  nitro- 
glycerine, potassium,  and  barium  nitrates, 
and  a  carrying  medium — the  charge-limite 
for  the  safety  explosive  may  be  as  much  as 
two  hundred  and  twenty  times  as  great  as 
that  for  the  explosive  of  higher  efficiency. 
Consequently  the  use,  within  safe  limits,  of 
a  larger  quantity  of  comparatively  less 
efficient  explosive  will  yield  much  greater 
results. 

It  has  to  be  remembered  that  means  of 
testing,  designed  with  the  definite  intention 
of  proving  that  of  which  the  investigator 
is  instinctively  certain,  may  not  be  entirely 
successful  in  general  application,  but,  with 
this  reservation,  the  book  will  be  interesting, 
and,  properly  read,  instructive,  to  those 
who  desire  to  investigate  the  powers  of 
explosives. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Bailliere, 
Tindall  &  Cox  Maladies  caused  by  the  Air 
we  breathe  inside  and  outside  tlte  Home,  by 
Dr.  Oliver,  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the 
University  of  Durham.  The  volume  con- 
sists of  a  collection  of  tho  Harben  Lectures 
for  1905,  and  contains  illustrations  and  much 
matter  of  interest. 


HELIUM  AND  THE  TRANSMUTATION 
OF    ELEMENTS. 

The  story  of  helium  is  perhaps  one  of  the 
most  romantic  in  the  history  of  science  ; 
and  it  is  a  story  of  whioh  the  last  chapters 
are  still  unwritten.  Originally  Been  as  a 
spectrum  line  in  the  chromosphere  of  the 
sun,  it  was  discovered  on  the  earth  twenty- 
eight  years  later;  and  it  has  provided  the 
first  authentic  case  of  transmutation — a  pro- 
Mi  m  which  occupied  tho  alohemistS  from 
the  sixtli  century. 

On  August  18th,   1868.  an  eclipse  of  the 


302 


Til  K     ATI!  KWKl'M 


N°4O80,  Mabcb  10,  1906 


Mm  WSS  visi))lr  in   India.       Ainniij;  1 1 1<  ■-<    who 

olbifMil    it     win    the    celebrated    French 

astronomer  Jaiis.scn  ;    and   lor  the  lirst    tunc 

ii  peotrosoope  was  employed  to  analyse 
and  trace  to  fee  eouroee  the  1  i »_; l » t  evolved  by 
the  edge  or  "limb"  of  the  sun.  it  ap- 
peared thai  enormous  prominence*,  moving 
»it   mi  almost   incredible  rate,  wen-  doe  to 

hurricanes     of     hydrogen.      Tliat      the      gSS 

blown  out  beyond  the  shadow  of  the  moon 
was  really  hydrogen  was  revealed  by  tin- 
rod,  brae-green,  and  violet  linos  which 
characterize    its    spectrum.     Among    these 

linos  was  one  occupying  nearly  the  position 

of  the  two  lims  oharacterisl  to  of 1  be  spectrum 

of  glowing  sodium,  namod  1),  and  D.  by 
Fraunhofer  ;  and  this  third  lino  was  cha- 
racterised as  1)  by  Janssen.     On  October  20, 

186S.  Sir  Norman  Lockyer,  in  B  note  pre- 
sent od  to  the  Royal  Society  by  Dr.  Sharper, 
mentioned  that  he  had  "  established  the 
existence  of  three  bright  lines  "  in  the 
"  chromosphere,"  a  word  suggested  by 
Sharpey  to  denote  the  coloured  atmosphere 
surrounding  the  sun  ;  one  of  these  was 
"  near  D."  It  was  known  that  an  increase 
of  pressure  had  the  effect  of  broadening 
spectrum  lines  ;  and  Frankland  and  Sir 
Norman  Lockyer  were  at  first  inclined  to 
attribute  this  new  line  to  a  broadening  of 
the  sodium  lines,  owing  to  the  pressure  of 
the  uprush  of  gas,  causing  the  hurricane. 
However,  neither  this  hypothesis  nor  a  sub- 
sequent one,  that  the  new  yellow  line  might 
possibly  be  ascribed  to  hydrogen,  could  be 
maintained  ;  and  hence  the  line  was  attri- 
buted to  the  existence  of  an  element  in  the 
sun  unknown  on  the  earth,  and  the  name 
"  helium  "  was  chosen  as  an  appropriate 
reminder  of  the  habitat  of  the  element. 

Among  the  lines  visible  in  the  chromo- 
sphere, ten  are  always  observed.  Of  these, 
four  may  be  seen  in  the  hydrogen  spectrum, 
one  is  due  to  calcium,  and  four  to  helium  ; 
there  is  still  one  unidentified  with  the 
spectrum  of  any  known  element  ;  it  has 
the  wave-length  5316-87,  and  the  source 
has  been  named  "  coronium."  It  appears 
at  a  great  height  in  the  solar  atmosphere, 
and  it  is  conjectured  that  it  must  be  lighter 
than  any  known  gas. 

Shortly  after  the  discovery  of  argon  in 
1884,  the  notice  of  one  of  the  discoverers 
was  drawn  to  an  account  by  Dr.  Hille- 
brand,  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  of  the  presence  in  certain  ores 
containing  uranium  of  a  gas  which  could 
be  extracted  by  an  air-pump.  Hillebrand 
examined  the  spectrum  of  the  gas,  and 
supposed  it  to  be  nitrogen.  It  is  true 
that  he  saw  in  it  spectrum  lines  which  could 
hardly  be  ascribed  to  nitrogen  ;  but  on 
mentioning  the  fact  to  his  colleagues,  he 
was  bantered  out  of  his  quest,  and  did  not 
follow  up  the  clue.  Now  in  the  spring  of 
1895  attempts  were  being  made  to  cause 
argon  to  combine  ;  and  it  was  argued  that 
conceivably  Hillebrand's  gas  might  turn  out 
to  be  argon,  and  might  give  an  indication 
to  a  possible  compound.  Consequently,  a 
specimen  of  clevite — one  of  the  minerals 
which  Hillebrand  had  found  to  give  off  the 
supposed  nitrogen  in  largest  quantity — was 
purchased,  and  the  gas  was  collected  from 
it.  On  purification,  its  spectrum  showed 
the  presence  of  a  brilliant  yellow  line, 
almost  identical  in  position  with  the  yellow 
lines  of  sodium.  It  was  soon  evident  that 
the  solar  gas,  helium,  had  been  discovered 
on  the  earth.  • 

The  visible  spectrum  of  helium  is  com- 
paratively simple,  and  many  of  its  lines 
have  boon  identified  among'  those  of  the 
solar  chromosphere.  It  is  also  to  be  detected 
in  many  of  the  fixed  stars,  notably  Capella, 
Arcturus,   Pollux,   Sirius,  and  Vega.     It  is 


MM  Of  the  lightest  of  eases,  boing  only  twi  6 

m  heavy  as  hydrogen,  but  unliko  hydrogen, 
however,  its  molecules  consist  of  single 
litems,  trhereai  those  of  hydrogen  mrnakrl  of 

paired     atoms,     which    separate    Only    when 

bydrogen  enters  into  combination  with 
oxygen  or  other  elements.     This  peculiarity 

appears  to  render  liquefaction  of  helium 
almost   impossible;     for   while    hydrogen   bai 

been  liquefied,  and  boils  at  422°  Pahr.  below 
sen  \  helium  has  been  cooled  to  —  438°  Pahr., 

and  has  been  compressed  to  one -sixtieth  of 
its  ordinary  bulk,  and  yet  has  shown  no 
sign  of  liquefaction.  Indeed,  it  is  now  the 
only  "  permanent  "  gas,  for  it  has  never 
been  condensed  into  liquid  form. 

The  minerals  which  contain  helium  have 
one  thing  in  common  :  they  all  contain 
uranium  or  thorium,  or  lead,  or  a  mixture 
of  these.  Minerals  of  lead  alone  do  not 
show  the  presence  of  helium  ;  but  it  may  be 
stated  that  helium  is  an  invariable  con- 
stituent of  ores  of  uranium  and  thorium. 
It  was  at  first  supposed  that  such  minerals 
contain  helium  in  a  state  of  combination  ; 
but  this  view  could  not  be  substantiated, 
for  the  constituents  of  these  ores  do  not 
show  any  tendency  towards  combination 
with  helium.  The  connexion  of  this  with 
what  follows  is  very  remarkable. 

The  explanation  of  the  fact  that  com- 
pounds of  radium  discovered  by  Madame 
Curie  in  1901  are  permanently  at  a  tem- 
perature considerably  above  that  of  the 
atmosphere  and  that  they  are  continually 
emitting  corpuscules  of  high  velocity  wras 
given  by  Prof.  Rutherford  and  Mr.  Frederick 
Soddy  in  a  series  of  papers  communicated  to 
The  Philosophical  Magazine.  It  is  that 
radium  and  allied  bodies  are  "  disintegrat- 
ing " — that  their  atoms  are  spontaneously 
flying  to  bits.  Now  this  view,  although 
new  in  its  application  to  elements,  has  long 
been  known  to  hold  for  certain  compounds. 
There  is  a  fearfully  explosive  compound  of 
nitrogen  with  chlorine  which  on  the  least 
touch  resolves  itself  suddenly  into  its  con- 
stituent elements.  It  is  true  that  here  we 
have  a  molecule  composed  of  atoms  "  dis- 
integrating "  into  atoms  which  subsequent ly 
combine  to  form  new  molecules  of  nitrogen 
and  of  chlorine  ;  but  in  principle  an  analogy 
may  be  drawn  between  the  disruption  of 
the  molecules  of  an  explosive  compound 
and  the  disintegration  of  an  atom  into 
corpuscules.  Prof.  Rutherford  and  Mr. 
Soddy  showed,  however,  that  corpuscles 
which  have  been  proved  by  Prof.  J.  J. 
Thomson  of  Cambridge  to  be  exceedingly 
minute  are  not  the  only  products  of  dis- 
integration of  the  radium  atom  ;  the  proof 
was  adduced  that  among  these  products 
were  atoms  of  a  density  comparable  with 
that  of  hydrogen  and  helium.  This  hypothesis 
evidently  admitted  of  experimental  proof, 
and  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Soddy  I  col- 
lected the  "  emanation "  or  gas  evolved 
from  salts  of  radium.  We  showed  that  this 
gas,  presumably  of  high  density,  disinte- 
grates in  its  turn,  and  that  perhaps  7  per 
cent,  of  it  changes  into  helium.  What 
becomes  of  the  remaining  93  per  cent,  is 
as  yet  undecided  ;  still  some  hint  may  be 
gained  from  the  fact  that  a  constant  ratio 
exists  between  the  amount  of  helium  obtain- 
able from  a  mineral  and  the  weight  of  lead 
which  it  contains.  It  may  be  that  lead  forms 
the  ultimate  product,  or,  at  least,  one  of  the 
ultimate  products  of  the  disintegration  of 
the  atom  of  emanation.  Another  radio- 
active element,  actinium,  has  been  show  n 
by  its  discoverer  Debierno  also  to  yield 
helium  by  the  disintegration  of  the  emana- 
tion, or  gas,  which  it  continuously  evokes. 

This   disruptive   change  is  attended  by  a 
great  evolution  of  heat ;  for  the  radio-active 


elements  are    in  ■  sense    explosive ;    and 

explosions   an-    alws  mpaaisd    by   n 

of    ten,  para!  ore.     But     such    atomic 

explosions    surpass    in    <l'  an    ah. 

inconceivable  extent,  the  molecular 

-i"n-i  with  which  we  are  familiar.  Could 
••■•'  induce  a  fragment  of  radium  to  evolve 
all   it  v   at   once,   the   result    would    \>>) 

terrific,  for  in  the  energy  with  which  i», 
parts    during    its    fhangfi    it    surpasses    in 

explosive  power  our  ii,o-t  potent  gunootton 

by  millions  of  times.  It.  has  been  su 
that  to  this  or  similar  changes  are  due  the 
continued  high  temperature  of  the  sun  and? 
the  presence  of  helium  in  its  chromosphere. 
Dp  to  the  present  no  further  cases  of 
transmutation  have  been  observed  than  those 
mentioned  :  radium  and  actinium  into  their 
emanation,  and  these  emanations  into  helium. 
But  proof  is  accumulating  that  many  forms 
of  matter  with  which  we  are  familiar  are 
also  undergoing  similar  change,  but  at  a 
vastly  slower  rate.  "  The  mills  of  Cod 
grind  slowly  " — so  slowly  that  many  genera- 
tions of  men  must  come  and  go  before  ocular 
proof  is  obtained  of  the  products  of  such 
possible  transmutations. 

William  Ramsay. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOT1 

The  Corresponding  Societies  Committee 
of  the  British  Association  at  the  meeting  in 
South  Africa  selected  for  special  notice 
twenty-two  contributions  to  anthropology 
made  by  thirteen  local  societies  during  the 
year  ended  May  31st,  1905.  Two  societies, 
the  Essex  Field  Club  and  the  Somersetshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society, 
contribute  five  papers  each  to  the  list. 
Those  in  The  Essex  Naturalist  are  by  Mr. 
Russell  Larkby  on  the  evidences  of  pre- 
historic man  in  West  Kent,  by  Mr.  T.  V. 
Holmes  on  the  origin  of  the  term  "  sarsen 
stones,"  one  by  the  same  author  and  one  by- 
Mr.  F.  W.  Reader  on  wooden  water-pipes,, 
and  by  Mr.  Miller  Christy  on  the  remains  of- 
a  supposed  pile  dwelling  at  Woodham  Walter. 
Those  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Somerset- 
shire Society  are  one  by  Mr.  Houghton 
Spencer  and  one  by  Mr.  H.  St.  George  Gray 
on  the  excavations  at  Castle  Neroche, 
another  by  Mr.  Gray  on  excavations  at 
Small  Down  Camp,  near  Evercreech, 
one  by  the  same  author  and  Mr.  Bulleid 
on  the  Glastonbury  Lake  village,  and 
one  by  the  Rev.  H.  H.  Winwood  on 
excavations  at  Lansdown.  Those  two 
societies  are  certainly  to  be  congratulated 
on  the  amount  of  original  exploration  done 
by  their  members.  The  Bath  Natural 
History  and  Antiquarian  Field  Club  pub- 
lished papers  by  Mr.  J.  P.  E.  Falconer  on. 
ancient  interments  at  Newton  St.  Loe,  and 
other  recent  discoveries.  The  other  papers,, 
each  contributed  to  a  separate  local  society,, 
are  by  Mr.  Gower,  to  the  Croydon  Natural 
History  and  Scientific  Society,  on  flints- 
found  at  Waddon  Marsh  :  by  Sir  John  Evans,, 
to  the  Hertfordshire  Natural  History  Society. 
on  a  Neolithic  colt  found  near  Berkhamp- 
stead  Common  :  by  Dr.  Colley  March,  to  the 
Dorset  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian 
Field  Club,  on  two  examples  of  symbolism  p 
the  annual  anthropological  report  of  Mr. 
E.  Mevrick  to  the  Marlborough  College- 
Natural  History  Society  ;  the  presidential 
address  of  the  Rev.  F.  J.  Wrottesley  to  the 
North  Staffordshire  Field  Club,  on  the  origin 
of  the  manor,  and  village  and  tribal  com- 
munities ;  by  Mr.  Thomas  Sheppard,  to  the 
Hull  Scientific  and  Field  Naturalists'  Clubv 
on  the  Roman  villa  at  Harpham  ;  by  Mr. 
George  Benson,  to  the  Yorkshire  Philo- 
sophical  Society,    on   an    intrenclunent  on 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^SUM 


303 


Holgate  Hill  ;  by  Sir  J.  D.  Marwick,  to  the 
Royal  Philosophical  Society  of  Glasgow,  on 
primitive  and  early  markets  and  fairs  ;  by 
Mrs.  B.  Hobson,  to  the  Belfast  Naturalists' 
Field  Club,  on  some  souterrains  in  Antrim 
■and  Down  ;  and  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Collins,  to  the 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  Canada,  on 
man's  place  in  the  universe.  This  evidence 
•of  interest  in  anthropological  research  dis- 
played by  societies  in  all  parts  of  England, 
as  well  as  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Canada, 
is  very  satisfactory.  It  may  be  noted  that 
this  is  the  twenty-first  report  of  the  Corre- 
sponding Societies  Committee,  and  that  the 
new  departure  of  instituting  a  class  of 
"  associated  societies,"  as  distinct  from  the 
fully  "  affiliated  societies,"  promises  to  add 
to  the  usefulness  of  the  Committee's  labours. 
Among  important  papers  recently  read 
before  the  Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris, 
and  just  published  in  its  Bulletins  et  Memoir  es, 

»is  one  by  Dr.  Roux  entitled  '  Contributions 
to  the  Anthropological  Study  of  the  Annamite 
of  Tonkin,'  founded  on  observations  of  the 
native  soldiers.  Of  these,  the  men  in  the 
.artillery  and  sappers  in  the  engineer  corps 
are  more  robust  than  the  infantry.  The 
three  bodies  are  therefore  considered  sepa- 
rately. Full-length  front  and  side  views 
-are  supplied  of  ten  individuals,  and  the 
measurements  of  seventy.  To  these  the 
Author  adds  his  physiological,  psychological, 
and  pathological  observations  of  the  people. 
In  several  respects  he  is  disposed  to  give 
them  a  better  character  than  has  usually 
been  attributed  to  them,  and  he  thinks  that 
their  defects  are  to  some  extent  due  to  the 
bad  example  given  them  by  Europeans. 
They  are  untruthful  and  addicted  to  gamb- 
ling, but  do  not  quarrel  over  their  play.  The 
•use  of  opium  is  increasing  among  them.  M. 
Volkov  has  made  a  report  to  the  same 
Society  on  a  visit  to  Eastern  Galicia  and  to 
Bukowina,  in  Austria,  for  the  purpose  of 
anthropological  study,  in  which  he  repre- 
sented the  Society.  With  the  assistance  of 
«,  local  society  at  Lemberg,  he  was  able  to 
obtain  anthropometric  observations  of  238 
individuals  of  different  anthropological 
groups,  but  in  his  opinion  of  the  same  origin, 
differentiated  by  circumstances  of  residence 
and  of  occupation.  M.  Marcel  Baudouin 
devotes  much  labour  to  the  classification  of 
certain  scratches  on  bone  found  in  the  Gallo- 
Roman  necropolis  of  Troussepoil,  in  the 
"Vendee,  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  find  any 
indications  of  definite  purpose.  M.  Paul 
ti'Enjoy  has  an  interesting  paper  on 
"Chinese  penalties.  These  are  adjusted  to 
the  offence  with  a  precision  which  is  almost 
mathematical.  The  consequence  is  that 
equality  before  the  law  is  a  real  element  in 
•Chinese  jurisprudence.  The  instrument  with 
which  whipping  is  inflicted  must  be  of  a 
precise  length,  not  less  than  31 1  inches  nor 
more  than  31g  inches.  The  bastinado, 
which  is  the  next  in  degree  of  severity,  must 
"be  inflicted  with  a  bamboo  32  inches  long, 
and  not  less  than  17V  inch  nor  more  than 
1  ,-,7  inch  in  circumference.  It  is  the  penalty 
for  theft,  where  the  property  stolen  is  not 
worth  more  than  40  ounces  of  silver.  For 
a  theft  of  one  ounce  60  strokes  are  to  be 
awarded  ;  for  10  ounces,  70  strokes  ;  for 
20  ounces,  80  ;  for  30  ounces,  90  ;  and  for 
40  ounces,  100,  which  is  the  maximum 
«umber  of  strokes.  The  next  stage  is  im- 
prisonment with  hard  labour,  for  one  year 
up  to  three  years,  the  duration  being 
similarly  graduated  according  to  the  amount 
of  the  theft.  The  same  scientific  accuracy 
of  detail  is  applied  to  other  offences  and 
punishments.  Upon  a  sentence  of  death, 
if  the  right  of  appeal  bo  reserved,  the  whole 
case  is  thoroughly  re-examined  by  a  court 
of  three  judges. 


DR.  LE  BON'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  March  3,  1906. 

Mr.  Norman  Campbell  is  what  John  in 
the  Benbow  would  call  "  a  most  harbitrary 
gent."  Beginning  with  a  magisterial  warn- 
ing to  The  Athenaeum  not  to  speak  favour- 
ably of  Dr.  Le  Bon,  and  distributing  ex 
cathedra  sentences  of  ignorance  and  incom- 
petence, he  is  no  sooner  confronted  with 
proof  that  all  men  of  learning  do  not  agree 
with  him  than  he  flies  into  a  passion,  talks 
about  insults,  libels,  and  anonymous  insinua- 
tions, and,  in  a  style  apparently  borrowed 
from  Zola's  "  J'accuse,"  lets  fly  a  cloud  of 
unfounded  assumptions,  from  which  I  will 
only  quote  those  that  I  am  likely  to  unsay 
my  words  as  to  Mr.  Whet  ham's  review,  and 
that  I  must  preface  this  letter  with  a  string 
of  apologies. 

Under  cover  of  all  this  epanaphoral  fury, 
however,  Mr.  Campbell  has  in  more  than 
one  instance  shifted  his  ground.  At  first 
he  stated  that  the  opinion  of  the  majority 
of  those  qualified  to  judge  was  against  Dr. 
Le  Bon  ;  but  now  that  the  evidence  of  M. 
Dastre,  M.  Lucien  Poincare,  and  Prof,  de 
Heen  is  produced,  he  replies  that  these 
gentlemen  are  not  typical  of  the  first  rank 
of  physicists.  It  would  be  impertinent  in 
me  to  award  places  to  such  distinguished 
men  as  to  schoolboys  in  a  class,  so  I  will  add 
to  their  testimony  that  of  M.  Armand 
Gautier,  a  member  of  the  Institut,  who,  in  a 
letter  to  Dr.  Le  Bon  published  in  the  Revue 
Scientifique  of  February  13th,  1904,  speaks  of 

"  les  phenomenes  de  radio-activite,  dont  vous  avez 
ete  l'un  des  premiers  a  montrer  toute  la  generality 
et  Pimportance  aussi  bien  que  tout  l'interet  au 
point  de  vue  des  phenomenes  qui  serablent  nous 
montrer  la  dissociation  de  l'atome  simple  lui-meme." 

I  must  also  give  the  following  extract 
from  an  article  in  the  same  journal  on 
January  27th  last  by  M.  Painleve,  also  a 
member  of  the  Institut,  and  professor  at  the 
Sorbonne,  which  aptly  sums  up  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
case,  and  to  which  I  shall  have  to  refer 
later  : — 

"  En  definitive,  M.  Gustave  Le  Bon  me  parait 
avoir  emis  le  premier  l'hypothese  que,  sous  l'in- 
fluence  d'une  excitation  legere,  ou  meme  spontane- 
ment,  tous  les  corps  materiels  projettent  hors  d'eux- 
memes  quelque  chose  qui  ressemble  plus  aiix  rayons 
cathodiques  qu'a  la  lumiere  ordinaire.  Les  expe- 
riences et  les  idees  de  Gustave  Le  Bon  n'ont  trouve, 
d'ailleurs,  pendant  plusieurs  annees,  aucun  credit 
parmi  les  physiciens,  bien  que  certaines  fussent 
aeja  precises.  Apres  la  decouverte  du  radium,  a 
la  suite  de  multiples  experiences  que  l'intensite  des 
phenomenes  observes  permettait  de  rendre  saisis- 
santes,  alors  que  les  savants  hesitaient  et  hesitent 
encore  entre  les  diverses  explications  possibles, 
Gustave  Le  Bon  a  adopte  sans  reserve  l'hypothese 
d'aprea  laquelle  la  radio-activite  resulterait  d'une 
disintegration  spontanee  des  atonies  materiels  et 
serait  un  phenomene  absolument  general." 

This  is  a  question  not  of  physics,  but  of 
facts,  and  I  think  any  impartial  reader  will 
agree  that  the  five  scholars  whose  words  I 
have  given  are  at  least  as  qualified  to  judge 
in  the  matter  as  even  a  Cambridge  physicist. 
That  M.  Henri  Becquerel  did  say  that  Dr. 
Le  Bon  had  "  n'aucune  idee  des  phenomenes 
de  radio-activite  "  is  true  enough  ;  but  Mr. 
Campbell  omits  to  mention  that  to  this 
were  prefixed  the  words  "  au  moment  ou  il 
les  a  faites  " — the  "  les  "  in  question  being 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  communications  to  the  Aca- 
demic des  Sciences  in  1896  and  1897  ;  and 
that  M.  Becquerel — of  whom  I  desire,  to 
speak  with  every  respect — like  other  great 
scholars,  may  sometimes  make  a  mistake,  ns 
in  the  case  referred  to  in  to-day's  '  Research 
Notes.'  As  to  Dr.  Le  Bon's  own  words  in 
'  L' Evolution  do  la  Matiere  '  about  the 
storms   which   his   first  discoveries  evoked, 


they  are  taken  textually,  and  without  altera- 
tion, from  an  article  in  the  Revue  Scientifique 
of  October  17th,  1903,  and  it  is  evident, 
from  merely  comparing  them  with  those  of 
M.  Painleve  quoted  above,  that  they  refer 
to  a  state  of  things  now  happily  at  an  end. 
The  honour  conferred  upon  M.  Le  Bon  by 
the  Academie  Royale  de  Belgique,  as  noted 
in  last  week's  '  Science  Gossip,'  is  but  a  proof 
of  this,  and  will  no  doubt  prove  the  fore- 
runner of  others.  To  those  who  remember 
— as,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  I  do — the  aftermath 
of  the  tempest  raised  by  Darwin's  early 
researches,  Dr.  Le  Bon's  period  of  obloquy 
seems  to  have  been  remarkably  short. 

While  it  is  necessary  to  say  this  in  defence 
of  one  who  has  been,  in  my  opinion,  unjustly 
attacked,  I  do  not  propose  to  perform  the 
task  of  memoir-writing  and  the  like  set  me 
— one  can  almost  fancy  he  is  giving  me  an 
imposition  for  my  temerity — by  Mr.  Camp- 
bell, or  to  traverse  in  detail  in  this  letter 
his  objections  to  the  one  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
many  experiments  which  he  now  challenges, 
although  here,  too,  the  balance  of  evidence 
is  against  him.  To  do  so  with  an  adversary 
at  once  so  embittered  and  so  elusive  as  he 
woidd  tax  the  patience  of  both  the  editor 
and  the  readers  of  The  Athenaeum  beyond 
all  limits,  nor,  if  Mr.  Campbell  succeeded  in 
invalidating  the  experiment  in  question, 
would  it  alter  my  opinion  of  the  soundness 
of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  doctrine  one  jot.  That  Dr. 
Le  Bon,  working  for  the  most  part,  like 
Faraday,  without  the  help  of  mathematical 
analysis  or  the  magnificent  resources  in  the 
way  of  apparatus  of  the  Cavendish  Labo- 
ratory, may  have  once  or  twice  stumbled, 
is  likely  enough  ;  but  if  this  were  the  case 
— which  I  do  not  admit — would  he  differ  in 
that  from  many  physicists  whose  claim  to 
the  very  first  rank  is  undisputed  ?  Not  to 
drag  M.  Becquerel's  name  again  into  the 
matter,  did  not  Sir  William  Crookes  at  first 
think  that  the  vanes  of  his  radiometer 
revolved  under  the  impact  of  light  ?  and 
did  not  Lord  Kelvin,  at  the  Cambridge 
meeting  of  the  British  Association,  frankly 
retract  his  formerly  expressed  opinion  as 
to  the  energy  of  radium  being  derived  from 
external  sources  ?  That  Dr.  Le  Bon  is 
neither  an  unskilled  nor  a  crack-brained 
experimenter  seems  to  me  to  need  no  demon- 
stration after  the  references  I  have  before 
given  from  Prof.  Rutherford,  Prof.  Fleming, 
Prof,  de  Heen,  Dr.  Parodi,  and  again  M. 
Painleve. 

I  pass  on  to  the  one  really  important  point 
where  Mr.  Campbell  differs  from  Dr.  Le  Bon, 
and  that  is  with  regard  to  the  emanation. 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  position,  as  I  understand  it, 
is  that  all  substances  emit  an  emanation 
which  forms  a  necessary  stage  alike  in 
the  dissociation  of  matter  and  in  the 
emission  of  rays  and  electrically  charged 
particles.  To  this  Mr.  Campbell  replies 
that,  although  in  his  own  and  Prof.  J.  J. 
Thomson's  experiments,  this  emanation  has 
been  observed  in  the  case  of  a  great  number 
of  substances,  there  is  yet  no  evidence  that 
it  extends  to  all ;  and  I  freely  admit  that  this 
is  the  part  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  hypothesis  which 
requires  to  be  further  fortified  by  experiment. 
In  the  special  case  of  uranium,  which  alone 
of  the  so-called  radio-active  bodies  cannot 
be  shown  to  emit  an  emanation,  Dr.  Le  Bon 
has  said  that,  in  his  opinion,  it  has  one, 
though  it  has  not  yet  been  detected,  or.  in 

his  own  words  ('  1/ Evolution  de  la  Matiere,' 
p.  129),  "  L'uranium  n'en  donne  pas  assea 
pour  que  les  react ifs  puissont  le  reveler." 
As  1  willingly  accept  Mr.  Campbell's  state- 
ment that  he  has  rend  every  word  that  Dr. 
Le  Bon  has  published  on  physical  questions, 
I  can  only  suppose  that  he  forgot  this  when 
he  wrote  in  his  first  letter  that  uranium  gavo 


:;iu 


Til  K     A  Til  KX.KTM 


X   1089,  Masch  1-',  1906 


m>  emanation,  and  thai  "  Dr.  Le  Boo  doei 
not  appear  num.-  m  tiii--  elementary  fact." 
However  that  maj  be,  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  too 
often   been  right   in  mnch  greater  matters 

4 « •  i    mi-  not   to  trust   him  on  this  point,  anil   1 

believe  that  before  long  tin-  generality  of 
tin-  emanation  will  !><•  proved.  For  the 
present,  it  remains-  as,  for  that  matter, 
dot  i  tht  i  sistence  of  the  ether  or  the  electrons 
— n  matter  of  dednetion  without  experi- 
mental proof. 

Finally,  let  me  say  that   I  have  no  wish  to 

untir  without  cause  at  the  Cavendish 
Laboratory  or  its  members.  In  one  instance 
of  late  its  prestige  seems  to  me  to  have  been 
rather  unwarrantably  used  in  the  daily  press, 

but.  a-  more  will  probably  he  heard  of  that 
matter.  I  will  say  nothing  further  about  it 
here.  There  has  also  been  much  stuff  put 
forward  lately  from  the  same  quarter  about 
its  being  "  the  headquarters  of  the  New 
Physics.''  a  contention  which  can  hardly 
be  seriously  maintained;  nor  can  I  even 
admit  .Mr.  Campbell's  claim  that  its 
workers,  singly  or  collectively,  represent 
the  opinion  of  the  scientific  world.  I  like 
to  think  of  science  as  a  republic  where 
one  man,  one  vote,  is  the  rule  ;  and,  with 
the  thousands  of  eager  students  of  nature 
now  at  work  in  Paris,  Berlin,  Leyden,  and 
even  in  distant  Tokyo  and  Kyoto  —  to 
mention  only  a  few  names,  and  to  say  no- 
thing of  our  other  universities  in  the  capital, 
the  provinces,  and  the  colonies — it  takes 
some  time  to  get  a  plebiscite. 

Meanwhile,  all  physicists,  whether  humble 
or  great,  will  do  well  to  judge  every  theory 
that  comes  before  them  on  the  evidence 
alone,  and  without  regard  to  national  or 
local  prejudice.  Every  Englishman  must 
be  proud  of  the  excellent  work  done  by 
Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  and  the  band  of  workers 
he  has  gathered  round  him  at  the  Cavendish 
Laboratory.  But  from  this  to  giving  them 
the  right  to  decide  pontifically  on  questions 
of  science  is  a  long  step,  and  one  which  Mr. 
Campbell  in  his  cooler  moments  will  hardly 
wish  us  to  take.  F.  L. 


SOCIETIES. 

GEOLOGICAL.— Feb.  21.— Sir  Archibald  (Jeikie, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  Herbert  Bolton, 
Mr.  J.  Cross,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Hilgcndorf  were 
elected  Fellows.  The  following  communications 
were  read  :  'The  Constitution  of  the  Interior  of 
the  Earth,  as  revealed  by  Earthquakes,'  by  Mr.  R. 
Dixon  Oldham,— and  '  The  Tarannon  Series  of 
Tarannon,'  by  Miss  Ethel  M.  R.  Wood. 


SOCIETY  of  Antiquaries.—  March  1.— Lord 
Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair.— This  being  an 
evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows,  no 
papers  were  read.  The  following  gentlemen  were 
elected  Fellows  :  Messrs.  J.  C.  Gould,  C.  Thomas- 
Stanford,  H.  S.  Moore,  H.  W.  Hohnan,  and 
W.  H.  Dnignan,  and  the  Hon.  Oliver  Howard. 


Lonnean.  —March  7.— Prof.   W.   A.   Herdman, 

President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  Hugh  Findon,  Mr. 
J.  E.  Radi  liffe  McDonagh,  Mr.  T.  Bawkes RusselL 
and  Mr.  E.  J.  Schwartz  were  elected  Fellows. — 
Dr.  I).  H.  Scott  described  'A  New  Type  of  Stem 
from  the  Coal-Measnres,'  the  stem  being  one  of  the 
many  interesting  fossils  obtained  from  the  pit  at 
Bhore-Littleborough  in  Lancashire,  opened  up  for 
scientific  purposes  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Batoliflte.— Prof. 
F.  W.  Oliver,  Mr.  \V.  C.  Woredell,  Prof.  A.  <i. 
Tanslev,  and  the  President  joined  in  the  dis- 
cussion.—A  paper  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Sorby,  containing 
'  Notes  on  some  Speoies  of  Nereis  in  the  District  of 
the  Thames  Estuary,' was  read,  with  introductory 
and  explanatory  observations,  by  the  Zoological 
Secretary.-  The  President  and  Mr.  A.  D.  Michael 
contributed  some  additional  remarks. -The  last 
paper,  'Membranous  Labyrinths  of  Eohinorhinus 
and  Ccstracion,'  by  Prof.  ( '.  Stewart,  a  continua- 
tion of  a  recent  paper,  was  read  in  title. 


Zoolocn  \i..     /•',/,.    jo.     Mi.    (..    \.    Boulenger, 
V.I'.,  m  tin-  i  ban.     The  B<  read  ■  report 

on  tin'  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  Jam 
and    called    special  attention   to    i     now  leopard 
(Felit  uneia)  presented  bj  Majoi  A.  II.  Bnstey,  an 
Aaid    woli    [Prottlea  •  and  a   salt-ms 

oavy  [Dolichotit  aalinicoU^).  Ih-  a]  o  read  ■<■  lettca 
from  Major-General  Bir  Reginald  Talbot,  Gorernoi 
of  Viotoria,  giving  an  aooount  ol  the 
bici ding  of  a  mule  Mi.  I'..  I.  PooOck  exhibited  a 
photograph  of  a  ring-tailed  lemut  [Lemur  <<ttt<t) 
oarrying  its  young  on  its  ha'-k.  Dr.  A.  Smith 
W<  odWard  exhibited  a  new  drawing  of  the  skeleton 
of  the  Triaasio  Rhynchooephalian,  RhynchotamrHt 
articepa,  from  the  Keeper  Sandstone  of  Shropshire, 
and    pointed    out    the    diili  o  in  •-    between    1 1 » i  — 

am  H  nt  reptile  and  t  he  modern  S]>hcn<  don. — Mr.  L. 

Donoaster  ami  the  Rev.  <;.  H.  Raynor  communi- 
cated a  paper  on  breeding  experiments  they  had 
made  with  Lepidoptera.  The  species  used 
Angerond  prunarta  and  its  var.  sordiaia,  and 
Abraxas  grosevlariata  and  its  var.  lacticolor. —  Mr. 
W.  1'.  Pycraft  read  a  paper  on  the  '  Traeheophone 
I'assi  res,'  which  he  described  as  a  group  differing 
from  all  the  remaining  Passeres  in  the  formation  of 
the  syrinx. — A  paper  by  Messrs.  Oldfield  Thomas 
and  Harold  Schwann  was  read,  giving  an  account 
of  a  collection  of  mammals  made  by  Mr.  C.  H.  B. 
Grant  at  Knysna,  and  presented  to  the  National 
Museum  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Rudd.  The  collection  con- 
sisted of  about  150  specimens,  belonging  to  SI 
species  or  subspecies,  of  which  the  most  noticeable 
was  Mrs.  Rudd's  golden  mole  (Amhlysomiis  corrite). 
— A  communication  from  Prof.  Bashford  Dean  con- 
tained an  account  of  the  habits  of  the  Australian 
lung-fish  {Ceralodus  forsteri),  as  observed  by  him  in 
the  Society's  menagerie. 


Microscopical. — Feb.  21. — Dr.  Dukinfield  H. 
Scott,  President,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  Waldron 
Griffiths  described  his  method  for  mounting  deli- 
cate vegetable  tissues  in  xylol-balsam,  and  ex- 
hibited under  microscopes  some  excellent  specimens. 
— Mr.  Beck  exhibited  and  described  an  optical 
bench  for  microscopic  illumination  with  ordinary 
or  monochromatic  light. — Dr.  Hebb  exhibited  an 
objective  designed  by  Wenham  in  1870,  and  made 
by  Ross,  to  be  used  either  as  a  dry  or  water  im- 
mersion lens. — Mr.  Walter  Rosenhain  described  a 
new  form  of  metallurgical  microscope.  To  obtain 
great  stability,  Mr.  Rosenhain  attaches  the  body, 
which  carries  the  optical  portion  and  the  illumi- 
nating appliances,  rigidly  to  the  limb,  which  is  of 
a  novel  form.  It  is  carried  on  trunnions  of  large 
diameter,  the  friction  of  which  holds  the  instru- 
ment securely  at  any  angle  of  inclination.  The 
stage,  as  in  most  metallurgical  microscopes,  is 
made  to  move  up  and  down  on  the  optical  axis,  and 
the  focussing  is  done  entirely  by  the  coarse  and 
fine  adjustments  attached  thereto.  The  stage  has 
the  usual  rectangular  motions  and  can  be  com- 
pletely rotated.  The  instrument  is  fitted  with 
various  illuminators  suitable  for  opaque  objects  ; 
and  a  super-stage  can  be  attached  for  examining 
transparent  objects. — Mr.  Earland  gave  an  abstract 
of  a  paper  by  Mr.  W.  P.  Dollman  '  On  a  Method 
of  producing  Stereo-photomicrographs.'  A  numl>er 
of  exceedingly  good  stereoscopic  prints  were  ex- 
hibited in  illustration  of  the  paper. — Mr.  Taverner 
read  a  short  paper  '  On  a  Simple  Method  of  taking 
Stereo-photomicrographs  and  of  mounting  the 
Prints  without  Cutting.'  Though  these  two  papers 
were  upon  the  same  subject,  the  methods  of  the 
authors  were  different,  and  Mr.  Dollman,  who 
resides  in  Australia,  limits  his  operations  to  very 
low  powers,  giving  amplifications  of  nine  to  twenty 
diameters  only.  He  uses  a  Stop  in  front  of  the 
objective,  and  exposes  first  one  side  of  the  lens  and 
then  the  other,  as  he  takes  his  two  Btereosoopic 
pictures.  Mr.  Taverner  uses  higher  powers  and  a 
peculiar  stop  at  the  back  of  the  objective.  The 
authors  adopt  a  similar  arrangement  for  obviating 
the  necessity  of  cutting  tho'prints. — Mr.  Rousselel 
gave  an  abstract  of  a  paper  from  the  Hon.  T. 
Kirkman,  'A  Second  List  of  Rotifers  of  Natal,'  in 
which  the  author  describes  a  remarkable  new 
species,  Obpeut  triaiit/ulatttx. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — March  (i. — 

Sir  Alexander  R.  Binnie,  President,  in  the  chair. — 

It  was  announced    that  six  Associate  Members   had 
been  transferred  to  the  class  of  Members,  and  that 


Fi\.-  Membi  ■•l<-m- 

ted. 


Roi  m   I  irenn  not.     March 
Northumberland,  President,  in  the  chair.     M 

i,   Mr.    A.    W.    ol.-,    Mr.    N.    M.  0 
H.  F  Pooley,  Mr.   H  r,  and  Mr.  A    1: 

Thomas  n 


hi r    or  1  Mm  i    '•■  —  Mr. 

Maurice  Wilson,  President,  in  tin;  shear.-  A  papei 
read  on  'Submerged  Chain-Cable  Gn 

Mr.  K.  (J.  Allunsoii-W'inij. 


Ti  >-. 


Win. 


HEJCTDKM  SKXT  WF.F.K. 

'.    of   Art*.    1— '  Hir    I or.  'ion. 

Lectoro  I    Prof.  V.  B.  Li 
Burreyors' Umrtitutlon,  notion   and 

Transport  in  London.'  Mr   W    Uc.muii. 

ipnical,     -  Journal     in     the     It  hod  ope 

BaTk&ni    '     I    t     It.  Maunsell. 
Asiatic,  4.— 'Saraadand  Aunngzeh,   Mr.  W.  I 
Royal   Institution,    6.— 'Food   ind    Nutrition,     Lecture   W. 

1*1  '-f       \\        Btl 

Colonial  Institute,  fl.—' V  ;ji  t  in  the  West  Indies 

Mi-  <  .  cii-  Tliii-rry. 
Institution  of  Ciwl  Ki,.'ii  ■  ■ :-. ».— 'The  Widncs  and  Runcorn 

Tfan*port«r-Brid(e,'  II  r  .1    1    Webster. 
Anthro|,ological.    K.15.  —  '  l'ala-olitliic    Implement*    from    tbe 

Neighhourho<xl  of  Southampton,'  Mr    W.   Dale;   'Material* 

lor  the  Study  of  Tatu  in  liuniu  .    It    <     Hoee  and  Mr.  1!    li. 

Bhelford. 
Uritii-li  Arademv,  5—  'The  Problem  of  Spelling  Reform,' Rer. 

Prof.  Bkeat. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  h  — '  Iu)i*ri;il  Organization  from  a  Dullness 

Point  "f  View,'  Mr.  Geoffrey  Di 

—  Sociological,  h .— '  Bearing  of  Recent  Advances  in  Biology  upon 

Sociological  Problems.  Prof.  J.  A.  Thomson. 

—  TajUL—  Pilgrims  to  Ise.   Mr.  J.  Morris. 
Tunis.  Royal,  i.:u>. 

—  Society  of  Aits,  -1  30.— 'The  languages  of  India  and  tbe  Lin- 

guistic Snrrer,  Iir.  O.  A.  Orierson. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.—  The  Physiology  of  Plants,'  Lecture  ILL, 

Mr.  F.  Darwin. 

—  Historical.  5.—' A  Chanter  in  Roman  Frontier  History:  the 

Annexation  beyond  the  Rhine.   Prof.  H.  F.  Pelham. 

—  Linnean.    8.— Discussion    on    '  The    Origin  of   Gymnosperms.' 

opened  hy  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver. 

—  Chemical,   ». 30. —'The  Interaction  of  Well-dried  Mixtures  of 

Hydrocarbons  and  Oxygen,' Messrs.  W.  A.  Done  ami  G    N 
Andrew;    'The    K.vplosne    Coml.ustion    of   Hydrocar 
Messrs.   W.   A.   Bone   and  J.  Drugnian ;   and    three   other 
Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30.— 'Notes   on    the   Priory 
Pancraa  at  Lewes.'  Mr.  w  H.  St.  John  I 

Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  s.— Din  u--iun  on  '  Large 

Locomotive  Pollers.' 
Royal  Institution,  ».— 'How  to  Improre  Telephony,'  Mr.  W. 

Duddell. 
Royal  Institution,  3.— 'The  Corpuscular  Theory  of   Matter. 
Lecture  III.,  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson. 


FBI. 


Sat. 


SfxttlttK  (5fl55ip. 

Mb.  Arthur  Stanley  Eddixotox,  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  Senior 
Wrangler  in  1904,  has  been  appointed  one 
of  the  Chief  Assistants  at  the  Royal  Obser- 
vatory, Greenwich,  in  consequence  of  Mr. 
Dyson'p  removal  to  Edinburgh. 

We  alluded  some  time  ago  to  the  projected 
starting  at  Lahore  of  a  quarterly  journal 
specially  devoted  to  the  study  of  tropical 
veterinary  science.  The  first  number  of 
this  periodical  has  now  been  published  at 
Calcutta,  and  the  editorial  preface  states 
that  it  has  been  instituted 

"with  the  object  of  providing  a  means  for  the 
bringing  about  of  that  international  interchange 
of  ideas  demanded  by  modem  research,  and  of 
affording  a  medium  for  the  publication  of  articles 
dealing  with  veterinary  pathology  and  the  allied 
sciences,  as  met  with  in  all  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
oonntriea." 

The  principal  contributors  are  Prof.  Lingard 
(Bacteriologist  to  the  Indian  Government), 
Mr.  R.  E.  Montgomery,  Capt.  F.  S.  Baldrey, 
and  Major  H.  T.  Pease  (Principal  of  the 
Punjab  Veterinary  College).  The  last  tlvree 
are  joint  editors  of  the  Journal,  and  Messrs. 
Thacker,  Spink  &  Co.  are  the  publishers. 

Thari  and  Gyantse  in  Tibet  are  to  be 
made  meteorological  reporting  stations. 

Father  Schwab,  Director  of  the  obser- 
vatory of  the  Benedictine  establishment  at 
Krcmsmunster,  has,  at  his  own  request,  been 
relieved  of  the  duties  of  that  office,  and 
Father  Thiemo  Schwarz,  for  some  time  past 
his  assistant,  has  been  appointed  to  succeed 
him  as  Director,  whilst  Dr.  Bonifa*  Zolss 
takes  the  place  of  assistant. 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


305 


Dr.  Francesco  Porro,  professor  at  the 
University  of  Genoa  and  Director  of  the 
Meteorological  Observatory,  has  been  ap- 
pointed, by  the  Government  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  Director  of  the  National 
Astronomical  Observatory  at  La  Plata. 


FINE   ARTS 


THREE    EXHIBITIONS. 

DUTCH   WATER-COLOURS  :     SIR   JOHN 
day's   COLLECTION. 

Messrs.  Obach  have  now  on  view  at  their 
gallery  in  Bond  Street  a  third  instalment  of 
Sir  John  Day's  collection  of  modern  pictures. 
The  two  portions  previously  shown  consisted 
of  French  oil  paintings  by  the  various 
members  of  the  Barbizon  School  and  modern 
Dutch  oil  paintings.  The  present  exhibi- 
tion contains  Dutch  water-colour  drawings. 
The  presence  of  characteristic  works  by  the 
brothers  Jacob  and  Willem  Maris  (by  the 
former  of  whom  there  are  no  fewer  than 
thirteen  examples),  of  four  by  Anton  Mauve, 
six  by  Bosboom,  and  five  each  by  Mesdag 
and  Josef  Israels,  causes  the  collection  to  be 
admirably  representative  of  the  greatest 
names  of  modern  Dutch  water-colour  art. 

The  native  grace  and  refinement  which 
characterize  the  school,  its  air  of  quietude, 
its  pervading  sense  of  harmony — above  all, 
its  skill  in  rendering  the  finest  variations  in 
atmospheric  effects  associated  with  cloudy 
skies — are  seen  to  the  fullest  advantage, 
especially  in  the  examples  of  the  work  of 
Anton  Mauve  and  Jacob  Maris.  Of  those 
by  Mauve,  which  are  all  scenes  of  shepherd- 
ing, The  Return  of  the  Flock  arrests  attention 
by  reason  of  its  exquisite  feeling  and  har- 
mony of  tone.  The  road  and  the  sky  are 
rendered  as  one  in  hue  in  the  soft  misty 
light,  and  become  indistinguishably  one  in 
the  receding  distance.  The  simplicity  of  the 
result  tends  somewhat  to  obscure  the  per- 
ception of  the  subtlety  of  method  whereby 
it  has  been  brought  about.  The  note  of 
colour  in  the  light  seen  in  the  window  is 
admirably  proportioned,  and  effects  just  the 
requisite  contrast.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  the  blue  of  the  shepherd's  smock  and  the 
green  of  the  herbage  in  Opening  the  Gale. 

The  power  of  Jacob  Maris  is  shown  in 
more  variety.  He  has  the  same  delicacy  of 
conception,  but  a  wider  range  of  vision, 
though  Mauve  excels  him  in  depth  of  feeling 
and  in  spontaneity.  Of  his  drawings  of 
Dutch  towns,  seen  usually  across  the  water 
of  a  canal  or  harbour,  the  most  elaborate  is 
the  Dordrecht,  in  which  the  arrangement  of 
the  light,  with  the  lower  part  in  shadow  and 
a  shaft  of  sunlight  breaking  on  the  tower  of 
the  cathedral,  is  at  once  bold  and  impressive. 
His  Delft  and  Windmills  present  a  very  soft 
and  attractive  harmony  of  tones,  as  also 
does  the  seapiece  A  Rainy  Day.  A  certain 
intimacy  of  feeling  and  sympathy  in  the 
Ploughing  suggests  study  of  Millet,  whose 
influence  upon  Dutch  art  is,  however,  seen 
most  potently  in  the  work  of  Israels. 

The  more  pastoral  nature  of  the  art  of 
Willem  Maris  is  well  exemplified  in  his 
Spring  Time  and  Milking  Time.  They 
possess  a  charming  delicacy  of  execution. 
We  may  almost  see  the  freshness  of  the 
herbage  just  after  rain.  A  very  effective 
and  harmonious  scene  by  Weissenbruch, 
Near  Antwerp,  shows  how  the  influence  both 
of  Mauve  and  Jacob  Maris  lias  affected  the 
art  of  the  older  school  of  Dutch  painters. 

Mesdag,  in  contrast  with  his  contem- 
poraries among  Dutch  landscape  painters, 
lias  been  characterized  by  Muthcr  as  pre- 


eminently a  realist.  The  others  are  sub- 
jective ;  they  seek  in  nature's  reality  the 
interpretation  of  moods  of  thought,  he  seeks 
rather  to  paint  with  fidelity  what  he  sees. 
So  in  Fishing-Boats  at  Anchor  :  Evening,  the 
turbulence  of  the  sky,  with  the  clouds 
grinding  in  masses  against  each  other,  seems 
somewhat  out  of  harmony  with  the  effect 
produced  by  the  line  of  boats  at  anchor  and 
the  gently  heaving  mass  of  the  water.  In 
The  Coming  Storm,  by  Tholen,  whose  work 
has  much  in  common  with  that  of  Mesdag, 
the  atmospheric  effects  are  rendered  with 
great  power  and  verisimilitude. 

The  various  examples  of  Bosboom  reveal 
his  accessibility  to  the  influence  of  the 
naturalist  school.  His  interest  in  the  prob- 
blems  connected  with  the  incidence  of  light 
in  interiors  led  to  a  close  study  of  Pieter  de 
Hooch  and  others  of  the  earlier  masters, 
and  we  may  contrast  his  Dutch  Cathedral, 
with  its  firm,  true,  yet  hard  drawing  of 
architecture  and  of  the  various  groups  of 
figures,  which  have  a  look  of  Teniers's 
cavaliers,  and  the  clear-cut  precision  of  its 
lighting,  with  the  looser,  freer  treatment  of 
a  similar  subject,  the  Interior  of  a  Cathedral, 
which  he  executed  in  the  year  1887. 

Of  the  various  works  in  genre,  those  of 
Josef  Israels  are  pre-eminent  in  fineness  of 
quality  combined  with  a  certain  idyllic  grace. 
Mending  the  Nets,  a  study  of  two  girls 
sitting  on  the  seashore,  exhibits  his  power 
very  characteristically  in  the  softness  and 
delicacy  of  its  outlines  and  the  perfect  har- 
mony of  its  colour  ;  and  Sewing,  where  a 
woman  is  seen  seated  at  work,  facing  a 
window — the  light  from  which  touches  her 
white  cap  and  marks  the  profile  of  her  face 
— is  a  noteworthy  example  of  his  dignity 
and  feeling.  Among  the  other  painters  of 
genre  Israels' s  influence  has  apparently  pre- 
dominated. It  is  very  perceptible  in  the 
works  of  Blommers  and  Neuhuys,  and  is 
present  to  a  less  degree  in  Artz's  Sewing 
School,  though  in  this  the  rigidity  and 
comparative  hardness  of  outline,  the  minute- 
ness of  detail,  and  the  manner  of  treatment 
of  the  light  point  strongly  to  the  influence 
of  Pieter  de  Hooch. 

'  AVIEMORE    AND    THE    HIGHLANDS  '    AT    THE 
MODERN    GALLERY. 

The  water-colour  drawings  by  Miss  Ger- 
trude Martineau  and  Miss  Edith  Martineau, 
A.R.W.S.,  now  on  view  at  the  Modern 
Gallery,  Bond  Street,  consist  of  sketches  of 
Higliland  scenery,  together  with  some  of 
places  in  Norway  and  of  English  rural  scenes, 
various  flower  studies,  and  some  figure  sub- 
jects. The  last  named  are  by  Miss  Edith 
Martineau,  who  has  a  somewhat  wider  range 
than  her  sister,  though  the  work  of  the  two 
has  a  strong  similarity.  In  the  case  of 
each  it  is  of  very  even  quality  and  maintains 
a  careful  standard  of  execution.  Miss  Edith 
Martineau  has  less  feeling  for  the  grandeur 
of  Nature  ;  she  seeks  rather  to  depict  her 
more  intimate  and  sylvan  or  garden  moods. 
Such  sketches  as  the  Cottage  near  Bosbury, 
Herefordshire,  or  Evening  at  Chiddingford,  a 
cottage  with  fruit  trees  in  blossom  and  two 
children  in  a  field,  by  their  daintiness  of 
arrangement  and  execution  and  by  their 
prettiness — to  employ  a  much-abused  term 
in  its  better  sense — have  an  affinity  to  the 
work  of  Mrs.  Allingham  and  to  the  landscape 
sketches  of  Kate  Greenaway,  and  for  deli- 
cacy and  fidelity  Miss  Martineau's  work  is 
very  little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  theirs.  The 
Sandhills  at  IAttlehampton  and  Late,  Autumn 
on  Hampstead  Heath  are  pleasing  examples 
of  her  freer  work  in  landscape,  the-  changing 
colours  of  the  birch  and  bracken  in  the  latter 
being  interpreted  with  great  verisimilitude. 


Of  various  very  careful  drawings  of  flowers 
we  may  instance  the  Sea-holly,  the  Flowering 
Rush,  and  Carnations  as  among  the  most 
pleasing.  Of  the  work  in  portraiture  the 
most  noteworthy  is  the  Mrs.  Lister  ;  in 
At  tlie  Piano  the  sleeve  of  the  dress  of  the 
seated  figure  shows  very  successfully  Miss 
Martineau's  skill  in  interpreting  fabrics. 
It  was,  however,  we  think,  a  mistake  to 
insert  the  reflection  of  the  hand  on  the  lid 
of  the  keyboard ;  its  presence  certainly 
excites  surprise. 

Except  for  a  few  sketches  in  Norway  and 
Sark,  the  work  of  Miss  Gertrude  Martineau 
treats  entirely  of  the  country  round  about 
Aviemore.  Much  of  the  grace  and  some- 
thing of  the  stern  charm  of  Highland  scenery 
find  expression  in  the  various  sketches  of  the 
mountains  round  about  Loch-an-Eilan  and 
of  the  fir  trees  which  fringe  its  sides,  some  of 
the  latter  especially  being  of  great  fidelity 
of  workmanship  and  entirely  successful  in 
effect.  Of  many  pleasing  drawings,  the  Lily 
Loch,  near  Aviemore,  is,  perhaps,  the  most 
fascinating.  The  Fairy  Knoll,  also  near 
Aviemore,  exhibits  great  delicacy  of  touch  ; 
and  the  clearness  of  the  atmosphere 
steeped  in  autumn  sunlight  is  excellently 
rendered.  In  some  of  the  scenes  extending 
over  a  wider  expanse  the  artist's  vision 
is  rather  too  photographic,  and  the 
over-insistence  upon  detail  lessens  the 
general  effect. 

the  painter-etchers. 

The  gregarious  instinct  which  is  held  to 
be  one  of  the  special  characteristics  of  civilized 
humanity  cannot  be  said  to  be  an  important 
factor  in  regulating  the  conduct  of  such  part 
of  it  as  follows  the  practice  of  art.  In  art, 
at  any  rate,  the  tendency  is,  and  always  has 
been,  to  segregate  and  dwell  apart.  "  Se 
tu  sarai  solo  tu  sarai  tutto  tuo  " — so  Leon- 
ardo wrote  as  a  precept  for  the  student,  and 
the  words  serve  as  his  own  apologia.  In 
order  to  emphasize  this  self-possession  and 
thereby  render  it  more  fully  patent  to  the 
observer,  the  artist  under  present-day  con- 
ditions tends  to  exhibit  apart  also.  The 
disintegrating  process  is  apparently  inevit- 
able, and  forms  part  of  the  law  of  progress 
in  art.  The  influence  of  academies  and 
royal  societies  could  do  little,  if  anything,  to 
restrict  it ;  but  a  sense  of  fairness  constrains 
us  to  add  that  they  do  not  seem  at  all  con- 
cerned to  make  any  such  attempt.  Con- 
sequently, at  the  time  of  the  twenty-fourth 
annual  exhibition  of  a  Royal  Society,  what- 
ever may  have  been  the  aegis  of  its  inception, 
it  becomes  almost  axiomatic  to  observe  that 
if  the  art  with  which  it  concerns  itself  be  in  a 
condition  of  productive  vitality,  the  proof 
of  this  will  be  as  apparent  outside  of  as 
within  its  precincts.  The  contents  of  the 
present  exhibition,  as  compared  with  others 
of  an  independent  character,  establish  tins 
in  the  case  of  etching. 

In  view  of  the  comparatively  limited 
output,  considerations  of  space  do  not 
operate  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  bring- 
ing together  on  occasion,  in  the  rooms 
of  the  Society  or  elsewhere,  a  really  re- 
presentative exhibition  of  all  phases  of 
present-day  performance.  In  any  such 
exhibition  a  certain  proportion  of  the  works 
here  shown  might  fitly  find  a  place,  though 
they  would  probably  be  surrounded  by  others 
of  at  least  equal  merit.  But  as  the  one 
category  is  hypothetical  we  forbear  to  offer 
instances,  and  turn  to  the  consideration  of 
such  part  as  is  concrete.  Landscape  occu- 
pies the  attention  of  by  far  the  larger  number 
of  the  present  exhibitors,  genre  subjects 
following  after  a  long  interval.  There  are 
scarcely  any  portraits  and  very  few  imagina- 


.w> 


Til  E    ATIIKNW.UM 


N  4089,  Miaou  10,  1906 


five  themes,  in i c  1  noun'  of  tic-  lut  aro 
rather  pronouncedly  unsuooeesfuL  Mr. 
Brangwyn'i  two  platei  somewhal  dwarf 
the  rest  "f  tin-  exhibit*.  Their  vigour  And 
dramatic  intensity  mi->-  undeniable,  5u1  these 

qualities  seem  to  find  more  liannonious 
expression  in  his  Breaking  up  of  the  Hannibal 
t  lian  in  the  ]  tiece  fnt  it  led  The  Butcfu  r'.v  Shop. 
In  tin'  former  tin-  huge  hulk  looms  iniproe- 

,si\.  h,  am!  <\'V\  on,'  of  its  linefl  and  DUTVI 
tend-,  to  sustain  and  rnhancr  the  effect.  In 
thf  latter  the  disposition  of  the  masses  of 
light  and  shade  is  hold  and  effective,  hut  the 
OOmpOSitioZ]  as  a  whole  lacks  unity;  the 
huge    tree -trunks    dominate    the    space    too 

insistently  ;  the  figures,  if  there  at  all, 
should  have  presented  a  more  defined  con- 

t  !..-t.  The  work  of  Mr.  East  may  he  asso- 
ciated with  that  of  Mr.  Brangwyn  as  pos- 
ing the  most  insistent  vitality  and  vigour 
of  conception.  His  method  is  perhaps  most 
completely  successful  in  the  Villa  d'Este 
and  Longpre,  which  possess  harmony  and  a 
sense  of  atmosphere  ;  others  of  his  plates 
seem  to  exhibit  the  influence  of  Japanese 
colour-prints,  as  when,  by  the  use  of  an 
excessive  number  of  diagonal  lines,  the 
foliage  is  so  treated  as  to  seem  symbolical 
rather  than  of  natural  growth. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  a  very  inter- 
esting Venetian  series  by  Sir  Charles  Holroyd, 
of  which  The  Gesuati,  The  Salute  Steps,  and 
the  Bio  San  Gregorio  No.  223  are  most  note- 
worthy. They  have  a  quiet  stateliness  of 
line  and  a  simplicity  of  conception  which 
are  very  effective.  In  their  clear  open 
spaces  you  may  perceive  the  air  and  the  sun- 
light. A  complete  contrast  is  presented  by 
the  ornate  and — to  our  thinking — too  ela- 
borately finished  interiors  and  architectural 
studies  of  Mr.  Axel  Haig. 

Mr.  Oliver  Hall  sends  some  clever  and 
effective,  but  not  particularly  noteworthy 
etchings,  of  which  Bain  on  the  Lancashire 
Fells  seems  to  have  the  truest  feeling.  With 
it  we  may  notice  Mr.  Waterson's  impressive 
mezzotint  The  Strath  ;  the  sky  and  clouds 
are  rendered  with  great  intensity  and  power, 
and  in  effective  contrast  with  them  is  the 
shrinking  figure  on  the  white  horse.  Mr. 
Alfred  Hartley's  contributions  show  very 
delicate,  firm  draughtsmanship  ;  we  like 
best  his  Ruined  Gateway,  Asolo,  in  which  the 
flock  of  sheep  passing  through  are  drawn  with 
a  fidelity  and  simplicity  which  serve  to 
recall  the  work  of  Jacque.  Of  Mr.  Charles 
J.  Watson's  two  architectural  studies  the 
P  or  tail  de  Notre  Dame,  Neufchdtel  en  Bray, 
is  of  really  exquisite  delicacy.  It  is  drawn 
with  a  degree  of  softness  of  touch  which 
serves  admirably  to  represent  the  crumbling 
nature  of  the  sculptured  stone.  The  deep 
shadow  seen  within  the  open  door  presents 
an  admirable  contrast  to  the  sun-steeped 
porch  and  the  little  groups  around  the  booths 
and  benches  in  the  foreground.  The  Abbe- 
ville is  hardly  inferior  to  it  in  charm. 

Col.  Goff's  dry  point  Study  of  Nespolo  is 
very  free  and  vigorous  in  line.  He  also 
sends  several  vivacious  Egyptian  river 
scenes,  of  which  the  Nile  Boats,  Gizeh,  Cairo, 
is  especially  admirable  in  the  contrasts  of  its 
composition.  Mr.  Sydney  Lee's  architec- 
tural studies  suffer  in  effectiveness  from  his 
precision  of  method.  The  most  successful 
are,  we  think,  the  Notre  Dame,  Bruges,  and 
the  House  at  Fuenterrabia.  There  is  a 
certain  quiet  distinction  about  Miss  Illing- 
worth's  Barton  Street,  Westminster  ;  and 
among  the  other  more  attractive  plates  are 
a  view  of  St.  Andrews  From  St.  Reguhta1 
Tower,  by  Mr.  F.  Laing,  and  Old  Stirling, 
by  Mr.  J.  G.  Murray.  Mr.  G.  Woolliscroft 
Rhead's  studies  of  plants  and  flowers  are 
drawn  with  minute  fidelity,  and  there  is  a 
Dureresque  precision  in  his  impressive  study 


of    an    old     Italian    peasant.     No.    -1H.       lb-    i 

-jomcwhat  l«  s  -ueees»ful  in  his  imaginative 
compositions,  although  the  Cytnon  and 
Iphtgenia  has  considerable  dignity  oi  <"n 

<•eptii.ii.     Belleu'a  -todies  of  mondaim    ihow 

his  accustomed  dexterity      neither  more  nor 

less.  Prof.  Legros'i  contributions  are  some- 
whaf  unequal.  Thedrypoinl  head  of  himself 

is   of   the   quality  of   his   best    work,  and    I  ■ 
Oraitons    ae    Noel    has    great    delicacy    and 

tenderness  of  feeling;  but  neither  in  Vic- 
tinics  d' Incendie  nor  UOuragnn  is  the  treat- 
ment of  the  figures  successful,  and  at  times 
it  approaches  perilously  near  to  the  grotesque. 


W.  H.  BOUCHER. 


On  Monday  afternoon  there  died  at  his 
home  in  Berkhampstead  William  Henry 
Boucher,  the  etcher,  well  known  to  many 
people  of  the  middle-aged  generation  as 
"  W.  B."  of  Judy,  of  which  lie  was  cartoonist 
for  over  twenty-five  years.  He  was  in  his 
seventieth  year.  Born  in  Bristol,  he  came 
to  London  as  a  youth,  and  from  the  first 
the  productions  of  his  pencil  found  ready 
acceptance.  In  his  prime  he  contributed 
illustrations  to  scores  of  boys'  books,  and 
ho  was  one  of  the  artists  who  pictured  the 
striking  situations  of  some  of  Stevenson's 
early  novels  when  these  appeared  in  serial 
form.  For  Boucher  Stevenson  had  a  very 
sincere  regard,  and  in  one  of  his  temporary 
resting-places  in  the  islands  of  the  South 
Seas  had  upon  his  walls  Boucher's  illustra- 
tions to  '  The  Black  Arrow.'  Among  notable 
productions  which  owed  something  to 
Boucher's  pencil  and  graver  were  the 
"  Border  Edition  "  of  Scott  and  Mr.  Dent's 
English  edition  of  Balzac,  in  the  production 
of  which  the  artist  took  a  deep  interest. 
But  his  name  and  reputation  will  be  best 
kept  in  memory  by  his  popular  series  of 
etchings  after  Mr.  Dendy  Sadler's  paintings. 
It  was  an  ideal  partnership,  the  sentiment 
of  the  etcher  assisting  him  to  a  remarkable 
degree  in  the  translation  of  the  painter's 
subjects.  The  first  of  these,  '  Old  and 
Crusted,'  enjoyed  a  succes  fou.  A  lengthy 
series  followed,  making  the  names  of  Dendy 
Sadler  and  Boucher  household  words.  The 
titles  of  a  few  of  these  may  be  given  at 
random  :  '  Darby  and  Joan,'  '  Toddy  at  the 
Cheshire  Cheese,'  "  For  he's  a  jolly  good 
fellow,"  '  Friday,'  and  the  two  companion 
etchings  "  My  love  to  you  "  and  "  The  same 
to  you,  my  dear." 

Mr.  Boucher  was  a  well-known  figure  in 
Fleet  Street.  He  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Whitefriais  Club,  on  the 
committee  of  which  he  served  for  some  time. 
He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  culture.  Of 
retiring  habits,  he  was  greatly  loved  by 
those  who  had  the  privilege  of  his  friendship. 


SALE. 
Mkssks.  Christik's  sale  on  Saturday  was  com- 
posed of  two  properties,  the  one  being  the  collec- 
tion of  pictures  by  old  masters  and  water-colour 
drawings  (removed  from  Buabridge  Hall,  Qodal- 
ming),  formed  chiefly  by  William  Gosling,  the 
banker,  and  inherited  by  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Sketfington 
Smyth  ;  and  the  other  the  collection  of  tho  late 
Mr.  A.  A.  Ram,  of  19,  Kgerton  Gardens,  8.W. 
The  day's  sale  realized  upwards  of  6,800f.  The 
most  important  of  the  first-named  property  was  a 
characteristic  example  of  Jan  Steen,  a  tavern 
window  with  six  boors  reading  and  drinking  ;  it  is 
identical  with  the  picture  described  in  Smith's 
'Catalogue  Raisonne,'  No.  166,  and  brought 
860  gs.,  an  exceptionally  high  price  for  a  work 
by  this  artist.  It  was  sold  at  Christie's  in  1SJ7 
for  110/.,  as  recorded  by  Smith.  The  portrait  of 
Rembrandt  by  himself,  in  rich  orimsi  n  drees 
trimmed  with  fur,  and  fastened  bj  a  jewelled  clasp, 


•'lin   ;    l,u' 

Ifl  known  tliiit  it  wan  »  vernoo  of  a  piotien 
Muiurii,  aii'l  that  the  latter  wa*  generally  . 
as  a  replioa  of   ,,n  original  not  ad,  pur- 

n  vers  thy,  a  singM  bid  "f  100  ga  only  l- 
Qaada    A  euriuua  picture  catalogued  aa by  Eotbein, 
.in  bnagtaai >•    portrait   <•]    Wifiiam  Teh,  a  h«lt- 
length  naked  figure,  holding  a   bow  in  inn  i 

band    and   an    arrow    in    Ins    1-  it,  on  pan  1. 

390 gs.     Tins  has  '•••  n  twice  exhibited  at  tli<  I 
Masters,  and   formed   |  the  famous   M 

collection  until  1*hi,  when  if  was  sold  for  156 
A  similar  picture,  ul^,  called  William  Tell, 
ascribed   to   Durar,    was  sold  for  four  guineas  at 
Christie's  on  July  9th,   Ism*;.     The  other  | 
by  old  masters  inoloded  :  A.  Brnturino,  Pbrtra 
Andrea    Bendini    i  f     Florence,     in    black    dress, 

210  gs.      Dutch    School,    Portrait   of   ,i   Gentld 

in  d.n  k  dress,  125  ga     An  admirable  early  woi 

T.     S.     Cooper,    Cattle,     Sheep,    G  d     Milk- 

maids, ]hu>,  sold  for  116 ga  ;  at  the  Baring  sale  in 
IH4H  it  brought  only  41  gs. 

The  highest  price  paid  for  a   picture  in  the  Ram 
collection  was  for  an  example  oi  Madame  !>,-  Brim, 
a  portrait  of  a  lady  in   crimson  cloak,  hitherto  dc- 
scribed    as    Lady   Hamilton,    hut    certainly    not 
Romney'e  "divinity."    It  is  probably  a  portrait 
(one  of  many)  of  the  artist's  daughter,  who  ma: 
M.  Nigris,  and  realized  440  gs.     There  were  also  r 
M.  Geerarts,  Portrait  of  Lady  Arabella  Stuart,  in 
rich  white  dress  embroidered  with   gold,   250 
M.   Hondecoeter,   A   Dog,   Parrot,   Dead   Peacock, 
and  other   Birds   in   a   Carden,   2K0gs.     Bastiano* 
Mainardi,  The  Dead  Christ,  with  the  three  Ma 
St.  John,  and  other  Saints,  on    panel,  17<>gs.  (this 
was  in  Samuel  Woodburn's  collection,  and  fetched 
only  20gs.  in    18W>).      M.  J.  Miereveldt,  a   pair  of 
portraits  of  Alliert,  Archduke  of  Austria,  in  richly 
inlaid  armour,  and  Isabella  of  Spain,   llOga     r. 
Zuochero,  Portrait  of  a  I.ady,  in  embroidered  white 
dress,    on   panel,    dated    1589,    LOOga     School   of 
Zuochero,  Portrait  <f  a  Lady,  in  rich  black  dn 
280 gs.     The  last  two  were  striking  illustration 
picture-buying  as  an  investment.     Both    were    in 
the  famous  collection  of  Charles   Scarishrick.  and 
when  it  was  dispersed  at  Christie's  in  IStil    tl 
two  pictures  were  purchased  for  43  gs.  and  2V 
respectively. 

|Tiiu-^.rt  (5ossip. 

Mr.  Gutekttnst  has  open  an  exhibition  of 
works  by  Diirer,  Meryon,  Whistler,  and  Sir 
Seymour  Haden. 

At  the  Modern  Gallery  Miss  Bessie  Wigan 
is  showing   '  A  Summer's  Sketches  '  of    I 
Riffel  Alps  and  Italian  lakes. 

At  the  Fine- Art  Society's  rooms  to-day 
water-colours  of  '  Italian  Spring  and  English. 
Summer,'  by  Ina  Clogstoun,  are  open  to- 
private  view.  Mr.  John  Fulleylove  is  ex- 
hibiting pictures  and  studies  of  some  archi- 
tectural monuments  of  London,  ancient  and 
modern,  at  the  same  place. 

At  the  Ryder  Gallery  oils,  water-colours,. 
and  fans,  by  two  lady  artists,  are  on  view. 

At  the  Rembrandt  Gallery  oil  paintings 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Lemon,  Mr.  V.  M.  Hamilton. 
Mr.  Walter  James,  and  Mr.  Gwenllian  James 
are  on  private  view  next  Monday.  On  the- 
same  day,  at  the  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club, 
we  are  invited  to  view  a  selection  of  the 
work  of  Charles  Furse,  A.R.A. 

At  the  Doro  Gallery  '  Peasant  Life  in 
Brittany,'  by  Linnie  Watt,  is  announced  for- 
private  view  to-day. 

Mr.  James  Pryde's  powerful  portrait  in 
water  colours  (now  on  view  at  the  New 
Gallery)  of  Irving  as  Dubosc  in  ■  The  Lyons 
Mail.'  ifl  being  copied  by  the  Art  Repro- 
duction Company,  and  a  limited  number 
will  be  published  by  the  new  firm  of  Messrs. 
Chenil   &   Co.,   King's  Road,  Chelsea. 

The  National  Art-Collections  Fund  is 
giving  a  soiree  to  its  members  and  to  the 
contributors  to  the  purchase  of  the  Rokeby 
Velasquez  at  the  New  Gallery  on  Tuesday 
next,  when  the  picture  will  be  on  exhibition- 


N°4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


307 


The  Louvre  has  within  the  last  week  or 
-so  acquired  an  unusually  interesting  portrait 
of  Madame  de  Calonne  by  Louis  Gustave 
Ricard  (1824-73),  a  pupil  of  Coignet.  The 
Louvre  already  possessed  two  important 
•examples  of  this  painter — his  own  por- 
trait and  that  of  Heilbuth.  The  portrait 
•of  Madame  de  Calonne,  a  three-quarter 
-figure,  is  considered  to  be  one  of  Ricard's 
(finest  works.  It  is  particularly  welcome 
from  the  fact  that  the  study  for  this  picture 
has  been  at  the  Luxembourg  for  many  years, 
and  figures  in  the  official  catalogue  as  No.  250, 
*  Portrait  de  Mme  X ' 

The  death  in  Paris  is  announced  of  M. 
Charles  Auguste  Lebourg,  the  sculptor,  who 
was  born  at  Nantes  on  February  20th,  1829, 
and  who  studied  under  Rude  and  Amedee 
Menard.  He  first  exhibited  at  the  Salon  of 
1852,  where  he  was  represented  by  a  plaster 
bust  of  a  doctor.  His  work  quickly 
became  popular,  and  he  had  as  sitters  many 
of  the  most  distinguished  men  and  women 
of  the  Second  Empire.  He  received  several 
medals  at  the  Salon,  and  continued  to 
■exhibit  until  1904.  Lebourg  did  not  confine 
himself  to  portraits,  but  executed  and  exhi- 
bited a  number  of  works  inspired  by  classical 
incidents.  One  of  his  most  recent  com- 
missions was  an  equestrian  statue  of  '  Jeanne 
■d'Arc  a  Patey  '  for  the  city  of  Nantes. 

MM.  Olive  and  Saint-Germier  were 
elected  members  of  the  "  jury  de  peinture  " 
on  Friday  in  last  week  by  the  Artistes 
Francais,  in  succession  to  Henner  and 
IBouguereau. 

A  monument  in  marble  to  the  memory  of 
Falguiere  was  inaugurated  at  Pere  Lachaise, 
Paris,  on  Sunday  by  M.  Dujardin-Beaumetz, 
Under-Secretary  of  State  for  the  Fine  Arts, 
in  the  presence  of  the  sculptor's  widow  and 
children  and  a  number  of  friends  and  pupils 
of  the  artist.  The  monument  has  been 
erected  in  part  at  the  cost  of  the  State,  and 
in  part  by  Madame  Falguiere,  and  is  the 
work  of  M.  Marqueste. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall. — Symphony  Concert. 

The  programme  of  last  Saturday's  Sym- 
phony Concert  at  Queen's  Hall  opened 
with  Brahms's  '  Gesang  der  Parzen  '  for 
chorus  and  orchestra,  the  words  from 
Act  IV.  sc.  v.  of  Goethe's  '  Iphigenie.' 
When  this  work,  composed  in  1883,  was 
produced  in  London  at  a  Richter  Concert 
•on  May  5th  of  the  following  year,  it  was 
noticed  in  The  Athenaeum  as  a  work  of  high 
merit,  yet  "  too  gloomy  to  become  gene- 
rally popular."  That  is  true  enough,  but, 
judged  for  itself  alone,  it  seems  (with  the 
exception,  perhaps,  of  the  setting  of  the 
last  two  stanzas)  to  reflect  the  gloom, 
though  not  fully  the  grandeur,  of  the 
poet's  words.  An  impressive  perform- 
ance was  given  of  it,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  Leeds  Choral  Union,  under  the  able 
direction  of  Dr.  Henry  Coward. 

This  was  followed  by  Richard  Strauss's 
*  Taillefer,'  which  was  performed  for  the 
•first  time  in  England  at  the  Bristol 
Festival  last  autumn.  The  work  im- 
presses us  less  on  second  hearing.  The 
spontaneous  themes  in  the  work,  the 
restraint,  tended  at  first  to  render  the 
work  acceptable  :    it  formed  a  pleasant 


contrast  to  the  composer's  elaborate 
'  Domestic  Symphony.'  We  still  feel  that 
there  is  really  little  which  can  be  called 
distinctive  in  the  music. 

The  concert  ended  with  Beethoven's 
Ninth  Symphony,  and  in  the  choral  portion 
the  Leeds  choir  displayed  its  full  tone, 
firmness,  and  strength.  The  '  Taillefer  ' 
and  the  symphony  were  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood.  There  was 
a  large  audience  ;  some  came,  undoubt- 
edly, out  of  curiosity  to  hear  the  novelty, 
but  the  greater  number  to  enjoy  the 
symphony. 


Queen's  Hall. — Creatore  Band  Concerts. 

Creatore  with  his  band  began  a  series 
of  concerts  at  the  Queen's  Hall  on  Monday 
evening.  The  band,  a  military  one,  is 
very  good,  but  the  chief  feature  of  the 
evening  was  the  conductor.  He  is  of  the 
peripatetic  order  ;  he  conducts  without 
any  music,  and  constantly  moves  about 
to  right  and  left  of  the  desk,  conveying 
what  he  feels  by  peculiar  and  at  times 
ultra-emphatic  gestures.  In  a  sense  it 
may  be  called  a  show,  but  it  is  a  successful 
one,  for  by  it  the  conductor  gets  from  the 
orchestra  some  very  delicate  and  at  times 
vivid  effects,  and  on  the  whole  smart 
playing.  From  an  artistic  point  of  view 
the  lights  and  shades  were  exaggerated, 
sentiment  frequently  turned  into  senti- 
mentality, and  passion  torn  to  tatters  ; 
yet  there  was  undoubted  cleverness,  and 
even  earnestness. 

The  programme  for  the  first  evening 
was  not  well  selected,  but  Tscha'ikowsky's 
'1812,'  Creatore's  '  Electric  '  March,  and 
'  The  Ride  to  Hades '  from  Berlioz's 
8  Faust,'  which  were  included  in  the  week's 
programmes,  offered  full  scope  to  Creatore 
for  displaying  his  magnetic  power  over 
his  orchestra. 


jHuskal  (iflsstp. 


iEoLiAN  Hall. — Herr  Oehler's  Pianoforte 
Recital. 

Herr  Karl  Oehler  gave  a  first  piano- 
forte recital  at  the  ^Eolian  Hall  on  Tues- 
day afternoon.  His  programme  included 
Chopin's  twelve  Etudes,  Op.  10,  and 
Beethoven's  Sonata  in  f  minor,  Op.  57, 
works  giving  ample  opportunity  for  esti- 
mating the  powers,  technical,  intellectual, 
and  emotional,  of  a  pianist.  Herr  Oehler 
has  great  command  of  the  keyboard,  and 
of  this  he  gave  many  proofs  in  the  Etudes  ; 
there  were  from  time  to  time  wrong  notes 
in  the  bass,  but  it  would  be  charitable  to 
set  these  down  to  nervousness.  The 
pianist  seemed  clearly  to  understand 
what  he  was  playing  ;  the  general  im- 
pression created  by  the  performance  of 
the  Etudes  was,  however,  cold.  To  say 
there  was  no  display  of  emotion  would  be 
too  strong ;  yet  throughout  one  felt  that 
the  objective  side  of  the  music  was  up- 
permost in  the  composer's  mind  ;  and 
Herr  Oehler's  rendering  of  the  Beethoven 
sonata  did  not  remove  that  impression. 
Virtuosity  is  a  good  servant,  but  a  bad 
master. 


Two  interesting  Russian  chamber-music 
works  have  been  heard  during  the  week. 
One  was  the  '  Quatuor  Slave,'  Op.  26,  by 
Alexander  Glasounow,  in  which  the  themes 
(actual  folk  -  melodies  or  clever  imitations: 
thereof)  give  piquancy  and  charm  to  the 
music,  especially  in  the  '  Alia  Mazurka  '  and 
'Une  Fete  Slave,'  the  third  and  fourth 
sections.  This  work  was  performed  by  the 
Nora  Clench  Quartet  at  their  second  concert 
last  Monday.  The  other  was  a  quintet  for 
strings  by  Sergei  Taneiew,  produced  at  the 
fourth  and  last  concert  of  the  fifth  series  of 
the  Wessely  Quartet  on  Wednesday  evening. 
Of  the  three  movements,  the  first,  in  spite 
of  fresh  subject-matter,  is  the  least  charac- 
teristic. A  wild  barbaric  spirit  pervades 
the  Allegro  con  Fuoco,  while  in  the  Tema 
con  Variazioni  there  are  proofs  of  great 
skill  and  individuality.  All  are  not  of  equal 
merit ;  the  weaker,  however,  serve  as  foils 
to  the  stronger, 

Miss  Marian  Arkwright,  Mus.  Bac., 
has  won  the  prize  of  261.  offered  by  The 
Gentlewoman  for  an  original  orchestral  work 
by  a  British-born  woman.  Her  work  is 
descriptive  of  the  four  winds,  after  Mr. 
Kipling's  words.  Miss  Swepstone,  first  of  the 
"special  commendations,"  had,  curiously, 
taken  the  same  subject.  The  judges  ap- 
pointed by  the  Worshipful  Company  of 
Musicians  were  Sir  George  Martin,  Dr. 
Markham  Lee,  and  Mr.  Percy  Godfrey. 

Two  concerts  at  the  Paris  Opera  and  four 
at  the  Chatelet  theatre  are  to  be  given  in 
May,  under  the  direction  of  Herr  Wein- 
gartner.  The  Lamoureux  Orchestra  has 
been  engaged.  A  Mozart  festival  is  to  take 
place  on  the  23rd,  25th,  and  29th  inst., 
under  the  direction  of  M.  Reynaldo  Hahn. 

The  Oriana  Madrigal  Society,  which 
lately  gave  a  successful  concert  in  Bechstein 
Hall,  is,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  C. 
Kennedy  Scott,  preparing  to  give  another 
concert  in  June.  As  the  expense  of  produc- 
tion is  heavy,  additional  members,  both 
active  and  honorary,  are  desired.  Letters 
should  be  addressed  to  Mr.  H.  J.  L. 
Masse,  Hon.  Secretary,  Leighton]  House, 
Kensington,  W. 

Schumann  died  fifty  years  ago,  and  the 
event  will  be  commemorated — somewhat 
prematurely,  since  he  died  on  July  29th — 
at  Bonn  by  a  festival  on  May  22nd  and  23rd. 
A  morning  concert  will  be  devoted  to  songs 
and  chamber  music.  At  the  two  evening 
concerts  will  be  performed  the  Symphonies 
in  e  flat  and  b  flat,  the  Concertstiick  for  four 
horns  and  orchestra,  the  '  Manfred  '  and 
'  Genoveva '  Overtures,  the  Pianoforte  Con- 
certo, the  scenes  from  '  Faust,'  the  '  Mignon  ' 
Requiem,  and  the  '  New  Year's  Song.'  Prof. 
Joachim,  assisted  by  the  local  conductor, 
Prof.  Griiters,  will  be  director.  The  orches- 
tra will  be  that  of  the  Berlin  Philharmonic, 
strengthened  for  the  occasion.  On  the 
Sunday  before  the  festival  a  visit  will  bo 
paid  to  the  grave,  where  a  memorial  address 
will  be  delivered ;  part-songs  will  also 
be  sung  by  the  male  choral  society  Con- 
cordia, which  fifty  years  ago  followed  Robert 
Schumann  to  his  last  resting-place. 

A  writer  connected  with  the  Vienna 
Neue  Freie  Presse  has  recently  given  an 
interesting  account  of  the  discovery  by  him, 
in  the  Styrian  national  museum  Joan- 
neum  "  at  Graz,  of  an  album  which  belonged 
to  Anselm  Hiittenbrenncr,  a  native  of  that 
city  (1794-18G5).  It  was  Hiittenbrenncr 
who  watched  by  the  bedside  of  the  dying 
Beethoven    whilo    Brcuning    and    Schindler 


308 


Til  K     ATHKN/KIM 


N    U)89,  Mab  h  1".  1906 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


S.N. 

Km. 

Ti  is. 
'J'im  M 


Fm. 


w.iii  to  d"'  \\  alum,  'i  oetneU  i  ■>  to  u  led  ■ 
nm  [ox  1 1 ii n.  Mini  u  in i  i tlo  •  'i  ti  ayes  •Iter 
death.  Under  the  cover  ol  the  album  in  re 
found  i-arriully  pn  erved  mom  of  the  gre\ 
imirs  ol  the  master.  On  one  leaf  the* 
an  entry  in  the  handwriting  of  Bohnbert, 
with  whom  Biittenbrenner  \\n*  <>n  intimate 
lecniM.       Ili'    entry  is  us  follows:  — 

Bxigtrad)  nobis  rite)  ourriotuuin  nature  oirouni< 
ncrinsit,  immenauni  gloria. 

Caoero  si  I  (ret. 

pro  Rabirio. 

FraneiBo.  Bohnbert, 

Orillparzer'e  inscription  on  Schubert's  tomb, 
"  Music  lia.s  here  entombed  a  rich  treasure, 
but  still  fairer  hopes,"  was  true  enough,  but 
the  above  sentence  Erom  Cicero  would  have 
been  still  more  fitting. 

Tin:  AUgemeine  Muaik-Zeitung  states  that 
for  Cornelius's  '  Barbier  von  Bagdad,'  which 
Dr.  Biohter  will  conduct  at  Covent  Garden 
during  the  forthcoming  season,  the  Felix 
Mottl  version  will  be  used.  Tho  opera,  in 
two  acts,  was  produced  under  Liszt's  direc- 
tion at  Weimar  in  1858.  In  1874  Herr 
Mottl  reduced  it  to  one  act,  making  also 
other  alterations,  and  it  was  thus  performed 
at  Carlsruhe  in  1884  ;  the  late  Hermann  Levi 
revised  this  version,  which  was  published. 
The  opera  in  its  original  form  was  revived  at 
the  Weimar  festival  of  1904  in  honour  of  Cor- 
nelius, and  a  vocal  score  of  it  has  since  been 
published  by  Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel. 
With  regard  to  Covent  Garden,  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  work  will  be  given  as  left  by 
the  composer.  The  Mottl  version  may  or 
may  not  be  an  improvement,  but  in  any 
case  it  would  be  best  to  let  Cornelius  speak 
for  himself. 

Le  Mcnestrel  of  the  4th  inst.  states 
that  S.  Arensky,  a  prominent  composer 
of  the  younger  Russian  school,  has  just 
passed  away.  He  was  born  at  Novgorod 
on  July  31st,  1861,  and  hence  had  not  com- 
pleted his  forty-fifth  year.  He  studied  at 
the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatoire,  and  was 
afterwards  appointed  Professor  of  Harmony 
and  Counterpoint  at  the  Moscow  Conserva- 
toire. He  wrote  three  operas :  '  A  Dream  of 
the  Volga'  (1892),  'Raphael'  (1894),  and 
'Nal  and  Damayanti  '  (1899),  the  first  being 
the  most  important ;  Tschaikowsky,  as  we 
know  from  one  of  his  letters,  thought  highly 
of  the  work.  Of  Arensky's  two  symphonies, 
the  first  in  b  minor,  Op.  4,  was  produced 
here  by  Mr.  Wood  in  1897.  The  Pianoforte 
Trio  in  d  minor  is  one  of  the  composer's 
most  attractive  and  most  popular  works  ;  a 
second  one  in  f  minor,  Op.  73,  has  only 
recently  been  published.  Arensky  s  art-work 
also  includes  many  songs  and  pianoforte 
pieces. 


Bunilaj  s<k  ii  tjs  Com  ert  3  BO,  yuren's  Hull. 

Bunds*  League  Concert,  7.  Ouean'a  Hall. 

Muu  Elaie  Playfair's  Violin  Recital.  8,  Mdlian  Hull. 

Mr  Charles  Williams's  Concert.  9,  Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Alice  Manderille's  Vocal  Recital,  n  :;o,  fti-i-hstcin  Hill 

Miss  Ester  de  Muniterhjelm's  Vocal  Recital.  3,  .K..lhn  Hall 

Mr.  Frederic  Hocking's  Vocal  Recital,  8.J0,  .lv.lian  Hall 

Mi>-  E.  NetUeship's  ivi!..  Recital.  8.80,  Becbstetu  Hall. 

Messrs.  Dewar's Concert,  B,  Queens  Hull. 

Mi"   Elliot  and  Madame,  Ncustailt's  Concert,  S..T0.  Bcehstcin 

Ball 
Miss  Nora  Prewett's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Philharmonic  Concert,  9,  Queen's  Sail. 
Alma  Mater  Male  Choir,  B  SO,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Hi- brood  Oona  rt.  8  SO,  £olian  Hall. 

London  Ballad  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hull. 
Mozart  Society 'n  r. ,,,,-,  ,r   .:    I'.niman  Itooins. 
Qui  en'i  Hall  Orchestra,  8,  Queen')  Hall, 


DRAMA 


dramatic  (5ossip. 

Miss  Ellen  Terry  made  her  debut  on 
the  stage  on  April  28th,  1856,  as  Mamillius 
iu  'The  Winter's  Tale.'     To  celebrate   tho 


jubilee   Of    thin   event  Mr.  Tr>  ■<•  will    produce 

the     mm  play,   Ifi     'I'M-,  inking  th<-  part 
•  ■I    Hermione,  and  Miss  viola  Tree  that  of 

Perdita.        Mr.     C.     W.      Somerset    \ull    l«- 
Autolycus. 

Sin  con'an  Dmi.K's  'Brigadiai  Qefaadt' 
obtained   at   the    [mperiaJ   <m   Saturday  a 

conspicuous  success,  due  to  the  dawh  <>i  Mi 
1. 1 wis    Waller's    performance    of    the    hero, 
but  is  rather  old-fashioned  melodrama. 

'  Lks  Surprises  du  Divorce  '  was  re- 
vived on  Monday  at  the  New  Royalty 
Theatre.  Tho  present  season  closes  this 
evoning. 

Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier  will  produce  on 
April  26th  Mr.  Alfred  Sutro's  new  play, 
'  The  Fascinating  Mr.  Vanderveldt.'  In 
addition  to  himself  and  Miss  Vanbrugh,  the 
cast  will  comprise  Miss  Henrietta  Watson, 
Miss  Elfrida  Clement,  Miss  Kate  Phillips, 
and  Messrs.  Aubrey  Smith,  O.  B.  Clarence, 
Charles  Goodhart,  and  Charles  V.  France. 

'  The  Head  Girl  '  is  the  title  bestowed 
by  Mr.  Cosmo  Gordon  Lennox  upon  his 
forthcoming  adaptation  of  '  La  Massiere'  of 
M.  Jules  Lemaitre.  The  characters  in  the 
piece  (first  played  at  the  Renaissance  in 
January,  1905)  have  been  anglicized,  and 
the  scene  of  the  action  has  been  transferred 
to  England. 

The  production  of  Mr.  Barrie's  new  play 
will  take  place  at  the  Comedy  Theatre,  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Frohman. 

'  The  Alabaster  Staircase  '  is  with- 
drawn this  evening  from  the  Comedy.  It 
will  be  replaced  on  Tuesday  by  '  A  Pair  of 
Spectacles,'  with  Mr.  Hare,  Mr.  C.  Groves, 
and  Miss  Kate  Rorke  in  their  original  parts. 


To    Correspondents—  W.   S.— S.   T.   B.— J.   H.   R.- 

Received. 
A.  K. — No  vacancy. 
C.  J.  C— We  cannot  do  this. 
No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Pagi 

Arnold      311 

Authors' Agents        282 

Bell  &  Sons      308 

Business  for  Disposal        282 

Cambridge  Press        284 

Catalogues         282 

Chatto  &  Windus       309 

Constable  &  Co.         -is:> 

De  La  More  Press 310 

Educational       281 

Exhibitions       281 

IIODDER  &  STOUGHTON  28C 

Hurst  &  Blackett 238 

London  Library  311 

Longmans  &  Co 310 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co 311 

MacLEHOSE  &  SONS 284 

macmillan  &  co 2s8 

Magazines,  Ac 283 

Miscellaneous 282 

Mi  -die's  Library         283 

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UAVILI    NOTES.      (With  Plates   XXVL  XXIX).      R.   E. 

DENNETT. 
THE  LEO  END  OI    MERLIN.     M.  CASTER. 

■|  hi:  BKLIGIOUfl  IDEA-  OF  THE  ARINTA.  N.  w. 
THOMAS. 

COLLECTANEA.      HotM    from    South    Nigeria.      R.     E. 
DENNETT.     Additions  to  'The  Game*  of  Arg\h 
It.  C.  MACLAGAN. 

CORRESPONDENCE.  The  Dancing  Towers  of  Italy. 
ML  PEACOCK,  A.  OLDKNOW,  and  C.  S.  RIRNE. 
A  Correction.  A.  B.  cook.  The  Legend  of  Merlin :  a 
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(harm.     LUCY  E.  BROADWOOD. 

REVIEWS.  Emile  Durkheim,  'L'Annee  Sociologique.' 
E.  S.  HARTLAND.  Salomon  Reinach, '  Cul 
et  Religions.'  ALFRED  NUTT.  J.  A.  Dulaure,  'Dee 
Divinitrs  Generatrices.'  E  s.  HARTLAND.  N.  w. 
Thomas,  'Crystal -Gazing.'  E.  CLODD.  Richard 
Andree,  '  Votive  Weihegaben  des  Katholisc-hen  Volks  in 
Suddeutschland.  Paul  Ehrenreich.  '  Mythen  und 
Legenden  der  Sudamerieaiiischen  Urv..lker.  E.  S. 
HARTLAND.  Nelson  Annandale,  'The  Faroes  and 
Iceland.'  E.  BRABROOK,  II.  BERNARD,  and  E.  J. 
DILLON.  'The  Shade  of  the  Balkans.'  'Continental 
Folk-lore  Societv.'  N.W.THOMAS.  'Anthrop.: 
queries  for  South  Africa.'  E  W.  BLVDER  'West 
Africa  before  Europe.'    N.  W.  THOMAS 

INDEX  TO  VOL.  XVI. 

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JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
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N°  4089,  March  10,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


311 


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312  THE     ATIIKXiEUM  X'  l'»s!i    Makoi  10,  1906 


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An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open 
to  Girls  under  1<>  years  of  ase,  will  tie  held  at  the  SCHOOL  on 
APRIL  :!,  4.  and  5.  These  Scholarships  exempt  the  holders  from 
the  payment  of  Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  the  HEAD  MISTRESS  at  the  School. 


OT.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL,  WEST  KENSINGTON. 

An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  above  School  on 
TUESDAY  tpril  :s.  wot),  and  on  the  Following  Days,  for  FILLING 
UP  ABOUT  SEVEN  VACANCIES  on  the  FOUNDATION. 

Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  P.l  RsAR. 

FOLKESTONE.  —  WOODLANDS    PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOL.   Individual  Teaching.— Rev.  H.  T.  .1.  COGGIN, 

M.A.Cantab.,    formerly    House  -  Master,    University    College    School, 
London. 


IplHURCH      EDUCATION       CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester.  , 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

A  FRENCH  LADY,  residing  in  a  beautiful  and 
healthv  part  of  Normandy,  wishes  to  RECEIVE  a  FEW 
YOUNG  ENGLISH  GIRLS  desirous  of  learning  French  during  the 
Summer  Mouths  i April  to  October).  Family  life,  every  comfort,  and 
exceptional  advantages.  Terms,  inclusive  of  Tuition.  -Ji  Guineas  per 
Week— Address :  Madame  RAOl'L  DU  BU1SSON.  chateau  flu 
Bolsgeloup,  pres  Gisors,  Eure ;  or  for  reference  to  Mrs.  I.  r. 
FREEMAN,  Abbotsfield,  Tavistock,  South  Devon. 

GOTHA,  GERMANY.—  Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRLS  and  LADIES,  also  small  BOYS,  in  the 
house  of  Fraulein  METZEROTH  (Diploma),  13.  Waltershauscrstr.. 
Gotha.  Recommended  by  first  class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages:  Languages,  Susie,  opportunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  4/.  10s.  per  month. 

TO  OFFICERS  of  the  INDIAN  ARMY  on 
FURLOUGH.-A  LADY  takes  ENTIRE  CHARGE  of  n  FEW 
CHILDREN  in  her  comfortable  house  near  London.  The  Children 
receive  most  Liberal  Treatment,  combined  with  thorough  Educational 
Advantages.  This  opportunity  is  strongly  recommended  to  Parents 
leaving  England.  Write  Box  1096,  Athemenm  Press,  13,  Breams 
Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

EDUCATION    (choice    of    Schools    and    Tutors 
Gratis).— Prospectuses  of  English  and  Continental  Schools,  and 

of  successful  Army,  Civil  Service,  and  University  Tutors,  sent  Ifree  of 
charge)  on  receipt  of  requirements  by  GRIFFITHS.  Minn, 
POWELL  &  SMITH,  School  Ageuts  (established  IS*;',  34,  Bedford 
Street,  Strand.  W.C. 

I  EDUCATION.  —  PROSPECTUSES    and    parti- 
Id  Hilars  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  and  GIRLS 

in  ENGLAND  and  ABROAD 
supplied  to  Parents  free  of  charge.    State  full  requirements. 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOLASTIC  AGENCY,  122,  Regent  Street,  Loudon. 

Establish.,!     -  

I  EDUCATION. 
-i    Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  tullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GAllRITAS.  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  ol  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  oi  Uppingham,  ::i.  Sackvillc  Street.  London,  W. 


Situations   itarant. 

T  1BRARIANTOTHE  SOCIETY  OF  WRITERS 

_Li  TO  HIS  MA.IF.STYS  SIGNET. 

The  office  of  LIBRARIAN  to  the  SOCIETY  of  WRITER  to  HIS 
MA.M'STV  s  SIGNET,  recently  held  by  the  late  Mr.  John  Philip 
Edmund,  being  NOW  vacant,  applications  for  the  Office,  accom- 
panied by  twenty  five  copies  of  Testimonials,  may  lie  made,  on  or 
before  MARCH  20,  I!"*,  to  JAMES  II.  NOTMAN,  Writer  to  the 
Signet,  15,  York  Place.  Edinburgh,  Clerk  to  the  Society,  from  whuui 
any  further  information  may  lie  obtained. 

February  10.  lilOfi.  ' 

TIT* ANTED,    ■   bright,    intelliymj    BOY   for 

II  PUBLISHER  8  OFFICE.  One  with  ■  knowledge  of  Short- 
hand preferred.—  Ipply  A.  ('..  SO,  Cecil  Court,  Charing  Cross  Road. 


Situations    (K'lantro. 

1    din    (aged  21)  seeks  RE-ENGAGEMENT  as 

I  J  PRIVATE  SECRETARY  Good  Correspondent  and  Write! 
Five  and  ■  half  years  with  an  Author.— Addrest  Mist  AMV  BAUM, 
it.  Karl) i  Place,  Brighton. 


A 


N    active   YOUNG     MAN   (28)    requires 

SITUATION   u   PUBLISHERS  01    BOOKSELLER'S    IBSIS 
TANT.    Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  B>  Frees, 

I  ream's  Builuu  bane,  KG, 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHENEUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS.  ANTIRF.S.  r.E AULIEU  -SCR-MER.  BIARRITZ.  ROR- 
DEAIX,  BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON.  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE.  HYERES.  JUAN  l.ES  PINS. 
LILLE.  LYONS,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  .Est,  Nord.  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL.  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON.  948,  Rue  de  Rivoli ;  aud  at  the 
G  W.IGNANI  LIBRARY.  2S4.  Hue  de  Rivoli. 

ANGLO -GERMAN  (State  Diploma)  desires 
NON-RESIDENT  POST  in  SCHOOL  or  FAMILY,  in  or  near 
town.  Good  Disciplinarian:  very  successful  with  Roys.  English, 
German.  French,  Music,  Elementary  Latin.— Misa  PXA W,  Brauejajn 
House,  Edward  Street,  S.W. 

\S       COURIER      or      TRAVELLING 

J\-  COMPANION.— YOUNG  ENGLISH  LADY,  speaking  French. 
German,  and  Italian,  seeks  RE-ENGAGEMENT.  Capable  and 
Experienced  Organiser.  Companionable,  Bright,  Energetic  MusjoaL 
Would  undertake  care  of  delicate  Lady.  Excellent  references.— 
Mi^  E..  Hi.  Georjre  Street.  Hanover  Spuarc,  \V.  Telephone 6006 Gcrrard. 


TO  EDITORS.— HORTICULTURAL  WRITER 
desires  COMMUNICATION.  Bright,  seasonable  Notes,  Illus- 
trations, Answers  to  Correspondents,  &c.  Terms  moderate.— Tern. 
Address,  J.  H.,  (iT,  Qartington  Road.  Southend. 


LADY 

Fre 

Atlien 


SECRETARY    desires    RE-ENGAGE- 

i    MENT.    Expert  Stenographer  and  Typist    Good  knowledge  of 

men,  some  German  and  Spanish.     Nine  years  reference.— Box  1095, 
herunum  Press.  13,  Breams  Buildings,  chancery  Line.  E.C. 

ADVERTISER,  having  thoroughly  practical 
knowledge  of  all  details  of  the  Business,  seeks  }».-itinn  as 
MANAGER  or  CHIEF  ASSISTANT  in  PUBLISHER'S  OFFICE. 
Smart  and  energetic:  Excellent  Testimonials.— Box  1096,  Athenaum 
Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line.  E.C. 

GENTLEMAN,  middle-aged,  good  References, 
Character,  and  Attainments,  seeks  SALARIED  APPOINT- 
MENT Literary  ability,  Borne  Press  and  Business  experience,  fair 
classic.  Linguist,  wide  knowledge  Literature.— Address  BMERGAM, 
Rox  1097,  Atheiia'uiu  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 


FINE  ART  EXPERT.— A  YOUNG  MAN  who 
lias  Ih-cii  for  three  yean  in  business  as  a  Fine  Art  Dealer  on  his 
own  account  in  Pall  Mall,  wishes  to  obtain  a  place  as  SALESMAN,  or 
in  any  other  capacity  i"  a  FINE  ART  or  FURNITURE  BUSINESS 
llxmdon  preferred).  Has  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  Pictures, 
Drawings,  and  Engravings  of  all  Schools  and  Periods,  and  with  old 
Furniture,  both  English  and  French,  and  some  kn.o»lc.lcc  of  china 
and  Bric-a-Rrac  lie  is  prepared  to  isiy  a  commission  of SO  per  cent, 
of  his  first  yew  e  salary  to  anyone  whose  introduction  obtains  him 
such  a  situation.— Reply  by  letter,  in  first  instance,  to  JOHN  J. 
BAKER,  25,  Momington  Crescent,  London,  N.W. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research.  Reviewing, 
Indexing.    Bncyclopsedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non  Resident     Secretaryship.     Classics.    French.    German.     Italian, 

^- .-  ».     » i. .<...-.,..      i;.v,.  v,i  c,ii.i»,'t«-     Mviholrtm-  :m,l  Literature. 

W. 


.imriil'Miiiiii       ,-,,111.11.1.-11.,'.       ^  ,...-. 

Spanish    Anglo-Saxon.    Special  subjects :    Mythology  and  Literati 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— M  iss  SELI1Y.  53,  Talbot  Road, 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A  It..  P.ox  lOo-J,  Athemeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Ruild- 
ings,  Chancery  Lane,  10. c. 

MANUSCRIPT    COPIED    in    ENGLISH, 
FRENCH,  and  GERM  AN.  Neatly  and   Ac,  unit.  1\ ,  bj  highly 
educated   Lidy.     Moderate  Terms.  — Address  Miss   MALLESON,  The 
Hampton  Court. 


iHisrrllanrous. 

TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.- Apply  MlSS  FETHERRRI  DGE   .Nat. 
Sci.  Tri|ios',  .VJ*.  Conduit  Street,  Bond  Street,  Loudon,  W. 


QOUND  INVESTMENT.— FOR  SALE,  at  par, 

k3  .vm  El  fully  paid  SHARES  in  well-known  PUBLISHING  CO. 
Dividends  last  twehe  years,  8  pel  cent  per  annum  —Address  Mr.  J. 
LEDERREY,  48,  bombard  street.  London.  B  C 


©upr-violnttrs. 


TYPE-WRIT] N(  I .  Hi/,  per  1 ,000 words.  —PLAY S. 
NOVELS,  ESSAYS,  Ac,  with  promptitude  and  a<   i 
Copies  a  s|..-.  iality.     Highest  references.- M.  KING.  7,  Corona  Villa*, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE  W  l:  III  M I  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Claasii  d  Tripos;    Cambeidge  EDEghei  i-    d;    Modem 
lianguagesl       Rosearch,    Rcrision,    Translation,    Dictation    Room.— 
UIRR1DQE    rYPEWRITING    AGENCY,    10,    Duke  Street 
Idelphl,  W.C  

\  UTHORS'MSS., NOVELS, STORIES, PLAYS, 

•  \     l^sws  TYPE-WRITTEN  «itli  eomtJeb  per 

.  oi-ds     i  b  in   <  .iii». n  i  •  i  well- 

known  Writ  UlT,  Thirlliank,  RozboroughRa      I 


314 


THE    ATIIKNjEUM 


N    1090,  March  17,  1906 


MUDIE  S  LIBRARY 

(LIMITED), 

30-34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET, 
LONDON. 


STOCK-TAKING 
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VARIOUS  BINDINGS,  CLOTH 
and  LEATHER,  at  SPECIAL  RE- 
DUCTIONS. List  on  application. 


A  UTHORS'    MSS.,    M.     per    1,000    words. 

A  SFR1I0N3  PLAYS.  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home'  (Remington).  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  exe- 
cuted -M  L.  L.,  7.  Vernon  Road ;  now  known  as  18.  Edgeley  Road, 
Clapham,  S.W. 

THE  COOPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd. 
(COPARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY). 

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(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  &  Skinner's.) 
SHORTHAND,  TYPING.  DUPLICATING,  TRANSLATING, 

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mYPE-WRITING.-MSS.,    SCIENTIFIC,    and 

„«  ..u  Ti«.H„Hons  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
iluirt  J  "  Sn  Roimi  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Vsu.r^n^-Misses  E  B.  and  I.  PARRAN.  Do.imgton  House,  ft. 
Norfolk  Sueet,  Strand,  London.  ^ 

A  UTHORS'  MSsTTaRTICLES,  &c,  neatly  and 

A.  accurately  TYPE-WRITTEN  by  experienced I  Typists <  IM.  per 
loon  Highes! •references.  DupUcattog.  Shorthand.-* .  k  b. 
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T 


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„f  Tarma  •  •••  ipplic  •"•"( 

Mitchell  House,  i  and-.',  Boon  »ili.  Holborn  Vladoet,  l 


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PI'Y    SELL  EXCHANGE,  REPAIR,  AND  HIRE  OUT  ALL 
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M   Chancer?  Uie,  and  O,  ftneen  Street.  Cheapride. 

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_L  The  interests  of  Authors  capably Jfepreeented.  AgroemenUto 
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CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 

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/CATALOGUE   (No.  CIV.)  of  SECOND-HAND 

\J    FRENCH  BOOKS,  comprising  History  and  Literature-Memoirs 
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MONTHLY  LIST  (MARCH)  of  SECOND- 
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rut:  TMUMAM  OOLLMCTJOt 
B88R£   SOI  HEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 

will    mF.I.I.    by   At'lTIOl  «C*«0 

V*  i  '    on  MONDAY,   M«,.  h   ii    and  'I  •      > 
!►»»•  »t  1  o'clutk  la-eeist-li    lb.   Ill-:   i"oltl  I 
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M  i;  ,    -    ...      i  I'uti.cv,  sc  w     oamprlMi.il  i  ••» 

pin..  u«ii»    >.r   Kua-Usii    »»n.    I'..m.»h.   .itrt _«rJ. 


Htrr-- 


II.  ju.d.U  Tbratriail  PtirtrmiU  Kngravings liy Old  M 
numerous  H|«stHmeu«  of  tlu- W.rt-lu  of  A  l".i.i  Beml 
and  c,th.-r»  •  Series  of  lb.-  I1.tr.  from  Turner.  ! 
iiictly   Hi    First  hut.-.  ;  S  <  DOeista  M   sf  tb.-  i«n.e    in  tb. 

Wrapper!,  A'  ,    ,    . 

May  1«  viewed.     Catalogues  uuy  t«  liad- 


.rir.DjJ 


TIIK  Tin- MAS  0OLLMCTI0 
The  oVtend  Portion  •■(  ih'  QolluHmu  */  Wn§r*mim*9. 

MESSRS.  90THEBY,  WILKINSON,  ft  HODGE 
»dl  BELL  by  Al'TloN. at  their  H  Wrlhnrtoo 

Str.-.-t   Strand.  W  C.  on  Till  IDili  K\ .  Mar.h  ii.  sn.l   1  ollowiiitt  I>sy. 

at  1'Alo.k  inveisely    tic-  SECOND  PORTION  of  ih .LI.' 

*}  ENGRVVINGSol    the   l.f     EDWIN    TRUMAN     K»,     M  I 
,4    the    Home    Fteld,    Putsiay,  B  W  .  .<»n«i.tini  of    s-.tm.^l    I 

turaa  and  other  Humorous  Bulnccts.  including  the-  Works 
c.l  KowUndaon,  (.illruv.  Isaac  and  Kolnrt  Crulksliank.  liogartt. 
and  others— al»o  Portrait*  of  Keinai kabb-  rharatters— and  OoUe>tiooe 
of  Miseellanc-.jus   PrtntS  '.a  I  rartetj  Of  subject.. 

II   y  tw  viewed  two  .lays  prior.    Catalogues  may  tje  had. 


ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 
and  Antiquarians  are  iinited  to  apply  to ;«*•>'« ■  *  *"*■ 
Umitcd.  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis)  of  their  M  MISMATIO  CIRCU- 
L\R  The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Com-  on  %  lew  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.-SPINK  4  SON.  Lilirnts  bperta^alnwa. 
and  Oataloguera,  16,  17.  and  18,  Piccadilly.  London,  W.  Established 
upwards  of  a  Century.  ^^ 

ARUNDEL  CHROMOS.— Large  sttx-k.      Mam 
rare  ones.    Bend  stamp  for  THIS  MONTH'S  LIST  .which  gives 
size  and  shape  of  each'. -ST.  JUHES  DEPOT,  Birmingham. 

T70R    SALE. —A    NEW    RALPH     ALLISON 

I)     0VER8TRTJNG   I  IMIU.IIT  GRAND  4 ft  S to.  higK  to (Rom- 

wcs.,1      Lis!  price,  (15  Guineas.— For  particulars  apply  R-,  1^!.  Lough 
lsirough  Road.  S.W. 


ATHLN.H'M     1>KESS.— JOHN     EDWARD 
FRANCTB   Printerofthe  AVunaum,  .V..f.s  and  (,)«.•«>«,  4c.  is 
to  SUBMIT  BSTIM  ITKS  for  all  kinds  ,.f  BOOK,   NEWS, 
and  PERIODICAL    PRINTING.— 13,  Bream's  Buildingf,  ib.,,,..iv 
l  B.C. 


muNBRIDGE  WELLS. -APARTMENTS. 

L  Conifoitably  Pumished  Sitting  -H«.iii  and  One  WjWGI, 
Pleasant  and  central.  No  -tbers  taken. -R.  11..  BO,  Qtots  Hill  Road, 
Tunbridge  Wells. 


M 


Coin*,  Ufdtih. 

MESSRS.  BOTHEBY,  WILKINsON  .V  BODGE 
will  BELL  by  AUCTION,  at  th.ir  Hou*e.  No.  12.  Wellington 
Street   Strand    W.C.  on   MONDAY.   March  'Ji.  a. 
the    COLLECTION    of    ENGLISH   and    FOREIGN    WINS. _»«..   to 
.hiding  a  few  Fine  Italian  Bmalssancr  Medals  andPl 
ProiK-rty  of  A.  MAXWELL  F.~,  ..and  a  small  <  ( -LLK  Tl.o S  ,.  1  K ARE 
ENGLISH  COINS,  in  fine  condition,  the  Property  of  IIENR^  <  l-AKaVj 
Esq    The  Park.  Nottingham,  in.  hiding  Simons  c-lcbruted     l.-tition 
Crown— Pattern  Fire  Guinea  and  Fire  Pound  Pie.es  of  iV-.r^  III  - 
the  (Town  of  Williau.   IV.   by   Wyc.n,  IW1.   in  gold-and  olher  fine 
Patterns  and  Proofs. 

May  tie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Book*,  ami  lUuminaUd  and  <Jhrr  Manmoeriptl. 
ESSR8.  S0THEBY,  WILKINSON  k  HODGE 

.  i.ill  SELL  by  AUCTION,  ut  their  House.  No  IX  Wellington 
Street  Btrand.W.C.  on  TUESDAY.  MarchW.  ami  Poor  Poll 
a  1  oVbsk  prcis.l,.  valuable  I'.ooKS.  and  ILLUMINATED  HOU 
and  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  HISTORICAL  HOCUMEHTS,  AITO- 
GRAPH  LETTERS,  <kc,  including  a  C.dle<tic.n  of  Letters. 
Manuscripts.  Documenta,  »nd  Printed  Rook,  relating  to  Napoleon 
Buonaparte— Original  Manuscripts  of  Dr.  John  Brown  i"  lta*n. 
Rolicrt  Burns.  Thackeray.  Dickens,  the  Bateman  Family  itrmj..  Mua- 
lieth  to  .lames  I.),  Sir  Daac  Newton.  Ix,rd  B..hngbroke.  Taaso— 
Autograph  Manuscripts  of  Bret  Harte's  Novels,  and  Letters  of  (..-ovge 
Washington  and  Lord  Byron— Pope  s  (  -ir. -i-nd.-n.  c-  with  Ifcahurat— 
Mr.  H.  von  Holton. .  valuable  Tyix-graphnal  and  \ylc«r-aphicai 
Collections— Books  in  fine  Bindings— Ben  Jonsons  Bible  -First  and 
Earlv  Editions  of  F;arlv  Englisli  Authors— Sporting  Uoolo- First 
Editions  of  Modern  Authors— A  Series  of  Original  Engravings  OC 
Animals,  by  Jo.  E.  Ridinger— Early  Printed  and  rare  Foreign  Books. 
May  I*  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

MR,  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  NEXT  SALE  of 
CURIOS  will  take  place  on  TUESDAY  NEXT  at  h 
12  o'clock,  and  will  include  OLD  CHINA.  PORCELAIN  BRONZES. 
PICTURES  PRINTS.  4c;  also  Cloisonne  \  ases,  Carved  Ivory 
Figures,  Per.  .lain  Bowls.  4c,  from  China  and  Ja|nn.  and  the  usual 
Miscellaneous  Assortment. 

MR    J    C.   STEVENS  will  include  in  his  SALE 

on    FRIDAY    NEXT.    ONE    HUNDRED  LOTS    of    HOp*g°l£ 

FURNITURE.  PORCELAIN.  TABLE  GLAvv  and  other  Effects 
|bj  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  H.  L  MATTHEW*-,  haq.i 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  I.v  AUCTH  >N, 

on  MONDAY.  March  38.  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  LEPIDOlTERA 
from  various  Sources.  Heads  and  Horns  of  Big  Gam*,  and  General 
Natural  History  Speiiinens. 

On  TUESDAY,  March  27,  will  W  offered  the 

choice  COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  LEPlDoPTERA ..formed  by  the 
late  W.  P.  URWH'K.  Es.i.,  coiitaiimut  rare  and  extinct  Mwi-iment 
and  remarkable  Varieties. 

Catalogues  on  appUoatioB  to  Mr.  J.  C.  STEVENS.  S3.  King  Street. 
Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C. 

Sales  (/JfllUlBUIIWI  Pivperti). 

MR  J.  C.  STEVENS  bega  to  rauiaaaoe  that 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms  IA  King 
street,  covent  Garden,  London,  W.C.,  for  the  disposal  of  MHRO- 
SCOPES  SLIDES  and  OBJ  ECTIVKS  -  Teles,-.  i«ss  —  TheoJohtes— 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras  . 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Api*n.tus-Optical  Lanterns  »ith  Mides 
and  all  Aoceasoties  ill  oeat  variety  by  llc-t  Makers  -  Household 
Puxnlture — lesrellary  and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  'J  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 

MESSRS.   CHRISTIE.   MANSON   *    WOODS 
respectfully   give  notice   thai    they   will    hold  the   Following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  BOOB*  Kill*  Street.  St    .bciuess 

Square:— 

On     MONDAY.      Manh      19,     at      1     o'clock, 

PICTURES  by  OLD  MASTERS. 

On  TUESDAY.  March  90,  at  1  o'olook, 
OHELSEA  and  other  PIGURES.  the  Proper^  of  PRANCISHOWS* 
Esq frtnd   PORCELAIN    of   the  late  GEORGE   ALLEN,   bh  and 

others. 

On    WEDNESDAY,    March    21,    at    1    o'olock, 

ENGRAVINGS    ol    the    EARLY    ENGLISH    and   EIGHTEENTH- 
CENTURY  SCHOOLS 

On  WEDNESDAY.  March  21,  at  2  o'olook, 
choice  WINES  the  Properties  of  the  lata  HARR1  FREEMAN 
COHEN,  E-.|  .  Sir  ROBERT  HARVEY,  and  other*. 

On  THURSDAY.  M.n.li  22,  at    1   o'olook,  fine 

OLD  ENGLISH    SILVER   PLATE,   the  Property  of  E.  W.  COLT. 
Esq.  (deceased),  and  others. 

On      FRIDAY,     March      '23.     at       1      o'clock, 

PORCELAI*    OBJ]  I   1-'(A1;T.:u..1  DECORATIVE  FUKMTURE. 

On     SATURDAY,     Man  h     24,     at    1    o'clock, 

Important  MODERN  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS. 

SALES  by  AUCTION,  &c, continued  on  p.  216. 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


315 


MESSRS.    J.    M.    DENT    &    CO.S    NEW    BOOKS. 


THE  ROMANCES  OF  ALEXANDRE  DUMAS. 

In  48  vols,  illustrated,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  2s.  6d.  per  vol.  net. 

*#*  This  is  a  re-issue  of  Messrs.  Dent's  original  60  volumes  set.  It  is  entirely  rearranged,  but 
■remains  otherwise,  as  heretofore,  the  only  complete  and  unabridged  set  of  Dumas  in  the  English 
language.  Two  volumes  will  appear  monthly. 


GARDEN   COLOUR. 

Text  by  Mrs.  EARLE,  E.  V.  B.,  Miss  ROSE 

KINGSLEY,  The  Hon.  VICARY 

GIBBS,  and  others. 

With  50  Coloured   Illustrations  Painted   from 
Nature  by  MARGARET  WAKEFIELD. 

Demy  4to,  21s.  net. 

[Second  Edition  nearly  exhausted. 

OUR   GARDENS. 

By  the  Very  Rev.  S.  REYNOLDS  HOLE. 

Illustrated  after  Paintings  by  G.  S.  Elgood,  R.I.  ; 

the  Frontispiece  in  Colours ;  also  from  Photographs ; 

and  with  Plans. 

[Third  Edition. 

FLY-FISHING. 

By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  EDWARD  GREY, 
Bart.,  M.P. 

Illustrations  in  Photogravure  after  Miss  Jessie 
Macgregor  and  William  Hyde. 

Coloured  Plates  of  Flies. 

[Third  Edition. 

PARIS. 

By  THOMAS  OKEY. 

Illustrated  by  KATHERINE  KIMBALL  and 
O.  F.  M.  WARD,  also  after  Old  Paintings, 
Sculptures,  &e. ,  in  Colour,  Line,  and  Half -Tone. 

Large  fcap.  4to,  2ls.  net. 

EDINBURGH. 

By  OLIPHANT  SMEATON. 

Illustrated  after  Old  Pictures  and  Prints,  and  in 
Colour  and  Pencil  by  Y.  A.  SYMINGTON 
and  HERBERT  RAILTON. 

Large  fcap.  4to,  21a  net. 


MEDIEVAL  TOWN    SERIES. 

VOLUME.     JjRUSSEXjD. 

By    ERNEST    G  I  LL  I  AT-S  M  ITH. 

Illustrated  by  KATHERINE  KIMBALL  and 
GUY     GILLIAT-SMITH. 

Also  in  Preparation : — 

OXFORD,     RAVENNA,     AVIGNON, 

CANTERBURY,  &c. 

Previous    Volumes   in   the  Series  : — 

ASSISI.    By  Lina  Duff  Gordon.* 

BRlTGKS.     By  Ernest  Gilliat-Smith.t 

CAIRO.     By  Stanley  Lane-Poole,  t 

CAMBRIDGE.     By  the  Dean  of  Ely. 

CHARTRES.     By  Cecil  Headlam.  t 

CONSTANTINOPLE.     By  W.  H.  Hutton.* 

EDINBURGH.     By  O.  Smeaton.  t 

FLORENCE.     By  Edmund  G.  Gardner,  t 

FERRARA.     By  Ella  Noyes.  t 

LONDON.    By  H.  B.  Wheatley.t 

MOSCOW.     By  Wirt  Gerrare.* 

NUREMBERG.    By  Cecil  Headlam.* 

PERUGIA.   By  Margaret  Syinondsand  L.  Duff  Gordon.* 

PRAGUE.     By  Count  Lutzow.* 

ROME.     By  Norwood  Young. t 

ROUEN.     By  Theodore  A.  Cook.t 

SIENA.     By  Edmund  G.  Gardner,  t 

SEVILLE.     By  Walter  M.  Gallichan.t 

TOLEDO.     By  Hannah  Lynch.* 

VERONA.     By  Alethea  Wiel.t 

VENICE.    By  Thomas  Okey.t 

*#*  The  above  Volumes  are  variously  illustrated 

by    N.    ERICHSEN,     H.    M.    JAMES,    J.    A. 

SYMINGTON,  HERBERT  RAILTON,  and  others. 

*Cloth,  3s.  6d.  net ;  roan,  4.-*.  dd.  net. 

fCloth,   4s.    6d.    net ;    roan,   5s.   6d.   net. 

VENICE. 

By  THOMAS  OKEY. 

With  50  Illustrations  in  Colour  after  O.  F.  M. 
WARD  and  W.  K.  HINCHLIFF,  and  50  in 
Line  by  NELLY  ERICHSEN  and  after  Old 
Masters. 

Large  fcap.  4to,  21s.  net. 

[Third  Edition. 


ROME. 


By  ST.  CLAIR  BADDELEY  and  LINA 

DUFF  GORDON. 

Illustrated  by  AUBREY  WATERFIELD. 

Uniform  with  above,  21s.  net. 


MOROCCO 

OF 
TODAY. 

[Immediately. 


THE  ENGLISH  EDITION  OF 

M.  EUGENE  AUBIN'S 

MOROCCO    OF 
TO-DAY. 

With  3  Maps. 
Large  crown  8vo,  0«.  net. 


MOROCCO 

OF 
TO-DAY. 

[Immediately. 


FLORENTINE 

PALACES. 

By  JANET  ROSS. 

With  over  70  Illustrations  in  Line  by  ADELAIDE 
MARCHI. 

Small  demy  8vo,  6s.  net. 


HOMES  OF  THE  FIRST 
FRANCISCANS  IN  UMBRIA. 

By  BERYL  D.  DE  SELINCOURT. 

With  12  Illustrations  from  Photographs. 
Crown  8vo,  4.*.  6(/.  net. 


NORMANDY: 

Its  Ancient  Towns. 

Written  and  illustrated  in  Colour  and  Line  by 

GORDON  HOME. 

Post    8vo,    10*.    6rf.    net. 


IN  FURTHER 

ARDENNE. 

A  Study  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of 

Luxembourg. 

By  the  Rev.  T.  H.  PASSMORE,  M.A. 

With  Illustrations  and  a  Map. 

Post  8vo,  7*.  tid.  net. 


CITIES. 


By  ARTHUR  SYMONS. 

Illustrated  with  8  Photogravures  after  Old 
Pictures,  Second  Edition. 

Small  demy   8vo,    7s.   Gd.    net. 


THE  CHRIST  OF 
ENGLISH  POETRY 

(Being  the  "  Hulsear  Lectures  "  delivered  in 
the  University  of  Cambridge.  1905 

By  the  Very  Rev.  DEAN  STUBBS    D.D. 

Small  demy  8vo,  6a.  net. 


Please  write  for  PROSPECTUSES  and  LISTS,  also  of  our  new  "  EVERYMAN'S  LIBRARY," 
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24,   BEDFORD  STREET,   STRAND,   LONDON,   W.C. 


:J10 


TH E     ATHKN^UM 


N   L090,  Mabcb  17,  1906 


9altl  b|  Auction— rout  in  uof. 

|\yrE8KR8     in  Mm. mix   A    00.    trill    SELL   bj 

l»  1      Al'CTIO.N     .i    ili.-u     l(. -.in.    II.-.    <  lu.ii.. -it    tons,    w 

T  III  KHIi  \\     M  .i    h    •     •ml  KolWmli  —  U«  a.    Ml 

l.\\  I  ■'!  s   llmlKN   in   -.11   .  I..  I  'in.-.   i-i  l.lnw  IJI 

i  it    Th  ••  Im  t  ■>    l'i-  ln-iii   >■ 

I  ,i„i  i.thrn  li»  at  HhcUrjr,  l.nnl..    Lurkrt   l..n.|  —  .n. 
iirm    Ail-tin  ml    -ill-  i   M-l'  in  \\  lit.  i» 

Ihr  W.vki  n(  Nhellri   ■ud   K...I.     In    IhikUm  Konnan,   I?  roll     The 
XV.irki  •■(  II    "ti'l  K    I!    Iir..«iniiir    KliH I.-  Luxe 'IB  vols      I I"i  I 

W..rk.    KloU        ll.-.k-   lllil.tl  .1.  .1    Li    I  Mill.li  , nk      I..,.  I,      Phil      A- 

i  i   oka  on  i,  .1.1.  tun,-     Work!  In  I ni  il  Utrratun     HUiidanl 

II  I       lu.  fci 

To  Iw  i  lewi  -I  mil  <  »t  ilugui  -  li  "l 


Bart  and  Valuable  ffnoti 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  <*  00.  "ill  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  "t  their  Id-. in-,  ii..  Chancer?  [sum,  w  i  .in 
Tlirn»l'\\  March  -.  mil  following  Dm,  si  I  o'clock,  ICMIK 
.-.ii.l    \  A  1. 1  ABLE  BOOKS  ami  M  \M  s<  It  J  l'i  s  .  ,.i„i ngn  Twelfth 

4  .-lit  iw  >      h'.i  ..iiif.-lirtr  it.in.      iinl     otbvl      MSS.     on      1,'lliuii.     >,.|||,-     Mill) 

llluiiiui  .1  i"ii-     Rarlj    runt., I    H.Miks  friiui   the  <i.-i  iii  in  and    It  ill  in 
P  specimens  of  Btainpefl   Leather  end  "1.1  Morocco  Bindings 

u  Collection  "i   scarce  Americana      iuri.ni-  Black-Letter  Books  uid 
i.i.     \  .luii,.-    in  >,  v,  nt,. nth  (Vntiiry  English    Literature,    many  in 

rooteniporarj  Mndlnjn    Cottons    H<  il hire,   »itli  .MS    Dedicator; 

Venn    and   other    Autogmnh    Prrorntation    li.-.k-    ■    Ine    Bel    ..t 
Jesse's  Historical  Works,  Original   Editions    First   K.liti'.n-  of  Scott'a 
T..1.-.-  ..f   My   Landlord,  Kir-t  tieries,   i  vols,  hoards,  entirely  uncul 
Lambs  Tales  Irani  Hhnkrspeare.  with  Blake'i  Plate*.  9  rob.  original 
aheap  Unduhf,  and    others   a  Bne  .-in. I  eoanpiete  8el  <>t  tin-  I'iIi-. 

graphical  s,Ni,-t\-  Publications    Bar)  ■  Bixteenl '"1 -ed  Views  on  the 

ulrerpeol  and  Manchester  Railway,  and  other  K<-«k-  with  Coloured 
Plates-  Standard  Works  in  General  Literature,  handsomely  Ih.hu, I  in 
cadf aad moroooo — Autograph  l-.-tt.-t-  from  Wordsworth,  Lanuar.and 
Charlotte  Bronte1  t"  Thackeray ;  also  ■  maaninoent  Set  "f  Gannon's 
Historical  Records  of  the  Itriii.-h  Ai  my  laold  by  order  of  the  Executor 
of  tin-  late  Mi-s  Sophia  Cannon  I,  <'.7  rob.  In  (In-  Original  Uorocco 
Bindings,  with  U  duplicate  rob.,  and  »  Collection  of  the  Original 
\\:it,-t  r.ili.ur  Drawings  "t"  the  Colours,  lfnlfonna.nnd  Battle  Scenes, 
liy  W.  Heath  and  others,  used  to  Illustrate  the  Milium'.-. 
Catalogues  icontalning  nvoslniibs)  <ui  application. 

Valuable  Bookt,  including  a  Portion  of  a  Libtary  remaned 
from  Devontkire. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  tlu-ir  Qalleries,  -it,  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
EARLY  IN  A  Pit  1 1..  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  inclading  rare  First 
Editions  and  other  valuable  It.-ms. 


Early  Printed  Books  and  rare  First  Editions,  including  a 
Portion  or  the  Libra  nt  of  a  Collector. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  ft  SIMPSON  will  SKLL 
by  AUCTION,    it  tlu-ir  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
EARLY  IN  APRIL,  VALUABLE  BOOKS.  IncludinK rare  Specimens 

of  Early  English*  and  Foreign  l* -  -scarce  First  Editions— and 

other  Important  Items. 

IN  THE  ROYAL  EXCHANGE  SALE  ROOMS, 
GLASGOW, 

On  TUESDA  Y,  April  .1,  at  IS  o'clock. 

VERY  IMPORTANT   PUBLIC   SALE  OF   RARE 
EDITIONS  OF 

BURNSIANA, 

Ring  the  Collection  of  Dr.  ALEXANDER  PATTERSON, 
late  uf  •£>,  liuliu  Street.  Glasgow. 

"DOBERT     M'TEAR     &     CO.,     Auctioneers. 

Catalogues  can  now  lie  hail  on  a|i|ilieatinii. 
Royal  Exchange  Sale  Booms,  st.  Vincent  Place,  Glasgow. 


jHaga^ines,    Set. 


NEW  SERIES. 

THK     GENTLEMAN'S    MAGAZINE. 
(Pounded  l.si.1 
Price  One  shilling. 
MAHCII  NUMBEB  NOW  BEAUT. 
Confsnfs. 
t  attain  JOHN  WARD,  PIRATE. 
MV  SCHOOLGIRL  tlPE  FIFTY  YEARS  AGO. 
TDK  DESMOND  REBELLION  OF  iwo. 
TIIK  NEW  IRISH  PEASANT. 
TIIK  DAY'S  DOINGS  <>F  A  NOIIODV.     If. 
FIGHTING  FOB  TIIK  CROWN  IN  SHROPSHIRE 
ERABHUB   UK  COPIA." 
COBRESPONDENCE. 
REVIEWa 

SYLVANU8  V  KUANS  NOTEBOOK. 
THE  CASTB08  OF  LEHOS. 
LEABNED  SOCIETIES. 
REVIEW  OF  THE  Month. 
OBITU  ABIES, 

BHOBT  NOTICES  OF  RECENT  PUBLICATIONS. 
TVi'oGltAI'lllt  AI,  NOTES  <>N  SOUS  NEW  BOOKS. 
GARDEN  NOTES. 
Published   in   th.-   Middle  of  tin-   Month    at    the   offi.e  of  the 
0B3ERVKR,  IZ»,  strand,  London,  w.c.  and  of  all  Booksellers, 

A  BOUT  2,000  BOOKS  WANTED  .u-t-  advertised 

1\  for  weekly  in  TIIK  PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR  AND  BOOK 
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LIST. 

INDUSTRIAL 

EFFICIENCY. 

A  Comparative  Study  of  Industrial  Life  in 

England,  Germany  and  America. 

By    ABTHUR    8HADWELL,    MA.    M.D. 

•1   Mils.    bVII,    JO-.    lift. 

TIIK  TIMES. 

'■  Borne  "f  the  chapter*  In  theae  ralameaAN  ni'"lel  refcorda 
ni  eeotwnskaJ  InTeatigatlon.      lin-y  suin   op  clearly  aad 

stjocinctly, and,  withont exaggeratl \ivj«ii\  ami  eften  in 

pictureaqne  phrase,  the  oatcome  of  moch  carerhl,  dia> 
paaaionate  examinatloii,  . .  We  know  few  recent  booki  likely 
tn  be  more   instructive  ami   helpful   t<>  employers:  anil 

workmen." 

THE  DAILY  MAIL. 

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The  book  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting  political,  social, 
ami  economic  study  produced  of  recent  years.  There  is 
scarcely  a  question  confronting  the  England  of  to-day  on 
which  it  does  not  shed  valuable  li^ht.  We  can  only  hope 
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THE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  JOURNAL 

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THE 

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By  W.  O.   EDWARDS  REE8. 

Crown  8vo,  6».  Gd.  net. 

COLLOQUIES. 

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THK  PARSON'S  SYMPOSIUM.      THK  PABeON'S  P06TBAO. 

the  parson's  blogunon.    .the    parson's    disabili- 

the  parson's  Critics.  tiks. 

thk  parson's  pro  motion  the  parson's  humour. 

THE  PARSONS  HELPMEET.  THK  PARSONS  MANNERS. 
THK  PARSONS  CHILDREN.  THE  PARSONS  TRAINING. 
THE  PARSON'S  HOLIDAY.  THK    PARSONS  AUTOCRACY. 

PROFILES. 
THK  ARCHDEACON    OF   EKB-    THE  DILETTANTE  PARSON. 
FLEET.  THK  VICAR  OF  (  INHKltl'.Y. 

SOME  BUBAL  DEANS.  THK     RECTOR    01    ST. 

THE  SUMMER  CHAPLAIN.  LUKES. 

THE  KEY  TO  THE  WORLD'S 

PROGRESS:  being  an   Essay  on  Historical  Logic.     Bv 
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aminer in  Political  Economy  in  the  Royal  University 
of  Ireland.     Crown  Svo,  a*,  net. 
The  object  of  this  book  is  to  give  to  the  logic  and 
history  of   Newman   an   economic   or    sociological   setting. 
and    thus    to   show    that    "for    the    explanation  Of    World- 
history  we  must  Hist  have  the  true  theory  of  the  Christian 
Church  and  her  life  through  eighteen  centuries." 

NOTES   FROM   NATURE'S 

(iAKDKN.    By  FRANCES  A.  BARDSWELL,  Author 

of  'Hook  of  Town  and  Window  Gardening.'  With  31 
Illustrations  from  Photographs,     Svo,  tin,  0<t.  net. 

NATURE    KNOWLEDGE    IN 

MODERN  POETRY:  being  Chapters  on  Tennyson. 
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ponents    of     Nature     Study.       By     ALEXANDEB 

MACKIK,  M.A.     Crown  Svo,  -Is.  M.  net. 

AT  THE  GATES  OF  THE  EAST : 

a    Hook   of   Travel    among    Historic    Wonderl  itnlv      By 

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Dtililin).  Bis  Majesty's  Indian  Medical  Service.  With 
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ITALY  AND   SICILY. 


Ill-Ill    KIWI  [Oaf. 
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ANCIENT  ATHENS. 

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With  Illustrations,  Maps,  and  Plans.   Svo,  21a,  net. 

TIMES.  —  "  Splendidly     illustrated Prof. 

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MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  London. 


DAVID     NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 

THE    CLASSICAL    REVIEW. 

Kilitor— J.  P.  POSTGATE,  GuaMdga 

Vol.  X\.  MARCH,     ■  No.  t.  la  6rf.  net. 

Pimfimft 
ORIi  i  I  N  A  I.  (  I  »M  1U  HI   IIONS  :— 

The  Pelenela  once  more.    H.  M.  HENRY. 

The  Perfect  Subjunctive,  Optative,  and  Imperative  in 

Greek  again,    J.  K.  HARRY. 
De  Antii|nis>iiiiis  Theooriti  Mesnbraaia.     I".  de\V!LV. 
MOWITZ-.MOKI.I.KMKIHKK. 

Ad  Kiiictetvun.     CoiitiniKil.     A.  .1.  KHONKNHKRi;. 

Notes ontha  BrotidGraed.  Ccettinned  H.  RICHARDS. 

On  Ovid,  '  Metamorphoses,'  xi.  110-124.     (i.  M.    HIRSf. 
SHORTER  CONTKIIHIIKN-   \M>  Noi». 
REVIEWS:— 

Rutherford's  'A  Chapter  in  the  History  of  Annotation,* 
T.  NICKLIN. 

Two  Translations  of  I.ncian.     II.  RICHARDS, 

DiHijBiiVTiiiiMiliiii  Disputatioaa.'  ALBSRTC  CI.  \KK. 
BRIEFBB  NOTICES. 
VERSION  s- 

ll.ik.-'s  The  Iiiscrutal.K-.'     .1.  V.  P. 

ARCHAEOLOGY:— 

Recent  Excavations  in  Rome.  THOMAS  WIHV,  Jun. 
Triremes.     CECIL  TORR. 

Smith's  'Catalugne    of    Brftiafa    Museum  seulptures. 
I..  A.  GARDNER, 

BRIEF  NOTICES:— 

Monthl]  Kivi.nl.    K.  II.  MARSHALL. 
SUMMARIES  OF  PERIODICALS. 
BOOKS  RECEIVED. 


.1 1ST  OCT. 


A  REALIST    OF   THE    AEGEAN: 

the  Mimes  of  Herodas.  Metrically  Translated  by  H. 
SHARPLEY,  M.  V.,  Editor  of  Aristophanes'  'Achas> 
ni.nis.'     Crown  s\.i,  cloth.  2c,  (»/.  net. 

•  .■  in  this  faithful  and  spirited  imaiou.  Mr.  Sharpie]  baa 
aimed  at  making  the  \i\id  studies  of  Greek  smart  Society  in 
tlu-  Third  Century  ac,  the  recoTeryof  which  from  Egyptian 
pip\  ri  wa>  v,i  warmly  welcomed  li>  i  laawhnl  scholars  a  dozen 
years  ago,  accessible  to  English  readers. 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


317 


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THE    ATHENiEUM 


319 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  17,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


310 
320 
821 
322 
322 


Mr.  T.  P.  Henderson  on  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 

Some  Dogmas  of  Religion  

A  German  Like  of  Goethe        

Prof.  Oman  on  the  Study  of  History  ... 

A  People  at  School  

New  Novels  (The  Healera ;  Hyacinth ;  The  Same 
Clay  ;  The  Pathway  (if  the  Pioneer ;  The  House  of 
Shadows  ;  The  Might  of  a  Wrong-doer ;  The  Girl 
in  Waiting  ;  La  Rebelle) 323—324 

English  Classics       324 

OCR  Lihrary  Table  (The  Author's  Progress  ;  In  and 
Around  Venice ;  The  Love-Letters  of  a  Genius ; 
Colleeta  Napoleonica, ;  Napoleon  in  Elba ;  Illustres 
et  Inconnus  ;  The  Clothing  Industry  of  New 
York  ;  Holyoake's  Autobiography ;  Tolstoy's 
Works  ;  Burdett's  Hospitals  and  Charities        320—328 

List  of  New  Books 32s 

A.  H.  J.  GREENiriGE;  Chaccek—  "Prestes  Thre"; 
The  Rev.  W.  Reynell,  B.I). ;  The  Booksellers' 
Provident  Institution  ;  The  Coming  Publish- 
ing Season 328—329 

Literary  Gossip        330 

Science— Reinach  on  Cults,  Myths,  and  Religions  ; 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  Theories  of  Matter  ;  Societies  ; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip      ..        ..      331— 83d 

Fine  Arts— Our  Library  Table  (London  to  the 
Nore ;  Franciscan  Legends  in  Italian  Art  ;  Les 
Caricatures  de  Puvis  de  Chavannes  ;  Hirth's 
Forniensehatz  ;  The  Care  of  Ancient  Monuments) ; 
Thirteen  Women  Artists  ;  Town  and  Country  ; 
Sales  ;  Gossip      335—337 

Music  —  Symphony  Concert  ;  Mr.  Charles 
Williams's  Orchestral  Concert  ;  Gossip  ; 
Performances  Next  Week 337—338 

Drama— Moliere  and  the  French  Stage;  Gossip 

338—340 

Index  to  Advertisers       340 


LITERATURE 


Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  her  Environment  and 
Tragedy :     a     Biography.     By    T.     F. 
Henderson.     With     102    Illustrations. 
2  vols.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

All  those  who  really  try,   whether  dis- 
passionately  or   otherwise,    to   solve   the 
problems  involved  in  the  story  of  the  fair 
Queen  of  Scots  feel  the  fascinating  power 
which  she  still  exercises,  and  never  lose 
their  keen  interest  in  her  and  her  affairs. 
As  it  is  nearly  seventeen  years  since  the 
first  edition  of  Mr.  Henderson's  '  Casket 
Letters  '  appeared,  and  as  his  later  his- 
torical studies   have   frequently   led   him 
again  to  deal  with  her  and  her  contem- 
poraries, she  must  have  been  often  in  his 
thoughts,  and  he  ought  to  be  well  qualified 
to  tackle  the  thorny  and  perplexing  subject 
of  her  environment   and   tragedy.     Not- 
withstanding his  knowledge  of  the  period 
and  his  attempt  to  write  impartially,  his 
judgment   on   many   points   will   not   be 
accepted  by  partisans  on  either  side  ;   but 
then  it  is  not  at  all  likely  that  any  critical 
study  of  Mary  Stuart's  life  will  ever  com- 
mand universal,  or  even  general,  approval. 
Some  readers  will  be  inclined  to  question 
not  only  the  soundness  of  many  of  Mr. 
Henderson's  criticisms,  but  also  his  pre- 
sentation of  some  of  the  facts.     A  number 
of  mistakes  have  found  their  way  into  his 
text  ;    many  of  the  quotations  are  rather 
loose  ;     and     several     statements    which 
ought   to  have   been  vouched  for  are  not 
so  supported. 

Some  of  the  mistakes  are  trifling  enough  : 
some  are  serious  ;   and  some  are  amusing. 


Mr.  Henderson  says,  for  example,  that 
Arran  proclaimed  Cardinal  Beaton  a  traitor 
on  August  29th,  1543.  Now  in  Sadler's 
letter,  which  is  dated  August  29th,  it  is 
stated  that  Arran  had  returned  to  Edin- 
burgh from  St.  Andrews  late  on  the 
previous  night,  and  that  the  proclamation 
was  made  before  he  left  St.  Andrews.  It 
could  not,  therefore,  have  been  later  than 
the  28th.  Again,  Mr.  Henderson  gives 
August  25th,  1560,  as  the  date  on  which 
the  Scottish  Parliament  passed  three 
important  Acts.  He  should  have  said 
the  24th.  The  second  of  these  Acts  he 
describes  as  "  condemning  all  doctrine 
contrary  to  the  newly  accepted  Confes- 
sion." What  the  Act  really  professed 
to  do  was  to  annul  all  Acts  of  Parlia- 
ment inconsistent  with  God's  Word  and 
contrary  to  the  Confession  of  Faith. 

In  one  chapter  Mr.  Henderson  puts 
Moray  in  place  of  Lethington,  and  Mary 
in  place  of  Moray.  The  first  of  these 
errors  seems  to  be  due  to  a  misinterpre- 
tation of  one  of  Randolph's  letters,  and 
the  other  to  a  clerical  or  printer's  slip. 
He  says  that  "  Moray  assured  Randolph 
that  the  Emperor  was  '  a  continual  earnest 
suitor  to  the  Cardinal  for  his  son  '  "  ; 
whereas  it  appears  from  Randolph's 
letter  that  it  was  Lethington  who  so 
assured  him.  Where  he  substitutes 
Mary  for  Moray,  he  plainly  means  Moray. 

When  Mary  was  brought  from  Carberry 
to  Edinburgh,  she  was,  Mr.  Henderson 
says,  taken  "  to  the  house  of  Henderson 
of  Fordel — then  Provost  of  Edinburgh." 
For  this  statement  he  gives  no  authority. 
He  could,  no  doubt,  have  cited  the 
'  Diurnal  of  Occurrents  '  ;  but  in  this 
case  both  the  '  Diurnal '  and  Mr.  Hender- 
son are  clearly  wrong.  By  a  slip,  or  an 
oversight,  Elizabeth  Cavendish  is  referred 
to  as  "  daughter  of  Shrewsbury  "  ;  and, 
similarly,  Beale  is  described  as  'l  brother 
of  Walsingham." 

Speaking  of  the  bond  to  Darnley,  which 
was  signed  before  the  murder  of  Riccio, 
Mr.  Henderson  says,  in  a  foot-note  : — 

"  The  original  copy  of  the  lords'  promises 
is  printed  in  the  '  Maitland  Miscellany,'  iii. 
188-91.  The  copy  made  by  Randolph  is 
in  the  State  Paper  Office.  Randolph  states 
that  the  qualifications  '  lawful  and  just  ' 
before  '  actions,'  and  '  according  to  the  word 
of  God,'  after  '  honour,'  were  added  by  the 
lords.  These  qualifications  virtually  placed 
Darnley  entirely  in  their  hands." 

After  making  such  a  statement  he  ought 
to  have  mentioned  that  these  qualifying 
words  are  not  in  the  original,  printed  in 
the  '  Maitland  Miscellany  '  ;  and  he  ought 
also  to  have  pointed  out  that,  of  the  six 
signatures  to  that  original,  only  three 
correspond  with  those  which  he  gives  in 
his  text.  It  may  further  be  noted  that, 
in  giving  the  names  of  those  who  signed 
the  warrant  for  imprisoning  the  Queen 
in  Loch  Leven  Castle,  he  omits  that  of 
Lord  Semple. 

In  quoting  documents  which  are  in  the 
vernacular  Mr.  Henderson  usually  repro- 
duces the  old  spelling,  but  not  infrequently 
introduces  variations.  These  variations 
are  probably  due  to  carelessness  :  and 
some  of  them  d<>  not   tend  to  make  the 


meaning  more  obvious.  "  Ministered  at'T 
is  not  the  equivalent  of  "  ministrat  "  ;  nor 
is  "  lycht  upon  "  (light  upon)  the  same  as 
"  lyeht  upon  "  (lieth  upon)  ;  and  "  boden 
in  feir  of  war  "  is  not  rendered  more  intel- 
ligible by  altering  "  feir  "  into  "  fear.'* 
In  a  quotation  in  which  Knox  referred  to 
"  nixt  Sunday  "  as  the  24th  of  August,. 
Mr.  Henderson  makes  it  the  23rd  ;  but 
Knox  was  right,  for  the  23rd  was  a  Satur- 
day. The  Act  of  Parliament  against  the 
Queen  was  passed  on  December  20th,  not 
on  December  15th,  1567  ;  and  the  quota- 
tion which  Mr.  Henderson  gives  from  it  is 
much  abridged,  although  he  does  not  say 
so.  That  quotation,  though  abridged, 
makes  good  sense,  save  for  one  misprint ; 
but  a  quotation  from  the  answer  of  the 
English  Council  to  Mary's  demand  is  not 
sense.  Here  is  Mr.  Henderson's  sentence 
in  which  it  is  embedded  : — 

"  To  the  English  Council,  Elizabeth  also 
expressed  her  willingness  to  show  Mary  the 
evidence,  but  if  she  did,  then  Mary  must 
'  make  answer  without  any  cavillation  for 
lack  of  her  admittance  to  the  presence  of 
her  Majesty  or  such  like  '  ;  and  by  her 
answer  '  it  sliall  be  proved  either  innocent  or 
culpable  of  the  horrible  crymes  whereof  she 
is  as  yet  accused,  and  not  convynced  ;  and 
if  she  shuld  not  by  hir  answer  prove  hirself 
innocent,  than  of  necessite,  the  Quenes 
Majesty  can  never  with  hir  honor  show  hir 
any  favor.'  " 

The  words  "  it  shall  be  proved,"  which 
we  have  italicized,  ought  to  be  "it  must 
nedes  ensue  that  the  sayd  Quene  shall  be 
proved  "  ;  and  "  but  "  has  been  omitted 
after  "  yet." 

Some  of  the  misquotations  may  be 
accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that 
Mr.  Henderson  has  occasionally  quoted 
at  second  hand.  One  is  loath  to  believe 
that  a  writer  of  his  standing  would  con- 
descend to  do  such  a  thing  ;  and  yet  he 
has,  as  may  be  thus  proved.     He  says  : — 

"  On  the  15th  Maitland  therefore  wrote 
to  Cecil  that  he  had  advised  Mary  to  defer 
her  answer  for  a  short  time,  and  that  mean- 
while he  should  be  glad  to  have  Cecil's 
'  opinion  how  the  same  may  be  so  framed, 
so  as  neither  be  pained  nor  miscontented.' 
He  also  thought  it  well  to  enlighten  Cecil 
again  as  to  Mary's  sentiments  :  she  was 
willing  to  do  anything  if  '  made  sure  of  her 
title  '  ;  but  '  to  enter  into  a  demand  and  find 
a  repulse,  it  would  much  offend  her,  being  of 
such  courage,'  &c." 

As  his  authority  for  this  he  gives  "  Haynes, 
'  State  Papers,'  p.  373."  Maitland's  letter 
is  in  Haynes,  pp.  375-6  ;  but  there  the 
clauses  Mr.  Henderson  quotes  run  thus  : — 

"  Opinion  how  the  same  may  be  so  framed 
as  therby  neyther  partyea   be   preinged  or 

miscontented.  .  .  .made  sure  of  that  titill .... 
to  enter  in  so  just  a  demande,  and  find  in  the 
end  a  repulse,  it  wold  so  sore  offend  her, 
being  of  BOChe  a  couraige  and  stomach." 

In  the  '  Foreign  Calendar,  Elizabeth.' 
iv.  410  n.,  Father  Stevenson  gives  a 
summary  of  the  letter,  avowedly  derived 
from  Haynes.  In  that  summary  the 
above-quoted  clauses  are  thus  given  :  — 

"  Opinion  how  the  same  may  be  so  trained. 
so  as  neither  party  be  pained  or  miscontented 
. . .  .made  sure  of  her  title. . .  .to  enter  into 

a  demand  and  find  a  repulse  it  would  much 
offend  her,  being  of  such  courage." 


320 


THE    ATHENJ8UM 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


It  is  plain  that  Mr.  Henderson  has  taken 
liis  extracts,  not  from  Haynes,  as  he 
profcs»c<  to  do,  but  from  Stevenson's 
summary.  The  context  knight  have  led 
him  to  suspect  the  word  M  pained  "  in 
Stevenson.  In  Haynes  "  preinged  "  is, 
of  course,  a  misprint  for  "  preiuged,"  that 
is,  "  prejudged,"  not  *'  pained." 

Mr.  Henderson  characterizes  as  incred- 
ible the  story  which  De  Foix  heard,  that 
Darnlev  "found  Mary  and  Riccio  together 
at  midnight  in  a  locked  room,  Riccio 
having  no  other  garments  on  than  his 
nightshirt."  We  do  not  for  a  moment 
dispute  the  incredibility  of  the  story,  but 
are  not  inclined  to  accept  "  nightshirt  " 
as  the  equivalent  of  "  en  chemise,  couvert 
settlement  d'une  robbe  fourree." 

Mary's  life  may  be  divided  into  three 
periods  :  the  first  extending  from  her 
birth  in  1542  until  her  return  from  France 
to  Scotland  in  1561  ;  the  second,  from 
that  date  until  her  flight  into  England  in 
1568  ;  and  the  third,  from  her  entry  into 
England  until  her  execution  in  1587.  To 
these  periods  Mr.  Henderson  has  devoted 
respectively  170  pp.,  330  pp.,  and  115  pp. 
In  view  of  its  duration,  its  hardships,  and 
the  number  of  its  plots  and  schemes,  the 
third  period  has  received  too  little  space 
in  proportion  to  the  others.  As  the  book 
professes  to  be  a  biography,  this  dispro- 
portion is  not  satisfactorily  accounted 
for  by  saying  that  "  her  political  career 
was  really  over  "  when  she  entered  Loch 
Leven  Castle  as  a  prisoner. 

In  Mr.  Henderson's  opinion  Mary  "could 
hardly  be  termed  pretty,"  and  "  much  of 
her  charm,"  he  thinks,  "  probably  de- 
pended on  her  air  and  manner."  Though 
her  faults  and  weaknesses  were  prominent, 
he  holds  that  "  she  was  by  no  means 
lacking  in  excellent  gifts  and  graces,  or 
even  in  characteristics  that  were  generous 
and  noble."  His  theory  is  that  until  the 
murder  of  Riccio  she  had  known  nothing 
of  passion.  Her  heart  had  been  shut 
against  it  by  ambition  ;  but  when  passion 
was  awakened  in  her,  ''  it  completely 
possessed  her."  He  believes  that  she  was 
a  party  to  Darnley's  murder,  and  that  the 
long  Glasgow  letter  is  genuine. 

The  book  is  vigorously  written  and 
displays  much  critical  acumen  ;  but 
some  of  the  phrases  are  rather  inelegant, 
and  one  or  two  savour  of  slang.  Of  the 
numerous  illustrations,  several  are  very 
good,  many  are  very  interesting,  a  few 
are  not  what  they  profess  to  be,  and  some 
are  wretchedly  poor.  Several  original 
documents  are  printed  in  the  appendix. 


Some  Dogmas  of  Religion.     By  J.  M.  E. 
McTaggart.     (Arnold.) 

Dr.  McTaggart,  the  enfant  terrible  of 
contemporary  Hegelianism,  having  posed 
the  philosophers — those  at  least  of  his 
own  school  who  were  wont  to  regard  their 
principles  as  a  specific  against  hedonism 
and  atheism — now  proceeds  to  puzzle  the 
theologians,  so  far  as  these  are  something 
less  than  metaphysicians.  Most  of  the 
present  argument,  as  befits  a  review  of 
more  or  Jess  popular  notions,  is  dialectical, 


not  in  Hegel's  sense,  but  in  Aristotle's  ;  it 
reasons,  not  absolutely,  but  ad  hominem. 
The  one  and  only  rule  of  the  game  is  that 
your  adversary  must  provide  the  stick 
with  which  you  beat  him.  For  instance, 
whilst  admitting  the  existence  of  evil  in 
the  world,  your  adversary  might  maintain 
that  God  is  at  once  omnipotent  and  per- 
fectly benevolent.  Thereupon  you  show 
him  that,  in  the  light  of  his  own  definitions 
of  evil,  omnipotence,  and  perfect  benevo- 
lence, this  conjunction  of  attributes  leads 
to  inconsistency — is  absurd.  You,  mean- 
while, on  your  part  are  committed  to 
nothing  positive.  So  far  as  your  own  belief 
is  concerned,  God  may  be  neither  omni- 
potent nor  benevolent — nay,  there  may 
not  even  be  a  God  at  all. 

Now  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this 
sort    of    cross-examination    of    opinions, 
when  well  managed,  helps  to  clear  the  air. 
And  in  the  present  case,  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary   to    say,    this    is    exceedingly    well 
managed.     Dr.  McTaggart  is  a  master  of 
clear  definition  and  concise  ratiocination. 
Indeed,  his  clearness  and  conciseness  are 
of  such  exquisite  quality  that  almost  of 
themselves  they  afford  the  impression  of 
wit.     "  Howr  neat !  "  we  constantly  find 
ourselves  exclaiming — a  comment  perhaps 
more  appropriate  in  any  case  than  "  How 
true  !  "  when  concepts  rather  than  facts 
compose  the  stuff  that  is  being  manipu- 
lated.    It  is  indeed  a  triumph  of  mind  over 
the    immaterial    that   mere    "  positions," 
abstract  and  bloodless,  should  be  taught 
to  weave  their  mazy  dance  with  so  rich  a 
spectacular  effect.     Only  now  and  again, 
as,    for   instance,    where   certain   current 
views  of  free  will  are  met  and  exposed  at 
length,  does  the  treatment  verge  on  the 
academic  and  set.     Of  course  the  book 
will  not  appeal  to   those  whose  coarser 
appetite  no  comedy  of  errors  can  stay, 
but    only    the    man-slaying    gladiatorial 
combat.     Reference    to   persons   is    rare. 
It  is  quite  by  way  of  exception  that  Dr. 
Rashdall    is    cited    by    name    and    most 
politely  corrected  ;    and  had  he  not  pre- 
viously,  in   '  Personal  Idealism,'   no   less 
politely  corrected  Dr.  McTaggart  ?    Thus 
your  fighting  philosopher  is  not  given  his 
chance.     The  "  humanist,"  for  example, 
who  perhaps  has  at  the  present  moment 
the  best  claim  to  this  title,  can  scarcely 
feel  inspired  to  defend  a  certain  "  argu- 
ment that  practice  is  supreme  over  theory" 
that  figures  in  conjunction  with  a  certain 
other    "  argument    from    consequences," 
against   which   it  is   asserted   that   "  the 
reality  of  our  aspirations  and  desires  gives 
us  no  ground  to  hope  they  will  be  gratified." 
Fatherless    and    friendless,    the    various 
theses  stand  or  fall  by  the  intrinsic  strength 
or  weakness  of  the  sense  imputed  to  them 
by  their  critic.     Or  rather,  tied  down  as 
they  are  to  a  sense  that  is  always  naive 
and  short  of  philosophical,  they  are  fore- 
doomed  to   fall   before   Dr.   McTaggart's 
merciless  logic.     They  fall  and  are  put  on 
the    "black   fist";    and  the   bishop  who 
wishes  to  be  consistent — but  bishops  are 
practical  men — would  do  well  to  consult 
this  catalogue  of  proscribed  dogmas  before 
he    lends   the  weight  of  his  authority  to 
some  piece  of  popular  metaphysics. 


Constructive  doctrine,  we  have  said,  is 
scarcely  to  be  sought  for  here.  In  the 
field  of  the  opinionative  Dr.  McTaggart's 
clue  to  ultimate  truth,  namely,  the 
Hegelian  gnosis,  would  be  out  of  place 
and  keeping.  There  are,  however,  at 
least  two  suggestions  of  positive  import 
that  call  for  notice.  The  first  is  a  defini- 
tion of  religion  : — 

"  How  then  shall  we  define  religion  ? 
Religion  is  clearly  a  Btate  of  mind.  It  is 
also  clear  that  it  is  not  exclusively  the 
acceptance  of  certain  propositions  as  true. 
It  seems  to  me  that  it  may  best  be  described 
as  an  emotion  resting  on  a  conviction  of  a 
harmony  between  ourselves  and  the  universe 
at  large." 

Now  some  day,  perhaps,  it  may  become 
generally  recognized  that  all  definition  is 
relative  to  the  special  purposes  of  its 
framer.  In  the  present  case  the  end 
immediately  served  is  to  show  "  that  no 
one  dogma  can  be  regarded  as  essential 
to  religion."  The  context  and,  still  more, 
the  general  tenor  of  the  book  prove  that 
by  this  is  meant  "  no  one  actually  existing 
dogma."  Dr.  McTaggart  is  not  one  of 
those  absolutists  who  hold  religion,  as 
such  and  in  itself,  to  be  mere  "  appear- 
ance." He  is  simply  a  foe  to  cheap-and- 
easy  religion— especially  to  the  kind  of 
religion  that  bases  itself  on  authority  : — 

"  No  dogma — at  any  rate,  no  dogma  of 
religion — is  asserted  which  is  not  denied  by 
able  students.  It  follows  that  a  man  is  not 
entitled  to  believe  a  dogma  except  in  so  far 
as  he  has  investigated  it  for  himself.  And 
since  the  investigation  of  dogma  is  a  meta- 
physical process,  and  religion  must  be  based 
on  dogma,  it  follows  further  that  no  man  is 
justified  in  a  religious  attitude  except  as  a 
result  of  metaphysical  study.  The  result 
is  sufficiently  serious.  For  most  people,  as 
the  world  stands  at  present,  have  not  the 
disposition,  the  education,  and  the  leisure 
necessary  for  the  study  of  metaphysics.  And 
thus  we  are  driven  to  the  conclusion  that, 
whether  any  religion  is  true  or  not,  most 
people  have  no  right  to  accept  any  religion, 
as  true."  • 

The  upshot  of  this  appears  to  be  that 
the  only  person  who  has  the  right  to  call 
himself  rehgious  is  the  Hegelian,  and, 
since  Hegel  dispenses  with  a  personal  God, 
but  retains  "  a  conviction  of  a  harmony 
[not  here  and  now,  but  in  the  absolute] 
between  ourselves  [or  what  is  left  of  us] 
and  the  universe  at  large,"  therefore  this 
conviction  and  the  beatific  effects  thereof 
constitute  religion  in  its  very  essence. 
Now  such  a  view  is  intelligible  enough — 
nay,  almost  inevitable — in  a  thinker  of 
Dr.  McTaggart's  persuasion.  But  your 
Hegelian  notoriously  "  cosmologizes " 
with  difficulty — that  is,  finds  it  hard, 
though  his  a  priori  logic  be  drawn  on  to 
the  full,  to  throw  any  light  whatever  on 
the  actual  processes  of  life  and  nature. 
Dr.  McTaggart's  mistake  is  to  seek  to 
found  his  definition  of  religion  on  an  appeal 
to  history.  De  jure  religion  may  be  what- 
ever the  absolutist  conceives.  De  facto 
it  is  an  "  emotion  "  (or  better  a  "  senti- 
ment ")  based  on  something  far  more 
solid  and  lasting  than  any  kind  of  in- 
tellectual conviction,  namely,  on  prac- 
tice— on  cult.  No  psychology  of  the 
individual    consciousness    will    suffice    to 


N°  4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


321 


explain  cult,  but  only  a  science  or  philo- 
sophy of  man  as  socialized,  as  the  product 
of  an  inter-subjective  intercourse  that 
shapes  itself  gradually  by  the  way  of 
"  trial  and  error."  It  is  useless,  then, 
for  Dr.  McTaggart  to  try,  by  means  of 
ingenious  quibbling,  to  square  his  defini- 
tion of  religion  with  an  ugly  fact  such 
as  that  primitive  cult  exists  mainly  for 
the  propitiation  of  unfriendly  and  malig- 
nant spirits  (the  worship  of  the  good  spirits 
being  regarded  as  entirely  superfluous).  It 
is  far  better  to  realize  that  definitions  are 
relative,  or,  at  all  events,  that  the  science 
of  comparative  religion  will  never  accept 
a  definition  which  suits  its  working  pur- 
poses so  ill. 

The  other  noteworthy  contribution  to 
positive  theory  is  a  doctrine  of  pre-exis- 
tence.  This  may  be  regarded  as  a  corollary 
to  the  plea  for  human  immortality  set 
forth  in  '  Studies  in  Hegelian  Cosmology,' 
since  the  arguments  offered  for  the  one 
appear  to  involve  the  other.  Dr.  McTag- 
gart labours  to  show  that  the  loss  of 
memory  which  pre-existence  renders  pro- 
bable need  not  diminish  the  value  of 
immortality  : — 

"  The  past  is  not  preserved  separately  in 
memory,but  it  exists,  concentrated  and  united, 
in  the  present.  Death  is  thus  the  most  per- 
fect example  of  the  '  collapse  into  immediacy' 
— that  mysterious  phrase  of  Hegel's — where 
all  that  was  before  a  mass  of  hard-earned 
acquisitions  has  been  merged  in  the  unity  of 
a  developed  character.  If  we  still  think  that 
the  past  is  lost,  let  us  ask  ourselves,  as  I  sug- 
gested before,  whether  we  regard  as  lost  all 
those  incidents  in  a  friendship  which,  even 
before  death,  are  forgotten." 
Would  he  but  leave  it  there,  Dr.  McTag- 
gart had  almost  persuaded  us  of  the 
plurality  of  lives,  so  potent  the  conjoint 
magic  of  Hegel's  immense  phrase  and  of 
the  notion  of  a  friendship  enshrined  in  us 
deeper  than  consciousness  itself.  But  our 
author  insists  on  thrashing  the  subject  out 
till  what  might  else  have  passed  for  a 
mystery  becomes  a  fantasy  bordering  on 
a  joke — the  kind  of  conceit  Plato,  with 
his  sense  of  the  limits  of  the  philosophic 
art,  would  have  fathered  on  a  banqueting 
Aristophanes.  Each  person,  we  are  told, 
is  brought  by  a  sort  of  chemical  affinity  into 
connexion  with  the  new  body  most  appro- 
priate to  him.  This  body  might  well  be 
similar  to  the  ancestral  bodies  that  begot 
it,  for  these  would  have  been  the  appro- 
priate dwelling-places  of  similar  souls  ; 
wherefore,  incidentally,  do  our  characters 
resemble  those  of  our  forbears — a  charm- 
ing paradox.  What  Dr.  McTaggart,  how- 
ever, forgets  to  explain  is  why  a  man 
cannot  be  his  own  ancestor,  that  is, 
ancestor  after  the  body  ;  or  can  he  ? 
Another  difficulty  overlooked  is  that, 
whereas  to-day  millions  of  souls  have 
bodies,  in  days  gone  by  the  available 
bodies  were  limited  to  scarce  as  many 
thousands.  Is  it  possible  that  the  reason 
why  primitive  man  was  so  beset  with 
spirits,  whilst  we  live  relatively  unhaunted, 
is  to  be  sought  in  the  diversions  of  un- 
employed immortals,  capable  of  killing 
time,  if  unable  to  "  do  "  it  in  the  prison- 
house  of  the  flesh  ?  Or  what,  again,  of 
the  animals?  But  we  pause  for  a  reply  that 


we  hope  Dr.  McTaggart  will  one  day  give 
us  in  the  form  of  a  Platonic  myth. 


The  Life  of  Goethe.  By  Albert  Biel- 
schowsky.  Translated  by  William  A. 
Cooper.  Vol.  I.  1749-1788.  (Put- 
nam's Sons.) 

It  is  just  fifty  years  since  Lewes  pub- 
lished his  '  Life  of  Goethe,'  and  it  is 
hardly  too  much  to  say  that  since  then 
nothing  really  satisfactory  in  the  shape  of 
a  full  biography  of  the  poet  has  been  pro- 
duced in  English.  It  is  true  that  Her- 
mann Grimm's  admirable  series  of  lectures 
and  Duntzer's  painstaking  '  Life '  were 
both  translated  ;  but  the  former  never 
seems  to  have  found  much  favour  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  latter,  for  all 
its  solid  merits,  can  scarcely  be  called 
exhilarating.  In  any  case,  too,  they 
have  both,  like  Lewes's  fine  work,  neces- 
sarily grown  antiquated  in  many  important 
respects,  and,  considering  the  advances  that 
have  been  made  during  recent  years  in  the 
study  of  Goethe,  we  think  it  high  time 
that  English  readers  should  be  provided 
with  something  adequate  and  up  to  date. 
The  present  translation  of  what  is  now 
pretty  generally  acknowledged  to  be  the 
most  sympathetic  and  readable  of  the 
recent  biographies  should  therefore  be 
accorded  a  hearty  welcome,  and  we  trust 
that  it  may  do  something  to  modify  the 
unfriendly  opinion  regarding  Goethe  which 
is  still  too  prevalent  amongst  us.  It  is  not 
so  very  long  since  the  conception  of  Goethe 
as  a  cold,  impassive  observer — an  Olym- 
pian throned  above  the  world,  as  Jean 
Paul  called  him — was  sufficiently  common 
even  in  Germany,  and  it  still  fingers  on  in 
this  country.  One  of  the  results  of  modern 
Goethe-study  has  been  to  emphasize  the 
erroneousness  of  that  idea,  and  probably 
no  one  has  been  more  successful  than 
Bielschowsky  in  bringing  this  home  to 
the  public  at  large.  Of  course,  it  is  per- 
fectly true  that  Goethe,  especially  in  his 
later  years,  generally  showed  a  calm  and 
apparently  callous  exterior  ;  but  the  heart 
within  him  was  always  ready  to  beat  far 
more  passionately  than  he  would  let  the 
world  suppose.  "  Unter  alien  Besitz- 
ungen  auf  Erden  ist  ein  eigen  Herz  das 
kostbarste,"  he  wrote  once,  and  this 
possession  of  his  heart  he  was  always 
resolute  to  keep  at  whatever  price.  But 
he  did  not  accomplish  this  without  a  long 
and  strenuous  struggle,  and  it  is  an  utter 
mistake  to  imagine,  as  we  are  so  apt  to 
do,  that  his  youth  was  marked  by  the 
serenity  and  strength  of  will  character- 
istic of  his  maturity.  "  It  may  be  said," 
remarks  Bielschowsky,  "  that  half  of 
Goethe's  life  was  gone  before  he  succeeded 
in  adjusting  an  equilibrium  between  his 
body  and  spirit,  and  establishing  a  just 
balance  among  his  various  mental  faculties, 
so  as  to  avoid  serious  disturbances  in  his 
inner  and  outer  life."  He  felt  it  his  duty 
to  exercise  a  rigorous  self-control,  which 
sometimes  had  the  appearance  of  coldness 
or  indifference,  but  was,  in  fact. 'merely 
the  persistent  effort  to  harmonize  his 
really   vehement    and   passionate   nature. 


His  emotions  were  profound,  but  he  would 
not  let  himself  be  carried  away  by  them  ; 
and  even  when  he  gave  poetical  expres- 
sion to  them,  as  he  so  often  did,  it  was 
never  in  a  narrow  and  personal  sense. 
He  sought  to  strip  them  of  what  was 
personal  and  accidental,  to  get  at  their 
inner  truth,  and  express  that — an  in- 
finitely harder  proceeding,  if  seldom  so 
popular  ;  and  it  is  this  that  makes  him 
so  great  as  a  writer  and  gives  his  finer 
work  its  enduring  quality,  rendering  it 
equally  significant  for  all  periods.  "  Goethe 
and  life  are  one,"'  said  Rahel  ;  and 
assuredly  life  may  continually  teach  us 
to  read  Goethe,  and  Goethe  teach  us  to 
read  fife,  a  little  better.  He,  at  least, 
gained  a  height  from  which  he  could  con- 
template it  all  without  confusion  ;  and 
when  we  are  dismayed  by  the  opposition 
of  the  brute  world,  and  feel  helpless  to 
confront  it,  we  may  look  up  to  him,  not 
without  wonderment  and  consolation. 
"  Goethe  accompagne  notre  ame  sur  les 
rivages  de  la  mer  de  la  Serenite,"  says 
Maeterlinck  beautifully  ;  and  he  does  so 
not  only  in  his  writings,  but  also  in  his 
life,  which  possibly  was,  as  some  of  his 
friends  considered,  the  greatest  of  all  his 
works  of  art. 

However  that  may  be,  such  a  life  is 
undoubtedly  worth  studying,  and  of 
Bielschowsky's  merits  as  a  biographer 
there  can  be  little  question.  He  has  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  "  the  science  that 
is  called  Goethe  " — the  science  that  has 
assumed  such  terrifying  proportions  in 
these  days — but  he  exercises  it  discreetly 
and  without  pedantry,  and,  though  his 
work  runs  to  some  twelve  hundred  pages, 
he  never  becomes  teasingly  minute. 
After  all,  a  satisfactory  life  of  Goethe 
cannot  be  written  in  a  brief  space  ;  he 
lived  and  worked  beyond  the  span  of 
ordinary  mortals,  and  what  with  his 
autobiography,  diaries,  volumes  upon 
volumes  of  letters,  conversations,  and  the 
like,  we  know  far  too  much  about  him 
and  his  concerns  to  make  that  possible. 
Moreover,  the  treatment  of  his  purely 
literary  works  rightly  occupies  a  large 
place  in  his  biography.  Bielschowsky 
has  fully  recognized  the  truth  of  the  poet's 
saying  that  these  are  all  "  fragments  of 
a  great  confession,"  and  not  only  borrows 
largely  and  skilfully  from  them  in  his 
narrative,  but  also  discusses  the  more 
important  of  them  at  length  ;  and 
although  we  may  sometimes  feel  inclined 
to  dispute  his  contentions — as,  to  take  a 
signal  example,  in  his  interpretation  of 
'  Tasso  ' — his  criticism  is  always  remark- 
ably stimulating,  subtle,  and  sympathetic 
Finally,  the  artistic  qualities  of  his  work 
are  of  a  high  order  :  he  writes  clearly  and 
gracefully,  and  has  the  power  of  present- 
ing vivid  pictures  of  persons  and  things, 
so  that  his  '  Life  of  Goethe  '  possesses 
unusual  attractions  for  the  general  reader. 
as,  indeed,  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the 
popularity  which  it  has  gained  in  Germany. 

The  present  volume,  which  takes  us 
down  to  1788,  shows  us  Goethe  in  his 
glowing  and  turbulent  youth  at  Frankfort, 
Leipsio,  and  Stnsburg  ;  then  at  Weimar, 
where  he  painfully  acquires  a  knowledge 


322 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


of  his  real  self  and  his  chief  aim  in  life  ; 
and  finally  in  Italy,  where  he  grasps  his 
genius  firmly  once  for  all.  Where  nearly 
everything  is  excellent,  it  is  perhaps  need- 
less to  single  out  any  special  portion  for 
praise,  but  we  may  call  attention  to  the 
chapter  entitled  '  Inner  Struggles  '  as  an 
admirable  example  of  Bielschowsky's 
method.  These  few  pages,  consisting  for 
the  most  part  of  skilfully  selected  quota- 
tions, offer  a  truer  conception  of  Goethe's 
career  and  personality  than  many  a 
lengthy  treatise. 

Upon  the  translation  we  can  bestow 
cordial  praise.  Mr.  Cooper  approves  him- 
self a  competent  German  scholar,  and  a 
writer  of  sound  English  as  well.  His 
rendering  is  now  and  then  a  trifle  loose  :  to 
take  the  first  instance  that  comes  to  hand, 
when  Bielschowsky  says  of  Goethe  that 
he  was  sometimes  "  so  schwach  und 
verzagt  als  ob  er  ein  Steinchen,  das  auf 
dem  Wege  lag,  nicht  fortschaffen  konnte," 
it  is  not  sufficiently  exact  to  translate  "  so 
weak  and  faint-hearted  as  to  be  annoyed 
by  a  pebble  in  his  path."  But  it  is  very 
seldom  that  we  come  upon  any  positive 
errors  of  translation,  and  doubtless  these 
are  mostly  slips,  as,  for  example,  in  the 
passage  referring  to  Napoleon's  affection 
for  '  Werther,'  where  the  English  version 
unjustifiably  credits  Alexander  the  Great 
with  a  sevenfold  perusal  of  Homer.  It  is 
perhaps  worth  while  to  correct  a  small 
error  on  p.  53,  where  Schlosser  is  said  to 
be  twelve  instead  of  ten  years  senior  to 
Goethe.  We  note  also  a  few  omissions, 
for  the  most  part  of  no  great  consequence  ; 
the  most  serious  seems  to  be  that  of  the 
English  verses  written  by  Goethe  in  one 
of  his  impetuous  letters  to  Behrisch,  and 
quoted  in  full  by  Bielschowsky.  Surely 
it  would  interest  English  readers  to  know 
that  the  great  German  could,  in  his  student 
days,  drop  into  poetry,  somewhat  after  the 
fashion  of  Silas  Wegg,  and  produce  lines 
like  these  : — 

What  pleasure,  God  !  of  like  a  flame  to  burn, 
A  virteous  fire,  that  ne'er  to  vice  can  turn. 
What  volupty  !  when  trembling  in  my  arms, 
The  bosom  of  my  maid  my  bosom  warmeth  ! 

Finally,  it  only  remains  to  say  that  the 
publishers  have  sent  out  the  volume  in 
handsome  guise,  and  have  furnished  it 
with  a  number  of  portraits,  which  give  it, 
in  one  respect  at  least,  an  advantage 
over  the  German  edition. 


I?iaugural  Lecture  on  the  Study  of  History. 
By  Charles  Oman.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) 

We  think  that  the  Chichele  Professor's 
inaugural  lecture  will  hold  high  rank  in 
a  class  of  literature  which  contains  many 
fine  examples  both  of  thought  and  style. 
It  is  remarkable  for  several  characteristics 
and  for  a  good  deal  of  courage.  From 
start  to  finish  it  is  lively  ;  the  writing, 
while  it  is  occasionally  of  great  dignity, 
is  sometimes  brilliant  and  even  humorous. 
This  is  no  commonplace  merit  in  a  uni- 
versity professor.  The  academic  mind  is 
not  usually  favourable  to  liveliness  of 
style  ;  and  in  a  study  which  becomes  daily 


more  teutonized  in  its  methods,  such 
graces  are  too  often  regarded  as  vicious. 
It  is  easy  to  be  either  learned  or  lively  ;  but 
it  is  not  at  all  easy  to  be  both  at  once. 
Consequently  dullness  is  set  up  as  an  idol 
to  be  worshipped  by  students  of  "  peoples, 
nations,  and  languages,"  and  those  who 
refuse  to  fall  before  the  shrine  are  cast  into 
the  fiery  furnace  of  the  pedant's  criticism, 
and  charged  with  levity , or  (worst  of  crimes ! ) 
the  picturesque.  Now  both  by  example  and 
precept  Mr.  Oman  is  the  adversary  of  this 
view,  and  puts  strongly  the  case  against 
it.  The  pure  research-lover  never  has 
produced  and  never  will  produce  history 
which  the  public  will  read  ;  and  though 
we  admit  that  truth,  not  amusement,  is 
the  aim  of  the  historian,  it  is  idle  to  deny 
that  truth  finds  more  lasting  hold  when  it 
is  set  forth  in  a  way  that  does  not  outrage 
the  sense  of  beauty.  In  another  respect 
Mr.  Oman  differs  (and  we  think  differs 
wisely)  from  the  view  of  the  lover  of 
research  at  any  price.  He  has  no  desire 
to  add  to  the  technical  side  of  the  Honour 
School  of  Modern  History.  It  is  absurd, 
and,  indeed,  impossible,  to  treat  a  school  of 
that  magnitude  as  though  for  the  vast 
majority  of  the  candidates  it  was  to  be 
the  introduction  to  a  lifetime  of  research. 
Doubtless  one  could  turn  the  History 
School  either  at  Oxford  or  at  Cambridge 
into  a  (probably  inefficient)  Ecole  des 
Chartes.  But  there  is  one  drawback  : 
one  would  kill  the  school  in  the  process. 
That  might  be  a  good  thing.  It  is  by  no 
means  certain  that  history  as  studied  for 
examination,  which  means  getting  up 
information  from  lectures  or  text-books, 
is  a  good  instrument  of  education.  But 
that  for  its  adherents  it  can  ever  be  any- 
thing but  an  instrument  of  education  (good 
or  bad)  we  hold  to  be  impossible  in  the 
nature  of  things,  or  rather  of  things  Eng- 
lish. Further,  we  think  Prof.  Oman  fully 
justified  in  pointing  out  that  the  historian 
is  born,  and  not  made  ;  that  he  becomes 
great  through  obstacles,  not  by  having 
his  path  smoothed.  Consider  the  crowded 
lives  of  Stubbs,  Gardiner,  Creighton,  and 
compare  their  volume  of  production  with 
that  of  those  who  had  neither  livings 
nor  pupils  to  hamper  them.  One 
thing  is  certain  :  the  historian  is  con- 
cerned with  human  life,  and,  except 
in  rare  instances,  a  course  artificially 
removed  from  many  of  its  harassing 
incidents  will  go  far  to  counterbalance 
the  time  and  information  gained,  because 
it  will  narrow  the  judgment  and  lower 
the  estimate  of  the  possible.  Many 
Germans  are,  we  think,  sufferers  in  this 
way. 

Mr.  Oman  argues,  and  rightly,  that  the 
way  to  become  an  historian  is  simply 
to  resolve  to  use  any  odd  moment  for 
work,  and  not  to  "  take  all  knowledge  for 
one's  province."  Limitation  of  aim  is 
as  necessary  as  largeness  of  outlook  to 
the  production  of  anything  at  all  in  this 
world  of  bounded  horizons.  He  illustrates 
this  thesis  by  a  reference  so  pertinent 
and  so  well  expressed  that  we  cannot 
forbear  quoting  it  in  conclusion.  De- 
scribing the  Acton  library — at  once  a 
monument  of  a  high  ideal  and  a  tragedy 


of  practical  achievement — he  relates  how 
Acton 

"  started  to  read  history  early  ;  he  was 
granted  a  long  life,  he  had  ample  leisure,  he 
was  able  to  collect  such  a  library  of  its  kind 
as  England  had  never  before  seen ....  He 
describes  how  the  plan  of  his  work  necessi- 
tated the  accumulation  of  such  a  mass  of 
detailed  material  that  no  single  human  brain 
could  possibly  deal  with  it.  I  went  down 
into  Shropshire  to  look  at  that  famous 
library  before  it  was  removed  to  Cambridge  ; 
never  was  there  such  a  pathetic  sight  of 
wasted  labour.  The  owner  had  read  it  all  ; 
there  were  shelves  on  shelves  on  every  con- 
ceivable subject — Renaissance  sorcery — the 
fueros  of  Aragon — Scholastic  Philosophy — 
the  growth  of  the  French  Navy — American 
exploration — Church  Councils — and  many 
books  were  full  of  hundreds  of  cross-refer- 
ences, in  pencil  noting  passages  as  bearing 
on  some  particular  development  or  evolu- 
tion in  modern  life  or  thought.  There  were 
pigeon-holed  cabinets  with  literally  thousands 
of  compartments,  into  each  of  which  were 
sorted  scores  of  little  white  papers  with 
references  to  some  particular  topic,  so 
drawn  up  (as  far  as  I  could  judge)  that  no 
one  but  the  compiler  could  easily  make  out 
the  drift  of  the  section.  Arranged  in  the 
middle  of  the  long  two-storied  room  was  a 
sort  of  altar  or  column  composed  entirely 
of  unopened  parcels  of  new  books  from 
continental  publishers.  They  were  appa- 
rently coming  in  at  the  rate  of  ten  or  fifteen 
books  a  week,  and  the  owner  had  evidently 
tried  to  keep  pace  with  the  accumulation — 
to  digest  and  annotate  them  all,  and  work 
them  into  his  vast  thesis — whatever  it  was. 
For  years  apparently  he  must  have  been 
engaged  on  this  Sisyphean  task.  Over  all 
there  were  brown  holland  sheets,  a  thick 
coating  of  dust,  the  motes  dancing  in  the 
pale  September  sun,  a  faint  aroma  of  musti- 
ness  proceeding  from  thousands  of  seven- 
teenth and  eighteenth  century  leather  bind- 
ings in  a  room  that  had  been  locked  up  since 
its  owner's  death.  I  never  saw  any  sight 
which  so  much  impressed  on  me  the  vanity 
of  human  life.  A  quarter  of  the  work  that 
had  been  spent  on  making  these  annotations 
and  filling  those  pigeon-holes  would  have 
produced  twenty  volumes  of  good  history — 
perhaps  an  epoch-making  book  that  might 
have  lived  for  centuries.  " 


A  People  at  School.     By  H.  Fielding  Hall. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

It  is  more  than  seven  years  since  Mr. 
Fielding  Hall,  under  the  name  of  H. 
Fielding,  published  '  The  Soul  of  a  People,* 
a  book  which,  in  its  class,  has  attained 
an  astonishing  measure  of  success.  Few, 
indeed,  would  have  cared  to  prophesy 
in  1898  that  a  volume  dealing  with 
Burmese  thoughts  and  ideas  would,  as 
'  The  Soul  of  a  People  '  has  done,  reach  a 
fourth  edition,  with  no  aid,  moreover,  from 
illustration  such  as  frequently  enhances 
the  popularity  of  works  connected  with 
Eastern  countries.  Mr.  Hall  appealed 
for  a  verdict  on  his  own  merits  alone,  and, 
as  far  as  editions  are  a  test  of  merit,  he 
obtained  a  verdict  of  a  most  favourable 
character.  He  now  appears  before  the 
reading  public  with  a  second  book  on 
almost  the  same  subject  as  that  of  his 
first,  although  his  pen  has  not  been 
altogether    idle    nor    deserted    Burmese 


N°  4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


323 


topics  entirely  in  the  interval.  '  A  People 
at  School,'  however,  may  be  called  the 
author's  next  serious  work  after  '  The 
Soul  of  a  People.'  Some  curiosity  must 
arise  at  the  outset  to  see  in  what  way  Mr. 
Hall  considers  that  his  earlier  book  re- 
quired supplementing.  In  anticipation  of 
this,  he  explains  in  a  brief  preface  that  the 
point  of  view  is  different  in  the  two  books. 
"  That  was  of  feelings  and  emotions  and 
ideals,"  he  says, 

"  of  the  inner  life  as  they  [the  Burmans] 
understand  it.  It  was  individual,  of  man 
and  woman.  This  is  of  the  outer  life,  of 
success  and  failure,  of  progress  and  retro- 
gression judged  as  nations  judge  each  other. 
It  is  of  the  Burmese  as  a  race. ' ' 

He  does  not  think  that  there  is  any  dis- 
accord between  the  two  works.  Thus 
prepared,  the  reader  begins  '  A  People  at 
School.'  Yet  when  he  comes  to  the  end 
of  it,  it  would  be  but  natural  if  he  could 
not  reconcile  the  two.  Let  us  suppose  that 
he  has  neither,  on  the  one  hand,  seen 
Burma  for  himself,  nor,  on  the  other, 
suffered  his  views  to  be  formed  by  the 
class  of  Europeans  who  look  on  the 
Burmese  as  lazy  scamps  because  they 
prefer  to  let  the  coolie-labour  required 
under  Western  government  be  performed 
by  Indian  immigrants.  (The  testimony 
of  this  class,  it  may  be  said  in  parenthesis, 
is  about  as  valuable,  by  itself,  as  that  of 
the  coast-port  resident  concerning  China, 
or  that  of  the  foreign  merchant  in  Kobe 
or  Yokohama  about  Japan.)  Such  a 
reader,  before  he  read  either  of  Mr.  Hall's 
books,  probably  had  a  vague  idea  that  the 
Burmese  were  a  charming  and  amiable 
people,  who,  in  spite  of  being  priest- 
ridden,  did  not  take  life  too  seriously. 
When  he  finished  '  The  Soul  of  a  People,' 
he  had  his  ideas  about  the  charm  of  the 
Burmese,  man  and  woman,  strongly  con- 
firmed. Therein  he  saw  an  almost  idyllic 
picture,  which  perhaps  made  him  sigh  at 
the  contrast  of  the  life  around  him,  and 
regret  that  this  could  not  take  on  the  best 
features  of  life  among  the  Burmese.  And 
now  ?  Well,  in  brief,  the  reader  is  for- 
bidden to  believe  that  that  people  can  go  on 
as  they  are,  or  that  they  would  be  worthy 
of  continued  nationality  if  they  did. 

The  difficulty  can  be  best  explained  by 
taking  two  examples.  In  '  The  Soul  of  a 
People  '  much  attention  was  devoted,  as 
is  inevitable  in  a  book  dealing  with  Burma, 
to  the  two  subjects  of  woman  and  of  the 
priesthood,  or  rather  monkhood.  With 
regard  to  women,  Mr.  Hall  in  his  first 
book  wrote  with  admiration  of  the  freedom 
which  they  enjoy  in  Burma  and  their 
almost  perfect  equality  with  men.  In  '  A 
People  at  School '  he  insists  that  changes 
must  come  (especially  in  the  laws  of 
marriage  and  of  inheritance,  which  con- 
tribute so  much  to  the  present  status  of 
Burmese  women),  to  the  detriment  of  the 
position  as  it  now  is,  and  that  with  woman's 
independence  will  disappear  her  free-will 
and  influence.     Women  in  Burma 

"  have  had  their  day.  They  have  con- 
tributed to  make  the  nation  what  it  is,  gay, 
insouciant,  feminine.  They  have  brought 
religion  to  the  pitch  it  reached.  But  the 
world    is    a    man's   world,    and    now    that 


Burma  has  come  out  of  the  nursery  it  must 
learn  to  be  a  man. ' ' 

The  point  concerning  the  monks  and 
the  religion  which  they  teach  follows 
naturally.  It  was  an  enthusiastic  picture 
that  Mr.  Hall  drew  of  Burmese  Buddhism 
in  his  first  book.  Now  we  are  told  that 
Buddhism  has  lost  much  of  its  former 
position  in  the  country,  and,  although 
there  is  no  likelihood  that  it  will  be  replaced 
by  any  other  creed,  yet  there  are  too  many 
monks,  too  many  monasteries.  The  monks 
must  be  reduced  in  number,  the  old  pagoda 
ruins  must  be  cleared  away  from  the  sites 
which  they  occupy.  So,  too,  the  excessive 
tenderness  to  animal  life  must  go.  And 
why  1  The  answer  is  one  that  may 
surprise  the  missionaries  working  in 
Burma.  Because,  Mr.  Hall  says,  Bud- 
dhism is  now  becoming  to  the  Burmese 
what  Christianity  is  to  Europe,  the  second 
truth  in  life.  The  Burmese  must  learn 
the  worship  of  the  God  Necessity,  the 
maker  of  men  : — 

"  That  is  the  lesson  the  world  has  to 
teach.  It  is  the  first  of  all  lessons  and 
the  truest.  It  is  the  most  beautiful.  It 
is  the  gospel  of  progress,  of  knowledge, 
of  happiness.  And  it  is  taught  not  by 
book  and  sermon,  but  by  spear  and 
sword,  by  suffering  and  misery,  by  starva- 
tion and  death ;  not  by  sorrow  imagined  in 
the  future,  but  very  imminent  to-day." 

Had  this  passage  occurred  in  '  The  Soul 
of  a  People,'  it  would  assuredly  have  been 
read  as  ironical.  But  here  it  is  undoubt- 
edly in  earnest.  In  future,  the  writer 
says  a  few  pages  later,  Buddhism  will 
cease  to  be  a  hindrance  and  will  become  a 
helpmeet  (to  the  religion  of  Necessity, 
that  is  to  say),  and  then  it  will  enter 
into  the  national  fife  as  it  does  not  now. 

We  have  dwelt  on  these  points  because 
by  so  doing  the  pith  of  Mr.  Hall's  book  is 
best  revealed.  It  is  difficult  to  say 
whether  there  is  the  accord  between  his 
two  studies  which  he  claims.  Perhaps 
we  shall  be  just  in  saying  that  '  A  People 
at  School '  is  the  tonic  required  after  '  The 
Soul  of  a  People.'  In  the  latter  the  author 
described  and  admired  ;  in  the  former  he 
criticizes.  The  two  attitudes  are  com- 
plementary, and  one  may  be  glad  that  by 
keeping  them  apart  Mr.  Hall  has  been 
able  to  produce  two  works  of  real  interest, 
even  though  he  offers  at  the  same  time  a 
problem  in  reconciliation.  '  A  People  at 
School '  will  never,  we  think,  attain  the 
popularity  of  '  The  Soul  of  a  People  '  :  the 
tonic  is  never  sought  like  the  sweet.  But 
it  deserves  to  be  read  in  conjunction  with 
the  other  book,  and  no  one  can  read  it 
without  learning  much  about  some  ten 
millions  of  our  fellow-subjects. 


NEW  NOVELS. 

The    Healers.     By    Maarten     Maartens. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
This  is  a  story  one  can  read  twice  on  first 
acquaintance,  to  use  a  Hibernianism.  It 
is  pleasanter  to  return  to  many  a  lively 
passage  than  to  record  at  once  a  judgment 
on  the  good  work  before  us.  And  there 
are  difficulties  in  treating  it  in  a  short 


review.  The  number  and  complexity  of 
the  characters,  for  example — all  vivid, 
down  to  the  group  of  Italian  peasants, 
personally  conducted  to  Paris  for  examina- 
tion on  a  matter  of  family  history — almost 
tend  to  embarrass  an  estimate.  Of  all 
these  the  Lisse  family  stands  first.  The 
old  Baron  of  Bardwyk,  and  professor  at 
Leyden — the  tenderest-hearted  man  that 
ever  vivisected  frog,  and  withal  as  fine  a 
gentleman  as  ever  came  of  ancient  race — 
is  mated  to  an  absent-minded  "  Muse," 
whose  masterpiece  of  '  Balaam  '  engrosses 
her  as  much  as  her  spouse's  private 
microbe,  "  the  Semicolon,"  occupies  his 
mind  to  the  exclusion  of  minor  topics. 
The  Baroness  regards  her  professor  as  one 
of  the  greatest  of  men,  and  their  principal 
private  ambition  is  that  their  son  should 
follow  his  father's  footsteps.  But  for 
that  the  boy  has  no  bent ;  he  has  too 
much  of  the  paternal  softness  of  heart. 
Twice,  at  crucial  moments,  he  fails  his 
father  when  the  latter  has  relied  upon  him 
for  the  completion  of  an  experiment. 
The  Professor  takes  it  nobly,  and  even 
undergoes  a  plunge  into  politics  to  find 
another  career  for  his  son  ;  but  eventually 
Edward  gravitates  to  science,  and  becomes 
famous  on  the  side  of  psychical  research. 
His  father  wonders  and  admires,  but 
regrets  the  omission  to  introduce  inocula- 
tion as  a  cure  for  madness.  All  this 
antagonism  between  kindred  natures  is 
admirably  described,  in  its  daily  dis- 
tresses and  its  ultimate  effects.  The  love 
interests  in  the  story  are  treated  with 
delicacy  and  warmth  ;  it  is,  indeed,  per- 
vaded by  humanity,  in  smiles  and  tears. 
One  of  the  best  characters  is  the  Aber- 
donian  lady  who  devotes  her  life  to  the 
humanizing  of  Parisian  butchers. 


Hyacinth.       By      George       Birmingham. 

(Arnold.) 
There  is  little  or  nothing  of  romance 
in  Mr.  Birmingham's  new  story.  It  is 
rather  a  careful,  interesting,  but  unenthu- 
siastic  picture  of  social  and  political  con- 
ditions amongst  the  middle  classes  in 
Ireland.  Hyacinth  Conneally,  reared  in 
a  remote  Protestant  rectory  on  the  shores 
of  the  Atlantic,  mistakes  the  narrow 
parochialism  of  his  neighbours  for  dis- 
interested patriotism.  At  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  he  falls  under  the  influence  of  a 
small  party  of  violent  Nationalists,  amongst 
whom  is  at  least  one  recognizable  portrait ; 
but  being  by  nature  intensely  honest,  he 
finds  the  political  path  too  devious  to 
tread  with  comfort  to  his  conscience. 
Retiring  to  the  country,  he  again  finds 
commercial  advertisement  masquerading 
as  patriotism,  and  the  nuns  of  a  convent 
underselling  the  tradesmen  by  means  of 
underpaying  their  workers.  Hyacinth's 
residence  with  the  Quinns  and  his  marriage 
with  the  clergyman's  daughter  modify 
his  actions,  if  not  his  views  ;  but  his 
English  curacy  does  nothing  to  quench 
the  burning  desire  to  fight  for  his  country, 
which  brings  him  back  finally  to  his 
father's  old  living,  as  obstinately  dis- 
satisfied as  when  he  left  it.  His  career 
is  entirely  disheartening ;  but  the  story  is 


324 


Til  K     ATI!  KNJEUM 


N*4090,  Mai.tii  17,  ]UOC 


one    Of    remaikahle     inteie-t       ;m     interest 

due  to  Mi.  RLrnunghauTs  naeetery  <>f  t h«- 

-ituation.  and  an  entire  lack  of  per-oiial 
DIM,  irbiofa  doe-  not,  as  might  l>e  e\pe«  ted. 
deprive  the  nanati\e  of  vitality. 


S,n,i.    Clmy.      By   -lames    Blyth.      (K. 
Grant  Richards.) 

This  is  another  story  of  the  East  Anglian 
marshlands,  by  the  author  of  '  Juicy  Joe.' 
Mr.  lily  t li  holds  that  if  you  scratch  a 
society  man  you  lind  a  peasant  ;  and  so 
far  one  need  have  no  particular  quarrel 
with  him.  But  lie  appears  further  to 
believe  that  when  you  scrateh  a  peasant 
you  find  a  rather  unpleasant  animal,  with 
little  beyond  his  superior  cunning  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  the  beasts  of  the  field. 
The  story  is  not  pleasant,  but,  since  it 
deals  unflinchingly  with  all  that  is  basest 
in  human  nature,  and  treats  all  passion 
as  purely  animal,  it  will  probably  be 
acclaimed  in  many  quarters  as  a  piece  of 
genuine  realism.  It  is  a  weakness  of  the 
novel-reading  public,  which  provides  the 
cynic  with  much  amusement,  that  every 
one  is  prepared  to  admit  the  realism  of  a 
picture  of  human  viciousness,  whatever 
may  be  thought  of  equally  sound  studies 
of  life's  brighter  sides.  The  reviewer 
would  not  accuse  Mr.  Blyth  of  untruth- 
fulness :  he  is  aware  that  the  marshlands 
support  some  tolerably  unmoral  people. 
But  this  story  might  have  been  lightened 
and  improved  if  its  author  had  taken 
account  of  the  many  honest  and  clean- 
minded  people  who  also  earn  their  livings 
in  East  Anglia.  There  is  a  danger  against 
which  such  realists  as  Mr.  Blyth  should 
be  specially  on  their  guard — that  of 
dwelling  long  enough  on  certain  aspects 
of  life  to  earn  the  condemnation  which 
healthy  readers  mete  out  to  the  salacious 
writer.  The  doctor  in  this  story  is  not  to 
be  justified.  He  is  not  essential,  and  his 
nastiness  is  demonstrated  with  unneces- 
sary emphasis. 

The    Pathway   of   the   Pioneer.     By    Dolf 
Wyllarde.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

George  Gissing  wrote,  with  much  of  his 
surprising  knowledge  and  vigour,  about 
the  dreary,  shadowed  existence  of  those 
whom  he  called  "  the  odd  women."  The 
name  expresses  their  status  admirably. 
The  conditions  of  their  lives  appeared  in 
bis  study  horribly  real  and  painful.  But 
though  the  subject  of  '  The  Pathway  of 
the  Pioneer '  is  almost  the  same,  the 
treatment  is  miles  apart.  We  mention 
the  two  books  in  a  breath  because  the 
present  story  lacks  almost  all  the  essentials 
shown  in  the  other.  The  motive  is  still 
new  enough  in  fiction,  and  contains 
rich  veins  for  explorers.  But  here  we 
find  weakness  rather  than  strength.  The 
want  of  grip,  if  not  the  want  of  infor- 
mation, is  obvious.  The  portraiture  of  a 
group  of  six  or  seven  "  self-supporting  " 
girls  is  not  convincing.  The  personality 
of  a  cat  named  R.  L.  Stevenson  is  irritat- 
ingly  obtrusive,  and  no  humour  excuses 
the  insistence  of  its  being. 


'I'h'   Houit  of  Shadow.     By  Reginald  J. 

Fairer.      (Arnold.) 

WiiKTllKK  Suicide  be  a  legitimate  mean- 
of  escape  from  t  lit*  tyranny  of  hereditary 
fatal  disease  limy  ninain  a  matter  of 
private  opinion,  but  it  may  safely  be 
ited  that  the  workings  of  BOOb  a 
disease  and  the  study  of  sheer  physical 
pain  are  not  pleasing  topics  for  fiction. 
Mr.  Kami's  story  opens  with  the  realist i< 
death  throes  of  a  wife  who  has  deceived 
an  adoring  husband.  Twenty-five  years 
later  this  husband,  who  has  lived  as  a 
recluse,  devoting  himself  to  the  boy  he 
imagines  to  be  his  son,  discovers  himself 
to  be  in  the  grip  of  an  agonizing  and 
incurable  malady.  Religious  conviction 
prevents  Mr.  Ladon  from  following  the 
example  of  his  niece,  who,  making  the 
same  discovery  on  the  eve  of  her  marriage, 
takes  her  own  way  out  of  it  ;  but  his 
religious  scruples  do  not  prevent  him 
from  conceiving  a  diabolical  scheme  of 
revenge  upon  his  undesirable  daughter- 
in-law,  whereby  she  is  to  be  the  agent  of 
his  release.  There  is  a  certain  grandeur 
in  Barbara's  final  act,  upon  which  a  quite 
other  price  is  set  when  the  dying  man 
realizes  the  secret  of  St.  John's  birth  and 
that  the  hereditary  taint  can  go  no  further. 
The  characters  are  drawn  with  a  vivid 
touch,  but  not  one  is  genuinely  agreeable. 


The  Might  of  a   Wrong-doer.     By  Shirley 
Brice.     (John  Long.) 

In  this  story  a  young  man  is,  by  the  death 
of  his  dissipated  uncle,  left  lord  of  a  big 
country  place,  and  is  the  recipient  of 
almost  feudal  attentions  from  the  neigh- 
bouring village.  He  falls  in  love,  and 
seems  destined  for  happiness,  when  a 
revelation  of  crime  puts  an  end  to  him. 
The  mystery  involved  is  well  concealed. 
The  author,  who  is  evidently  a  lady,  has 
distinct  talent  for  writing  :  at  present  she 
makes  a  rather  pretentious  display  of 
philosophy,  which  is  disconcerting,  and 
she  overdoes  some  of  the  sentiment  attach- 
ing to  first  love  and  to  childish  prattle. 
But  her  rustics  are  good,  and  the  whole  is 
attractive  enough  to  make  us  look  for 
more  from  the  same  hand. 


The  Girl  in  Waiting.     By  Archibald  Eyre. 
(Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

This  story  belongs  to  a  class  now  prevalent 
in  fiction,  the  short  extravaganza.  It  does 
not  lack  the  modern  essentials  of  the 
genus — liveliness  and  flippancy.  If  it 
serves  to  while  away  a  stray  hour  or  so, 
it  will  have  accomplished  what  we  may 
take  to  be  the  reason  of  its  existence.  As 
a  whole  its  tone  is  not  quite  equal,  as  the 
airs  of  comedy  and  farce  are  intermingled 
a  little  too  crudely.  The  heroine  of  the 
impossible  adventure  is  a  creature  built 
on  the  latest  developments  in  girlhood, 
yet  pleasant  enough. 


she  beoame  a  reportet  and  interviewer 
for  a  ladie-'  new  - pap  r  -lie  had,  Ii"wc\m, 
divided  her  affection,  equally,  l**tween  a 
sick    husband    and    a    (ovei    who    never 

OUred    for    her.    and    who    rnarrie~   a   young 
gill     about     the     time     of     the     hu-b.u 
death.      She    then    "  piclu    up'"    a    writer 
whose  hook   -lie  has  favourably  review< 
She    intend-    to    heroine    bifl    rni-tre— .    hut 

lie  forgives  bei  peal  frankly  telle  it, 

her  love  for  her  son  by  the  first  lover,  and 
even  an  interview  brought  about  by  the 
heroine  between  the  first  lover  and  his 
son.  The  book  ends  with  the  happy 
marriage.  It  is  more  popular  in  Fran 
where  the  plot  is  impossible,  than  it  in 
likely  to  be  here,  where  it  in  perhaps  con- 
ceivable. No  Frenchman  of  the  kind 
chosen  by  Madame  Tinayre  for  her  hi 
would  marry  her  heroine  in  the  circum- 
stances.    A  good  Englishman  might. 

We  venture  to  differ  from  the  unani- 
mous Parisian  opinion,  and  we  think  this 
volume  by  the  gifted  author  inferior  to 
her  last  two  considerable  tales.  We  go 
further,  and  think  it  inferior  to  most  of  her 
other  complete  novels  ;  but  then  we 
differ  also  from  critics  on  this  side  of  the 
water  (who  may  agree  with  us  as  to  this 
last  book)  in  thinking  '  La  Vie  Amoureuse 
de  Francois  Barbazanges  '  superior  even 
to  '  La  Maison  du  Peche,'  unreservedly  as 
we  praised  that  volume  on  its  appearance, 
and  before  its  fame. 

That  Madame  Tinayre  is  a  remarkable 
and  versatile  writer  is  proved  by  the  very 
feuds  which  rage  round  the  order  in  merit 
assigned  by  various  critics  to  her  very 
varied  books. 


La  Rcbclle.     By  Marcelle  Tinayre.     (Paris, 
Calmann-Le  vy . ) 

Madame   Tinayre's   feminist   heroine   is 
represented    as   a   good    woman.     Before 


ENGLISH   CLASSICS. 

Underwoods.  By  Ben  Jonson. — The  Seven 
Deadly  Sinnes  of  London.  By  Thomas 
Dekker.  (Cambridge,  University  Press.) — 
Perhaps  no  work  of  Jonson's  displays  its 
author's  personality  in  a  clearer  or  more 
favourable  light  than  his  '  Underwoods,'  the 
last  vintage  of  his  middle  age,  published  after 
his  death  by  his  admirers,  cineri  gloria  sera, 
and  now  happily  included  in  this  magnificent 
series  of  Cambridge  fine  type  books.  'Under- 
woods '  serves  to  accentuate  the  distinction 
between  the  popular  notion  of  the  poet  and 
his  real  character — between  the  blustering, 
imperious,  hidebound  critic,  envious  of 
powers  he  could  not  emulate,  of  excellences 
his  principles  forbade  him  to  admire,  a 
tyrant  among  the  smaller  fry,  a  sycophant  to 
the  great,  and  the  real  man,  the  trusted 
friend  of  his  equals  in  age,  the  adored  leader 
of  poetic  youth,  a  typical  burly  North- 
Countryman.  prejudiced,  warm-hearted,  fond 
of  all  the  good  things  life  could  bring — an 
Elizabethan  of  the  English  rather  than  the 
Italianate  variety.  His  name  and  fame 
suffer,  it  is  true,  from  his  proximity  to  Sbak- 
s]  u  are  ;  his  merits  are  overlooked  because 
they  are  so  different  from  those  of  his 
Titan  contemporary,  and  our  ignorance 
annuls  the  judgment  of  his  time,  and  in  its 
stead  pronounces  none  worth  consideration. 
It  is  hardly  likely  that  the  first  popular 
verdict  will  ever  again  be  universally 
accepted.  The  playwright  and  poet  who 
dominated  dramatic  literature  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  fell  into  obscurity  in  the 
eighteenth  ;  and  the  nineteenth  has  passed 
on  to  the  twentieth  the  task  of  furnishing 


N°4090,  March  17, 


1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


325 


an  edition  of  his  works  worthy  of  his  name 
and  scholarship. 

Jonson,  with  all  his  English  qualities,  was 
much  more  in  sympathy  with  the  main  trend 
of  the  dramatic  endeavour  of  his  time  than 
Shakspeare,  and  his  work  had  more  influence 
on  the  English  stage.  Seventeenth-century 
dramatists,  though  not  blind  followers  of  his 
practice,  admitted  his  principles,  and  when 
they  departed  from  them  considered  them- 
selves as  deteriora  sequentes.  The  comedy  of 
the  seventeenth  century  trod  in  the  paths  that 
Jonson  had  opened,  but  in  other  dramatic 
work  his  influence  was  less  direct.  His 
mastery  of  the  masque-form  led  to  little  ; 
the  catastrophe  of  the  Great  Rebellion 
followed  his  death  so  closely  as  to  rob 
the  masque  of  any  further  development  ; 
its  permanent  influence  survived  only  in 
the  spectacular  side  of  the  opera  of 
Purcell  and  his  contemporaries.  Jonson's 
mastery  of  the  lyric,  great  as  it  was,  was 
never  complete  and  sure ;  and  even  at 
his  best  some  subtle  element  of  charm  is 
lacking  which  lesser  men,  his  friends  or 
followers,  attained  without  effort.  As  a 
satirist  he  stands  alone  till  Dry  den  comes, 
yet  even  the  volume  before  us  has  specimens 
of  coarse  vilification  as  scurrilous  as  Martial. 
His  gnomic  verse,  his  elegies,  even  on  the 
most  unlikely  subjects,  invariably  succeed  ; 
his  translations  almost  as  invariably  fail, 
the  exception  being  the  exquisite  song  by 
which  he  is,  perhaps,  best  known. 

In  '  Underwoods  '  his  work,  except  on  its 
dramatic  side,  is  fully  and  adequately  repre- 
sented. The  susceptibility  of  middle-aged 
poets  is  well  known,  but  did  ever  one  of 
them  give  more  tender,  more  graceful  ex- 
pression to  his  love  story  than  the  '  Celebra- 
tion of  Charis  '  ? — a  suite  whose  beauty  is 
so  great  that  we  pardon  Jonson  for  using  in 
it  a  song  from  '  The  Devil  is  an  Ass,'  written 
some  twenty  years  earlier,  even  without 
altering  the  abominable  line 

And  from  her  arched  brows  such  a  grace, 
as  impossible  to  sing  as  difficult  to  scan. 

Among  so  many  gems  it  is  not  easy  to 
select  a  few  for  special  remark,  but  one 
cannot  help  noticing  the  puzzling  fact  that 
with  an  essentially  cynical,  if  externally 
chivalrous,  view  of  woman,  Jonson  is  capable 
of  writing  verse  almost  feminine  in  its 
qualities  of  insight  and  feeling ;  witness 
'Jealousy'  and  "I  love,  and  he  loves  me 
againe."  In  "Oh  doe  not  wanton  with 
those  eyes  "  he  reaches,  almost  at  a  stroke, 
the  height  of  expression  of  which  the  form 
is  capable  ;  and  the  same  might  be  said  of 
such  elegies  as  those  on  Vincent  Corbet,  or 
Cary  and  Morison  : — 

A  Lillie  of  a  Day, 

Is  fairer  farre,  in  May, 

Although  it  fall,  and  die  that  night, 

It  was  the  Plant,  and  floure  of  light. 

It  is,  then,  no  small  service  that  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Press  has  rendered  in 
reprinting  this  volume — its  first  appearance, 
we  believe,  as  a  separate  book.  All  those 
who  like  to  read  good  literature  in  a  worthy 
form  must  join  in  thanking  Cambridge  for 
the  opportunity. 

Dekker's  '  Seven  Deadly  Sinnes  of  London' 
is  an  apologue  to  which  those  desirous  of  an 
animated  picture  of  London  by  day  or  night 
in  the  first  years  of  James  I.  may  turn. 
Written  in  a  week,  it  is  a  strange  medley  of 
the  sermon  and  vivacious  satire  with  accu- 
rate description,  full  of  strange  imagery, 
quaintly  yet  strongly  told.  It  has  been 
reprinted  by  Payne  Collier  and  by  Prof. 
Arber.  There  is  nothing  precisely  like  it  in 
our  language,  as  the  former  has  said,  and  it 
is  well  worth  its  place  in  this  series. 

These  works,  however,  make  an  appeal  to 
us  not  only  on  the  intrinsic  merits  of  their 
matter,  but  also  as  an  attempt  at  fine  printing 


by  one  of  the  first  of  English  presses.  Now 
this  requires  a  number  of  simultaneous 
excellences  :  good  paper,  type,  ink,  type- 
setting, and  press-work,  including  uniform 
inking  and  accurate  register.  The  type  is, 
on  the  whole,  well  designed,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  lower-case  w,  which  is  not  cut 
away  enough,  and  leaves,  therefore,  the 
impression  on  the  eye  of  a  dark  blot  on  the 
page  wherever  it  occurs.  The  inking  is  not 
regular,  so  that  at  every  fresh  sheet  the 
difference  in  colour  is  obvious  ;  and  in  the 
case  of  the  '  Seven  Sinnes  '  the  typesetting 
is  extremely  careless.  Great  "  rivers  "  of 
white  run  down  the  pages,  and  on  some  of 
them  not  a  single  line  seems  properly  set. 
Though  the  first  books  of  the  series  may  be 
judged  by  the  intentions  of  its  designers, 
and  faults  of  execution  passed  over  com- 
paratively lightly,  the  later  works  should 
show  marked  improvement  in  technical 
matters,  and  these  do  not. 

Another  matter  should  be  mentioned. 
The  prospectus  for  '  Underwoods  '  describes 
it  as  "  printed  from  the  folio  of  1616," 
which  is  absurd,  since  many  of  the  poems  in 
it  are  dated,  e.g.  1634.  One  can  understand 
what  the  writer  meant,  but  why  did  he  not 
say  it  ?  Again,  we  cannot  understand  the 
statement  in  the  prospectus  of  the  '  Seven 
Sinnes,'  "  This  edition  is  printed  from  the 
rare  issue  of  1606."  It  is  not,  being  repro- 
duced from  the  less  rare  edition  of  Prof. 
Arber,  and  containing  his  copyright  mistakes, 
e.g.  p.  21,  1.  2,  lowest  for  lowdest  ;  1.  6,  funde 
for  tunde  (tuned)  ;  1.  15,  feollowes  for 
feollwes ;  p.  36,  1.  20,  byeway  for  hye-way, 
p.  45  (four  changes),  &c.  None  of  these  is  of 
importance.  In  the  case  of  '  Underwoods,' 
one  serious  error  has  been  made  in  the  fourth 
line  of  "  Oh  doa  not  wanton  with  those  eyes," 
which  is  printed  "  Let  shame  destroy  their 
being."  The  three  copies  of  the  original  we 
have  consulted  give  the  correct  reading, 
"Lest."  We  hesitate  to  point  out  a 
number  of  divergences  from  the  texts  we 
have  consulted,  for  the  simple  reason  that 
at  this  period  (1640)  differences  between 
copies  of  the  same  edition  are^'of  common 
occurrence.  j  ^ 

Poems  on  Several  Occasions.  By  Matthew 
Prior.  The  Text  edited  by  A.  R.  Waller. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — This  is  the 
first  of  two  volumes  of  the  "  English 
Classics  "  intended  to  comprise  the  works  of 
Matthew  Prior,  the  most  pampered  and  spoilt, 
if  one  of  the  most  amiable,  of  eighteenth- 
century  poets.  The  volume  is  derived  from 
the  famous  folio  of  1718,  presumably  the 
tallest  of  poetical  works,  which  has  been 
collated  with  previous  and  subsequent 
editions,  authorized  and  unauthorized.  It 
is  a  curious  fact  that  the  authorship  of  many 
of  the  poems  ascribed  to  Prior  is  as  uncertain 
as  the  scene  of  his  birth,  which  is  variously 
ascribed  to  Middlesex  and  Dorset.  It  has, 
indeed,    been    assumed    that    some    of    the 

Eoems  expressly  repudiated  by  Prior  may 
e  his  after  all,  and  that  his  disclaimers  are 
to  be  accepted  in  a  Pickwickian  sense. 
Animated  and  licentious  enough  are  the 
tales  in  the  fashion  of  La  Fontaine  with 
which  Prior  is  credited,  some  being  even 
more  free  than  the  originals.  Johnson,  it 
is  true,  treated  them  with  special  favour, 
saying  with  remarkable  leniency,  in  the 
life  of  the  poet,  that  "  the  language  is  easy 
and  seldom  gross,"  and  adding  in  conversa- 
tion, according  to  Boswell  ('  Life  of  Johnson,' 
ed.  Birkbeck  Hill,  iii.  192),  "  No,  Sir,  Prior 
is  a  lady's  book.  No  lady  is  ashamed  to 
have  it  standing  in  her  library."  By  com- 
parison with  the  poems  included  in  "  Mis- 
cellanies "  issued  as  Prior's  this  eulogy  may 
seem  merited.  Poems  of  Hildebrand  Jacob, 
for  instance,  which  saw  the  light  in  compila- 


tions of  the  kind,  occupy  a  place  midway 
between    the    acknowledged    obscenities    of 
Rochester  and  the  but  half  avowed  gaieties 
of   the   Earl   of   Haddington   or   of   Robert 
Burns.     The  more  disputable  works  of  Prior 
will    form    part    of    the    following    volume. 
Meanwhile  the  longer  poems  in  the  present 
volume  include  '  Alma  '  and  '  Solomon,'  the 
latter  of  which  Prior  acknowledges  to  have 
been  a  failure.     It  contains,   however,   the 
delightful  lines  concerning  Abra  : — 
Abra,  She  so  was  call'd,  did  soonest  hast 
To  grace  my  Presence  :  Abra  went  the  last : 
Abra  was  ready  e'er  I  called  her  Name  ; 
And  tho'  I  call'd  another,  Abra  came. 

The  reprint  is  welcome,  and  constitutes  not 
the  least  attractive  volume  of  an  excellent 
series. 

To  the  zeal  of  Prof.  Harold  Littledale  and 
the  liberality  of  Mr.  Rogers  Rees,  the  owner, 
we  owe  the  gift  of  a  "  lacustrine  "  relic  of 
no  ordinary  interest.  The  dainty  little  book 
entitled  Poems  and  Extracts  chosen  by 
William  Wordsworth  (Frowde),  which  comes 
as  harbinger  of  yet  another  literary  series 
— "  The  Oxford  Library  of  Prose  and  Poetry" 
— is  nothing  less  than  a  literal  and  paginal 
reproduction  of  the  album  compiled  by  the 
poet,  transcribed  by  his  wife's  sister,  Sarah 
Hutchinson,  and  presented  to  Lady  Mary 
Lowther,  with  a  dedicatory  sonnet  ( '  Misc. 
Son.,'  II.  xvn.),  at  Christmastide,  1819.  A 
preface  from  the  pen  of  the  owner  describes 
the  external  features  of  the  album,  which 
include  an  original  pen-and-ink  profile  of 
Wordsworth,  dated  1839,  by  an  artist  whose 
monograph  signature  is  undecipherable.  An 
etching  of  this  profile  serves  as  frontispiece, 
and  a  facsimile  of  the  dedication,  with  the 
poet's  signature  in  his  neatest  script,  as 
antechamber,  so  to  speak,  to  the  "  grotto 
bright,"  or  body  of  the  work.  Prof.  Little- 
dale,  who  edits  the  text,  adds  an  excellent 
introduction  and  notes. 

The  contents,  which  are  mainly  of  a 
pensive  or  elegiac  cast,  comprise  a  number 
of  poems  and  fragments  by  Anne,  Countess 
of  Winchilsea,  whose  verse  Wordsworth 
valued  highly  as  that  of  one  who  "  kept 
her  eye  fixed  upon  her  object."  To  her  are 
assigned  thirty-two  out  of  the  ninety-two 
pages  of  the  manuscript.  The  other  poets 
represented  are  Akenside  (five  pieces),  Shak- 
speare and  Thomson  (three),  Waller  and 
Wither  (two),  Webster,  Daniel,  Sir  John 
Beaumont,  Carew,  Mar  veil,  Mrs.  Killigrew, 
Capt.  Thomas  James,  Pope,  Dyer,  Mickle, 
Armstrong,  Mrs.  Pilkington,  Smart,  Dod- 
dridge, Beattie,  Miss  Jane  Warton,  Lang- 
horne,  and  Cowper  (one  each).  The  caviller 
will  doubtless  say  of  Wordsworth,  what 
Hazlitt  more  than  once  remarked  of  Cole- 
ridge, that  "  somehow  he  always  contrives 
to  prefer  the  unknown  to  the  known."  But 
an  unprejudiced  perusal  of  the  verses  here 
brought  together  will  serve  to  justify  the 
poet's  choice.  "  The  Parnassian  ore,"  as 
Prof.  Littledale  observes,  "  may  be  only 
'  mildly  gleaming,'  not  of  the  richest  quality 
perhaps  ;  but  the  true  metal  is  there  ;  the 
sparkle  is  of  gold,  not  of  any  baser  material." 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  piece  in  the 
collection  is  the  '  Epitaph'  by  Capt.  James  on 
those  of  his  ship's  crew  who  had  died  at 
Charlton  Island  during  the  winter  of  1631-2. 
These  profoundly  moving  lines — they  are  re- 
printed, by  the  way,  in  Trench's  'Household 
Book  of  English  Poetry  ' — occur  in  their 
author's  '  Strange  and  Dangerous  Voyage 
...  .in  his  Intended  Discovery  of  the  North- 
West  Passage  into  the  South  Sea'  (1633)— 
a  book  believed  on  good  grounds  to  ha\e 
furnished  Colerid£e  with  some  vivid  imagery 
for  '  The  Ancient  Mariner.'  An  extract 
from  Armstrong's  unfamiliar  '  Art  of  pre- 
serving Health  '  is  notable  as  containing  a 
couple  of  lines  quoted  by  Lamb  in  his  essay 


326 


T  II  K     ATM  ENJSUM 


N    1090.  March  17,  1906 


entitled    '  Newspapers    Thirty-Five    Sean 

Ago  '  :— 

m  iih  bol)  n  rem  m  ■  i  ippra  u  ii  I  ba  rtw  i> 

\\  Item  ■■  Kittle  the  -in-un^  rsnownsd  in  uuii-nt  -"ii;;. 

For  hi-  knowledge  "I  Armstrong'^  poem, 
n<  well  us  ni  tin'  passages  here  given  from 
Wither's  '  Fair  \  irtue  and  '  The  Shepherd's 
Hunting,1  end  of  the  '  Dinre  '  bom  Webster'! 
' Vittona  Oorombona,'  Wordsworth  must, 
one  suspects,  have  been  beholden  to  Lamb: 
indeed,  no  the  oaas  of  Wither  the  transcrip- 
tion has  evidently  been  made  at  second 
hand  from   Lamb's  oonay,  and  not  from  a 

volume  of  that  poet's  works.  The  Ion 
item  m  the  anthology  is  the  '  Epistle  to  the 
Lady  Margaret,  Countess  of  Cumberland, ' 
by  the  "  well-languaged  "  Samuel — not,  as 
Wordsworth  here  calls  him,  William — 
Daniel.  Of  this  impressive  poem,  which 
consists  of  sixteen  octastichs  or  stanzas  of 
eight  lines,  Wordsworth  had  already  incor- 
porated the  twelfth  stanza  in  the  fourth 
book  of  'The  Excursion'  (11.  324-31).  Of 
all  Daniel's  writings  it.  is  perhaps  the  most 
remarkable  for  sustained  loftiness  of  tone, 
and  for  the  stately  inarch  of  its  high-paced 
rhetoric.  Amongst  the  elegiac  poems  that 
by  Sir  John  Beaumont  on  the  death  of  his 
son  Gervase,  and  that  by  Lady  YVinchilsea 
to  the  memory  of  the  Hon.  James  Thynne, 
run  Capt.  James's  '  Epitaph  '  very  close  in 
point  of  simplicity  and  downright  pathos. 
An  '  Inscription  '  by  Akenside  puzzles  by 
exciting  a  dim  sense  of  its  familiarity.  This 
is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that,  while  yet 
a  student  in  Cambridge,  Coleridge  recast 
the  "  Inscription  '  in  the  form  of  an  '  Elegy  ' 
in  six  stanzas  of  the  normal  type,  as  Mr. 
Lane  Cooper,  of  Cornell  University,  pointed 
out  some  months  since  in  these  columns 
(No.  4033,  p.  177). 

The  album  closes  with  three  of  the  "  five 
stanzas  in  a  Song  to  David  "  given  by 
Anderson  "  from  that  wild  rhapsody  of 
mingled  grandeur,  tenderness,  and  obscurity, 
that  '  medley  between  inspiration  and  pos- 
session,' which  poor  Smart  is  believed  to 
have  written  whilst  in  confinement  for  mad- 
ness "  (F.  T.  Palgrave).  Wordsworth  seem- 
ingly accepts  the  tradition  preserved  by 
Hawkesworth  that  Smart's  lines  were 
"  written  with  a  key  on  a  wainscot."  "  Quite 
possibly,"  remarks  Prof.  Littledale,  "  Smart 
did  write  some  stanzas  on  the  wall  of  his 
place  of  confinement,  but  lunatics  are  not 
usually  provided  with  keys,  and  the  story 
is  suspiciously  reminiscent  of  Pope's 

Is  there,  who,  lock'd  from  ink  and  paper,  scrawls 
With  desperate  charcoal  round  liis  darken'd  walls?" 

Exemplary  care  has  been  used  in  the 
production  of  this  little  volume.  Sarah 
Hutchinson's  beautiful  transcript  has  been 
faithfully  followed,  "  page  for  page,  line  for 
line,  even  to  the  smallest  slips  of  her  pen." 
Lovers  of  Wordsworth  all  the  world  over 
must  be  grateful  to  Mr.  John  Rogers  Bees 
for  his  generosity  in  sharing  with  them  this 
long-hidden  treasure,  and  to  Prof.  Littledale 
for  enriching  the  gift  with  his  scholarly 
introduction  and  accurate  notes. 

Along  with  the  '  Poems  and  Extracts  ' 
there  comes  from  the  same  house  a  reprint 
in  uniform  binding  of  Wordsworth's  Literary 
Criticism,  with  an  introduction  by  Mr. 
Nowell  C.  Smith,  whoso  long-promised 
edition  of  the  poems  we  await  with  pleasant 
anticipations.  It  was  a  happy  thought  to 
bring  together  the  scattered  pieces  of  the 
poet's  critical  prose.  Something  of  the 
kind  had  already  been  done  in  the  Cnited 
States  ;  but  in  that  instance  it  was,  if  we 
do  not  err,  only  the  several  '  Prefaces  '  of 
1800,  1814,  and  1815,  the  'Advertisement' 
of  1798,  the  '  Appendix  '  of  1802,  the  '  Essay 
Supplementary'  of  1815,  and  the  '  Postscript' 
of    1835,   that   were   reprinted   in   collective 


>orm.      With    the    exception    of     the    lael 

named,   which  dealf   with  aOOial  and   political 

questions  only,  these  varion  writings  are, 
of  course,  given  in  the  present  reprint.     Bnl 

■long     with     them     Ml.      Nowell     Smith     has 

included  a  number  of  kindred  pieces,  -in  h 
us  the  three  '  Essays  npon  Epitaphs,'  the 
delightful   '  better  to  a   Friend   of    Robert 

Bums,1  as  well  as  letters  addressed  to  John 
Wilson  (1),  Lady  Beaumont  (1),  Lord  Lons- 
dale ( 1 ),  Bouthey  (2),  and  the  Rev.  Alexander 

Dvce  (7).  "  Wordsworth  was  no  student  of 
philosophical  writers,"  observes  Mr.  Nowell 
Smith  in  his  admirably  lucid  introduction, 
"  nor  was  lie  trained  in  philosophical  method  ; 
but  the  bent  of  his  mind  was  philosophical. 
Facts,  whether  in  history  or  within  the  scope 
of  his  personal  experience,  were  of  interesl 
to  him  solely  so  far  as  they  suggested  or  illus- 
trated principles." 

Of  the  soundness  of  this  criticism — which 
in  truth  is  but  a  restatement  in  other  words 
of  Coleridge's  oft-repeated  account  of  the 
matter — the  reader  may  readily  judge  by 
perusing,  say,  the  tripartite  '  Essay  upon 
Epitaphs,'  in  which  the  poet,  piercing  at 
once  to  the  very  heart  of  his  subject,  ex- 
pounds the  rationale  of  monumental  inscrip- 
tions— a  custom,  as  lie  explains,  co-extensive 
in  the  human  family  with  the  knowledge 
and  use  of  letters.  In  a  word,  he  sets  forth 
the  prima  philosophia  of  this  institution, 
and  decides  the  character  of  the  several 
specimens  cited  by  referring  them  to  the 
first  principles  which  he  has  ascertained  and 
enounced.  Another  typical  example  of 
Wordsworth's  method  is  the  '  Letter  to  a 
Friend  of  Robert  Burns ' — which,  says  the 
editor,  "  may  be  commended  to  those  who, 
on  a  superficial  view,  are  inclined  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  judgment,  so  comforting  to 
the  self-respect  of  many  dabblers  in  litera- 
ture, that  Wordsworth  was  something  of  a 
prig."  To  this  poetical  criticism  proper — 
that  is,  to  his  deliverances  on  the  subject  of 
poetic  diction,  and  on  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  poetic  functions  of  Fancy  and  of 
Imagination — the  '  Biographia  Literaria  '  of 
Coleridge  furnishes  at  once  the  surest  key 
and  the  safest  corrective.  But  with  due 
heed  to  the  cautions  given  in  Mr.  Nowell 
Smith's  introduction,  it  may  be  studied  not 
only  with  enjoyment,  but  also  with  profit, 
for  (as  lie  truly  remarks)  "  if  Wordsworth 
often  provokes  disagreement,  he  always 
stimulates  thought." 

We  are  grateful  to  Mr.  Nowell  Smith  ;  at 
the  same  time  we  would  venture  to  remind 
him  that  gratitude  has  been  defined  as 
a  lively  sense  of  favours  to  come.  We 
thank  him — after  the  fashion  of  Lamb's 
thanks  to  Wordsworth — for  the  book  he  has 
given  us,  but  more  particularly  for  the  book 
he  means  to  give  us. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Many  books  have  been  written  to  guide 
the  aspiring  author  to  the  city  of  fame 
pictured  on  the  cover  of  Mr.  Adam  Lorimer's 
The  Author's  Progress  (Blackwood),  and  the 
latest  contribution  is  as  sensible  as  most  of 
its  predecessors,  and  more  amusing.  The 
very  title  is  implicit  cynicism,  which  stands 
revealed  continually  in  these  pages  : — 

"Seeing  thai  almost  every  week  witnesses  the 
appearance   of   a    fresh  hook   Oil    Bridge,    we    have 

high  hopes  of  the  Buooesa  of  this  manual  on  ■  game 
which  is  quite  as  entertaining,  and  vastly  sunnier. 
Not  everybody  can  play  Bridge,  whereas  Author- 

ship  is  within  the  powers  of  all." 

But  the  author  hastens  to  warn  young  authors 
that  they  must  appeal  to  their  master,  the 
Public        which     buys     books,     determines 


Pailiamentary  Elections,  and  consumes 
Patent     Medicines        Having    let    on"     hw 

cynicism-,    ),,-    j,r,„  ,.,|.     to     serious    advi 
which      on      the      whole      is      sound.        But 
when    this    mi-.-ii.li    ha*    Ix-en    accomplished 
Mr.     "  bonnier''     rSSfli     alx>ut     to     nil     old 

engaging    attitude,    which    will,    we    fear, 

depress       younjj:      authors.  In       fact,      we 

question  it  iin-i  hook  is  written  ior  that 
class  so  much  a-  ior  disappointed  authors 
with      a  ..f     humour.        Tiny      alone 

aan  !>••  expected  to  appreciate  the  chapter 

On  how  to  push  your  book  and  on  adver- 
tisement generally.  Mr.  Lorimer  sets  forth 
the  rival  methods  of  Brown's  Blue  Pills  and 

some  one  elfle'l  Blue  PiUS  with  excellent 
larcasm;     but    pills    are    not    books,    and 

I  "  '  Do  you  want  a  taste  in  your  mouth  in 
|  the  morning  ?  Bead  "The  Woman  with 
|  Two  Husbands  "  '  is  manifestly  a  hojK-less 
1  appeal."  The  writer  improve-  on  this 
amusing  cynicism  until  he  ends  in  a  some- 
what bitter  vision,  in  which  a  social  State 
j  is  forecast 

;  "wherein  everybody,  educated  at  the  expense  of 
everybody  else,  will  possess  the  legal  right  to  have 
their  writings  published  at  the  public  exp  I 

the  City  of  Fame  will  l*  inhabited  by  some  few 
shadowy  oatessts  who  fearlessly  refused  to  write. 

In  and  Around  Venice.  By  Horatio  F. 
Brown.  (Kivingtons.) — If  Venice  is  one  of 
the  half-dozen  cities  which  possess  the  fatal 
gift  of  touching  the  imagination  and  awaken- 
ing a  permanent  desire,  surely  Mr.  Brown 
must  be  reckoned  among  the  most  faithful, 
the  most  subjugated  of  her  devotees.  What 
he  has  to  say  about  her,  therefore,  will  be 
always  worth  reading,  for  to  his  love  he 
adds  an  intimate  knowledge  of,  an  almost 
intuitive  sympathy  with,  every  mood  of  the 
Queen  of  the  Adriatic.  Other  books  may 
tell  us  much  of  Venice  :  Mr.  Brown  gives 
us  Venice  from  the  Venetian  point  of  view. 
The  critic's  duty  is  but  to  point  to  some 
among  the  good  things  in  the  book, 
which  is  divided  into  three  parts  :  'In  the 
City,'  '  The  Lagoon,'  and  '  The  Country.' 
The  chapter  on  Venetian  proverbs  and  that 
on  the  pile-drivers  are  specially  welcome  ; 
we  would  gladly  have  had  more  of  the 
sayings  connected  with  card-games,  which 
si  i  in  to  be  of  some  antiquity,  and  the 
"  chanties  "  of  the  pile-drivers  are  almost 
worth  a  book  to  themselves.  In  the 
chapters  on  the  lagoons  we  recognize 
with  pleasure  some  old  friends,  omitted 
from  the  second  edition  of  '  Life  on  the 
Lagoons  ' ;  and  the  third  section  intro- 
duces us  to  a  portion  of  the  territory  not 
familiarly  associated  with  Venice  in  our 
memories.  The  illustrations  are  a  pleasing 
feature  of  the  book  :  they  include  Era 
Sarpi's  dagger  ("  Agnosco  stylum  curiae 
Romanic  ")  and  Petrarch's  tomb  at  Arqua. 

The  Love-Letters  of  a  Genius.  A  Trans- 
lation of  Prosper  Merimee's  '  Lett  res  a  une 
Inconnue  '  bv  E.  A.  S.  Watt.  With  an 
Introduction  by  F.  E.  B.  Duff.  (Harrison 
&  Sons.) — Merimee's  works  have  never 
attained  any  great  popularity  on  this 
side  of  the'  Channel.  We  anticipate  a 
wider  vogue,  however,  for  the  volume  at 
present  before  us,  for  letters  of  this  sort 
possess  a  perennial  attraction  for  the  human 
mind.  In  fact,  this  correspondence — with 
tlio  wide  range  of  topics,  literary,  social,  and 
political,  which  it  includes— bears  more 
resemblance  to  the  famous  '  Journal  to 
St.lla'  than  to  any  love-letters  of  the 
ordinary  kind,  and  the  relations  of  Merimee 
and  his  "  inconnue  "  seem  to  have  been 
almost  equally  mysterious,  and,  so  far  as 
the  published  evidence  goes,  equally 
,  blameless. 

We  should  certainly  seek  in  vain  in  these 


N°  4090,  March  17, 


1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


327 


letters  for  evidence  of  such  tenderness  as 
found  expression  in  the  amazing  "  little 
language."  Taine,  in  fact,  with  a  man's 
characteristic  disapproval  of  another  man's 
dealings  with  the  opposite  sex,  is  inclined 
to  resent  the  harshness  of  Merimee's  criti- 
cisms on  his  correspondent's  manners,  dress, 
morals,  and  behaviour  generally.  It  is  to 
be  questioned,  however,  whether  his  severity 
in  these  respects  was  really  due,  as  Taine 
apparently  thinks,  to  ignorance  of  the 
eternal  feminine.  It  seems  at  least  as 
probable  that,  with  a  novelist's  intuition, 
he  had  discerned  the  fact  that  in  certain 
circumstances  such  plain  speaking  is  ac- 
cepted by  a  woman  as  the  surest  measure 
of  a  man's  interest  in  her.  It  is  certain,  in 
any  case,  that  this  singular  friendship 
endured  for  at  least  thirty  years,  and  was 
ended  only  by  death. 

The  translation  is  much  above  the  average, 
both  in  freedom  and  accuracy.  We  notice 
a  few  small  slips  here  and  there,  but  it  would 
be  ungracious  to  dwell  upon  trifles  in  the 
face  of  an  expenditure  of  thought  and  care 
evidently  far  beyond  what  is  generally  con- 
sidered sufficient  in  such  undertakings. 

Collectors    of    curios,    especially    those 
which  relate  to  the  Napoleonic  period,  will 
be  grateful  to  Mr.  Walter  V.  Daniell  and  Mr. 
A.   M.   Broadley   for   the   care   exhibited   in 
their    work    Collecta    Napoleonica    (W.     V. 
Daniell).     The  compilers  have  taken  as  the 
basis   of    their    present   volume    the    works 
of  Dr.  J.  H.  Rose  and  Lord  Rosebery,  and 
have  sought  to  bring  together  details  respect- 
ing all  known  means  of  illustrating  them 
and  the  period  in  general.     They  have  had 
help  from  various  collectors  of  letters  and 
curios ;  and  the  result  is  an  interesting  volume. 
Of  course,  the  two  works  above  named  do 
not    provide    by    any    means    a    complete 
repertory  of  the  subject  ;    but  they  furnish 
the  means  of  illustrating  most  of  the  details 
of  Napoleon's  life,  and  the  present  volume 
gains  in  definiteness  by  giving  exact  refer- 
ences to  them,  and  by  using  them  as  central 
points  for  the  grouping  of  references  to  a 
subject  that  would  otherwise  be  vague  and 
formless.     Here  and  there  the  judgment  of 
the  editor,  or  editors,  seems  open  to  question. 
On  p.  79  Appiani's  portrait  of  Napoleon  is 
placed  as  "  circa  1798  "  ;    but  it  is  probably 
earlier  by  a  year  or  two,  if  not  more.     It 
shows    him    as    very    slim    and    youthful, 
whereas  in  the  year  of  the  Egyptian  expedi- 
tion he  had  already  shown  the  flist  signs  of 
the  firmness  of  figure  and  fullness  of  face 
which  were  afterwards  so  marked.     Detaille's 
picture  '  Napoleon  in  Egypt,'  here  given  as 
frontispiece,  is  perhaps  the  best  representa- 
tion of    him    in    1798.       We    also   question 
whether    the    portrait    of    the    Emperor    at 
St.    Helena  given   opposite   p.    81    is   by   a 
Chinese   artist.     It   has   Chinese   characters 
at  the  side  ;    but  the  style  of  work  is  Occi- 
dental rather  than  Chinese.     The  number  of 
sketches  from  St.   Helena  is  not  the  least 
interesting  feature  of  this  decidedly  inter- 
esting   volume.     We    are    surprised    to    see 
Hougoumont  figure  on  p.   55  as   "  Houge- 
mont,"  and  with  references  to  no  more  than 
three  engravings,  &c,  and  these  rather  poor. 
Is  there  no  good  contemporary  engraving 
of    that    chateau  ?     Certainly    Mr.     Caton 
Woodville's  '  Attack  on  the  Gate  of  Hougou- 
mont '  should  be  named.     The  list  of  illus- 
trations referring  to  William  Pitt  might  with 
advantage  be  extended.     The  bibliography 
■ear  the  end  of  the  book  makes,  of  course, 
no    claim     to     completeness  ;      but    in    the 
Waterloo  section  we  aro  surprised  to  see  no 
mention  of  '  The  Waterloo   Letters,'  edited 
by  Si  borne.     The  book  closes  with   a  good 
account  of  the  pottery  decorated  with  por- 
traits and  incidents  of  the  period 


M.  Paul  Grttyer,  in  Napoleon,  Roi  de 
Vile  d'Elbe  (Paris,  Hachette),  has  told  the 
story  of  one  of  the  less-known  parts  of  the 
Emperor's  career.  As  the  author  justly 
remarks,  of  the  three  islands  with  which 
Napoleon  was  closely  associated  from  his 
cradle  to  his  grave,  Elba  is  the  one  which 
is  scarcely  ever  mentioned.  In  his  Intro- 
duction M.  Grayer  relates  the  details  of  the 
first  abdication  at  Fontainebleau  and  of 
the  seven  days'  journey  southwards  to 
Frejus.  He  somewhat  exaggerates  the  im- 
portance of  the  affair  at  Orgon.  At  that 
village  the  royalists  undoubtedly  caused 
him  and  his  suite  grave  fears.  They  hanged 
him  in  effigy,  placarded  with  the  words, 
"  Voila  done  l'odieux  tyran.  Tot  ou  tard 
le  crime  est  puni  "  ;  but  Sir  Neil  Campbell, 
who  was  with  the  Emperor  as  British 
Commissioner,  says  nothing  about  the 
crowd  compelling  the  party  to  alight  and 
"  assist  "  at  the  burning.  Besides,  if  the 
crowd  so  far  succeeded  as  to  compel  the 
presence  of  the  Emperor,  why  did  they  not 
proceed  to  the  extremities  to  which  M. 
Grayer  says  they  were  seeking  to  have 
recourse  ?  The  story  of  the  threats  uttered 
to  him,  while  in  disguise,  by  the  wife  of  the 
innkeeper  of  Calade,  near  Aix,  is  also  far- 
fetched and  of  doubtful  worth.  It  is,  how- 
ever, certain  that  Napoleon  adopted  the 
Austrian  uniform,  and  by  its  means  managed 
to  escape  the  fury  of  the  Provencaux  and 
reach  Frejus  in  safety. 

M.  Grayer  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
the  Isle  of  Elba  and  of  the  details  of  the 
Emperor's  sojourn.  He  has  studied  all  the 
sources,  and  has  made,  on  the  whole,  a 
judicious  use  of  them,  though  we  think  that 
he  assigns  too  much  importance  to  the  work 
of  Pons  de  l'Herault,  whose  rhapsodies  do 
not  carry  conviction  to  impartial  and  dis- 
cerning readers.  The  visit  of  the  Countess 
Walewska  to  the  island  gives  the  author 
an  opportunity  of  recounting  the  course  of 
her  famous  amour  ;  but  his  reference  on 
p.  157  to  Marie  Louise  as  having  very  speedily 
fallen  into  Neipperg's  toils  is  incorrect.  Dr. 
Wertheimer  has  already  dispelled  that  error, 
and  has  also  shown  that  the  Emperor's 
harsh  letter  to  his  consort  must  be  held  in 
some  measure  responsible  for  her  refusal  to 
come  to  Elba. 

The  other  details  of  the  time  are  duly  noted 
in  this  volume.  The  particulars  of  the 
escape  might,  however,  have  been  presented 
more  fully  ;  and  the  author  might  have 
studied  the  British  archives,  which  contain 
several  notes  and  dispatches  not  referred 
to  in  Sir  Neil  Campbell's  '  Journal.'  The 
volume  is  well  illustrated  with  views  of  the 
island  and  all  that  relates  to  the  Emperor's 
stay. 

A  preface  by  M.  Jules  Claretie  does 
undue  honour  to  Illustres  et  Inconnits,  by 
Mathilde  (Mrs.)  Shaw  (Paris,  Bibliotheque 
Charpentier).  The  lady,  who  is  the  daughter 
of  an  Orientalist,  has  travelled  much,  but 
has  not  succeeded  in  producing  an  important 
book  of  recollections. 

The  first  volume  of  the  "  University  of 
Missouri  Studies  (Social  Science  Series)  " 
contains  an  exhaustive  account  of  the  rise 
and  progress  of  The  Clothing  Industry  of 
New  York,  by  Prof.  J.  E.  Pope.  Much 
research  has  evidently  gone  to  the  making 
of  this  bulky  volume,  and  its  results  are 
summed  up  with  great  clearness.  Prof. 
Pope  is  at  his  best  in  the  historical  division 
of  his  work  ;  the  story  of  the  entrance  of 
the  Jews  into  the  clothing  industry,  their 
rise  to  preponderating  influence,  and  the 
gradual  supplanting,  in  the  lower  ranks  of 
that    industry,    of    the    Jewish    immigrant 


element  by  the  Italian,  is  admirably  told. 
An  interesting  point  which  emerges  from 
the  narrative  is  that  the  continual  influx 
of  new  workers  does  not  so  much  thrust 
aside  as  push  up  into  the  higher  industrial 
grades  those  old  workers  who  have  attained 
a  certain  skill.  On  the  whole,  the  tale  is 
encouraging,  registering  a  gradual  advance 
from  the  lowest  conditions  of  labour  to  a 
better  state  of  things.  Our  author  appears 
inclined  to  depreciate  somewhat  the  good 
effect  of  State  regulation  of  industry  ;  it 
may  easily  be  that  State  regulation  in  Ame- 
rica, hampered  as  it  is  by  the  doctrine  of 
State  sovereignty,  fails  to  exert  all  the 
beneficent  pressure  it  can  bring  to  bear 
in  Europe.  His  assertion  that  "  the  well- 
being  of  the  labourer  reaches  its  highest 
point  "-where  minute  subdivisions  of  labour 
prevail  is  not  universally  true,  however 
useful  such  subdivision  may  have  proved 
in  helping  to  break  down,  in  New  York,  the 
old  abuses  of  taking  home  work  to  finish 
after  factory  hours  and  of  "  tenement  shops." 
(Since  1897  no  "  home  work  "  may  be  carried 
on  except  by  members  of  a  family,  and  since 
1899  not  even  by  them  without  a  licence 
from  the  factory  inspector.)  The  facts  cited 
do  not  supply  a  sufficient  basis  for  the  sweep- 
ing generalization  that  any  insistence  by 
society  on  a  minimum  of  conditions  in 
the  clothing  trade  necessarily  involves  the 
exclusion  of  "  enormous  numbers  from 
industry  "  and  a  large  reinforcement  of  the 
ranks  of  the  unemployed. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  has  sent  us  a  complete 
popular  edition  of  the  Sixty  Years  of  an 
Agitator's  Life,  that  most  interesting  record 
of  the  fine  veteran  who  has  just  left  us, 
George  Holyoake.  Any  one  who  reads  this 
book  will  see  that,  though  a  great  fighter, 
and  a  revolutionist  in  religious  matters,  he 
was  a  good  Christian  sans  le  savoir.  The 
book,  which  has  more  than  600  pages, 
affords  abundant  value  for  the  half-crown 
which  it  costs. 

The  Works  of  Count  L.  Tolstoy.  Trans- 
lated and  edited  by  Leo  Wiener.  (Dent 
&  Co.) — The  twentieth  volume  of  Prof. 
Wiener's  translation  contains  '  The  King- 
dom of  God  is  within  You '  and  '  Chris- 
tianity and  Patriotism.'  In  these  we  have 
some  of  the  boldest  denunciations  of  war 
which  have  come  from  Tolstoy's  pen,  and 
expressions  of  his  extreme  dislike  of  monarchs 
and  their  tools.  The  folly  of  war  is  vigor- 
ously shown,  but  we  are  afraid  that  the 
great  writer  is  a  prophet  crying  in  the 
wilderness.  The  German  Emperor  comes 
in  for  much  criticism.  It  is  curious  to  see 
Boulanger,  Pugachev,  and  Napoleon  put 
together.  By  a  slip  on  p.  323  Prof. 
Wiener  writes  Skobelevski  for  Skobelev. 
We  call  attention  to  this  trivial  error  that 
it  may  give  us  an  opportunity  of  saying 
how  excellent  the  versions  are.  There 
is  a  conscientious  desire,  too,  in  the  editor 
to  give  us  every  scrap  of  his  author.  Thus 
Tolstoy  has  been  asked  to  write  prefaces  to 
books  or  translations  of  books  ;  and  so  we 
get  his  views  of  Amiel  and  Guy  de  Mau- 
passant among  others. 

Vols.  xxi.  and  xxii.  are  occupied  (the 
latter  only  partly)  with  a  reprint  of  '  Resur- 
rection,' and  we  aro  glad  that  Prof.  Wiener 
includes  three  of  Pasternak's  admirablo 
illustrations.  '  What  is  Art '  is  included 
in  the  twenty-second  volume  and  will  bo 
found  suggestive,  if  it  is  impossible  to  agreo 
with  somo  of  its  heresies. 

Tho  last  two  volumes  (xxiii.,  xxiv.)  of 
Prof.  Wiener's  translation  contain  a  variety 
of  papers!  which  cannot  fail  to  he  interesting 
to    the    reader.     A  few  of    these   have    ftp* 


328 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4000,  Mak.ii  17,  1906 


peared  before,  notably  in  Mr.  Aylmer 
Maude's  little  volume,  '  Bnayi  and  Lettew 
l>\  l.co  Tolstoy  '  :  but  many  now  are  pub- 
lished in  English  form  for  the  first  time. 
They  embody  much  of  the  author's  most 
characteristic  writing,  especially  In*  hatred 
of  militarism.  '  Patriotism  and  Govern- 
ment '  and  'Thou  slialt  not  Kill'  are  well 
(forth  reading.  The  '  Letter  to  a  Pole'  con- 
tains soine  fine  truths  finely  told.  English 
readers  will  be  interested  in  the  letters  to 
the  Dukhobortsi  (or  Dukhobors,  as  it  has 
become  the  fashion  to  call  them  in  England). 
Prof.  Wiener  has  admirably  performed 
his  task  ;  he  has  given  the  reader  full 
measure,  shaken  down,  and  running  over. 
Every  available  fragment  of  Tolstoy  has 
been  collected,  and  the  twenty-four  volumes 
have  made  their  appearance  within  the 
time  specified.  This  performance  must  have 
entailed  immense  labour.  In  the  twenty- 
fourth  volume  we  are  gratified  usque  ad 
dclicias  rotorum  :  we  find  a  good  index,  a 
good  bibligraphy,  a  life  of  Tolstoy,  and  an 
analysis  of  his  works.  In  a  most  laudable 
manner  the  Russian  words  are  all  accentu- 
ated, and  thus  the  reader  is  prevented  from 
continually  perpetrating  barbarisms.  We 
note  further  some  good  portraits  of  Tolstoy 
and  his  wife.  This  handy  edition  is  well 
printed  and  illustrated,  yet  cheap,  and  the 
volumes  may  be  had  separately. 

Burden's  Hospitals  and  Charities  for  190G 
(Scientific  Press)  has  just  appeared,  and 
deserves  warm  commendation  as  usual. 
There  is  an  admirable  index,  and  among 
the  special  articles  is  one  by  Dr.  Goldwater 
on  hospitals  in  the  United  States.  We 
welcome  this  addition,  for  we  feel  sure  that 
this  country  has  more  to  learn  from  the 
United  States  in  many  ways  than  it  is  awaie 
of.  The  Year-Book  rims  to  976  pages,  and 
is  a  model  of  wide  and  accurate  presentation 
of  detail. 


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SpargO  (JA  The  Bitter  Cry  of  the  Children,  0/0  net. 

Soiisa  (I.),  Uncle  Poland  ;  or,  Looking  for  a  Wife,  ni|«ee  1.8. 

Stanton  (C.)  and  Hosken  (H.),  Miriam  I.emaire,  3/6 

Warden  (G.),  The  Moth  and  the  Footlights,  0/ 

Whit  comb  (S.  LA  The  Study  of  a  Novel,  5/ 

Wordsworth    (W.),    literary    Criticism,    edited    by   N.    1  . 

Smith,  8/  net. 
Wright  (J.  C.),  To-day,  Thoughts  on   Life   for  Every  Day, 

1/0  net. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Ficker(G.),  Amphilochiana,  Part  I.,  6m. 
Funk    (F.  X.),   Didascalia  et  Constitutiones  "Apostolorum,. 

2  vols.,  34m. 
Sanvert  (Abbe),  Saint  Augustin,  Etude  d'Ame,  5fr. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 

Emile-Bayard  :  Lea  Arts  et  leur  Technique,  3fr.  50. 

Speck  (EA   Handelsgeschichte    des   Altertums,    Vol.   IIL 

Section  2,  2  parts,  14m. 

I>ra  ma. 
Bouhelier  (St.  G.  de),  Le  Roi  sans  Couronne,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Dantec  (F.  Le)  La  Lutte  Universelle,  3fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bertaut  (J.),  Chroniqueurs  et  Polemistes,  3fr.  50. " 
Claretie  (J.),  La  Vie  ;\  Paris,  1905,  3fr.  50. 
Diehl  (C),  Figures  Byzantines,  3fr.  50. 
Flaubert  ((J.),  Lettres  a  sa  Ni£ce  Caroline,  3fr.  50. 
Islenzkt  Foj-nbrefasafn,  VII.,  Parts  2  and  '.'>. 
Martinez    (A.   B.)  et  Lewandowski  (M.),    L'Argentine    art 

XX.  Siecle,  5fr. 
Salone  (E).  La  Colonisation  de  la  Nonvelle-France,  7fr.  50. 
Wal. leek-Rousseau  :   L'Etat  et  la  Libert*?,  Series  2,  1883-5, 

3fr.  50. 

r/iilology. 
Foerster(R.),  Libanii  Opera,  Vol.  III.,  rec.,  12m. 
Melanges  II.  d'Arbois  de  Jubainville. 

General  Literature. 
Aigueperse  (M.),  A  Dix-huit  Ans,  3fr.  50. 
Cultura  Espanola.  No.  1  Spes. 
Dunuet  (A.),  Li  Eaillite  dn  Cnirasse,  3fr.  50. 
(ieiger(A)  La  Printane.  3fr.  50. 
Macedonski  (A.).  I.e  Calvaire  de  Feu,  3fr.  50. 
Skirnir,  79  ax.  4  fiefti,  lkr. 
Vaudere  (J.  de  la),  La  Sorciere  d'Ecbatnne,  3fr.  50. 

*»*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.      Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  what 

sending  Books. 


A.  H.  J.  GREEXIDGE. 

We  much  regret  to  notice  the  sudden  and 
early  death,  on  Sunday  last  at  Oxford,  of 
Abel  H.  J.  Greenidge.D.Litt.  Never  was 
there  a  harder  worker  than  he.  None 
of  his  contemporaries  at  Oxford  can  show 
a  like  record.  From  Harrison  College,. 
Barbadoes,  he  went  to  Balliol,  and  got  his 
two  classical  first  classes  in  1886  and  1888. 
He  was  Tutor  in  Ancient  History  to  two- 
important  colleges.  He  examined  several 
times  in  Litrrcr  Humaniorcs  and  in  the  Civil 
Service  competitions.  And  yet  by  the  age 
of  forty  he  had  produced,  besides  numberless- 
papers  and  dictionary  articles  on  anti- 
quarian subjects,  '  Infamia  in  Roman  Law  ' 
in  1S04,  'A  Handbook  of  Greek  Constitu- 
tional History  '  in  1896,  '  Roman  Public  Life  ' 
and  '  The  Legal  Procedure  of  Cicero's  Time  * 
in  1901,  and  finally,  in  1904,  the  first  volume 
of  a  projected  magnum  opus,  '  A  History  of 
Rome  during  the  Later  Republic  and  Early 
Principate.'  He  was  never,  perhaps,  likely 
to  become  the  English  Mommsen.  Ho 
lacked  the  trenchant  style,  and  possibly  the 
vioitia  via  animoi.  His  learning,  however, 
was  immense,^whilst  his  power  of  thought 


N°  4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


329 


was  fully  equal  to  his  erudition.  As  a 
reviewer  for  this  paper  he  showed  admirable 
knowledge  and  fairness.  His  philosophic 
insight  and  breadth  -of  mind  were  quite  out 
of  the  common,  as  they  know  best  who  were 
privileged  to  share  his  friendship.  And, 
whilst  those  friends  grieve  at  the  untimely 
passing  of  a  gentle,  kindly,  and  wise  soul, 
Oxford  deplores  the  loss  of  a  student  hardly 
to  be  matched  at  any  time— especially  at 
this  time,  when  historians  of  antiquity  are 
all  too  few. 


CHAUCER  :    "  PRESTES  THRE  "  OR 

"  PREST    ESTRE  "  ? 

Such  a  phrase  as  "  prest  estre "  (or 
"  estree,"  as  Chaucer  would  have  given  it) 
receives  no  support  either  in  English  or 
French  literature.  How  could  Chaucer 
have  come  by  it  ?  There  is  not  one  atom 
of  proof  that  such  a  word  as  "  estre,''  in  the 
sense  of  domesticus,  ever  existed  either  in 
continental  or  Anglo-French.  Did  he  coin 
the  word  ?  But  I  submit  that  Chaucer  was 
an  elegant  French  scholar,  and  one  ought 
to  hesitate  before  one  accuses  the  poet  of 
begetting  a  grammatical  monstrosity.  This 
is  really  what  Prof.  Kastner's  "  estre " 
must  be  judged  to  be.  His  view  is  that  the 
form  *estre  is  a  derivative  of  estre,  used  in 
Chaucer  in  the  plural  in  the  sense  of  the 
inner  parts  of  a  house  ;  compare  the  use  of 
the  French  etres.  But  O.F.  estre,  although 
a  substantive  in  usage,  is  an  infinitive  in 
form.  Now  I  hold  that  it  is  impossible 
in  French  to  form  a  participial  adjective 
directly  from  an  infinitive.  There  are  a 
great  number  of  infinitive  -  substantives 
in  French  ;  for  instance,  avoir,  baiser, 
deboire,  dejeuner,  devoir,  diner,  gouter,  pouvoir, 
rire,  besides  loisir,  plaisir  (from  obsolete 
infinitives)  ;  compare  also  Eng.  attainder, 
remainder  (from  Anglo-French).  Well,  such 
a  form  as  Hoisire,  leisured  (for  instance), 
would  be  impossible  in  French  or  in  Chaucer. 
But  in  what  respect  does  Prof.  Kastner's 
*estre  differ  from  *loisire  ?  The  fact  is  that 
such  a  formation  could  not  be  tolerated  in 
French,  because  in  the  case  of  these  substan- 
tives the  infinitival  form  is  apparent  on  the 
surface.  A.  L.  Mayhew. 


The  following  quite  modern  quotation 
appears  to  bear  on  the  controversy  between 
Messrs.  Mayhew  and  Kastner  :  "  Tout  le 
monde paraissait  inquietet affaire"  (Alphonse 
Karr,  '  Voyage  autour  de  mon  Jardin,' 
Lettre  Premiere. 

Littre  gives  this  "  grammatical  mon- 
strosity ' '  in  his  dictionary.  S. 


Godefroy,  in  his  '  Dictionnaire  de  la 
Langue  Francaise,'  gives  as  one  meaning  of 
estre  "maniere  d'etre,  genre  de  vie,  condition, 
nature,"  and  cites  as  illustration  the  very 
passage  quoted  by  Prof.  Ka.stner  from  the 
'  Lancelot.'  "  Uemander  de  son  estre  "  is 
so  very  ordinary  an  expression  in  Old  French 
that  I  have  expected  to  see  prompt  correc- 
tion of  Prof.  Kastner's  blunder.  In  the 
absence  of  other  refutation  I  venture  to 
send  the  above.  In  any  case,  a  knight 
errant,  such  as  was  Lancelot,  would  scarcely 
have  had  a  domestic  chaplain. 

Jessie  L.  Weston-. 


Reynell  was  a  remarkable  specimen  of  this 
rare  class.  There  was  no  other  man  in 
Ireland  who  knew  so  much  about  the  bio- 
graphical side  of  the  Irish  Church,  the 
succession  of  the  clergy,  the  places  of  their 
birth  and  death,  their  wills,  their  family 
connexions,  their  characters  and  achieve- 
ments. From  his  stores  he  contributed 
largety  to  several  lives  in  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography  '  ;  he  was  always 
helping  any  inquirer  with  his  books  and 
with  his  time  ;  he  had  treasures  of  old  news- 
papers and  tracts,  a  whole  series  of  engrav- 
ings of  Irish  bishops,  and  a  vast  amount  of 
notes  on  all  his  favourite  researches.  It  is 
earnestly  to  be  hoped  that  all  these  fragments 
of  curious  information  may  be  preserved  in 
some  worthy  place  of  access  for  research. 

The  aspect  and  life  of  the  man  represented 
an  order  which  has  well-nigh  passed  away. 
He  was  a  gentleman  of  private  means, 
belonging  to  an  old  county  family  in  Meath 
and  Westmeath,  descended,  too,  from  the 
famous  Cromwellian  Provost  Winter,  whose 
piety  did  not  prevent  his  acquiring  a  large 
Irish  property  in  two  counties.  William 
Reynell  had  therefore  the  traditions  of  a 
country  squire.  His  uncle  was  a  famous 
master  of  foxhounds  ;  and  all  this  told  upon 
the  student  and  the  recluse,  little  as  it  might 
appear  at  first  sight.  He  never  married, 
but  lived  with  a  devoted  sister  in  one  of  the 
fine  old  houses  in  North  Dublin  which  are 
now  deserted  by  fashion,  but  which  main- 
tain an  imperishable  dignity  of  their  own. 
Here  he  lived  a  simple  but  hospitable  life  of 
piety  and  learning,  frequenting  weekday 
services  at  St.  Patrick's,  and  devoting  most 
of  his  Sundays  to  doing  duty  for  some  sick 
or  overworked  parson  in  the  diocese.  He 
was  constantly  to  be  seen  in  the  library  of 
Trinity  College,  Archbishop  Marsh's  Library, 
and  the  Record  Office,  always  taking  notes 
to  help  some  student  friend.  Of  late  he  had 
suffered  from  increasing  deafness,  so  that 
he  avoided  general  society  from  his  unselfish 
desire  to  save  other  people  trouble.  His 
end  came  suddenly,  without  a  day's  serious 
illness,  though  there  were  not  wanting 
symptoms  that  his  span  of  life  would  not  be 
long.  He  had  not  reached  his  seventieth 
year  when  he  passed  away  on  Sunday, 
March  1th.  Among  scholarly  Churchmen 
in  Ireland  his  loss  will  be  long  and  deeply 
felt.  J.  M. 


THE    REV.    W.M.    REYNELL,    B.D. 

Educated  antiquaries  are  scarce  in 
Ireland  ;  still  scarcer  are  those  who  work 
for  others,  and  not  for  themselves.     William 


THE   BOOKSELLERS'  PROVIDENT 
INSTITUTION. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Institution 
on  Tuesday  last,  at  Stationers'  Hall,  the 
chair  was  *  taken  by  the  President,  Mr. 
Charles  James  Longman,  and  we  congratu- 
late the  trade  on  the  highly  satisfactory 
report  which  was  then  submitted.  Progress 
is  steady  and  continuous  ;  during  190.") 
twenty-four  new  members  were  elected. 
We  wish,  however,  that  the  standard  of 
1903  could  have  been  reached,  when  121 
new  members  joined ;  and  we  hope  that  the 
present  year  may  show  a  like  increase.  It 
should  be  generally  realized  that  each  mem- 
ber is  in  possession  of  an  investment  securing 
him  freedom  from  want  in  adversity  and 
permanent  relief  in  old  age. 

After  the  business  meeting  there  was  a 
soiree,  at  which  the  Bishop  of  London,  in 
the  course  of  an  address,  urged  all  young 
men  to  join  the  Institution.  He  remarked 
that  he  regarded  it  as  a  great  power  in 
bringing  different  members  of  the  trade 
together,  and  as  a  means  of  promoting  the 
sense  of  human  brotherhood.  Among  those 
present  were  Mr.  Richard  Bentley,  Mr.  .1.  W. 
Darton,     Mr.    Sydney    Gedge,     Mr.    H.  E. 


Hodgson,  Mr.  Miles,  Mr.  J.  Shaylor,  Mr, 
Cuthbert  Whitaker,  and  Mr.  Lamer,  the 
secretary.  Mr.  Longman  referred  to  the 
fact  that  during  the  existence  of  the  Institu- 
tion 64,000?.  had  been  distributed,  and  this- 
without  putting  the  recipients  to  the  ex- 
pense and  trouble  of  canvassing. 


THE   COMING   PUBLISHING    SEASON. 

MESSRS.    BLACK 

announce  the  following  among  their  Picture  and' 
Art  Books  :  The  Thames,  painted  by  M.  Menpesr 
and  described  by  Dorothy  Menpes,  —  Constanti- 
nople, painted  by  W.  Gable,  and  described  by 
Prof.  A.  Van  Milligen,  —  Greece,  painted  by  J. 
Fulleylove,  and  described  by  the  Rev.  J.  A. 
M'Clymart, — Sussex,  painted  by  Wilfred  Ball, — ■ 
Wessex,  painted  by  W.  Tyndale,  and  described  by 
C.  Holland,  —  Algeria  and  Tunis,  painted  and 
described  by  F.  E.  Nesbitt, — The  Highlands  and 
Islands  of  Scotland,  painted  by  W.  Smith,  Jun.r 
and  described  by  A.  R.  H.  Moncrieff, — Bruges  and 
West  Flanders,  painted  by  A.  Forestier,  and 
described  by  G.  W.  T.  Omond, — Yorkshire  :  Dales  - 
and  Fells,  painted  and  described  by  Gordon  Hi  me, 
— Days  with  Velasquez,  by  C.  L.  Hind,  and  The 
Education  of  an  Artist,  by  the  same, — English  Cos- 
tume, painted  and  described  by  D.  C.  Calthrop, 
— and  Gothic  Architecture,  by  E.  A.  Browne. 

In  Science  :  A  Treatise  on  Zoology,  by  E.  Ray 
Lankester:  Part  V.,  Mollusca,  by  Dr.  P.  Pelseneer, 
in  two  editions,  —  and  Modern  Cosmogonies,  by 
Agnes  M.  Clerke. 

In  Theology  and  History  :  Johannine  Grammar, 
by  E.  A.  Abbott, — A  Declaration  on  Biblical 
Criticism  by  1,725  Clergy,  edited  by  H.  Handley, 
— The  Life  of  Jesus,  by  Dr.  A.  Neumann,  trans- 
lated by  M.  A.  Canney,  with  preface  by  Prof. 
Schmiedel, — Religions  of  the  Past  and  the  Re- 
ligion of  the  Future,  by  the  author  of  'Thoughts 
of  a  Freethinker," — Medieval  London,  Social  and 
Ecclesiastical,  2  vols. ,  with  numerous  illustrations, 
— and  the  Blackmore  Country,  by  F.  J.  Snell, 
illustrated. 

Travel,  Education,  and  General  :  Black's  Guide- 
Books,  new  editions  of  Devonshire,  West  Kent, 
and  Manchester,  all  by  A.  R.  H.  Monerieff,  and 
other  reissues, — Rome,  by  E.  A.  Reynolds-Ball,— 
The  "Council"  Arithmetic  for  Schools  (Scheme 
B),  by  T.  B.  Ellery,  Parts  I.  to  VIII.,— Old  Testa- 
ment* History :  Part  I.,  From  Abraham  to  the 
Death  of  Joshua,  by  the  Rev.  T.  Nicklin,—  The 
"Council"  Literary  Readers,  by  J.  Finnomore, — 
A  Tale  of  Two  Cities  and  Barnahy  Rudge,  l>oth 
edited  by  A.  A.  Barter,-  Scott's  Al>l>ot.  edited  h\ 
H.  Corstoiphine, — Summary  of  English  History, 
by  N.  L.  Eraser, — Man,  liis  Manners  and  Customs, 
by  L.  W.  Lyde, — and  the  Law  of  Banking  and 
Negotiable  Instruments,  by  F.  Tillyard,  a  second 
edition. 

MESSRS.  -T.  M.  DENT  4  00. 

announce  as  forthcoming  publications  in  various 
series.  In  Everyman's  Library  :  fifty  volumes  ii> 
April,  with  others  after  a  short  interval.  In  the 
Temple  Dramatists  :  Ford's  Broken  Heart,  edited 
byOliphant  Smeaton,— and  Goethe's  Iphigeneia  in 
Tauris,  edited  by  Prof.  Dowden.  In  the  Temple 
Creek  and  Latin  Classics,  edited  byG.  L.  Dickinson 
and  H.  O.  Meredith  :  Plato'.,  Eutliyphro.  The  Apo- 
logy of  Socrates,  and  Crito,  translated  by  F.  M. 
St  a  well, — Euripides'  Hippolytus  and  Medea,  trans- 
lated  by  S.  Watcrlow. — Virgil's  .Eneid,  translated 
by  E.  F.  Taylor,  and  edited  by  E.  M.  F  rster, 
2  vols. ,-  and  Juvenal's  Satires,  translated  by  A.  F. 
Cole.  In  English  Men  of  Science,  edited  by  Dr.  .L  1*. 
Green  :  Herbert  Spenoer,  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Thomson. 
—Priestley, by  Dr.T.  E.  Thorpe,  —George  Bentham, 
by  H.  D.  Jackson.  Huxley,  by  Prof.  .1.  R.  A. 
Davis,— and  Sir  William  Flower,  by  R.  Lydekker. 
In  the  Mediaeval  Towns  Series:  Brussels,  1>\-  E. 
Gilliat-Smith,  illustrated  by  K.  Kimball  and  C. 
Gilliat  Smith.  In  the  Prime  Ministers  of  England, 
edited  by  S.  J.  Rcid,  Lord  RoscIhmv,  by  S.  II. 
Jeyes;  new  editions  of  The   Earl  of   Bcaconstield. 

by  •'.  -V.  Froudej  The  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  by  Lord! 
Stanmore;  sir  Robert  Peel,  by  Justin  McCarthy  ; 
Gladstone,    by    G.    W.    E.    Russell;    Lord    John 

Russell,  by  S.'.I.  Reid  ;  and  other  volumes. 

In  the  Temple  Classics :    The  Golden  Treasury, 


330 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


with  additional  poems,  edited  by  K.  Hutton, — 
Dante's  Vita  Nuova,  Songs  and  Ballads,  translated 
by  Thomas  Okey, —  Burke'a  Speeches  on  America, 
edited  by  C  B.  "Hawkins,— The  Chronioleof  Dino 
ffimpagnij  edited  by  A.  <L  F.  Howell,  —  Faust, 
Part  ft.,  translated  by  A.  (J.  Latham,  — and 
Browning's  Dramatis  Persons,  with  a  biblio- 
graphical note  by  M.  Edwardes. 

In  College  Monographs,  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  H. 
New  :  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  by  the  Presi- 
dent,— New  College,  Oxford,  by  A.  O.  Prickard, 
—Morton  College,  Oxford,  by  the  Rev.  H.  T. 
White,— Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  by  W.  W. 
Rouse  Ball, — King's  College,  Cambridge,  by  R.  P. 
Faj', — and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  by 
R,  F.  Scott. 

In  General  Literature,  Belles-Lettres,  &c.  : 
Peace  and  War,  by  Prof.  Riehet,  translated  by 
M.  Edwardes — Morocco  of  To-day,  translated  by 
Eugene  Aubin,  with  three  maps, — Personal  Forces 
in  Modern  Literature,  by  A.  Rickett,  essays  on 
Newman,  Huxley,  Spencer,  Dickens,  &c. , — St. 
Bernardine  of  Siena,  by  P.  Thureau-Dangin,  trans- 
lated by  the  Baroness  von  Hugel, — The  Christ  of 
English  Poetry,  by  Dean  Stubbs, — Songs  of  Love 
and  Praise,  by  Miss  Matheson,  illustrated  by 
Charles  Robinson, — and  The  Complete  Works  of 
Dumas,  forty-eight  volumes,  rearranged,  but  with 
the  illustrations  and  unabridged. 

In  Education  :  Dent's  Mathematical  and  Scien- 
tific Series,  edited  by  W.  J.  Green6treet :  Light, 
by  F.  E.  Rees  ;  Trigonometry,  by  Cecil  Hawkins  ; 
Practical  Mathematics,  by  J.  E.  Boyt ;  and  Geo- 
metrical Conies,  by  G.  H.  Bryan  and  Prof.  R.  H. 
Pinkerton.  Modern  Language  Series  :  Sounds  of 
Spoken  English,  by  Prof.  W.  Rippmann  ;  Fables 
of  La  Fontaine,  edited  by  the  same  ;  Rippmann's 
Picture  Vocabulary,  with  illustrations  by  J.  A. 
Symington,  French  and  German ;  and  First 
Spanish  Book,  by  F.  R.  Robert, — Short  French 
Readers,  edited  by  W.  O.  Brigstocke  :  Perrault's 
Contes  du  Temps  "Passe,  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  edited 
by,G.  Heyer  and  H.  Cammartin ;  De  Varigny's 
L'Elephant  Blanc,  edited  by  W.  0.  Brigstocke  and 
H.  Cammartin ;  Simple  Stories,  edited  by  H. 
Cammartin ;  and  French  History  in  Extracts, 
Vol.  I.  The  Nineteenth  Century,  edited  by  C.  E.  C. 
Hanbury,  and  Vol.  II.  The  Revolution,  edited  by 
D.  L.  Savory, — and  Temple  Primers :  Hygiene 
and  Diet,  by  Dr.  H.  Drinkwater,  and  Sculpture 
of  the  West,  by  Dr.  Hans  Stegmann,  translated 
by  Miss  Edwardes. 

MESSRS.  GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  &  SONS 
announce  in  the  Library  of  Historical  Literature  : 
Evelyn's  Diary  and  Correspondence,  edited  by 
Bray,  with  a  copious  index, — Josephus,  Works, 
translated  by  Whiston,  and  edited  by  Prof.  D.  S. 
Margoliouth,  —  Macaulay,  History  of  England, 
edited  by  T.  F.  Henderson, —and  Sismondi,  Italian 
Republics,  edited  by  Dr.  W.  Boulting.  In  the 
Library  of  Early  Novelists :  Breton's  Novels, 
Dekker's  Novels,  and  Greene's  Novels,  all  edited 
by  Oliphant  Smeaton,  —  Brooke's  The  Fool  of 
Quality,  with  a  Life  of  the  Author,  Defoe's  Moll 
Flanders  and  Roxana,  Lewis's  The  Monk,  and 
Sidney's  Arcadia,  all  edited  by  E.  A.  Baker, — 
and  Swift's  Gulliver's  Travels,  and  other  Writings, 
with  a  note  on  the  name  Gulliver  by  J.  P.  Gilson. 
In  the  English  Library  :  Magnus,  How  to  Read 
English  Literature  :  Dryden  to  Tennyson, — Baker, 
History  in  Fiction,  an  Annotated  Guide,  2  vols., — 
Trench,  Select  Glossary  of  English  Words,  edited 
by  Dr.  Smythe-Palmer,  — Documents  illustrating 
Elizabethan  Literature  (being  the  Treatises  on 
Poetry  by  Sidney,  Puttenham,  and  Webbe), 
edited  by  L.  Magnus, — and  Brown,  The  Small 
Library,  and  Book  Description.  In  the  Mayne 
Reid  Library  for  Boys  :  The  Boy  Hunters  ;  Gaspar 
the  Gaucho  ;  and  the  War  Trail,  all  illustrated. 

In  the  New  Universal  Library :  Aristotle, 
Ethics,  translated  by  D.  P.  Chase,  —  Boethius, 
Consolations  of  Philosophy,  translated  by  the  Rev. 
H.  R.  James, — Bulfineh,  The  Age  of  Fable, — 
Dean  Church,  Dante,  Anselm,  &c., — Creasy, 
Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World,— Emerson, 
The  Conduct  of  Life,  and  Society  and  Solitude, — 
The  Hitopadesa,  newly  translated  by  B.  Hale- 
Wortham, — Hobbes,  Leviathan, — Lord  Houghton, 
Life  of  Keats, — Landor,  Imaginary  Conversations  : 
II.  Sovereigns  and  Statesmen, — Mackenzie,  The 
Man  of  Feeling, — Marcus  Aurelius,  Meditations, — 
Macaulay,  History  of  England,  5  vols., — Marlowe, 
Dramatic  Works,  —  Reynolds  Discourses  on 
Art, — The   Spectator,    edited    by    G.  A.  Aitken, 


Vol.  III., — J.  A.  Symonds,  Wait  Whitman :  a 
Study, — Walt  Whitman,  Democratic  Vistas,  and 
Specimen  Days  in  America, — and  other  volumes. 

In  the  Muses'  Library  :  Matthew  Arnold,  Poems, 
with  an  Introduction  by  L.  Magnus;  and  Dramas 
and  Prize  Poems, — Clough,  Poetical  Works,  with 
Memoir  by  F.  T.  1'algrave,  —  Lyra  Germanica, 
translated  by  C.  Winkworth, — Peacock,  Poetical 
Works,  edited  by  R.  B.  Johnson,- -Suckling, 
Poetical  Works,  edited  by  A.  H.  Thompson, — 
and  Thomson,  Poetical  Works,  edited  by  H.  D. 
Roberts,  with  Introduction  by  E.  (iosse.  In  the 
Golden  Anthologies:  Poems  of  Nature,  edited  by 
G.  K.  A.  Bell. 

In  the  Empire  Library  of  Famous  Fiction  : 
Adam  Bede,  The  Caxtons,  Charles  O'Malley, 
G.  P.  R.  James's  Darnley,  Joseph  Andrews,  The 
Last  of  the  Mohicans,  Les  Mist-rabies,  Mary 
Barton,  Oliver  Twist,  The  Three  Musketeers, 
Pendennis,  Quo  Vadis?  and  many  other  well- 
known  novels. 

In  the  Miniature  Reference  Library :  Five 
Thousand  Words  Frequently  Misspelt,  by  A.  M. 
Hyamson, — Literary  Allusions,  by  H.  Swan, — The 
Debater's  and  Chairman's  Handbook,  by  D.  M. 
Ransom, — and  other  collections.  In  the  Useful 
Library  :  Holdsworth's  Agricultural  Holdings  Acts 
and  Ground  Game  Act,  edited  by  J.  F.  Waley, — 
and  Railway  Matters  and  How  to  Deal  with  Them, 
by  G.  B.  Lissenden.  In  the  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
the  Nineteenth  Century :  Vol.  VII.  Sacred 
Poetry. 

Miscellaneous  Books  :  The  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
by  the  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould,  a  new  thin-pa peY 
pocket  edition,  16  vols.,  illustrated, — The  Manage- 
ment of  Children  in  Health  and  Disease,  by  Dr. 
Howard  Barrett,  —  Routledge's  New  French- 
English  and  English-French  Dictionary,  by  J.  E. 
Wessely,  revised  by  E.  Latham, — Lyra  Britannica, 
in  2  parts,  edited  by  E.  Per  twee, — History  in 
Verse,  from  Caraetacus  to  Victoria,  edited  by  the 
same, — The  Nursery  Song-Book,  music  by  W.  K. 
Moore,  coloured  and  plain  illustrations  by  M. 
Sandheim,- — Classified  Chess  Games,  by  W.  Blan- 
shard,  Vol.  III., — Every  Man's  Dictionary, — and 
many  new  editions. 


The  first  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Atlay's  two 
volumes  on  '  The  Victorian  Chancellors' 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.  on  the  26th  inst.  Though  Lord 
Campbell's  posthumous  volume  contained 
the  lives  of  Lords  Lyndhurst  and  Broug- 
ham, neither  of  them  has  been  accepted 
as  satisfactory.  Mr.  Atlay  therefore  begins 
with  the  former,  and  includes  Brougham, 
whose  name  is  intimately  associated 
with  the  legal  history  of  the  reign,  though 
he  was  never  Chancellor  under  Queen 
Victoria.  The  next  names  on  the  list  are 
Lords  Cottenham  and  Truro.  Among  the 
illustrations  is  one  of  the  interior  of  the 
House  of  Lords  during  Queen  Caroline's 
trial,  from  the  painting  by  Sir  George 
Hayter. 

Messrs.  Longman  have  in  the  press 
two  further  volumes  on  '  The  English  in 
America,'  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Doyle,  an  able 
Oxford  historian  :  '  The  Middle  Colonies  ' 
and  '  The  Colonies  under  the  House  of 
Hanover,'  both  with  maps.  These  volumes 
are  in  continuation  of  the  author's  former 
work  on  the  same  subject  :  '  Virginia, 
Maryland,  and  the  Carolinas,'  published 
in  1882,  and  '  The  Puritan  Colonies,'  pub- 
lished in  1886. 

Our  old  contributor  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs, 
having  finished  his  work  as  revising  editor 
of  the  twelve  volumes  of  the  '  Jewish 
Encyclopedia,'   has  been  appointed  Pro- 


fessor of  English  Literature  and  Rhetoric 
at  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of 
America.  The  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania has  at  the  same  time  conferred  on 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Letters. 

Miss  Helen  Wallace,  the  author  of 
'  Lotus  or  Laurel,'  has  in  the  press  a  new 
novel  entitled  '  Hasty  Fruit,'  which  will 
be  published  shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 
The  same  firm  will  publish  '  Returned 
with  Thanks,'  a  story  founded  on  modern 
literary  life,  by  Mrs.  Maxwell  Prideaux. 

We  notice  with  regret  the  death  on 
Thursday  last  week  of  the  Rev.  Henry 
Baker  Tristram,  LL.D.,  D.D.,  F.R.S., 
Canon  of  Durham  since  1873.  Canon 
Tristram,  who  acquired  as  a  chaplain  in 
Bermuda  his  taste  for  natural  science, 
was  well  known  both  as  a  traveller  and 
ornithologist,  and  was  the  leading  authority 
on  the  natural  history  of  the  Bible.  Among 
his  numerous  books  are  '  The  Great 
Sahara'  (1860),  the  result  of  travel  there 
in  1856-7  ;  '  The  Land  of  Israel '  (1865), 
'  The  Natural  History  of  the  Bible ' 
(1867),  '  The  Seven  Golden  Candlesticks  ' 
(1872),  'The  Land  of  Moab  '  (1874),  and 
other  studies  of  Palestine,  which  he  had 
often  visited.  His  '  Rambles  in  Japan  ' 
appeared  in  1895.  He  also  contributed 
articles  to  Smith's  '  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible  '  and  The  Ibis  on  his  special  subjects. 
The  Canon  was  born  on  May  11th,  1822. 

As  the  result  of  a  suggestion  made  in 
The  Athenaeum,  the  '  Key  to  Sales  '  issued 
with  the  quarterly  parts  of  Book-Auction 
Records  will  in  future  include  a  state- 
ment of  the  total  sum  realized  by  each 
library. 

Bodley's  Librarian  appeals  in  The 
Times  of  Monday,  to  Oxford  men  and 
others,  for  subscriptions  which  will  enable 
him  to  purchase  the  Bodleian  copy  of  the 
First  Folio  of  Shakspeare.  This  was 
thrown  out  as  "  superfluous  "  in  1663-4, 
was  recognized  last  year  when  brought  to 
the  Bodleian  for  examination,  and  was 
the  subject  of  an  article  in  our  columns 
(February  25th,  1905).  The  present  owner 
has  already  an  offer  of  3,000/.  for  it,  appa- 
rently from  the  usual  American  millionaire, 
but  has  given  the  Bodleian  till  March  31st 
to  raise  the  same  sum.  Dr.  Nicholson 
writes  : — 

"For  the  Bodleian  to  pay  3,0007.,  or  even 
1.000L,  for  any  printed  book  is  simply 
impossible ;  indeed,  it  has  never  given  more 
than  220Z.  10s.,  for  a  single  volume,  and  that 
a  manuscipt  collection  of  Anglo-Saxon  and 
other  early  English  charters. ' ' 
He  adds  that  about  1,300/.  has  already 
been  received  or  promised. , 

To  the  April  number  of  Macmillati's 
Magazine  Mr.  Francis  Fox  contributes 
'  Some  More  Words  about  Bread  '  ;  Mr. 
Herman  Scheffauer  in  '  The  Arrested 
Stroke '  gives  a  vivid  account  of  the  collapse 
of  the  roof  of  Charing  Cross  Station  last 
December  ;  a  British  Columbian  colonist 
describes  the  conditions  of  work  and  wages 
in  the  colony  ;  Mr.  Norman  Shaw  has  a 
paper  on  '  The  Head-Hunters  of  Formosa  '; 
and  Mr.  Alfred  Fellows  writes  on  '  The 
Regulation  of  Advertisements.' 


N°  4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


331 


Temple  Bar  for  April  will  contain  a 
critical  essay  on  '  Thomas  de  Quincey  ' 
by  Mr.  Edward  Thomas  ;  a  biographical 
paper  on  '  Filippo  Brunelleschi '  by  Miss 
M.  L.  Egerton  Castle  ;  and  a  comparison 
between  the  French  and  English  manner 
of  holiday-making,  as  seen  at  Easter  in 
'{Hampstead  and  Montmartre,'  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Ransome.  Mr.  W.  J.  Batchelder 
contributes  '  An  Experiment  in  Fairy 
Tale,'  showing  how  a  story  was  improvised 
by  a  class  of  boys,  averaging  ten  years  old, 
in  a  rural  elementary  school. 

Mr.  C.  G.  Barrington,  formerly  Assist- 
ant-Secretary to  the  Treasury,  is  publish- 
ing his  recollections  of  fishing  at  home  and 
abroad,  under  the  title  of  '  Seventy  Years' 
Fishing.'  He  tells  how  he  caught  his  first 
fish  under  the  tuition  of  Lord  Grey,  of 
Reform  Bill  fame,  and  how,  having  learnt 
the  art  on  the  Tweed,  he  has  continued  it 
in  Germany  ever  since,  in  the  intervals  of 
a  busy  official  life.  The  volume  will  be 
issued  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co., 
with  a  portrait,  on  Monday  week. 

The  same  firm  will  add  to  their  "  Water- 
loo Library  "  on  the  same  day  F.  Anstey's 
novel '  The  Brass  Bottle,'  and  on  April  2nd 
Mr.  F.  T.  Bullen's  '  The  Log  of  a  Sea  Waif.' 
These  will  be  followed  a  little  later  by 
Richard  Jefferies's  '  The  Gamekeeper  at 
Home.' 

Messrs.  Sothery  &  Wilkinson's  sale 
of  books  and  manuscripts  on  the  last  five 
days  of  this  month  comprises  a  singularly 
interesting  variety.  Some  of  the  early 
English  books  are  noteworthy.  Ban- 
croft's '  Two  Bookes  of  Epigrams  and 
Epitaphs,'  1G39,  was  Mitford's  copy. 
The  first  American  edition  of  Byron's 
'  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers', 
Philadelphia,  1811,  is  extremely  rare, 
and  no  copy  has  occurred  for  sale, 
either  in  England  or  America,  for  many 
years.  Another  Anglo-American  rarity 
is  the  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  the  '  Last 
Essays  '  of  Charles  Lamb,  Philadelphia, 
1828,  a  fine  example  in  the  original 
printed  glazed  boards  ;  and  still  another 
book  falling  within  the  same  category  is 
the  fine  copy  of  the  second  edition  of  John 
Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  Cambridge  (Mass.), 
1685.  Indeed,  Americana  form  a  strong 
feature  of  this  sale.  Especially  in- 
teresting are  some  collections  of  specimen 
leaves  of  nearly  all  the  earl}'  printers. 

Next  week  we  shall  publish  our  usual 
'  Notes  from  Oxford  '  on  the  events  of 
the  term.  We  notice  that  The  Oxford 
Magazine  speaks  of  the  attack  in  The 
Westminster  Gazette  on  Oxford  arrange- 
ments as  "a  ludicrous  collection  of  mis- 
statements." 

Dr.  Paget  Toynbee  contributes  to 
the  forthcoming  Twenty-Fourth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Cambridge  (Mass.)  Dante 
Society  a  '  Chronological  List  of  English 
Translations  from  Dante,  from  Chaucer 
to  the  Present  Day.'  The  total  number 
of  translators  represented  is  about  250,  but 
the  number  of  entries  is  considerably 
higher,  amounting  to  several  thousands, 
M  some  of  the  writers  (Leigh  Hunt,  for 
instance)   translated   a  great   number   of 


passages  in  various  years  and  in  various 
works.  It  has  been  Dr.  Toynbee's  aim 
to  register  as  far  as  possible  all  translations 
written  in  English,  whatever  the  nation- 
ality of  the  author,  and  however  brief.  A 
feature  of  the  list  is  the  inclusion  of  a 
number  of  privately  printed  translations 
which  have  not  hitherto  figured  in  any 
of  the  Dante  bibliographies.  This  list, 
which  is  the  first  serious  attempt  of  its 
kind,  naturally  does  not  claim  to  be 
complete.  Dr.  Toynbee  will  welcome 
any  supplementary  items  and  informa- 
tion on  doubtful  points. 

There  cannot  be  many  now  living  who 
are  able  to  say  that  they  exchanged  words 
with  Walter  Scott.  The  distinction  is 
claimed  by  at  least  two  Edinburgh 
veterans — Mr.  George  Croal,  who  recently 
celebrated  his  ninety-fifth  birthday,  and 
Mr.  Robert  D.  Thomson.  The  'latter, 
whose  grandfather  sold  the  first  bit  of 
Abbotsford  to  Scott,  was,  when  a  boy, 
patted  on  the  shoulder  by  the  Great 
Unknown  of  that  day  ;  while  Mr.  Croal 
visited  Abbotsford  on  musical  business, 
and  on  two  occasions  slept  there.  Mr 
Croal  knew  James  Hogg,  too,  and  was 
the  first  to  arrange  for  publication  the 
music  of  his  popular  song  '  When  the 
Kye  comes  Hame.' 

The  Royal  Literary  Fund  hold  their 
anniversary  dinner  at  the  Hotel  Metropole 
on  May  10th.  The  American  Ambassador 
will  be  in  the  chair. 

In  his  work  entitled  '  With  Mounted 
Infantry  in  Tibet,'  which  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  will  have  ready  on  the  26th 
inst.,  Major  W.  J.  Ottley,  of  the  34th  Sikh 
Pioneers,  gives  an  account  of  the  formation 
and  practical  training  of  the  mounted 
infantry  which  did  good  service  in  the 
Tibet  campaign,  and  describes  the  opera- 
tions in  which  they  took  part.  There  are 
forty-eight  pages  of  illustrations,  including 
portraits  of  General  Macdonald  and  Col. 
Younghusband. 

The  valuable  library  of  Mr.  Wilber- 
force  Eames,  now  being  dispersed  in 
New  York,  contains  a  complete  set,  in 
393  parts,  of  the  British  Museum  General 
Catalogue.  This  seems  to  be  the  only  set 
which  has  ever  occurred  for  sale  at  auction, 
and  it  will  be  interesting  to  see  what  it 
realizes.  Mr.  Quaritch  once  offered  a  set 
with  the  Supplement  for  94/.  This  Cata- 
logue was  begun  in  1881,  and  continued 
until  1900,  not  to  mention  the  various 
additions.  It  extends  to  105,000  printed 
columns,  and  contains  upwards  of  2,000,000 
entries.  Mr.  Eames's  set  also  includes 
the  index  to  the  parts  which  comprise 
"  Periodical  Publications." 

Just  as  we  are  going  to  press  we  hear, 
with  much  regret,  of  the  death  at  Liver- 
pool of  a  constant  contributor  to  this 
paper,  Prof.  Cecil  Bendall.  He  was  bom 
in  1856,  educated  at  the  City  of  London 
School,  and  was  Fifth  Classic  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1879.  In  1881  he  got  a  first  in 
the  Indian  Languages  Tripos,  and  hence- 
forth devoted  his  life  to  Oriental  languages, 
first  at  the  British  Museum,  afterwards 
at  University  College,  London,  and  finally 


at  Cambridge,  where  he  succeeded  Cowell 
in  the  Sanskrit  Chair  in  1903.  Prof. 
Bendall  travelled  in  North  India  and 
Nepal  in  1884-5,  giving  the  results  of  his 
research  in  a  book,  and  again  in  1898-9, 
He  did  a  great  deal  of  valuable  work  in 
cataloguing  Sanskrit  and  Pali  collections. 
He  took  a  keen  interest  in  music,  especially 
on  the  historic  side. 

Birlical  scholars  will  be  glad  to  know 
that  Dr.  Ginsburg's  great  life-work  '  The 
Massorah '  is  nearing  completion.  The 
first  part  of  the  fourth  and  final  volume 
was  issued  a  short  time  ago,  but  only  to 
those  who  have  added  to  their  original 
subscriptions.  The  work  has  extended 
over  forty  years,  and  has  proved  far  more 
laborious  and  costly  than  could  have  been 
imagined  at  the  beginning. 

In  Chambers's  Journal  for  April  Mr. 
Henry  W.  Lucy  has  a  sketch  entitled 
'  Mr.  Peck-Ridge,  M.P.,'  describing  a 
member's  first  night  in  the  House  of 
Commons  and  its  results.  Mr.  Henry 
Leach  writes  on  '  The  Queer  Side  of  the 
Cabinet,'  and  Commander  H.  N.  Shore  re- 
lates a  true  incident  of  the  first  Napoleon, 
which  took  place  at  Givet,  under  the  title 
of  '  The  Handy-Man  and  the  Emperor.' 
The  facts  are  derived  from  an  autobio- 
graphical narrative  found  in  a  note-book 
picked  up  in  Cornwall. 

The  death  occurred  a  few  days  ago  of 
the  Comte  de  Blois,  the  French  Senateur 
and  Conseiller  General  of  Maine-et-Loire. 
In  addition  to  filling  man}'  offices,  the  Comte 
found  time  for  literary  recreation.  He 
published  '  Memoires  du  Comte  de  Fal- 
loux,'  his  uncle,  and  brought  out  an  edition 
of  the  '  Lettres  de  Madame  Swetchine/ 
Comte  de  Blois  was  in  the  fifty-seventh 
year  of  his  age. 

The  only  Parliamentary  Paper  of 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
is  one  on  the  Census  of  the  British  Empire, 
1901  :  Summary  Tables  and  Detailed 
Tables  for  the  several  Colonies ;  also 
Population  classified  by  Ages,  Condition 
as  to  Marriage,  Occupations,  &c,  (3s.  5d.). 

SCIENCE 


Cultes,  Myites,  et  Religions.     Par  Salomon 
Reinach.     Tome  II.     (Paris,  Leroux.) 

The  new  volume  of  M.  Reinach's  essays 
is  not  quite  so  varied  as  the  former 
(reviewed  in  The  Athenoeum,  April  22nd, 
1905).  The  author  still  has  much  to 
say  about  totemism  as  a  key  to  classical 
cult,  mythology,  and  civilization,  and 
opens  with  some  remarks  on  the  totem 
communion,  and  on  totemism  as  the 
origin  of  the  domestication  of  animals. 
M.  Reinach  holds  that 

"since  the  genius  of  Robertson  Smith  recog- 
nized the  communion  of  sacrifice  among  the 
Saracens  before  Mahomet,  and  in  some 
Grseco-Roman  cults,  proofs  in  support  of 
his  discovery  have  become  numerous,  not 
only  in  Australia,  where  a  perfect  example 
of  the  sacrifice  and  manducation  of  the 
totem  has  been  ohserved  ;  but  by  a  closer 
analysis  of  Greek  rites  founded  on  such 
rituals." 


332 


Til  K     ATI!  KN7KUM 


N    1000,  MlBCfl  17,  1000 


I'iiIih  kily,  no  reference  f"i  the  Australian 
lacrinoe  of  the  totem  is  gi\cn.  and  we  ate 

iii.K  (jiiaiiittd    \sitli   any   <\  idem  M   for   any 

-n  of  Morifioe  in  Australia.    The  Arunte 
isage  I'v  which  men  <>f  i  toteaa  eal  spar- 
ingly o(  the  totem  thing,  at  the  opening 
■«>f  the  soaoon  for  that  sort  <>f  food,  doet 

not  include  any  suciifiri  of  the  totem. 
The  things  mr  caught  and  killed  by  the 
hunters  of  the  trihe  in  the  usual  way. 
We  OOnoeive  that  the  members  of  each 
totem  originally  tasted  it,  on  sucli  occa- 
sions, merely  by  u;iv  of  indicating  that 
the  season  was  o]>en,  as  is  common  in  the 
•case  of  "  first  fruits.''  Now  they  conceive 
that  their  magical  power  of  fostering  the 
animal  or  plaid  is  increased  hy  their  eating 
.a  little  of  it,  not  too  much,  when  the 
season  opens.  They  are  also  allowed-  to 
•eat  it  sparingly  whenever  they  please, 
while  the  Eualdayi  may  always  eat  their 
■totems.  Perhaps  this  eating,  at  the 
opening  of  the  season,  may  be  styled  a 
"  communion,"  but  there  is  no  sacrifice. 
The  performance  is  magical,  not  religious. 
Meanwhile  we  cannot  regard  as  binding 
the  logic  of  M.  Reinach,  when,  speaking 
of  the  Greeks,  he  says  : — 

"  The  totem  lias,  as  a  logical  consequence, 
the  food  tabou :  the  tabou,  which  survives 
the  totem,  being  a  usage,  not  a  belief,  per- 
mits us  logically  to  infer  the  past  existence 
of  the  totem." 

But  there  are  many  tabous  on  food  which 
are  certainly  not  totemic  in  origin.  The 
totem  is,  as  a  rule,  a  more  or  less  sacred 
plant  or  animal — sacred  to  a  certain  stock 
in  a  tribe.  It  scarcely  follows,  if  "  whole 
nations  have  a  cult  for  the  wild  boar," 
that  the  animal  is  sacred  because  he  was 
•once  a  totem.  Indeed,  we  are  not  told 
what  nations  do,  or  ever  did,  abstain 
from  bunting  the  wild  boar  :  Adonis  did 
not  abstain,  certainly.  If  domestic  swine 
were  tabou,  and  neither  to  be  killed  nor 
•eaten  by  Hebrews  or  Syrians,  we  do  not 
quite  understand  the  position  of  swine 
among  these  peoples.  Who  brought  the 
husks  to  the  swine,  and  why  ? £  Who 
employed  the  Prodigal  Son  to  herd  them  ? 
Perhaps  Hebrew  capitalists  bred  them 
for  the  Roman  market ;  perhaps  they 
were  bred  for  the  Moabite  or  Philistine 
market  in  earlier  times.  Despite  the 
warnings  of  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor,  M.  Reinach 
remains  of  opinion  that  communion  is  "  a 
result  of  totemism  "  ;  but,  setting  aside 
the  practice  of  the  Arunta,  we  know 
nothing  which  can  be  called  "  com- 
munion "  among  totemists  in  any  part  of 
the  world. 

Passing  from  Robertson  Smith's  inter- 
pretation of  Isaiah  lxvi.  17 — a  text  about 
people  who  sanctify  themselves,  and 
secretly  eat  swine,  the  abomination,  and 
the  mouse — M.  Reinach  says  that,  in 
Israel  tabou  animals  were,  now  and  then, 
"eaten  ritually."  Were  pigs  kept  for  such 
very  rare  occasions  ?  Were  mice  never 
killed  as  nuisances  ?  Is  it  certain  that 
the  ritual  eating  of  mice  and  swine  was  a 
totemic  survival,  and  not  a  borrowed  or 
jiew-invented  superstition  ?  Our  know- 
ledge of  the  facts  does  not  warrant  specu- 
lation. Meanwhile,  people  who  think  that 
all  the  tabou  animals  of  Leviticus  were, 


when   the  tni"-  united,   regolai   totem 
are  declared  to  be  certainly  wrong  (p.  1 1 

In  Israel,  'at  the  dawn  of  history,  there 
could  only  he  survivals  of  totemi-m.  ' 

We    doubt    whether    If.    Eteinai ih    i- 

entirely  awaie  of  the  difficulty  and  com- 
plexity of  the  problem  of  the  tabooed 
animals  in  Leviticus.  We  are  unac- 
quainted with  any  (lose  parallel  to  it 
among    other    peoples.     If    a    legislator 

codified  the  so-called  "  multiplex  totems 
or  "  suh-totenis  "  of  the  Kuahlayi  and 
certain  other  tribes,  and  added  the  tahou 
which  does  not  attach  to  them  among  the 
Eualdayi,  he  might  produce  something 
like,  but  not  very  like,  the  Levities]  list. 
But,  as  M.  Reinach  justly  says,  at  the 
dawn  of  the  history  of  Israel  that  people 
were  infinitely  advanced  beyond  the  culture 
in  which  totemism  exists.  The  forbidden 
animals  of  Leviticus,  except  the  swine, 
hare,  and  rabbit,  are  almost  invariably 
such  as  no  civilized  people  eat,  except 
under  stress  of  starvation  ;  while  the  Jews 
never  eat  the  hare  except  in  soup,  and 
abominate  pork.  Nor  do  they  eat  the  eel, 
which  has  no  scales  (Leviticus  xi.  9-12).  In 
all  this  we  do  not  recognize  the  result  either 
of  a  totemic  or  any  other  tabou.  Among 
the  taboued  Levitical  birds,  most  are 
carnivorous,  and  are  not  eaten  except  by 
savages  to  whom  almost  anything  is  wel- 
come. The  creeping  things  are  all  nasty, 
as  are  dogs  and  cats.  It  is  unlikely  that 
only  nasty  animals  (and  swine)  were  totems ! 
On  M.  Reinach's  theory,  if  we  understand 
him,  the  domestic  animals  became  domes- 
ticated as  a  by-product  of  totemism,  after 
true  totemism  had  long  vanished.  We 
suggested  the  possible  process  when  re- 
viewing his  first  volume,  but  added  that 
we  had  no  evidence  for  its  existence.  M. 
Reinach  writes  that  he  accepts  the 
imagined  state  of  things  for  a  few  centres, 
whence  the  domestication  of  animals  was 
diffused  (pp.  ix,  x).  It  may  be  so  ;  but 
we  should  rather  like  to  see  the  opinions 
of  naturalists  on  the  question  :  the  case 
of  reindeer  might  be  studied  closely.  M. 
Reinach  says  that  he  has  mentioned  the 
theory  of  Mr.  Jevons  to  naturalists  :  in 
itself  that  theory — for  reasons  which  we 
gave  when  reviewing  the  first  volume  of 
M.  Reinach's  book — does  not  hold  good, 
and  we  understand  that  M.  Reinach  now 
accepts  the  modification  which  we  offered 
as  not  inconceivable.  The  naturalists 
"  seemed  to  rub  their  eyes,  like  men  who 
come  out  of  darkness  into  daylight."  But 
have  these  savants  worked  out  the  totemic 
theory  of  the  domestication  of  animals  ? 
Probably  not,  and  we  wait  till  they  have 
undertaken  that  task. 

Now  suppose  that  the  modification 
suggested  is  possible  :  as  totemic  tribes 
cease  to  be  totemic,  and  reckon  kin- 
ship in  the  male  line,  genuine  clans  of 
animal  name  arise.  The  whole  local 
tribe  finally  adopts  the  name  of  the 
leading  clan,  and  its  animal.  This  may  be 
a  domesticable  animal — say  swine,  sheep, 
cow,  goat,  horse,  camel.  The  animal  is 
therefore  unmolested  in  a  large  district, 
becomes  tame,  is  domesticated,  and  finally 
the  tabou  is  removed,  and  the  animal 
is  eaten,   or  its   milk   is  drunk,   or  both 


thing!  an-  done.     Bu(   then  the  <j 

\\ ;  •.   dot     brae]  remove  the  ali- 

mentai  v     tahou     from  arid 

sheep,  and  enforce  the  tahou  on  swine  i 
i  smelt    the  ( ircumstancee  bong  tl  ■ 

for  all  I      If  the  totem  tahou  l«d    h\ 

roundabout    road,    to    domestication    i  f 

Bhecp,    COWS,     -wine.     goat-,    and    <  ainelfl, 

these  creaturei  are  all  in  the  ~an,<-  <  ase. 

Yet    sheep,   goat-,   and   kine   ate   permitted 
to   he  eaten  ;     SWUM  and  camels,  and  <i 

sgreeable  undomesticated  birds  and  i  reep- 

ing    things    are    taboued.     As   far   as 
know,  venison  of  all  sorts  is  not  taboued 
— it  was  not  to  Isaac,  at  all  events.     «'ats 
and  dogs  are  taboued,  and  DO  wonder. 

Thus  the  theory  of  a  survival  of  a 
totemic  tahou  does  riot  explain  the  tal 
on  swine  ;  for  we  have  not  yet  been  told 
why  out  of  several  domesticated  animals, 
all,  by  the  theory  once  taboued,  swine 
remain  taboued,  while  sheep,  goats,  and 
kine  escape  the  tabou.  We  really  do  not 
know  the  origin  of  the  Hebrew  tabou  on 
swine  :  the  animals  are  disgusting  to  a 
refined  taste,  and  the  marvel  is  rather 
that  the  Greeks  ate  them  than  that  the 
Israelites  taboued  them.  The  animals 
which  they  taboued  are  usually  loath- 
some, and  not  good  to  eat.  They  might 
have  left  the  abstinence  from  them  to  the 
good  taste  of  society.  For  not  doing  so, 
in  the  case  of  swine,  they  may  have  had 
some  superstitious  reason,  if  Plutarch, 
cited  by  M.  Reinach,  correctly  says  that 
it  was  tabou  to  kill  swine.  But  what  that 
reason  was,  nobody  knows.  The  totemic 
theory  does  not  help  us  :  the  tabou  on  the 
swine  does  not  prove  it  to  have  been  a 
totem,  and  the  secret  superstitious  eating 
of  swine  in  the  time  of  Isaiah,  is  therefore 
not  proved  to  be  a  survival  of  totemic 
communion,  even  if  such  a  rite  were  ever 
found  among  known  totemist<. 

In  a  long  paper  on  '  The  Death  of 
Orpheus,'  M.  Reinach  returns  to  the 
theory  of  Robertson  Smith  on  communion. 
This  doctrine  "  is  likely  to  become  classic, 
in  spite  of  resistance  in  which  ignorance 
of  ethnology  and  of  questions  of  religion 
plaj^s  its  part."  Dr.  E.  B.  Tylor,  who  has 
opposed  the  theory,  knows  at  least  as  much 
about  ethnology  and  the  science  of  religion 
as  the  advocates  of  the  theory,  who.  in 
England  at  least,  are,  we  think,  very  few. 
The  theory,  as  stated  by  M.  Reinach 
(pp.  97,  98),  requires  us  to  believe  that 
the  rite  of  tearing  to  pieces  and  devouring 
a  living  animal,  say  a  bull,  is  "  anterior 
to  anthropomorphism  in  religion."  Now. 
as  plenty  of  Australian  tribes  have  already 
anthropomorphic  religious  beings  in  their 
beliefs,  the  age  when  people  had  none, 
and  held  only  animals  sacred,  must  be 
excessively  remote,  and  is  unknown  to  us 
in  experience.  Again,  we  know  no  extant 
Bavages,  however  backward,  who,  for 
religious  reasons,  tear  any  living  animal 
to  pieces  and  devour  it.  Once  more,  wo 
cannot  prove  that  any  Greek  god^was  in 
any  way  developed  out  of  a  sacred  animal, 
or  out  of  a  number  of  sacred  animals  ;  nor 
do  we  e\  en  see  a  trace  of  evidence  that  the 
anthropomorphic  sacred  beings  of  Aus- 
tralia were  developed  out  of  lower  animals. 
The  many  animals  attached  to  the'cult  of 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


333 


Apollo,  for  example,  have  sometimes  been 
•explained  as  totems  "  mediatized  "  ;  or, 
again,  more  recently,  as  vehicles  of  the 
■Corn  Spirit.  "  The  god  of  animal  title  " 
<as  Apollo  Smintheus)  "  was  originally 
the  animal  itself,"  says  M.  Reinach. 
Apollo  was  a  shrew-mouse  ;  but  there  is 
no  sign  that  Baiame  was  ever  a  kangaroo. 
The  theory  makes  the  ancestors  of  the 
Oreeks  more  violently  savage  than  any 
savages  known  to  us. 

M.  Reinach  assures  us  that,  "  among 
many  peoples,"  the  women,  as  women, 
have  one  totem,  and  the  men,  as  men, 
have  another.  We  do  not  know  this 
institution  of  "  sex  totems  "  (not  properly 
totems  at  all),  except  among  some  tribes 
of  Australia.  He  goes  on  to  say  "  the 
fox,  in  Thrace,  was  what  ethnologists  call 
the  totem  of  the  female  sex  :  the  men  took 
no  part  in  the  murder  of  Orpheus,"  who, 
by  the  theory,  was  a  fox  (p.  119).  Appa- 
rently, if  so,  the  women  of  Thrace  killed 
their  "  sex  totem,"  for  in  some  myths 
they  killed  Orpheus.  But  where  we 
actually  do  find  "  sex  totems,"  so  called, 
in  experience,  the  women  never  slay  their 
"  sex  totem  "  (so  far  as  the  evidence  goes)  ; 
but  they  occasionally  do  slay  the  men's 
eex  totem,  merely  to  provoke  a  kind  of 
mock  combat,  which  leads  to  flirtations 
and  marriages. 

In  fine,  totemic  savages  do  not  do  the 
things  which,  when  found  in  ancient 
Greece,  are  explained  as  survivals  of 
totemic  rites.  No  totemists  are  known, 
if  they  be  Kangaroos,  to  assault  a  live 
kangaroo  with  their  teeth  for  religious 
reasons.  No  women,  in  tribes  with  "  sex 
totems,"  and  no  men,  are  described  as 
thus  assailing  their  "  sex  totems." 

For  these  reasons  we  are  not,  as  yet, 
converts  to  the  theory  of  Robertson 
Smith.  But,  though  we  here  differ  from 
M.  Reinach,  we  must  recommend  his 
book  —  full  of  the  most  varied  and 
brilliant  erudition  and  interest — to  all 
students.  Many  may  find  that  his  totemic 
theories  outweigh  our  objections. 


DR.  LE  BON'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Match  10th,  looc. 

I  can  leave  the  personal  question  between 
F.  L.  and  myself  to  the  judgment  of  the 
readers  of  The  Athenceum.  I  have  merely 
accused  him  of  ignorance,  and  have  given 
reasons  for  my  accusation  ;  he  has  accused 
me  of  personal  dishonesty,  and  has  neither 
justified  nor  withdrawn  his  imputation.  I 
can  also  leave  them  to  judge  his  refusal  to 
accept  a  vindication  of  Mr.  Whetham  which 
he  is  unable  to  refute. 

I  need  say  little  more  of  Dr.  Le  Bon.  My 
criticisms,  if  they  are  well  founded,  are 
Sufficient  to  blast  the  scientific  reputation 
of  any  man  :  until  F.  L.  answers  them, 
further  discussion  is  clearly  useless. 

Most  of  F.  L.'s  letter  is  an  indictment  of 
himself  rather  than  of  me  :  it  is  he  who 
pretends  to  voice  the  opinion  of  science  ; 
I  have  distinctly  stated  that  my  letters 
epeak  for  no  one  but  myself.  The  rejection 
or  acceptance  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  claims  can 
only  be  based  on  an  examination  of  his 
experiments  and  arguments,  and  not  on  an 
appeal  to  authority  :  such  an  examination 
I  gave  in  my  last  letter  as  my  reason  for  my 


rejection  of  those  claims,  and  F.  L.  has  made 
no  reply.  On  the  totally  different  issue 
whether,  in  point  of  fact,  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
claims  are  recognized  by  the  best  opinion 
of  the  scientific  world,  I  prefer  to  accept 
the  authority  of  Dr.  Le  Bon  rather  than  that 
of  F.  L.  ;  and  I  consider  that  the  silence  or 
open  rejection  of  those  claims  by  all  the 
masters  of  modern  physics — Rutherford  and 
Thomson,  Curie  and  Becquerel,  Wien  and 
Lenard,  and  the  rest — is  of  more  importance 
than  the  approval  of  any  number  of  gentle- 
men who  have  no  special  knowledge  of  the 
subject. 

What  right  has  F.  L.  to  reject  even  my 
opinion  so  contemptuously  ?  At  least  I 
have  a  considerable  first-hand  knowledge 
of  the  special  subject  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  work. 
And  who  is  F.  L.  ?  I  am  glad  that  I  can 
answer  that  question  without  impropriety. 
The  review  which  was  the  starting-point  of 
this  discussion  was  signed  not  by  Mr. 
Whetham's  name,  but  only  by  his  initials. 
F.  L.  has  consistently  spoken  of  Mr. 
Whetham  by  name  in  connexion  with 
that  review,  and  he  can  therefore  have  no 
objection  if  I  also  pass  from  his  initials 
to  his  name  and  address  him  as  Mr. 
Legge.  After  revealing  his  identity  I 
may  remark  that  I  have  been  unable  to 
discover  that  he  has  done  any  work  of 
his  own  on  this  branch  of  physics,  or 
that  he  has  any  special  opportunities  for 
gauging  prevalent  scientific  opinion,  or  that 
the  imposing  heading  of  his  letters  means 
that  he  has  any  connexion  with  the  Royal 
Institution  other  than  that  of  an  ordinary 
subscribing  member. 

In  his  last  '  Research  Notes  '  Mr.  Legge 
attempted  to  explain  away  the  misstate- 
ments which  I  had  attacked :  in  so  doing  he 
has  shown  that  his  ignorance,  which  cannot 
now  be  attributed  to  oversight,  is  even  more 
profound  than  I  suspected.  He  accepts  the 
proposition  that  an  accelerated  electron 
emits  electromagnetic  disturbances,  and 
asks  what  happens  when  the  velocity  is 
decreased.  It  is  clear  that  he  does  not 
know  that  "  acceleration  "  is  always  used 
in  dynamics  to  denote  any  change  of  velocity, 
either  in  magnitude  or  direction.  The 
gentleman  who  presumes  to  instruct  readers 
of  The  Athenceum  in  mathematical  physics 
is  not  in  possession  of  knowledge  demanded 
in  the  "  Little-go."  Mere  common  sense 
might  have  saved  Mr.  Legge  from  this 
blunder  ;  for,  on  Stokes's  theory  which  I 
mentioned,  it  is  the  electromagnetic  pulses 
emitted  when  electrons  are  stopped  which 
constitute  the  Rontgen  rays.  He  also  says 
that  Dr.  Le  Bon  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that 
electromagnetic  waves  accompany  every 
electric  spark.  And  well  he  may.  The 
truth  of  that  statement  was  established 
before  Dr.  Le  Bon  ever  turned  his  attention 
to  physics  :  it  is  a  direct  consequence  of 
Maxwell's  theory,  which  was  confirmed  by 
Hertz  in  1887.  Mr.  Legge  does  not  grasp 
the  import  of  the  most  famous  research  of 
the  last  fifty  years. 

The  question  of  the  existence  of  an  emana- 
tion from  uranium  has  been  the  subject  of 
the  most  careful  experiment :  the  absence 
of  such  an  emanation  is  as  well  established 
as  any  fact  in  physics. 

I  need  say  no  more  :  this  is  not  tho  place 
to  conduct  a  correspondence  class  for  teach- 
ing Mr.  Legge  the  elements  of  physics.  My 
object  throughout  has  been  to  warn  readers 
of  The  Athenceum  that  they  must  not  accept 
Mr.  Legge's  statements  on  trust :  if  they  are 
led  into  error  by  his  ignorance,  I  can  at  least 
acquit  myself  of  any  complicity,  even 
indirect,  in  their  deception. 
,  Norman  R.  Campbell. 


SOCIETIES. 

Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  March  8.  —  Lord 
Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Horace  W. 
Sandars  read  a  paper  on  '  Pre  -  Roman  Bronze 
Votive  Objects '  from  Despenaperros,  in  the  Sierra 
Morena  mountains,  not  far  from  the  town  of  Santa 
Carolina,  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  province 
of  Jaca,   Spain.      Mr.   Sandars  began  his  paper  by 

Eointing  out  that  "Iberian"  would  perhaps  have 
een  a  more  appropriate  title,  as  striking  analogies 
could  l>e  established  between  the  Despenaperros 
votive  offerings,  and  the  statuary  and  votive 
offerings  which  were  discovered  in  the  early 
seventies  at  the  Cerro  de  los  Santos,  near  Yecla, 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Spain,  which  are  recognized 
as  the  productions  of  Iberian  artificers.  Mr. 
Sandars  dwelt  at  some  length  on  the  discoveries  at 
the  Cerro  de  los  Santos,  and  pointed  out  that 
while  they  undoubtedly  showed  the  influence  of 
Grajco-Ph<enician  art,  they  bore  distinct  evidences 
of  the  absorption  of  that  art  and  of  its  adaptation 
by  the  Iberians  in  that  part  of  Iberia  where  the 
original  inhabitants  came  into  more  immediate 
contact  with  the  powerful  invading  races.  Mr. 
Sandars's  paper  was  illustrated  by  photographs 
of  statues  found  at. the  Cerro,  to  which  he  added 
two  views  of  the  '  Dame  d'Elche,'  a  very  re- 
markable bust  which  belongs  to  the  Cerro  de  los 
Santos  group  found  at  Elche,  in  the  province  of 
Murcia,  in  1897,  and  now  in  the  Louvre.  The 
votive  offerings  from  Despenaperros  were  then 
dealt  with,  and  the  points  of  resemblance  to  the 
objects  from  the  Cerro,  and  the  varied  and  in- 
teresting features  peculiar  to  them,  indicated. — A 
discussion  followed,  in  the  course  of  which  doubts 
were  expressed  as  to  the  antiquity  of  the  '  Dame 
d'Elche.' 

Zoological.—  March  6.  —Mr.  C.  S.  Tomes,  V.  P. , 
in  the  chair.  —Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  liana  goliath,  obtained  by  Mr.  G.  L. 
Bates  at  Efulden,  in  South  Cameroon.  This  frog 
measured  ten  inches  from  snout  to  vent,  and  was 
much  larger  than  any  frog  hitherto  known. — A 
series  of  reports  on  the  zoological  results  of  the 
Third  Tanganyika  Expedition,  conducted  by  Mr. 
W.  A.  Cunnington  in  1904-5,  was  read.  The 
report  on  the  fishes  was  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger, 
on  the  Crustacea  by  Dr.  W.  T.  Caiman,  on  the 
Mollusca  by  Mr.  Edgar  A.  Smith,  on  the  fresh- 
water sponges  by  Mr.  R.  Kirkpatrick,  and  on  the 
Oligochrete  worms  by  Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard.  Mr. 
R.  T.  Giinther  exhibited  and  made  remarks  on  the 
Medusa?  of  the  genus  Limnocnida  obtained  during 
the  expedition. 

Philological. — March  2. — Mr.  W.  H.  Stevenson 
in  the  chair. — Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  editor  in  chief 
of  the  Society's  Oxford  Dictionary,  gave  a  report 
on  its  progress.  He  had  not  had  time  to  gather 
full  details,  for  the  strain  of  turning  out  sixteen 
columns  of  print  daily  absorbed  his  whole  energy. 
His  great  want  was  permanent  assistants.  He  had 
had  thirty-three  since  the  work  started  ;  all  had  to 
be  trained  ;  some  soon  found  that  they  did  not 
care  for  it ;  others  fell  ill  or  left  for  other  employ- 
ment ;  the  most  valuable  one  was  killed  while 
climbing  in  Wales.  The  old  bibliographical 
assistant  had  left,  and  was  a  great  loss,  but  one  of 
Dr.  Murray's  daughters  had  now  taken  his  place 
Dr.  Bradley  had  finished  a  fresh  double  section  of 
M  ;  Mr.  Craigie  had  completed  Na  ;  Dr.  Murray 
had  got  to  "Pit."  0  and  Q  were  published  somo 
time  ago,  and  Mr.  Craigie  had  done  R  to  "Reser- 
voir"' before  he  was  transferred  to  N.  Dr.  Murray 
then  named  and  praised  his  chief  helpers,  dead 
and  living.  The  general  readers  of  books 
supplied  only  the  torso  of  a  dictionary  article; 
the  head,  limbs,  and  features  had  to  l>e 
added  afterwards.  For  this  Notet  and  Queries  has 
been  most  useful.  For  instance. pier  of  a  bridge, 
L.     pens,     \\as    sent     in     from      'Sir    Fcrumbras,' 

<•.  i4oi»;  a  letter  t o  A*.  .(•(,'.  brought  a  quotation 

for  the  seven  piers  of  Rochester  Bridge  in  1125-601 
So  pike,  a  Bharp  mountain,  was  sent  in  first  from 
Wordsworth  :  X.  ■(•  Q,  procured  instances  of  it  in 

Rivington  Pike,  ft  12-"><>,  and  others  in  1277.  1322, 
&c.      Its   derivation,    like   those   of  many  other    1* 

words,  Mas  very  difficult.     As  one  of  its  earliest 

meanings  was  that  of  a  pickaxe,  it  may  have  come 
from     L.     picU$,    a    woodpecker.      Twelve    different 

words  wer •mpriscd  under  the  one  spelling  pike. 

For  a  mountain,  it  was  used  only  in  districts  ol  None 


334 


Til  E     A 'I'll  KNill'  M 


X*  1090,  Maim  11  17.  1906 


term-.     I'll',    in    "otom   "ml    pile,"    the    "!'•■ 
of   .i     ..in,  wm  ued   bj  Qower,  nn<l  oooomd   En 

90EdW.    I.;    U   was,   like  mi  iinvil,  tin-    tod    Or    stem, 

with  a  |  nun  li  i'ii  t  In'  tup,  mi  «  liu  Ii  tin  i  •  Mi.-  i  if  a 
linn   wm  itruok.     II"-  phrMfi  piout  foundet 

u-.il  by  Wart. hi,  '.  17"><»;  while  the  mum 
photography  wm  invented  bj  Sir  John  Benohol  in 
Mull,  183®,  Picnic  e/Mfll  finl  in  entertainment 
«t  irhiob  every  one  brought  his  thaws.  I'  sunt 
iii'iu  l-'iiiin  r.  Cheetet field  wm  the  first  ruerol  it 
in  17'i'i,  and  wm  followed  by  Lady  Cbke  in  1800, 
a  [mm  1>  Israeli  in  1826  flptt  applied  it  to  an 
outdoor  party.  Under  poun  the  meaning  <>i 
tenpenny  now  was  difficult  till  Mr.  Littlehaue'i 
edition  of  the  aooounta  of  St.  Mary-at-Hill,  in  the 

City  of  London,  in  '  Midi.  e\  al  Records  ol  a   London 

City  Church.'  K.  K.  Text  Boo,,  1905,  showed  that 
this  olass  ox  nail  was  li>//.  a  hundred,  though  the 
prioe  wm  afterwards  reduced  to  !•'/.  Many  P 
words  bad  Deeded  much  research,  and  incorporated 
a  gnat  deal  of  social  history,  like  Parliament, 
pariah,  parton,  &c  Piece,  a  fragment,  occurs  in 
the  sixth  century.  For  u  girl  it  is  used  in  the 
'  I'.   ul.    ■.    1360,  in   Shakespeare,  \c.      Dr.   Murray 

also  explained  pHlowbeer,  contesting  ProfSkeats 

view,  and  then  gave  a  short  account  of  his  trip 
with  the  British  Association  to  South  Africa, 
which  he  had  greatly  enjoyed,  and  which  had  Bet 
It  in*  up  in  health.  He  had  lectured  on  the 
Dictionary  in  the  ship  that  took  the  Association 
out,  and  also  in  South  Africa,  though  his  paper 
was  not  formally  part  of  the  Association  pro- 
gramme ;  and  he  had  l>een  able  to  arrange  for 
many  public  libraries  and  some  Government 
education  departments  taking  the  Dictionary  on 
the  favourable  terms  which  the  Delegates  had 
offered  to  former  compounders.  He  had  also 
learnt  the  Karri r  clicks  and  other  native  sounds, 
and  wm  cheered  by  his  reception  in  the  colony. 


Institi-tion  ok  Civil  Engineers.  —March  13.— 
Sir  Alexander  R.  Binnie,  President,  in  the  chair. — 
The  paper  read  was  '  The  Widnes  and  Runcorn 
Transporter-Bridge,'  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Webster. 


AXTHROPOLOl.K'AL     INSTITUTE. — Feb.     27. — Prof. 

W.  Gowland,  President,  in  the  chair. — A  paper  by 
Mr.  W.  G.  Aston  on  '  Ancestor- Worship  in  Japan  ' 
was  read,  in  the  absence  of  the  author,  by  the  Pre- 
sident. It  was  shown  that  the  so-called  ancestor- 
worship  of  the  Japanese  is  in  reality  a  cult  of  the 
sun  and  other  nature-deities.  But  as  the  sun  or 
sun -goddess,  by  a  genealogy  which  covers  a  period 
of  about  2,(M>0,000  years  and  contains  many 
miraculous  incidents,  is  feigned  to  be  the  ancestor 
of  the  Mikados,  the  Japanese  naturally  speak  of 
this  cult  as  ancestor-worship.  We  should  not 
follow  their  example.  The  descent  of  the  Japanese 
nobility  from  the  sun-goddess  and  other  deities  of 
the  old  pantheon  is  to  l>e  regarded  in  the  same 
light.  There  is  a  worship  of  true  ancestors  in 
Japan,  but  it  is  due  to  Chinese  influence  and  is  of 
later  origin.—  Mr.  W.  A.  Cunnington  read  a  paper 
on  '  Anthropological  Notes  from  Lake  Tanganyika,' 
illustrated  by  a  large  collection  of  lantern-slides. 
Mr.  Cunnington  dealt  with  the  manners,  customs, 
and  arts  of  natives  living  by  the  lake.  Among  the 
slides  exhibited  was  a  series  showing  the  different 
stages  of  the  manufacture  of  a  pot,  the  peculiar 
point  being  that  the  bottom  of  the  pot  is  put  in 
last.  Other  slides  showed  examples  of  weapons, 
die--,  houses,  and  costumes  of  the  natives. 

March  13.—  Prof.  W.  Qowland  in  the  chair.— Mr. 
W.  Dale  exhibited  a  fine  collection  of  paleolithic 
implements  from  the  neighbourhood  of  South- 
ampton. The  author  divided  the  implements  into 
the  following  groups  :  flakes,  plain  and  trimmed  ; 
implements  with  the  butt  end  purposely  left 
smooth — used  for  chopping;  oval  and  almond- 
shaped  implements  with  a  cutting  edge  all  round  ; 
pointed  implements  with  both  edges  equal  and 
tapering  gradually;  pointed  implements  with  one 
curved  and  one  straight  edge,  adapted  for  making 
long  cutting  strokes  ;  pointed  implements  in  which 
one  side  has  been  left  as  flat  as  possible — these 
occur  very  sparingly  in  the  Hants  gravels.— Mr.  R. 
Shelford  read  a  paper  by  himself  and  Dr.  C.  Hose, 
entitled  '  Materials  for  a  Study  of  Tatu  in  Borneo.' 
The  paper  contained  the  observations  made  by  the 
writers  amongst  the  Kayans,  Kenyahs,  Bakatans, 
Kalabits,  and  Bea-Dayaks  of  Sarawak.  All  the 
information     provided    by    previous   writers    had 


been   analysed   and   oom pared,    ipecial    use   being 
in. eh-  nt  I  )i .  A.  Nieuwenhuis'a   books  on  Bn 
Kayan  tatu.  which   is  still  a  nourishing  art,  wm 
■  I.   cribed  in  considerable  detail,  with  reference  not 

only  to  the  tatu  designi   employed,  but  also  to  tie- 

elaborate  oeremonial  accompanying  the  pre 
Tin-  Kenyahs  and  Sea-Dayaks  also  appeal  '■>  have 
borrowed  tin-  practice  oi  tatu  ran  largely  from 
the  Kayans;  but  moHt  of  the  Inowoaaaan  ti 

base  all  bad,  at  one  tune  or  another,  a  distinctive 
tatu.      It    is    most    unfortunate  that  the  practice   is 

rapidly  dying  out  amongst  these  people.    It  was 

not  found  possible  to  classify  the  tattled  peoples  of 
Borneo  in  three  main  divisions,  as  had  been  done 
by  Dr.  Nieuwcnhuis  for  those  of  a  less  extended 
area. 


Society  ob  Biblical  Archaeology.     March  14. 

Mr.  Pilcher  read  a  paper  on  'Kabbalistic 
Planetary  Charms.'  Several  objects  of  a  L.thba- 
listic    nature    were    exhibited;    and     Mr.     Pilcher 

briefly  traced  the  rise  and   progress  of  kabbalistic 
astrology,  which  really  had  two  distinct  sources, 

the  one  being  the  astronomical  speculations  and 
researches  of  the  Alexandrian  Greeks,  and  the 
other  the  theosophioal  dogmas  of  the  mediasval 
Spanish  school  of  Judaism.  When  the  Greeks 
first  began  to  pay  attention  to  the  heavenly  bodies, 
they  named  the  five  planets  after  Olympian 
deities,  acting  upon  some  obvious  analogies.  These 
names  subsequently  played  an  important  part  in 
the  development  of  astrology;  for  the  associations 
of  these  five  Greek  gods  became  transferred  to  the 
stars.  Astrology  flourished  throughout  the  Roman 
Kmpire,  and  was  widely  credited  by  all  classes. 
We  hear  little  of  it  after  the  fall  of  Rome  until  its 
revival  by  the  Jewish  kabbalists  in  the  fourteenth 
century.  Kabbalism  adopted  the  old  Greek  theory 
of  the  earth  being  the  centre  of  the  universe,  sur- 
rounded by  seven  concentric  planetary  spheres  ; 
but  it  revolutionized  the  terminology  of  astrology, 
by  placing  the  whole  system  under  the  guidance  of 
a  hierarchy  of  angelic  beings,  whose  names  were 
partly  derived  from  the  earlier  Jewish  super- 
stitions, and  partly  from  an  ingenious  utilization 
of  the  numerical  values  of  the  Hebrew  letters. 
Numerical  acrostics,  or  "magic  squares,"  were 
assigned  to  each  planet,  and  the  principal  numbers 
in  each  square  were  formed  into  names,  which  were 
then  attributed  to  the  angels,  intelligences,  spirits, 
and  demons  who  were  supposed  to  inhabit  the 
sphere  of  that  planet.  If  these  magic  squares 
were  traced  on  parchment,  or  engraved  on  metal 
plates  under  certain  aspects  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
they  were  believed  to  ensure  good  fortune,  and  to 
shield  the  possessor  from  the  attacks  of  evil  spirits. 
These  planetary  charms  are  occasionally  met  with 
by  antiquaries,  and  can  usually  be  interpreted  by 
means  of  the  Grimoirts.  The  best  are  in  Hebrew 
characters ;  but  Roman  letters  and  Arabic  numerals 
were  largely  employed,  as  being  more  familiar  to 
the  engravers.  The  Latin  forms  of  the  names,  &c., 
are,  however,  usually  corrupt ;  and  the  squares  are 
often  blundered.  The  charms  are  mostly  of  the 
sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century ;  and  are  interest- 
ing as  memorials  of  the  belief  in  astrology,  sorcery, 
and  witchcraft  which  characterized  that  period. 


Mathematical. — March  8. — Prof.  W.  Burnside, 
V.P.,  and  subsequently  Sir  W.  Niven,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair. — The  following  papers  were  communicated  : 
'  On  Sommerfeld's  Diffraction  Problem  and  on  Re- 
flection by  a  Parabolic  Mirror,'  by  Prof.  H.  Lamb, 
— '  On  Function  Sum  Theorems  connected  with  a 
Series  defined  by  a  certain  Logarithmic  Integral,' 
by  Prof.  L.  J.  Rogers, — '  Investigations  on  Series 
of  Zonal  Harmonics,'  by  Prof.  T.  J.  I'A.  Brom- 
wioh, — 'On  the  Integral  Functions  defined  by 
certain  Series,'  by  the  Rev.  E.  W.  Barnes, — and 
'On  the  Relations  between  certain  Determinants 
formed  from  Rectangular  Arrays,'  by  Prof.  E.  J. 
Nanson.  —  Lieut. -Col.  A.  Cunningham  made  an 
informal  communication  '  On  the  Divisors  of 
Numbers  of  certain  Special  Forma.' — Dr.  F.  S. 
Maoaulay  made  an  informal  communication  '  On 
the  Equilibrium  of  Forces  of  Given  Magnitudes, 
each  passing  through  a  Given  Point." 

Aristotelian. — March  3. — Mr.  S.  H.  Hodgson. 
V.  1'.,  in  the  chair.— The  Rev.  J.  Lineham  was 
elected  a  Member. — Mr.  P.  Tavani  read  a  paper  on 
'A  certain  Aspect  of  Reality  as  Intelligible.' 
Idealism  as  a  monistic  system  fails  to  give  an  in- 


telligible   view  of    r'-rtbty   j nft   as  much  as  any 
othei  kind  of  inoiii-in.      A   br-t    type    of  ideal! 
which  we  might  assume  as  intelligible,  is  that    in 
which  all  oonoepts  and   their  oot respondent  p 

oepts  al.    ,  .,,,,, .  ',-d  v, ,t),  t  •  ,i,d 

■   •  iiMies*  by  «  mere  relation  ■  i   <>uggee- 

tion    or     (  i.rrehjH.ndeiice,     without     a  my 

activity  in  oonaoiousness  which  would  maki 

oept  and  a  pereept  to  be  what  they  appear  to    - 

in  such  connexion.      'I  be  it,  wttiofa  expresses  a  con 

grueaoe  between  reality  and  oonsoioaaoess,  cannot, 
at  bast  in  a  fiist  instance,  be  assumed   to  mean 

more  than  a   mere  corresjxiiiden  •        I    .. 

a  deeper  relation  than  this  1    The  ground  for  such 

an  advance   i-  aflbeded   by  assuming  s   mentally 

active  principle  generally  identified  with  the  think- 
ing self.  If  this  is  assumed  to  Ijc  a  matter  of  in- 
tuition, then  monistic  idealism  is  the  neee- 
outcomc  of  it.  But  as  it  cannot  Ik-  matter  of  in- 
tuition, so  criticism  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Statement  "Self,  as  a  mental  fact,  possesses  an 
activity  considered  also  as  a  mental  fa 
of  immediate  evidence  and  of  all  ground.  A 
synthetical  and  at  the  same  time  more  intelligible 
view  of  reality  is  afforded  to  us  by  a  s_\  stem  of 
ideas  all  powiiMMijj,  eijual  evidence  of  reality,  all 
referring  to  consciousness  as  to  the  common 
dition  of  their  actualization  in  time,  but  irre- 
ducible to  one  another  and  to  consciousness  itself, 
though  connected  with  it.  Each  idea  is  a  corre- 
spondence between  a  concept  and  a  percept,  and 
contains  in  itself  the  whole  meaning  of  congruence 
and  opposition  lietween  a  concept  and  a  percept, 
The  idea,  so  conceived,  is  the  unit  of  the  reality  of 
the  world  as  intelligible,  and  the  relation  of  corre- 
spondence the  only  necessary  and  sufficient  cate- 
gory of  intelligibility. — The  paper  was  followed  by 
a  discussion. 


Physical. — Ftb.  23. — Prof.  J.  Perry,  President, 
in  the  chair. — A  paper  by  Mr.  J.  Walker,  entitled 
'  A  Note  on  Talbot's  Lines,'  was  read  by  the 
Secretary.  — A  paper  on  'Secondary  R<>ntgen 
Radiation'  was  read  by  Dr.  C.  G.  Barkla. — A 
paper  by  Messrs.  C.  W.  S.  Crawley  and  F.  B.  O. 
Hawes,  entitled  '  Records  of  the  Difference  of 
Potential  between  Railway  Lines  when  a  Train 
passes  and  at  other  Times,  and  a  Suggested 
Method  for  the  Observation  of  Earth  Currents 
and  Magnetic  Variations,'  was  read  by  Mr. 
Crawley. 


Mos. 


Ti  ». 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

Survivor?  Institution.  1  — The  Surveyor  and  Fire  Insurance, 

Mr.  11.  Q.  Q.  Read.     iJunior  Mooting! 

. it  Ait-    8.  -'Eire   Kin-  Kisks.  and  Fire  Extinction,1 

Lecture  II.,  Prof.  V.  It.  Lewes,     Oantoi  Lovture.i 
Geographical,   s:io— 'The   Economic  Geography  of  Australia,' 

Prof.  J.  W.  Gregory. 
Roval  Institution.  B.— 'Tin  Influence  of  Geology  on  Scenery,' 

Lecture  I..  Mr.  .1.  E.  Marr.      Tvii.lall  Lecture.  I 

—  Statistical.   B.— 'Statistic*  of  Population    anil    Pauperism    in 

England  and  Wales.  1*161 — 1901.    Prof  C  S.  Loch. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Engineer*.  8.  -'The  Outer  Barrier.  Hod- 

tiarrow  Iron  Mines.  Millom.  Cumberland.  Mr   H.  S.  LidwelL 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8— 'English  Royal  Heraldry,'  Mr.  0.  Ifcjvcn- 

IH.rt. 

—  Zoological,    s.M— '  A  Monograph    of    the    Coleoptera   of    the 

Genus  Sciol.ius.'  Mr.  O.  A    K.  Marshall;     A  Contribution 
to  the  Studvof  Evolution  baaed  ujx.n  the  Mexican  Species 
of  Cnemidopnorus.'  I>r.  Hans  Gadow  ;    On  Three  Sew  Forms 
of  Butterfly  of  the  Genus  Hclicoiiius,'  Mr.  P.  I.  Lathy. 
WEB.      Royal.  4.30. 

—  Meteorological.  7.:».— '  South  Africa  as  seen  hv  a  Meteorologist,' 

Mr.  H.  K.  Mill. 

—  British    Aroh.eological,    8.  —  '  A    Delegate's    Account    of    the 

Archaeological  Congress  at  Athens,   Bar,  H.  Cart. 

—  British    Numismatic,    s .  —   The    Inscription   on   the  Oxford 

Pennies  of  the  ohsnaforda  Tyi>o.   Mr.  A.  Anvoinlie. 
Entomol. .i:\c.U.  - 


Polk  lore,  s— '  Elf-shooting  and  its  Treatment  in  the  North- 
J.  Mel. 

SiiTce. 


West   ,1   Ireland.'  Rev. 


ehati ;  'I'aircm  Polk  lore.  Prof. 


—  Geological,  s—  'The  Chalk  and  I>rift  in  Mean.'  Ke>    K.  Hill: 

on  the  Relations  of  the  chalk  and  Boulder-Clay  near 
Royston,  Hertfordshire,'  Prof.  T.  a.  Bonner;  'Bncntapod 

H-'iiHcoinorphy  :  Pygoin\  Antinonti.-i,  l'ygites.'  Mr.  s  S 
Ituckncin. 

—  Microscopical,  s—   A  Contribution  to  our  Knowledge  of  the 

Rotifers  of  South  Africa.'  Mr  C.  P.  Roussclct ;  On  the 
Resolting  limits  for  the  Telescope  and  the  Microecoi*.  Mr. 
E   M.  Nelson. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  s  —  •  Motor  P««ts.'  Mr.  II.  B.  Redwood. 

Tut.  a.-   Society  of  Arts.  4  .to.—  The  Languages  of  India  and  the  Lin- 
I  IT.  G.  A.  Grien-on 

—  llovul  Institution.  ."  -     Internal  Coiiihostion  Engines.'  Lecture 

I..  W..t   li   Hoiikinson. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  H.  —  ' Electrical  Equipment 

of  the  Al>erdare  Collieries  of  the  Powell  Duffryn  Company,' 
Mr  ('.  P  Sharks;  '  Electric  Winding  r,.nsidcrcl  Practically 
and  Commercially.'  Mr.  W.  C.  Mount.ain. 

—  Bociety  of  Antiquaries,  s  30. — '  Notes  on  a  Sculptured  Stone  in 

the  Museum  at  Wallingford  Custle."  Mr.  CL  E.  Kcyser : 
'  V.arlv  Italian  Brooches  in  Britain,'  Prof.  Kidgeway  ana 
Mr  It  A.  Smith 
Fbi,  Physical,  a.— '  On  Unilateral  Electric  Conductivity  over  I'atnp 
Surfaces.  Prof.  P.  T.  Trouton  ;  'The  Construction  and  Use 
of  Oscillation  Valves  for  rectifying  High  Pre-piencv  Electric 
Current*.'  Prof.  ,1.  A.  Fleming;  On  the  I'se  of  the  Cymo- 
meter for  the  Determination  of  Resonance  Curves."  Mr. 
0.  B.  Dyke. 

—  Institution  oi  civil  Engineers,  S.  — '  Waves.'  Mr.  F.  K.  Stevens. 

students'  Meeting.) 

—  Royal  Institution,  y  — '  lmiierial  IVfenee.'  Earl  Rolierts. 

Sir.       Royal    Institution.  ".  —  'Trie  Corpuscular  Theory  of   Matter,' 
Lecture  IV.,  Prof.  ,1.  .1.  Thomson. 


N°  4090,  Maech  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


335 


&tunu  (gossip. 

Our  special  series  of  scientific  articles  will 
be  continued  next  week  by  a  paper  on  the 
form  and  shape  of  the  much  -  discussed 
electron  as  indicated  by  the  experiments  ot 
Prof.  Kaufmann,  of  Bonn,  and  the  deforma- 
tion theory  of  Prof.  H.  A.  Lorentz,  of  Ley- 
den.  It  will  be  by  Dr.  Alfred  H.  Bucherer 
Lecturer  in  Physics  at  the  University  of 
Bonn,  whose  theories  in  connexion  with  the 
work  of  his  colleague  Prof.  Kaufmann  have 
of  late  attracted  much  attention. 

Messrs.  Bell  have  in  the  press  a  popular 
book  on  '  Steam  and  Water  Turbines,'  in 
which  the  technical  side  of  the  subject  is 
explained  to  the  general  reader  concurrently 
with  its  history.  Present  problems  and  a 
forecast  of  the  future  are  combined  with 
the  most  complete  theory  of  these  well- 
known  machines  that  has  so  far  been  pub- 
lished. There  will  be  many  illustrations. 
The  author,  Mr.  W.  H.  Stuart  Garnett,  had 
a  distinguished  career  at  Cambridge,  and  is  a 
son  of  the  first  independent  engineer  to 
recommend  the  adoption  of  the  steam 
turbine. 

The  Thirty-Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the 
Board  of  Visitors  of  the  Melbourne  Obser- 
vatory has  been  received,  together  with  the 
Report  placed  before  them  by  the  Govern- 
ment Astronomer,  Mr.  Baracchi.  The 
Visitors  again  call  attention  to  the  need 
of  an  increase  in  the  staff,  particularly  to 
the  importance  of  filling  the  long-standing 
vacancy  in  the  office  of  Chief  Assistant,  so 
as  to  enable  Mr.  Baracchi  to  devote  part  of 
his  time  to  astronomical  research  ;  and 
they  remark  that  the  unique  position  of  the 
observatory,  as  the  most  southerly  in  the 
world,  renders  this  especially  desirable. 
Mr.  Baracchi  details  the  work  which  has 
been  accomplished  during  the  twelve  months 
ending  last  April.  The  astronomical  por- 
tion has  been  almost  confined  to  meridian 
observations  and  stellar  photography,  the 
great  telescope  and  the  8-inch  south  equa- 
torial having  been  used  only  occasionally. 
Something  has  been  done  towards  the 
formation  of  the  Fourth  Melbourne  General 
Catalogue  of  Stars,  which  is  to  be  adapted 
to  the  epoch  1900.  Magnetic,  meteoro- 
logical, and  seismological  observations  have 
been  regularly  carried  on,  as  well  as  the  time 
service  and  signals  ;  and  further  progress 
has  been  made  with  the  measurements  of  the 
plates  for  the  astrographic  catalogue  of  the 
Sydney  and  Melbourne  zone. 

We  have  received  the  second  number  of 
vol.  xxxiv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd 
degli  Spettroscopisti  ltaliani,  containing  a 
paper  by  Signor  Bemporad  on  actinometric 
observations  of  the  solar  eclipse  of  last 
August,  and  Father  Fenyi's  description  of 
the  great  sunspot  which  was  observed  from 
January  28th  to  February  10th  last  year — 
the  largest  sunspot  seen  since  1880. 

A  new  comet  (b,  1906)  was  discovered  by 
Herr  Kopff  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory, 
Heidelberg,  on  the  night  of  the  3rd  inst. 
It  was  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
constellation  Leo,  and  moving  slowly  in  a 
north-westerly  direction.  At  the  time  of 
discovery  its  brightness  was  below  that  of  a 
star  of  the  tenth  magnitude.  On  the  fol- 
lowing night  it  was  visually  observed,  and 
found  to  have  a  defined  nucleus  with  a  tail 
about  half  a  degree  in  length.  The  slowness 
of  the  motion  of  tho  comet  has  rendered 
it  difficult  to  determine  accurately  tho 
elements  of  its  orbit ;  but  a  first  approxima- 
tion shows  that  it  passed  its  perihelion  in 
January,  and  that  it  is  now  also  receding 
from  the  earth.     Its  brightness  is  diminish- 


ing, and  is  at  present  only  about  half  what 
it  was  at  the  time  of  discovery. 

Seven  new  small  planets  are,  further, 
announced  from  the  same  place:  two  by 
Prof.  Max  Wolf  on  the  21st  ult.,  three  by  him 
and  one  by  Herr  Kopff  on  the  22nd,  and  one 
by  Prof.  Wolf  on  the  3rd  inst.  Four  are  also 
announced  by  Mr.  Metcalf,  of  Taunton, 
Mass.  :  two  on  the  16th,  one  on  the  17th, 
and  one  on  the  22nd  ult.  One  of  those  on 
the  16th  is  identical  with  that  detected  by 
Herr  Kopff  on  the  22nd,  so  that  in  this  Mr. 
Metcalf  has  the  priority,  and  only  seven  of 
those  announced  from  Konigstuhl  are  new. 

Madame  Ceraski,  in  the  course  of  her 
examination  of  photographic  plates  taken 
by  M.  Blajko  at  the  Moscow  Observatory, 
has  detected  the  variability  of  two  stars, 
situated  in  the  constellations  Auriga  and 
Cassiopeia  respectively.  The  former  (de- 
signated var.  27,  1906,  Aurigse)  seems  to  be 
usually  of  about  the  tenth  magnitude  or 
nearly  so,  but  at  times  sinks  to  considerably 
below  the  eleventh.  The  latter  (var.  28, 
1906,  Cassiopeia)  varies  between  9*3  and 
11-8  in  magnitude  in  a  period  which  is  pro- 
bably short.  The  first  of  these  stars  is 
included  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung,' 
where  it  is  numbered  +30°.792,  and  the 
magnitude  is  stated  to  be  9-5. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR    LIBRARY    TABLE. 

J~  London  to  the  Nore.  Tainted  and  de- 
scribed by  W.  L.  and  M.  A.  Wyllie.  (A.  &  C. 
Black.) — Every  one  who  knows  anything  of 
the  lower  reaches  of  the  Thames  knows 
something  of  how  Mr.  Wyllie  collects  the 
materials  for  his  pictures.  A  barge  fitted 
up  as  a  yacht  makes  a  comfortable  home,  as 
well  as  a  convenient  studio,  so  that  Mrs. 
Wyllie  was  able  to  combine  the  task  of  com- 
piling the  "  description  "  which  is  added  to 
the  pictures  with  the  duties  of  housekeeping 
and  the  pleasures  of  yachting.  The  narra- 
tive seems  to  have  been  written  for  the  most 
part  "  on  the  spot,"  and  it  is  no  injustice  to 
say  that  it  smells  very  little  of  the  lamp. 
There  is,  of  course,  a  considerable  historical 
spice  ;  but  it  is  not  in  such  a  book  as  this 
that  we  should  search  for  an  adequate  state- 
ment of  the  old  fishery  laws,  or  for  an  appre- 
ciation of  the  strategy  of  the  Dutch  attack 
on  Chatham,  so  that  there  need  be  no  dis- 
appointment when  Mrs.  Wyllie  tells  less 
than  there  is  to  be  told.  Both  of  these 
topics,  and  many  others  of  historical  interest, 
are  handled  in  the  progress  down  stream, 
and  the  whole  is  tied  together  with  a  running 
comment  on  present-day  river  life,  and  with 
naive  confidences  as  to  the  doings  of  the 
family  party  on  board.  The  "  sickening 
reek  "  of  Rainham,  the  Lobster  Smack  at 
Hole  Haven,  the  raw  hand  who  does  not 
know  a  bawley  from  a  barge — all  these  are 
familiar.  And,  as  there  may  be  no  remi- 
niscence without  regret,  the  author  pauses 
occasionally  to  deplore  vanished  landmarks. 
Even  the  river  changes,  and  since  the  pub- 
lication of  this  book  at  least  two  well-known 
features  have  passed  away,  in  the  old 
Exmouth  from  Grays,  and  in  the  genial 
person  of  the  landlord  of  the  Lobster  Smack. 
There  are  some  little  points  on  which  Mrs. 
Wyllie  is  not  too  precise  :  it  is,  for  instance, 
incorrect  nowadays  to  speak  of  men-of-war 
running  their  trials  on  the  Maplins  Mile  ; 
tho  Endymion  did  not  tako  over  tho  duties 
of  the  Northampton  ;  and  '  Penchas  his 
Pilgrim  '  is  a  book  unknown  to  most  men. 

But  theso  are  petty  points  ;    after  all,  tho 
pictures    aro    tho    thing.     There    are    sixty 


full-page  coloured  illustrations,  and  if  in 
some  few  the  colouring  is  somewhat  garish, 
yet  by  far  the  greater  number  are  admirably 
served  by  the  process  of  reproduction.  Some 
of  the  atmospheric  effects  employed  give  a 
wonderful  charm  to  familiar  scenes,  foremost 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  river, 
as  seen  from  the  Tower  Bridge,  gleaming  in 
a  pink  afterglow,  and  the  '  Upper  Pool,' 
which  shows  St.  Paul's,  the  City  spires,  and 
the  masts  of  shipping  silhouetted  against  a 
crimson  sunset.  Lower  down  the  river  the 
subjects  are  less  noble,  and  the  haze  of  Lon- 
don is  not  available,  but  the  simpler  studies 
have  their  own  charm.  Quaint  out-of-the- 
way  spots  that  cannot  be  reached  save  by 
water,  invigorating  studies  of  wind  against 
tide,  memories  of  sweltering  calm,  and 
sketches  of  shipping  and  craft,  men-of-war, 
training  ships,  steamers,  tugs,  timbermen, 
coasters,  barges — all  are  here.  But  we  find 
no  bawleys,  though  in  the  book  we  hear 
so  much  of  them.  If  we  were  asked  to 
suggest  subjects  for  two  more  pictures,  the 
demand  would  be  for  a  nearer  view  of  the 
College  at  Greenwich,  and  for  a  glimpse  of 
Leigh  with  its  innumerable  bawleys. 

Franciscan  Legends  in  Italian  Art  :  Pic- 
tures in  Italian  Churches  and  Galleries.  By 
Emma  Gurney  Salter.  (Dent  &  Co.) — This 
little  book  is  a  very  valuable  manual  of  those 
pictures  of  Italy,  especially  of  Central  Italy, 
which  are  likely  to  appeal  to  the  ever-growing 
class  of  those  interested  in  St.  Francis  and 
his  followers.  The  author  gives  an  account 
of  the  saint  and  his  portraits,  discussing 
all  the  thirteenth-century  representations  of 
him  known.  None  of  them  has  any  claim 
to  be  considered  a  portrait  in  the  modern 
sense  of  the  word,  and  all  of  them  have  been 
too  much  "  restored  "  to  give  us  grounds 
for  anything  more  than  the  merest  guess  at 
their  original  appearance.  In  turn  the  pic- 
tures illustrating  the  legend  of  St.  Francis, 
and  those  in  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  Church 
at  Assisi,  are  described,  and  from  them  the 
author  turns  to  the  stories  of  the  Franciscan 
saints  and  the  pictures  founded  on  them. 
In  discussing  St.  Clare,  and  giving  pictures 
of  her  in  youth  and  age,  the  author  does 
not  seem  to  allude  to  the  fact  that  we  have 
an  unquestionable  check  on  them,  as  her 
body  is  intact  and  the  shape  of  her  face 
absolutely  preserved.  The  statement  (p.  191) 
that  nothing  can  be  seen  of  the  frescoes  at 
Santa  Chiara,  Assisi,  is  far  too  strong. 
Though  but  two  of  them  remain,  and  these 
in  fragments,  the  one  which  shows  the  ladies 
of  Assisi  bearing  St.  Clare  to  the  grave 
is  of  extraordinary  interest  and  beauty. 
The  '  Practical  Hints  for  the  Traveller  '  will 
be  found  trustworthy,  and  the  table  of 
painters  useful.  The  illustrations  are  satis- 
factory, if  rather  comprehensive  in  point  of 
style.  The  directions  as  to  the  exact  position 
of  the  pictures  in  the  churches  and  galleries 
form  a  valuable  addition  to  the  story.  But 
to  give  as  history  at  this  time  of  day  the 
statement  that  Francis  returned  from  the 
East  in  consequence  "  of  the  innovations 
that  his  Vicar,  Elias,  was  attempting  to 
introduce  in  his  absence,"  is  to  abuse  the 
licence  allowed  to  popular  works  on  art, 
the  last  refuge  of  obsolete  inaccuracies. 

Les  Caricatures  de  Puvis  de  Chavannes. 
Preface  de  Marcelle  Adam.  (Paris,  Dela- 
grave.) — "  Quand  un  peintre  a  de  l'esprit 
il  fait  forcemont  do  la  caricature,"  Mile. 
Adam  quotes  from  a  friend,  and  so  it 
happens  that  Puvis  has  left  behind  him  a 
number  of  drawings  which  at  first  sight 
might  surprise,  and  even  shock,  those  who 
havo  built  up  from  his  paintings  the  idea  of 
a  sedate,  immovable  Olympian  figure,  and 
havo  failed  to  imagine  that  after  all  Puvis 
himself  was  a  real  man — a  man,  too,  of  a 


336 


Til  B     AT  II  KNJEUM 


N   1090,  bUmm  17,  1906 


i)ltiyful    iimi    almost     ohildlika    gaiety    <>f 
tumour.     There  are,   ind I.  men] 

(mid      Mill-.      Manill"      Adam      give*       lOOM 

nliafiniiiy  ones)  which  exhibit    this    tide  of 

I  lis  character;  hut  we  doubt  whether  the 
ordinary    English    spectator    would    gather 

preoieelj   that  from  a  study  <>f  these  draw  in^s 

hiiv  more  than  from  his  serene  and  stately 
compositions.     For  in  tact  these  caricatures 

Bre  more  fantastic  than  amusing  J    hut  they 

■re  not  without  s  terrible  side.  Buoh 
drawings   as   the   '  Boeui    Boucher,1   sitting 

with  bloodstained  apron  beside  his  stall 
hmig  with   human   carcases,    is   treated    Willi 

more  <>f  the  grim  satire  of  mediaeval  humour 
than  with  modern  gaiety.  Tho  macabre, 
indeed,    is    ■    frequent    element    in    these 

fantasies,  and  it  is  among  them — in  such 
drawings  as  that  of  the  clawed  and  taloned 
monster  with  a  death's  head  dancing  to 
the  sounds  of  a  viol  made  of  a  woman's 
body — that  the  intensity  of  his  vision  is 
most  manifest.  There  are,  of  course,  many 
drawings  that  deal  with  actualities,  but 
these  aro  less  intelligible  to  the  uninitiated 
than  his  wilder  freaks  of  invention.  A  few 
— such  as  the  old  gentleman  disturbed  in 
his  bath,  "  Oh,  ca  qu'est-ce  done  encore,  je 
n'ai  pas  sonne,"  with  the  look  of  a  sour 
and  irritable  bourgeois  whose  comforts  are 
his  only  happiness — are  subtle  and  delight- 
ful ;  but  on  the  whole  they  scarcely  rank 
for  psychological  acumen  with  the  great 
designs  of  Daumier,  with  which,  owing  to  a 
certain  similarity  of  style,  one  inevitably 
compares  them.  The  contrasts  of  type  are 
more  obvious,  the  situations  more  over- 
charged, and  with  mucli  playfulness  and 
occasional  wit  there  is  little  of  the  humanity 
•which  makes  Daumier 's  humour  sympa- 
thetic even  when  his  satire  is  most  bitter. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  mastery  of 
line,  the  sense  of  beauty  and  style  which 
pervades  even  the  slightest  of  these  toys 
of  idle  moments  ;  and  altogether  the  book 
affords  a  most  interesting,  if  somewhat 
unexpected  side-light  upon  the  character  of 
one  of  the  greatest  creative  geniuses  of  our 
age.  We  ought,  perhaps,  to  say  that  the 
book  has  been  edited  without' passing  the 
censorship  of  tho  British  matron. 

Three  recent  parts  of  Hirth's  Formen- 
schatz  are  before  us.  They  maintain  the 
varied  interest  and  the  excellent  workman- 
ship which  have  always  distinguished  these 
plates,  though,  as  usual,  the  objets  oVart  and 
architecture  are  both  better  reproduced  and 
more  interesting  than  the  pictures.  Indeed, 
we  think  that  it  would  be  well  to  avoid  such 
pictures  as  the  Van  der  Capelle  and  the 
Turner,  which  lose  most  of  their  charm 
in  a  half  -  tone  reproduction.  If  their 
place  were  taken  by  some  of  the  earlier 
and  less -known  primitives,  the  collection 
would  appeal  more  decidedly  to  lovers 
of  art.  Among  the  best  things  we  may 
note  two  enamelled  silver  beakers  from 
Vienna,  of  fifteenth-century  Burgundian 
workmanship  ;  two  splendid  sculptures  in 
the  stylo  of  Giovanni  di  Balduccio,  from 
the  Museo  Archeologico  in  Milan  ;  a  very 
ornate  Gothic  window  by  Pietro  da  Como ;  and 
a  very  early  German  ivory  comb,  from  tho 
Kunstgewerbe  Museum  at  Cologne.  A  fine 
ceiling  decoration,  from  the  Ducal  Palace 
at  Mantua,  in  the  legend  of  which  "  Kasset- 
tendecke  "  is  amusingly  translated  "  cover 
of  a  cash-box  "  ;  and  a  charmingly  naive 
Austrian  sculpture  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
representing  '  Youth  and  Age,'  which  is  one 
of  the  treasures  of  the  Kunsthistorischo 
Sammlung  in  Vienna,  also  deserve  mention. 

The  Care  of  Ancient  Moriumcnts.  By  G. 
Baldwin  Brown.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — Prof.  Baldwin  Brown  has  accom- 
plished a  useful  work  in  giving  a  detailed 


account  of  the  legislative  and  other  mes  tin 
adopted  in  European  countries  for  pi 

ing    ancient    monuments    and    objects  und 

scenes  of  natural  beauty,  and  also  for  pre- 
serving the  ■sped  of  historical  cities.     To 

these  particulars  lie  has  added  a  chapter 
on  DOn-European  lands  of  ancient  renown, 
such  as  India  and  Egypt,  which  are  now  m 
the  main  under  European  control.  This 
chapter  might  with  advantage  have  been 
extended  ;    it  would,  for  instance,  have  been 

of  particular  interest  to  set  out  native  action 
in  this  direction  in  Japan  and  even  in  China. 
Nor  is  it  easy  to  understand  why  the  United 
States  have  been  excluded  from  such  a  work 
as  this,  save  for  a  few  brief  and  unsatis- 
factory paragraphs.  The  plea  for  this 
omission,  namely,  that  it  would  involve 
"great  and  undue  extension  of  the  limits 
of  the  work,"  is  somewhat  curious,  as  the 
book  contains  only  250  pages.  Had  the 
writer  confined  himself  to  monuments,  under 
the  usual  application  of  the  term  to  the 
works  of  man,  and  left  the  question  of  the 
preservation  of  natural  beauties,  such  as 
Burnham  Beeches  or  the  Yellowstone  Park, 
for  separate  treatment,  the  result  would 
probably  have  been  better.  Nevertheless 
it  is  a  decided  advantage  to  possess  a  book 
of  this  kind  for  ready  reference,  and  its 
publication  may  result  in  quickening  the 
English  pulse  towards  further  legislation. 

A  main  "  source  "  for  the  subject  is  a 
Blue  Book  issued  in  1897,  which  contained 
reports  from  our  different  consulates  as  to 
the  statutory  provisions  existing  in  foreign 
countries  for  the  preservation  of  historical 
buildings.  In  the  same  year  further  par- 
ticulars were  published  by  the  National 
Trust  as  to  places  of  natural  beauty.  A 
third  mine  of  information,  here  freely  cited, 
is  the  report  of  the  Monument  Congress  held 
at  Berlin  in  1900. 

There  is  far  less  security  for  historical 
monuments  provided  by  direct  legislative 
action  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  than  in 
several  continental  countries.  The  first 
Ancient  Monuments  Protection  Act  was 
passed  in  1882,  but  it  was  much  emasculated, 
owing  to  exaggerated  views  of  the  rights  of 
private  property,  before  it  was  suffered  to 
pass  into  law.  This  Act  was  amended  in 
1900,  so  as  to  give  certain  local  powers  to 
County  Councils.  The  first  of  these  two 
Acts  provided  for  the  appointment  of  an 
Inspector  of  Ancient  Monuments.  This  post 
was  accepted  bj*  General  Pitt  Rivers,  an 
admirable  choice.  The  General  at  first 
spent  far  more  than  his  official  salaiy  in 
travelling  and  causing  the  various  pre- 
historic monuments  scheduled  under  the 
Act  to  be  carefully  surveyed.  But  his 
original  enthusiasm  evaporated  under  many 
rebuffs,  as  the  Act  was  almost  purely  per- 
missive in  character.  Finding  he  could 
effect  so  little  good  under  its  provisions,  he 
resigned,  but  was  persuaded  to  retain  the 
nominal  or  honorary  title  of  Inspector, 
though  for  the  last  ten  or  twelve  years  of 
his  life  ho  neither  did  any  work  nor  drew 
any  salary.  At  his  death  in  1900  the  Govern- 
ment took  so  little  interest  in  the  matter 
that  tho  inspectorship  was  allowed  to  drop. 
It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  Prof.  Baldwin 
Brown  has  not  a  word  to  say  about  General 
Pitt  Rivers  and  his  action  and  disappoint- 
ments, and  his  plain  statements  as  to  the 
inadequacy  of  the  Act  ;  he  contonts  himself 
with  the  simple  record  of  his  appointment 
and  his  death. 

Tho  admirablo  action  of  the  London 
County  Council  with  regard  to  the  limited 
powers  it  possesses  under  the  1900  Act,  and 
under  the  clause  of  its  General  Powers  Act  of 
1898,  which  enabled  it  recently  to  purchase  a 
famous  old  house  in  Fleet  Street  and  preserve 


it  a-  nn  historical  monument,  i-  deservedly 
praised  in  thai  volume.  It  in  also  shown, 
that  other  County  Councils  are  awake  to- 
their  powers  and  duties,  and  the  action  of 

thamptonshire  with  regard  to  the  Qn 
Eleanor  crosses  is  specially  mentioned.      I 

earlier    joint    action    of    the    W'-l-h    County 

Councils  in  this  direction,  which  much 
gratified   General   Pitt    Rivers  towards  the- 

closfl  of  his  life,  might  also  with  advantage- 
have  been  cited. 

The  author  has  done  uell  to  draw  atten- 
tion to  a  few  cases  of  authorized  local  by- 
laws and  regulation-  whereby  the  upkeep 
of  certain  ancient  structures  has  been 
secured.  Thus  the  Corporation  of  Che 
oan  now  prevent  any  new  buildings  or 
erections  Ix-ing  placed  BO  as  to  abut 
the  ancient  city  walls  ;  it  might  have  been* 
added  that  this  is  but  a  mild  kind  of  rev  r- 
sion  to  the  extensive  powers  that  the  local 
authorities  of  all  our  walled  towns  possessed 
in  the  Middle  Ages.  Other  cities  and  towns 
would  do  well  to  follow  Chester.  As  it  is,. 
when  our  corporations  possess  historical 
monuments  of  first  importance  absolutely 
in  their  own  hands,  they  are  often  the  very 
persons  who  set  an  example  of  bad  treat- 
ment. Such  is  the  case  at  Canterbury,, 
where  the  fine  Norman  castle  keep  is  used, 
as  a  coal  depot ! 


THIRTEEN  WOMEN  ARTISTS  :    TOWN 

AND    COUNTRY,    BY    PATIENCE 

BISHOPP. 

The  visitor  to  the  minor  exhibitions  that 
succeed  one  another  so  plentifully  in  Bond 
Street  can  hardly  fail  to  be  struck  with  one- 
fact — and  though  it  is  very  noticeable  in  the- 
works  of  the  fourteen  lady  artists  at  the- 
Dore  Gallery  now  under  consideration,  it 
must  in  fairness  be  admitted  it  would  pro- 
bably be  just  as  noticeable  in  similar  exhibi- 
tions by  men — the  fact,  namely,  that  the 
desire  to  avoid  the  commonplace  has  no- 
effect  whatever  in  stimulating  original 
research.  In  comparison  with  the  painters- 
of  older  fashion,  artists  are  now  very  keen 
on  giving  their  work  some  peculiarity  that 
will  make  it  distinguishable  ;  but  they 
hardly  ever  find  suggestions  for  such  trade- 
marks outside  the  works  of  other  people- 
Moreover,  we  seem  to  remember  a  day  when 
even  imitation  had  a  saving  grace — when 
the  lesser  artist  struggled  painfully  along: 
the  path  over  which  his  admired  master 
more  nimbly  preceded  him.  Nowadays 
there  are  still  some  signs  of  effort  in  the 
upper  ranks  of  the  profession,  but  in  the 
lower  we  find  men  using  the  example  of 
others  almost  exclusively  as  a  means  of 
evading  difficulties,  turning  out  always  a 
sloppier  and  more  confident  version  of  the 
type  of  art  they  have  chosen  as  a  pattern. 

In  the  present  exhibition  we  have,  as 
usual,  this  sense  not  merely  of  repetition, 
but  of  disrespectful  repetition — an  imita- 
tion anything  but  flattering  to  its  subject, 
inasmuch  as  it  implies  that  his  work  is  not 
even  worth  the  trouble  he  had  to  take  to 
produce  it.  Miss  Sybil  Dowie.  tor  example, 
does  not  compliment  Mr.  Arthur  Hacker 
by  the  casual  ease  with  which  she  thinks 
to  do  a  portrait  in  his  manner.  Miss 
Florence  White  treats  Mr.  Ralph  Feacock 
with  greater  consideration.  She  almost 
wins  your  respect  by  getting  into  difficul- 
ties. Elsewhere  in  the  room  imitation 
is  none  the  less  evident  for  being  more- 
composite.  Miss  Syers  being  perhaps  the 
greatest  offender.  She  seems  to  follow  other 
painters  as  a  timid  foxhunter  might  follow 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


337 


•eny  one  who  knew  a  gap  in  the  hedge  ;  and 
ihow  far  you  may  thus  get  from  the  true  line 
•of  the  trail  may  be  imagined.  One  painter 
-will  teach  you  how  to  evade  drawing, 
another  how  to  produce  something  roughly 
■taking  without  any  delicate  handling  of  the 
pigment  ;  a  third  suggests  that  close  truth 
•to  the  tone  or  colour  of  nature  is  not  necessary 
4o  pictorial  effect.  There  ensues  a  kind  of 
across  between  the  hangers-on  of  the  later 
Dutch  school  of  landscape  painting  and  the 
trick  of  hand  of  Mr.  Van  Hier,  the  very 
ideal,  in  fact,  of  the  clumsier  side  of  the  art 
•of  fudge. 

Miss  James,  imitative  as  the  rest,  shows 
the  best  work  on  the  whole,  having  chosen 
=as  her  model  some  painter  of  the  character, 
eay,  of  M.  Dumoulin,  of  the  Champ  de  Mars 
Salon,    whose    cast-iron    science    of    colour 
reflection  will  bear  the  dilution  of  a  rather 
■easy  imitation.     There  is  less  bite  and  go 
in  her  work  than  in  that  of  M.  Dumoulin, 
fcut  she  never  does  such  ugly  things  as  he 
■does  at  his  worst,  though  with  her  also  taste 
for  colour  lags  behind  knowledge  of  natural 
•effect.     You  see  in  her  Courtyard  at  Toledo 
how    this    theory    of    coloured    reflections 
bullies  the  subject  into  a  rather  sugary  and 
cloying  iridescence.     Her  eyes  would  have 
told  her  that  the  mass  of  shadow  was  really 
milder,   simpler,    more   neutral.     The   same 
■difficulty  runs  through  all  her  work.     She 
has  realized  the   variously   coloured   lights 
that  surfaces  have  to  reflect — has  realized 
less   how  much  these   surfaces  vary,   from 
texture,  colour,  or  position,  in  their  power 
of  reflecting  such  colour.     Hence  she  succeeds 
fcest  in  a  slight  sketch  when  she  has  just 
time  to  note  how  far  her  eyes  tell  her  what 
lier  theories  expect  them  to  tell,  not  time 
•enough  to  wrestle  unaided  with  the  unex- 
pected—succeeds best,  too,  in  the  brilliantly 
lighted  South,  where  reflection  is  pushed  to 
its  highest  pitch  and  Nature  is  most  nearly 
what    these    theories    would    have    her    be. 
The  larger  figure  picture  shows  that  with  a 
subject    indoors    that    can    be    approached 
•more   at   leisure   Miss   James    emerges   less 
triumphantly  from  Nature's  more  searching 
■cross-examination,  and  produces  something 
•quite    commonplace.     Still,    on   the    whole, 
•ehe  is  by  far  the  most  interesting  exhibitor, 
end  in  such  a  sketch  as  the  Botanical  Gardens, 
Madrid,   where  for  once  a  deeper  band  of 
shadow  gives  the  eye  a  little  welcome  repose, 
•offers  a  bright  and  tolerably  truthful  record 
of   Southern   sunshine.     It   is   much   to   be 
preferred    to    such    apparently    more    har- 
monious work  as  Miss  Janet  Fisher's  Florence. 
This  is  exactly  what  the  "  artistic  "  photo- 
grapher will  do  as  soon  as  some  chromatic 
process  gives  him  the  necessary  freedom  to 
'  fake  "   a  little.     Then,  it  may  be  hoped, 
the  dealer  will  be  driven  to  seek  for  work  in 
which  nature  is  approached  or  paint  handled 
in  a  more  scholarly  and  independent  fashion. 


SALES. 
The  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  Russell  Buck- 
ler, >old  by  Messrs.  Christie  on  the  10th  inst.,  was 
noteworthy  for  the  large  number  of  pictures  by 
H.  F.intin  Litour:  Flowers  in  a  Bowl,  241/.  ; 
Dahlias,  22W.  ;  Daffodil,  Jonquils,  and  Tulip  in  a 

Class  Bowl,  ISO/.  ;  Carnations,  189/.  ;  Fruit  and 
Still  Life  on  a  Table,  1522. ;  White  Rosei  in  a  Glass 
Vase.  1181.  ;  Rosea  and  Lilies  inaGlaa  Bowl, 2167.; 
Roses,  1681.  ;  WhitS  Stuck  and  Iris,  1571.  ;   A  Bai  kei 

of  Grapes  and  an  Apple,  1061.  \  Pink  Rosea  in  a 
Vase,  2572.  ;  A  Bunch  .,t  Flowers  in  a  Vase,  >'M/.  ; 
Autumn,    1682.;    Spina,   1367.  ;    Spring    Flowi 
1167.;  A  Bowl  of  Roses,  1522.  ;  The  Bathers,  1522.; 

White    Pinks,     1312.;     Flowers    in    a    Glass,     IS.'!/.; 

Marshal  Niel  Roses,  2732. ;  Solitude,  1672.  ;  Peaehei 
and  a  Rose,  1572. ;  Flowers  in  a  Glass  Bottle,  1 102  • 
The    Bather,    1262.;    Roses,    1202.;    [/Atelier  de 


Manet,  168/. ;  Asters  and  Dahlias,  110/. ;  An  Angel 
with  a  Wreath,  120/. ;  Tannhauser,  105/. ;  Roses  in 
a  Blue  Vase,  110/.  J.  Van  Coyen,  A  Town  on  a 
River,  1051.  Romney,  Portrait  of  a  Young  Girl, 
131/. 

Mr.  Buckler's  etchings  and  engravings  were  sold 
on  the  12th  and  13th  inst.  :  The  Quiet  Hour,  by 
Axel  H.  Haig,  24/.  ;  The  Interior  of  Burgos 
Cathedral,  by  the  same,  45/. ;  Mont  St.  Michel, 
by  the  same,  43/.  After  Romney :  Lady  Hamilton 
as  a  Bacchante,  by  Appleton,  43/.  After  Meis- 
sonier  :  Le  Cuide,  by  A.  Jacquet,  27/. ;  Le  Voyageur, 
by  A.  Boulard,  27/. ;  Piquet,  by  the  same,  31/. ; 
The  Sign-Painter,  by  A.  Jacquet,  31/. ;  The  Ser- 
geant's Portrait,  by  the  same,  32/. ;  Partie  Perdue, 
by  F.  Bracquemond,  31/. ;  Les  Renseignements, 
by  A.  Jacquet,  32/. ;  1806,  by  the  same,  64/. ;  1807, 
by  the  same,  99/. 


Jtiu-^rt  (Sossip. 

Messrs.  Chenit,,  at  their  gallery  by  the 
Town  Hall,  Chelsea,  hold  next  Thursday  a 

Eress  view  of  paintings  of  '  Scenes  in  Spain,' 
y  Mr.  Trevor  Haddon,  who  is  a  pupil  of 
the  Herkomer  School  at  Bushey. 

Mr.  Franz  Hanfstaengl  has  open  an 
exhibition  of  '  Colour  Engravings '  at  16, 
Pall  Mall  East. 

The  Fine-Art  Society  are  showing  '  With 
Horse  and  Hound,'  hunting  sketches  by 
Mr.  R.  H.  Buxton. 

Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.  hold  a  private 
view  to-day,  at  6,  Pall  Mall,  of  paintings  in 
oil  of  animal  subjects,  including  horses, 
mountain  and  moorland  ponies,  dogs,  cats, 
&c. 

On  Wednesday  last  the  National  Art- 
Collections  Fund  handed  over  to  the 
Trustees  of  the  National  Gallery  the  '  Venus 
and  Cupid '  of  Velasquez,  as  a  gift  to  the 
nation,  and  it  has  been  placed  in  the  room 
devoted  to  the  Spanish  School. 

During  the  fortnight  it  was  on  exhibi- 
tion in  Edinburgh  this  much  -  discussed 
picture  was  visited  by  about  20,000 
people ;  and  a  lecture  on  Velasquez, 
with  special  reference  to  the  '  Venus,'  by 
Prof.  Baldwin  Brown,  was  listened  to  by  a 
crowded  audience.  An  excellent  suggestion 
has  been  made  that  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  should  give  the  public  an 
opportunity  of  seeing  in  the  gallery  on  the 
same  screen  the  splendid  copy  by  Etty  of 
the  Titian  '  Venus  '  which  hangs  in  the 
Academy  Library,  so  that  they  might 
compare  the  work  of  the  Venetian  with  that 
of  the  Spanish  artist. 

At  a  general  assembly  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  British  Artists  the  following  were  elected 
Members :  Messrs.  Arthur  Ellis,  W.  E.  Riley, 
Geoffrey  Strahan,  Frank  Svvinstead,  P.  T. 
Gilchrist,  and  Miss  Dorothea  Sharp. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  death  of  M. 
Jean  Dcsbrosses,  the  well-known  landscape 
painter,  President  of  the  Societe  des  Peintres 
de  Montagne  and  a  member  of  the  Societe 
des  Artistes  Francais..  Desbrosses  was  born 
in  Paris  on  May  28th,  1835,  the  son  of  an 
artisan,  received  encouragement  from  Chin- 
treuil,  a  friend  of  his  father,  and  studied 
under  Ary  Scheiffer.  After  some  years  of 
poverty,  ho  secured  admission  to  the  Salon. 
His  first  work,  '  Porteuses  d'Herbes,'  was 
exhibited  there  in  1861,  and  was  purchased 
by  the  State.  In  succeeding  Salons  he 
exhibited  '  Dans  la  Montague,'  now  in  the 
Valenciennes  Museum  ;  '  Le  Lac  Chambon,' 
now  at  Lille  ;  '  La  Montce  du  Petit  Saint- 
Bernard,1  which  obtained  a  medal,  and  is 
now  in  the  Luxembourg  :  and  '  Le  Mont 
Dore,'  for  which  ho  received  a  second-class 
medal,  and  which  is  now  at  the  Clermont 
Museum.  Dcsbrosses  organized  at  Pont-de- 
Vaux,  the  native  town  of  his  old  master  and 


friend  Chintreuil,  a  museum  of  which  he 
was  keeper.  His  landscapes  were  more 
remarkable  for  their  painstaking  accuracy 
than  for  poetic  feeling.  He  himself  was 
throughout  his  life  a  Bohemian  of  the  Murger 
type. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Queen's  Hall. — Symphony  Concert.    Mr. 
Charles  Williams's  Orchestral  Concert. 

M.  Edouard  Colonne  was  conductor  of 
the  eighth  Symphony  Concert  last  Thurs- 
day week,  in  place  of  Herr  Ernst  von 
Schuch,  who  had  been  announced,  but 
who  was  prevented  from  fulfilling  his 
engagement,  his  services  at  Dresden  being 
required  in  connexion  with  a  State  concert. 
M.  Colonne  is  an  admirable  interpreter  of 
Berlioz,  and  the  '  Carnaval  Romain ' 
Overture  was  rendered  with  great  spirit. 
The  performance  of  Schumann's  '  Manfred' 
Overture  was  good  ;  but  though  the  music 
is  well  in  keeping  with  the  restless  mind  of 
Manfred  which  it  is  supposed  to  depict, 
it  does  not  make  so  strong  an  appeal  as 
one  would  expect.  This  may  be  owing 
in  some  degree  to  the  orchestration  ;  any- 
how, this  overture  would  be  more  impres- 
sive if  actually  given  as  prelude  to  the 
play  itself.  The  incidental  music,  from 
which  three  numbers  were  selected,  would 
also  gain  if  heard  in  connexion  with  the 
drama;  of  themselves,  though  beautiful, 
they  are  too  slight.  The  fine  playing  of 
Mr.  J.  L.  Fonteyne  on  the  cor  Anglais  in 
the  '  Ranz  des  Vaches  '  deserves  record. 
The  Paris  version  of  the  Overture  and 
Venusberg  music  from  '  Tannhauser  '  was 
performed,  but  the  one  did  not  "  merge  " 
into  the  other  :  M.  Colonne  brought  the 
overture  to  an  end,  and  then  made  a  break. 
The  reading  of  the  music  was  French ;  there 
was  plenty  of  life,  but  the  subtle  touches 
to  which  Dr.  Richter  has  accustomed  us 
were  lacking.  The  concert  ended  with 
the  Tschaikowsky  Symphony,  No.  4,  in 
which  the  Andantino  was  given  with 
great  charm,  and  the  piquant  Scherzo 
with  rare  crispness.  M.  Colonne  was 
received  with  great  warmth. 

The  next  concert  of  the  London  Sym- 
phony Orchestra,  on  March  26th,  will  be 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Richter.  As 
the  date  is  the  anniversary  of  Beethoven's 
death,  that  composer  might  surely  have 
been  represented  by  a  more  important 
work  than  the  '  Coriolan  '  Overture. 

Mr.  Charles  Williams  gave  his  seeond 
orchestral  concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on 
Monday  evening.  The  programme  com- 
menced with  some  clever  Variations  on  a 
Swedish  Air  by  Mr.  William  Y.  Hurlstone, 
who  won  a  Composition  Scholarship  at 

the  Royal  College  of  Music,  and  studied 
there  until  1898.  This  work  was  produced 
at  Mr.  E.  Palmer's  Patron's  Fund  Concert 
in  May,  1904,  when  its  merits  were  duly 
acknowledged  in  these  columns;  but  we 
still  think  that  a  careful  application  of 
the  pruning-knife  would  be  an  advantage. 
Mr.  Arthur  Williams,  a  'cellist   who  plays 

with  skill  and  taste,  performed  the  solo 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N°4090,  Makch  17,  1906 


pari  of  Dvorak's  Concerto  in  b  minor, 
Dp.  l(»4.  The  slow  middle  movement  is 
in  the  oompoaer'a  happiest  vein,  and  there 

air  BOOM  ;_'.*«<i  things  in  the   Finale  ;    but 

she  opening  Allegro  is  not  inspired,  while 

in  the  'cello  part  then-  is  not  very  thankful 

work    for    the   soloist.    The    programme 

ended  with  Brahms's  Fourth  Symphony. 


IKusiral  (Bossip. 

Mischa  Elman.  the  Hussian  boy  violinist, 
Htttr  a  BUOoeeefu]  tour  on  the  Continent, 
appeared  at  the  Crystal  Palace  last  Saturday 
afternoon.  The  principal  work  in  the  pro- 
gramme was  Mendelssohn's  Concerto,  which 
araa  interpreted  by  the  youthful  violinist 
with  complete  technical  facility,  while  his 
command  of  varied  expression  was,  as  usual, 
remarkable.  His  resourcefulness  and  verve 
were  also  exhibited  in  a  marked  manner 
during  his  performance  of  Wieniawski's 
fantasia  on  '  Faust.'  At  the  final  concert, 
on  March  31st,  with  the  London  Symphony 
Orchestra  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W. 
Hedgcock,  and  the  Crystal  Palace  choir, 
the  programme  will  include  works  by 
three  British  composers,  Messrs.  Hamish 
MacCunn,  Edward  German,  and  Frederick 
Cliffe,  and  '  Suite  Algerienne,'  by  M.  Saint- 
Saens. 

Sir  Edward  Elgar's  continuation 
(Part  III.)  of  '  The  Apostles'  will  be  pro- 
duced at  the  forthcoming  Birmingham 
Festival  in  October.  The  scheme  also 
includes  a  setting  of  FitzGerald's  translation 
of  the  '  Rubaiyat  '  of  Omar  Khayyam  ;  four 
dramatic  ballads  for  chorus  and  orchestra 
by  Mr.  Josef  Holbrooke  ;  and  an  orchestral 
composition  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt.  The  pro- 
grammes will  include  '  Elijah,'  '  The  Messiah.' 
and  Beethoven's  Mass  in  D. 

The  Triennial  Handel  Festival  will 
be  held  at  the  Crystal  Palace  in  June  : 
the  grand  rehearsal  on  the  23rd  ;  '  The 
Messiah  '  on  the  25th  ;  a  selection  from 
'  Israel  in  Egypt  '  and  a  miscellaneous 
selection  on  the  28th  ;  and  '  Judas 
Maccabu-us  '  on  the  30th.  The  solo  vocal- 
ists engaged  are  Mesdames  Albani  and 
Clara  Butt,  the  Misses  Perceval  Allen  and 
Agnes  Nicholls,  and  Messrs.  Ben  Davies, 
Charles  Saunders,  Watkin  Mills,  Kennerley 
Rumford,  Robert  Radford,  and  Santley. 
Dr.  Frederic  Cowen  will  be  the  conductor. 
Mi"  Muriel  Foster  was  announced,  but  we 
understand  that  through  ill-health  she  will 
not  be  able  to  appear. 

The  spring  series  of  Queen's  Hall  Sym- 
phony Concerts  commences  this  afternoon, 
when  Herr  Buhlig  will  be  heard  in  Brahms's 
Pianoforte  Concerto  in  d  minor.  Mile. 
Etenee  Chemet,  anew  violinist,  will  appear  on 
March  31st,  and  Herr  Kreisler  on  April  24th. 
On  May  3rd  Herr  Richard  Strauss  will  con- 
duct his  '  Don  Quixote,'  also  Salome's  dance 
from  his  opera  recently  produced  at  Dresden 
— the  only  excerpt,  as  we  remarked  in  our 
notice  of  the  opera,  which  would  bear  trans- 
plantation to  the  concert-room.  The  pro- 
gramme of  the  final  concert  (May  10th),  with 
the  exception  of  Schumann's  Pianoforte 
Concerto,  played  by  Mr.  Harold  Bauer,  will 
be  devoted  to  Wagner. 

Mu.  Qbosob  H.  ClutSAM's  opera  'Die 
Narrenkappe  '  was  produced  la.st  week  at 
the  Leipzig  municipal  theatre,  and  favour- 
ably rci ■■  tved.  Another  opera  by  a  British 
composer,  Miss  Ethel  Smyth's  '  Les  Naufra- 
geurs,'  is  announced  for  production  there  in 
the  autumn. 


Next  Tuesday  the  Rev.  G.  R.  Woodward 
will  read  a  paper  at  the  Musical  Association, 
Messrs.  Broadwood's,  at  5.13  l\M.,  on 
'German  Hymnody  from  the  Twelfth  to 
the  Middle  of  the  Seventeenth  Century.' 

Last  Monday  Sir  August  Manns  entered 
on  his  82nd  year,  while  to-day  Sefior  Manuel 
Garcia  enters  on  his  102nd  year.  New 
men,  new  orchestras,  have  sprung  up,  but 
the  services  which  Sir  August  Manns  ren- 
dered to  music  for  over  forty  years  by  the 
Crystal  Palace  Saturday  Concerts  will  ever 
be  gratefully  remembered.  We  wish  him 
long  continuance  of  the  good  health  which 
enables  him  still  to  take  an  interest  in  new 
works  and  new  conductors.  And  we  offer 
hearty  congratulations  to  Sefior  Garcia, 
who  also  enjoys  good  health,  and  not  only 
has  "  that  which  should  accompany  old 
age,"  viz.,  honour,  love,  and  troops  of 
friends,  but  was  recently  seen  at  a  musical 
function. 

Carl  Goldmark  is  said  to  have  just  com- 
pleted an  opera  entitled  '  Caliban,'  the 
libretto,  of  course,  based  on  Shakspeare's 
'  Tempest.' — Siegfried  Wagner  is  also  said 
to  have  put  the  last  touches  to  a  new  opera 
entitled  '  Sternengebot,'  which  will  be  his 
fifth  work  for  the  stage. 

Herr  Arthur  Nikisch  has  resigned  the 
direction  of  the  Leipzig  municipal  theatre. 
He  entered  upon  his  duties  only  a  year  ago, 
but  his  engagements  at  Leipzig  and  Berlin 
are  numerous,  and  for  the  sake  of  his  health 
he  has  wisely  withdrawn  from  one  of  the 
most  onerous. 

The  principal  roles  in  '  Ariane,'  the  new 
opera  by  M.  Massenet,  libretto  by  M.  Catulle 
Mendes,  will  be  taken  by  Miles.  Breval, 
Grandjean,  and  Arbell  and  MM.  Muratore 
and  Delmas.  This  work  is  to  be  produced 
at  the  Paris  Opera  Comique  next  November. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 


Six 

Mox. 
Tews. 

Wed. 

Turns 


Fki. 
Sat. 


Sunday  Society's  Concert.  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  Leainio  Concert.  7.  Queen's  Hull. 
t— Fhioat.    Creatore's  Hand.  8.  (Queen's  Hall. 

Matinee*.  "Wr.lnemlay  ami  Friday,  8. 

Emil  Bauer's  Pianofort«  Recital,  S.  Queen's  Hall. 

Nora  Clench  Quartet,  8.30.  bVchstein  Hull. 

Subscription  Concert.  8,30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Dr.  Thao  Liorhammcr's  S,,n«  Recital,  s.ifl,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Miss  Ada  Thomas  and  Herr  ll.uis  Neumann's  Sonata,  Recital, 
8.30,  Iiochstein  Hall. 

Madame  Frickrnluius's  Concert,  3.  Ilechstein  Hall. 

Miss  Elio  Wajmcr  s  Violin  Recital  .fl.SO.  Ilechstein  HkIL 

Chamber  Concert.  4.30.  Lefghton  House. 

Royal  Choral  Society  r  The  Dream '1,8,  Albert  Hall. 

Miss  Hallum  and  Mr.  York  liowen's  Dramatic  and  Pianoforte 
Recital.  8.18.  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Cyril  Scott's  Concert.  8.30.  Rechstein  Hull. 

London  Trio,  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Ohappell's  ballad  Concert.  X.  Queen's  Hall. 

Popular  Concerts  for  Children  and  Young  Students,  :!.  Stein- 
way  Hall. 

Mim  Vm'en  Clutrtrcs'a  Violin  Recital.  3.30,  Crystal  Palace. 


DRAMA 

MOLIERE    AND    THE    FRENCH 
STAGE. 

The  Life  of  Moliere.  By  Henry  M. 
Trollope.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

A  History  of  Theatrical  Art.  By  Karl 
Mantzius.  Authorized  Translation  by 
Louise  von  Cossel. — Vol.  IV.  Moliere 
and  his  Times.     (Duckworth  &  Co.) 

Moliere  et  le  Theatre  Espagnol.  Par  E. 
Martinenche.     (Paris,  Hachette  &  Cie.) 

Six  years  after  the  death  at  Stratford-on- 
Avon  of  William  Shakspeare,  Jean  Bap- 
tiste  Poquelin  de  Moliere  saw  the  light  in 
the  Rue  Saint-Honore  in  Paris.  The 
career  of  each  extended  over  a  little  more 
than  half  a  century,  and  the  period 
covered  by  their  joint  lives,  1564-1673, 
is  that  of  the  growth  and  highest  develop- 


ment of  the  drama  and  the  organization 
of  the  stage.     So   much   that  is  kindred 
and    all    but    identical     attaches    to    the 
experiences   of   the   two   actor-dramatists 
that,  were  not  circumstances  and  condi- 
tions prohibitive   of  such   indulgence,  the 
temptation  to  use  them  for  purposes  of 
comparison  or  contrast  would  be  all  but 
irresistible.     Around  both  Shakspeare  and 
Moliere  meanwhile  has  grown  a  literature 
so  immense,  so  varied,   and  so  polyglot 
that  it    is    a    matter    for    surprise    that 
much  mystery  still  attaches  to  both.    What 
is  most  remarkable  is  that  the  fog  envelop- 
ing the  ante-Moliere  stage  is  more  dense 
than  that  over  the  pre-Shakspearean.     At 
first   glance   things   might   appear   to   be 
otherwise.     While,  in  connexion  with  the 
English  stage,  we  have  few  dates  until 
we  come,  in  Restoration  days,  upon  the 
sprightly,  if  often  egregious  comments  of 
Pepys,  in  regard  to  that  of  France  we  have 
a   chronicle   of     a  kind   extending    back 
as   far   as   the  year  1200.     In  the  '  His- 
toire     Philosophique     et     Litteraire     du 
Theatre   Francais '    of   Hippolyte   Lucas, 
vol.  iii.  pp.  265  et  seq.,  is  supplied  a  list  of 
some  hundreds  of  pieces,  with  their  years 
of  production,  previous  to  the  appearance 
in    October,    1658,    of   Moliere   from    the 
country,  with  a  nominal,  but  never  paid 
pension    of    five    hundred    franc3    from 
Monsieur  le  Frere  du  Roi  for  each  member 
of  a  company  which  the  prince  allowed  to 
bear  his  name.    After  the  period  of  mysteres, 
moralites,  farces,  soties,  &c,  most  of   the 
pieces  indicated  consist  of  tragedies  and 
tragi-comedies  by  writers  such  as  Hardy, 
Gamier,  Montchrestien,  Mellin  de  Saint- 
Gelais,  &c,     The  word  "  comedie  "  some- 
times appears  in  senses  in  which  it  is  no 
longer  used.     From  Marguerite  de  Valois, 
Reine  de  Navarre,  we  have  in  1545  '  La 
Comedie  de  la  Nativite  de  Jesus-Christ * 
and  '  La  Comedie  de  l'Adoration  des  trois 
Rois  a  Jesus  Christ.'     '  Les  Esbahis  '  of 
Jacques  Grevin,  February  16th,  1560,  has 
a  title  that  promises  true  comedy,   and 
other  works  of  Jodelle  and  Jean  de  la 
Taille  precede  the  well-known  comedies, 
collected  and  accessible,  of  Larivey  ;    but 
it  is  not  until   '  Les  Deguises  :   of  Jean 
Godard,  1594,  drawn  from  '  I  Suppositi  * 
of  Ariosto,  that  we  hear  of  a  comedy  im 
five  acts  and  in  verse.     Authorities  are, 
indeed,  not  wanting  who  postpone  until 
the  appearance,  in  1629,  of  'Melite  ;  ou,  les 
Fausses  Lettres,'  of  Pierre  Corneille,  the 
complete    development    of    comedy,    and 
until  that,  in   1642,  of  '  Le  Menteur  '  of 
the  same  author,   its  attainment  of  full 
proportions.     By   just   twenty  years   the 
latter    piece    anticipated    the    production 
(December   26th,    1662)   of   «  L'Ecole  des 
Femmes,'  in  which  Moliere  revealed  him- 
self in  his  full  dimensions. 

Moliere's  country  experiences  at  ar> 
earlier  date  exercised  no  strong  influence 
on  the  Parisian  stage,  and,  interesting 
though  they  be,  reveal  little  that  is  not 
to  be  found  in  '  Le  Romant  Comique  '  of 
Scarron,  the  adventures  in  which  are, 
indeed,  held  in  some  quarters  to  have  been 
founded  on  those  of  the  troupe  of  Moliere. 
The  history  of  the  various  Paris  theatres 
is,    meanwhile,  confused  and    difficult   to. 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


339 


follow.  The  influence  of  the  Freres  de  la 
Passion  over  the  Theatre  de  l'Hotel  de 
Bourgogne,  and  thence  over  the  stage  in 
general,  seems  to  have  been  in  the  main 
deleterious  ;  while  the  best  way  of  evading 
the  difficulties  connected  with  the  Theatre 
du  Marais  appears  to  be  to  accept  the 
suggestion  of  Victor  Fournel,  in  '  Les 
Contemporains  de  Moliere,'  that  not  only 
did  many  companies  hold  possession  of 
the  Theatre  du  Marais  when  once  it  was 
established,  but  also  many  different 
edifices  bore  in  turns  this  appellation. 
The  unpopularity  of  the  London  theatres 
seems  to  have  been  shared  by  those  of 
Paris,  and  in  a  ';  Remonstrance  "  of  1588 
the  king  (Henri  III.)  is  told  that  the 
"  ordure  "  at  the  Hotel  de  Bourgogne  of 
the  Confreres  de  la  Passion  de  J.  C.  is 
maintained  by  his  permission.  In  lan- 
guage that  Prynne  might  subsequently 
have  copied,  it  is  said  : — 

"  Tl  n'y  a  farce  qui  ne  soit  orde,  sale  et 
vilaine,  an  scandale  de  la  jeunesse  qui  y 
assists,  la  quelle  a  vale  a  long  trait  ce  venin  et 
ce  poison,  qui  se  couve  en  sa  poiirine,  et  en 
peu  de  temps  opere  les  effets  quechacunsait. 
....  Par  ce  moyen  Dieu  est  grandement 
offense,  tant  en  ladite  transgression  des 
fetes  que  par  les  susdits  blasphemes,  jeux, 
el  impudicites  qui  s'y  commettent." — Rigal, 
'  Le  Theatre  Francais  avant  la  Periode 
Classique,'  p.  43. 

Of  the  three  books  before  us  dealing 
with   Moliere,    his   predecessors,    contem- 
poraries,  opponents,    and   allies,    that  of 
Mr.  Trollope  is  likely  to  prove  the  most 
important     and     authoritative,      though 
scarcely,     perhaps,     the     most     popular. 
Derived  to  a  great  extent  from  original 
documents,  some  of  them  only  rendered 
accessible  in  recent  days,  it  is  a  model  of 
cautious  erudition  and  sound  criticism — 
of  all,  indeed,  that  constitutes  an  orthodox 
biography.     With  Moliere,  as  with  Shak- 
speare,   there  are  points  over  which — on 
ethical  grounds  or   out   of   respect — it   is 
convenient  to  slur.       What  self-respecting 
Shakspearean    biographer    will    hear    of 
such  matters  as  stealing  or  shooting  the 
king's  deer,  playing  pranks  upon  amorous 
and  irate  associates,  fathering  the  children 
of  Oxford  innkeepers,  or  other  things  a 
waggish  gossip  sucli  as  Aubrey  loves  to 
collect  1     In    the    case    of   a   Frenchman 
there   is   no   need   for   an   overwhelming 
amount  of  discretion.     We  will  only  say, 
accordingly,  that  Mr.  Trollope  is  "on  the 
side  of  the  angels."     He  disputes — as  do 
some,  though  not  all  recent  writers  on  the 
subject — the  compromising  parentage  long 
assigned  to  Armande  Bejart,  subsequently 
wife  of  Moliere,  and  sees  in  her  the  Mile. 
Menou  who  at  the  age  of  ten  played  in 
Lyons  the  part  of  Ephyre  in  Corneille's 
Andromede,'    and    does    not    rebut    the 
theory  which  assigns  her  tuition  at  that 
tender  age  to  her  future  husband.      He 
finds,  moreover,  no  absolute  impossibility 
in  the  legend  of  the  suicide  contemplated, 
under  vinous  influences,  by  Boileau,  Lulli, 
Chapelle.  and  a  couple  of  other  friends  of 
Moliere  while  on  a  visit  to  the  dramatist 
at  Auteuil.     Here,  we  venture  to  suggest, 
is  a  species  of  link  with  Shakspeare,  whose 
reported  death  at  Stratford  as  the  result 
of  a  carouse  with  Ben  Jonson  and  Drayton  I 


is  received  by  his  biographers  with  pious 
incredulity. 

In  the  opening  chapter,  on  French 
comedy  before  Moliere,  Mr.  Trollope 
sums  up  what  has  been  said  by  the  best 
authorities,  and  asserts  that  before  the 
'  Eugene  ;  ou,  le  Rencontre,'  of  Jodelle 
(1552)  the  word  "  comedy  "  was  seldom 
used  in  France.  It  is,  indeed,  only  to  be 
found  in  connexion  with  the  pious  and 
edifying  works  of  Marguerite,  Reine  de 
Navarre,  to  which  we  have  previously 
referred,  and  these,  though  called 
"  comedies,"  are  also  called  "  pieces 
dramatiques  dans  le  genre  des  mysteres." 
Though  not  so  named,  however,  the  anony- 
mous farce  of  '  Pathelin,'  which  is  at  least 
a  quarter  of  a  century  earlier,  may  almost 
be  regarded  as  the  first  French  comedy. 
The  progress  of  comedy  from  Pierre 
Larivey  to  Pierre  Corneille  is  well  sketched. 

The  life  of  Moliere  is  told  at  consider- 
able length,  occupying,  independently  of 
the  introductory  portion,  over  five 
hundred  pages.  A  large  proportion  of 
this  space  is  taken  up  with  the  analysis 
and  criticism  of  the  plays.  A  good 
account  is  given  of  the  wandering  of 
the  troupe  of  Moliere,  though  it  is  only 
after  the  establishment  of  the  Illustre 
Theatre  that  the  literary  claims  of  the 
work  become  assertive.  In  connexion 
with  the  liaison  between  Moliere  and  Mile, 
de  Brie  our  author  is  most  apologetic  ; 
the  relations  of  the  dramatist  with  Mile, 
de  Moliere  are  treated  with  a  fair  amount 
of  breadth  ;  the  domestic  conditions 
attendant  upon  or  antecedent  to  the  pro- 
duction of  '  Le  Misanthrope  '  are  shown, 
but  the  fact  that  the  play,  though  one  of 
the  finest  of  comedies,  is  also  a  tragedy, 
has  to  be  gathered  or  inferred.  Other 
matters  are  capably  discussed  or  well  pre- 
sented, and  the  work  is  the  best  contri- 
bution that  has  been  made  by  an  English- 
man to  a  knowledge  of  the  French  stage 
or  the  period  discussed.  Two  of  the  four 
portraits  of  Moliere  by  his  friend  Mignard 
are  supplied.  One  from  the  Conde  Museum, 
which  serves  as  frontispiece,  is  known  as 
the  Chantilly  portrait ;  the  second  shows 
the  dramatist  at  the  period  of  the  produc- 
tion of  '  Le  Misanthrope.' 

Karl  Mantzius's  volume,  which  puts  in 
no  claim  to  be  regarded  as  a  biography, 
properly  so  called,  of  Moliere.  constitutes 
the  fourth  volume  of  his  -  History  of 
Theatrical  Art,'  and  is  to  be  read  with 
special  regard  to  the  second  section  of 
that  ingenious  and  important  work.  It 
is  well  and  abundantly  illustrated,  written 
with  spirit  and  vivacity,  and  serves  better 
than  almost  any  existing  work  to  convey 
to  the  general  reader  an  idea  of  the  French 
stage  during  the  most  brilliant,  and  to  a 
certain  extent  the  most  obscure,  portion  of 
its  annals.  At  the  close  of  the  sixteenth 
century  Paris,  as  Mantzius  asserts,  possessed 
but  one  poor  playhouse,  with  a  class  of 
actors  hardly  superior  to  jugglers,  when 
London  had  six  permanent  theatres  and 
a  dramatic  literature  which  in  power  and 
splendour  has  never  been  equalled  ;  while 
Italy  was  overrunning  civilized  Europe 
with  well-trained  companies,  and  while, 
it  might  be  added,  Spain  was  filling  the 


world  with  romantic  fable.  To  the  op- 
pressive influence  of  what  are  called  the 
"  Passion- Brothers "  is  attributed  the 
degraded  condition  of  theatrical  art.  It 
was  long  before  French  comedians  could 
stand  comparison  with  the  Italian  com- 
panies brought  over  by  the  influence  of 
the  queens  of  Medicean  race.  The  history 
of  the  French  stage  merges  in  that  of  the 
Italian  companies  and  the  Theatre  de  la 
Foire.  It  seems  probable  that,  pit  res 
though  they  were,  Gros  Guillaume.  Gaultier 
Garguille,  Deslauriers,  otherwise  Bruscam- 
bille.  and  the  rest  who  joined  the  company 
of  the  Hotel  de  Bourgogne.  developed 
into  genuine  actors.  Their  influence  and 
that  of  the  actors  of  the  Commedia  dell' 
Arte  is  traceable  in  Moliere.  So  late  as 
the  time  of  Henri  Quatre,  however,  the 
French  actors  were  "  a  flock  of  impecunious 
jugglers,  who  lived  by  their  wits,"  while 
"  their  women  lived  in  the  greatest  licen- 
tiousness," and  "  were  common  property, 
even  among  the  members  of  the  company 
to  which  they  did  not  belong."  This  is 
probable  enough,  though  the  pictures  of 
life  of  the  sort  depend  greatly  upon  Talle- 
mant  des  Reaux,  a  chronicler  more 
vivacious  than  trustworthy.  Of  the  strug- 
gles against  this  state  of  affairs,  of  the 
influence  of  Richelieu,  and  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Illustre  Theatre  an  account, 
at  once  popular  and  adequate,  is  supplied, 
accompanied  with  illustrations  hardly  the 
less  valuable  for  being  accessible  in  pub- 
lications known  to  the  student.  Into  the 
question  as  to  the  relationship  between 
Moliere's  wife  and  his  supposed  mistress 
no  serious  inquiry  is  made,  though 
Mantzius,  in  common  with  M.  Moland  and 
M.  Larroumet,  regards  the  relation  of 
Madeleine  to  Armande  as  sororal  rather 
than  maternal.  In  most  matters  con- 
nected with  Moliere  the  work  is  judicious 
and  trustworthy  ;  while  as  regards  the 
conditions  of  the  stage  during  its  emer- 
gence from  Cimmerian  darkness  into  twi- 
light, and  ultimately  into  light,  it  is  the 
best,  most  instructive,  and  most  helpful 
within  reach  of  the  English  reader. 

On  the  influence  at  the    outset  of  the 
Italian  stage  upon  the   French  a  library 
exists.     The   two   are,    indeed,    to   use   a 
phrase    of    Sir    Philip    Sidney.     "  inter- 
changeably    reflected."     That     exercised 
upon  the  French  stage  by  the  Spanish  is 
less   strong  and   direct,    but    everywhere 
perceptible.      M.  Martinenche.   a   disciple 
of  M.  Brunetiere,   in   a    previous  volume, 
'  La  Comedia  [sic]  Espagnole   en  France 
de  Hardy  a  Racine,'  dealt   with  Spanish 
influence  upon  French  tragedy.      He  now 
shows    that  upon   classic   comedy.     That 
Moliere     knew     Spanish,     and     that      he 
wrote    it,    is    conceivable.      Indebtedness 
to    Spanish    sources    is    more    easily   dis- 
covered in  Thomas  Corneille  and  Scarron, 
especially    in    the    use    of    the   fiffurones. 
In    ascribing    to    Spanish    influences    the 
recovery  of  children  who  have  been  carried 
off  by  pirates  it  would  be  safer  to  seek  the 

source   in  Greek  comedy  as    interpreted 

through  the  Latin.  So  early  as  in  '  Le 
Depit  Amoureux  '  M.  Martinenche  BUSpet  hi 
obligation  to  '  El  l'erro  del  Hortelano  '  of 
Lope  de  Vega.     The  subject  of  prtciosiM 


340 


TUP]     ATHENJEUM 


N°4000,  Mahch  17,  1906 


in  Moliere  and  others  springs  probaMj 

from    GrOngorism    in    Spain,   which    coirr- 

Bponded  to  BfArinism  in  Italy  to  some 
extent  and  to  Euphuism  in  England.  I  he 
subject  is  too  wide  to  be  opened  at  the 
end  of  an  article,  and  M.  ftartmencne  a 
interesting  book  must  simply  be  com- 
mended a.  containing,  in  addition  to  the 
oonjeetnre  inseparable  from  work  on  the 
origins  of  the  drama,  much  solid  informa- 
tion and  valuable  suggestion. 


Dramatic  (Dossip. 

'  The  School  fob  Husbands,'  produced 
on  Saturday  last  by  Miss  Jessie  Millward 
at  the  Scala  Theatre,  is  the  work  ot  Mr. 
Stanislaus  Stange,  and  readies  England 
with  something  of  a  reputation  from  America. 
The  promise  held  out  by  a  title  which  is  a 
translation  of  that  of  one  of  the  best-known 
pieces  of  Moliere  is  not  fulfilled,  and  the 
whole,  though  aiming  at  the  grand  manner 
in  comedy,  developes  into  farce.  Miss 
Millward  *  enacts  the  heroine,  Lady 
Manners,  whose  experiments  with  a  rakish 
and  an  extravagant  husband  subject  her 
to  some  unjust  and  injurious  suspicions. 
Mr.  Frank  Cooper  plays  the  husband  in 
question.  Much  laughter  is  inspired  in  the 
public,  but  the  artistic  claims  of  the  work 
are  insignificant. 

An  experiment  in  gloom  was  made  at  the 
Savoy  by  Miss  Gertrude  Kingston  by  the 
production  at  an  afternoon  representation  of 
two  one-act  tragedies.  '  Paris  and  CEnone,' 
by  Mr.  Laurence  Binyon,  is  a  dull  and 
dramatically  uninspired  story,  written  in 
careful  verse,  but  hardly  justifying  its 
departure  from  classic  treatment.  '  The 
Friend  in  the  Garden,'  by  Mr.  E.  F. 
Benson,  is  alike  mournful  and  undramatic, 
and  failed  to  impress  greatly,  though  Miss 
Ethel  Wynne  Matthison  was  seen  to  advan- 
tage as  the  "  friend,"  who  is  Death.  Mr. 
George  Bernard  Shaw's  '  How  He  Lied  to 
her  Husband  '  was  revived,  with  Mr.  Gran- 
ville Barker  as  the  lover  and  Miss  Kingston 
as  the  wife. 

The  New  Stage  Club  announce  that  a 
translation  of  '  La  Revolte,'  a  play  produced 
in  1870  by  Villiers  de  l'Tsle  Adam,  an  early 
and  important  figure  among  the  French 
Symbolists,  and  'The  Fool  of  the  World,'  a 
morality  play  by  Mr.  Arthur  Symons,  will  be 
performed  on  Thursday,  April  5th,  and  the 
afternoon  of  Saturday,  April  7th,  at  the 
Bijou  Theatre,  Victoria  Hall,  which  is  in 
Archer  Street,  Westbourne  Grove.  Mr. 
Symons's  play,  as  yet  unpublished,  is  his 
first  Sfrious  bid  for  dramatic  honours. 

It  will  probably  be  about  Easter  that 
Mian  Lena  Ash  well  will  open  the  Savoy 
Theatre  with  a  new  comedy  by  Miss  Clotilde 
Graves,  entitled  '  The  Bond  of  Ninon.' 
The  heroine  of  this,  the  famous  Ninon  de 
l'Enclos,  will  be  played  by  Miss  Ashwell, 
other  characters  in  the  piece  (the  action  of 
which  passes  in  1662)  including  Louis  XIV. 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  24th  prox.  '  Pru- 
nella ;  or,  Love  in  a  Dutch  Garden,'  by 
Messrs.  Laurence  Housman  and  Granville 
Barker,  will  be  revived  at  the  Court  Theatre, 
with  Mr.  Graham  Browne  as  Pierrot,  and 
Miss  Dorothy  Minto  as  Prunella. 

In  the  production  at  the  Lyric  on  the 
31st  inst.  of  the  adaptation  of  'Jeuness»>,' 
Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  as  Koper  Dautran  will  be 
supported  by  Miss  Marion  Terry  as  Madame 


Dautran,   and   by    IUm    Dorothea  Baird   as 
Biaorioette. 

Tin:  return  to  the  stage  of  Mr.  George 
Grossmith  is  announced. 

1'kok.  Gilbert  Murray's  rendering  of 
the  "  Lleetra  '  of  Sophocles  took  its  place  on 
Monday  for  a  couple  of  weeks  in  the  n-gidar 
bill  at  the  Court  Theatre.  Mr.  Henry 
Ainley  now  plays  Orestes,  the  piece  finding 
in  other  respects  the  same  interpreters  as 
before. 

Schiller's  'Maria  Stuart  '  was  given  at 
the  Great  Queen  Street  Theatre  on  Friday 
and  Saturday  during  last  week.  This  piece, 
which  has  more  than  once  been  seen  in 
London,  was  first  produced  at  Weimar  in 
1800  by  Schiller  and  Goethe. 


Errata.— P.  205,  col.  -2,  line  12  from  bottom,  for  1574  read 
1594  ;  line  0  from  bottom,  for  "quarto"  read/ofi'o. 


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Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following  Subjects. 

THIRD      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY.  -.-,_ 

Translations  of  Galen— Books  on  Gaming— John  Gilpin  s  Route 
to  Edmonton— Mrs.  Glasse— '  Globe '  Centenary— Goethe- 
Oliver  Goldsmith— Thomas  Gray— Greene's  « Frier  Bacon  and 
Frier  Bongay '—Grub  Street— A.  H.  Hallam's  Publications- 
Harvey,  Marston,  Jonson,  and  Nashe— Hawker  of  Morwen- 
Btow— Heber's  «  Racing  Calendar  '—George  Herbert's  Proverbs 
— Herrick— Heuskarian  Rarity  in  the  Bodleian— «  Historical 
English  Dictionary  ' — Hood's  \  Comic  Annual.' 

BIOGRAPHY. 

"  The  Starry  Galileo  " — Letters  of  German  Notabilities — W .  E. 
Gladstone — Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey — Duchess  of  Gordon- 
Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord  Thurlow— Thomas  Guy's  Will— Nell 

Gwyn Serjeant  Hawkins — Sir  John  Hawkwood — Sir  Richard 

Hotham— Victor  Hugo. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS.  , 

Genesis  i.  1 — Nameless  Gravestones — Greek  Church  Vestments 

Hagioscope  or  Oriel — Heretics  Burnt — Hexham  Priory  and 

the  Augustales — Holy  Communion,  Substitutes  for  Bread — 
Honest  Epitaphs— Huxley  on  the  Bible—'  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.' 

FINE  ARTS.  - 

Gainsborough's  lost  *  Duchess ' — Grinling  Gibbons  s  Statue  of 
James  II. — Sir  John  Gilbert's  Drawings  in  the  '  London 
Journal ' —  Miss  Gunning's  Portraits  —  Haydon's  Historical 
Pictures — Pictures  by  Sir  G.  Hayter — Hogarth— Holbein 
Portraits — Hoppner  Portraits. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Caimacam  or  Kaimakam — Camelry — Cecil,   its  Pronunciation 

Celtic  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Districts — Chaperon  applied  to 

Males — Chic  recognized  by  the  French  Academy — Chi-ike — 
"  Chink  "  of  Woods — Comically — Corn-bote — Creak  as  a  Verb 

Crowdy-mutton — Deadfold — Dewsiers — "  Different    than  " — 

Dive,  Peculiar  Meaning — Dude — Electrocute — English  Accentu- 
ation— Ey  in  Place-names — Fashion  in  Language — Fearagur- 
thok,  Irish  Word — Felibre — Filbert — Flapper,  Anglo-Indian 
Slang— Irish  "Flittings" — Floyd  v.  Lloyd— Folk  or  Folks — 
Foulrice — Frail — Gallant,  its  Varying  Accent — Gallimaufry — 
Gambaleery — Gaol  and  Goal — Garage — Gavel  and  Shieling — 
Ghetto — Ghost-words — "  Good  afternoon  " — Doubtful  Grammar 
in  A.V.  and  Prayer  Book — Greek  Pronunciation— Gutter- 
snipe— Gwyneth — Halsh — Hattock — Help  with  an  Infinitive — 
Helpmate  and  Helpmeet — Henbane — Heron — High-faluting — 
Hooligan  —  Hor>ef  ul  and  Sanguine  —  Huish  —  Hullabaloo  — 
Hurtling. 


PROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

"  Cambuscan  bold  " — "  Carnage  is  God's  daughter" — "  Chalk  on 
the  door  "  —  "  Lug  the  coif  "  —  "  Comparisons  are  odious  " — 
"  Crow  to  pluck" — "Crying  down  credit" — "Cutting  his  stick" 
— "Who  sups  with  the  devil" — "Down  to  the  ground" — "Dutch 
courage"  —  "Embarras  des  richesses" — "English  take  their 
pleasures  sadly" — "Enjoy  bad  health" — "Fall  below  par  " — 
"  Farewell,  vain  world  " — "  Fegges  after  peace  " — "  Fert.  Fert, 
Fert,"  on  Italian  Coins — "  First  catch  your  hare  " — "  Flea  in 
the  ear  " — "  Forgive,  blest  shade  " — French  Sermon  in  Proverbs 
— Familiar  French  Quotations — "  God  works  wonders  now  and 
then  " — "  Gone  to  Jericho  " — "  Green  grief  to  the  Grahams  " — 
"Grass  widow" — Gratitude  Defined — "Green-eyed  monster" 
— "  Heart  of  grace"— "  Hook  it"—"  Hop  the  twig  "— "  Horse- 
marine." 
SONGS,  BALLADS,  and  NURSERY  RIMES. 

"  Ask  nothing  more  of  me,  sweet " — '  Bailiff's  Daughter  of 
Islington  ' — '  Beggar's  Petition  ' — '  Canadian  Boat  Song ' — 
*  Charlie  is  my  Darling  ' — '  Cherry  Ripe  ' — '  Coniin'  thro'  the 
Rye' — '  Dulce  Domum  ' — "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  " — 
"God  bless  the  King !— I  mean  the  Faith's  defender" — "I 
dwelt  in  a  city  enchanted  " — "  I  '11  hang  my  harp  on  a  willow 
tree  " — "  In  the  days  when  we  went  gipsying." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Acacia  in  Freemasonry — Adelaide  Waistcoat — Adulation  Extra- 
ordinary— Old  Advertisements — ^Eolian  Harp,  its  Construction 
— Albino  Animals  Sacrificed  —  Ale,  Bottled,  Burton,  and 
"  Lanted  " — Anagrams  on  Various  Subjects — Apostle  Spoons — 
Athens,  the  City  of  the  Violet  Crown  —  Autographs,  how 
to  keep  them  —  Bagman,  for  Commercial  Traveller  —  Bank 
of  England  and  Heberfield — First  Lady  Barrister — Birch-sap 
Wine — Ancient  Boats  Discovered — Bows  and  Arrows  last  used 
in  War — Bread  by  Troy  Weight — C.I.V.  Nicknames — Originator 
of  Christmas  Cards — Beginning  and  End  of  Centuries — Clerks 
in  Chancery — Chess  Legend — Chimneys  in  Ancient  Houses — 
Introduction  of  Chocolate  —  Twenty-four-hour  Clocks — Con- 
vivial Clubs — Local  Names  for  the  Cowslip — Earliest  Cricket 
Match — Death  from  Fright — Dutch  Fleet  captured  by  Cavalry 
— Standing  Egg — Brewers'  "Entire" — Earliest  Envelopes — 
Epigrams  and  Epitaphs — Farthings  Rejected — Feeding-Bottles 
First  Used — Five  o'Clock  Tea— Flats  in  London — Flaying  Alive 
— Franciscans  v.  Freemasons— Earliest  Funeral  Cards — Gas 
and  Locomotive — Gates  on  Commons  —  Genius  and  Large 
Families — Gentleman  Porter — Germination  of  Seeds — Slang 
for  Gin — Gipsy  Wedding  and  Funeral — Golf  and  Pall-mall — 
Goths  and  Huns — Guillotine — Gun  Reports — Hair  Powder  last 
Used — Hansom  Cab,  its  Inventor — First  Silk  Hat  in  London. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E  C. 


N°4090,  Makch  17,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


343 


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FOURTH  EDITION,  Revised  to  1905,  NOW  READY,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

ASTRONOMY    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 
SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY,  price  One  Shilling. 

BIBLE      CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  arranged  under  their 

Probable  Respective  Dates,  with  a  Description  of  the  Places  named, 

and  a  Supplement  on  English  Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


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NEW   TESTAMENT   CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  New  Testament,  arranged  under  their 

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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 

NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENiEUM  will  contain 
Articles  on  THE  SHAPE  OF  ELECTRONS 
AND  THE  MAXWELLIAN  THEORY,  by 
PROF.  A.  H  BUOHERER;  and  THE  VIC- 
TORIA COUNTY  HISTORIES  OF  SUSSEX 
AND  DURHAM. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


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GENERAL  INDEX, 
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GENERAL  INDEX, 
SIXTH  SERIES 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES 
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EIGHTH  SERIES 


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344 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4090,  March  17,  1906 


SMITH,      ELDER     &     CO.'S    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  with  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece,  Facsimile,  and  9  Half-Tone  Illustrations,  large  post  8vo,  7s.  6(1.  net. 

A       WOMAN        OF        WIT        AND        WISDOM: 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter,  one  of  the  "  Bas  Bleu "  Society  (1717-1806). 

By  ALICE  C.  C.  (JAUSSEN,  Author  of  'A  Later  Pejus.' 
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JROBERT      BROWNING      AND      ALFRED     DOMETT. 

Edited  by  FREDERIC  G.  KENYOX,  D.Litt.  F.B.A. 


ELIZABETH   BARRETT   BROWNING 
IN  HER   LETTERS. 

By  PERCY  LUBBOCK. 

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Mrs.  BRIDELL  FOX. 


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WITH    MOUNTED    INFANTRY   IN   TIBET. 

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THE    SMALL    GARDEN    BEAUTIFUL    AND    HOW 

TO  MAKE  IT  SO.  By  A.  C.  CURTIS,  Author  of  'A  New  Trafalgar,'  Ac  With  a 
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WESLEY  AND  HIS  CENTURY:  a  Study  in  Spiritual 

Forces.  By  W.  H.  FITCH  ETT,  B.A.  LL.D.  With  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece  from 
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[In  preparation. 

THE  FOURTH  PARTY.     By  Harold  E.  Gorst.     With 

a  Preface  by  Sir  JOHN  GORST.     With  a   Reproduction  of    the  Cartoon  of 'The 
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Lite  Lord  Salisbury  to  Sir  Henry  Drununond  Wolff.     Large  post  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 
SPHERE.—"  Mr.  Gorst  has  told  with  great  effect  the  story  of  that  episode  in  English 
political  life  which  is  so  exciting  to  all  of  us  who  are  old  enough  to  remember  it." 

MEMOIR    OF    SIR   HENRY    KEPPEL,    G.C.B., 

Admiral  of  the  Fleet.     By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  ALGERNON  WEST,  G.C.B.     With 
Portraits  ami  Illustrations.     Large  post  Svo,  7s.  6d.  net. 
SECOND    IMPRESSION. 
BROAD  ARROW. — "There  is  a  breeziness  and  cheeriness  pervading  the  work,  which, 
•while  it  does  credit  to  the  biographer,  brings  the  reader  into  contact   with  the  really 
■  charming  character  of  Keppel." 

THE    ROLL-CALL    OF    WESTMINSTER    ABBEY. 

By  E.  T.  BRADLEY  (Mrs.  A.  Murray  Smith),  Author  of  '  Annals  of  Westminster 
Abbey.'    With  25  Fall-Page  Illustrations  and  5  Plans.    Urge  crown  Svo,  6s. 
FOURTH   EDITION   NOW   READY. 
TRUTH.— "Incomparably  the  best  of  its  kind  that  has  yet  appeared." 


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THE  UPTON  LETTERS.    By  T.  B. 

SIXTH  IMPRESSION. 
DAILY  XE\\'S.—"li  any  one  supposes  that  the  art  of  letter-writing  is  dead,  this 
volume  will  prove  the  contrary." 


SEVENTY    YEARS'     FISHING. 

By  CHARLES  GEORGE  BARRWGTON,  C.B., 

Formerly  Assistant  Secretary  to  the  Treasury. 
With  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece,  small  demy  8vo,  10s.  6d.  net.    [On  Martk    o 

THE  VICTORIAN  CHANCELLORS. 

Vol.  I.     By  J.  B.  ATLAY,  Barristei -at-Law , 

Author  of  '  Lord  Cochrane's  Trial  before  Lord   Ellenborough,'  '  Sir  Henrv  Wentworth 

Acland,  Bart.,  K.C.B.  F.R.S.  :  a  Memoir,"  Ac. 

With    7  Portrait  Illustrations,   demy  8vo,  14s.   net.      [On  March  26. 

V*    The  work  will  be  completed  in  a  Second   Yolunie. 

AUGUSTUS    AUSTEN    LEIGH,    Provost  of    King's 

College,  Cambridge  :  a  Record  of  College  Reform.    By  WILLIAM  AUSTEN  LEIGH, 

Fellow  of  King's.     With  Portraits.     Small  demy  Svo,  8s.  6d.  net.    [In preparation. 

A   SUMMER  RIDE   THROUGH  WESTERN    TIBET- 

By  Miss  J.  E.  DUNCAN.     With  numerous  Illustrations  and  a  Map.     Demy  8vo, 
12s.  6d.  net.  [In  the  press. 

A  VISION  OF  INDIA.    By  Sidney  Low.    With  numer- 

ous  Hlustrations.     Small  demy  gvo,  10s.  6d.  net.  [In  the  press. 

FROM  A  COLLEGE  WINDOW.    By  Arthur  Christopher 

BENSON,  Fellow  of  Magdalen  e  College,  Cambridge.    Large  post  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 

I..  Ma:i. 

DICK :  a  Story  without  a  Plot.    By  G.  F.  Bradby,  Author 

of  'Joshua  Newings ;  or,  the  Love  Bacillus'  and  'The  Marquis's  Bye.'    Crown  8vo, 
3s.  6d. 
TR1BUXE.— "  Mr.  Bradby  affords  us  an  unusual  number  of  opportunities  of  that 
laughter  which  is  not  too  much  akin  to  tears." 


THE    WATERLOO    LIBRARY. 

CROWN  8vo,  3s.  6d.  EACH  VOLUME. 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.—'1  The  best  3s.  6d.  series  in  the  market." 

This  Series  comprises  some  of  the  best  works  of  Modern   Author*.      The 

volume*  are  well  printed,  and  issued  in  a  mat  doth  binding  of  special  design, 
NEW  VOLUMES   IN   PREPARATION. 

THE  BRASS  BOTTLE.    By  F.  Anstey.    With  a  Frontis- 

piece.  [On  March  X. 

THE   LOG   OF   A   SEA-WAIF.     By  Frank  T.  Bullen, 

F.R.G.S.     With  S  Full-Page  Illustrations  by  ARTHUR  TWIDLE.        [On  April  .'. 

THE  GAMEKEEPER  AT  HOME.    By  Richard  Jefferies. 

With  numerous  Illustrations. 


NEW 
BROWNJOHNS. 


AND 


By     Mrs.     PERCY     DEARMKR, 

Author  of  'The  Orangery  :  a  Comedy  of  Tears.'  'The 

Difficult  Way,'  &c. 

SECOND  IMPRESSION. 
DAILY  EXPRESS.—"  The  story  attains  veal  distinction 
from  its  charming  picture  of  two  adorable  boys. ...Mrs. 
Seamier  may  be  very  warmly  congratulated." 

ALSO  A  THIRD  IMPRESSION  OF  MRS.   DEARMER'S 
NOVEL, 

THE  DIFFICULT  WAY. 

SPECTATOR.— "A    work    of    exalted    aim    and    great 
artistic  excellence." 

IF  YOUTH  BUT  KNEW.    By  Agnes 

and  EGERTON  CASTLE,  Authors  of  "Hie  Secret 
Orchard,'  'The  Star  Dreamer,'  'Rose  of  the  World,' 
'  French  Nan,'  &c  With  20  Illustrations  by  Mr. 
LANCELOT  SPEED.  [On  April  t. 


FORTHCOMING    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

THE  POISON  OF  TONGUES.   MR.  BAXTER,   SPORTSMAN. 


By  M.  E.  CARR, 

Author  of  '  Love  and  Honour'  and  'George  Goring's 
Daughters.' 
TRUTH'S  advice:— "Do  you  want  to  know  of  a  really 
good  and  interesting  novel  '!    Get  'The  Poison  of  Tongues  ' 
by  M.  E.  Carr.     It  is  enthralling." 

PALL   MALL  GAZETTE.  —  " An  admirable  series  of 

studies  in  character  and  social  life A  capital   piece  of 

work." 

SALTED  ALMONDS.  By  F.  Anstey, 

Author  of  'Vice  Versa,'   'A  Fallen  Idol,'  'The  Brass 
Bottle,'  &c  [Early  in  April. 

.    A  collection  of  stories  and  sketches  full  of  fantastic 
humour,  chiefly  from  the  columns  of  Punch. 

CLEMENCY  SHAFT0.    By  Frances 

C.    Bl'RMESTER,  Author  of  'John   Lett's  Alice,'  'A 
November  Cry,'  & ■■-.  [In  the pr 


By  CHARLES  FIELDING  MARSH, 

Author  of  '  God's  Scholars.'     [On  March  J  J. 

OLD  MR.  LOVELACE :  a  Sketch  in 

Four   Parts.      By    CHRISTIAN  TEARLE,    Author  of 
'The  Vice-Chancellor's  Ward,'  ive.  On  March  JO. 

AMELIA  AND  THE  DOCTOR.    By 

HORACE  G.  HUTCHINSON,  Author  of  'Two  Moods 
of  a  Man,'  '  Crowborough  Beacon,'  <Jtc.    [In  tlie  press. 

HEROES  OF  EXILE :  being  Certain 

Rescued  Fragments  of  Submerged  Romance.  By  HUG  B 
CLIFFORD,    c.M.G..    Author   of 'Studies   in   Brown 

Humanity,'  '  Bush-Whacking,'  'A  Free-Lance  of  To-day,' 
Sx.  [In  the  p. 


Messrs.  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  will  be  happy  to  send  a  CATALOGUE  of  their  PUBLICATIONS  post  free  on  application. 
London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


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Agents  for  Scotland,   Messrs.  BELL  &  ERADFUTE  and  Mr.  JOHN   MENZIES,   Edinburgh.— Saturday,   March   17,  1906. 


THE  ATHENAEUM 


^V 


|mmtal  tf  (English  antr  JFordp  Iterator*,  &aente,  tip  Jme  JlrtS,  #tasu  ani  ft*  Erama* 


No.  4091. 


SATURDAY,   MARCH    24,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


LENT,  1906. 

EVERYMAN,  The  Old  Morality  Play. 
As  produced  by  the  ELIZABETHAN  STAGE  SOCIETY,  under 
the  personal  direction  of  Mr.  WILLIAM  POEL.  CORONET 
THEATRE,  Hotting  Hill.  March  22  and  28.  at  3;  CAMDEN 
THEATRE.  SATURDAY  AFTERNOON.  March  17;  KENNINGTON, 
March  24  and  31  ;  FULHAM.  March  2!);  BROADWAY  THEATRE. 
S.E.,  March  30.  Seats  may  now  be  booked  at  all  the  Theatres  and  all 
Libraries. 


(Ifeljibtiinns. 


r^LD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 

\y    SPRING   EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits bv  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERDS  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street.  St.  James's  Square. 

MASTERPIECES     by    DURER,    MERYON, 
SEYMOUR  HADEN.  and  WHISTLER. 
EXHIBITION  NOW  OPEN  at  MR.  R.  GUTEKUXST'S, 
16,  King  Street,  St.  James's,  S.W.  10-0.    Is. 

EXHIBITION  of  FLOWERS  by  MODERN 
FLOWER-PAINTERS,  and  WATER  COLOURS  bv  YIGNOLES 
FISHER  NOW  OPEN,  10-6. -THE  BAILLIE  GALLERY,  34,  Baker 
Street,  W. 


o 


BACH  &  CO.  168,  New  Bond  Street,  W. 

The  Right  Hon.  Sir  JOHN  C    DAYS  COLLECTION. 

Third  Part:  DUTCH  WATER  COLOURS. 

NOW  ON  YIEW. 


THE  NEW  DUDLEY  GALLEY,  169, 
Piccadilly.  W„  is  NOW  AVAILABLE  for  EXHIBITIONS  of 
WORKS  of  ART.  ARTS  and  CRAFTS.  &c.  It  is  on  the  ground 
floor,  top-lighted,  and  in,  perhaps,  the  best  position  in  Europe. — 
Artists  and  Secretaries  of  Societies  should  write  for  vacant  dates 
and  Terms  to  the  SECRETARY,  New  Dudley  Gallery,  169,  Picca- 
<lilly,  W. 

€ITY    AND     COUNTY     OF    NEWCASTLE- 
UPON-TYNE. 
LAING  ART  GALLERY  AND  MUSEUM. 
SPECIAL  LOAN  EXHIBITION  OF  WORKS  BY  T.  M. 
RICHARDSON,  SEN.,  Ac. 
A  SPECIAL  EXHIBITION  of  WORKS  bv  T.  H.  RICHARDSON, 
Sen.,  T.  M.  RICHARDSON.  Jun..  and  OTHER  MEMBERS  of  the 
RICHARDSON  FAMILY,  will  OPEN  in  MAY.    The  Committee  trust 
that  Owners  will  .assist  in  forming  an  important  Record  of  the  Works  of 
these  Artists,  by  contributing  Examples  in  their  possession.  Expenses 
•of  Transit,    Insurance,   Ac,   will   be  defrayed.     Particulars  may   be 
obtained  from  the  Curator.  Mr.  C.  BERNARD  STEVENSON. 


s 


(B&ucatianal. 

OMERVILLE       COLLEGE,       OXFORD. 


A  FELLOWSHIP  of  the  annual  value  of  120?.,  and  tenable  for  Three 
Years  is  offered  by  the  COUNCIL  of  SOMERY1LLE  COLLEGE 
under  the  following  conditions : — 

1.  Candidates  for  the  Fellowship  must  be  Women  who  have  resided 
in  Oxford  for  Twelve  Terms  (Three  Years',  and  have  taken  an  Oxford 
Honour  Examination. 

2.  The  Fellow  elected  will  be  required  tat  to  devote  herself  to  some 
line  of  study  to  l»e  approved  by  the  Council ;  (61  to  reside  in  Somerville 

'College  during  at  least  Three  Terms  ;  'd  to  publish  the  results  of  her 
work  at  the  end  of  the  Three  Years,  if  the  Council  shall  think  it 
desirable. 

3.  Candidates  arc  requested  to  apply  in  writing  before  MONDAY, 
May  7,  1906,  to  the  SECRETARY,  at  Somerville  College,  Oxford,  The 
Envelopes  should  lie  marked  "  Fellowship  Application."  The 
Secretary  will  supply  all  further  information. 

Each  application  should  be  accompanied  by  a  statement  showing 
that  the  Candidate  is  qualified  according  to  the  conditions  laid  down 
in  Regulation  1. 

Candidates  are  also  invited  to  give  References  to  not  more  than 
Three  Persons  who  can  testify  to  their  qualifications,  to  supply  full 

IiarticnUrs  of  any  work  which  they  have  done,  and  to  indicate  the 
ine  of  study  which  they  would  pursue  if  elected. 
Somerville  College,  March  5,  1906. 


LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION,— PROFESSIONAL 
EXAMINATION  -The  NEXT  PROFESSIONAL  EXAMINA- 
TION of  the  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  will  be  held  on  MAY  6-11. 
Copies  of  the  Svlbibus.  together  with  all  details,  can  lie  obtained  on 
application  to  the  undersigned.  HENRY  1>.  ROBERTS,  Hon.  Sec. 
Education  Committee,  Whitcomb  House,  Whitcomb  Street,  Pall  Mali 
East,  London,  S.W. 


ST.  PAUL'S  GIRLS'  SCHOOL, 
BROOK  GREEN,  W. 
An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open 
to  Girls  under  IB  years  of  age.  will  In  held  at  the  SCHOOL  on 
APRIL  3.  4.  and  B.  These  Scholarships  exempt  the  holders  from 
the  pavment  of  Tuition  Fees —Further  particulars  may  be  obtained 
from  the  HEAD  MISTRESS  at  the  School. 


s 


T.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL,  WEST  KENSINGTON. 


An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  aliove  School  on 
TUESDAY.  April  3.  1»06.  and  on  the  Following  Davs.  for  FILLING 
UP  ABOUT  SEVEN  VACANCIES  on  the  FOUNDATION. 

Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  BURSAR. 


FOLKESTONE.  —  WOODLANDS    PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOL.  Individual  Teaching.-Rcv.  H.  T.  J.  0OOOIN, 

M.A.Cantab.,    formerly    House  •  Master,   University    College    School, 
London. 


EDUCATION. —PROSPECT I -SKS    and    parti 
cularsof  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  and  QIRLS 

in  ENGLAND  and  aiiimui 

supplied  to  Parents  free  of  charge.     State  full  requirement". 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOLASTIC  AGENCY.  122,  Recent  8treer,  I  on  Ion. 

Established  IMS. 


/CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Mies 
CATHERINE  I.  DODI),  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

A  FRENCH  LADY,  residing  in  a  beautiful  and 
healthy  part  of  Normaudv.  wishes  to  RECEIVE  a  FEW 
YOUNG  ENGLISH  GIRLS  desirous  of  learning  French  during  the 
Summer  Months  (April  to  October).  Family  life,  every  comfort,  and 
exceptional  advantages.  Terms,  inclusive  of  Tuition.  25  Guineas  per 
Week.— Address :  Madame  RAOUL  DU  BUISSON.  Chateau  du 
Boisgeloup.  pres  Gisors,  Eure ;  or  for  reference  to  Mrs.  F.  F. 
FREEMAN,  Abbotsfield,  Tavistock,  South  Devon. 

GOTH  A,  GERMANY.— Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRLS  and  LADIES,  also  small  BOYS,  in  the 
house  of  Fraulein  METZEROTH  (Diplomat,  13,  Waltershauserstr., 
Gotha.  Recommended  by  first-class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages :  Languages,  Music,  opi>ortunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  U.  10s.  per  month. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITA8,  THRING  A  CO.. 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
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H 


^ihtati0tts   Vacant 

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EXETER. 
HEAD  MASTER. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  from  Graduates  of  anv 
British  University  for  the  position  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  above 
School,  the  apjiointment  to  date  from  AUGUST  1,  1906,  or  such  earlier 
date  as  the  successful  Candidate  is  able  to  enter  upon  the  duties  of 
the  Office.  The  emoluments  will  consist  of  a  House  adjoining  the 
School,  with  a  fixed  Salary  of  100/.  per  annum,  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of 
If.  10s.  on  each  Pupil  in  the  School.  The  present  numbers  in  attend- 
ance are  180. 

The  School  occupies  an  important  position  in  the  educational 
system  of  the  City  of  Exeter,  and  development  is  contemplated  in  the 
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Applications  iForms  of  which  can  be  obtained  of  the  Clerkl  and 
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Canvassing,  either  dircctlv  or  indirectly,  will  l>e  a  disqualification. 
JOHN  E.  DAW,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

13,  Bedford  Circus,  Exeter,  March  14,  1906. 


HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED  (after  Summer 
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Subject  to  provisions  of  Scheme,  the  Governors  will  proceed  to  fill 
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Candidates  must  be  Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United 
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346 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
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Collection,  Windsor  Castle. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A. 

The  Principal  Works  by  this  Master. 

SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of   Sacred    Art 

from  various  CoUections. 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 

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PICTURES  Jrom  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 
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By  direction  of  JOHN  LEECHMAN  TAYLOR,  Esq., 
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On  TUESDAY,  March  27,  and  Two  Following 

Days,  the  valuable  STOCK  of  JEWELS  and  SILVER  PLATE  of 
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On  WEDNESDAY,  March  28,  the  COLLEC- 
TION of  ENGRAVINGS  of  G.  P.  WALL,  Esq. 

On     FRIDAY,     Maroh     30,     OLD    SEVRES 

PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  LADY,  and  DECORATIVE  FURNI- 
TURE of  the  late  E.  M.  DENNY,  Esq. 

On   SATURDAY,   March   31,   fine  PICTURES 

and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  E.  M.  DENNY,  Esq.. 
PICTURES  by  OLD  MASTERS,  and  WORKS  of  the  EARLY 
ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 


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Property  of  A  MAXWELL.  Esq..  and  a  small  COLLECTION  of  RARE 
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Property  of  HENRY  CLARK  Esq,,  The  Park.  Nottingham,  including 
Simons?!  celebrated  "  Petition"  Crown— Pattern  Five  Guinea  andFive 
Found  Pieces  of  George  III— the  Ciown  of  William  IV.,  by  Wyon, 
1831,  in  gold— and  other  fine  Patterns  and  Proofs. 

May  l>e  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Valuable  Books,  awl  Illuminated  ami  other  Manuscripts. 

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THE    ATHENiEUM 


347 


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NM091,  March  24,  1906 


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N°4091,  March  24,  1906 

m  — 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


351 


SATURDAY,  MARCH  24,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Memoirs  of  Archwshop  Temple        351 

Two  Victoria  County  Histories         352 

The  New  English  Dictionary 353 

The  Progress  ok  the  Press      355 

New  Novels  (Brownjohn's  ;  The  Misses  Make- 
Believe ;  The  Threshing  Floor ;  The  Lapse  of 
Vivien  Eady  ;  Victory  ;  The  Poison  of  Tongues ; 

Blue  Jay  ;  The  Red  Seal)  356—357 

Scottish  Books         357 

Our  Library  Table  (Browning's  Letters  to  Domett; 
Western  Culture  in  Eastern  Lands ;  Two  Books 
on  "Port  Arthur";  Thackerayana  ;  The  Princess 
des  Ursina  in  Spain  ;  Baudelaire's  Poems  in 
Prose ;  Dod  and  Debrett's  House  of  Commons  ; 
The    Progress    of    Poesy ;    God    and    the    Bible ; 

Bausteine) 358—360 

List  of  New  Books 360 

Notes  from  Oxford  ;  Destruction  of  the  Villa 
of  Santa  Petronilla  ;  The  Spring  Publish- 
ing Season 360—361 

Literary  Gossip        .-362 

Science— Metchnikokf  on  Immunity  in  Infectious 
Diseases  ;  Cloud  Studies  ;  Flammarion  on 
Thunder  and  Lightning;  Rothamsted  Ex- 
periments; The  shape  of  Electrons  and  the 
Maxwellian  Theory;  Research  Notes;  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  Theories  of  Matter;  Societies; 
Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  ..  ..  363—368 
Fine  Auts  — The  Work  of  Charles  Furse  ; 
London,  and  Some  Engravings  by   Masters  ; 

Sale;  Gossip        369—370 

Music  —  Tenth  Broadwood  Concert  ;  Herr 
Bauer's  Pianoforte  Recital  ;  Dr.  Lier- 
iiammer's  Song  Recital;  Gossip;  Perform- 
ances Next  Week        370—371 

Drama— The  IIeir-at-Law  ;  Measure  for  Measure  ; 

Gossip         371—372 

Index  to  Advertisers       372 


LITERATURE 


Memoirs  of  Archbishop  Temple.  By  Seven 
Friends.  Edited  by  E.  G.  Sandford. 
2  vols.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  old  classical  paradox  that  a  half  is 
better  than  the  whole  was  clearly  prescient 
of  modern  literature  in  at  least  one  depart- 
ment. Of  the  bulky  biographies  edited 
during  the  last  thirty  years  there  are  few 
indeed  which  would  not  profit  by  com- 
pression into  a  single  volume  ;  and  the 
indictment  applies  with  force  to  this  life 
of  Frederick  Temple.  It  is  divided  into 
seven  parts,  apportioned  among  seven 
writers — the  editor,  himself  one  of  the 
seven,  contributing  at  the  end  of  the 
volumes  a  lengthy  compendium  of  the 
whole.  We  read  the  life  from  cradle  to 
grave  ;  then  out  of  the  Archbishop's 
death-bed  starts  up  once  more,  emergent 
like  the  bleating  lamb  from  Medea's 
cauldron,  the  Devonshire  child  and  school- 
boy whom  we  had  long  ago  left  behind. 
Further,  unless  compounded  expressly  for 
clerical  consumption,  the  book  lacks 
proportion.  Temple  was  much  more  than 
a  bishop  :  his  forty  years  of  Blundell's 
School,  Balliol,  Kneller  Hall,  Rugby,  are 
certainly  not  less  edifying  than  his  remain- 
ing thirty  years  in  Exeter,  London,  Canter- 
bury :  yet  out  of  1,320  pages  nearly  900 
are  given  to  the  bishop,  under  500  to  the 
schoolboy,  undergraduate,  college  Fellow, 
and  head  master.  Lastly,  throughout  the 
hook  are  scattered  obvious  redundancies, 
such  as  the  confused  opening  genea- 
logy  and  the  excursion  into  Exonian 
<';it.hedral  antiquities;  while  sermons, 
like  speeches,  however  effective  as  de- 
livered,   are   apt   to    become    unreadable 


when  stale.  These  drawbacks  will  affect 
the  hasty — that  is,  the  ordinary — reader  ; 
the  practised  student  of  biographies, 
knowing  where  to  skip  and  where  to 
linger,  will  be  rewarded  by  intimate 
acquaintance  with  a  man  great  and  noble, 
wise  and  strong,  and  above  all  things 
genuine  and  real. 

The  highly  interesting  photograph  which 
forms  the  frontispiece  rightly  places 
Temple's  mother  in  the  forefront  of  his 
history  ;  for  to  her  alone  was  due  the 
formation  of  his  moral,  intellectual,  and 
religious  character.  Her  discipline  was 
so  judicious  that  her  children  seem  never 
to  have  felt  the  possibility  of  being  other 
than  obedient ;  her  "  Don't  argue,  Freddy; 
do  your  work,"  recurred  to  him  long  after- 
wards as  a  saving  maxim  under  great 
mental  stress.  Knowing  not  a  word 
of  Latin,  she  taught  him  his  Eton 
grammar  from  the  first  page  to  the  last ; 
a  bad  arithmetician,  she  took  him,  with 
the  aid  of  a  key,  through  the  whole  of 
Bonnycastle  ;  the  same  with  Euclid  and 
with  algebra,  intelligence  in  each  case 
following  upon  memory.  To  have  no 
fear,  and  to  be  uniformly  courteous  in 
family  intercourse,  were  absolute  rules 
of  the  domestic  life.  Their  table  was  of 
necessity  frugal,  dry  bread  the  staple 
food.  They  were  trained  to  manual 
labour,  the  boys  working  in  fields  and 
garden,  the  girls  in  kitchen  and  dairy. 
Temple  often  boasted  that  he  could  smite 
the  stubborn  glebe  with  a  furrow  as 
straight  as  any  ploughman ;  and  the 
delightful  story  of  his  cleaning  out  a 
pigsty  from  which  a  fastidious  student 
shrank  at  Kneller  Hall,  current  in  our 
own  time  at  Rugby,  is  here  repeated  and 
confirmed.  So  Blundell's  School  received 
at  twelve  years  old  a  very  unusual  boy, 
who  risked  obloquy  and  blows  by  "  fag- 
ging "  at  his  books,  rose  rapidly  to  the 
top,  and  became  at  seventeen  a  Blundell 
Scholar  of  Balliol.  He  found  himself 
amongst  a  brilliant  set  :  Clough  (whom 
of  all  men  through  life  he  most  admired), 
Coleridge,  Palgrave,  Northcote,  Lingen, 
Matthew  Arnold,  Jowett ;  the  tutors 
Tait,  Robert  Scott,  Ward.  He  lived  with 
strictest  economy,  never  in  the  coldest 
weather  lighting  a  fire  in  his  rooms  ;  but 
his  reading  by  the  light  of  the  oil  lamp 
on  his  staircase  smacks  of  myth  ;  the 
evidence  of  the  lamp  itself,  shown  long 
after  as  a  curiosity,  must  rank,  we  fear, 
with  the  "  bricks  in  my  father's  chimney  " 
adduced  by  Smith  the  weaver  as  evidence 
of  Jack  Cade's  parentage.  His  refusal 
of  all  wine  parties  and  of  subscription  to 
college  sports  was  at  first  resented  ;  but 
when  it  was  whispered  about  that  the 
big  jovial  junior  was  stinting  himself  in 
order  that  he  might  save  out  of  his  various 
small  exhibitions  201.  a  year  for  his 
widowed  mother,  the  generous  under- 
graduate heart  warmed  to  him  with 
every  token  of  admiration  and  regard. 

It  was  the  crisis  of  the  "  Oxford  Move- 
ment "  ;  its  protagonist  at  Balliol  was 
Ward,  whose  crushing  logical  insistency 
perverted  Clough,  impelled  Newman, 
baffled  Tait,  and  deeply  influenced  Temple. 
Swept    into    the    ferment    of    theological 


uncertainty  which  was  ousting  scholarship 
and  science  in  the  University,  Temple 
told  his  anxieties  to  his  mother  ;  her  quiet 
response  that  he  should  avoid  all  discussion 
and  think  only  of  his  books  gave  him 
timely  help  :  he  turned  from  Church 
reforms,  the  via  media,  and  Tract  XC. 
to  the  stern  requirements  of  the  Schools  : 
"  his  work  could  not  be  done  if  before 
beginning  it  he  must  look  behind  every 
door  and  curtain."  Already  his  power 
of  work  was  enormous  :  to  his  books 
mathematical  and  classical  he  gives  eleven 
hours  a  day ;  learns  German  besides  ; 
translates  Italian  works  to  help  Jowett 
in  his  prize  essay  ;  finds  time  to  take  a 
pupil ;  devours  Carlyle,  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth ;  masters  in  six  months — we  read 
with  something  of  a  shudder — the  four 
folio  volumes  of  La  Place's  '  Mecanique 
Celeste.'  To  his  extraordinary  mathe- 
matical attainments  Archdeacon  Wilson, 
a  Senior  Wrangler  and  his  Rugby  colleague, 
bears  testimony,  recording  his  analytical 
dexterity,  swift  insight  into  the  essence 
of  a  problem,  and  extraordinary  power 
of  visualizing  space  relations  and  numbers. 
For  the  logic  of  the  Oxford  manuals  he 
had  a  great  contempt,  but  in  the  Schools 
was  said  to  know  more  about  the  subject 
than  his  examiner.  Matthew  Arnold, 
getting  leave  at  the  last  moment  to  take 
up  logic  for  his  Little-go  instead  of  Euclid, 
which  he  could  never  master,  went, 
entirely  ignorant,  to  ask  Temple's  help 
the  day  before  the  Schools.  They  sat 
together  from  9  a.m.  till  2  a.m.,  seventeen 
hours,  with  two  intervals  of  half  an  hour 
each  for  meals — Temple  talking  all  the 
time,  Arnold  lying  back  in  his  chair  to 
listen.  At  2  o'clock  Temple  sent  him 
away  to  get  some  sleep  ;  he  went  in  at 
10  o'clock,  and  answered  every  question. 
Grant  Duff  in  his  '  Diary  '  records  that 
Jebb  asked  Temple  if  the  tale  was  true, 
and  Temple  answered  that  it  was.  He 
stood  second  for  the  Ireland,  obtained 
his  double  first,  dons  and  undergraduates 
crowding  to  hear  his  viva  voce,  and  after 
a  few  years  as  Balliol  Tutor  entered  on 
nine  years  of  work  in  the  Education  Office. 
For  a  time  he  was  Principal  of  Kneller 
Hall,  a  Government  institution  for  train- 
ing teachers  to  serve  in  workhouse  schools, 
which  collapsed  through  no  fault  of  his  ; 
he  became  Inspector  of  Training  Colleges, 
gave  evidence  before  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Commission,  and  was  actively 
concerned  with  Acland  and  Canon 
Brereton  in  establishing  the  Oxford  Local 
Examinations,  until  in  1857  ho  became 
head  master  of  Rugby. 

Temple  found  Rugby  "  in  the  trough 
of  the  wave."  The  Arnold  traditions 
were  dying  out ;  discipline  had  become 
lax  ;  the  school  was  only  saved  by  the 
admirable  assistant  masters,  '  Tom " 
Evans,  Bradley,  and  Benson,  who  had 
learnt  to  sway  their  several  departments 
like  the  independent  vassals  of  a  feudal 
monarch.  Ho  came  an  Arnold  Redivivus, 
distrusted  at  first  by  the  boys,  who  feared 
from  his  reforming  energy  the  extinction 
of  their  cherished  ahsurdities  and  inherited 
"  rights,"  and  were  startled  by  the  con- 
trast between  Goulburn,  placid,  pompous, 


352 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


NM091,  March  24,  1906 


•ooked,  with  affected,  tinkling,  mono- 
syllabic  utterance,  and  his  successor's 
wide  shirt -front,  reaping  voice,  martial 
Ftrid.-.  and  elastic  spring  as  he  boonded 

up     the     library     stops.      But,     says     .Mr. 
H     Lee    Warner   in    his   admirable  sketch, 

*•  ire  soon  found  that  we  had  to  do  with 

n  strong  ami  humorous  man.  absolutely 
fair  and  simple  in  method,  a-  penetrating 
as  truth  itself  in  judgment  "  ;  and  when 
the  rumour  spread  that  the  new  head 
master  could  walk  eighteen  miles  in  three 
hours,  and  had  surreptitiously  climbed 
all  the  elm  tires  in  the  CSOBC,  "  hero 
worship  BOOD  set  in."  He  was  a  great 
instructor  if  you  chose  to  learn,  not  other- 
\vi»e  ;  his  forte  in  teaching  was  analysis. 
He  revealed  and  unified  the  subject-matter 
of  each  lesson,  taught  boys  to  teach  them- 
selves, broadened  their  intellectual  interest 
into  regions  of  patriotism,  of  sociology,  of 
politics  on  their  higher,  wider  side  ;  showed 
them  how  to  study  both  sides  of  every 
question,  to  attain  a  fair  conclusion,  and 
hold  steadfastly  to  the  conviction  thus 
evolved. 

An  entire  chapter  is  devoted  to  his  ser- 
mons :  to  him,  as  to  Arnold,  the  chapel 
pulpit  was  the  most  powerful  engine 
in  a  master's  hands  ;  and  to  one 
who  was  reconstructing  an  ancient  gram- 
mar school  forty  years  ago,  he  said,  "  If 
I  were  making  a  school,  I  would  create 
the  chapel  first  of  all."  His  sermons 
were  not  rhetorical  or  literary — not,  as 
we  read  them,  eloquent  ;  but  in  them 
were  condensed  the  whole  force  of  his 
nature,  the  whole  depth  of  his  usually 
reserved  religious  feeling  :  in  their  delivery 
the  rough  voice  softened,  tears  often  rolled 
down  the  cheeks.  And  the  boys  drank 
in  each  brief  discourse  as  a  message  by 
which  they  were  to  live  till  the  next 
Sunday  should  come  round  :  any  old 
Rugbeian,  asked  to-day  to  name  the  most 
characteristic  feature  of  his  life  under  the 
Temple  reign,  will  answer,  "  The  chapel 
sermons." 

Why  did  he  leave  Rugby  after  a  reign 
of  only  twelve  years  ?  Why  exchange 
the  freedom,  independence,  animating 
environment  of  a  great  head  master,  for 
the  chains  which,  however  gilded,  must 
shackle  an  Anglican  bishop  ?  That  it 
should  be  thought  necessary  to  defend, 
as  does  his  biographer,  a  proceeding  so 
usual  as  the  acceptance  of  a  bishopric  by 
a  schoolmaster,  shows  how  high  a  pinnacle 
he  occupied  in  the  estimation  of  his  time  ; 
there  is  no  doubt  that  by  Englishmen 
generally  the  step  was  regarded  as  some- 
thing of  a  descent  :  outside  his  new 
diocese  he  was  not  quite  the  man  he  had 
been  before.  But  apron  and  gaiters  did 
not  change  him,  and  the  power  which 
had  restored  Rugby  soon  renovated 
Exeter.  His  predecessor,  a  slashing  con- 
troversialist and  stern  disciplinarian,  had 
governed  by  system  and  by  fear  ;  the 
widely  felt  irritation  which  his  rule  inspired 
found  expression  in  a  famous  Edinburgh 
Review  article  from  the  pen  of  one  of  his 
leading  clergy.  For  machinery  Temple 
substituted  life  ;  into  sy-tein  he  infused 
the  spirit  of  service.  Confident  in  his 
own  magnetic  power,  he  made  it  his  first 


policy  to  know  and  to  l»e  known.    Con- 
firmation tours  were  arranged  to  cover  in 

succession  all  parts  of  the  unwieldy  dio. 
Not  only  the  populous  centres,  hut  also 
small  towns  and  villages,  thinly  inhabited 
moors  and  scattered  tors,  whose  primitive 
tenants  had  never  seen  a  bishop,  faced  the 
virile  personality,  recognized  the  West- 
(  ountry  burr,  heard  the  pleadings,  passion- 
ate and  often  tearful,  which  awoke 
BpirituaJ  consciousness  and  stirred  re- 
generating resolve.  Laymen  bowed  before 
a  leader  who  could  lead  ;  Dissenters  saw 
a  new  Wesley  in  their  midst  ;  farmers 
were  subjugated  by  the  strong  man  who 
had  himself  followed  the  plough  ;  clergy, 
who  at  first  looked  distrustfully  upon  a 
bishop  banned  by  a  clerical  Convocation, 
were  shamed,  then  won,  into  acceptance 
and  imitation.  "  Every  clergyman,"  said 
Dean  Cowie  after  some  years  had  passed, 
"  is  doing  twice  as  much  as  he  did  before, 
and  they  all  say  it  is  your  doing  "  ;  he  had 
not  set  himself  to  gain  them,  but  inevitably 
he  gained  them,  because  from  the  first  he 
came  to  serve. 

He  remained  at  Exeter  fifteen  years  : 
set  diocesan  life  flowing  from  the  heart 
to  the  furthest  capillaries  ;  restored  the 
cathedral  ;  created  the  bishopric  of  Corn- 
wall, and  saw  an  old  Rugby  colleague 
there  enthroned  ;  while  an  adored  and 
adoring  wife  converted  the  rebuilt  Exeter 
palace  from  a  hive  into  a  home.  He  moved 
to  London  in  1885,  wishing  that  the  pro- 
motion had  come  two  years  earlier — the 
universal  sorrow  at  his  departure  reviving 
in  us  as  we  read  a  doubt  frequently  ex- 
pressed, whether  the  translation  of  an 
approved  and  popular  prelate,  except  to 
one  of  the  Primacies,  is  not  in  all  cases  a 
mistake. 

The  bishop  whom  he  succeeded  in 
London  had  died  rejoicing  that  he  left 
his  diocese  "in  amity  and  peace."  It  is 
possible  to  purchase  peace  by  inactivity 
and  acquiescence  ;  a  man  so  angular  and 
terribly  in  earnest  as  Temple  was  likely 
to  bring  not  peace,  but  a  sword.  Straight- 
forward and  undiplomatic,  he  offended 
the  clergy  at  starting  by  his  peremptory 
mandate  to  the  rural  deans  ;  brusquely 
set  aside  Walsham  How's  plea  to  be 
independent  in  East  London  ;  strode  into 
the  heart  of  his  work,  treading  often  on 
the  toes  of  men  more  sensitive  than  were 
the  comparatively  Boeotian  clergy  whom 
he  had  left  behind  in  Devonshire.  Heroes 
built  like  him,  "  temples  without  polished 
corners,"  come  amongst  us  as  his  Master 
came,  fit  Kpia-iv,  to  test  capacity  of  dis- 
cernment, to  attract  nobleness,  repel 
superficiality  and  pettiness.  Men  priggish, 
or  self-complacent,  or  languid,  or  unreal, 
disliked  him  cordially  ;  the  House  of 
Lords,  his  biographer  tells  us,  never  to 
the  last  accepted  him  ;  men  high-minded, 
genuine,  spiritually  akin,  found  him  out 
and  were  drawn  to  him  at  oik c  Dr.  Core 
gloried  in  receiving  from  him  a  not  ill- 
merited  snub.  "We  have  a  mat}  here," 
said  Capri  Cure,  listening  to  his  somewhat 
stern  repulse  of  irrelevant  clerical  criticism  : 
"  If  he  sometimes  treated  us  like  school- 
boys," said  another,  "  we  deserved  it,  and 
were  all  the  better  for  being  back  in  school 


aj:ain."  Here,  as  at  Exeter  and  later  at 
Canterbury,  he  Htirred  the  diocese  from 
end  to  end  ;  impressed  alike  on  clergy  and 
on  laity  the  ancient  monkish  gosjH-1, 
"  Laborare  est  orare  "  ;  bequeathed  to 
all  with  whom  he  came  in  touch  a  memory 
of  spiritual  and  moral  grandeur,  not 
without  the  lesson,  for  those  who  care  to 
receive  it,  that  science,  massive  learn- 
ing, and  resolute  intellectual  independence 
may  not  only  OOQSist  with,  but  also  SUSteJBl 
rock-rooted  and  explicit  faith. 


THE  VICTORIA  COUNTY  HISTORIES. 

Sussex.   Vol.  I. — Durham.   Vol.  I.    Edited 
by  W.  Page,  F.S.A.    (Constable  &  Co.) 

As  the  volumes  of  this  great  scheme  con- 
tinue to  multiply,  two  of  very  recent 
Csue — the  first  for  the  respective  counties 
of  Sussex  and  Durham — may  be  taken 
together,  though  these  two  districts  of 
the  south  and  north  of  England  have'not 
much  in  common,  except  a  considerable 
stretch  of  seaboard.  ■«, 

Those  who  are  interested  in  botany 
will  find  rather  remarkable  contrasts  in 
the  flora  of  the  two  counties,  as  might 
naturally  be  expected.  Mr.  M.  C.  Potter 
writes  on  Durham,  and  the  Rev.  F.  H. 
Arnold  on  Sussex.  Both  essays  are 
excellent  of  their  kind,  and  each  writer 
follows  the  plan  of  dividing  the  county 
into  botanical  districts  (clearly  shown  on 
special  maps)  formed  by  the  different 
river-basins.  Durham  has  three  such 
basin  districts,  those  of  the  Derwent,  the 
Wear,  and  the  Tees.  Sussex  has  no 
fewer  than  seven  of  these  river  basins, 
namely,  the  West  Rother,  the  Arun,  the 
Adur,  the  Ouse,  the  Cuckmere,  the  East 
Rother,  and  the  Medway. 

From  an  ornithologist's  point  of  view 
the  county  of  Durham  is  hopelessly  handi- 
capped by  the  collieries  and  thickly 
populated  manufacturing  districts  which 
cover  two-thirds  of  its  extent.  Little 
attraction,  and  certainly  little  protection, 
is  left  on  the  coast  for  passing  sea-fowl, 
though  Canon  Tristram  quotes  a  tanta- 
lizing extract  from  a  1670  MS.  descriptive 
of  the  Tees  estuary  of  those  days.  We 
read  that 

"the  sbore  lyes  flatt,  where  a  ehelf  of  sand, 
raised  above  the  highe  water  marke,  enter- 
taines  an  infinite  number  of  sea-fowle,  which 
lay  theyr  EgK('s  heerr  and  there,  srattrringlie 
in  such  sorte,  that  in  Tyme  of  Breedings, 
one  can  hardly  sett  his  foote  bo  warylva 
that  lie  Bpoyle  not  many  of  theyr  nests." 

In  the  meadow  land  and  moorland  of 
West  Durham  the  conditions  are  far  more 
favourable,  and  bird  life  for  the  most 
part  is  still  very  much  what  it  must  have 
been  in  past  centuries,  except  that  in  the 
case  of  all  raptorial  birds  the  glory  is 
departed.  Blackgame  are  said  to  be 
very  much  diminished  in  recent  years, 
owing  to  the  indiscriminate  shooting  of 
the  hen  birds  by  unsporting  game  tenants. 
'anon  Tristram  adds  further  testimony  to 
the  usefulness  of  the  beautiful  and  much- 
persecuted  kestrel.  He  once  encountered 
a  keeper  who,  having  just  shot  a  kestrel, 


N*4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


353 


asserted  that  its  crop  was  full  of  young 
partridges  ;  on  being  opened,  however, 
it  was  found  to  contain  127  wire- worms  ! 
The  astonishing  decrease  of  swallows  and 
house-martins  is  lamentable  reading,  and 
Canon  Tristram  is  justly  indignant  at 
the  way  in  which  that  delightful 
bird  the  swift  has  been  ruthlessly 
driven  from  its  ancient  breeding-holes 
in  the  towers  of  Durham  Cathedral. 
The  comparative  sanctuary  afforded  by 
the  "  Banks  "  of  the  city  renders  possible 
the  appearance  there  of  such  species  as 
the  tawny  owl,  pied  flycatcher,  tree 
sparrow,  redstart,  white  wagtail,  and 
stockdove.  The  last-named  nest  in  drains, 
which  they  enter  by  narrow  gurgoyles  ; 
in  one  case  the  eggs  were  laid  immediately 
under  a  grating  in  a  walk  of  the  monks' 
garden,  and  washed  out  by  a  thunder 
shower.  The  black  redstart,  which  occurs 
in  the  South  as  a  scarce  but  regular  winter 
visitor,  has  been  observed  only  in  the 
summer  in  this  county ;  and  a  locally  taken 
nest  of  this  species,  with  both  parents, 
is  in  the  Durham  Museum.  The  hawfinch 
and  the  crossbill  are  now  nesting  in  con- 
siderable numbers  in  certain  localities. 
The  starling  is  said  to  have  increased 
enormously  of  late  years.  Of  the 
woodpeckers,  the  lesser  spotted  wood- 
pecker is  unknown,  and  the  other  two 
species  are  only  occasionally  met ;  the 
wryneck  and  the  nuthatch  are  of  the 
rarest  occurrence. 

An  interesting  reference  is  made  to  the 
extinct  great  auk,  remains  of  which  were 
discovered  in  1878,  along  with  human 
bones  and  those  of  many  other  animals, 
in  a  cave  in  the  face  of  the  Whitburn 
Lizards. 

To  a  student  of  bird  migration  the 
bare  facts  regarding  the  movements  of  the 
redwing,  as  given  by  Canon  Tristram,  are 
somewhat  puzzling.  "  In  mild  seasons," 
we  are  told,  "  it  generally  disappears  till 
the  beginning  of  spring,  while  in  severe 
winters  many  remain  only  to  succumb  to 
a  long  frost."  We  hardly  understand 
what  deduction  we  are  to  make  from  such 
an  observation.  Fieldfares,  on  the  other 
hand,  would  seem  to  be  more  orthodox  in 
their  appearances.  The  scarcity  of  local 
names  is  to  be  regretted. 

The  story  of  the  Sussex  birds  is  told  by 
Mr.  J.  G.  Millais.  The  county  can  boast 
of  a  long  list,  which  owes  much  of  its 
length  to  the  unique  position  of  its  coast 
line  as  the  first  landing-place  of  the  summer 
immigrants.  But  there  is  much  to  deplore ; 
for  at  no  great  distance  in  the  past  the 
avocet,  the  bearded  tit,  the  ruff,  the 
bittern,  the  chough,  and  the  great  bustard 
all  bred  within  the  bounds  of  Sussex. 
Blackgame,  too,  cannot  be  said  to  be 
resident  since  1860 ;  recent  attempts 
to  reintroduce  them  by  importation  have 
proved  failures  here,  as  elsewhere.  The 
list  of  302  species  is  swollen  by  the  inclu- 
sion of  many  rare  stragglers,  particularly 
among  the  pipits,  the  buntings,  and  the 
warblers. 

From  internal  evidence  it  is  clear  that 
Mr.  Millais's  account  was  completed  some 
little  time  ago  ;  for  during  the  last  three 
years    there    have     been     many    events 


of  note  among  the  avifauna  of  Sussex, 
none  of  which  is  recorded  in  this  article. 
For  instance,  within  this  period  the 
peregrine  falcon  has  made  a  welcome 
appearance  as  a  breeding  species  in  the 
cliffs  to  the  east  of  Hastings,  where  special 
protection  has  been  accorded  to  it.  This 
is,  indeed,  most  necessary,  for  the  locality 
boasts  an  unusually  large  number  of 
"  scientific "  destroyers  of  bird  life  ; 
witness  the  scores  of  marsh  tits  that  have 
been  slaughtered,  with  the  object  of 
accumulating  instances  of  the  so-called 
willow  tit  !  We  note  that  Mr.  Millais 
refuses  to  recognize  the  "  willow  tit " 
as  a  new  species,  although  his  remarks 
by  no  means  exhaust  the  arguments  on 
this  debated  question.  The  glossy  ibis 
is  said  here  to  have  occurred  only  three 
times  in  Sussex  ;  but  recently  (in  the 
autumn  of  1903,  to  the  best  of  our  recol- 
lection) there  was  a  remarkable  irruption 
of  this  species  along  the  coast  of  Sussex 
and  other  counties,  and  many  specimens 
were  shot.  It  is  also  a  pity  that  there  is 
no  mention  in  this  article,  which  ought 
to  have  been  up  to  date,  of  two  very  fine 
specimens  of  the  kite  which  were  killed 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Battle,  within  a 
few  weeks  of  each  other — a  most  shameful 
act,  which  we  believe  has  not  hitherto 
been  recorded  in  print.  Among  a  few 
other  errors  it  may  be  noted  that  the 
Kentish  plover  does  not  breed,  even 
occasionally,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Rye  Harbour  and  Winchelsea.  The  local 
bird-names  are  not  so  numerous  as  they 
should  have  been  :  but  there  are  a  few 
good  ones,  such  as  "  spider-diver "  for 
the  dabchick,  "  olive "  for  the  oyster- 
catcher,  and  "  galley  bird  "  for  the  green 
woodpecker.  An  important  omission  is 
"  grey-bird  "  for  the  song-thrush  ;  whilst 
the  moorhen  of  Sussex  is  always  locally 
known  as  the  "  dabchick." 

The  lists  of  fish,  and  the  very  brief 
accompanying  particulars,  are  of  distinct 
interest  in  each  case.  It  is  well  known 
that  salmon  are  found  in  fair  quantities  in 
the  Tyne  and  the  Tees,  and  more  rarely 
in  the  Wear  ;  but  it  will  be  news  to  many 
that  salmon  are  occasionally  sent  to 
Brighton  fishmongers  from  the  lower  part 
of  the  Sussex  Ouse.  Lamprey,  both  sea 
and  river,  are  among  the  fish  now  and 
again  caught  in  or  off  the  northern  county, 
and  so,  too,  are  great  sturgeon  ;  but  both 
these  species  were  far  more  abundant 
in  mediaeval  days,  when  they  frequently 
made  their  appearance  on  the  tables  of 
the  monks  and  their  guests  at  the  great 
Benedictine  priory  of  Durham. 

That  veteran  antiquary  Canon  Greenwell 
is  responsible  for  the  brief  monograph  on 
'  Early  Man  '  for  the  county  of  Durham, 
and  Mr.  George  Clinch  for  the  like  article 
of  the  southern  county.  Mr.  Clinch  also 
writes  on  the  '  Ancient  Earthworks '  of 
Sussex,  whilst  Mr.  Chalkley  Gould  does 
the  same  for  Durham.  These  records  of 
earthworks,  with  their  full  accompaniment 
of  plans,  are  among  the  best  features  of 
this  "  Victoria  County  History." 

The  especial  feature  of  the  Sussex 
volume,  in  the  historic  sense,  is  the  intro- 
duction to  the  local  part  of  the  Domesday 


Survey  by  Mr.  Round,  with  the  assistance 
of  Mr.  Salzmann,  who  has  also  supplied  a 
new  and  careful  translation  of  the  text. 
The  five  rapes  of  Sussex,  each  held  by  a 
single  tenant-in-chief,  are  exceptional 
divisions,  which  bear  witness  to  the  fact 
that  this  county  was,  in  its  origin,  a  com- 
plete and  self-contained  kingdom  ;  no 
parallel  can  be  found  for  either  the  term 
"  rape,"  or  for  its  local  government,  else- 
where in  England  or  in  Normandy. 
Another  remarkable  feature  of  the  Sussex 
survey  is  the  existence  of  pre-Conquesfe 
manors,  a  subject  which  is  adequately 
discussed.  The  arable  land  of  this  little 
kingdom  is  reckoned  in  the  survey  by 
plough-teams,  each  team  consisting  of 
eight  oxen.  It  will  be  news  to  many  who 
know  rural  England  fairly  well  to  learn 
that  "  on  the  Sussex  Downs  the  plough- 
team  of  magnificent  black  oxen  is  still  a 
common  and  most  picturesque  sight." 

It  is  astonishing  to  find  the  particular 
and  interesting  information  that  can  be 
gleaned  from  the  apparently  dry  entries 
of  Domesday,  when  they  are  analyzed  and 
sifted  by  expert  scholars.  The  keeping  of 
swine  in  the  woods  ;  the  collecting  of 
honey  from  the  swarms  of  wild  bees  ;  the 
value  of  the  numerous  water-mills,  of 
which  Earl  Roger  held  seventy-three ; 
the  rents  in  kind  from  fisheries,  particu- 
larly in  eels  ;  the  toll  of  38,500  herrings 
to  the  Abbey  of  Hide  ;  a  composition  for 
porpoises  (marsuins,  or  sea-pigs)  ;  the 
income  from  numerous  saltpans  ;  the 
iron  mine  in  the  hundred  of  East  Grin- 
stead  ;  and  the  quarry  for  millstones  at 
Bignor,  are  among  the  multitudinous  facts 
here  put  on  record,  which  help  to  portray 
vividly  the  social  life  of  South-East  Eng- 
land under  the'early  sway  of  the  Normans. 
Another  valuable  section  of  this  Domesday 
introduction  is  the  account  of  the  groups 
of  settlers  from  Normandy  that  were 
established  in  Sussex,  the  magnates  bestow- 
ing lands  upon  their  own  knights.  In 
short,  this  section,  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
Round  and  Mr.  Salzmann,  is  of  sufficient 
moment  to  demand — if  space  permitted 
— an  independent  appreciative  criticism 
to  itself. 

Durham  has  no  place  in  the  Domesday 
Survey,  but  the  record  known  as  '  Boldon 
Book  '  affords  the  elements  of  a  picture 
of  the  social  and  economic  conditions  of 
the  bishopric  of  Durham  at  the  end  of  the 
twelfth  century.  This  notable  report  as 
to  the  conditions  of  a  great  estate  has  been 
newly  translated  by  Dr.  G.  T.  Lapsley, 
who  also  supplies  an  excellent  introduction. 

Another  fine  feature  of  the  initial 
volume  of  the  Durham  history  is  the 
thorough  account  of  'The  Contents  of 
St.  Cuthbert's  Shrine,'  which  is  superbly 
illustrated. 


A  New  English  Dictionary.  Edited  by 
J.  A.  H.  Murray,  H.  Bradley,  and  W. 
Craigie. — Pennage — Pfennig.  (Vol.  VII.) 
By  J.  A.  H.  Murray.— Reign — Reserve. 
(Vol.  VIII.)  By  W.  A.  Craigie. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
A  CHANOB  in  editorial  arrangements, 
effected   by   a   handsome   donation   from 


3o4 


T  II  E     ATHENAEUM 


NMOOl,  March  24,  1906 


the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  will  result  in 
the  letters  M  and  N  being  completed  about 
the   same    time,    and    accordingly   in    an 
earlier  removal  of  the  lacuna  before  P  by 
the  completion  of  vol.  vi.,  L— N,  probably 
about    the   time   that    vol.    vii.,    0,    P,   is 
finished.     It   is   to   be   hoped   that   when 
seren-tenths  of  the  great  work  without 
a   break   shall   be   available   for   use,   and 
far  less  than  three-tenths,  even  now  "  in 
active    preparation,"     remaining    to     be 
issued,    the    number    of    subscribers   will 
be    very  considerably  augmented.       The 
double  section  before  us,  completing  the 
first  half  of  vol.  vii.,  contains  more  than 
three  thousand  words  and  combinations, 
of  which  many  are  important ;  while  those 
articles    in    which    the    "  derivation    and 
history  are  more  accurately  treated  than 
heretofore  "  are  too  numerous  to  specify. 
Among  the  common  words  of  interest  are 
"  penny  "    with    its    compounds,    "  pen- 
sion," M  people,"  "  person,"  "  petticoat," 
"  petty  "  with  its  compounds,  and  "  pew- 
ter."    Heywood,  1546,  is  quoted  for  "  a 
pennj7  for  your  thought  "  ;    Ravenscroft, 
1695,   for   "  A   penny   sav'd  is   a  penny 
got "  and  M  In  for  a  penny,  in  for  a  pound  "  ; 
■  Mr.  Lowndes,  the  famous  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury. .  .  .used  to  say  [before  1724] 
'  take  care  of  the  pence,  and  the  pounds 
will   take   care   of   themselves.'  "     Under 
*  Pennywort '  Hydrocotyle  vulgaris  is  called 
"  marsh    pennywort,"  but   Macgillivray's 
"  marsh   pennv,   white-rot "    (fourth   ed., 
Withering's   'British  Plants,'   1837),   and 
references     to     "  penny-leaf,"     "  penny- 
grass,"    and    "  penny-rot,"    are   omitted ; 
while  under  '  Penny-grass  '  there  should 
be    a    reference    to    the    quotation    from 
Gerarde  printed  under  '  Penny-rot.'     Top- 
sell,    1607,   is   the   earliest   authority   for 
"  penny-wise  and  pound-foolish."     Under 
'  Pennyroyal '   the  short  o  of  the  Latin 
diminutive  type  "  pulegiolum  "  is  marked 
as    long.     Instances    of    "  pent-up "    air 
(1713)  and  emotion  (1879)  are  given,  so 
that  Dickens's  report  of  the  elder  of  the 
York  sisters,    "  Her  pent-up  tears  made 
wav"   (1838),  and  H.  Reed's  of  Milton 
('  British  Poets,'  lect.  vi.,   1841),   "  Now 
and  then  the  pent-up  fire  of  his  imagina- 
tion burst  out  in  a  strain  of  prose  which 
is    poetry    in    all    but    poetry's    metrical 
music,"  would  have  been  welcome.     For 
"  penteconter,"    a   ship    with    fifty    oars, 
the  earliest  authority  given  is  Thirlwjfll, 
'  Greece '  (1838) ;  though  Mitford,  '  Greece ' 
(1790,   vol.   ii.  ch.   viii.   sect.   4),   tells  us 
that   the   Greek   fleet   "consisted   of.... 
trireme    galleys,    with    a    few    of    those 
smaller  vessels  called  penteconters,"  thus 
correcting    the    definition     "  a    ship    of 
burden  with  fifty  oars."     Arthur  Gride's 
face,  which  "  expressed  the  most  covetous 
and  griping  penury,"  i.e.  miserliness,  would 
be  more  interesting  to  the  general  reader 
than  a  citation  of  Prof.  Ellis's  '  Catullus.' 
To  the  last  two  instances  of  "  perfection," 
with  a    and  pi.,   dated   1667   and   1784, 
might     well     have     been     added,     1838, 
Dickens,    "  the    manifold    perfections    of 
Miss  Nickleby."     1741,  Hume,  '  Essays,' 
vol.    ii.    sec.    xi.,    "  What   we   imagine   a 
superior  perfection,  may  really  be  a  defect. 
Or  were  it  ever  so  much  a  perfection,  the 


ascribing  it,"  &c,  illustrates  the  section 
including  "  comparative  excellence."  The 
phrase  "  in  perfection  "  seems  to  have  as 
much  claim  to  treatment  as  '"to  perfec- 
tion." An  eighteenth-century  case  of 
"  perfectly  "=to  the  fullest  extent,  is 
afforded  by  Patrick's  'Terence'  (1767), 
'  Eun.,'  IV.  vi.  30,  "  Do  you  understand 
me  ?  C.  Yes,  perfectly "  ;  while  ib., 
1  And.,'  I.  ii.  27,  illustrates  the  phrase — 
only  quoted  from  Defoe  (1719) — "  per- 
fectly well,"  as  does  '  The  Fudge  Familv 
in  Paris'  (1818),  p.  131, 

How  perfectly  well  lie  appear'd,  Doll,  to  know 
All  the   life   and   adventures   of    Jean    Jacques 
Rousseau  ! 

There  is  no  notice  of  "  perfectly  "  =  with 
perfect  propriety,  as  in  Mr.  Henry  James's 
book  'The  Awkward  Age,'  Bk.  VII. 
chap.  xxiv.  p.  258  (1899),  "  Well,  in  that 
case  I  would  perfectly  stay  here  without 
him."  Between  two  "  perfect  strangers  " 
(dated  1699  and  1878)  Macaulay's  "  On 
what  Boswell  quoted  he  would  have  com- 
mented with  perfect  freedom  "  ('  Essays,' 
1  Bosw.')  would  have  come  in  well.  The 
loose  use  of  "  pericranium "  for  the 
entire  head  is  ignored,  though  it  occurs 
in  '  The  Fudge  Family,'  p.  98, 

Thus  chopping,  swopping  head  for  head 

With  various  pericraniums  saddled, 
At  last  I  tried  your  lordship's  on. 

We  find  a  nineteenth-century  instance  of 
"period,"  7,  a  point  or  stage  of  advance, 
in  Reed's  fifth  lecture,  "  The  same  year 
in  which  it  is  supposed  Shakspeare  left 
his  native  place  for  London  was  a  period 
in    the    national    history    of    England." 
Under  '  Peripeteia  '  '  The  Frenzy  of  John 
Dennis '    (1713)    is    quoted.     This    poor 
satire        contains        a        passage       "  0 
Destruction  !       0      Perdition  !       Opera  ! 
Opera  !  "  which  might  have  filled  a  great 
gap   in   the   quotations   for   "  perdition " 
"  in    imprecations "     and    also    a    good 
quotation    for    "  peruke."     The    illustra- 
tions of  "  perish,"  "  Of  things  material," 
skip  from  1533  to  1857,  though  Wyclif's 
spelling   of   "  the   meat   that   perisheth," 
Bible,   Authorized  Version,   is  quoted  in 
the  paragraph.     An  unprofessional  use  of 
"  perennial,"  sb.,  may  be  supplied  from 
H.   K.   F.    Eden's    'J.   H.    Ewing,'   who 
wrote,  "  I  do  think  the  exchange  of  her- 
baceous perennials  one  of  the  joj's  of  life." 
Macaulay's  essay  on  Addison  (1843)  would 
have  finished  the  illustrations  of  the  form 
"  periwig  "  more  effectively  than  the  last 
quotation   given  :     "  the   Steenkirks   and 
flowing  periwigs  which  surrounded  Queen 
Anne's    tea-table   at   Hampton."     Under 
'  Perjurator  '    the    form    "  Perjurors  "    is 
quoted   (1689),   though  it  is  not  noticed 
separately  or  under  '  Perjurer,'  where  the 
form  "  periurour  "  (1553)  is  quoted  from 
Bale.     The  quotations  for  "  perjured  "  (of 
persons)  do  not  deal  with  the  perjuries    at 
which  Jove  laughs,  such  as  those  of  "  per- 
jured Doris  "  of  Pope's  '  Pastoral/     The 
latest     quotation    for    "  perjured  '^per- 
jurious, is  dated  1814  ;    Reed  (1841)  gives 
"  perjured  hypocrisy."     Only  the  medical 
sense  of  "  pernicious  "  is  illustrated  after 
1752,  though  under  '  Pervert '  (vb.)  J.  S. 
Mill  is   quoted  for   "  opinions  which   we 
regard  as  false  and  pernicious  "  ;    while 


Cowper,  'Task,1  Bk.  IV.,  speaks  of  the 
thief's  "  pernicious  force."  The  expletive 
use  of  this  adjective  by  Dickens,  '  N. 
Nickleby,'  chap,  xxiv.,  "  Pernicious  snug," 
is  ignored,  so  we  are  still  in  doubt  whether 
a  play  is  quoted  or  whether  the  use  of 
"  pestilent  "  suggested  the  phrase.  The 
figure  "  his  perplexed  expression  of  coun- 
tenance "  is  neither  explained  nor  illus- 
trated. In  1807  Byron  wrote  of  his 
mother,"  my  maternal  persecutor"  (Moore's 
'  Byron,'  vol.  i.  p.  174).  Political  and  general 
secular  "  persecution "  is  so  meagrely 
illustrated  that  the  translation  of '  Cicero's 
Orations  '  (1741),  vol.  i.  p.  4,  "  after  long 
persecution  by  the  most  abandoned  Citi- 
zens" is  not  to  be  despised.  Grove  (1866) 
is  quoted  for  "  perseverance  '^persist- 
ence ;   but  Cowper  had  written 

T"  ensure  the  perseverance  of  his  course, 

Send  him  to  college. 

To  "  petition  "  gods  is  illustrated  from 
Shakspeare  only ;  but  see  Mitford, '  Greece,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  34  (1790),  "  In  addressing  the 
Deity  it  is  forbidden  to  petition  for  bles 
sings  to  themselves  individually ;  the 
prayer  must  extend  to  the  whole  Persian 
nation."  Nearly  a  century  before  Short- 
house,  1889,  wrote  "  petit-maitre  priest," 
Cowper,  '  Task,'  Bk.  II.  Argument,  had 
written  "  Petit  -  maitre  parson."  This 
poem  might  have  supphed  an  eighteenth- 
century  instance  of  "  pestilence  "  used 
figuratively,  "  Error that  creeping  pes- 
tilence "  (Bk.  VI.). 

Lexicographers  cannot  be  expected  to 
solve  problems  which  would  puzzle  com- 
mentators, and  we  can  imagine  that  Dr. 
Murray  deliberately  and  wisely  rejected 
Cowper's  "  squirrel  flippant,  pert,  and  full 
of  fun,"  because  doctors  might  differ  as  to 
whether  he  meant  self-assertive  or  lively. 
Virtually  "  pert  "  is  two  distinct  words: 
one  from  Latin  apertus,  meaning  "  open  " 
and  later  "  of  open  countenance,"  "  beauti- 
ful," "  smart"  ;  the  other  from  expcrius, 
meaning  "  expert  "  (the  earliest  use,  thir- 
teenth century),  "clever"  (fourteenth 
century).  These  words  are  confused  in 
English  "  apert,"  but  as  the  shortened 
form  "  pert  "=expert,  seems  earlier  than 
"  apert  "  (which  is  held  to  be  affected  by 
French  aspert,  espert),  this  M  pert  "  may 
be  shortened  directly  from  aspert,  espert 
(compare  "  cheat  "  from  "  escheat  "). 
The  sense  "  self-assertive "  may  come 
from  "  open,"  "  laying  oneself  open," 
"thrusting  oneself  on  view";  but  it 
may  have  come  from  the  affectation  and 
self-assertion  of  some  experts  in  arms, 
poetiy,  and  other  popular  accomplish- 
ments, in  which  case  Dr.  Murray's  arrange- 
ment is  correct.  His  whole  article  is  a 
signal  advance  on  all  previous  discussions 
of  this  interesting  word. 

The  dangers  of  obvious  or  popular  ety- 
mology are  well  exemplified  by  the  dis- 
turbance of  the  prima  facie  derivation  of 
"  pettytoe,"  which  is  justified  in  the 
following  note  : — 

"  Petitoe-toes,  was  in  17th  c.  taken  by 
some  (e.g.  Skinner,  1671)  as  =  F.  petite  oie 
(lit.  'little  goose')  the  giblets  of  a  goose, 
which  is  thus  given  in  Cotgrave  :  '  La  petite, 
oye,  the  giblets  of  a  Goose  ;  also,  the  bellie, 
and    inwards    or   intralls,    of    other   edible 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


355 


creatures.'  The  extended  sense  in  the 
second  part  of  this  definition  is  not  mentioned 
by  Littre  (who  has  a  number  of  transferred 
senses  of  a  different  kind),  and  it  may  really 
have  been  an  English  extension,  and  may 
show  the  actual  way  in  which  a  word  mean- 
ing the  giblets  of  a  goose  was  extended  to 
the  analogous  parts  cut  off  in  dressing  a  pig 
or  other  animal.  Among  these  were  the 
feet,  to  which  the  pi.  petitoes  would  seem 
naturally  to  point,  and  to  which  it  may 
soon  have  been  appropriated  (cf.  the  quot. 
from  Florio  1598).  But  if  this  is  the  history, 
it  must  have  taken  place  within  the  space  of 
a  generation,  since  the  first  example  of  '  a 
pyges  pettytoe  '  is  1555,  and  pettytoes  was 
evidently  applied  to  toes  or  feet  by  1589. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  Cotgr.  has  also  '  Petitose 
[Fr.],  the  garbage  of  fowle  (an  old  word) '  ; 
but  this  is  not  given  by  Godefroy,  and  may 
be  some  error.  It  may  be  worth  inquiring 
whether  petitoe  was  not  orig.  a  simple 
adoption  of  O.  It.  petitto  little,  petty,  small 
(Florio),  quasi  '  petties,'  petty  items." 

Mr.  Craigie  is  probably  glad  of  his 
respite  from  words  formed  with  the  prefix 
"  re-",  which,  with  a  few  exceptions,  form 
the  contents  of  the  double  section  he  has 
edited.  There  are  a  few  obsolete  words, 
such  as  "  reise,"  journey,  inroad  ;  "  reke," 
to  hasten,  go  quickly ;  "  reme,"  Lat. 
remus,  oar ;  "  reme,"  to  cry,  shout ; 
"  renge,"  rank,  row  ;  "  renish,"  uncouth, 
fierce  ;  "  reose,"  fall  (Middle  English)  ; 
and  "  rese,"  rush,  hurry,  impulse  (Saxon 
cousin  of  Scandinavian  rtis,  whence  Eng. 
"  race  ").  We  find  also  a  few  Romance 
words,  such  as  "  renable,"  reasonable  ; 
"  republic,"  "  rennet,"  reinette,  a  variety 
of  apple  (from  Fr.  reine,  queen)  ;  and 
about  two  dozen  alien  words ;  but  all 
together  effect  little  variety  in  the  multi- 
tude of  over  2,800  words. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  important 
words,  and  many  which  are  interesting  in 
their  sense-development  ;  e.g.,  "  rein- 
force," "  reject  "  (vb.),  "  relate  "  (vb.), 
"  relation,"  "  relief  "  (three  nouns),  "  reli- 
gion," "  rely,"  "  render  "  (vb.),  "  repair  " 
(two  verbs),  "  repent,"  "  represent,"  "  re- 
quire," and  "  resent." 

The  impersonal  construction  of  "  re- 
joice "  is  not  noticed,  though,  apparently 
imitating  the  Scriptural  "  it  repenteth 
me,"  Byron  wrote  (Aug.  3rd,  1814),  "  It 
rejoiceth  me  that  you  like  '  Lara.'  " 
Separate  illustrations  of  reflexive  construc- 
tion are  generally  supplied  for  each 
distinct  sense,  but  there  is  none  for 
"  relieve,"  I.  1  a.,  while  there  is  a  gap 
from  1719  to  1813,  though  Goldsmith, 
'  Good-natured  Man  '  (1768),  Act  I.  sc.  1, 
gives  "  The  question  now  is  how  to  relieve 
yourself."  The  common  modern  phrase 
"  repent  it,"  the  pronoun  referring  to  a 
preceding  clause,  is  not  noticed  under 
"  4  trans.,"  though  the  last  quotation 
for  the  sense  "  to  regret  something  not 
inherently  wrong "  is  1821.  Under  3  b 
of  the  same  article  Macaulay's  remark  on 
James's  declaration  of  1692  might  well 
have  been  inserted  :  "  Not  a  word  was  to 
be  found  indicating ....  that  he  had 
repented  of  a  single  error."  The  last 
quotation  for  "  remainder,"  2  a,"  Those 
still  left  out  of  a  number  of  persons  ;  the 
remaining  ones  ;  the  rest,"  is  dated  1737  ; 
but    Moore,     '  Byron,'   hi.   p.  76  (1832), 


wrote,  "  Nor  did  we  join  the  remainder 
of  our  friends  till  supper."  After  1784 
Jowett's  quotation  "  render  evil  for  evil  " 
is  the  only  instance  of  this  sense  of 
"  render,"  though  it  must  have  appeared 
frequently  in  the  last  hundred  and 
twenty  years.  The  construction  "  to 
rent. . .  .of,"  though  ignored,  is  found  in 
Byron's  letter  of  March  28th,  1814 : 
"  This  night  got  into  my  new  apartments, 
rented  of  Lord  Althorpe,  on  a  lease  of 
seven  vears."  There  is  a  gap  from  Pope, 
1714,  to  Longfellow,  1858,  under  '  Reject,' 
6  b,  "  Of  a  woman  to  refuse  (a  man)  as 
lover  or  husband." 

Improvements  in  quotations  are  easy  to 
suggest  with  the  excellent  analysis  and 
arrangement  of  the  '  Dictionary  '  to  refer 
to  ;  but  without  such  guidance  the  col- 
lector of  words  has  to  choose  between 
gathering  a  multitude  of  excerpts  of 
which  most  are  worthless,  and  conjec- 
tural selection,  which  would  probably 
reject  most  of  the  useful  material.  In  the 
comparatively  small  number  of  cases 
where  the  '  Dictionary  '  does  not  supply 
all  that  is  wanted,  it  enables  us  to  see 
exactly  what  is  wanted,  and  so  goes 
more  than  half  way  towards  the  supply 
of  deficiencies. 

A  cursory  comparison  with  other  English 
dictionaries,  including  the '  Century,'  serves 
to  show  that  in  a  large  percentage  of  the 
articles  before  us  a  great  advance  has 
been  achieved,  either  by  more  scientific 
division  and  arrangement,  or  by  the  fuller 
and  more  accurate  presentation  of  the 
history  of  words. 

More  than  one-third  of  the  1,682  main 
words  are  marked  as  obsolete,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  others  are  not  likely 
to  be  used  any  more,  e.g.,  the  consecutive 
trio  "  rejumble,"  "  rejunction,"  "  reju- 
venant."  The  last  specimen,  though  not 
marked  rare,  is  only  quoted  from  a  daily 
newspaper  of  1889,  and  may  have  died 
in  infancy,  for  the  great  '  Dictionary  '  is 
a  mortuary  as  well  as  an  asylum. 

A  portion  of  the  letter  M  from  '  Matter  ' 
is  announced  for  April  1st. 


Newspaper  Press  Directory,  1906.  (Mitchell 
&Co.) 

Last  year  this  valuable  Directory  cele- 
brated its  Diamond  Jubilee,  and  each  year 
it  seems  to  grow  in  vitality,  for  it  keeps 
well  in  touch  with  the  rapid  growth  of  the 
press. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  the  past  season 
is  that  the  cessations  and  amalgamations 
in  the  daily  press  were  exclusively  among 
evening  papers.  The  Echo,  the  first  half- 
penny newspaper  published  in  London,  and 
founded  by  Messrs.  Cassell,  Petter  &  Galpin 
on  December  8th,  1868,  was  discontinued; 
and  The  St.  James's  Gazette  was  incorporated 
with  The  Evening  Standard,  after  its 
purchase,  together  with  The  Standard, 
by  Mr.  C.  Arthur  Pearson.  Last  year  also 
was  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  free- 
dom of  the  press  from  all  taxation,  and  a 
number  of  jubilees  were  celebrated,  notably 
those  of  The  Daily  Telegraph  and  The 
Saturday  Review. 


Volumes  might  be  written  on  the 
history  of  newspapers.  That  veteran  The 
Stamford  Mercury,  founded  in  1695,  still 
goes  on  vigorously.  Our  John  Francis 
used  to  delight  in  preparing  statistics 
showing  the  progress  made.  In  1824  the 
number  of  papers  for  the  United  Kingdom 
was  266 ;  the  entire  issue  of  these  for 
the  year  he  estimated  at  thirty  millions. 
In  1860  the  newspapers  published  in 
London  alone  were  177  ;  his  estimate  of 
the  aggregate  weekly  issue  was  2,284,600; 
and  the  entire  circulation  for  the  United 
Kingdom  during  the  year  he  placed  at 
221,444,000.  In  1874  he  estimated  that 
the  issue  for  the  year  had  increased 
to  650,000,000  the  number  of  papers 
being  at  that  time  1,585.  The 
Directory  informs  us  that  there  are  now 
in  the  United  Kingdom  2,440  newspapers  ; 
of  these,  there  are  published  in  London 
396  weekly  and  34  daily,  and  it  is  in  the 
last  that  the  most  remarkable  develop- 
ments have  occurred. 

It  was  on  the  20th  of  March,  1855, 
that  the  first  daily  penny  paper,  The 
Glasgow  Daily  News,  was  started  by 
James  Henderson.  This  he  did  at  the 
risk  of  being  prosecuted  under  the  Com- 
pulsory Stamp  Act.  Now  there  are  175 
dailies  published  in  Great  Britain  without 
any  restriction  whatever.  The  enormous 
strides  made  by  the  daily  press  in  London 
are  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  sales  each 
day  cannot  be  under  three  millions. 
Among  the  evening  papers,  The  Star  has 
been  certified  by  chartered  accountants 
to  have  an  average  circulation  of  327,000. 
Of  course,  on  the  opening  of  Parliament  or 
any  special  occasion  this  number  would 
be  far  exceeded.  The  progress  during  the 
past  twenty  years  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  the  sale  of  130,000  copies  of  The 
Globe  on  the  24th  of  January,  1885,  the 
day  of  the  dynamite  explosions  at  the 
House  of  Commons  and  the  Tower,  was 
regarded  as  extraordinary.  We  believe 
that  Lloyd's  Weekly  News,  founded  in 
1842,  as  regards  circulation,  may  rightly 
claim  the  largest  numbers  of  any  paper 
in  the  world— 1,300,000. 

With  the  large  sales,  increased  prosperity 
has  come  in  the  shape  of  advertisements, 
and  the  daily  receipts  of  the  chief  morn- 
ing papers  from  this  source  must  be  nearly 
five  thousand  pounds ;  while  the  receipts 
for  sales  from  both  morning  and  even- 
ing papers  approach  a  like  amount. 
Old  traditions  in  the  matter  of  setting 
advertisements  have  been  overthrown, 
and  The  Times  and  other  daily  papers, 
which  were  most  conservative  in  this 
respect,  now  display  advertisements  and 
insert  blocks.  The  first  daily  paper  to 
do  this  was  The  Daily  Netvs,  in  1869,  at 
the  instigation  of  Mr.  Josiah  Harrington. 
The  result  was  considerable,  although 
there  was  a  great  outcry  against  it,  and 
it  was  long  before  the  other  dailies 
followed  suit,  The  Times  having  done  so 
within  the  last  two  or  three  years  only. 
The  large  amounts  spent  by  advertisers 
in  the  daily  papers  have  caused  a  decrease 
in  the  receipts  of  some  of  the  weeklies. 
One  of  the  most  popular  recently  announced 
a  diminution   of   10,000/.  last  year  from 


866 


THE     ATII  KNMUJM 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


advertisements,  although  the  circulation 
had  gone  up. 

The  recent  Huccesscs  in  starting  daily 
BMNH  are  in  striking  contrast  to  past 
history,  when  most  attempts  met  with 
disastrous  failure.  The  Morniiuj  Star, 
founded  to  ad\  orate  the  principle!  of  the 

Mam  theater  School,  was  marged  in  The 

Daily  \<trs  in  1N7<>,  in  consideration  of  a 
sum  of  S,(KK)/.  Then  there  was  The  Ihuj, 
which  lived  for  only  six  weeks  ;  another 
attempt,  Tkt  Hour,  founded  in  1873, 
expired  in  187H.  In  those  days  there 
were  not  the  facilities  for  rapid  distribution 
that  now  exist.  Thanks  are  due  to  Mr. 
Lethbridge,  at  that  time  the  manager  of 
Messrs.  ■Smith  &  Son's,  for  the  starting 
in  1876  of  newspaper  trains.  Although 
it  would  be  interesting  to  compare  our 
daily  press  with  that  of  other  countries, 
our  space  does  not  admit  of  this  ;  but 
we  estimate  the  sale  of  the  daily  papers 
in  New  York  at  2,650,200  each  day, 
including  The,  Evening  Journal,  which 
issues  700,000.  Russia  is  notoriously 
behind-hand  in  the  circulation  of  its 
newspapers. 

The  large  profits  now  made  by  the  daily 
press  are  not  derived  solely  from  the 
receipts,  but  are  due  in  part  to  the  very 
low  price  of  the  cheaper  sort  of  paper, 
which  is  now  being  manufactured  from 
many  kinds  of  material.  Newspaper  pro- 
prietors may  well  rejoice  that  for  some 
time  to  come  there  will  be  no  chance  of  a 
reimposition  of  the  paper  duty,  which 
would  add  to  the  cost  of  paper  consider- 
ably more  than  the  amount  of  the 
duty  imposed.  Another  cause  for 
the  cheapness  is  that  the  export  of 
paper  of  English  make  to  the  colonies 
and  to  India  has  been  largely  interfered 
with  by  American  manufacturers.  This 
is  especially  the  case  with  South  Africa. 
Freight  from  America  being  cheaper, 
the  Americans  have  secured  to  a  great 
extent  the  trade. 

The  progress  of  the  press  outside  London 
is  remarkable,  and  several  of  the  principal 
papers,  such  as  The  Liverpool  Daily  Post, 
have  their  own  private  wires  from  their 
London  offices. 

Our  colonial  press  has  also  made  rapid 
advances  of  late  years,  and  English  adver- 
tisers avail  themselves  of  it  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  although  the  Americans 
are  ahead  of  their  English  competitors  in 
this  respect. 

The  obituary  notices  in  the  Directory 
include  Sir  Wemyss  Reid,  Sir  John  A. 
Willox  (Liverpool  Courier),  John  Edward 
Taylor  (Manchester  Guardian),  F.  B. 
Grotrian  (Hull  Daily  Mail),  and  John 
Feeney  (Birmingham  Daily  Post).  Of  the 
first  four  excellent  likenesses  are  given. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Broumjohrfs.   By  Mabel  Dearmer.    (Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Dearmer  has  a  fresh  and  pleasing 
manner  of  writing  of  children,  and  the 
two  heroines  of  her  new  tale  may  really 
lay  as  much  claim  to  that  title  as  the  small 


hoys  with  whom  they  share  "  Brown- 
John's  "    lodgings.      All    four    are    equally 

irresponsible,  but  it  ii  through  a  practical 
joke  of  the  boys  that  an  attractive  artist 
also  comes  to  lodge  at  Brownjohn's,  and 
Barbara  Druminond  is  awakened  to  some 
realization  of  the  responsibilities  of 
womanhood.  Tony  and  Robin  are  a 
charming  couple,  both  afflicted,  in  spite 
of  their  mischievous  proclivities,  with 
very  tender  consciences  ;  we  seem  to 
remember  them  at  an  earlier  stage  of 
their  existence,  in  'The  Noisy  Years.' 
Mrs.  Dearmer's  pictures  of  village  life 
and  her  village  characters  are  well  drawn, 
and  there  is  considerable  humour  in  the 
embarrassing  situation  brought  about  by 
the  pranks  of  these  young  people.  The 
love-making  which  dignifies  the  book 
with  the  title  of  novel  is  of  a  very 
childlike  description,  but  the  main  charm 
of  the  story  is  to  be  found  in  its  natural- 
ness and  simplicity. 


The    Misses    Make  -  Believe.      By    Mary 
Stuart  Boyd.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

The  chief  merits  of  Mrs.  Boyd's  work 
consist  in  the  distinction  and  refinement 
of  her  style  and  the  unassuming  sim- 
plicity of  her  narrative.  In  her  observa- 
tions of  human  nature  she  also  shows 
a  discriminating  sense  of  humour, 
which  in  this  case  is  allowed  full 
play.  The  young  ladies  of  the  title, 
after  their  father's  death,  endeavour, 
on  most  inadequate  means,  to  keep  up 
appearances  in  their  smart  little  house  in 
"  the  right  position,"  having  to  resort  to 
many  petty  shifts  and  vulgarities,  and 
living  for  the  most  part  upon  their  capital. 
Ultimately  obliged  to  retire  to  a  cottage 
in  Devonshire,  they  meet  with  some  quaint 
and  illuminating  experiences  at  the  hands 
of  their  neighbours,  who  are  unimpressed 
by  their  superior  position.  They 
are  both  very  natural  and  forgivable 
young  people.  A  doctor  is  on  the  whole 
the  most  striking  masculine  character 
which  Mrs.  Boyd  has  yet  achieved,  but 
the  girls'  generous  guardian  and  an  un- 
stable major  are  also  good  specimens  of 
their  sex. 

The  Threshing  Floor.     By  J.  S.  Fletcher. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

In  this  novel  we  cannot  help  feeling  that 
Mr.  Fletcher  has  been  misled  by  his  desire 
for  Titanic  issues.  He  has  set  out  to 
conceive  a  tragedy,  and  the  opening 
chapters  of  the  story  give  promise  of 
a  fine  drama.  Unhappily,  this  is  not 
fulfilled  in  the  subsequent  execution,  for 
Mr.  Fletcher  has  aimed  a  little  higher 
than  he  can  quite  compass.  In  conse- 
quence the  falling-off  is  the  greater,  since 
it  is  unexpected,  and  even  touches  the 
fringe  of  bathos.  A  similar  complaint 
was  lodged  against  the  conclusion  of  '  Tess 
of  the  Durbervilles.'  It  is  difficult  work 
plying  among  such  tragic  elements  as  are 
here  introduced.  The  Yorkshire  family 
of  Challengers  have  inhabited  Abbots- 
holme  since  the  dissolution  of  the  monas- 
taries,  and  upon  one  red-headed  ancestor 


lies  the  owse  "f  killing  a  holy   man.      It 

has  wrought  th<-  --low  dissipation  <>f  that 
ancient  Mood,  and  is  destined  to  bring 
down  the  hOnae  in  storm.  Yet  there  is 
redemption  for  one  turner  that  repentetis, 

namely,  BligU  Challenger,  the  heroine,  a 
strong  figure,  handsome,  self-willed,  and 
loose  as  a  rake.  In  the  Challenger  house 
no  man  was  sober,  and  no  woman  virtuou-. 
Yet,  despite  the  rigour  of  Bri^it s  portrait, 
we  refuse  to  believe  in  the  melodramatic 
entrance  of  her  aunt,  the  London  pro- 
curess. Indeed,  the  defect  of  the  tale  is 
that  its  crisis  is  not  inevitable  tragedy, 
but  contrived  melodrama.  It  is  well 
stage-managed  ;  but  we  know  it  is  not 
true,  as  we  know  the  repentance  of  Brigit 
does  not  go  down  to  the  roots  of  human 
emotion  and  human  action.  Mr.  Fletcher 
does  not  mince  his  words,  and  is  frank  in 
a  way  which  may  startle  some  read' 
If  these  fly  in  alarm  from  the  rude  passions 
displayed  on  these  Northern  moors,  they 
may  take  refuge  in  the  beauty  of  the 
descriptions  of  the  natural  scenery,  which 
Mr.  Fletcher  evidently  loves  and  under- 
stands. 


The  Lapse  of   Vivien  Eady.     By  Charles 
Marriott.     (Eveleigh  Nash.) 

Mr.  Marriott's  new  novel  is  on  different 
lines  from  his  Meredithian  comedy 
'  Mrs.  Alemere's  Elopement.'  This  is  a 
far  less  sophisticated  story,  and  should 
find  a  much  larger  public.  It  is  the  sort 
of  story  that  Mr.  Norris  would  have 
delighted  to  tell — always  with  a  little 
more  cynicism  and  a  little  more  knowledge 
of  the  world.  Mr.  Marriott,  who  writes 
admirable  English  in  a  time  of  slipshod 
style,  appears  to  us  to  have  the  funda- 
mental fault  of  provinciality.  He  can 
draw  life-like  characters,  with  a  little 
caustic  wit  at  times,  as  in  the  portraits  of 
the  parson  and  his  wife  ;  but  he  seems  to 
fall  back  helplessly  sometimes  on  the  con- 
ventional or  the  traditional,  and  to  seek 
his  inspiration  in  the  stock-in-trade  of  his 
craft.  For  example,  Mrs.  Hyde,  the 
dramatist  who  has  studied  painting  at 
Trevenen  and  makes  3,000/.  a  year,  calls 
the  painters  by  their  surnames,  and 
meddles  always  like  a  good  fairy  in  the 
interests  of  the  hero,  was  surely  never 
considered  from  life.  And  the  figure  of 
Selwyn  Harpur,  the  prig,  cleverly  as  it  is 
put  in,  strikes  one  as  conventional.  But 
it  is  mainly  in  the  handling  of  the  hero's 
relations  with  the  women  that  the  in- 
sufficiency of  Mr.  Marriott's  outlook 
appears.  In  a  word,  the  tale  lacks 
naturalness.  For  example,  what  boy  of 
fourteen  would  fall  sick  unto  death 
merely  because  he  learnt  that  the  ex- 
cellent man  whom  he  has  known  all  his 
fife  as  his  father  is  no  relation  to  him  ? 
And  is  it  likely  that  suspicion  would 
fasten  on  a  man  because  an  old  acquaint- 
ance, on  his  way  to  visit  him,  is  acci- 
dentally drowned  ?  Mr.  Marriott  is  so 
clever  in  himself  and  in  his  views  that  we 
could  wish  a  wider  reach  of  experience 
and  a  broader  foundation  of  knowledge 
for  him. 


N°  4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


357 


Victory.     By  L.  T.  Meade.     (Methuen  & 

Co.) 
This  story  begins  with  some  brightness, 
and  the  description  of  a  shabby  Devon- 
shire rectory,  with  its  inmates,  promises 
well ;  but  as  we  proceed  all  semblance  of 
reality  gradually  fades.  We  soon  en- 
counter the  villain  who  forges  a  will  in  his 
own  favour,  and  who,  by  his  machinations, 
throws  the  heroine  into  the  grasp  of  a  still 
greater  villain.  This  is  an  illustrious 
surgeon  and  vivisector  of  Harley  Street, 
who  is  undoubtedly  meant  to  be  the  central 
figure  of  the  book.  We  do  not  quarrel 
with  the  author's  aim,  which  is  to  show 
the  danger  to  the  public  good  that  lurks 
in  scientific  research  by  means  of  torture 
unscrupulously  applied  to  living  animals. 
Unfortunately  for  the  cause  of  humanity, 
the  force  of  this  moral  is  lost  because  we 
are  unable,  on  any  grounds  whatever,  to 
believe  in  the  surgeon,  who  secures  his 
marriage  by  handing  over  50,000Z.  to  an 
unknown  scoundrel,  and  forgets  his  dearly 
purchased  bride  while  he  is  perusing  an 
article  in  The  Lancet  during  the  wedding 
journey.  The  forger,  the  virtuous  young 
hero  who  talks  about  his  guardian  angel 
and  a  crown,  even  the  contemptible 
rector,  are  all  unreal.  Only  the  women 
exhibit  signs  of  life  ;  and  we  cannot  think 
the  book  will  add  to  its  author's  reputa- 
tion. 

« 

The  Poison  of  Tongues.     By  M.  E.  Carr 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  very  readable  story  constructed 
from  rather  conventional  materials.  An 
officer  who  has  given  some  diamonds  to 
another  man's  wife,  and  forged  a  cheque 
to  pay  for  them,  is  killed  in  an  Indian 
frontier  war.  When  the  book  opens, 
his  mother  and  sister,  who  know  noth- 
ing of  his  shame  and  little  of  the 
manner  of  his  death,  are  eagerly  expect- 
ing a  visit  from  a  brother  officer,  who  had 
been  mainly  instrumental  in  covering 
the  scandal,  and  was  also  present  at 
the  action  in  which  the  young  man 
was  killed.  It  is  to  be  expected  in  fiction 
that  Julian  (so  the  dead  man's  sister  is 
somewhat  curiously  named)  and  her 
guest  should  fall  in  love,  and  that,  some- 
thing of  the  old  scandal  becoming  known 
through  the  agency  of  a  Eurasian  musical 
genius  (the  nephew,  as  it  happens,  of  the 
merchant  from  whom  the  diamonds  were 
bought),  he  should  be  suspected  of  the 
crime,  from  which  he  is  too  loyal  to  clear 
himself  by  exposing  his  friend.  Thus  love 
and  honour  are  set  at  odds  very  prettily. 
The  hero  goes  abroad,  and  the  heroine 
engages  herself,  by  way  of  self-punishment, 
to  the  wrong  man  ;  but  all  comes  right 
in  the  end,  and  Jack  has  his  Jill.  The 
writer's  style  leaves  something  to  be  desired. 


Blue  Jay.     By  Peggy  Webling.     (Heine- 
mann.) 

This  is  the  story  of  a  young  man,  a  Cana- 
dian "  Equilibrist,"  of  great  personal 
beauty  and  much  goodness  of  heart. 
His  adventures  and  misadventures  from 


boyhood  till  he  finds  success  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  happiness  in  his  love,  have 
some  interest.  He  is  himself,  however, 
rather  monotonous  in  speech,  manner, 
and  character.  A  little  lady  of  the  trapeze, 
who  is  only  a  secondary  figure,  seems  to 
us  much  better  visualized  and  more  like  a 
human  being.  The  story  is  not  well  put 
together  and  the  people  who  in  London 
befriend  the  Canadian  boy  are  more 
shadowy  than  striking. 


The  Red  Seal.     By  Morice  Gerard.  (Cassell 
&Co.) 

Macatjlay's  account  of  Judge  Jeffreys, 
who  sealed  his  death-warrants  with  the 
"  Red  Seal,"  has  had  little  influence  on  a 
writer  who  can  suggest  that  a  beautiful 
and  virtuous  heiress  might  have  had  a 
ghost  of  a  chance  of  reclaiming  that  slave 
of  evil  passions,  had  she  favoured  his  suit, 
backed  by  his  threats  that  the  safety  of 
many  friends  depended  on  her  decision. 
The  suggestions  that  he  may  have  had 
some  good  in  him,  and  that  he  could  on 
occasion  behave  with  dignity,  only  leave 
him,  after  all,  a  human  ruffian  instead  of 
a  fiend  in  human  shape.  But  for  the  habit 
of  James  II.  of  keeping  promises  made  to 
individuals,  we  are  led  to  believe  that 
there  might  have  been  a  Lady  Jeffreys 
on  the  Chief  Justice's  return  from  the 
Bloody  Assize.  The  hero  of  this  romance, 
a  young  cavalry  officer,  wins  by  adventures 
the  favour  of  Lord  Feversham  and  his 
daughter  and  of  the  King,  while  the 
heroine  is  undergoing  proposals  and  perils 
in  the  West.  She  likes  Jeffreys  as  a  guest 
at  her  father's  manor  house,  and  recog- 
nizes him  as  "a  born  leader  of  men." 
There  are  several  strong  situations,  in  one 
of  which  Father  Petre  and  the  King  figure. 


SCOTTISH    BOOKS. 


Logie  :  a  Parish  History.  By  B.  Menzies 
Fergusson.  2  vols.  (Paisley,  Gardner.) — 
This  is  one  of  the  fullest  and  most  detailed 
histories  of  a  Scottish  parish  with  which  we 
are  acquainted.  The  author  has  performed 
his  task  with  an  almost  Teutonic  laborious- 
ness — determined  to  miss  nothing,  whether 
interesting  or  uninteresting.  The  ambition 
is  one  with  which  a  reviewer  ought  not  to 
quarrel  ;  but,  really,  when  it  comes  to  giving 
in  detail  the  dimensions  (in  Scots  measures, 
c.  1760)  of  infields,  off-fields,  pastures,  laigh- 
lands,  grass  lands,  braes,  &c,  one  feels  that 
a  little  less  industry  would  have  sufficed. 
Nevertheless,  regarded  as  a  work  of  primarily 
local  interest,  these  two  handsome  quartos 
demand  the  commendation  of  the  critic. 
They  are  the  result  of  many  years'  study 
and  examination  of  charters  and  writs, 
municipal  and  session  records,  documents 
of  various  kinds,  public  and  private,  pub- 
lished books  and  papers — of  anything  and 
everything,  in  fact,  having  the  slightest 
bearing  on  the  subject.  Nor  are  the  records 
of  this  parish  of  Logie  devoid  of  general, 
even  of  national,  interest.  Logie  is  only  a 
stone's-throw  from  Stirling,  where,  of  old 
time,  history  was  made.  To  quote  Mr. 
Fergusson  : — 

"Among  the  holders  of  land  will  bo  found  the 
Stiinrt  Sovereigns,  Bonn;  of  the  ancient  religious 
houses,  mid  ninny  of  the  noblest  and  oldest 
families  connected  with  the  Scottish  nobility,    The 


Grahams  of  Montrose,  the  Shawsof  Sauchie,  theStir- 
lings  of  Ardoch  and  Keir,  the  Erskines  of  Mar,  the 
Drummonds  of  Perth,  the  Setons  of  Touch,  the 
Murrays  of  Tullibardine  and  Polmaise,  the  Hopes 
of  Hopetoun,  the  Campbells  of  Argyll,  the  family 
of  Dundas,  the  Earls  of  Stirling  and  Strathearn, 
and  others,  appear  in  close  relation  with  the  civil 
history  of  Logie." 

All  these  local  connexions  Mr.  Menzies 
Fergusson  has  thoroughly  exhausted.  So, 
too,  with  other  celebrities  whose  family 
ramifications  are  more  or  less  intimately 
associated  with  the  district — Sir  Balph 
Abercromby,  the  hero  of  Aboukir  ;  Sir 
William  Alexander  of  Menstrie,  Secretary 
of  State  for  Scotland  under  Charles  I.  ;  the 
Marquis  of  Montrose,  and  others.  This 
section  of  the  book  is  chiefly  for  genealogists. 
Other  sections  are  for  students  of  the  eccle- 
siastical and  social  life  of  Scotland.  An 
exhaustive  index  and  numerous  illustrations 
add  to  the  value  of  a  work  which,  in  many 
respects,  is  a  model  parish  history. 

In  The  Church  and  Parish  of  Inchinnan 
(Paisley,  Gardner)  the  Bev.  Bobert  McClel- 
land has  produced  a  brief  but  useful  history  of 
one  of  the  smallest  parishes  in  Benfrewshire. 
Much  space  is  devoted  by  the  author  to  the 
origin  of  the  place-name,  his  view  being  that 
Inchinnan  means  "  the  island  of  rivers,'* 
and  is  not  derived,  as  is  usually  contended, 
from  St.  Inan,  who  had  no  connexion  with 
the  parish.  The  patron  saint  of  Inchinnan 
was  St.  Conval,  the  pupil  and  friend  of 
St.  Kentigern,  who  established  the  Christian 
religion  there  between  593  and  612.  Mr. 
McClelland  naturally  concerns  himself  largely 
with  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  his  parish. 
The  curious  point  is  mentioned  that,  by 
virtue  of  a  bequest  made  by  the  first  ordained 
minister  after  the  Beformation,  the  incum- 
bent of  Inchinnan  possesses  the  double  title 
of  Protestant  minister  and  Catholic  priest. 
Some  interesting  extracts  are  given  from 
the  old  kirk-session  records,  which,  however, 
are  not  always  satisfactorily  explained  by 
the  author.  It  would  be  interesting  to 
know  whether  the  statement  can  be  supported 
that  the  "  millions "  of  rats  which  have 
plagued  Inchinnan  (the  result  of  the  Ful- 
wood  refuse  depot)  have  infected  the  wild 
rabbits,  and  even  the  cattle,  with  tuberculosis. 
Mr.  McClelland's  book,  which  is  furnished 
with  several  illustrations  and  a  map  of  the 
parish,  is  avowedly  "  a  book  for  the  people  "; 
but  its  material  is,  nevertheless,  worthy  of 
the  antiquary's  attention,  much  of  it  being 
derived  from  original  sources. 

The  Scots  Peerage.  Vol.  III.  Edited  by 
Sir  James  Balfour  Paul,  Lord  Lyon  King  of 
Arms.  (Edinburgh,  David  Douglas.) — Wo 
welcome  the  further  progress  of  '  The  Scots 
Peerage,'  as  it  grows  in  value  as  well  as  in 
extent.  This  volume  includes  the  titles 
from  Lindsay,  Earl  of  Crawford,  to  the 
English  holder  of  a  Scottish  peerage,  Cary, 
Viscount  Falkland,  and  in  many  ways  shows 
improvement  upon  its  predecessors,  as  the 
articles  contained  in  it  are  now  more  uniform 
in  style.  In  the  present  volume  the  oldest 
peerages  are  Crawford,  Crichton,  Douglas, 
Dunbar,  Eglinton,  Elphinstone,  and  Erroll,  all 
adequately  treated.  Under  the  heading  of 
Dunbar  we  see  the  difficulties  that  Scottish 
genealogists  have  to  contend  with,  as,  in 
spite  of  the  care  with  which  the  article  is 
compiled,  the  names  of  very  few  of  the  wives 
of  the  earls  are  yet  definitely  identified, 
although  the  peerage  existed  as  late  as  1434. 
In  the  account  of  the  Earldom  of  Douglas 
Dr.  J.  Anderson  is  abb-  to  give  a  valuable 
note  on  the  parentage  of  Joanna  Moray, 
wife  of  Earl  Archibald  "  the  Grim,"  which 
had  escaped  the  eye  of  Sir  William  Eraser  ; 
and  we  observe  that  there  are  emendations 


3;>8 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


of  the  work  of  the  latter  genealogist  in  the 
articles  on  Eglinton  and  Elphinstone.  In 
thr  notice  of  the  Kails  of  C'ruu  lord  we  should 
have  been  better  pleased  to  have  further 
light  thrown  upon  the  curious  matrimonial 
relations  of  Walter  Lindsay  of  Beaufort 
(d.  1475)  than  to  be  told  that  a  late  cadet 
was  "  page  to  the  Deputy  Lord  High 
Steward  of  Scotland  "  at  the  last  coronation. 
Wo  believe  that  it  can  be  proved  that  a  sister 
of  Earl  Alexander  married  a  Douglas,  pro- 
bably of  Lochleven  ;  and  we  think  that  the 
statement  that  Lady  Catherine  Lindsay  was 
second  wife  (and  not  third,  as  the  pedigree 
in  the  Lindsay  peerage  claim  had  it)  of  Lord 
Provost  Lindsay  merits  a  note.  We  are  glad  to 
see  the  article  on  the  old  peerage  of  Erroll,  of 
which  up  to  now  too  little  has  been  known  ; 
and  we  welcome  Mr.  Sanford  Terry's  '  Vis- 
count Dundee,'  which  is  a  nearer  approach 
to  a  full  pedigree  of  Claverhouse  than  has 
yet  appeared.  Mr.  Bruce-Armstrong  has 
still,  unfortunately,  been  unable  to  connect 
definitely  the  Elgin  line  with  the  main  royal 
stock  of  Bruce  ;  but  we  cannot  help  thinking 
that  it  will  not  be  difficult  to  prove  that 
"  Lady  Rachel  Bruce  "  was  not  a  full  sister 
of  Horace  Walpole's  Duchess  of  Richmond. 
We  notice  with  regret  that  the  genealogical 
interest  is  still  sometimes  subordinated  to 
the  historical,  and  that  under  '  Elibank,' 
therefore,  the  existing  cadets  of  the  Aberdona 
branch  are  not  mentioned  nominatim,  though 
they  are  near  in  succession  after  the 
descendants  of  the  present  peer.  We  may 
particularly  commend  the  construction  of 
the  articles  on  the  Crichtons — which,  inter 
alia,  contain  the  curious  episodes  of  Lady 
("  Princess  ")  Margaret  Stewart  and  her 
daughter — and  that  on  Galloway,  Lord 
Dunkeld  ;  the  last,  though  dealing  with  the 
"  later  nobility,"  is  singularly  well  put 
together.  We  are  sorry  still  to  notice  a  few 
traces  of  scanty  proofs  in  misprints  and  dates. 
For  example,  under  Elphinstone,  "  Wood- 
grave  "  Gascoigne  should  read  Woodroffe, 
and  a  wrong  date  will  be  easily  seen  ;  and 
we  find  another  obviously  wrong  date  in  tho 
article  on  Cromartie. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Robert  Browning  and  Alfred  Domett,  with 
portraits  (Smith  &  Elder),  is  a  small  collec- 
tion of  letters,  admirably  edited  by  Dr. 
F.  G.  Kenyon,  who  supplies  just  the  right 
amount  of  help  to  the  reader  in  his  Intro- 
duction and  notes.  A  third  name,  that  of 
Joseph  Arnould,  might  have  been  added 
to  the  title-page,  for  the  eleven  letters  he 
writes  here  to  Domett  are  excellent,  and 
more  considerable  than  Browning's  twenty- 
three.  The  volume  was  worth  publishing, 
if  only  as  showing  Browning's  position 
and  gift  for  friendship  in  early  days  ; 
but  as  a  letter-writer  he  is  not  at  his  best. 
His  is  a  difficult  style,  full  of  breaks,  though 
his  affection  shines  clearly  through  every 
line,  and  the  whole  shows,  as  the  editor  well 
says,  "  the  richness  of  a  noble  and  sym- 
pathetic nature."  The  letters  range  from 
1840  to  1877,  and  the  literary  references 
they  contain  are  so  interesting  that  we  regret 
they  occur  only  here  and  there.  One  letter 
in  which  Browning  talks  of  his  own  poetical 
faith  is  of  high  interest. 

Arnould,  on  the  other  hand,  has  an  easy 
flow  of  language  and  gifts  of  expression 
which  make  his  epistles  noteworthy.  He  is 
great  on  Carlyle's  '  Past  and  Present,'  and 
finds  that  even  to  the  well-disposed 

"the  rude  Titan  horseplay  of  the  style  is  a  posi- 
tiTC  nuisance — the  man  has  a  giant's  strength,  but 


In-  need  Dot  be  always  gambolling  with  a  giant's 
olnmnrrtnnn  " 

Of  Tennyson's  earlier  poems  Arnould  writes 
to  Domett : — 

"Like  you,  I  oannol  understand  his  omissions  in 
the  present  edition,  and  regret  them  greatly. 
Browning  Bays  he  is  living  in  seclusion  in  a  remote 
watering-place,  seeing  no  man,  and  having  his 
letters  directed  (of  all  coneeivahle  beings)  to  a 
muffin-man.  The  oomfortable  oookneyiam  of  such 
a  functionary  in  B  remote  seaside  place  gives  the 
whole  tale  in  my  eyes  an  apocryphal  air.  If  'tis 
true,  'tis  pity,  for  the  very  thing  Tennyson  most 
wants  is  mote  intercourse  with  his  fellow- 
creatines.'' 

The  same  letter  remarks  of  Browning  : — 

"  Browning's  conversation  is  as  remarkably  good 
as  his  books,  though  so  different :  in  conversation 
anecdotieal,  vigorous,  showing  great  thought  and 
reading,  but  in  his  language  most  simple,  ener- 
getic, and  accurate/' 

The  daily  papers  have  already  quoted 
Arnould's  vigorous  and  amusing  account  of 
the  performance  of  '  A  Blot  in  the  'Scutcheon' 
and  the  wrath  of  Macready.  Altogether  we 
should  have  been  sorry  to  miss  this  little 
volume,  which  is  published,  we  are  glad  to 
notice,  with  the  approval  of  Browning's  son. 

Mr.  John  Murray  publishes  Prof.  Vam- 
bery's  Western  Culture  in  Eastern  Lands,  in 
which  the  author  is  less  belligerent  and  less 
prejudiced  against  everything  Russian  than 
he  showed  himself  in  some  much  earlier 
books.  The  attitude  adopted  in  the  present 
volume  is  on  the  whole  sound,  and,  as 
Britons,  we  think  just.  It  is  not  quite 
uniform  throughout.  There  are  some  con- 
tradictions in  passages  which  would  be 
startling  if  put  side  by  side.  The  author 
adopts  the  best  official  view  of  India,  but,  like 
many  of  our  officials,  has  a  difficulty  in  wholly 
avoiding  a  certain  spitefulness  about  the 
Congress  movement.  That  there  is  a  differ- 
ence between  British  theory  and  British 
practice  it  is  difficult  to  deny.  Macaulay's 
inscription  for  the  Calcutta  statue  of  Lord 
William  Bentinck  represents  the  theory.  It 
is  still  true,  as  Prof.  Vambery  says,  that  the 
Hindus  of  India  can  express  thought  more 
freely  than  can  Russians  now.  It  is  the  case 
that  while 

"  the  Russian  Government,  even  in  its  most  earnest 
civilising  efforts  in  Turkestan,  was  hampered  by 
the  unreliableness  and  unscrupulousness  of  its 
officials  ;  the  very  reverse  may  be  said  of  the 
English  organs  at  work  in  India.  Besides  the 
strong  innate  sense  of  duty  and  the  firmness  and 
fairness  which  generally  characterise  English 
officials,  there  has  been  displayed  in  India  at  all 
times  by  State  servants  of  higher  and  lower  degree 
by  [sic]  a  real  affection  and  enthusiasm  for  their 
work.  There  have  always  been  men  who  have  felt 
a  genuine  national  pride  in  the  civilisation  of  India, 
and  who  have  fulfilled  their  mission  faithfully  and 
with  true  patriotic  zeal.  This  was  particularly  the 
case  before  the  introduction  of  the  accelerated 
means  of  communication  with  the  Mother  Country. 
A  prolonged,  unbroken  sojourn  in  India  often 
transformed  Englishmen  into  semi-Asiatics,  and  a 
greater  degree  of  intimacy  between  the  foreigners 
and  the  natives  facilitated  the  mutual  intercourse 
and  smoothed  down  many  sharp  contrasts  in  the 
social  conditions.  The  kindly  treatment,  the 
humaneness,  which  distinguished  many  of  the 
officials  has  very  often  left  so  deep  an  impression 
upon  the  Hindu  mind  that  the  names  of  certain 
Englishmen,  even  after  generations,  are  still  held 
in  honour  by  the  natives." 

But  when  the  Professor  goes  on  to  deal  with 
our  absolute  "impartiality"  between  our 
fellow-subjects  and  the  natives,  those  of  us 
who  best  know  the  facts  are  most  inclined 
to  blush.  So,  too,  with  his  statement  that 
Indians  who  have  visited  this  country  with 
educational  success  "  on  their  return  home 
are  held  in  high  esteem."  This  is  so  in 
exceptional  instances,  but  unfortunately 
they  are  few  and  far  between.     It  is  hardly 


fair  to  the  Indian  natives  to  lay  any  failure 
to  their  charge.  Yet  our  author  does  so  when 
he  complains  that  only  two  million  out  of 

tlm  <•  hundred  million  people 

"  have     made-     themselves      acquainted      with     the 

median    to   acquire    this    culture    (the    English 

language),  and  so  long  as  the  percentage  of  those 
who  attend  the  schools  as  compared  with  the  mass 
of  the  popnlaoe  remains  bo  insignificantly  small  as 
it  is  now,  no  very  great  111000—  can  Ik;  exj>ected  to 
attend  the  efforts  of  the  native  congresses  and 
conference 

In  his  account  of  Russian  action  in  Siberia 
and  Central  Asia  Prof.  Vambery  tries,  at 
least  on  this  occasion,  to  be  scrupulously 
fair.  He  does  not  avoid  some  contradiction 
of  himself.  In  some  passages  about  Siberia 
he  suggests  that  the  natives  have  been 
ruined  by  forced  conversion  to  the  Orthodox 
Church,  and  he  draws  a  distinction  between 
the  former  policy  of  tolerance  and  present 
habits.  He  even  goes  on  to  declare,  appa- 
rently of  all  Russian  Asia,  that  "  thus  far 
Russia  has  not  dared  to  form  even  a  regiment 
of  native  soldiers,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Turkoman  militia."  It  is  a  curious  fact, 
which  has  been  little  noticed — and  it  is  a 
fact  in  conflict  with  Prof.  Vambery's  pages 
— that  a  large  proportion  of  the  Russian 
army  in  Manchuria  during  the  recent  war 
consisted  of  East  Siberian  battalions  in 
which  officers  and  men,  the  latter  exclusively, 
were  of  pure  Mongol  type,  and  contained 
among  the  privates  no  Russian  or  Slav 
element.  It  is  not  only  in  this  particular 
connexion  that  Prof.  Vambery  is  far  too 
sweeping  in  his  statements.  He  declares 
that 

"in  Asia  the  separation  caused  by  religious 
difference  can  never  be  bridged  over,  for  in  the 
East  religion  is  life,  history,  character,  patriotism 
— in  fact,  everything." 

Yet  in  the  Japanese  army  it  was  impossible 
to  draw  a  line  between  the  Shinto,  Buddhist, 
and  Christian  elements  in  the  battalions, 
and  among  those  fighting  against  the  Russians 
as  patriotic  Japanese  were  enthusiastic 
Christians  of  the  Russian  or  Orthodox 
branch  of  the  Eastern  Church. 

The  days  of  Islam,  in  spite  of  Prof. 
Vambery's  romantic  interest  in  its  fortunes, 
are  all  but  over.  The  overwhelming 
majority  of  Mohammedans  live,  as  ho 
himself  shows,  under  foreign  rule,  though 
he  omits  the  figures  for  France,  a  Power 
which  stands  very  high  in  the  list  of  those 
having  Mohammedan  subjects.  To  Russia 
he  sets  down  14,000,000  Mohammedans, 
and  he  declares  that  in  the  heart  of  the 
empire  on  the  Volga  "  Islamism,  although 
oppressed  and  straitened  in  many  ways, 
continues  to  exist,  and  will  live  in  spite  of 
the  Russian  attempts  to  destroy  it. "  Although 
Russia  no  longer  encourages  the  conversion 
of  the  pagan  tribes  to  Mohammedanism,  as 
it  did  till  recently,  there  is,  we  think,  no 
ground  for  the  suggestion  that  there  is  any 
attempt  to  tamper  with  the  religion  of  the 
Tartars  of  European  Russia.  There  are 
Tartar  colonies  sprung  from  prisoners  in 
every  government  of  European  Russia ; 
and  there  are  Russian  European  cities,  such 
as  Kazan,  in  which  all  local  power  and  influ- 
ence are  in  the  hands  of  the  Mohammedans. 

There  are  a  certain  number  of  errors  in 
Prof.  Vambery's  book.  It  was  rather  under 
Lord  Lytton  than 

"under  Lord  Elgin  that  measures  were  taken  to 
repress  those  licentious  writings  which  encouraged 
rebellion  and  incited  the  people  against  the 
Government." 

The  foot-note  which  professes  to  explain 
"  Nemse "  is  curious.  We  do  not  know 
whether  Prof.  Vambery  has  Neustria  in  his 
mind,  but  he  rejects  the  ordinary  explanation 
as  to  "  dumb  people,"  and  writes  : — 


N°4091,  March  24, 


1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


359 


"Nemsewas  the  name  of  what  is  now  Austria, 
but  in  reality  the  word  means  'German,'  and  is 
derived  from  the  South  Slavic  Nyemetz  (plural 
Njemtzi,  '  German ')." 

The  transliteration  adopted  for  Russian 
words  is  not  a  matter  of  right  and  wrong, 
as  we  have  often  explained.  But  we  object 
strongly  to  the  use  of  j  when  the  sound  is 
that  of  a  short  I.  A  word  in  which  it  is 
peculiarly  unrepresentative  of  sound  is  that 
given  by  our  author  as  "  Wojwod."  To 
his  "  Wojwod  Saltykoff  "  we  prefer  "  Voivod 
Soltikof,"  which  is  nearer  to  the  Russian 
pronunciation. 

Two  new  books  on  "  Port  Arthur,"  one  of 
which  is,  however,  somewhat  more  general, 
Teach  us  together,  and  we  have  to  say  of 
"both  that  they  are  interesting,  but  suffer 
by  the  previous  publication  of  many  excel- 
lent rivals. 

Messrs.  Blackwood  &  Sons  issue  Port 
Arthur  :  the  Siege  and  Capitulation,  by  Mr. 
Ellis  Ashmead-Bartlett,  the  well-known 
•correspondent,  son  of  the  still  better-known 
former  member  of  Parliament.  We  heartily 
commend  Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett's  volume. 
He  draws  special  attention  to  the  success 
of  the  Japanese  in  old-fashioned  direct 
Attack,  and  to  the  frightful  loss  of  life  before* 
success  was  reached.  The  series  of  attempts, 
which  surpassed  even  those  of  Badajos,  as 
related  by  Napier,  gives  all  writers  on  this 
siege  a  wondrous  theme  : — 

"Cheers  are  seldom  heard  on  modern  battle- 
fields :  thej*  are  essentially  an  accompaniment  of 
cl<  se-order  formations.  For  the  first  time  I  was 
able  to  appreciate  the  tremendous  moral  force 
produced  by  shouts  of  victory.  The  story  of  great 
struggles  of  the  past  was  forcibly  brought  back  to 
the  memory  :  for  the  first  time  I  could  understand 
what  a  British  cheer  at  the  termination  of  a 
bayonet  charge  in  the  Peninsular  War  must  have 

meant Here  was  an  infantry  charge  after  the 

manner  of  the  Mars  of  a  hundred  years  ago — 
something  supposed  to  have  disappeared  for  ever 
from  modern  battle-fields.  Two  thousand  men 
were  advancing  with  fixed  bayonets  in  close  forma- 
tion, to  prove   to   theorists  how   futile  are   their 

calculations some     using     the    bayonet,    some 

shooting  at  the  Russians  ns  they  ran  down  the 
reverse  side,  while  the  majority,  having  exhausted 
their  bombs,  were  hurling  down  stones  and  great 
lumps  of  rock  in  lieu  of  better  ammunition.  This 
strange  scene  did  not  in  reality  last  longer  than 
ten  minutes  :  at  the  end  of  that  time  all  the 
Russians  were  either  dead,  prisoners,  or  safely  on 
the  high  road  to  Port  Arthur." 

The  Japanese  are  so  old-fashioned  that  they 
still  carry  colours  into  deadly  battle,  and 
not  only  regimental  colours,  but  company 
colours  as  well.  That  practice,  which  was 
one  of  the  supposed  weak  points  of  the 
dervishes  in  the  Soudan,  is  still  of  the 
essence  of  the  heroism  of  the  Japanese. 
Over  and  over  again  every  man  within 
reach  of  the  colours  was  shot  down,  and  the 
colours  themselves  remained  among  the 
dead,  within  sight  of  both  forces,  for  days 
before  they  could  be  rescued. 

Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett  brings  out  in  several 
passages  the  effective  use  made  by  the 
Japanese  of  the  telephone  for  the  concentra- 
tion of  artillery  fire.  The  plans  described 
are  not  new  to  the  scientific  soldier,  but  they 
are  the  secrets  of  the  most  secret  departments 
of  every  War  Office,  and  have  not,  we  think, 
previously  been  explained  to  the  public. 
The  earliest  example  of  proposed  concentra- 
tion of  indirect  fire,  with  apparatus  of 
camera  obscura,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
telephonic  communication  for  the  gradual 
alteration  of  the  training  of  the  guns  to  deal 
with  likely  changes  in  the  course  of  the 
attacking  fleet,  wns  the  marvel  of  the  Italian 
scheme  of  the  defence  of  Spesia  against  an 
expected  "  surprise  "  by  the  Toulon  French 
squadron  in  the  days  of  Crispi. 


The  other  volume,  From  the  Yalu  to  Port 
Arthur  (Hutchinson  &  Co.),  is  by  Mr.  W. 
Maxwell,  an  experienced  war  correspondent, 
who  has  served  The  Standard  and  the  Daily 
Mail.  His  volume  is  also  one  to  be  com- 
mended both  for  text  and  original  photo- 
graphs. Mr.  Maxwell  goes  too  far  in  sug- 
gesting that 

"  military  men,  satisfied  by  parades,  manoeuvres, 
and  official  reports,  were  convinced  that  Russia 
would  vindicate  the  laws  of  military  science  and 
crush  her  rival.  Politicians  hoped  for  the  best 
and  feared  the  worst." 

Our  own  War  Office  was  right,  even  if  our 
Admiralty  was  not.  We  believe  that  there 
never  was  a  doubt  in  Pall  Mall  as  to  the 
probabilities  of  the  first  part  of  the  war  ; 
and  if  a  mistake  was  made,  it  was  in  the 
belief  that  the  Japanese  would  be  more 
rapidly  successful  at  Port  Arthur  than  they 
were.  The  Admiralty  advisers  were,  we 
believe,  divided,  and  there  was  certainly 
some  British  naval  opinion  which  went  in 
the  direction  suggested  by  Mr.  Maxwell — 
attributed  by  him,  however,  not  to  the 
sailors,  but  to  those  military  men  and  poli- 
ticians who,  in  fact,  were  well  informed. 
The  strangest  incident  is  omitted — the  com- 
plete bewilderment  of  the  Russian  and  French 
staffs,  who  had  every  reason  for  obtaining 
more  accurate  knowledge. 

Like  Mr.  Ashmead-Bartlett,  Mr.  Maxwell 
points  out  that  "  the  Japanese  had  no  faith 
in  what  it  pleased  them  to  call  '  Boer 
tactics.'  "  Of  course,  "  Boer  tactics,"  in 
Germany  and  among  scientific  soldiers,  now 
mean  tactics  adopted  by  us  from  the  Boers 
since  our  South  African  defeats.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  South  African  war  made 
the  Boer  generals  firm  believers  in  old 
scientific  views — those,  for  instance,  which 
prevail  in  Germany  and  France  as  to  the 
need  for  regular  cavalry.  Mr.  Maxwell 
well  states  "  the  fallacy,  born  in  South 
Africa,  that  entrenched  positions  are  un- 
assailable save  by  powder  and  shot,"  and 
adds  that  "  no  one  in  Japan  would  propose  to 
make  Field-Marshals  of  their  failures." 

W.  M.  Tliackeray  :  The  Xeiv  Sketch-Book. 
(Alston  Rivers.) — We  have  kept  this  volume 
by  us  to  enable  us  to  judge  whether  there  is 
any  justification  for  its  ascription  to  Thack- 
eray. We  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
there  is  little  or  no  such  justification.  Some 
part  of  it  may  be  poor  and  uninteresting 
hackwork  of  Tliackeray  or  of  any  one  of  his 
contemporaries.  It  is  true  that  some  of  the 
subjects  are  such  as  the  great  writer  has 
treated,  and  others  such  as  he  might  have 
treated,  and  that  he  contributed  to  the  Foreign 
Quarterly  Review ;  but  these  considerations  do 
not,  in  our  opinion,  excuse  the  deliberate  state- 
ment on  the  title-page  and  on  the  cover  that 
this  '  New  Sketch-Book  '  is  by  Thackeray. 
In  any  event,  we  consider  that  Mr.  Robert 
S.  Garnett,  to  whose  sanguine  speculations 
and  industry  the  compilation  is  due,  would 
have  done  better  service  to  the  cause  of 
literature  by  a  short  bibliographical  essay 
on  the  question  than  by  this  wholesale  and 
indiscriminate  publication  of  uninteresting, 
out-of-date  journalism,  on  the  ground  that 
it,  or  some  part  of  it,  may  have  come  from 
the  hand  and  brain  of  a  great  author  whom 
he  professes  to  admire.  We  should  be 
surprised  to  hear  that  Thackeray's  family 
have  been  consulted  as  to  the  advisability  of 
such  a  publication  as  this  or  have  expressed 
their  approval  of  it. 

To  this  new  edition  (John  Lane)  of  The 
Story  of  the  Princess  des  Ursins  in  Spain, 
originally  published  in  1899.  Miss  Constance 
Hill  has  added  a  preface  based  upon  the 
correspondence  recently  published  by  Count 


Louis  de  la  Tremoille,  under  the  title  of 
'  Madame  des  Ursins  et  la  Succession 
d'Espagne.'  Study  of  these  fresh  "sources" 
has  not  in  any  degree  modified — indeed,  we 
gather  that  it  has  confirmed — the  highly 
favourable  view  of  the  Princess's  character 
and  abilities  previously  expressed  by  Miss 
Hill  in  the  body  of  her  little  work,  the  text 
of  which  remains  unaltered.  Miss  Hill  has 
evidently  read  her  authorities  with  care, 
but  not  altogether  without  prepossession. 
She  takes  it  for  granted  that  the  cause  of 
Madame  des  Ursins  is  on  every  occasion 
the  cause  of  Spain  ;  writes — quite  in  the 
Camarera-Mayor's  own  tone — of  Philip  V. 
as  the  "  legitimate  "  king,  allowing  no 
excuse  for  the  objections  to  a  Bourbon 
dynasty  felt  by  a  large  number  of  Spaniards  ; 
and  permits  her  admiration  for  her  heroine's 
courage  and  "  parts  "  to  blind  her,  not 
merely  to  the  lady's  moral  shortcomings, 
but  also  to  those  errors  of  judgment  which 
twice  brought  about  her  fall  from  power. 
Impartial  students  of  the  career  of  Madame 
des  Ursins  have  long  since  agreed  to  see  in 
her  a  diplomatist  not  of  the  first  rank,  but 
at  best  of  the  second  only.  She  lacked 
the  subtlety,  patience,  and  self-restraint 
necessary  to  ultimate  success  in  such  a 
game  as  hers.  In  view  of  her  ill-advised 
attempt  to  attain  "  sovereign  "  position,  it 
does  not  seem  impossible  that  she  may  have 
cherished  hopes  of  becoming  titular  Queen 
of  Spain  as  well  as  the  real  ruler  of  that 
country.  That  she  should  have  expected 
Elizabeth  Farnese  to  forgive  the  barefaced 
attempt  to  stop  her  marriage  argues  a  super- 
ficial understanding  of  human  nature  as 
existing  even  in  the  meekest  of  maidens. 
Miss  Hill  has  told  her  "  Story  "  well,  with 
a  simplicity  and  directness  deserving  hearty 
praise.  We  admit  her  plea  that  in  the  times 
of  which  she  writes  spelling,  especially  of 
proper  names,  was  often  "  a  matter  of 
private  opinion."  But  we  do  not  see  why 
Cardinal  d'Estrees  and  his  nephew,  about 
the  form  of  whose  name  there  is  general 
agreement,  should  be  invariably  deprived  of 
the  final  s  which  is  their  right.  Nor  can  we 
discover  any  good  reason  for  making  the 
Marquis  de  San  Felipe  a  rival  of  the  famous 
commander  who  could  not  sign  his  name 
without  employing  three  languages. 

We  do  not  think  that  Mr.  Symons's 
attempt  to  reproduce  in  English  the  subtle 
charm  of  Baudelaire's  Poems  in  Prose  could 
well  be  bettered.  It  is  a  difficult  business, 
but  Mr.  Symons,  more,  perhaps,  than  any 
other  writer  of  to-day,  has  acquired  a  curious 
felicity  of  diction  which  is,  perhaps,  inspired 
by  French  models.  The  booklet  is  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Elkin  Mathews. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Whittaker 
&  Co.  Dod's  Parliamentary  Companion  for 
1900,  which  remains  the  best  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary pocket-books.  We  have  found  few 
errors,  except  mistakes  in  the  addresses  of 
new  members,  natural  in  present  circum- 
stances. The  account  of  Parliamentary 
proceedings  is  still  marred  by  want  of  pre- 
cision. There  is  repeated,  for  example,  the 
statement  that  "  the  days  allotted  to  Govern- 
ment business  are  Monday  and  Thursday  ; 
after  Easter  it  has  precedence  on  Tuesday 
evenings,  and  after  Whitsuntide  at  all  sit- 
tings." It  would  hardly  be  gathered  from  these 
words  that  the  Government  has  throughout 
the  session  the  same  power  over  Tuesday 
afternoon  and  Wednesday  afternoon  as  it 
has  on  the  afternoons  of  Mondays  and 
Thursdays.  There  is  also  this  considerable 
exception  in  the  opposite  direction,  that 
two  Fridays  after  Whitsuntide  arc  Bpeoially 

reserved  for  private  members. 


360 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


Drbrctt's  House  of  Commons  seems  as 
good  aa  ever,  and  is  published,  as  usual, 
by  Messrs.  Dean  &  Son.  The  promise  of 
the  title-page,  that  it  is  "  illustrated  with 
800  Armorial  Engravings,"  is  perhaps  a 
slight  overstatement.  The  cuts  of  the 
"  coats  "  or  seals  of  borouglis  are  interesting. 
The  judges  also  play  their  part.  The 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons  are 
less  and  less  inclined  to  claim,  or  at  all 
events  to  publish,  armorial  bearings.  The 
newer  plates,  added  in  recent  times  in  place 
of  others,  far  more  numerous,  which  have 
dropped  out,  are  of  a  more  belligerent, 
pseudo-feudal  style,  which  is,  in  these 
democratic  days,  slightly  ridiculous :  see, 
for  example,  the  arms  of  Messrs.  Bertram, 
Brocklehurst,  Butcher,  Cory,  and  David 
Davies,  as  here  displayed. 

The  Progress  of  Poesy,  Mr.  J.  W.  Mackail's 
first  utterance  this  month  as  professor  of 
the  subject  at  Oxford,  has  just  been  pub- 
lished at  the  Clarendon  Press,  and  is  a  happy 
mixture  of  history  and  criticism.  What 
pleases  us  most,  however,  is  the  fact  that 
the  Professor,  despite  a  somewhat  conscious 
grace  of  style,  wears  his  learning  lightly, 
and  abhors  the  various  dialects  of  pedantry] 

We  are  glad  to  see  that  Messrs.  Watts 
&  Co.  have  published  for  the  Rationalist 
Press  Association  Arnold's  God  and  the 
Bible  at  sixpence.  Belief  has  taken  a 
broader  basis  of  late  years  ;  already  Arnold's 
prophecy  in  his  Preface  to  this  book  is  being 
fulfilled,  that  "  the  new  Christianity  will 
call  forth  more  effort  in  the  individual  who 
uses  it  than  the  old,  will  require  more  open 
and  instructed  minds  for  its  reception." 

Bausteine,  Part  4  of  which  is  now  out, 
continues  to  do  good  and  solid  work  in  tracing 
the  history  and  usage  of  English  words. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Arnold  (M.),  God  and  the  Bible,  6<f. 
Black  (A.),  Ruth  :  Short  Studies,  3/6  net. 
Clark  (H.   W.),  The  Philosophy  of  Christian  Experience 

3/6  net. 
Didon  (Pere),  Spiritual  Letters,  translated  by  A.  G.  Nash 

7/6  ' 

Ingram  (A.  F.  W.),  The  Gospel  in  Action,  3/6 
Jevons  (F.  B.),  Religion  in  Evolution,  3'6  net. 
Lewis  (R.  M.),  The  Divine  Gift,  5/ 
McKinney  (S.  B.  G.),  The  Revelation  of  the  Trinity,  3/6 
Matheson  (G.),  Rests  by  the  River,  5/ 
Rees  (W.  G.  E.),  The  Parson's  Outlook,  5/6  net. 
Religion  of  Christ  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  3/6  net. 
Watson  (W.),   Prayers  for  School  Boys  and  School  Girls 

3/6  net. 
Winchester  (C.  T.),  The  Life  of  John  Weslev,  6/6  net. 
W  ood  (J.),  The  Bible,  What  It  Is  and  Is  Not,  Third  Edition 

1/6  net.  ' 

Law. 
Law  for  the  Million,  by  a  Practical  Lawyer,  1/6  net. 
Taunton  (E.),  The  Law  of  the  Church,  25/  net 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Architectural    Association    Sketch  -  Book,    Third    Series, 

*  «*!•    '  A. ,  — 1/ 

National  Gallery,  London  :  The  Flemish  School,  3/6  net 

Randall-Mad ver  (IX),  Medieval  Rhodesia.  20/ net. 

Tyndale  (W.J  and  Holland  (C),  Wessex  Painted  and  De- 
scribed, 20/ net. 

University  of  Liverpool  School  of  Architecture :  Portfolio 
of  Measured  Drawings,  12/6 

»  oysey  (C.  F.  A.),  Reason  as  a  Basis  of  Art,  1/  net. 
Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Alexander  (H.  B.),  Poetry  and  the  Individual,  6/  net. 

American  Poets :  Selected  Poems,  edited  by  C.  II.  Page 
7/6  net. 

Byron  (Lord),  Don  Juan,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 

Carman  (B.),  Poems,  2  vols.,  10/6  net. 

Doughty  (C.  M.),  The  Dawn  in  Britain,  Vols.  I.  and  IL. 
4/6  net  each. 

Mackail  (J.  W.j.  The  Progress  of  Poesy,  1/  net 

Poems,  by  Aurelian,  1/  net. 

Venetian  Series :   The  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner,  by 
S.  T.  Coleridge,  (id.  net. 

Music. 
Davidson  (G.),  Stories  from  the  Operas,  3/6  net. 
Tosi  (P.  F.),  Observations  on  Florid  Song,  translated  by  M 
Gallcard,  5/ 

Bibliography. 
Hampstead  Central  Library,  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Books 
in  the  Lending  Department,  2/6 


Political  Kcommiy, 
Rae  (J.),   The  Sociological  Theory  of  Capital,   edited  by 

c.  W.  Mister,  17/ net 
Saleeby  (C.    W.),   Individualism    and    Collectivism,    Four 

Lectures,  2/ 

History  and  Biography. 
Barltey  (F.),  A  Friend  of  Marie  Antoinette  (Lady  Atkyns), 

10/6  net. 
Browning  (Robert)  and  Domett  (Alfred),  edited  by  F.  G. 

Kenyon,  6/  net. 
Debrett's  House  of  Commons  and  the  Judicial  Bench,  1906, 

7/6  net. 
Fitzgerald  (P.),  Sir  Henry  Irving,  10/6  net. 
Gatissen  (A.  C.  C),  A  Woman  of  Wit  and  Wisdom,  a  Memoir 

of  Elizabeth  Carter,  7/6  net. 
Hassal]  (A.),  A  Brief  Survey  of  European  History,  4/6 
House  of  Commons  in  1908  :  Meins.  about  Members,  Second 

Edition,  1/ 
Hume,  (Major  MA  The  Great  Lord  Bnrghley,  12/6 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies  :  Municipal  Problems  in 

Media>val  Switzerland,  by  J.  N.  Vincent,  2/ 
Journals  of  the  Continental  Congress  :  S'ol.  IV.,  1776. 
Synipson  (E.  M.),  Lincoln,  a  Historical  and  Topographical 

Account  of  the  City,  4/6  net. 
Vambery  (A.),  Western  Culture  in  Eastern  Lands,  12/  net 
Wellington  (R.  H.),  The  King's  Coroner,  VoL  I.,  8/6  net  ; 

Vol.  II.,  7/6  net. 
Wynter  (P.  H.  M.),  On  the  Queen's  Errand,  10/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Belloc  (11.),  Esto  Perpetua,  Algerian  Studies  and  Impres- 
sions, 5/  net. 
Harper  (C.  G.),  The  Brighton  Road,  18/ 
Heath  (S.  and  F.  R.),  Dorchester  and  its  Surroundings,  2/ 

Philology. 

Modern    Language   Association   of  America.      Vol.   XXI. 
No.  I.,  4/ 

School-Books. 

Caesar,  Books  V.  and  VI.,  edited  by  A.  Reynolds  and  J.  T. 

Phillipson,  2/6 
Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  Books  I.  and  IL,  edited  by  A.  L. 

Cann,  2/ 

Science. 

Bell  (R.),  Ten  Years'  Record  of  the  Treatment  of  Cancer 
without  Operation,  2/6  net 

Bigg  (H.),  An  Essay  on  the  General  Principles  of  the  Treat- 
ment of  Spinal  Curvatures. 

Brend  (W.  A.),  A  Handbook  of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and 
Toxicology,  8/6 

Bulkley  (L.  D.),  The  Influence  of  the  Menstrual  Function  on 
Certain  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  5/  net 

Carson  (H.  W.),  Aids  to  Surgical  Diagnosis,  sewed,  3/ 

Forbes  (M.  A.)  and  Ashford  (W.  H.  R.),  Our  Waterways, 
12/  net. 

Founder  (A.),  The  Treatment  of  Syphilis,  15/  net. 

Galton  (F.)  and  Shuster  (E.),  Noteworthy  Families  :  Modern 
Science,  Vol.  I.,  6/ net. 

Handlirsch  (A.),  Revision  of  American  Paleozoic  Insects. 

Knaggs  (H.  V.),  Help  for  Chronic  Sufferers,  5/  net. 

Mosso  (A.),  Fatigue,  translated  by  M.  and  W.  B.  Drum- 
mond,  4/6 

Pelseneer  (P.),  Mollusca,  15/  net 

Wheeler  (W.  H.),  A  Practical  Manual  of  Tides  and  Waves, 
7/6  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 

Told  to  the  Children  Series  :  Gulliver's  Travels,  told  by  J. 
Ling ;  The  Rose  and  the  Ring,  abridged  by  A.  Steed- 
man,  1/6  each  net 

General  Literature. 
Addison,  Essays,  3/  net 
Blair  (J.),  Jean,  1/  net 
Boothby  (Guy),  The  Race  of  Life,  5/ 
Colonial  Office  List,  1906,  10/6 
Dane  (J.  C),  The  Hidden  House,  6/ 
Delannoy  (B.),  Prince  Charlie,  3/6 
Directory    of     Shipowners,     Shipbuilders,     and     Marine 

Engineers,  1906,  10/ 
Feild  (E.),  Evelyn's  Quest,  4/6  net. 
Foreign  Office  List,  1906,  10/6 
Gallon  (Tom),  Jimmy  Quixote,  0/ 
Galsworthy  (J.),  The  Man  of  Property,  6/ 
Hamilton  (J.  A.),  Captain  John  Lister,  a  Tale  of  Axholme, 

6/ 
Hume  (F.),  The  Dancer  in  Red,  and  other  Stories,  6/ 
Hutchinson  (IL),  'Bert  Edward,  the  Golf  Caddie,  1/  net 
Ikin  (A.  E.),  Guide  to  the  Teaching  Profession,  2/6  net 
Lubbock  (B.),  Jack  Derringer,  6/ 
Mackay  (W.),  A  Mender  of  Nets,  6/ 
Maitland  (E.   F.),  Blanche  Esmead :  a  Story  of  Diverse 

Temperaments,  6/ 
Meadows  (A.  M.),  The  Extreme  Penalty,  6/ 
Medical  Register,  1906,  10/6 
Methuen's  Standard  Library:  Burns'  Poems;  Utopia  and 

Poems,  by  Sir  Thomas  More  ;  The  Republic  of  Plato  ; 

The  Life  of  Nelson,  by  R.  Southey  ;  A  Serious  Call  to  a 

Devout  and  Holy  Life,  by  W.   Law,  1/  net  each.    The 

Little    Flowers   of   St    Francis ;    Cranford,    by   Mrs. 

Gaskell,  6rf.  net  each. 
Mixed  Maxims,  by  Monte  Carlo,  2/6  net 
Oppenheim  (E.  P.),  Mr.  Wingrave,  Millionaire,  6/ 
Sedgwick  (A.  D.),  The  Shadow  of  Life,  6/ 
Sell's  World's  Press,  1906,  7/0 
Sinclair  (U.),  The  Jungle,  6/ 
statistics  of  the  Colony  of  New  Zealand  for  the  Year  1904, 

Vols.  I.  and  II. 
Sterne  (L.),  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  and 

A  Sentimental  Journey,  1/6  net. 
Trafford -Taunton  (W.),  Igdrasil,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 

S.   Francisci  Aosisiensis    Vita   et   Miracula,   recenstiit   P. 
Eduardus  Alenconiensis,  10/. 

Late. 

Oalante  (A.),  Fontes  Iuris  Canonici  Selecti,  14  parts,  17m. 


Fine  Art  aiul  Archaeology. 
Bi-^ing  (Freiherr  von),   Denkmaler   agyptischer   Sculptur, 

1'art  I.,  20in. 
Courboin    (F),    Au   Cabinet    dei    Estampes :    I*  Salle  de- 
Travail,  lOOfr. 
Gaultier  (P.),  Le  Rire  et  la  Caricature,  3fr.  50. 
Weisbach  (W.),  Der  Junge  Durer. 
Drama. 
Mendes(C),  Glatigny,  Sfr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bonet-Maury    (G.),    LTslamisme    et    le    Christianiame    en 

Afri<iue,  3fr.  50. 
Bourguet(A.),  Le  Due  de  Choiseul  et  l'Alliance  Espagnole, 

7fr.  50. 
Diehl  (('.),  Figures  Byzantines,  3fr.  50. 
Liner  (R),  Lea  Annates  de  Klodoard,  Sfr. 
Millard  (E.),  Les  Beiges  et  leurs  Generations  HUtoriques.— 
Une     Loi     Historiqoe :     III.       Les    Allemands,    lea 
Anglais. 
Muret  (M.),  La  Litterature  Italienne  d'Aujourd'hui,  3fr.  50. 
Normand  (C),  Les  Amusettes  de  l'Histoire,  lfr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Maurel    (A.),   Petites    Villes   d'lttlie,    Toscane— Venetie, 
Sfr.  50. 

Psycliology. 
Marie  (A.),  La  Demence,  4fr. 

General  Literature. 
Adde  (A.),  L'Art  Nautique,  2fr.  75. 
Cahuet  (A.),  La  Corbeille  d'Argent,  3fr.  50. 
Dornis  CJ.),  Le  Voile  du  Temple,  3fr.  50. 
Trouessart  (C),  Notre  Fee,  3fr.  50. 

*»*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously- 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


NOTES    FROM    OXFORD. 

The  political  event  of  the  term  has  been 
the   debate    on   Eights- week.     Mr.    Palmer, 
of   Balliol,    in   his   proctor's   year   collected 
statistics  of  attendances  at  lectures  during 
the  mid-term  carnival,  which,  if  not  quite 
so  appalling  as  might  have  been  expected, 
nevertheless  showed  a  falling-off  to  the  tune 
of    nearly    twenty    per    cent.     Next    year's 
figures  revealed  a  slight  improvement  ;   but, 
whether  one  in  five  or  one  in  six,  behold  the 
weaker  brother,  the  man  who  says  he  has 
people  up,   declared  by  exact  methods  an 
unmistakable  fact.  How  remove  the  scandal  t 
The  palmaria  emendatio,  as  the  wits  dubbed 
it,    provided    a    clear    space    for    festivities 
towards    the    end    of    term    by    antedating 
most  examinations  by  anything  from  a  week 
to  nearly  three.     By  a  majority  of  two  to- 
one,  however,  Congregation  refused  to  sanc- 
tion so  serious  an  abridgment  of  our  working 
time.     Besides,   some  of  us — doubtless  not 
so  young  as  we  used  to  be — recoiled  in  horror 
from  the  thought  of  a  week  or  fortnight  that 
should    be     all     junketing.     Should     Alma 
Mater   herself   take   to   lolling   in   a   punt  T 
Alternative  suggestions  of  reform  that  find 
favour  with  some  are  that  a  week  should  be 
clapped  on  to  each  of  the  winter  terms,  and 
the  summer  term  reduced  to  six  weeks  ;    or 
that  no  examinations  should  be  held  till  the 
eight  weeks  of  summer  term  are  over.     But 
there   are   serious    objections   to   both   pro- 
posals.    Our  winter  terms  are  already  long 
enough ;     witness    the    fact    that    teachers 
and  pupils  alike  appear  thoroughly  fagged 
out  by  the  end  of  them.     Besides,  it  must 
not    be    supposed    that    the    vacation    is    a 
season  of  pure  holiday,  either  for  lecturer 
or  men.     The  former  need  a  quiet  time  in 
which  to   accumulate  fresh  material.     The 
latter,  too,  must  devote  themselves  to  solid 
preparation.     The   boots   must   be   blacked 
before  they  are  fit  for  polishing.     So  much, 
then,    for     the     hibernators.      As    for    the 
"  rigorists, "  if  all  the  heavy  final  schools  are 
to  be  put  into  the  long  vacation,  one  thing  is 
clear :     viva   voce   must   go.     Otherwise,    at 
their  present  rate  of  progress,  Literce  Human- 
tores  and   Modern  History  would  drag  on 
into  September — which  is  absurd.     Where- 
fore, despite  the  deplorable  jollity  of  Eights- 
week,  things  are  likely  to  remain  as  they  are. 
After  all,   when  some  four  out  of  five  are 
found  to  be  righteous  men,  there  seems  no- 
call  for  fire  and  brimstone  out  of  heaven  ia 
the  shape  of  a  new  Commission, 


N#4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


361 


3 


It  was  noted  just  now  that  to  defer  the 
final  schools  is  inevitably  to  involve  the 
abolition  of  viva  voce.  Without  going  so 
far  as  to  wish  it  abolished  altogether,  a 
great  many  persons  of  experience  are  agreed 
in  demanding  a  considerable  curtailment  of 
its  use.  Thus  it  is  rumoured  that  the 
examiners  in  Liter ce  Humaniores  have  asked 
leave  to  dispense  with  it  in  the  case  of  all 
candidates  whose  class  is  clearly  determin- 
able on  the  results  of  their  paper-work — 
some  fifty  per  cent,  at  least.  Will  the 
University  put  an  end  to  a  system  which 
requires  men  to  be  dragged  to  Oxford  from 
the  other  end  of  Scotland,  five  or  six  weeks 
after  the  examination  is  over,  in  order  to 
be  asked  pro  forma  a  question  or  two  which 
they  may  answer  or  not,  as  they  please  ? 
It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  it  will.  The 
University  does  not  trust  its  examiners. 
Corporately,  it  argues,  they  will  have  no 
conscience,  and  in  a  short  while  there  will 
be  no  doubtful  cases,  so  that  the  examiners 
will  get  to  the  Alps  or  to  St.  Andrews  three 
weeks  earlier.  But  it  is  doubtful  if  you  can 
make  men  moral  by  statute.  Also,  you 
undoubtedly  play  havoc  under  the  present 
system  with  the  precious  time  and  even 
more  precious  health  of  some  of  your  best 
men,  whom  you  condemn  to  some  two 
months'  most  exhausting  drudgery  on  the 
utterly  false  assumption  that  it  is  possible, 
by  dint  of  straining  your  eyes,  to  look  into 
the  candidates'  very  souls.  And  so  in 
Oxford  few  books  are  written,  whilst  every 
other  year  an  examiner's  health  is  wrecked. 
These  are  things  they  manage  better  at 
Cambridge. 

Examination-reform  is  able  to  report 
achieved  progress  only  in  the  case  of  the 
English  School.  Henceforth  the  philologist 
and  the  student  of  literature  will  severally 
be  permitted  to  specialize  within  reasonable 
limits.  Four  papers  on  '  Beowulf,'  Middle- 
English  Texts,  Chaucer,  and  Shakspeare 
are  to  be  taken  by  all  ;  also  the  philologist 
is  expected  to  do  one  paper  on  the  History 
of  Literature,  whilst  the  Literature  student 
will  be  set  one  on  Historical  English  Grammar. 
Otherwise,  however,  each  will  be  examined 
in  his  own  subject.  The  change  seems 
educationally  defensible,  and  will  certainly 
enhance  the  popularity  of  the  School. 
M  There  is,  however,  good  hope  that  Pass 
Moderations  will  in  a  short  time  be  trans- 
formed for  the  better.  No  one  who  has 
taught  and  examined  for  that  School  will 
maintain  •  that  it  is  possible  to  deal  ade- 
quately with  both  the  translation  and  the 
subject-matter  of  a  group  of  set  books  in  a 
bare  hour  and  a  half.  It  is,  therefore,  pro- 
posed to  reduce  the  groups  from  three  to 
two,  and,  in  exchange,  to  demand  a  more 
detailed  and  thorough  handling  of  the  work, 
extending  over  two  three-hour  papers.  Thus 
at  length  a  brighter  prospect  dawns  for  the 
lecturer  hitherto  expected  to  deal  with  the 
dilemma  of  the  '  Meno  '  or  the  religion  of 
the  ancient  Germans  in  succinct  notes 
modelled  on  the  sixpenny  telegram.  Mean- 
while, the  Grammar  paper  in  Responsions, 
or  at  all  events  the  Greek  portion  of  it,  is 
distantly  threatened  by  a  resolution  of  the 
Committee  appointed  by  the  Classical  Asso- 
ciation to  consider  how  the  methods  of 
teaching  Greek  in  public  schools  could  be 
improved.  It  is  suggested  that,  instead  of 
the  arid  lists  of  atomic  verbal  forms  the 
candidate  is  at  present  forced  to  memorize, 
he  should  be  steadily  kept  face  to  face  with 
the  language  as  expressive  of  live,  continuous 
thought,  so  that  words  and  sense  may  be 
given  a  chance  of  helping  each  other  out. 
When  the  public-school  boy  has  been  taught 
Greek  on  these  lines  for  a  while,  the  Uni- 
versity cannot  do  better  than  judge  of  his 


capacity  by  means  of  the  translation  of 
easy  unseen  passages,  together  with  the 
explanation  of  such  grammatical  difficulties 
as  the  text  itself  presents. 

The  Committee  for  Anthropology  is  to  be 
congratulated  on  having  announced  its  first 
examination  for  the  coming  June.  Whether 
candidates  for  the  diploma  will  be  forth- 
coming at  scarce  six  months'  notice  is,  how- 
ever, another  matter.  Next  October,  at 
any  rate,  it  is  to  be  hoped  a  goodly  number 
will  avail  themselves  of  the  elaborate 
machinery  arranged  for  their  instruction. 
The  syllabus  of  subjects  and  authorities, 
long  as  it  is,  must  not  frighten  the  novice. 
A  year's  honest  work  on  the  part  even  of  a 
second-  or  third-class  Honours  man  will  not 
go  unrewarded  ;  whilst  there  is  the  diploma 
with  distinction  for  the  first-class  man,  or 
the  student  of  moderate  ability  who  can 
afford  a  second  year.  Be  it  noted,  too, 
that  women  here  compete  on  equal  terms 
with  men.  The  total  capital  on  which 
the  Committee  of  Anthropology  aspires  to 
run  its  ambitious  scheme  is  30/.  Here  is  a 
chance  for  the  benefactor,  be  his  sympathies 
with  empire-building,  with  missionary  work, 
or  with  pure  research. 

Yet  the  benefactor  cannot  be  said,  in 
other  respects  at  least,  to  keep  his  pockets 
closed.  The  new  carvings  at  the  University 
Museum,  which  we  owe  to  the  Rev.  H.  T. 
Morgan,  are  complete  for  four  bays  of  the 
upper  west  corridor,  and  show  beautiful 
imitation  of  the  jasmine,  the  privet,  the 
periwinkle,  and  so  on.  Mr.  Morgan  has 
promised  to  defray  the  cost  of  the  whole 
south  corridor.  Will  not  others  continue 
the  work  ?  It  is  calculated  that  a  capital 
can  be  decorated  for  11.  5s.,  and  a  pier  for 
18Z- 

The  Beit  Professor  of  Colonial  History  has 
come  into  existence  in  the  person  of  Mr. 
H.  E.  Egerton,  on  whom  All  Souls'  has 
bestowed  a  Fellowship.  The  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  History  announces  two  prizes  of 
70/.  and  40/.,  offered  by  an  anonymous  donor, 
the  former  for  an  essay  on  German  history, 
the  latter  for  one  on  any  subject  connected 
with  continental  thought  during  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries.  St.  John's 
College  has  re-endowed  the  Sibthorpian 
Professorship  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry, 
the  stipend  of  which,  when  the  emoluments 
arising  from  Dr.  Sibthorp's  benefaction  are 
counted  in,  will  amount  to  a  clear  700/.  a 
year.  All  Souls'  announces  1,000/.  (if 
possible,  to  be  made  annual)  for  the  Bodleian, 
a  Readership  in  English  Law,  and  a  History 
Lectureship  for  the  Non-Collegiates,  as  well 
as  contributions  to  the  Drummond  Chair  of 
Political  Economy  and  the  Readership  in 
Indian  Law. 

And  yet  The  Westminster  Gazette  in  a  series 
of  articles  has  been  preaching  the  need  of  a 
Parliamentary  Commission  to  remind  the 
richer  colleges  of  their  duty  towards  the 
University,  and  towards  research.  Unfor- 
tunately, the  busy  journalist  is  a  bad  hand 
at  exact  calculations  ;  or  shall  we  say  that 
college  accounts  are  not  such  as  to  tell  a 
plain  tale  to  the  midnight  statistician  ?  Be 
the  fault  ultimately  his  or  ours,  'tis  certain 
he  has  blundered  grossly  over  the  figures, 
and  has  thus,  to  the  sorrow  of  academic 
progressives,  decidedly  played  the  game  of 
the  moderately  -  pleased  -  with  -  themselves. 
Things  are  by  no  means  so  black  as  they 
have  been  painted.  The  percentage  of 
contributions  from  the  richer  colleges  to 
the  University,  apart  from  statutory  obliga- 
tions, is  high,  and  is  increasing.  There  are 
fifteen  Research  Fellows  (and  not  two,  as 
"  Lambda "  implies),  distributed  amongst 
six  colleges  ;  whilst  even  with  prize  Fellow- 
ships it  is  becoming  the  common  practice 


to  allow  the  thesis  a  place  by  the  side  of  the 
examination  paper  as  evidence  of  ability. 
So  perhaps  we  may  prove  equal  to  reforming" 
ourselves  without  the  aid  of  the  round 
hundred  of  Oxonians  in  the  new  Parliament 
and  their  less  sympathetic  friends. 

Long  life  and  a  learned  leisure  to  Dr. 
Bright,  Master  of  University,  who  lays  down 
his  office  whilst  still  in  the  fullness  of  his 
powers,  to  the  sorrow  of  his  college,  that 
knows  his  worth  and  how  it  has  prospered 
under  his  rule  !  Dr.  Reginald  Macan,  who 
has  just  been  chosen  as  his  successor,  is  well 
known  as  a  first  -  rate  scholar,  and  has 
studied  life  on  the  links  as  well  as  in  the 
lecture-room.  M. 


DESTRUCTION    OF    THE    VILLA    OF 
SANTA    PETRONILLA. 

The  historical  villa  of  Santa  Petronilla, 
three  miles  from  Perugia,  is  now  only  a 
heap  of  ashes.  My  friend  Signor  Piceller,. 
writing  on  the  day  after  the  fire,  tells  me 
that  the  tower  fell  at  midnight  of  the 
13th  inst.,  destroying  the  beautiful  ceiling 
of  the  studio,  a  favourite  resort  of  Lord 
Leighton  and  his  friend  Signor  Costa,  the 
painter,  when  they  were  frequent  guests  of 
Count  Rossi-Scotti,  the  owner  of  the  un- 
fortunate building. 

Frescoes  similar  to  Campaldino's  mediaeval 
tournaments  and  battle  pieces  are  all  burnt. 
Stucco  decorations  by  Mariani  (whose 
wonderful  work  I  related  in  The  Athenaeum, 
December  19th,  1891),  Biscarini,  Cimbelhy 
Scardovi,  and  Carloni  shared  the  same  fate. 
Inlaid  furniture  by  Monteneri  and  Moretti, 
besides  all  kinds  of  precious  Perugian  art, 
has  perished  in  the  flames. 

At  this  villa,  originally  an  abbey  belong- 
ing to  nuns  of  S.  Maddalena,  tradition 
places  the  death  by  poison,  conveyed  by  a 
basket  of  figs,  of  Pope  Benedict  XI.  The 
deed  was  done  to  gain  the  favour  of  his 
enemy  Philippe  le  Bel  of  France.  I 

Count  Rossi-Scotti  spent  large  sums  of 
money  forty  years  ago  in  transforming  the 
old  abbey  into  a  mediaeval  castle,  and  fur- 
nished the  interior  with  imitations  of 
Perugian  and  Italian  art  as  closely  resem- 
bling that  of  the  fifteenth  century  as  possible. 

Many  rare  books  and  much  valuable 
tapestry  (for  which  Perugia  was  famous) 
are  irretrievably  lost. 

William  Merceb. 


THE  SPRING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

MESSRS.  CONSTABLE  A  CO. 
are  publishing  in  History  and  Biography :  Some 
Literary  Eccentrics,  by  J.  Fyvie, — Renascence 
Portraits,  by  Dr.  P.  Van  Dyke,— Early  Victorian 
Novelists,  by  Lewis  Molville,— The  Life  of  Alfred 
Ainger,  by  Edith  Sichel,  —  The  Life  of  C.  G. 
Leland,  by  Mrs.  Pennell,  2  vols.,  illustrated,— 
Alexander  Hamilton  :  an  Essay,  by  F.  Oliver,  with 
portraits,  —  Staple  Inn,  by  E.  Williams,— The 
History  of  Warwick  School,  by  A.  F.  Leach, — 
Time  and  Clocks,  by  H.  H.  Cunnynghame,  Tacitus, 
and  other  Roman  Studies,  by  Prof.  G.  Boissier,— 
A  Short  History  of  Italy,  by  H.  D.  Sedgwick,— 
Machiavelli's  Florentine  History,  translated  by 
N.  H.  Thomson,  2  vols.— The  King  of  Court  Poets, 
a  Study  of  Ariosto,  by  E.  Gardner,  with  illustra- 
tions,—The  Chief  American  Poets,  selected  by 
C.  H.  Page,—  A  German  Pompadour,  by  Marie 
Hay,  —  and  Tho  England  and  Holland  of  the 
Pilgrims,  by  tho  late  H.  M.  Dexter  and  his  Son, 
M.  Dexter,  illustrated. 

In  American  Men  of  Letters  :  Washington  Irving, 
by  C.  D.  Warner,  —  Noah  Webster,  by  H.  E. 
Scudder, — Thereto,  by  F.  B.  Sanborn, — Bayard 
Taylor,   by   A.   H.    Smith,— Poo,   by  G.    E.  Wood- 


362 


THE     ATHKNjEUM 


N°40!Jl,  Makch  24,  1906 


Jkiit,— Willis,  by  II  A  Bean,  Bryant*  by  John 
Bigelow,-  \\.  <;.  Simms,  by  W.  P.  Trent,  "<l.  w. 
Curtis,  l.y  i;.  Gary,  George  Ripler,  by  O.  B. 
Frotliiii^liaiii,  —  ana  Margaret  Oesou,  by  T.  W. 
Higginson. 

In  Amerioan  Statesmen  :  Benjamin  Franklin, 
John  Ad. mis,  nii< I  John  Qninoy  Adams,  nil  by 
•  I.  T.  Horse,  inn.  Patrick  Henry,  by  Id  ( '. 
Tyler, — George  Washington,  by  H.  C.  L<xlge, 
'2   vols..      Com  cincur  Morris,   and    T.    H.    Benton, 

by  iVi'sidi  nt  Roosevelt,— John  Jay,  by  C  Pellew, 
— John   Marshall,    by  A.    B.    Maarnder, — James 

Madison,  by  8.  H.  Gay,— Albert  (iallatin,  by  John 
A.  Stevens,— James  Monroe,  1*3'  1).  C.  Gilman, — 
John  Randolph,  by  Henry  Adams,  -Andrew  Jaek- 

son,  by  W.  <;.  Sumner,"  Martin  Van  Burun,  by 
K.  M.  Shepard,—  Daniel  Webster,  by  H.  C.  Lodge, 
—J.  C.  Calhoun,  hv  H.  van  Hoist, — Lewis  Cass,  by 
A.  C.  McLaughlin,  -W.  H.  Seward,  by  T.  K. 
Lothrop,-  S.  P.  Chase,  by  A.  B.  Hart,— Charles 
Sumner,  by  M.  Storey,— and  Thaddeus  Stcrens,  by 
a  W.  McCall. 

In  American  Commonwealths  :  Virginia,  by  J.  E. 
-Cooke,— Maryland,  byW.  H.  Browne,— Kentucky, 
by  N.  S.  Shaler,— Michigan,  by  T.  M.  Cooley,— 
Kansas,  by  L.  W.  Spring,— California,  bv  J.  Royce, 
—New  York,  by  E.  H.  Roberta,  2  vols.,— Con- 
necticut, by  A.  Johnston,— Missouri,  by  L.  Carr,— 
Indiana,  by  J.  P.  Dunn,  jun.,— Ohio,  by  R.  King, 
—and  Vermont,  by  R.  E.  Robinson. 

In  Belles  -Lettres,  Fiction,  and  General:  A 
Treasury  of  English  Literature,  selected  by  Kate 
M.  Warren,— The  Poetry  and  Philosophy  of  George 
Meredith,  by  G.  M.  Trevelyan,—  Animal  Heroes, 
by  E.  Thompson  Seton, — The  House  of  Cobwebs, 
and  other  Stories,  by  G.  Cissing,— Henry  North- 
-cote,  by  J.  C.  Snaith,—  Anthony  Britten,  by  H. 
Macllwaine,— Mr.  John  Strood,  "by  Percy  White, 
— Face  to  Face,  by  Francisca  Acebal,  presented  in 
English  by  Major*  Martin  Hume,— Holy  Land,  by 
G.  Frenssen,— Set  in  Authority,  by  S.  J.  Duncan, 
—  several  new  "pocket  editions"  of  popular 
volumes,— the  Simplified  Series  of  Cook  Books,  by 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Peel,  4  vols.,—  Threepence  a  Day  for  Food, 
by  E.  H.  Miles,— Woman's  Kingdom,  by  Mrs.  W. 
Wallace,  with  many  illustrations,— and  The  Fixed 
Period,  addresses  by  Prof.  Osier. 

In  Art  and  Archaeology  :  Modern  Bookbindings, 
by  S.  T.  Prideaux,  illustrated— Porcelain  of  all 
Countries,  by  R,  L.  Hobson,—  Old  Oxford  Plate,  by 
H.  C.  Moffatt,  with  many  plates, — Historic  Greek 
Coins,  by  G.  F.  Hill,—  arid  Cities  of  Paul,  by  W.  B. 
Wright.  J 

In  Folk-lore,  Religion,  and  Philosophy  :  The 
Euahlayi  Tribe,  by  Mrs.  Langloh  Parker,  illus- 
trated—The Religion  of  all  Good  Men,  by  H.  W. 
Garrod,— An  Essay  on  Man  and  Christian  Civiliza- 
tion, by  W.  Y.  Craig,— The  Subconscious,  by  Prof. 
Jastrow,— The  Life  of  Reason,  by  Prof.  Santayana, 
■5  vols., —and  in  Religions,  Ancient  and  Modern: 
Islam,  by  T.  W.  Arnold  ;  Magic  and  Fetichism, 
by  A.  C.  Haddon  ;  The  Religion  of  Ancient  Egypt, 
oy  Prof.  Petrie  ;  The  Religion  of  Babylonia,  by 
T.  G.  Pinches  ;  Buddhism,  2  vols.,  by  Prof.  T.  W. 
Rhys  Davids;  Hinduism,  by  L.  D.  Barnett ; 
Scandinavian  Religion,  by  W.  A.  Craigie  ;  Celtic 
Religion,  by  Prof.  Anwyl ;  The  Mythology  of 
Ancient  Britain  and  Ireland,  by  C.  Squire ;  Judaism, 
by  I.  Abrahams  ;  Primitive  or  Niccne  Christianity, 
by  J.  S.  Black  ;  and  other  volumes. 

In  Science,  Technical  B  >oks,  &c.  :  Electric  Rail- 
ways, by  S.  W.  Ashe  and  J.  D.  Keiley,— Tunnel 
Shields,  and  the  Use  of  Compressed  Air,  by  W.  C. 
Copperthwaite,  with  2(i()  illustrations,  —  Water 
Softening  and  Treatment,  by  W.  H.  Booth,— Gas, 
Gasoline,  and  Oil  Engines,  byG.  D.  Hiscox,  revised 
and  enlarged  ;  Gas-Engine  Design,  bv  C.  E.  Lucke, 
—Radio-Active  Transformations,  by  Prof.  Ruther- 
ford,—Modern  Turbine  Practice  and  Water- Power 
Plants,  by  J.  W.  Thurso,  —  Practical  Electro- 
chemistry, by  B.  Blount,  enlarged— Experimental 
Electro-Chemistry,  by  N.  M.  Hopkins,— Bridge 
and  Structural  Design,  by  W.  C.  Thomson,— 
Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System,  by  J.  P.  Morat, 
translated  and  edited  by  H.  W.  Syers,—  On  Leprosy 
and  Fish-Eating,  by  J.  Hutchinson  —  Diet  and 
Dietetics,  by  A.  Gautier,  edited  and  translated  by 
A.  J.  Ricc-Oxley,— and  The  Integrative  Action  of 
the  Nervous  System,  by  C.  S.  Sherrington. 

E,  GRANT  RICHARDS 

has  in  hand  :  Birds  of  the  British  Islands,  by 
Charles  Stonhani,  illustrated  bv  L  N.  Mcdland,  in 
twenty  parts,— Essays  in  Socialism,  by  E.  Belfort 


lUx,     Traveller's  Jog  :  mi  anthology,  compiled  by 

W.  <;.  Wat. is,     Grant  Allen's  Historical  Qnide  to 

Florence,  revised   and   enlarged   by    J.     W.    Cruick- 

shank,-  The  Chapbooks  :  vol  Il'l.  The  Poems  of 
lb  imk,  The  Haloyon  Series :  Vol  L  The  Bird  in 
Bong,  compiled  by  Robert  Siokert,  The  Venetian 
Scncs:  Vol.  111.  The  Bime  of  the  Ancient 
Mariner,  -Igdrasil,  a  novel,  by  W.  T.  Taunton, — 
The  Blaok  Motor-Gar,  by  H.  Borland, —  Parson 
Brand,— by  L  ('.  Cornford,    The  House  <>f  Souls, 

by  Arthur  Maehen, — and  Audrey  the  Actress,  by 
Horace  Wyndham. 

MB.  EVBLBIGH  NASH 

includes  in  his  spring  list :  The  (heat  Lord  Burgh- 
ley,  by  Major  Martin  Hume,  a  new  edition, — -Ten 
Tudor  Statesmen,  by  A.  D.  Innes,  with  portraits, — 
With  the  Cossacks,  by  Francis  Mc  Cullagh,  illus- 
trated, —  In  the  Days  of  the  Dandies,  l>y  Lord 
Lamington, — and  the  following  Novels  :  The  Lapse 
of  Vivien  Eady,  by  Charles  Marriott ;  Bardelys 
the  Magnificent,  by  R.  Sabatini ;  The  Grey 
Domino,  by  Mrs.  P.  C.  de  Crcspigny  ;  The  House 
in  Spring  (Jardens,  by  Major  Arthur  Griffiths; 
The  Invasion  of  1910,  by  W.  Le  Queux  ;  and  Sons 
of  the  Milesians,  by  the  Countess  of  Cromartie. 


Ititoarg  (Sossip. 

In  The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  April  the 
series  '  From  a  College  Window  '  is  con- 
cluded with  a  meditation  upon  the  real 
meaning  of  '  Religion.'  In  '  A  New  Tale 
of  Two  Cities  '  Mr.  Laurence  Gomme,  the 
Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council, 
compares  the  impression  made  by  Paris 
and  London  at  the  recent  interchange  of 
municipal  visits.  Mr.  J.  H.  Yoxall,  M.P., 
deals  with  '  The  New  House  of  Commons.' 
Mr.  A.  D.  Godley's  verses  '  Concerning  a 
Millennium '  have  also  a  political  tang. 
1  A  Journey  of  Surprises,'  by  Mrs.  Archi- 
bald Little,  gives  an  account  of  travel  in 
the  Chinese  province  of  Yunnan. 

The  forthcoming  number  of  The  Dublin 
Review  will  contain  articles  on  '  Cardinal 
Newman  and  Creative  Theology,'  by  Mr. 
Wilfrid  Ward ;  on  '  Experience  and 
Transcendence,'  by  Baron  Friedrich  von 
Hugel ;  on  '  Weismann  and  the  Germ- 
Plasm  Theory,'  by  Prof.  Windle  ;  and 
on  '  The  Holy  Latin  Tongue,'  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  William  Barry  ;  also  '  An  Historical 
Meditation,'  dealing  with  the  period  of 
the  Reformation  in  England,  by  Father 
Benson,  a  son  of  the  late  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

Abbot  Gasquet  has  now  completed 
the  task  of  editing  for  the  press  the  further 
letters  of  Acton  we  have  already  announced. 
The  Abbot,  in  an  exhaustive  Introduction, 
deals  sympathetically  with  the  revival  of 
scholarship  among  Roman  Catholics,  of 
which  these  letters  give  contemporary 
evidence. 

Mr.  John  Masefield  is  preparing  a 
new  edition  of  the  '  Voyages  of  William 
Dampier,'  which  E.  Grant  Richards  will 
publish  early  in  the  coming  season.  The 
work  will  form  the  only  complete  edition 
of  Dampier's  '  Voyages '  since  the  late 
eighteenth  century.  It  will  contain  a 
biographical  memoir  and  appreciation  by 
the  editor,  a  bibliography,  notes,  and 
from  ten  to  twenty  brief  histories  of  the 
buccaneers  and  seamen  with  whomDampier 
was  associated.  The  maps  of  the  early 
editions  will  be  preserved,  and  the  volumes 


will  contain  a  reproduction  of  Thomas 
Murray'n  handsome  portrait  of  the  great 
circumnavigator. 

lis.  Ei.kin  Mathews  announces  for 
early  publication  a  volume  of  n 
entitled  '  Dramatic  Lyrics,'  by  Mi.  John 
Gurdon,  whose  i  lassical  tragedy  '  Erinna' 
appeared  three  years  ago.  The  new 
volume  will  be  similar  to  the  former  in 
style  of  binding,  &c. 

The  April  Independent  Review  will 
contain  several  important  political  articles. 
Mr.  Philip  Snowden,  M.P.,  is  writing  on 
'  Trade  Unions  and  the  Law  '  ;  Mr.  J.  A. 
Hobson  on  '  The  Taxation  of  Monopolies  '  ; 
and  Mr.  W.  J.  Fisher  on  ;  Electoral 
Houses  '  ;  and  a  paper  by  the  late  Mr. 
Holyoake  on  '  Woman  Suffrage  '  will  also 
be  included.  Among  other  papers  are 
'  Flaws  in  Elementary  Education,'  by 
Mr.  Cyril  Jackson  ;  '  The  Florentine 
Movement '  (in  modern  Italian  literature), 
by  Miss  MM rida  Tillyard  ;  and  '  A  Labour 
College,'  by  Mr.  E.  Bruce  Forrest. 

Two  new  volumes  of  verse  are  announced 
for  publication  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  imme. 
diately  :  '  The  Treasures  of  the  Sea,  and 
other  Verses,'  by  Mr.  Stanlev  G.  Dunn  ; 
and  'A  Story  of  Unrest,' "by  Mr.  B. 
Burford  Rawlings. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  having  printed 
at  the  Chiswick  Press  a  limited  edition  of 
a  translation  of  Pierre  Loti's  '  India.'  The 
frontispiece  is  a  hitherto  unpublished 
portrait  of  the  author. 

Dr.  E.  D.  Ross  has  been  appointed 
Officer  in  charge  of  the  Records  of  the 
Government  of  India  and  ex-officio  Assist- 
ant Secretary  to  the  Home  Department. 
He  is  leaving  the  Madrasah,  of  which  he 
has  been  Principal  for  over  four  years. 

The  April  number  of  the  African 
Society's  Journal  will  contain  the  first 
instalment  of  a  valuable  paper  on  the 
Basuto,  by  the  Rev.  A.  Mabille,  a  grandson 
of  the  late  Eugene  Casalis,  whose  '  Les 
Bassoutos '  is  the  classic  authority  on 
that  people,  and  himself  the  author  of  a 
Sesuto  grammar.  The  Rev.  W.  H. 
Stapleton  will  contribute  a  '  Note  on  the 
Kele  Verb  ' — to  be  followed,  it  is  hoped, 
by  various  studies  in  the  Upper  Congo 
languages.  Other  articles  will  be  '  Tonga 
Religious  Beliefs  and  Customs,"  by  the 
Rev.  A.  G.  MacAlpine,  and  '  North- 
Eastern  Rhodesia,  its  People  and  Pro- 
ducts,' by  Mr.  George  Pirie. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  are  pub- 
lishing shortly  three  novels  :  '  Mr.  Baxter, 
Sportsman,'  by  Mr.  Charles  Fielding 
Marsh,  the  author  of  '  God's  Scholars  '  ; 
'  Old  Mr.  Lovelace  :  a  Sketch  in  Four 
Parts,'  by  Mr.  Christian  Tearle,  which 
relates  episodes  in  the  life  of  a  retired 
lawyer  ;  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Egerton  Castle's 
'  If  Youth  but  Knew,'  which  is  a  story 
recalling  in  manner  their  former  work 
'  Young  April.' 

AMONGST  the  most  recent  developments 
of  historical  methodology  in  America  the 
practical  study  of  archives  deserves  special 
mention.  Dr.  J.  Franklin  Jameson, 
Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Historical 
Research  in  the   Carnegie   Institution   at 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


363 


Washington,  is  on  the  point  of  starting 
for  Europe  with  a  view  to  special  re- 
searches in  this  way.  We  may  add  that 
Dr.  Jameson  is  ably  assisted  at  the 
Bureau  by  a  lady  who  received  her  first 
training  in  the  study  of  historical  MSS. 
in  this  country. 

The  Carnegie  Institution  referred  to 
above  has  just  issued  a  remarkable  biblio- 
graphy of  the  '  Writings  on  American 
History '  published  during  1903.  As  many 
as  3,591  entries  are  contained  in  this 
volume,  which,  however,  appears  to  include 
numerous  critical  studies  dealing  with 
education,  art,  and  general  literature.  We 
even  find,  under  the  head  of  '  Social  and 
Economic  History,'  the  reprinted  addresses 
delivered  at  the  opening  of  various  Carnegie 
libraries.  A  large  proportion  of  the  his- 
torical pieces  are  clearly  of  an  ephemeral 
nature. 

Next  Thursday  and  following  days 
Messrs.  Hodgson  are  selling  a  large  number 
of  important  and  interesting  books  and 
MSS.  There  are  letters  from  Bernard 
Barton,  the  Wordsworths,  and  Leigh 
Hunt,  and  one,  in  her  minute  hand,  from 
Charlotte  Bronte  to  Thackeray,  of  great 
interest.  We  note  further  first  editions 
of  Milton's  '  Paradise  Regained,'  Donne's 
poems,  Dryden's  '  Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel,'  '  Vanity  Fair,'  and  '  Pickwick  ' 
(in  the  twenty  original  wrappers).  Cotton's 
'  Scarronides  ;  or,  Virgile  Travestie,'  also 
a  first  edition,  contains  an  autograph 
poem  (probably  of  his  own  writing)  to 
"  Maecenas,"  who  was,  we  presume,  Robert 
L'Estrange,  then  a  licenser  of  the  press, 
whose  "imprimatur"  appears  on  the  title- 
page.  There  is  also  a  fine  second  edition 
of  Evelyn's  '  Sylva,'  with  his  autograph. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  item 
from  a  literary  point  of  view  is  a  set  of 
proof-sheets  of  '  A  Dream  of  Arcady ' 
and  '  Stanzas '  by  T.  Powell,  corrected 
by  Browning,  occasionally  in  pungent 
style.  Thus  on  a  passage  in  '  A  Dream 
of  Arcady  '  he  writes  : — 

"I  expect  every  moment  some  line  like 
'The  Preacher  was  an  Anti-Puseyite,'  &c. 
Keep  it  for  the  consecration  of  the  New 
Catholic  Church,  opposite  Bedlam. ' ' 
There  are  many  beautiful  MSS.  on  vellum, 
and  a  brilliant  series  of  water-colour  draw- 
ings, by  W.  Heath  and  others,  to  illustrate 
the  '  Historical  Records  of  the  British 
Army.' 

The  April  number  of  The  Home  Counties 
Magazine  contains  articles  on  '  A  Hertford- 
shire Witch,'  '  Picturesque  Petersham,' 
•  Middlesex  Place-Names,'  '  Paul's  Cross,' 
&c.  The  illustrations  include  views  of 
Milton's  Cottage  at  Chalfont  St.  Giles, 
Gray's  Inn  Hall,  and  Paradise  Row, 
Chelsea. 

We  ventured  to  express  the  hope  in 
this  column  some  weeks  ago  that  M.  Henry 
Martin  would  be  appointed  to  succeed 
llrredia  as  Administrates  de  la  Biblio- 
theque  de  l'Arsenal,  and  we  are  glad 
now  to  be  able  to  announce  that  he 
has  received  the  appointment.  In  Paris 
these  high  posts  are  sometimes  given  to 
politicians  without  much  regard  for  their 
fitness  ;     but    fortunately    in    this    case 


the  best  man  has  won.  M.  Martin  is  one 
of  the  most  accomplished  and  brilliant 
scholars  of  the  Ecole  des  Chartes,  and  his 
long  service  at  the  Arsenal  fully  qualifies 
him  for  his  new  post. 

The  Christian  Banner  Weekly  is  the  title 
of  a  penny  illustrated  paper  for  the  home 
which  will  make  its  first  appearance  on 
April  26th.  No  fewer  than  half  a  million 
copies  of  the  first  number  will  be 
printed.  The  publishers  are  the  Religious 
Tract  Society. 

M.  Jusserand  has  finished  the  new 
volume  of  his  literary  history  of  the 
English  people. 

The  death  of  Etienne  Car j at  removes 
an  interesting  personality  from  Parisian 
life.  He  tried  his  hand  at  most  things — 
poetry,  photography,  journalism,  politics, 
&c.  Caricature  was  his  first  weakness, 
and  this  taste  developed  itself  whilst  he 
was  in  the  employment  of  a  tapestry 
manufacturer.  He  was  introduced  by 
his  friend  Pothey  to  Daumier,  who  com- 
plimented him  on  his  facility,  but  dis- 
suaded him  from  pursuing  art  as  a  career. 
In  1862  he  started  Le  Boulevard,  which 
contained  much  of  his  best  work,  some 
of  it  almost  worthy  to  rank  with  that 
of  Daumier.  His  "  soirees  artistiques  " 
in  his  studio  in  the  Rue  Notre-Dame-de- 
Lorette  were  long  a  famous  meeting-place 
for  literary  and  artistic  Bohemians,  among 
whom  he  had  a  wide  circle  of  friends. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  I  should  like  to  be  allowed  to  express 
gratitude  to  the  British  Museum  authorities 
for  their  departure,  after  considerable  public 
protest,  from  some  of  the  time-honoured — 
or  should  I  say  time-disgraced  ? — methods 
of  cataloguing  the  Museum  books.  For 
instance,  Voltaire  is  no  longer  found  under 
Arouet,  but  under  Voltaire.  The  principle 
is  capable  of  some  considerable  extension 
before  the  B.M.  Catalogue  becomes  a  per- 
fectly handy  instrument.  For  instance, 
Madame  de  Pompadour  should  be  placed 
under  Pompadour,  and  not  under  '  Le 
Normant  d'Fjtioles  (Jeanne  Antoinette).' 
By  the  way,  the  British  Museum  Catalogue 
prints  '  Le  Normant '  as  '  Le  Normand,' 
which  is  incorrect  ;  the  London  Library 
Catalogue  makes  the  same  mistake." 

The  death  of  Count  Oswald  de  Kerchove, 
member  of  the  Belgian  Senate  and  for- 
merly Governor  of  Hainaut,  occurred 
suddenly  at  Ghent  on  Tuesday.  The 
family  of  Kerchove  has  been  prominent 
in  Flanders  since  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
the  deceased's  father  was  burgomaster  of 
Ghent  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Count 
Oswald  was  famous  as  a  horticulturist, 
and  his  two  works  on  '  Palms '  and 
'  Orchids  '  were  well  known  to  botanists 
in  other  countries  than  his  own.  He  had 
been  President  for  more  than  twenty 
years  of  the  Belgian  Society  of  Agriculture 
and  Botany.  He  also  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  civic  life  of  Ghent.  His 
literary  activities  were  not  confined  to 
horticulture,  for  he  wrote  a  large  number  of 
political  pamphlets  and  several  historical 
treatises  of  more  than  passing  value. 

The  death,  in  his  seventy-second  year, 
is  announced  from  Mayence  of  Prof. 
Konrad  Beyer,  son-in-law  of  the  poet 
Ruckert  and  a  very  versatile  writer. 


The  oldest  journalist  in  India  has  just 
died  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Sorabji  Jehangir 
Chenai,  proprietor  of  The  Deccan  Herald, 
at  the  patriarchal  age  of  ninety-four. 
His  father  took  a  leading  part  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  cantonment  at  Poona  in  the 
early  years  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
and  The  Deccan  Herald  was  founded  there 
in  1858. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
Statutes  made  by  the  following  Oxford 
Colleges  :  Christ  Church,  New,  Merton, 
University,  and  Balliol  (\d.  each)  ;  Annual 
Statistical  Report  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow  (2d.)  ;  Code  of  Regulations  for 
Day  Schools,  Scotland  (id.)  ;  and  Higher 
Education,  England  and  Wales,  Return 
showing  Application  of  Funds  by  Local 
Authorities  (2s.). 

SCIENCE 


Immunity  in  Infectious  Diseases.     By  Elie 
Metchnikoff,   Professor  at  the  Pasteur 
Institute,  Paris.     Translated  by  Francis 
G.     Binnie.       (Cambridge,     University 
Press.) 
The  subject  with  which  this  admirable 
volume  deals  is  one  which  has  in  recent 
years  attracted  a  vast  amount  of  attention, 
not  only  on  account  of  its  practical  import- 
ance in  medicine,  but  also  because  of  the 
fascinating  interest  of  the  problems  in- 
volved.    It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
within  the  past  ten  years  a  new  science 
has   arisen   on   the   border   line   between 
physiology   and   chemistry,   dealing   with 
the    defensive    mechanism    of    the    body 
against  foreign  cells  and  their  poisons. 

The  earlier  theories  on  the  subject  were 
simple  and  somewhat  vague.  Such  were 
the  views  that,  in  the  course  of  their  growth 
in  the  body,  bacteria  exhausted  certain 
constituents  of  the  soil  which  were  not 
readily  replaced,  or  that  they  produced 
certain  substances  inimical  to  their  own 
further  growth,  which,  retained  in  the 
body,  hindered  further  invasion  of  the 
body  by  new  bacteria.  But  it  soon 
became  plain  that  such  simple  explana- 
tions were  inadequate,  and  each  advance 
in  knowledge  has  rendered  more  evident  the 
immense  complexity  of  the  problem.  In 
recent  years  interest  has  chiefly  centred 
around  two  theories.  One  of  these  is 
the  doctrine  of  "  phagocytosis,"  which  we 
owe  to  Prof.  Metchnikoff.  and  with  the 
expanded  form  of  which  the  present  volume 
deals  ;  the  other  is  the  "  side-chain  " 
theory  of  Ehrlich. 

In  its  original  crude  form  Prof.  Metch- 
nikoff's  theory  was  limited  to  the  "  phago- 
cytic "  activities  of  the  leucocytes  of  the 
blood  and  of  certain  other  tissue  cells, 
i.e.,  their  power  of  ingesting  and  destroy- 
ing microbes  invading  the  body.  This 
view  was  based  on  numerous  demonstrable 
facts  ;  it  was  on  all  sides  admitted  that 
such  a  process  occurred,  and  that  it  must 
be  of  considerable  importance  in  the 
defence  of  the  organism.  But  with  the 
discoveries  that  immunity  extended  to 
certain  chemical  poisons,  notably  the 
"toxins"  of   bacteria,  and  that    the  de- 


364 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4001,  March  24,  1906 


struct  ion  of  bacteria  within  the  body  often 
took  place  by  extra-cellular  prOCOBBOB, 
this  original  oonoeption  became  clearly 
insufficient.  It  w;i-  now  that  Khrlich's 
masterly  hypothesis  took  the  field,  and 
for  a  time  the  doctrine  of  phagocytosis 
•occupied  a  relatively  subordinate  position. 
Prof.  Metchnikoff,  however,  modified  and 
extended  his  theory,  showing  by  a  mass  of 
new  facts  and  experiments  that  even  the 
extra-cellular  phenomena  of  defence  could 
be  explained  by  the  action  of  ferment-like 
bodies  liberated  from  the  phagocytes  in 
their  dissolution.  His  views  in  their 
latest  form,  as  embodied  in  the  work 
before  us,  must  be  conceded  to  afford  a 
reasonable  explanation  of  a  great  number 
of  the  facts  of  immunity  in  infective 
diseases.  Their  acceptance,  as  Prof. 
Metchnikoff  is  careful  to  point  out,  by  no 
means  involves  the  rejection  of  Ehrlich's 
"  side-chain  "  theory  :  the  two  may  be 
in  large  part  reconciled,  and  indeed  present 
to  some  extent  two  aspects  of  the  same 
phenomena.  Since  this  book  was  written, 
Dr.  Wright's  discovery  of  "  opsonins " 
has  done  much  at  once  to  support  Prof. 
Metchnikoff's  viewTs  and  to  reconcile 
them  with  the  more  "  humoral  "  theory 
of  Ehrlich,  though  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  "  side-chain  "  hypothesis  affords 
the  more  convincing  hypothesis  of  purely 
chemical  immunity.  Opsonins,  it  may 
be  explained,  are  soluble  substances 
present  in  the  blood  serum,  which  in 
some  way  promote  the  phagocytic  power 
of  the  leucocytes  upon  bacteria,  and  are, 
indeed,  essential  to  the  process. 

The  present  translation  of  Prof.  Metch- 
nikoff's work  has  been  admirably  carried 
out  by  Mr.  Binnie.  It  is  excellently 
printed,  and  forms  a  handsome  volume 
which  reflects  credit  on  every  one  con- 
cerned in  its  production.  Its  contents 
axe  necessarily  of  a  highly  technical  cha- 
racter, and  this  is  not  the  place  for  their 
detailed  review.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
Prof.  Metchnikoff  describes  the  pheno- 
mena of  intra-cellular  and  extra-cellular 
digestion  throughout  the  entire  animal 
and  vegetable  kingdoms,  dealing  with  the 
resorption  not  only  of  formed  elements, 
but  also  of  albuminoid  fluids.  He  traces 
the  bodies  concerned  in  the  extra-cellular 
disintegration  of  foreign  cells  to  ferments 
or  cytases  derived  from  the  destruction  of 
the  phagocytes  (phagolysis),  and  he  en- 
deavours as  far  as  possible  to  bring  his  ex- 
planations into  line  with  those  of  Ehrlich. 
These  principles  are  applied  to  natural  and 
acquired  immunity  in  all  their  varied 
forms,  and  are  illustrated  by  a  perfect 
storehouse  of  facts  and  arguments  derived 
from  the  most  varied  sources.  The  crowded 
pages  would  be  bewildering,  were  it  not  for 
the  lucidity  and  order  with  which  the  facts 
are  marshalled.  We  have  here  the  record 
of  five-and-twenty  years  of  thoughtful 
speculation  tested  by  laborious  experi- 
ment, and  no  more  important  book  on  the 
subject  has  ever  appeared  in  the  English 
language. 

We  cannot,  in  concluding  this  short 
review,  refrain  from  a  tribute  of  admira- 
tion to  the  self-restraint  and  moderation 
•which  characterize  the  manner  in  which 


Prof.  .Metchnikoff  deals  with  the  criticisms 
which  have  been  so  freely  bestowed  bv 
his  opponents  upon  his  theories.  No  man 
lias  had  to  bear  more  opposition,  and  few 
have  conducted  their  controversies  with 
more  dignity  and  toleration.  This  is 
peculiarly  apparent  in  the  historical 
sketch  of  our  knowledge  of  immunity 
which  forms,  save  for  a  final  summary, 
the  fitting  close  to  a  memorable  work. 


Cloud  Studies.  By  Arthur  W.  Clay  den, 
Principal  of  the  Royal  Albert  Memorial 
College,  Exeter.  (John  Murray.) — This  book 
may  fitly  be  called  a  sunny  study  of  a  cloudy 
subject,  though  indeed  it  is  something  more 
than  a  study,  being  almost  a  complete 
account,  profusely  illustrated,  of  the  various 
appearances  and  formations  of  clouds.  The 
author  hopes  that  it  will  be  of  practical 
value  to  the  meteorologist  as  a  step  towards 
that  greater  exactness  of  language  which  is 
essential  before  we  can  attempt  to  explain 
all  the  details  of  cloud  structure,  or  even 
interchange  our  ideas  and  observations  with 
adequate  precision.  The  varieties  here  de- 
picted and  described  have  been  selected 
from  many  hundreds.  Extraordinary  atmo- 
spheric phenomena  attract  universal  atten- 
tion ;  but  the  admiration  of  the  varying 
forms  of  cloud  and  their  beautiful  and 
fantastic  appearances  (whether  resembling 
successively  a  camel,  a  weasel,  and  a  whale, 
as  Hamlet  thought,  or  any  other  objects)  is 
usually  evanescent.  Our  author,  then,  is 
justified  in  hoping  not  only  that  his  work 
will  be  of  value  to  the  meteorologist,  and 
induce  others  to  feel  that  meteorology  does 
not  consist  solely  in  the  tabulation  of  long 
columns  of  records  and  diagrams  of  isother- 
mals,  &c,  but  also  that  it  will  interest  the 
artist  by  calling  attention  to  the  variety 
and  exquisite  beauty  of  the  broken  cloudy 
sky.  This  beauty  is  often  misrepresented, 
even  in  pictures  which  are  otherwise  ex- 
amples of  skill  and  care,  by  masses  of  vague, 
shapeless  clouds,  as  untrue  to  nature  as  it 
would  be  possible  to  render  them. 

Mr.  Clayden,  in  an  introduction,  devotes 
some  space  to  the  history  of  the  classification 
and  nomenclature  of  cloud-formation,  which 
began  with  Luke  Howard,  who  afterwards 
published,  in  1833,  a  work  on  the  climate  of 
London.  The  word  "  cloud,"  we  may  re- 
mark, is  akin  to  "  clod,"  and  originally 
meant  a  mass  of  rock  or  earth,  which  passed 
into  the  modern  sense  of  cloud  about  the 
beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  doubt- 
less from  the  appearance  of  that  class  of 
cloud  to  which  the  name  of  cumulus  is 
now  attached.  Clouds  offer  this  advan- 
tage, that  they  need  neither  telescope  nor 
microscope  to  study  them.  Nor  is  such 
observation  without  practical  use.  "If  the 
clouds  be  full  of  rain  they  empty  them- 
selves upon  the  earth,"  says  the  author  of 
the  book  of  Ecclesiastes  ;  and  the  indica- 
tions of  saturation  or  the  appearance  of 
forms  (such  as  that  compared  by  the  pro- 
phet's servant  to  a  man's  hand)  connected 
with  the  approach  of  a  sudden  storm,  may 
often  be  of  great  value.  The  illustrations 
in  this  book  are  not  only  very  numerous, 
but  also  excellent  in  quality. 

Thunder  and  Lightning.  By  Camille 
Flammarion.  Translated  by  Walter  Mostyn. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) — In  this  interesting 
volume  M.  Flammarion,  so  well  known  for 
his  astronomical  works,  has  put  together, 
in  his  usual  racy  and  piquant  style,  some  of 
the  remarkable  effects  produced  by  storms 
of    thunder    and    lightning,    which    he    lias 


collected  with  gnat  industry  and  discrim- 
inating chic.  Those  effects  arc  sometimes 
fatal,  sometimes  serious,  and  sometimes 
almost  fantastic.  The  chapter  on  fireballs, 
"  the  most  mysterious  and  certainly  the 
least  understood  domain  of  thunder  and 
lightning,"  is  of  especial  interest.  The 
author  devotes  separate  chapters  to  the 
effects  of  lightning  on  mankind,  on  animals, 
and  on  trees  and  plants.  In  the  first  class 
the  results  are  much  less  frequently  fatal 
than  in  the  second  ;  and  the  effects  on  trees 
and  vegetation  are  very  marked.  Emphatic 
caution  is  therefore  given  against  taking 
refuge  under  trees  in  a  thunderstorm,  and 
many  instances  are  adduced  of  the  fatal 
consequences  of  doing  so,  especially  of  getting 
too  near  the  trunks  of  large  trees.  The 
ancient  notion  that  bay-trees  are  exempt, 
and  also  one  now  prevalent  in  various 
countries,  that  beeches  possess  such  im- 
munity, are  shown  to  be  by  no  means  of 
universal  application.  The  subject  of  light- 
ning conductors,  first  applied  after  the 
famous  experiment  of  Franklin  in  1752,  is 
treated  at  length,  and  the  cautions  necessary 
in  their  construction  pointed  out. 

The  last  chapter  is  very  curious — on  the 
pictures  made  by  lightning,  especially  on 
the  bodies  of  persons  struck  by  it,  which 
appear  to  indicate  the  presence  of  some 
extraordinary  rays,  to  which  the  author 
gives  the  name  of  ceraunic,  emitted  by 
lightning,  and  capable  of  photographing, 
alike  on  the  skin  of  human  beings  and 
animals,  and  on  plants,  more  or  less  distinct 
pictures  of  objects  far  and  near. 

One  circumstance  to  which  the  author 
calls  attention  will  probably  surprise  many 
readers — that  the  noise  made  by  thunder 
does  not  reach  so  far  as  that  produced  by 
cannon.  The  latter  can  easily  be  heard  at 
a  distance  of  25  miles  ;  and  during  the  siege 
of  Paris,  Krupp's  cannon  could  be  heard  as 
far  as  Dieppe,  140  kilometres  away.  But 
numerous  observations  show  that  thunder 
is  never  heard  beyond  20  or  perhaps  25  kilo- 
metres. 

It  only  remains  to  say  that  the  translation 
is  exceedingly  well  done,  and  we  have  noticed 
but  one  mistake  (on  p.  246),  the  name  of  the 
former  illustrious  Director  of  the  Brussels 
Observatory  appearing  as  Quebelet  instead 
of  Quetelet.  An  index  would  have  been  a 
welcome  addition. 

In  1837  a  young  man  of  twenty-three, 
possessing  an  estate  and  the  delightful 
manor  house  of  Rothamsted,  in  Hertford- 
shire, began  experimenting  on  the  nutrition 
of  plants  commonly  grown  by  farmers,  and, 
in  course  of  time,  obtained  results  which 
have  had  a  far-reaching  influence  on  agri- 
cultural theory  and  practice.  The  young 
man  was  J.  B.  Lawes,  afterwards  created  a 
baronet ;  with  him  was  associated  from 
1843  till  the  time  of  his  death  Dr.  J.  H. 
Gilbert,  who  in  1893  was  knighted;  and  the 
story  of  their  work  is  told  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Hall 
in  The  Book  of  the  Rothamsted  Experiments 
(John  Murray).  It  is  a  very  remarkable 
6tory,  but  most  remarkable  of  all,  and 
perhaps  explaining  the  rest,  is  the  wonderful 
lifelong  partnership  of  the  two  men  who  for 
fifty-seven  years  laboured  together,  "united," 
as  Sir  J.  B.  Lawes  said,  "  by  their  mutual 
love  of  the  work  they  were  engaged  in." 

Pliny  tells  us  that  Sterculus,  the  son  of 
Faunus,  discovered  the  value  of  dung  as 
manure.  It  was  virtually  the  only  manure 
in  use  till  Lawes  and  Gilbert  showed  that 
various  mineral  substances  could  supple- 
ment its  action  or  altogether  replace  it. 
The  demonstration  went  home  to  the  British 
farmer  ;  "  artificial  "  manures  are  now  fre- 
quently and  increasingly  used,  and  their 
manufacture     has     become     an     important 


N°  4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN.EUM 


365 


industry.  Manurial  tests  were  the  chief, 
but  not  the  only  investigations  carried  out 
at  Rothamsted.  Other  researches  dealt 
with  the  feeding  of  animals,  particularly  the 
production  of  animal  fat  from  starch,  with 
ensilage,  wheat  flour,  &c. 

Without  doubt  the  most  striking  feature 
of  the  Rothamsted  experiments  is  the 
scrupulous  accuracy  with  which  the  records 
have  been  kept,  and  the  comprehensive 
analytical  data  which  have  been  accumu- 
lated. It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
the  facts  and  figures  obtained  at  Roth- 
amsted can  be  made  to  throw  light 
on  almost  every  problem  arising  in  con- 
nexion with  the  manurial  treatment  of 
soils  and  crops.  So  high  is  the  reputation 
of  Lawes  and  Gilbert's  work  that  to  doubt  a 
Rothamsted  analysis  would  be  almost 
impious. 

Lawes  and  Gilbert  were  prolific  writers, 
and  their  collected  memoirs  fill  ten  volumes, 
which,  moreover,  are  by  no  means  easy  to 
obtain.  The  same  careful  elaboration  of 
detail  which  makes  their  work  so  valuable 
also  makes  their  papers  very  severe  reading, 
only  to  be  undertaken  by  the  expert.  A 
well-written  summary,  laying  stress  on  the 
broad  outlines  and  properly  subordinating 
details,  was  badly  needed,  and  this  want  is 
now  supplied  by  Mr.  Hall's  book.  The 
work  of  preparation  must  have  been  great, 
but  author  and  publisher  have  spared  no 
pains  to  produce  a  book  worthy  of  the 
subject.  It  is  written  in  the  lucid  and  inter- 
esting style  we  have  learnt  to  expect  from 
Mr.  Hall,  and  is  freely  illustrated  with  dia- 
grams and  curves  to  bring  out  the  essential 
points.  We  wish  it  every  success,  and  only 
hope  it  may  induce'  some  of  the  wealthy 
people  who  make  agriculture  their  hobby  to 
follow  in  Sir  J.  B.  Lawes's  footsteps. 


general  all  its  optical  and  electrical  mani- 
festations, are  by  the  modern  theory  attri- 
buted to  the  direct  action  of  electrons. 

The  fundamental  requirement  imposed 
on  matter  moving  through  the  ether  is  that 
the  dimensions  of  all  bodies  as  a  whole,  and 
of  their  ultimate  constituents — i.e.,  of  the 
electrons — be  slightly  altered.  If  we  take 
it  for  granted  that  all  molecular  forces  in  their 
innermost  nature  are  electromagnetic,  and, 
further,  if  we  remember  that,  according  to 
the  Maxwellian  theory,  the  electric  forces 
due  to  charges  undergo  a  modification  as 
soon  as  we  impart  a  certain  velocity  to 
them,  then  this  hypothesis  of  deformation 
becomes  plausible.  It  seems  that  Fitz- 
Gerald  was  the  first  to  conceive  this  rather 
daring  idea.  Later  Lorentz  independently 
made  the  same  assumption.  Calling  u  the 
velocity  of  the  earth  and  v  the  velocity  of 
light,  FitzGerald  assumed  that  the  earth 
and  all  bodies  on  it  have  their  dimensions 
which  fall  in  the  line  of  motion  reduced  in 
the  ratio  (l  -  \  ^,)  :  1.  while  the  cross  dimen- 
sions remain  unaltered.  In  1904  Lorentz, 
with  the  view  of  completely  eliminating  any 
theoretical  influence   of    rectilinear  motion, 

slightly  changed  this  ratio  into     /  1  --5  :  *■ 

and  at  the  same  time  extended  the  deforma- 
tion to  the  electron  itself.  Evidently,  then, 
the  electron,  which  is  a  sphere  of  radius  a 
when  at  rest,  turns  into  an  ellipsoid  with  the 

a,  a,  when     moving 


semi-axes 


a^/l 


u" 


THE     SHAPE     OF    ELECTRONS    AND 
THE  MAXWELLIAN    THEORY.* 

Bonn  University. 
It  is  the  fate  of  all  important  physical 
theories  that,  after  inaugurating  a  period  of 
brilliant  discoveries,  they  are  taken  to  task 
by  an  array  of  new  experimental  facts, 
accruing  from  the  continually  refining 
process  of  our  methods  of  observation.  The 
Maxwellian  theory  has  not  been  exempt 
from  this  fate.  It  is  the  absence  of  the 
effects  of  the  annual  motion  of  the  earth 
through  the  ether  on  terrestrial  optics,  and 
in  general  on  terrestrial  electromagnetic 
phenomena,  that  causes  so  much  difficulty, 
and  it  is  to-day  the  foremost  aim  of  all 
theorists  working  in  the  field  of  electro- 
magnetism  to  find  a  plausible  hypothesis 
accounting  for  this  absence,  which  has  been 
established  to  an  astounding  degree  of 
accuracy. 

To  speak  strictly,  the  Maxwellian  theory 
in  its  original  form  cannot  offer  any  explana- 
tion, and  we  have  to  turn  to  its  natural 
outgrowth  the  electronic  theory.  It  can  be 
shown  that,  unless  the  structure  of  matter 
undergoes  a  certain  change  by  moving 
through  the  ether,  the  negative  results  of  all 
the  experiments  undertaken  with  the  view 
of  discovering  the  influence  mentioned 
would  be  incomprehensible.  Now,  when- 
over  we  appeal  to  the  structure  of  matter 
for  an  explanation  of  electromagnetic  phe- 
nomena, we  really  appeal  to  the  electrons 
of  which  we  consider  matter  to  consist.  I 
need  only  remind  the  reader  that  the  light 
and  heat  waves  emitted  by  matter,  and  in 

•  The  earlier  article*  in  this  Series  appeared  as  follows: 
M.  PoincAre"  on  '  U\  Fin  <le  la  Mature,'  February  17th  ;  and 
Kir  William  Ramsay  on  '  Iielinm  and  the  Transmutation  of 
Elements,'  March  10th. 


with  the  velocity  u. 

Since  our  measuring  rods  take  part  m  the 
deformation,  we  have  no  direct  means  of 
testing  this  hypothesis,  but  we  have  a 
means  which  permits  us  to  decide  whether  or 
not  an  electron  is  rigid,  and,  if  deformable, 
in  what  manner  it  is  deformable.  It  is  one 
of  the  greatest  triumphs  of  experimental 
and  theoretical  science  that  to-day  we  can 
make  definite  statements  concerning  the 
form  of  electrons,  when  only  a  few  years  ago 
the  conception  of  an  election  was  hazy  and 
undefinable.  Before  I  explain  the  method 
of  determining  the  form  of  the  electron  it 
may  be  well  to  recall  a  few  general  facts 
on  the  subject. 

An  electron   at   rest  is   a   small   charged 
sphere   of   a   diameter   of   about    one -ten- 
billionth   part    of    a    centimetre,    the    elec- 
tric   charge    residing    on     the     surface  or 
being    distributed     in     the     interior.      The 
electric  force  of  this  electron   is  easily  ex- 
pressed by  applying  the  ordinary  laws  of 
electrostatics.     If    we    impart    a    uniform 
motion  to  the  electron,  we  must  assume  the 
laws  of  flowing  electricity.     For  the  motion 
of  a  charge  constitutes  an  electric  current, 
and  to  start  this  with  its  magnetic  field  a 
certain  expenditure  of  energy  is  required. 
We  can  view  this  electromagnetic  energy  in 
the  light  of  the  ordinary  kinetic  energy  of 
masses,  and  ascribe  it  to  some   ideal   mass 
of   the  electron,   which  then  is  termed   its 
electromagnetic  mass.     There  is  this  differ- 
ence, however,  that,  if    compared  with  the 
masses  we  are  familiar  with  in  mechanics,  it 
varies  with  the  velocity,  becoming  infinite  as 
the  velocity  of  light  is  reached.    This  differ- 
ence   may,   nevertheless,  be  only   apparent, 
since  we  have  no  experience  with  ordinary 
masses   moving   with   velocities   sufficiently 
great  to  exhibit  their  dependence  on  velocity. 
And  there  is  yet  another  distinction.     If  we 
accelerate  a  moving  electron  in  its  line  of 
motion,   its  mass  behaves  differently   from 
that  which  is  called  into  play  when  we  impart 
to  it  an  acceleration  perpendicular  to  the 
direction  of  its  velocity.     So  we  are  forced 
to  distinguish  between  a  longitudinal  and  a 


transverse  mass,  besides  the  mass  mentioned 
above  in  connexion  with  the  kinetic  energy 
of  the  election.  For  slow  motion  these  three 
masses  assume  identical  values.  The  manner 
in  which  these  masses  increase  with  velocity 
depends  on  the  shape  of  the  electron. 

Now  suppose  an  electron,  initially  moving 
in  a  straight  line,  enters  an  electric  field — 
for  instance,  that  of  a  condenser  whose 
plates  are  placed  parallel  to  the  direction  of 
motion.  It  will  then  be  deflected  from  its 
path  by  a  force  which  is  proportional  to  the 
charge  ;  and  the  acceleration  which  this 
force  produces  will  depend  on  the  transverse 
mass  of  the  electron,  and  therefore  on  its 
velocity  and  on  its  shape.  An  electron 
entering  a  magnetic  field  perpendicularly  to 
the  lines  of  force  will  likewise  be  deflected  if 
we  remember  that  a  magnet  acts  on  an 
electric  current.  It  will  experience  a  trans- 
verse force  which  is  proportional  to  its 
velocity  and  to  its  charge,  and  the  effect  of 
this  force  will  be  to  urge  it  in  a  direction 
perpendicular  to  the  field  and  to  its  own  line 
of  motion.  Now  when  a  magnetic  field  is 
superimposed  on  a  parallel  electric  field 
the  electron  will  evidently  experience  simul- 
taneously two  mutually  perpendicular  forces 
urging  it  in  a  resultant  direction.  This  is 
the  basis  on  which  Kaufmann  established 
the  plan  of  his  most  recent  experiments. 

He  availed  himself  of  the  Becquerel  rays 
emitted  by  radium  salt  as  a  source  of  q^^y 
moving  electrons.  It  is  well  known  that  the 
Beta  rays  are  emitted  with  varying  velocities, 
some  approaching  that  of  light.  Through  a 
small  opening  in  a  lead  plate  thesa  electrons 
enter  the  composite  field.  The  magnetic 
field  was  furnished  by  two  old  permanent 
magnets.  It  was  uniform,  and  had  an 
intensity  of  HO  abs.  units,  while  the  super- 
posed electric  field  was  that  of  a  minute  con- 
denser whose  plates,  one  millimetre  apart, 
were  kept  at  a  constant  difference  of  poten- 
tial of  2,500  volts  by  an  accumulator  battery. 
In  order  to  ascertain  to  what  extent  the 
uniformity  of  the  field  could  be  relied  upon, 
a  condenser  twenty-nine  times  as  large  was 
constructed,  its  field  explored,  and  found 
practically  uniform.  All  parts  of  the  appa- 
ratus which  could  be  exhausted  were 
worked     with     extreme     precision.  Hie 

rays,  after  traversing  a  distance  of  4  cm. 
in  the  exhausted  space,  fell  upon  a  smooth 
photographic  plate  perpendicular  to  their 
path,  and  there  produced  a  fine  curve,  each 
point  of  the  curve  corresponding  to  a  par- 
ticular velocity  of  the  electrons  constituting 
the  ray.  From  what  has  preceded,  it  win 
be  clear  that  this  diagram,  in  conjunction 
with  the  knowledge  of  the  deflecting  forces, 
permitted  Kaufmann  to  evaluate  the  depend- 
ence of  the  electromagnetic  masses  on  tne 
velocity,  and  thus  to  test  the  various  hypo- 
theses of  the  shape  of  electrons. 

He  established  beyond  any  doubt  that  the 
Lorentz  electron  described  above  does  not 
satisfy  the  experimental  data.  The  Lorent/. 
deformation  being  claimed  to  be  the  only 
one  to  account  for  the  absence  of  any  influ- 
ence of  the  earth's  motion  on  terrestrial 
optics,  it  would  appear  that  the  Maxwellian 
theory,  which  forms  the  basis  of  Lorent* .s 
analysis,  stands  condemned.  The  writer 
does  not  quite  share  this  opinion.  Matt,  r  is 
not  so  simply  constituted  that  we  should 
venture  to  make  absolutely  final  statements 
as  to  the  effects  of  a  rectilinear  motion 
upon  its  structure  ;  nor  is  the  Maxwelhau 
theory  so  inelastic  as  to  break  down  at  once 
under  the  weight  of  these  brilliant  experi- 
ments of  Kaufmann. 

Two   other  forms  of  electrons,   however 
agree  about  equally  well  with  the  result-  -t 
Kaufmann's  recent  experiments.     Those  are 
the  rigid  electron,  and  an  electron  proposca 


3G6 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4091.  March  24,  1906 


Bomo  time  ago  by  tho  writer.  The  latter 
electron  is  a  volume-charged  sphere  of 
radius  a  when  at  rest.  Through  its  motion 
it  becomes  deformed  into  an  ellipsoid  of 
constant  volume  with  the  semi-axes  a  »*, 
os~"  a  s  ~  ',  whore  we  havo  put  s  for 
l_ -~.     The  ratio  of  its  axes  is  tho  same  as 

that  of  the  Lorontz  electron. 

If  we  extend  this  sort  of  deformation  to 
all  the  bodies  of  a  moving  system,  most  of 
the  negative  effects  of  the  earth's  motion 
would  be  explained.  There  is,  however, 
ono  difficulty.  In  general  the  effect  of 
motion  on  transparent  substances  is  to 
cause  a  peculiar  kind  of  double  refraction, 
due  to  the  circumstance  that  the  light- 
emitting  electrons  which  vibrate  parallel  to 
the  direction  of  motion  swing  with  their 
longitudinal  masses,  whereas  the  oscillations 
perpendicular  to  this  direction  take  place 
with  transverse  masses.  In  general  one 
would  expect  different  periods  from  this 
difference  of  masses.  Now  dispersion  de- 
pends on  the  free  periods  of  electrons,  and 
consequently  one  would  expect  a  dispersion 
formula  that  would  depend  on  the  orienta- 
tion of  the  ray  with  regard  to  the  direction 
of  motion.  This  amounts  to  double  refrac- 
tion, the  absence  of  which  has  been  proved 
by  Lord  Rayleigh  and  by  Brace.  The  diffi- 
culty mentioned  does  not  seem  to  be  insur- 
mountable. However  this  may  be,  the 
problem  of  overcoming  the  difficulties  which 
beset  the  Maxwellian  theory  is  intimately 
connected  with  that  of  finding  a  suitable 
form  for  the  electron. 

A.  H.  Bucherer. 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 


The  relations  between  ether  and  matter 
now  form,  as  a  distinguished  German  physicist 
writes  to  me,  the  question  of  questions,  and 
almost  any  attempt  to  solve  it  is  therefore 
welcome.  In  a  controversy  lately  carried 
on  in  a  French  technical  paper,  M.  Brylinski 
has  asserted  that  in  order  to  alter  the  vis 
viva  of  the  ether  two  things  must  be  present, 
namely,  motion  and  some  other  absorbing 
or  emitting  medium.  Light,  for  instance, 
which  is,  according  to  current  theories,  an 
undulation  of  the  ether,  can  be  absorbed, 
either  wholly  or  in  part,  by  material  bodies. 
He  is  also  clear  that  the  medium  involved 
in  gravitation  is  the  ether ;  but  is  this 
ether  always  the  same  everywhere  ?  and 
has  it  mass  ?  To  these  questions  M.  Bry- 
linski answers  that  certain  phenomena 
attending  the  velocity  of  light,  and  the  sup- 
posed carrying-along  of  the  ether  by  matter, 
show  that  the  ether  contained  between  the 
molecules  of  material  bodies  is  not  the  same 
as  the  ether  of  the  inter-planetary  spaces  ; 
while  as  to  mass,  he  assumes  that  the  charge 
of  the  negative  electrons  demands  a  carrier, 
and  that  this  carrier  is  the  ether,  which  con- 
sequently has,  according  to  him,  a  well- 
defined  mass,  though  of  course  its  density 
is  extremely  small  compared  with  that  of 
the  molecules  of  matter.  This  contention, 
though  not  at  first  sight  to  be  rejected  as 
absurd,  seems  to  be  entirely  destructive  of 
many  existing  theories,  and  its  promulgator 
certainly  does  not  lack  the  courage  of  his 
opinions. 

The  different  problems  affecting  the 
Alpha  rays,  or  positive  electrons,  are  also 
now  in  full  course  of  investigation.  Prof. 
Wigger  has  lately  described  in  the  Jahrbuch 
der  Radioaktivitdt  a  series  of  experiments 
which  not  only  confirm  the  existence  of  the 
"  Delta "  rays,  or  slow-moving  negative 
electrons,  but  also  cast  considerable  doubt 


on  the  complete  deviability  of  tho  Alpha 
rays  by  even  the  most  intense  magnetic 
field.  He  compares  this  fact  with  Mr. 
Soddy's  hypothesis  that  the  Alpha  particles 
are  originally  uncharged,  and  only  acquire 
their  charge  by  reason  of  the  shock  caused 
by  the  expulsion  of  tho  negative  electron 
from  tho  atom.  His  experiments  seem 
to  have  been  made  with  polonium  and 
radio-active  lead,  and  they  lead  him  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  very  absorbable  Alpha 
rays  of  these  two  substances  are  not  the 
same  as  the  Alpha  rays  of  radium.  This  is 
particularly  curious  in  view  of  Prof.  Ruther- 
ford's remark  ('  Radio-Activity,'  second  ed., 
j).  583)  that  ordinary  matter  may  be  under- 
going transformation  accompanied  by  the 
expulsion  of  Alpha  particles  at  a  much 
greater  rate  than  that  shown  by  uranium 
without  producing  appreciable  electrical  or 
photographic  action.  With  this  may  be 
usefully  placed  the  law  enunciated  by  Prof. 
Ostwald,  that  the  bodies  which  first  come 
to  light  in  any  transformation  are,  in  experi- 
mental conditions,  always  the  most  unstable. 

Not  unconnected  with  this,  perhaps,  is 
the  curious  result  of  the  inquiry  which  Prof, 
von  Wesendonk  has  lately  described  in  the 
Physikalische  Zeitschrift,  into  the  different 
discharges  from  positive  and  negative 
electrodes  respectively.  This,  it  will  be 
remembered,  formed  one  of  the  electrical 
mysteries  that  M.  Langevin  recently  enu- 
merated in  his  address  to  the  International 
Society  of  Electricians.  Prof,  von  Wesen- 
donk is  of  opinion  that  when  the  discharge 
is  a  "  pure  "  spark,  and  contains  no  admix- 
ture of  either  point  or  glow  discharge,  neither 
electrode  has  any  advantage  over  the  other, 
and  the  quantity  of  energy  liberated  is  the 
same  in  each  case.  If  both  electrodes  are 
used  and  the  distance  between  them  is  very 
great,  the  negative  ion,  he  says,  may  possibly 
be  converted  into  a  positive  one,  as  he 
thinks  may  happen  in  the  strongly  positive 
discharge  from  a  Tesla  transformer  at  high 
tension.  It  seems  possible,  however,  that 
the  gas  in  which  the  discharge  occurs  has 
some  influence  upon  this,  as  Prof.  J.  J. 
Thomson  showed  some  time  since  that  with 
an  oscillatory  discharge  in  hydrogen,  nitro- 
gen, and  some  other  gases,  a  conductor 
placed  near  the  point  received  a  negative, 
and  in  air  and  oxygen  a  positive  charge. 

The  heating  effect  produced  by  the 
Rontgen  rays  on  being  absorbed  by  different 
metals  has  been  examined  in  The  Philo- 
sophical Magazine  by  Prof.  Bumsted,  of 
Connecticut.  He  finds  that  in  the  case  of 
lead  about  twice  as  much  heat  is  generated 
as  in  that  of  zinc.  His  hypothesis  is  that 
the  Rontgen  rays  cause  the  dissociation  of 
certain  elements  on  striking  them,  and  that 
the  energy  thus  liberated  manifests  itself  as 
heat.  M.  Sagnac,  who,  as  stated  lately  in 
these  Notes  (Athenaeum,  No.  4088),  asserts 
that  the  Rontgen  rays  in  the  case  mentioned 
are  not  so  much  absorbed  as  transformed, 
has  found  that  the  secondary  or  Sagnac  rays 
emitted  by  metals  struck  by  X  rays  are 
much  more  absorbable  than  those  producing 
them,  and  so  on  progressively  with  the 
tertiary  and  succeeding  radiations.  All 
which  looks  like  a  gradual  breaking-down 
of  energy,  and  a  "  frittering  away  "  of  it 
— to  use  the  classic  phrase — not  exclusively 
into  heat. 

In  the  same  number  of  the  magazine  (i.e., 
that  for  February)  Mr.  A.  Russell  discusses 
the  dielectric  strength  of  the  atmosphere, 
which  he  thinks  has  been  hitherto  put  too 
low.  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson,  he  tells  us,  has 
estimated  it  at  30  kilowatts  per  centimetre, 
and  Mr.  O'Gorman  at  27.  He  himself, 
however,  considers  that  at  ordinary  atmo- 
spherio  pressures  its   dielectrio   strength   is 


between  38  and  40  kilowatts,  which  is  an 
increase  of  about  30  per  cent.  The  fact 
may  reassure  practical  electricians  haunted 
by  the  fear  of  short  circuits  ;  but  it  might 
be  unwise  to  trust  to  it.  Id  Brunhes,  who 
has  lutely  been  making  experiments  at  the 
Puy  de  Dome  Observatory,  of  which  he  is 
Director,  thinks  that  the  leak  in  all  charged 
bodies  which  can  be  attributed  to  the 
atmosphere  alone  is  more  considerable  than 
has  been  hitherto  supposed,  and  that, 
contrary  to  tho  general  opinion,  it  is  more 
rapid  the  freer  the  air  is  from  dust  and 
vapour  of  water.  A  study  by  him  on  the 
subject  is  now  appearing  in  the  licvue 
Scientifique. 

Madame  Curie,  in  a  communication  to  the 
Academie  des  Sciences  which  is  marked  with 
some  asperity,  again  asserts  that  her  polo- 
nium is  the  same  substance  with  that  which 
Prof.  Marckwald  insists  on  calling  radio- 
tellurium,  and  her  view  of  the  case  is  sup- 
ported by  certain  constants  which  she  gives, 
and  which  agree  with  those  lately  put 
forward  by  Prof.  Marckwald.  It  seems  a 
pity  that  they  cannot  agree  upon  some 
healing  measure,  such  as  the  calling  of  both 
substances  by  the  name  of  Radium  F  given 
to  them  by  Prof.  Rutherford. 

Lest  any  one  should  be  misled  by  the 
quotation  in  these  Notes  (Athenaeum, 
No.  4088)  from  Dr.  Le  Bon  that  Hertzian 
waves  accompany  every  electric  spark,  and 
by  certain  comments  thereon,  it  may  be  said 
that  it  is  by  no  means  every  spark  which  causes 
this  phenomenon.  The  statement  probably 
got  into  '  L'Evolution  de  la  Matiere  '  by  a 
slip  of  the  pen  ;  for  its  author  certainly 
knows  a  great  deal  better,  and  put  the  case 
in  a  nutshell  when  he  stated  in  1899,  in  his 
study  on  Hertzian  waves,  that  the  waves 
were  emitted  when  a  conductor  of  sufficient 
capacity,  and  bearing  a  charge  of  sufficient 
tension,  was  abruptly  discharged,  the  charge 
being  at  the  same  time  constantly  renewed. 
As  Prof.  Fleming  graphically  demonstrated 
in  his  recent  Cantor  Lectures,  which  will 
shortly  be  printed,  only  one  or  two  sparks 
out  of  the  train  emitted  in  such  circumstances 
are  oscillating,  and  it  is  only  the  oscillatory 
discharge  which  produces  the  wave.  The 
analogy  of  a  U  tube  into  which  a  liquid  is 
suddenly  poured  from  a  height  is  exact. 

F.  L. 


DR.  LE  BON'S  THEORIES  OF  MATTER. 

Mr.  Norman  Campbell's  case  has  proved 
so  unexpectedly  fragile  that  it  would  be 
cruel  to  draw  further  attention  to  the  un- 
dignified dance  he  is  now  performing  over 
its  debris.  Nor  shall  I  notice  further  his 
childish  display  of  bad  temper  and  worse 
manners  in  the  attack  upon  myself  which 
he  now  states  to  have  been  his  object 
throughout  the  controversy.  For,  were 
every  word  of  it  true — as  it  certainly  is  not 
— it  could  have  no  earthly  bearing  upon 
the  issue  raised  by  him  in  his  first  letter, 
namely,  whether  The  Athenaeum  was  or  was 
not  justified  in  speaking  favourably  of  Dr. 
Le  Bon. 

In  these  circumstances  I  find  myself  with 
space  to  spare  for  the  discussion  of  the 
quinine  sulphate  experiment,  which,  it  may 
be  recollected,  formed  the  one  instance 
adduced  by  Mr.  Campbell  of  the  alleged 
invalidity  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  experiments. 
The  facts,  which  differ  widely  from  those 
which  the  unwary  reader  might  suppose 
from  Mr.  Campbell's  allusions,  are  as  follows. 
In  the  Revue  Scientifiqu*  of  April  14th,  1900, 
Dr.  Le  Bon  described  how  quinine  sulphate 
previously  heated  on  a  metal  plate  to  150°  C, 
and  .then  allowed  to  cool,  will  become 
phosphorescent,    and   discharge   an   electro- 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


367 


scope  if  placed  on  its  disk,  or  even  suspended 
above  it  with  a  thin  sheet  of  metal  between. 
This  phenomenon  he  attributed,  in  an  article 
in  the  same  paper  of  November  15th,  1902, 
to  the  chemical  reaction  produced  in  the 
substance  by  its  hydration,  or  absorption  of 
water  from  the  atmosphere.  He  also  stated 
that  the  "  effluves  "  disengaged  during  this 
and  other  chemical  reactions  had  the  same 
properties  as  those  apparent  in  the  dissocia- 
tion of  bodies,  including  the  power  of  passing 
through  tliin  sheets  of  metal,  and  that  of 
these  "  la  reaction  la  plus  nette  est  donnee 
par  l'liydratation  de  sulfate  de  quinine  "  ; 
while  he  suggested  that  the  radio-activity 
of  substances  like  radium  and  thorium 
might  be  due  to  the  same  cause.  Later 
Miss  Gates,  writing  to  The  Physical  Review 
from  McGill  University  under  date  of  June, 
1903,  stated,  among  other  things,  that 

V  the  quinine  radiations  are  only  apparent  when 

accompanied  by  a  great   temperature  change 

They  are  completely  absorbed  by  a  thin  sheet  of 
aluminium,   which  does  not  cut  out   the   rays   of 

uranium,    radium,    and    thorium There    is    no 

evidence  for  believing  that  the  ionization  of  quinine 
radiations  is  due  to  the  spontaneous  projection  of 
charged   masses  from   the  atom,  but  to  molecular 

actions  which  are  influenced  by  temperature 

While  M.  Le  Bon  is  undoubtedly  correct  in  his 
assertion  as  to  the  cause  of  the  quinine  radiations 
[i.e.,  chemical  reaction],  these  [her  own]  experi- 
ments show  no  justification  for  attributing  the 
radiation  from  radium  and  the  other  active  bodies 
to  a  similar  cause." 

Thus  stood  the  matter  till  1905,  when 
Prof.  Kalahne,  writing  in  Drude's  Annalen 
der  Physik  (pp.  451  sqq.),  '  Ueber  die  Strah- 
lung  des  Chinin-sulfates,'  after  discussing 
Miss  Gates's  experiments  and  detailing  some 
of  his  own,  re-echoed  her  statement  that  the 
chemical  reaction  was  the  cause  of  the 
radiation  ;  pointed  out  that,  unless  the 
vapour  of  water  were  introduced,  the  heated 
and  cooled  quinine  sulphate  showed  no  trace 
either  of  phosphorescence  or  of  ionizing 
power  ;  and  suggested  that  Miss  Gates  had 
not  taken  this  sufficiently  into  account  in 
her  conclusions.  After  this  Miss  Gates, 
writing  to  The  Physical  Review  of  January 
in  this  year,  without  referring  to  either 
Dr.  Le  Bon's  or  Prof.  Kalahne's  researches, 
described  an  experiment  performed  by  her 
in  the  Cavendish  Laboratory,  which  demon- 
strated that  dried  quinine  sulphate,  without 
any  heating  at  all,  can  be  made  to  exhibit 
both  phosphorescence  and  ionization  by 
exposure  to  damp  air.  She  further  said  that 
experiments  in  the  same  place,  designed  to 
show  that  the  ultra-violet  light  possibly 
evolved  during  the  phosphorescence  was 
the  cause  of  the  ionization,  had  failed  to 
reveal  the  presence  of  such  light,  and  that 
the  cause  of  both  phosphorescence  and 
ionization  was  the  chemical  reaction  of 
hydration. 

In  the  meantime  something  else  had  hap- 
pened. In  The  Philosophical  Magazine  for 
April  of  last  year  Mr.  Campbell,  after  detail- 
ing some  careful  quantitative  experiments 
on  the  radio-activity  of  ordinary  matter, 
which  form  a  valuable  confirmation  of  the 
theory  of  the  generality  of  this  phenomenon 
put  forward  by  Dr.  Le  Bon  five  years  earlier, 
appended  to  his  account  a  separate  article 
on  '  Hadio-activity  and  Chemical  Change,' 
in  which  the  following  words  occur  : — 

"  When  these  experiments  had  proceeded  for  a 
short  time,  it  was  found  that  a  similar  effect,  due 
to  chemical  action,  had  been  described  by  M. 
Gustavo  Le  Bon.  But  it  was  soon  remarked  that 
the  chemical  actions  which  were  attended  by  the 
largest  effects  were  those  which  gave  out  consider- 
able quantities  of  heat.  Was  it  heat,  and  not 
chemical  action,  thai  was  the  cause  of  t lie  effect 
noticed  '.' " 

He  then  went  on  to   explain  : — 


"  It  is  not  difficult  to  see  how  M.  Le  Bon  arrived 
at  the  conclusion  that  chemical  change  is  accom- 
panied by  radio-activity.  All  the  actions  with 
which  he  obtained  the  effects  arc  actions  evolving 
a  considerable  amount  of  heat." 

To  this  Dr.  Le  Bon  replied  in  '  L'fivoliition 
de  la  Matiere,'  published  in  June  of  the  same 
year  (see  The  Athenaeum,  No.  4055),  that  he 
did  not  dispute  the  part  played  by  heat  in 
releasing  the  provision  of  radio-activity 
{i.e.,  the  emanation)  from  certain  radio-active 
bodies,  but  that  Mr.  Campbell  had  omitted 
to  notice  that  among  the  chemical  reactions 
claimed  as  causes  of  radio-activity  were 
some  (such  as  the  hydration  of  quinine 
sulphate  and  the  oxidation  of  phosphorus) 
which  did  not  involve  any  rise  in  tempera- 
ture. How  Mr.  Campbell  reconciles  the 
ignorance  professed  by  him,  in  April,  1905, 
of  Dr.  Le  Bon's  experiments  on  radio-active 
chemical  reactions  with  the  statement  in  Ins 
letter  in  The  Atlienozum  of  the  3rd  inst.  that 
he  was  "an  earnest  student  of  that  author's 
works  two  years  before  his  book  appeared," 
is  his  affair,  and  not  mine.  But,  lest  any 
one  should  be  misled  by  his  remark  in  the 
same  letter,  with  regard  to  the  oxidation  of 
phosphorus,  that  "  Dr.  Le  Bon  was  wise 
not  to  include  this  experiment  in  his  book," 
I  would  point  out  that  this  experiment  is 
duly  set  out  at  length  on  pp.  351  and  352 
of  '  L'fivolution  de  la  Matiere.' 

Mr.  Campbell's  discomfiture  was  not, 
however,  completed  by  Dr.  Le  Bon.  At  the 
Congress  of  German  Physicists  held  at 
Meran  in  the  autumn  of  last  year  Prof. 
Kalahne  again  referred  to  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
quinine  sulphate  experiments  of  1900,  gave 
an  account  of  certain  others  devised  by 
himself,  and  stated  categorically  that  the 
cause  of  radio-activity  was  not  here  the 
variation  of  temperature,  but  the  chemical 
reaction  of  the  dehydration  and  hydration 
of  the  sulphate.  He  further  said  that, 
although  his  experiments  led  him  to  conclude 
that  the  quinine  radiations  did  not  include 
Beta  or  Gamma  rays,  he  could  not  yet 
decide  whether  the  ionization  was  due  to 
ultra-violet  light  or — in  the  alternative — to 
the  emission  of  highly  absorbable  Alpha 
rays.  This  part  of  the  case  is  therefore 
still  sub  judice  ;  but  in  the  meantime,  if 
Miss  Gates's  Cavendish  Laboratory  experi- 
ments are  considered  valid,  we  must  believe 
that  the  ionizing  power  of  quinine  sulphate 
cannot  be  due  to  ultra-violet  light,  and 
must  therefore  be  attributed,  till  further 
order,  to  the  emission  of  Alpha  rays.  But 
both  Miss  Gates  and  Prof.  Kalahne  are 
positive  that  it  is  not  due  to  heat,  and 
therefore,  whether  Dr.  Le  Bon  is  right  or 
not,  Mr.  Campbell  is  wrong.  The  imputa- 
tion of  sinister  motives  is  not  one  of  my 
weapons  ;  but  it  does  not  seem  uncharitable 
to  conclude  that  Mr.  Campbell  is  not  the 
Machiavel  and  double  dealer  he  claims  to 
be,  and  that  his  furious  attack  upon  Dr.  Le 
Bon  was  probably  inspired  more  by  auger 
at  this  rebuff  than  by  the  desire  to  injure 
myself,  which  he  now  seems  to  consider  the 
more  avowable  motive. 

However  this  may  be,  I  think  this  contro- 
versy may  be  properly  closed  with  a  summary 
of  its  results.  By  the  mouths  of  two  witnesses 
of  distinction  enough  to  satisfy  even  the 
high  standard  in  such  matters  of  the  Caven- 
dish Laboratory,  Dr.  Le  Bon  has  been 
shown  to  have  been  one  of  the  first,  and,  in 
the  opinion  of  three  others  equally  distin- 
guished (including  one  Professor  of  Physics 
and  another  of  Mathematics),  to  have  been 
the  very  first,  to  promulgate  the  theory  of 
the  general  radio-activity  of  matter  and  the 
dissociation  of  the  atom.  To  this  Mr. 
Campbell  opposes  merely  the  alleged  silence 
of  half  a  dozen  gentlemen  to  whom,  so  far 


as  I  know,  this  point  has  not  been  submitted, 
and,  with  curious  logic,  refuses  to  claim  for 
any  other  person  or  persons  the  priority  he 
would  deny  to  Dr.  Le  Bon.  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
theory  has  been  admitted  by  the  same 
adversary  to  be,  "  in  the  main,  correct  "  ; 
and  his  experiments  are  proved  to  have  been 
quoted  and  used  with  due  acknowledgment 
by  German,  Italian,  French,  Canadian,  and 
English  physicists — the  solitary  attempt  to 
impugn  one  of  them  having  recoiled  on  its 
authors. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  have  admitted  that 
I  should  like  more  independent  and  better 
proof  of  the  existence  of  an  emanation  from 
all  substances  than  that  set  out  in  Dr. 
Le  Bon's  book.  I  believe  that  this  will  yet 
be  found,  and  my  reason  for  this  faith  is 
the  singular  confirmation  that  has  been 
forthcoming,  time  after  time,  for  this  and  for 
other  of  his  deductions.  In  April,  1900, 
when  Dr.  Le  Bon  first  enunciated  this  part 
of  his  theory,  Prof.  Rutherford's  discovery 
of  the  thorium  emanation  was,  apart  from 
his  own  experiments,  the  sole  foundation 
upon  which  it  could  rest.  I  am  not  even 
sure  that,  at  the  time  he  wrote,  Dr.  Le  Bon 
was  aware  of  Prof.  Rutherford's  discovery 
three  months  earlier  ;  but,  since  then, 
additional  evidence  has  continued  to  come 
year  after  year.  First  was  Prof.  Dorn's 
discovery  of  the  emanation  from  radium  ; 
then  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson's  proof  of  an 
emanation  from  much  more  ordinary  mate- 
rials ;  and  then,  M.  Blondlot's  "  emission 
pesante  " — not  yet  confirmed  by  indepen- 
dent observation — from  a  great  variety  of 
substances.  Nor  is  the  absence  till  now  of 
proof  of  an  emanation  from  uranium  at  all 
decisive  against  its  existence  ;  for  this  may 
be  due  either  to  a  transformation  so  imme- 
diate as  to  leave  no  trace  of  its  presence,  or 
to  some  masking  phenomenon  like  those 
"  Delta  "  rays  which  for  a  long  time  prevented 
the  measurement  of  the  charge  on  their 
Alpha  congeners.  Even  if  my  hopes  are 
disappointed,  however — and  no  scientific 
theory  can  hope  nowadays  to  spring  into  life 
like  Athene,  armed  at 'all  points — this  is 
not  a  fundamental  point  of  Dr.  Le  Bon's 
doctrine,  and  with  the  result  of  this  con- 
troversy I  think  he  may  well  rest  content. 
Mr.  Campbell's  attack,  far  from  "  blasting  " 
his  reputation,  has  probably  brought  the 
solidity  of  its  foundations  to  the  notice  of 
many  readers  in  this  country  who  would 
otherwise  have  remained  for  some  time  longer 
in  ignorance  of  it.  F.   L. 

%*    This  controversy  is  now  closed. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological — March  7.— -Sir  Archibald  (ieikie, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  J.  A.  Douglas  and 
Mr.  D.  Pugh-Jones  were  elected  Fellows, — The 
following  communications  were  read:  'On  the 
Occurrence  of  Limestone  of  the  Lowei  Carboniferoua 
Series  in  the  Cannock-Chase  Portion  of  the  South 
Staffordshire  Coalfield,'  by  Mr.  (i.  Marmaduke 
Oockin,— and  'Liaesio  Dentaliidse,'  by  Mr.  Linsdall 
Richardson. 

Asiatic— March  13.— Lord  Reay  in  the  chair. 
Dr.  Ilocv.in  hia  paper  on  'Sarmad  and  Aurangzeb, 
began  by  referring  to  the  popularity  oi  Sannada 
quatrains,  and  stated  that  as  Sarmad,  a  Biuham- 
madan,  had  been  on  friendly  terms  with  Hindus, 
and  waa  killed  by  AurangseVa  order,  Hindus  have 
a  vague  impression  that  his  death  was  in 
measure  due  to  his  sympathies.    The  hietorj   ol 

Sarmad.  as  far  as  it  is  known,  was  then  given.  He 
was  a  .lew  of  Kaahan,  who  became  a  Muham- 
madan,  Studied  medicine,  and  came  to  India. 
His  tenets  and  doctrines  were  explained  and 
examined  ;    and    also    his    literary    remains.        Dr. 

II. »y  referred  to  two  MSS.,  which  he  had  ob- 
tained  in   India.      The   first   contained  a   notice  of 


308 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM091,  March  24,  1906 


i  -   •.  ■  ■ =^==^= 

nmil,  Iiih  rivWB,  in 'I  KMM  "I  Ma  iiiuitraili*. 
petti  u-d  t<>  a  <liw.ui  l'\  KMM  other  i>o.-t. 
The  Mx-ond  wan  i»  ina>iia\i,  hitherto  iinio ■• 
arhkh  in  ■ndoubtedlj  by  Sanaed.  Of  thin  the 
plot  ni  Mrpkuned;  an«l  fcbe  i>aper  ooooladed 
with  four  tinea  l>>  tli<*  poet,  which  «rr  ivmarkahiy 

fcinulur  to  *  .me  of  the  i  putt  rains  of  Omar  KIi.ivn  IB, 

I       prolwble  coiiti -mjxirary  : — 

Thy  bottla  in  iy  ba  nmda  ol  tinnier'*  >lu-.t . 
Ami  rifha  <•'  lovaaa  haag  ajraaaad  Ita  cnMt> 
Dm  [..urn-  nrw  pings  ma)  bacaana  thy  cap, 

Ami  my  rrinru.t>r.ince  ri*c>  upon  tlic  must. 

—  A  diaouanoa  followed,  in  which  Mr.  brine,  Dr. 

Getter,  Sir  Charles  I.\all,  and  Mr.  Fleet  took  part. 


Booon   of   ANTigfAKiKs.  —  March  13. —  sir 

Hon  EL  Boworth,  V.l'.,  in  the  (hair.  —  Mr. 
\V.  H.  Bi>  John  Hope  read  a  paper  on  '  Tho 
GhuoM  Priory  ol  St.  Panoru  at  Lewes,'  with 
-l-  read  reference  to  reoent  exneTationa  on  the  rite 
by  the  Saaeex    AicbaBoaosiosl1    Booiety.     E\<-a\a- 

tion>  had  already  been  made  liy  Mr.  Somei  s  Clarke 
and  himself  m  1883,  whioh  had  dis<  lo.sed  the  plan 
ot  tho  sub\aults,  fee.,  ot  the  dorter  range;  hut, 
owing  to  difficulties  which  had  now  lieen  sur- 
mounted, it  had  not  been  possible  to  extend 
operations  eastwards.  The  recent  excavations  had 
brought  to  light  there  the  remains  of  a  large  in- 
firmary shape]  of  unusual  plan,  and  side  by  side 
with  it  the  foundations  of  the  infirmary  hall. 
Search  had  also  been  made,  b}-  the  kindness  of 
Messrs.  Kenward,  in  their  garden,  for  the  traces 
t  i  the  earlier  church  of  the  priory  ;  hut  the  de- 
struction on  this  site  had  been  too  thorough  to 
have  anything  definite.  Through  the  kindness  of 
Mr.  P.  (J.  Courthope,  efforts  had  been  made  toeluci- 
date  also  the  remains  of  the  west  front  beneath 
his  garden  ;  but  little  M-as  found  besides  the  con- 
crete cores  <  >f  the  walls.  The  remains  of  the  in- 
firmary chapel  noted  alxjve  consist  for  the  most 
j»art  of  great  masses  of  fallen  walling,  which  were 
evidently  overthrown  in  the  way  hinted  at  in  the 
well-known  letter  of  John  Portinari  to  Crumwell 
describing  the  destruction  of  the  priory  church. 
Mr.  Hope  showed  that  this  letter  was  actually  a 
paraphrase  in  English  b)-  Richard  Moryson  of  a 
holograph  letter  from  Portinari,  written  in  Italian, 
preserved,  with  an  earlier  letter  referred  to  in  it, 
in  the  Public  Record  Office.  These  letters  give 
considerably  fuller  details  of  tho  beginning  of  the 
throwing  down  of  tho  church,  and  of  the  way  in 
w  Inch  it  was  done,  by  digging  out  the  foundations 
and  propping  the  walls  on  wooden  posts  that  were 
afterwards  burnt  or  blown  down,  so  causing  the 
superincumbent  masses  to  collapse.  The  original 
letters  also  contained  various  dimensions  and  other 
details  that  had  been  overlooked  or  omitted  by 
Moryson,  which  enabled  a  more  correct  plan  to  be 
drawn  of  the  destroyed  priory  church.  Mr.  Hope 
further  communicated  a  description  (from  the 
letters  patent  leasing  the  site  after  Cruniwell's 
attainder)  of  certain  buildings  reserved  to  the  king, 
which  apparently  had  formed  the  prior's  lodging, 
and  afUarwards  the  manor  house  of  Crumwell 
himself. 

Royal  Numismatic. — March  15. —Sir  John 
Brans,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  (J.  Charlton 
Adams,  Mr.  A.  M.  Mitchison,  Mr.  Thomas  Love- 
laoe  Hercy,  Mr.  K.  A.  Mitchell-Innes,  Mr.  J. 
Gordon  Langton,  Mr.  A.  J.  V.  Radford,  and 
('apt.  YV.  H.  Williamson  were  elected  Fellows. — 
Mr.  A.  Radford  exhibited  an  Anglo-Saxon  penny 
of  Edward  II.  struck  at  TotnOSB,  and  bearing  tho 
nioncyer's  name  Wynstan.  This  is  the  Barliesl 
coin  known  of  this  mint,  none  before  /Ethelred  II. 
having  been  hitherto  recorded. — Mr.  Percy  Webb 
exhibited  a  scries  of  Roman  i/njtoin/ii  or  "second 
brass  "  of  the  first  to  the  third  centuries  \.  i>.  -Mr. 
Neville  Langton  showed  two  early  Athenian  tctra- 
di  acinus,  eaofa  with  a  square  punch-mark  on  tho 
reverse,  which  had  lieen  found  on  the  site  of 
Naukratis,  in  Egypt.  —  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters 
exhibited  a  half-groat  which  bears  tho  name  of 
Richard  II.,  but  which,  he  was  of  opinion,  was  not 
struck  till  the  following  reign  of  Henry  IV.  ;  and 
Mr.  Thomas  Rliss  a  series  of  "  truck-tickets"  used 
at  various  collieries  and  ironworks.  —  Dr.  Jiarclay 
V.  Head    communicated    a  paper  00    '  Tho  Earliest 

GraMo-Baotrian    and    GnBoo-lndian    Coins.'    Dr. 

Iinhoof  I'.lumer  had  in  18S3  attributed  a  tetra- 
drachm  lxaring  tho  inscription  A  AKSTANAl'OY, 
together  with  the  head  of  Zeus  on  the  obverse, 
and   an    eagle   standing  on  a  thunderbolt  on   tho 


reverse,    to    Alexander   t  lie  <  ■'  reat ,  and  ■Opposed    it 

to  represent  his  first  toon]  leans  in  Macednn.  lbs 
British  Mucosa  has  rinoe  enquired  two  speoimens 

of  this  coinage,  one  oi  them  coming  undoubtedly 

from  India,  and  the  provenance  <,i  the  other  t>ciii^ 
doubtful.  Dr.  Head  pointed  out  that  the  OOOOT- 
leiice  of  the  satrapal  head-dress  as  a  Symbol  0O 
these  coins  indicated  their  Eastern  origin,  and 
after   inquiring  to   which   province  of  the    Eastern 

empire  oH  Alexander  they  might  most   reasonably 

1h-  attributed,  came  to  the  conclusion  that  all  tho 
available  c\  ideiiee  pointed  unmistakably  to  liactria 
or  to  some  district  cm  t  lie  extreme  North- West  fron- 
tierof  India.  He  called  attention  to  the  very  striking 
resemblance  in  tyj>e  twitting  between  shaas  coins 
and  certain  imitations  of  Athenian  coins  which 
were  current  in  India  alxnit  the  date  of  Alexander's 
invasion.  On  these  Indian  imitations  the  owl  of 
the  reverse  is  supplanted  by  an  eagle  with  reverted 
head,  precisely  as  on  the  coins  under  discussion  ; 
while  the  helmcted  head  of  Athene  still  occupies 
the  obverse.  Dr.  Head  showed  that  a  coin  which 
had  recently  been  sent  to  the  Society  from  Tash- 
kend  supplied  the  link  which  connected  these  two 
classes  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner;  for  while 
its  reverse,  as  regards  both  its  typo  and  its  accom- 
panying symbols,  was  exactly  that  of  the  Athenian 
imitations,  its  obverse  type  was  the  head  of  Zeus, 
as  on  the  tetradrachm  described  by  Dr.  Imhoof- 
Blumer.  Dr.  Head  therefore  proposed  to  remove 
the  coins  in  question  from  tho  extreme  west  to  the 
extreme  east  of  Alexander's  empire,  and  to  regard 
them,  further,  as  belonging  not  to  the  beginning 
of  his  reign,  but  to  about  the  time  of  his  death,  or 
even  to  a  somewhat  later  date,  between  his  death 
and  the  accession  of  Seleucus,  and  he  showed  in 
detail  that  this  view  was  confirmed  by  considera- 
tions of  the  weight-standard  and  the  provenance  of 
the  known  specimens. 


Entomological. — March  7.— Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  G.  Wheeler 
was  elected  a  Fellow. — Mr.  H.  W.  Andrews 
exhibited  two  specimens  of  Microdon  laii/ron*, 
Lw.,  a  rare  dipteron  taken  in  the  New  Forest  in 
June,  1905.  —  Mr.  H.  M.  Edelsten  showed 
examples  of  Nonagria  neurica,  Hb.,  and  JY*. 
distoluta,  var.  arundineta,  Schmidt,  from  Ger- 
man}', with  (?)  var.  arundineta  from  Central 
Asia,  for  comparison  with  ,1V.  dissohita  and 
iV.  var.  arundineta  from  Kent,  Cambridge, 
and  Norfolk.  —  Mr.  L.  B.  Prout  exhibited  a 
variable  series  of  Gynopteryx  gladiaria,  Guen., 
and  its  varieties. — Mr.  A.  J.  Chitty  exhibited 
combs  of  the  honey  bee  formed  on  a  branch  of  nut 
tree,  the  bees  having  swarmed  late  in  the  year. 
After  July  they  deserted  the  combs,  and,  having 
consumed  all  the  honey  contained  in  them,  again 
swarmed  on  a  neighbouring  tree.  —  Prof.  R. 
Meldola  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Prodenia  littora/is, 
Boisd.,  which  had  emerged  in  a  breeding  cage 
kept,  with  many  others,  oy  Major  R.  B.  Robert- 
son at  Boscombe,  Hants,  for  the  reception  of 
caterpillars  found  in  that  district.  The  moth 
emerged  on  July  16th,  1905.  —  Commander 
J.  J.  Walker  said  he  had  taken  tho  larva, 
known  as  the  Egyptian  cotton  worm,  in  tho 
Central  Pacific  Islands,  feeding  on  the  tobacco 
plant. — Mr.  0.  E.  Janson  exhibited  a  Mantis  on  a 
portion  of  the  bark  of  a  tree,  as  found  in  Trinidad 
by  Mr.  F.  Birch,  who  stated  that  its  close  re- 
semblance to  a  withered  leaf  was  evidently  a  pro- 
tection need  for  aggressive  purposes. — Mr.  M.  Burr 
exhibited  a  series  of  O&llimenidsB,  a  small  family 
of  Orthoptera,  consisting  of  two  genera,  Dinar- 
chus,  with  the  single  species  I),  daxypu*,  Illig., 
and  Calliineiius,  of  which  all  the  known  species 
were  included,  With  the  exception  of  C.  injhttit*, 
Hr.,  from  Asia  Minor. — Mr.  H.  Row  land- Brown 
showed  specimens  of  Argynnis  niobe,  var.  cri*, 
from  the  Pyrenees,  Oevennes,  and  South  Tyrolese 
mountains.  Ho  drew  attention  to  tho  remarkable 
form  of  the  example  taken  at  Oavarnio  in  July, 
1906,  of  which  the  coloration  of  the  upper  side  of 
all  tho  wings  was  ruddy -copper-red  dusted  with 
blue  upon  tho  nervures.  Ho  also  remarked  that 
whereas  specimens  of  erin  and  other  Argvnnidn 
from  tho  mountainous  regions  of  Central  France 
show  a  tendency  to  maintain  constant  pale  forms, 
those  from  the  Pyrenees  aro  generally  more  highly 
coloured,  while  tho  high  Alpine  forms  ol  Central 
Europe  incline  to  melanism. — Prof.  E.  B.  Pooltoo 
exhibited  an  original  BOte-bookaf  Burchell's,  taken 
to  South  Africa  in  1812.     Ho  said  that   it  estab- 


bahsd  the  date  ol  the  author's  birthday  (hitherto 
unknown)  to  l>e  July  l'Jth,  while  it  also  reorded 
for  the  first  time  the  raperstttaoos  dread  of  the- 

iiatiM-  Hottentots  |.,i  the  "  death's  head  moth,'' 
known    looally    as    the    "devil    bee." — Dr.     F.    A. 

Dixey  exhibited  190000008  ol    Pierios  butterflies 

from  South  Africa,  India,  and  Asia  Minor  to  illus- 
trate how  the  under  sides  of  the  dry-season  forma 
111  the  group  are  apt  to  take  a  led  tinge,  it  l>eing 
ifjUy  interesting  to  not«<  that  the  same  ten- 
dency was  manifest  in  all  ipecies  collected  from 
such  widely  separate  regions.— Mr.  C  0.  Water- 
house  communicated  n  note  on  the  migration  of 
Lepidoptera  against  the  wind,  extracted  from  a 
!■  poti  on  'The  Pear)  Oyetai  ol  the  Golf  of  Mannar, 
Aricula  (tsefeayriias)  ptctUa,'  by  Henry  Sullivan 
Thomas,  in  The  sTJHWPI  Journal  of  Literature 
and  ovisacs  for  the  session  1hk»>-7. —  CoL 
C.  T.  Bingham  seed  a  note  on  '  A  Plague  of  Ants 
in  the  Observatory  District,  Cape  Town,  South 
Africa,'  and  illustrated  his  remarks  with  specimens 
of  the  insects  referred  to  by  him. — Dr.  G.  B. 
Longstaff  read  a  pajier  'On  some  Rest  Attitudes 
in  Butterflies,'  illustrated  by  numerous  specimens 
arranged  upon  backgrounds  of  socially  prepared 
sand-paper  tinted  to  represent  the  natural  sur- 
roundings of  the  insects  in  their  various  habitats. 
— Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  read  a  paper  entitled 
'  Observations  on  the  Life-History  of  Trichoj>tUu» 
j/'t/wlum,  Zell.' — Prof.  Poulton  read  a  paper  by 
Mr.  Frank  P.  Dodd  '  On  some  Parasitic  Hymeno- 
pterous  Insects  of  North  Queensland,'  and  exhibited 
a  number  of  interesting  specimens. 


Historical. — March  15. — The  Rev.  Dr.  Hunt, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  H.  S.  Cronin 
and  Messrs.  J.  Eliot  Hodgkin,  C.  L.  Kingsford, 
and  E.  K.  Purnell  were  elected  Fellows.  — A  paper 
was  read  by  Prof.  Pelhain  upon  the  Roman  Limes 
in  Upper  Germany  and  the  Agri  Decumates. 
Attention  was  drawn  to  the  thorough  and 
systematic  exploration  carried  out  recently  by  the 
Imperial  Government  of  the  roads,  forts,  Hadrian's 
palisade,  and  tho  later  wall  and  earthworks.  The 
permanent  occupation  of  the  country  under 
Vespasian  and  its  abandonment  about  250  a.d. 
were  demonstrated. — A  short  discussion  followed, 
in  which  Mr.  Seebohm,  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  and 
Sir  Alfred  Lyall  took  part. 


Physical.—  March  9.— Dr.  C.  Chree,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair. — Prof.  H.  A.  Wilson  read  a  paper  on 
'  The  Velocities  of  the  Ions  of  Alkali  Salt  Vapours 
at  High  Temperatures.' — Dr.  J.  A.  Harker  read  a 
paper  '  On  some  Experiments  on  Earth-Currents  afr 
Ke\r  Observatory.' 


MEETINGS  NEXT   WEEK. 


Mon.      InHtitut*  of   Actunrio«,  5.  —  'Some  A»i*ct»  of  R«i»trat  on  of 
Till.-  to  I-in.l.   Mr.  J.  U.  Hart. 

—  Sorietj  of  Artn.  s.— 'Firr.   Fire  Ritka,  init  Fire  Kitinctfom,' 

Lactam  ill  .  IVof  V.  It  Lmria, 

—  Burvpyoro'  Inatitatloo,  s  —  IH^iiMinn  on  'The  Mnoi  of  Loco- 

motion »rnl  Transport  in  London.' 
Ti-ks.     Kojal  Institution.  3.— 'Tho  lufliirno-  of  Oto\ogj  on  Scroerr,' 
I,-,  turo  II..  Mr.  J.  E.  Marr.     iTjii.iall  Locturr  I 

—  Institution  of  (oil  Engineer*.  8.— Diaonaisa  on  'Ttie  outer 

Barrier,  Hodburow  Iron  Uinea  ' 
Wai.     Sorietjr  of  Arts.  1— • 'Oaal  OoooarTattoa.  Power  TranrmiaiUoa, 

ind  Smoke  Prerontlon,'  Mr   A   .1    Martin. 
Turks.  Royal.  *.sn. 

—  Bonl  Institution.  5— 'Int#rnal-Comt>ustion  Eneinea.'  Lecture 

H     Prof.  It   Hopkinmn. 

—  Institution  of  EN  rtrical  Engineer*.  « —A'tjotirnnl  DSajaaajoa 

on 'Electrical  Equipment  of  the  Ahentare  (Vllierie*  of  the 
Powell  Duffrjn  Company.'  nn.l  '  Electric  Wimlini;  Considered 
1'r.titHaUT  and  Commercially.' 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries.  MO.— 'On  some  Antiquities  found  at 

Hun    Hill.    Somerset,    and     in     tlie     Ncinhlourhood.'    Mr. 

II    St   (i   (Jray. 
Fai.       Royal  Institution.   9— '  Keo-nt    Pronresa  in   Magneto-Optic*,' 

Prof.  P,  7.r»-man. 
Sat.       Royal    Institution.  .1  —The  Corpuscular  Theory  of    Matter,' 

Lecture  V.,  Prof.  .1.  ,1.  Thomson. 


&£icnct  (gossip. 

Thk  Clarendon  Press  have  ready  '  Greek 
Theories  of  Elementary  Cognition  from 
Alcmaeon  to  Aristotle,'  by  Prof.  John  I. 
1  Scare,  an  important  book  which  gathers 
from  Aristotle  and  elsewhere  the  Greek  con- 
tribution to  tho  psychology  of  the  senses. 

Mr.  Fbowdk  is  about  to  publish  for  th© 
Radcliffe  Trustees  a  *  Catalogue  of  1,772 
Staris,    chiefly    comprised    within    tho    Zonft 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENHUM 


369 


85°-90«  N.P.D.,  for  the  Epoch  1900,' 
■deduced  from  observations  made  at  the 
Radcliffe  Observatory,  Oxford,  during  the 
years  1894-1903,  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  A.  A.  Rambaut. 

The  death,  in  his  fifty-fifth  year,  is  an- 
nounced from  Kasan  of  the  Rector  of  the 
University,  the  anatomist  Nikolas  Ljubimov. 
His  best-known  work  was  a  handbook  of 
pathological  anatomy,  which  ran  through 
several  editions. 

A  new  comet  (c,  1906)  was  discovered  at 
Melbourne  by  Mr.  David  Ross,  the  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Victoria  branch  of  the  British 
Astronomical  Association,  on  the  evening 
of  the  18th  inst.  It  was  situated  in  the 
constellation  Cetus,  and  moving  in  a  north- 
easterly direction. 

The  small  planet  No.  400,  which  was 
discovered  by  M.  Charlois  at  Nice  on 
March  15th,  1895,  has  been  named  by  him 
Ducrosa.  In  a  later  examination  of  plates 
taken  in  1902,  Prof.  Max  Wolf  has  noted  a 
small  planet  registered  on  March  5th,  which 
had  been  overlooked  until  now.  He  dis- 
covered another  on  the  4th  inst.  In  correc- 
tion of  the  notes  in  our  '  Science  Gossip '  last 
week  it  may  be  stated  that,  in  addition  to 
the  planet  discovered  bj'  Prof.  Wolf  on  the 
3rd  inst.,  one  was  detected  by  Herr  Kopff 
on  the  same  day  ;  also  that  three  of  Mr. 
Metcalf's  (of  which  he  now  publishes  later 
observations)  were  found  on  the  16th  ult., 
not  one  on  the  17th.  Dr.  J.  Palisa,  of 
Vienna,  also  publishes  further  observations 
of  recent  discoveries. 

Herr  Ebell,  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Astro- 
nomische  Nachrichten,  Kiel,  in  publishing 
(No.  4079)  elements  of  Kopff 's  comet 
(6,  1906),  remarks  that  they  will  require 
revision  on  account  of  the  slow  motion  of 
the  comet,  but  will  suffice  to  indicate  its 
place  for  the  rest  of  this  month.  According 
to  these,  the  comet  passed  its  perihelion  on 
January  4th,  at  the  distance  from  the  sun 
of  1*08  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance. 
Its  present  distance  from  the  earth  is  0-68 
on  the  same  scale,  or  about  63,000,000  miles, 
and  increasing.  The  inclination  and  eccen- 
tricity of  the  orbit  are  small.  The  comet  is 
etill  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  constel- 
lation Leo,  between  the  stars  t  and  v  Leonis. 
Next  week  its  brightness  will  amount  to  only 
about  a  quarter  of  what  it  was  at  the  time  of 
discovery. 

A  new  variable  star  of  the  Algol  type  has 
been  discovered  in  the  constellation  Perseus 
by  Herr  Sigurd  Enebo  at  Dombaas,  Dovre, 
in  the  province  of  Christiania,  Norway.  In 
the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung  '  it  is  numbered 
+  41°.  851,  and  the  magnitude  is  given  as 
9*4.  When  at  a  minimum  it  is  invisible 
with  a  small  telescope  ;  Herr  J.  F.  Schroter, 
Director  of  the  Christiania  Observatory, 
states  that,  on  account  of  the  con- 
tinuous unfavourable  weather,  he  has  not 
been  able  to  look  for  it  since  its  discovery. 
The  period,  according  to  Herr  Enebo's 
observations,  must  be  either  about  13  days 
or  an  aliquot  part  of  that  number.  The 
etar  will  be  reckoned  as  var.  29,  1906,  Persei. 
Another  variable,  which  appears  to  be  also 
of  the  Algol  type,  has  been  found  by  Prof. 
M.  and  Herr  G.  Wolf  in  the  constellation 
<3emini.  In  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung  ' 
it  is  numbered  +23°. 1151,  and  the  variability 
is  not  great,  the  magnitude  being  above  the 
ninth  when  brightest  and  below  the  tenth 
when  faintest.  Dr.  Graff,  of  Hamburg, 
confirms  the  variability  and  its  type,  and 
places  the  changes  of  brightness  between 
96  and  110  magnitude.  The  star  will 
reckon  as  var.  30,  1906,  Geminorum. 


FINE   ARTS 


THE    WORK    OF    CHARLES    FURSE. 

The  exhibition  of  the  work  of  Charles 
Furse  that  the  Burlington  Fine-Arts  Club 
has  brought  together  is  one  that  will  de- 
servedly attract  considerable  attention,  for 
his  art  was  very  popular,  and  he  was,  more- 
over, one  of  the  champions  of  a  considerable 
section  of  critical  opinion.  Indeed,  there 
were  not  wanting  voices  to  declare  that  but 
for  his  untimely  death  he  might  have  taken 
his  place  at  the  very  head  of  the  English 
School. 

Such  enthusiasts  must  be  prepared  for  a 
slight  sense  of  disappointment  on  seeing 
these  collected  works.  The  paintings  that 
each  took  so  handsomely  central  a  position 
among  a  group  of  weaker  rivals,  have  a 
little  the  air  of  competing  with  one  another : 
to  say  the  worst  about  them  at  once,  they 
are  "  Academy  pictures,"  and  look  it.  It 
is  like  the  distinction  between  the  girl  who 
dresses  to  make  herself  look  as  nice  as 
possible  and  the  other  who  wants  to  look 
nicer  than  any  one  else  —  a  distinction 
subtle,  but  unmistakably  recognizable  in  the 
result.  So  in  these  pictures  we  hardly  ever 
find  the  painter  absorbed  in  making  a  merely 
beautiful  thing,  but  rather  alert  to  produce 
a  striking  one,  though  here  in  justice  we 
ought  to  distinguish  between  the  attempt 
to  outshine  a  rival  and  the  determination 
to  stand  up  to  the  challenge  of  nature,  that 
strongest  of  rivals,  of  whose  presence  Furse 
was  always  so  keenly  conscious.  Furse 
6tood  for  directness  of  attack  in  painting, 
for  broad,  yet  in  certain  respects  extremely 
literal  truth  to  nature,  and  critics  who  wished 
to  see  a  revival  of  those  qualities  in  English 
art  backed  him  with  their  approval.  The 
battle  is  now  won,  and  already  it  is  time  to 
disengage  from  his  achievement  what  is 
admirable  and  worth  following — to  deprecate 
in  fact,  the  indiscriminate  discipleship  with 
which  painters  of  an  impressionable  age  or 
character  pay  tribute  to  the  successful 
artist. 

A  glance  round  the  galleries  will  explain 
the  general  approval  these  pictures  have 
gained.  Their  author  was  thoroughly  normal. 
His  work  was  one  long  hymn  in  praise  of 
the  healthy  outdoor  existence  which,  by  a 
cruelty  of  fate,  he  was  fully  to  enjoy  only 
at  intervals.  Every  one  must  admire  the 
vigour  with  which,  invalid  as  he  was,  he 
sang  the  praises  of  youth  and  health  and 
spirits  ;  yet  sometimes  the  quality  of  the 
homage  was  a  little  coarse,  more  particularly 
in  such  work  as  his  last  big  Academy 
picture, '  Cubbing  with  the  York  and  Ainsty . ' 
The  dogs  between  the  horses'  legs  are  admir- 
able in  animal  vigour  ;  the  children — well, 
perhaps  we  demand  more  in  the  portrait 
of  children  than  the  presentation  of  animal 
vigour.  At  all  events,  they  seem  treated 
inadequately,  as  are  his  children  generally, 
though  they  are  chubby  and  apple-cheeked 
enough  to  satisfy  any  worshipper  of  health. 

In  a  word,  the  painter  of  these  pictures 
has  made  them  as  real  as  nature,  instead  of 
making  them  as  beautiful.  The  convention 
which  he  adopted,  and  which  bids  fair  to 
be  the  ruling  one  in  modern  painting  for  a 
long  time  to  come,  consists  in  laying  out  as 
directly  and  vigorously  as  possible  the 
leading  planes  which  make  up  the  external 
forms  of  a  figure,  with  great  attention  to 
getting  the  colours  of  these  planes  pitched 
at  the  highest  degree  of  brilliant  contrast, 
but  with  loss  attention  to  the  subtle  forms 
which  the  line  draughtsman  seizes,  and 
which    mark     the    division    between    those 


planes.  The  want  of  this  closer  delineation 
of  form  the  modern  painter  thinks  to  provide 
against — and  to  some  extent  does  so  —  by 
the  eloquence  of  a  very  expressive  stroke. 
The  limitations  of  a  plane  are  not  always 
very  accurately  defined,  but  its  direction 
and  its  scarcely  perceptible  modulations  are 
hinted  at  by  the  very  tooth  and  grain  of 
the  paint  as  the  brush  has  twisted  it ;  and 
this  looseness  of  facture  has  the  advantage 
that  if  it  does  not  display  so  closely  as  the 
earlier  art  exactly  what  things  the  painter 
has  seen,  it  betrays  more  clearly  the  order 
in  which  he  has  seen  them. 

This  modern  convention  does  not  appear 
to  be  at  bottom  very  suitable  for  portraiture 
of  a  serious  order,  though  the  greatest 
living  portrait  painter  has  brought  it  to 
perfection.  The  best  of  Furse's  portraits 
in  the  Sargent  manner — say  that  of  Mr. 
Luxmoore,  for  example — do  not  prevent  one 
regretting  that  he  should  have  abandoned 
the  more  intent  and  serious,  if  less  wonderful 
technique  of  his  beautiful  portrait  of  William. 
Cory.  His  greatest  successes,  in  fact,  in 
the  later  manner  were  not  pure  portraits, 
but  groups  with  animals  in  the  open  air. 
He  had  a  feeling  for  big  canvases — the 
technical  instinct  that  told  him  that 
for  these  purposes  the  ordinary  paints  of 
the  artist's  colourman  were  positively  too 
finely  ground,  too  smooth  to  be  suitabh3 — 
that  it  was  necessary  to  plaster  the  paint 
on  very  thick,  in  firmly  corrugated  strokes, 
to  give  a  surface  of  any  handsomeness  and 
life.  Often  this  handsome  paint,  as  in  the 
Diana  of  the  Uplands,  suddenly  ceases 
when  he  comes  to  paint  the  head.  He 
feels  that  more  refinement  is  necessary,  and 
neither  in  colour  nor  in  surface  is  the  head 
of  the  same  stuff  as  the  rest  of  the  picture. 
This  kind  of  painting  seems,  in  the  hands  of 
a  man  of  great  energy  and  vitality  like  Furse, 
to  lead  to  the  production  of  huge  impromptus, 
commemorations  of  some  picturesque  occa- 
sion where  the  sitter  is  not  more  the  subject 
of  the  picture  than  the  glamour  of  time 
and  place.  For  divining  this — perhaps  the 
best  field  for  utilizing  the  manner  of  painting 
now  fashionable — Furse  deserves  the  greatest 
credit.  In  the  handling  of  the  official 
portrait  group  in  white  satin  he  attained 
great  proficiency,  but  never  for  a  moment 
approached  Mr.  Sargent,  who,  indeed, 
figures  in  the  exhibition  rather  as  corrupter 
than  as  inspirer.  The  brief  Whistlerian 
phase,  on  the  other  hand,  was  most  beneficial 
to  a  colourist  endowed  with  more  courage 
than  discretion,  and  one  regrets  that  the 
Bishop  Stnbbs  should  be  virtually  the  only 
representative  of  that  period. 

Perhaps  it  is  not  really  the  only  one,  how- 
ever, for  among  a  number  of  other  sketch 
designs  (all  rather  poor  with  this  exception) 
the  Spandril  for  the  Liverpool  Town  Hall  : 
Ships  Unloading,  stands  out  as  a  finely 
ordered  reticent  work  of  the  highest  power 
— possibly  the  most  entirely  satisfactory 
piece  of  painting  in  the  show.  You  have  but 
to  look  at  it  to  see  in  what  the  brilliant,  but 
hardly  scholarly  sketch  of  Timber  Haulers 
falls  short.  With  its  greater  research  of 
detail,  its  greater  restraint  of  colour,  its 
direction  at  once  more  serious  and  more 
quaint  than  was  usual  with  him,  it  gives  us 
some  clue  to  what  Furse  might  have  attained 
with  a  happier  destiny. 


LONDON,    AND    SOME    ENGRAVINGS 

BY   MASTERS. 

The  man  who  sets  out  to  do  a  series  of 
architectural  water-colour  drawings  has  a 
harder    task    than    he    once    had.     rhoto- 


870 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N*4091,  Makch  24,  1906 


crapliv  has  made  him  no  longer  B  necessity, 
and  he  has  to  justify  Ins  existence  by  some 
v.mv  definite  .harm.  The  zest  of  an  im- 
promptu Bketch,  the  critical  power  of  a 
teen  student  of  architecture  who  stresses 
and  throws  into  relief  the  structural  sense 
and  logic  of  the  building,  the  deftness  of 
mind  and  hand  that  makes  of  a  complex 
drawing  a  feat  of  light  technical  gymnastics 
airily  done— these  qualities  combined  excuse 
handsomely  a  water-colour  record  of  this 
sort  They  meet  with  singular  happiness 
in  Mr.  Fulleylove's  smaller  drawing  of  the 
interior  of  St.  Paul's  at  the  Fine- Art  Society  s 
—so  happily,  indeed,  that  in  almost  all  the 
other  sketches  one  feels  a  slight  lack  of  one 
or  other  of  them. 

The  collection  of  particularly  fine  proois 
after  Diirer,  Meryon,  Whistler,  and  Sir  F.  S. 
Haden,  which  Mr.  Gutekunst  shows  m  King 
Street  is  one  of  those  occasions  of  seeing 
modern  by  the  side  of  the  finest  old  work  which 
are  always  welcome,  and  which  we  should  like 
to  see  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception. 
The  earliest  master  remains  the  most  entirely 
satisfactory  in  his  acceptance  of  the  require- 
ments of  the  art.  He  will  be  absolutely 
sure  that  he  gives  something  worth  being 
multiplied— no  light  sketches,  but  the  very 
fullest  treatment  of  his  subject,  yet  no 
line  fails  to  enrich  our  knowledge  ot 
the  form  of  his  inventions.  In  Meryon 
there  is  by  comparison  almost  a  beginning 
of  that  photographic  darkening  that  was 
to  make  etching  ultimately  a  matter  ot 
shadowy  tone  as  much  as  of  sculptural  form. 
It  is  surprising  in  the  face  of  two  such  masters 
to  find  Whistler  holding  his  own  so  well. 
He  does  it  by  force  of  charm  in  The  Garden- 
in  The  Rialto  and  The  Bridge  by  the  wonderful 
continuity  of  the  stream  of  graceful  inven- 
tion and  observation,  which  makes  his 
crowd  so  interesting  and  spontaneous  in 
detail,  and  in  mass  so  constructive.  At 
bottom,  for  all  its  butterfly  handling,  it 
has  the  same  basis  as  the  art  of  Canaletto. 


SALE. 
The  sale  at  Messrs.  Christie's  on  the  17th  inst. 
was  ratable  for  the  prices  fetched  by  Guardi  s 
picture,  San  Giorgio  Maggiore  and  the  Gmdecca 
■Canal,  Venice,  1,7851  and  by  Morland  s  Hie 
Deserter  Pardoned,  1,417/.  The  following  pictures 
were  also  sold:  F.  Guardi,  A  View  at  Venice, 
with  boats,  gondolas,  and  figures,  3/8/.  ;  Islands 
near  Venice,  with  boats,  gondolas,  and  figures, 
325*  ;  The  Interior  of  a  Palace,  with  numerous 
ladies  and  gentlemen  at  a  masquerade,  588/.  ;  An 
Ante-Room  in  a  Palace,  with  senators  and  other 
figures,  262/.  J.  Verspronck,  Portrait  of  a  Gentle- 
man in  black  dress,  with  lace  collar  and  cuffs, 
189?.  P.  Nasmyth,  A  Woody  Road  Scene,  with 
peasants,  waggon,  and  fallen  timber,  147/.  Fran- 
cesco Torbido,  Portrait  of  a  Gentleman,  in  dark 
dress  and  cap,  holding  a  dagger,  110/.  Drawing: 
D,  Gardner,  Portrait  of  Eleanor,  Wife  of  William, 
first  Lord  Auckland,  115/. 


Jfitu-jlrt  (gossip. 

Yi^terday  was  the  press  view  of  the 
show  of  the  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists 
at  their  Suffolk  Street  Galleries. 

To-day  Messrs.  Dickinson  invite  us  to  a 
private  view  of  original  etchings  by  Sir 
F.  S.  Haden,  Mr.  D.  Y.  Cameron,  and 
others. 

An  exhibition  of  water-colour  drawings 
of  '  The  Thames  from  Source  to  Sea,'  by 
Mr.  Ernest  W.  Haslehurst,  has  been  opened 
in  the  same  galleries  this  week. 

Messrs.  Ernest  Brown  &  Phillips 
invite  us  to  a  private  view  to-day,  at  the 
Leicester  Galleries,  of  water-colours  of 
Surrey  by  Mr.  Sutton  Palmer. 


Mu.  .J.  Shapland  has  on  view  at  the  Dor6 
Gallery  till  April  7th  water-colour  drawings 
of  '  Devonshire  Scenery  and  Italian  Lakes.' 
Messrs.  Shepherd  opened  to  private 
viow  this  week  their  spring  exhibition  of 
landscapes  and  portraits  by  masters  of  the 
Early  British  School. 

The  London  Sketch  Club  are  "  at  home  " 
at  the  Graves  Galleries  to-day.  Their 
exhibition  will  remain  open  for  some  time. 

At  the  Ryder  Gallery  there  is  a  private 
view  on  Tuesday  next  of  water-colour 
drawings  and  sketches  of  '  Upper  Thames, 
the  East  Coast,  Westmoreland,  Scotland, 
&c.,'  by  Mr.  F.  Dixey. 

At  the  Carfax  Gallery  next  Wednesday 
there  will  be  a  private  view  of  water-colour 
drawings  by  Mr.  D.  S.  MacColl. 

The  exhibition  which  the  International 
Society,  on  the  invitation  of  the  Corporation 
of  Nottingham,  arranged  in  the  Castle  Art 
Gallery,  has  now  been  open  a  fortnight,  and 
has  been  very  favourably  received. 

Mr.  William  Hole  has  completed  the 
series  of  original  pictures  of  the  life  of  Jesus 
upon  which  he  has  been  engaged  for  three 
years,  and  these  will  be  exhibited  in  the 
rooms  of  the  Fine-Art  Society  early  next 
month.  Afterwards  they  will  be  shown  in 
some  of  the  principal  towns  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  including  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh. 
The  pictures  will  be  published  in  book  form 
by  the  Fine-Art  Society  in  the  autumn. 
The  artist  has  executed  his  pictures  after 
studying  in  Palestine. 

The  French  Administration  of  the  Fine 
Arts  have  just  decided  a  question  "  qui 
mettra  quelque  tranquillite  dans  l'ame  des 
Presidents  de  la  Republique  passes  et 
futures."  The  official  bust  of  the  President 
exhibited  at  the  Louvre  during  the  "  sep- 
tennat "  will  be  transferred  to  Versailles 
when  the  duties  at  the  Elysee  are  undertaken 
by  a  new  chief.  Hitherto  these  busts  have 
been  stored  away  in  some  underground  room, 
and  generally  forgotten.  In  future,  there- 
fore, we  shall  have  at  Versailles  the  busts 
of  the  past-Presidents  of  the  Republic  vis-d- 
vis  with  those  of  Louis  XIV.,  Napoleon,  and 
others. 

A  very  interesting  portrait  of  Madame 
de  Pompadour  by  Carle  van  Loo  was  sold 
on  Monday  last  at  the  Hotel  Drouot,  Paris, 
by  M.  Paul  Chevallier.  It  is  one  of  two 
portraits,  painted  by  Van  Loo  in  or  about 
1 7  50,  of  the  Pompadour.  Both  are  mentioned 
in  the  '  Correspondance  de  Madame  de 
Pompadour,'  published  in  1878,  and  both 
were  engraved  by  Beauvarlet — one  as  '  La 
Sultane,'  and  the  other  as  '  La  Belle  Jar- 
diniere '  ;  and  reproductions  of  the  two 
appear  in  an  article  on  '  Les  Portraits  de  la 
Pompadour  '  in  the  current  issue  of  L'Art 
et  les  Artistes.  The  original  picture  of  '  La 
Belle  Jardiniere  '  was  exhibited  at  Messrs. 
T.  Agnew  &  Sons'  Gallery  last  autumn,  and 
is  now  in  a  well-known  collection.  The 
portrait  of  '  La  Sultane,'  which  realized  on 
Monday  29,000fr.,  is  described  in  the  sal© 
catalogue  as  having  been  in  the  Argenville 
sale  of  March  7th,  1778  ;  if  so,  it  then  fetched 
a  very  small  price,  for  it  is  not  quoted  in 
Blanc's  resume  of  that  sale  in  his  '  Tresor 
de  la  Curiosite.'  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
two  original  portraits  by  Van  Loo  were 
inherited  by  the  Pompadour's  brother,  the 
Marquis  de  Marigny,  and  were  included  in 
his  sale  in  1782.  Van  Loo  probably  made 
more  than  one  replica  of  each  of  these 
portraits. 

A  Danish  art  exhibition  is  under  contem- 
plation for  next  year  at  the  Guildhall  Art 
Gallery.  It  will  contain,  among  other 
pictures,  some  from  the  Copenhagen  museums 
by  permission  of  the  Danish  Government. 


Thk  sudden  death,  in  Rome,  is  announced 
of  M.  Emile  Soldi,  who,  after  learning  the 
art  of  bookbinding,  took  up  engraving  in 
medals,  and  orentually  achieved  much 
success  as  a  sculptor.  He  was  the  son  of 
M.  Soldyck,  a  professor  of  German,  and  a 
native  of  Denmark,  who  became  a  natural- 
ized  Frenchman.  M.  Soldi  was  born  in  Paris 
on  May  27th,  1846.  Soon  after  taking  the 
Prix  de  Rome  for  his  medallic  work  he 
devoted  himself  to  sculpture  :  the  statue 
of  '  Flora '  in  the  Tuileries  gardens,  tlie 
medallion  of  '  Gallia  '  at  the  Luxembourg, 
and  a  remarkable  portrait  of  Chevreul  are 
among  his  most  noteworthy  works.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Societe 
des  Fouilles  Archeologiques.  He  published 
several  works  on  "  la  langue  sacree,"  and 
believed  that  he  had  discovered  the  traces 
and  symbols  of  the  primitive  tongue. 

MM.  Manzi  &  Joy  ant  announce  as  "en 
souscription  "  'J.  H.  Fragonard,  1732- 
1806,'  by  M.  Pierre  de  Nolhac,  the  well- 
known  Keeper  of  the  National  Museum  at 
Versailles.  The  volume  will  appear  in  the 
autumn  in  various  expensive  editions,  and 
will  have  at  least  sixty  plates. 

The  forthcoming  number  of  Tlie  Reliquary 
and  Illustrated  Archaeologist  will  contain 
articles  on  '  Sanctuary  Rings,'  '  Steetley 
Chapel,  Derbyshire,'  '  Suggested  Moorish 
Origin  of  Certain  Amulets  in  use  in  Great 
Britain,'  and  '  Notes  on  the  Evolution  of 
the  Means  of  Transport  by  Land  and  Water/ 


MUSIC 


THE   WEEK. 

iEoLiAN  Hall. — Tenth  Broadwood  Concert, 

Mr.  Joseph  Holbrooke's  Sextet,  for 
two  violins,  two  violas,  and  two  'cellos, 
Op.  16,  No.  1,  was  performed  at  the  tenth. 
Broadwood  Concert  last  Thursday  week, 
by  Messrs.  J.  Saunders,  V.  Addison,  E. 
Yonge,  C.  Woodhouse,  C.  Preuveneers, 
and  C.  H.  O'Donnell.  The  industrious 
composer  has  been  much  in  evidence  of 
late ;  works  of  his  have  been  heard  not 
only  at  concerts,  but  also  at  important 
provincial  festivals.  The  Sextet  in 
question  is  clever  and  full  of  life,  though 
on  the  whole  there  is  a  lack  of  spon- 
taneity and  soul.  The  middle  section, 
however,  has  a  touch  of  poetry,  while  the 
music  of  the  Finale  is  vigorous  and  jovial. 
The  programme  included  Arensky's  pleas- 
ing Suite  No.  1,  for  two  pianofortes,  with 
Mile.  Mania  Seguel  and  Mr.  Holbrooke  as 
successful  performers.  Mr.  Dalton  Baker 
greatly  pleased  by  his  refined  rendering 
of  songs  by  Brahms  and  Schubert. 


Queen's  Hall. — Herr  Salter's  Pianoforte 
Recital. 

Herr  Emil  Sauer,  who  gave  a  recital  at 
the  Queen's  Hall  on  Monday  afternoon, 
justly  ranks  among  the  great  pianists  of 
the  'present  day.  In  Bach's  '  Italian '' 
Concerto  and  in  Beethoven's  Sonata  in 
E,  Op.  109,  the  first  two  numbers  on  the 
programme,  his  attitude  towards  those 
masters  was  most  respectful;  there  was 
no  attempt  to  bring  the  music  up  to  date, 
except,  perhaps,  in  the  very  rapid  rate 
at  which  the  final  movement  of  the  con- 
certo   was    taken.     In    the    middle    slow 


N°4091,  March  24,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


371 


movement  he  seemed  to  be  so  anxious 
to  avoid  anything  of  the  sort  that  the 
tone-colour  became  somewhat  cold.  There 
was  some  fine  playing  in  the  sonata,  but 
here  also  there  was  a  certain  lack  of 
warmth  and  tenderness.  Various  short 
solos  followed,  of  which  may  be  noted 
Mendelssohn's  own  arrangement  of  the 
Scherzo  from  his  '  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream '  music,  in  which  Herr  Sauer's 
crisp,  light  touch  was  displayed  to  advan- 
tage ;  and  Schubert's  lovely  Impromptu, 
Op.  90,  No.  3,  beautifully  played,  but 
unfortunately  disfigured  by  some  tawdry 
additions  of  Liszt  quite  out  of  keeping 
with  the  simple  music.  If  only  the  piece 
had  been  announced  as  by  Schubert-Liszt, 
there  would  be  no  ground  for  complaint ; 
for  if  Herr  Sauer  approves  of  the  Liszt 
version,  he  is  fully  justified  in  using  it. 
Any  one  acquainted  with  Schubert's  style 
of  writing,  though  unacquainted,  perhaps, 
with  that  particular  piece,  must  have  been 
sorely  puzzled  by  the  mixture  of  styles. 
This  may  seem  a  small  matter,  but  most 
pianists  now  before  the  public  adhere 
strictly  to  the  text  of  the  great  composers  ; 
yet  at  one  time  this  was  not  so.  Herr 
Sauer,  whose  reputation  is  so  great,  might 
set  a  better  example.  He  played  Chopin's 
Fantasia  in  f  minor,  and  though  he  did 
not  altogether  spoil  the  poetry  of  the 
piece,  he  did  not  improve  it  by  certain 
affectations.  In  two  Etudes  of  his  own 
composition — show  pieces  of  little  musical 
value — and  especially  in  Liszt's  '  Don 
Juan  '  Fantasia,  he  astonished  his  audience 
by  his  wonderful  ease  in  overcoming 
technical  difficulties  with  which  few 
pianists  care  to  grapple.  If  in  some  ways 
Herr  Sauer  disappoints  us,  it  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  great  pianists,  like  great 
men  generally,  ought  not  to  be  judged  by 
everyday  rules  ;  they  have  temptations 
to  which  ordinary  players  are  not  exposed. 
The  possession  of  exceptional  technique 
almost  inevitably  leads  to  the  love  of 
display,  which  sometimes  is  felt  where  it  is 
least  desirable. 


iEoLiAN   Hall. — Dr.   Lierhammer 's  Song 

Recital. 
Dr.  Theo.  Lierhammer  is  always  active 
in^his  search  for  novelties,  and  nine  recent 
additions  to  his  repertory  were  included 
in  the  programme  of  his  recital  at  the 
iEolian  Hall  last  Tuesday  evening.  An 
expressive  song,  with  skilful  colouring, 
composed  by  Eduard  Behm,  was  entitled 
'  Nachtgebet '  ;  while  in  '  Es  ist  ein  hold 
Gewimmel,'  by  Hugo  Kaun,  both  the 
vocal  part  and  the  accompaniment  engaged 
the  ear  agreeably.  Max  Reger  contributed 
his  sombre  '  Beim  Schneewetter '  and 
moderately  effective  '  Waldeinsamkeit,' 
the  latter  being  tuneful,  though  the  style 
is  somewhat  too  heavy  for  a  light-hearted 
lyric.  Not  much  inspiration  was  revealed 
in  Heinrich  van  Eyken's  '  Schmied 
Schraerz,'  but  Sigismund  von  Hausegger's 
'  Abendwolke  '  showed  a  feeling  for  the 
picturesque,  and  the  merry  '  Das  Katzchen ' 
of  Ernst  Boehe  ran  a  consistently  cheerful 
course.  The  opening  of  Geo.  H.  Clut- 
sam's  '  Once  at  the  Angelus  '  brought  to 
mind    Schubert's    '  Wanderer,'    but     the 


English  composer's  song  proved  expressive 
and  effective.  All  the  examples  named 
were  interpreted  with  notable  care  and 
understanding  by  the  talented  Viennese 
baritone. 


iftiisital  (jinsstp. 

Miss  Mabie  Hall,  who  has  just  returned 
to'England  after  a  successful  tour  in  America, 
made  her  reappearance  at  the  London  Ballad 
Concert  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Friday  afternoon 
of  last  week.  She  exhibited  her  fine  and 
certain  technique  in  Wieniawski's  Polonaise 
in  a  major,  and  also  played  Saint-Saens's 
'  Le  Cygne,'  and  pieces  by  Schubert  and 
Novacek  with  skill  and  good  taste.  Among 
the  vocalists  were  Miss  Amy  Castles  (who 
sang  with  fluency  and  effect  M.  Bemberg's 
'  Nyraphes  et  Sylvains  ' ),  Miss  Verena  Fan- 
court,  Mr.  Ivor  Foster  and  Mr.  Watkin 
Mills. 

The  programme  of  the  fifth  Nora  Ulench 
Quartet  Concert  next  Tuesday  evening 
includes  Beethoven's  '  Grosse  Fuge,'  Op.  133, 
which  originally  was  the  final  movement  of 
the  great  Quartet  in  b  flat,  but  for  which 
the  composer,  on  the  advice  of  his  friends, 
substituted  a  movement  of  much  lighter 
character.  The  Fugue  in  question  has  not, 
we  believe,  been  heard  in  London  for  over 
twenty  years. 

Three  interesting  collections  of  Shak- 
spearoan  music  wiil  be  sold  by  Messrs. 
Sotheby.  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  next  Thurs- 
day. 

Dr.  Camille  Saint-Saens  has  set  to 
music  the  poem  of  M.  Charles  Leconte,  '  A  la 
Gloire  de  Corneille,'  for  ten  soloists,  chorus, 
organ,  and  orchestra,  and  the  work  will  be 
performed  at  Beziers  on  the  occasion  of  the 
festival  in  celebration  of  the  tercentenary  of 
the  birth  of  the  great  French  poet. 

It  is  announced  that  at  the  close  of  the 
season  Herr  Felix  von  Weingartner  will  not 
only  cease  to  conduct  the  Symphony 
Concerts,  but  will  also  resign  all  other 
engagements  of  the  kind.  The  reason 
assigned  is  that  he  intends  to  devote 
himself  entirely  to  literary  work  and  com- 
position. During  many  years  he  has  proved 
himself  a  conductor  of  the  first  rank,  and 
his  loss  will  be  severely  felt. 

At  Monte  Carlo  on  Saturday,  the  10th 
inst.,  was  performed  for  the  first  time  an 
opera  of  Georges  Bizet's  entitled  '  Don 
Procopio.'  This  was  the  first  work  sent  by 
the  composer  from  the  Acad^mie  des  Beaux- 
Arts  at  Rome,  whither  he  went  in  1859,  as 
winner  of  the  Grand  Prix.  In  a  report  on 
the  works  received  from  Rome  this  opera 
was  declared  notable  for  its  bold  touches 
and  for  its  youthful  style,  "  qualites 
precieuses  pour  le  genre  comique."  Some- 
how or  other,  the  score  got  mislaid,  and  it 
was  only  a  year  or  two  ago  that  it  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Charles  Malherbe.  The  per- 
formance appears  to  have  been  eminently 
successful.  We  shall  shortly  be  able  to 
quote  some  opinions  of  the  work  itself. 


Bus. 


Ho*. 

Tues. 


\Vm>. 
Turns 
Km. 
Sat. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society*!  Concert,  3  30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert.  7.  Queen's  Hall. 
London  Symphony  Orchestra,  8,  Queen'a  Hill. 
Mi^  Vivien  Chartret'a  \  lolfn  Recital  i.  Queen'a  Hall. 

I/indon  Choral  Society,  8.  Qi n't  Hall. 

UJ88  Betty  Booker  and  Mr.  K.  Harford's  Concert,  s.30,  JJolian 

Hall." 
Nora  Clench  Quartet,  8.30,  TSeelistein  Hall. 
Miss  Tora  Hwass's  Pianoforte  Red!  d,  8,  Saltan  Hall. 
Miss  Ethel  Nettleahip'a  'Cello  Recital,  8,  Bet  lutein  Hall. 
Mr.  Aldo  AntoniettTi  Orchestral  Concert,  8.80,  Queen  I  Hall. 
M   Havrel  ■  s,.mr  Recital,  8,  Bechrteln  HalL 
Broadwood  Concert,  8.30,  tfiolian  Ball 
Mis-  iiay  Winifred's  Violin  Rei  II  ll  B  30,  Bechitetn  Hall. 
Madame   Irnia  Saengcr  Sethe's    Violin    Recital,  3,  Bcchstein 

Hall. 
Madame  Kenna's  Concert.  8,  Steinway  Hall. 
Miss  igne*  Maxwell'!  Concert,  3,  stein  way  Hall. 
Queens  Hall  <  ireheetra,  3,  Queen  I  Hill. 
Madame  Sohrinu's  Pianoforte  and  Song  Recital,  3,  Bcchstein 

ll 
London  Symphony  Orchestra.  8.30,  Crystal  Talaoe. 


DRAMA 

THE   WEEK. 
Waldorf. — The  Heir-at-Law.    By  George 

Coleman  [sic]  the  Younger.     Played  in 

Three  Acts. 
In  his  passage  from  the  Haymarket  to 
the  Waldorf  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  maintains 
some  of  the  best  traditions  he  inherits 
from  his  former  home.     At  the  Haymarket 
revivals  of  the  two  comic  masterpieces  of 
Sheridan  and  the  only  less  popular  '  She 
Stoops  to  Conquer  '   of  Goldsmith  have 
been  steadily  recurrent ;    while  those  of 
the  best  works  of  the  Colmans,  Morton, 
O'Keeffe,  and  others  of  later  days  have 
been   witnessed   at  longer  intervals.     In 
producing     '  The    Heir-at-Law '     of    the 
younger    Colman    Mr.    Maude    awakens 
memories  which  have  virtually  slept  since 
the  days  of  John  S.  Clarke,  who  was  seen 
in  it  in  1873.     It  was  at  the  Strand,  more 
than  a  decade  later,  that  that  diverting 
actor   made    the    curious    experiment    of 
doubling  the  characters  of  'Zekiel  Home- 
spun   and    Dr.    Pangloss.     Opportunities 
for  comparison  between  old  and  modern 
styles    of    acting    are    now    almost    non- 
existent, since  those  who  remember  the 
work    in    the     days     of    its    popularity 
are   belated    veterans.       Compared  with 
the    treatment    accorded    the    piece    by 
John   S.  Clarke,    that   now   conceded    is 
reverent,    and    the    principal    parts    are 
rendered  in  a  manner  which  furnishes  at 
least  some  reflections  of  the  grand  style. 
Tolerance  for  innovation  is  demanded  for 
these    among    other    reasons — that    the 
representation  cherishes  more  of  the  old 
spirit  than  is  likely  to   be  again   trans- 
mitted, and  that  the  whole  has  a  measure 
of     archaeological     interest.     The     entire 
performance   has,    indeed,    what   Hamlet 
calls   a   "  temperance   that   may   give  it 
smoothness  "  ;    and  though  there  is  some 
want  of  colour,   there  is  a  praiseworthy 
absence  of  extravagance  and  rant.     Mr. 
Maude's    Dr.    Pangloss   is    naturally    the 
most  striking  figure  in  the  interpretation. 
In  appearance  it  recalls  Dr.  Syntax  in  the 
illustrations  of  Rowlandson.     It  is  more 
refined,    but   less    robust,    than    the    Dr. 
Pangloss  of  John  S.  Clarke,  an  eminently 
diverting,  but  artistically  intolerable  ren- 
dering.   His  quotations  were  given  with  a 
quiet  chuckle  of  true  scholarship.     Their 
effect  was  not  lost  upon   the   audience, 
which  was  eminently  enthusiastic.    When 
it  is  remembered  how  few  opportunities 
have  been  afforded  of  benefiting  by  previous 
performances,  a  fair  amount  of  praise  may 
be   bestowed   on   the   general   cast.     Mr. 
E.    W.     Garden    displays    commendable 
breadth    as   Daniel   Dowlas,    for   a   brief 
time   elevated    to    the    peerage    as    Lord 
Duberly  ;   and  Mr.  Harry  Nieholls  is  duly 
exuberant    as     'Zekiel     Homespun.     Mr. 
G.  M.  Graham  couples  vivacity  with  self- 
restraint    as   Dick    Dowlas  ;     Miss   Janet 
Alexander     is     a     sentimental     Caroline 
Dormer ;    and  Miss  Madge  Crichton   an 
agreeable   Cicely    Homespun.    That    the 
piece  has  any  very  direct  message  to  the 
present  generation  may  not.  perhaps,  be 


372 


THE     ATHKNjEUM 


N8  401)1,  IJUMB  24,  1906 


naid.  A  .iit.uii  an  -hair  interest,  however, 
attaches  t<>  the  ohsmcteks,  the  more 
broadly  oomic  of  which  are  erell  designed. 
On  the  tint  productioD  at  the  Saynuuket, 
on  July  15th,  I7i>7,  the  east  oompriaed 
Fawoett  m  Paagkwe,  Suett  m  Daniel 
Dowlaa,  afundm  m  Homeepoa,  and 
Charlei  Kembleas  Benrj  Bforeland.    Tne 

female  eharaiters,  though  of  no  special 
unportanee,  wire  taken  by  Mrs.  (iibbs, 
Mrs.  Davenport,  and  Miss  I)e  Camp 
(afterwards  Mrs.  Charles  kemble).  The 
bhade  of  the  autlior  should  be  disturbed 
to  find  his  name  misspelt  "  Coleman  " 
on  the  programme. 


Adelphi. — Measure  for  Measure. 
The  Shakspearean  revivals  at  the  Adelphi 
have  from  the  outset  been  artistic  and 
helpful,  though  occasionally  in  some 
respects  misjudged.  That  of  '  Measure 
for  Measure  '  is  the  most  interesting  and 
the  best.  Something  like  a  generation 
has  elapsed  since  the  piece  (never,  for 
obvious  reasons,  a  favourite  with  manage- 
ments) was  seen  in  London,  the  last  produc- 
tion, and  the  only  one  to  be  recalled,  being 
that  at  the  Haymarket  of  Miss  Neilson. 
On  the  present  occasion  the  text  has  been 
judiciously  managed  ;  the  mounting  gener- 
ally is  illuminatory  ;  and  the  acting  in  the 
principal  parts  is  praiseworthy  and  even 
fine.  Mr.  Oscar  Asche's  Angelo  is  the 
best  Shakspearean  performance  that  con- 
scientious actor  has  yet  given  us,  and 
entitles  him  to  a  place  in  stage  annals. 
More  conventional,  but  very  earnest,  and 
in  a  sense  radiant,  is  the  Isabella  of  Miss 
Lily  Brayton.  These  characters  impress 
deeply  the  audience.  Other  creditable 
impersonations  are  the  Duke  of  Mr. 
Walter  Hampden,  the  Claudio  of  Mr. 
Harcourt  Williams,  and  Mr.  Alfred 
Brydone's  Escalus. 


Dramatic  (5ossip. 

The  revival  at  the  Comedy  of  '  A  Pair  of 
Spectacles,'  the  well-known  adaptation  by 
Mr.  Sydney  Grundy  of  '  Les  Petits  Oiseaux  ' 
of  Labiche  and  Delacour,  proved  the  piece 
to  have  lost  nothing  of  its  hold  upon  the 
public.  Little,  indeed,  on  the  modern  stage 
offers  a  contrast  finer  than  is  supplied  by  the 
two  brothers — one  of  them  played,  with 
Meissonier-like  delicacy,  by  Mr.  Hare,  and 
the  other,  with  unsurpassable  breadth  and 
colour,  by  Mr.  Charles  Groves.  With  the 
revival  was  given  for  the  first  time  '  After- 
thoughts,' a  lever  de  rideau  by  Mr.  A.  E. 
Drinkwater,  in  which  Mr.  Gilbert  Hare 
presented  a  capital  picture  of  a  burglar,  and 
Miss  Beatrice  Forbes-Robertson  displayed 
much  charm  as  a  wife  who  thinks  his  visit 
a  practical  joke  on  the  part  of  a  friend  of  her 
husband. 

'  Captain  Bkassbound's  Conversion,'  by 
Mr.  G.  B.  Shaw,  was  given  for  the  first  time 
on  Tuesday  afternoon  at  the  Court  Theatre. 
It  is  a  less  characteristic  as  well  as  a  less 
amusing  piece  than  others  of  its  author's 
acted  works,  but  caused,  especially  in  the 
later  scenes,  much  diversion.  Importance 
was  lent  to  the  occasion  by  the  engagement 
of  Miss  Ellen  Terry  for  the  part  of  Lady 
Cecily  Waynflete,  of  which  she  gave  a  superb 
rendering.     Mr.  Frederick  Kerr,  Mr.  J.  H. 


Barm  -.  Mr.   v..  Ghreon,  Mid  other  favourite 

BOton      Combined     tO    supply    an     excellent 

interpretation* 

A  (  tutus'  amount  of  consideration 
belongs  to  Mr.  Brandon  Thomee'i '  A  Judge's 
Memory,'  given  at  Terry's  Theatre,  owing 
to  the  ripe  performance  in  it  by  Mr.  James 
Welch  of  atj  old  man  who  in  his  prosperous 
age  incurs  the  risk  of  detection  by  a  judge 
before  whom  he  hud  lircn  tried.  Mr.  James 
Fernandez  and  Miss  Wallis  also  took  part 
in  the  representation. 

'  Kvkkyman  '  seems  now  in  the  way  of 
constituting  a  regular  Lenten  entertainment 
at  the  theatres.  This  year's  representations 
have  been  given  on  afternoons  at  outlying 
theatres  such  as  the  Coronet  and  the  Camden, 
but  are,  during  Holy  Week,  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  Garrick. 

'  Susan  in  search  of  a  Husband,'  a 
farce  in  four  acts  by  Mr.  Jerome  K.  Jerome, 
has  been  given  for  copyright  purposes  at 
the  Scala  Theatre,  previous  to  its  production 
in  New  York  with  Miss  Robson  as  the  heroine. 

Mr.  Cyril  Maude  has  in  preparation  at 
the  Waldorf  '  Shore  Acres,'  a  rustic  melo- 
drama which  has  enjoyed  great  popularity 
in  the  United  States,  and  has  undergone 
modifications  to  suit  it  to  its  destined  home. 

Mr.  Leslie  Faber  purposes  next  summer 
to  take  a  company  to  Copenhagen  for  a 
week.  '  Lady  Windermere's  Fan  '  is  to  be 
given  with  several  of  the  original  exponents, 
amongst  them  Miss  Marion  Terry. 

'  The  Bondman,'  an  early  novel  of  Mr. 
Hall  Caine,  has  been  selected  by  that  writer 
as  the  subject  of  the  new  drama  on  which 
he  is  occupied  for  Drury  Lane.  In  order 
to  avoid  a  too  strong  resemblance  to  '  The 
Prodigal  Son,'  certain  scenes  will  be  trans- 
ferred from  Iceland  to  Sicily. 

The  reproduction  at  the  Court  Theatre 
of  the  '  Electra  '  of  Euripides  in  the  render- 
ing of  Prof.  Gilbert  Murray  will  yield  its 
place  to  that  of  the  '  Hippolytus,'  due  to  the 
same  combination. 


To  Correspondents.—  R.  B.  J.— J.  W.—  II.  H.—  Received. 
H.  W.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


P*OE 

Authors'  Agents        340 

Autotype  Company 346 

Bell  A  Sons       376 

Bemrose 372 

Black         374 

Catalogues         346 

Constable  &  Co.  347 

Dent  &  Co.  350 

Educational       345 

Exhibitions         34."> 

Wells  Gardner  &  Co.         348 

Heinemann  348 

Hurst  &  Blackett 3;">0 

Lane 375 

M  \i  millan  &  Co.  350 

Magazines,  <6c 347 

Miscellaneous 345 

Mudie's  Library  347 

Murray Ml 

N  v*>H 374 

Newspaper  Agents Ml 

Quaritcii 37S 

Sales  hy  Auction        ^        ..        ..340 

Situations  Vacant       345 

Situations  Wanted 345 

Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 375 

sonnenschkin  a  co. 349 

Stock  374 

Surgical  Aid  Society  346 

Type-writers 34* 


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It  represents  the  summing  up  not  only  of  his  own  work,  but  of  that  of  all  the  leading  scientific  writers  on  the  Faiths  of  Man  during  the  last  thirty  years.  It  is  founded  on  the 
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combined  in  any  other  work The  truly  religious  character  of  the  author's  mind  will  be  evident  to  the  reader  in  all  those  articles  which  deal  with  Morality,  Ethics,  and  Religion." 

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CONTENTS     OP     THE     NEW    VOLUME. 

INDEX  III.  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS,  pp.  293-515. 

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CONTENTS,  PREFACE,  and  INTRODUCTION,  xcii  pp. 

INDEX  I.   NAMES  OF  PERSONS   AND   PEOPLES,    HISTORICAL,   LEGENDARY, 

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PRELIMINARY    NOTICE. 

A  HISTORY  OF  ORIENTAL  CARPETS  BEFORE   1800, 

Including  a  Description  of  hitherto  Unfigured  Carpets  in  the  Royal  Collections  of  Sweden  and  Denmark. 

By  F.  R,  MARTIN. 
TO  BE  ISSUED  IN  THREE  PARTS,  ATLAS  FOLIO. 

This  work,  which  will  be  uniform  in  size  and  style  with  that  issued  by  the  Austrian  Governme»t  in  1892,  is  being  printed  at  the  Imperial  Press,  Vienna. 

The  text  will  contain  about  one  hundred  cuts  illustrating  the  history  of  ancient  carpets.  In  addition  there  will  be  thirty  or  thirty-two  full-page  plates,  of  which  six  or  eight  wilt 
be  fully  coloured,  each  of  the  remainder  having  a  key-portion  in  colour  as  in  the  work  issued  by  the  Austrian  Government.  The  fully  coloured  plates  will  be  taken  from  the  carpets 
which  were  presented  to  the  Kings  of  Sweden  and  Norway  by  the  Shah  of  Persia  in  the  seventeenth  century.  These  carpets  have  never  been  seen  except  on  grand  ceremonial  occasions, 
such  as  coronations,  nor  have  they  been  described  hitherto.  They  are  in  a  splendid  state  of  preservation  and  most  beautiful  in  design  and  colouring.  Some  of  the  other  plates  will 
represent  carpets  which  have  been  in  old  Swedish  collections  since  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  author  has  devoted  the  last  twelve  years  to  bringing  together  this  unrivalled  collection  of  carpet  designs.  His  text,  an  exhaustive  history  of  the  carpets  of  the  Orient,  contains 
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To  carpet  manufacturers  this  book,  containing  so  many  new  designs,  will  be  of  unique  importance.  Unlike  the  great  Austrian  book,  which  relied  for  its  illustrations  on  carpets 
exhibited  publicly,  the  carpets  figured  in  the  work  under  notice  are  in  private  collections  and,  consequently,  inaccessible. 

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for  the  latter  is  not  fixed  yet. 

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LETTERS   FROM  THE    DEAD    TO  THE  DEAD. 

Collected  and  Arranged  with  Notes,  Comments,  and  a  Glossary,  by    OLIVER    LECTOR. 

Contents :— Jacob  da  Bruuk  to  Francis  Bacon— Francis  Bacon  to  Jacob  de  Bruck— Henry  Briggs  to  John  Napier— John  Napier  to  Henry  Briggs— Guido  Fawkes  to  Francis  Bacon— 
William  Shakespeare  to  Francis  Bacon — Francis  Bacon  to  William  Shakespeare— Notes,  Critical  and  Explanatory— De  Bruck's  Latin  Verses  Englished. 

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time.    The  ground  beneath  that  Idol  is  heavily  mined." 

THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  HANDBOOK  TO   THE   RIVIERA. 

1  vol.  Svo,  pp.  xv- tfi 2,  with  Fvontispiece,  31  Plat  ex,  and  93  Illustrations  in  the  Text,  cloth  extra,  10s.  6d.  net. 

RIVIERA    NATURE    NOTES. 

A  Popular  Account  of  the  more  Conspicuous  Plants  and  Animals  of  the  Riviera  and  the  Maritime  Alps. 

SECOND  EDITION. 
"The  author  of  these  delightful  notes  does  not  disclose  his  name.  But  there  is  abundance  of  internal  evidence  to  show  that  it  must  be  known  to  many  who  love  the  Riviera. 
Some  of  the  more  gifted  of  these  have  helped  him  in  his  good  work.  A  vast  company  of  others  will,  we  predict,  bless  their  anonymous  benefactor.  He  has  done  them  the  inestimable 
service  of  teaching  them  to  see. . .  He  has  spent  twelve  summers  in  the  mountains  and  villages  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  and,  as  he  tells  the  story  of  the  trees  and  flowers,  the  rocks  and 
soils,  the  beetles  and  butterflies,  he  seems  to  beckon  away  the  loungers  of  the  promenades  and  casinos  to  the  higher  joys.  Above  all  things,  he  is  human  and  catholic  in  his  sympathies. 
That  he  is  an  Irishman  he  is  almost  at  pains  to  proclaim  ;  but  lie  might  safely  have  left  the  question  of  his  nationality  to  the  judgment  of  the  percipient  reader.  He  has  his  antipathies 
a  -  w  I'll  as  his  enthusiasms,  and  is  never  so  palpably  good-humoured  as  when  he  is  railing  at  some  pet  aversion  orcrusliing  his  favourite  form  of  Philistine  or  Prig.  His  handsome  volume 
is  embellished  with  a  number— we  must  adopt  his  own  outspoken  eulogy — of  '  excellent  illustrations  of  mountain  scenery  from  the  magnificent  collection '  of  his  friend  Mr.  Duddell,  and 
some  beautiful  pictures  of  coast  views  and  vegetation  of  the  littoral  zone,  contributed  by  Miss  K.  Wilmott.  These  are  only  a  few  of  his  collaborateurs  ;  yet,  when  all  is  said,  it  is  the 
text,  with  its  felicitous  blending  of  a  gossiping,  almost  rollicking,  style,  and  the  faithful  revelation  of  the  results  of  exact  and  loving  observation,  that  constitutes  the  charm.  Hi* 
method  can  be  best  indicated  by  examples.  The  author  takes  each  natural  object  in  succession  as  the  subject  of  a  little  monograph,  in  which  are  combined  all  sorts  of  light  from  science 
and  history,  and  observation,  humorous  and  philosophic,  of  life.  The  Riviera  becomes  a  little  mirror  of  the  universe,  and  the  history  of  ancient  days  is  invoked  to  illustrate  the  afternoon 
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374 


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18th  CENTURIES.    A  Selection  of  1  tred.  Drawn,  and  Photogra] 

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and    a  Life,    bv    AUBREY     STEWART.    MA.,    and   GEoKi.E 
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SWIFT'S    GULLIVER'S    TRAVELS.      Edited, 


with 

of  th. 


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SWIFT'S    JOURNAL     TO    STELLA.      Edited, 

with  Introduction  ami  Notes,  by  F.  RVLAND.  M.A. 

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during  the  Tears  ITS7,  1788,  and  l7-<9     Edited,  with  Introd 
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London:  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS,  Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


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Inuntal  nf  dttglisb  atti  f  amgtt  f  iterator*,  Arietta 


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SATURDAY,   MARCH    31,    1906. 


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BRITISH      ASSOCIATION     FOR      THE 
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LENT,  1906. 

EVERYMAN. 
THE  OLD  MORALITY  PLAY. 
As  produced  by  the  ELIZABETHAN  STAGE  SOCIETY,  under  the 
personal  direction  of  Mr.  WILLIAM  POEL.  KENNINGTON 
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o 


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LD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 

SPRING  EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
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EXHIBITION  of  FLOWERS  by  MODERN 
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THE  NEW  DUDLEY  GALLEY,  169, 
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SPECIAL  LOAN   EXHIBITION  OF  WORKS  BY  T.  M. 
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"*  s;' I.   Southwoldi       References:    The   Princi]*]  of 

ilcdfurd  Colli  I •■  ■  ■    i  (   imbridge. 


s 


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NIVERSITY    OF    BIRMINGHAM. 


U 


SCHOLARSHIP   IN    THE    SCHOOL    OF    MODERN 
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A  HARDING  SCHOLARSHIP  in  GERMAN,  of  the  annual  value 
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Candidates  may  be  admitted  to  the  School  of  Modern  Languages 
after  passing  the  Intermediate  Examination  Iwhich  may  be  taken 
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tion), the  following  subjects  being  taken  :— (i.)  French,  (ii.)  German, 
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Mathematics  or  Logic. 

After  completing  a  three  years'  course  of  study,  and  passing  three 
Examinations,  Students  of  the  School  will  be  admitted  U>  the  Degree 
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The  Course  for  the  Degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  the  School  of  Modern 
Languages  embraces  tho  following  subjects  of  study : — 
(i.l  French  or  German,  taken  as  a  principal  subject, 
(ii.)  German  or  French  or  English,  taken  as  a  subsidiary  subject. 

(iii.)  An  additional  subject  during  the  first  two  years  of  the  Course, 
viz.,  English  or  Latin  (or  French  or  German  if  not  already 
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For  further  information  apply  to  the  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
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A 


RM  STRONG  COLLEGE, 

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F.  H.  PRUEN,  Secretary 

FOLKESTONE.  —  WOODLANDS  PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOL.  Individual  Teaching.-Rev.  H.  T.  J.  COGGIN, 
M.A.Cantab.,  formerly  House  -  Master,  University  College  School, 
London. 


/CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
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University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  (he 
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Full  particulars  on  application. 

T3IRMINGHAM  and  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 

SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC. 
Visitor-Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR,  Mus.Doc.  LLD. 
Principnl-GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 
Visiting  Examiner— FREDERICK  (ORDER,  F.R.A.M. 
SESSION  1905-1906. 
The  Session  consists  of  Autumn   Term   (September  IS  to  Decem- 
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Instruction  in  all  Brandies  of  Music;  Students'  Choir  and  Orches- 
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ALFRED  HAYES,  Secretary. 

pOLLEOK      HALL,       LONDON, 

\J  RYNt;  PLACE.  GORDON  8QUARE,  W.C. 

Residence  for  Women  Students  of  University  College  and  the 

Ijondon  School  "f  Medicine  for  Women. 

Principal     Mrs.     YIRI  AMU      J  ONES. 

VACANCIES    for    NEXT    TERM.      Early  application    should    be 

made  to  the  FKINCIl'M, 


THE  LONDON  TELEGRAPH  TRAINING 
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This  College,  established  .it  Brixton  for  the  past  fourteen  rears,  has 
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of  London,  have  been  scored.  The  College  is  Now  OPEN,  and  is 
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by  11. M.  government  for  WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY.  It  He 
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v  «  Prospectus,  containing  full  information  and  List  of  Appoint- 
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HOTM  House,   Earls  ('unit.  London    B  W 


I  EDUCATION.  -  PROSPECTUSES    mid 
J  cularsof  schools  for  boys  and  0IRL8 


parti- 


ta ENGLAND  and  ABROAD 

supplied  bo  Parents  free  r.f  charge,    State  full  requirements. 

UNIVERSITY  SCHOLASTIC  MJENC\     IM,  Regent  Street,  London. 


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GT.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

>0  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of  London.) 

The  SUMMER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  APRIL  21. 

The  Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  of  Instruction. 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC.  INTERMEDIATE,  and  FINAL. 
under  Recognized  Teachers  of  the  University  of  London,  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  Medical  Degrees  of  the  Universities  and  for  the  Diplomas 
of  the  Conjoint  Board.  SIX  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  in 
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in  SEPTEMBER.    Students  joining  in  April  are  eligible. 

For  Calendar  and  full  particulars  apply  to  the  DEAN. 

GOTH  A,  GERMANY.— Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRLS  and  LADIES,  also  small  BOYS,  in  the 
house  of  Frttulein  METZEROTH  (Diploma),  13,  Waltershauserstr.. 
Gotha.  Recommended  by  first-class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages:  Languages,  Music,  op]x>rtunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  4?.  10s.  per  month. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to. 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
arc  invited  to  call  uihui  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  tho 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  ot  Uppingham,  S6,  Sackvillc  Street.  London,  W. 


Situations  Wacant 

NIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 


TJ 


NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN.  That  on  WEDNESDAY',  June  20 
next,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  elect  EXAMINERS  in  the 
following  Departments  for  the  year  1906-7. 

MATRICULATION  EXAMINERSHIPS. 

The  Examiners  appointed  will  be  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the 
Three  Examinations  of  the  year.  The  remuneration  of  each  E\a- 
minership  consists  of  a  Retaining  Fee  for  each  Examination,  and  a 
pro  rata  payment  for  Papers  set.  Answers  marked,  and  Meetings 
attended.  Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application  to  the 
Principal. 

1.  ENGLISH. 

2.  MATHEMATICS  (Elementary  and  more  Advanced). 
:t.  LATIN. 

4.  GREEK. 

5.  FRENCH. 
«.  GERMAN. 

7.  ELEMENTARY  PHYSICS. 

8.  ANCIENT  HISTORY. 
MODERN  HISTORY. 
LOGIC. 


9. 
10. 

11.  PHYSICAL  AND  GENERAL  GEOGRAPHY 

12.  GEOMETRICAL  AND  MECHANICAL  DRAWING. 
ELEMENTARY  CHEMISTRY. 


1 

14.  ELEMENTARY  BOTANY. 
In  each  of  these  subjects  there  are  Two  Examiners ;  but  in  each 
case  one  of  the  present  Examiners  is  eligible,  and  o.Ters  himself  for 
re-election. 

Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 
attestation  of  their  qualifications  they  may  think  desirable  on  or 
before  WEDNESDAY,  April  1M.  If  Testimonials  arc  submitted 
three  copies  should  be  forwarded.  Original  Testimonials  should  not 
be  sent.  If  more  than  one  Examinership  is  applied  for,  a  separate 
complete  application  must  be  forwarded  for  each.  (It  is  particularly 
desired  that  no  application  of  any  kind  be  made  to  individual 
Members  of  the  Senate. ) 

By  order  of  the  Senate, 

,T    .        .        ,T       ,        ,        ..  ARTHUR  W.  Rl'dCER,  Principa . 

University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  S.W. 
March,  ltioti. 

HELE'S  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS, 
EXETER. 
HEAD  MASTER. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  from  Graduates  of  any 
British  University  for  the  position  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  above 
School,  the  appointment  to  date  from  AUGU8T  1,  pkhi.  or  such  earlier 
date  as  the  successful  candidate  is  able  to  enter  upon  the  duties  of 
the  Office,  The  emoluments  will  consist  of  a  House  adjoining  the 
School,  with  a  fixed  Salary  of  lOOL  per  annum,  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of 
U.  10s.  on  each  Pupil  in  the  School.  The  present  numbers  in  attend 
anco  are  180. 

The  School  occupies  an  Important  position  In  the  educational 
system  of  the  city  of  Exeter,  and  development  Is  contemplated  in  the 
immediate  future  so  as  t()  make  it  eligible  for  recognition  under  the 
Regulations  for  Secondary  Schools  of  the  Board  of  Education. 

Applications  (Forms  of  which  can  be  obtained  of  the  ClerkJ  and 
Testimonials  are  to  be  in  my  hands  not  laterthan  APRIL14. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  Indirectly,  will  be  a  disqualification. 
.HUIN  E.  DAW,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

13,  Bedford  circus,  Exeter,  March  14,  1906. 


HEAD   MASTER    REQUIRED  (after   Summer 
Vacation) for  Westminster  city  school. 
Subject  to  provisions  of  Scheme,  the  Governors  will  proceed  to  fill 
this  racancj  E  UtLl    in  MAY. 
Candidates   must    be   Graduates    of    I     University    in    the    United 

Kingdom,  and  be  under  4i  years  of  age.  On  present  attendance  the 
Stipend  and  Pees  offered  will  amonnl  to  about  9001  a  rear,  exclusive 
of  Superannuation  Pund,  and  good  Unfurnished  Honse,  rent  and  rat<> 
tree,  c.als.  and  Gas.  St  ud  addressed  foolscap  envelope  for  printed 
part  [culars. 
Applications  must  reach  the  undersigned  not    ater  (ban  APRIL  19. 

i    htn(  i:r  smith,  Clerk. 
•-.at,  Westminstt  r,  S.W, 


:>78 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4092,  Makch  81.  1906 


w 


WORCESTER  K<>.  \i,  GRAMMAR  SCHOOL 


HI    \ 
'      \ ERNnR-  ■    from    G 

.,,-,,,  ,  II, r     1.-111  K0       '      HIM. 

p  -1.    an. I 

I 

an     ev..ll.lit     School     II.Hlar      Xltli     in  .  i.milw»l  . 

mi.  il  and  1 ' 1 1 > - 1 ■  .1  Lahu 
Nun,'  I  -lit   In  School,    ■-...     Including    ■-•    lii   .1 

I  II.  ...  -  •  Uv-1  >!  SJ-ll.l 

l.i.  I.  will  U    iiM.lr  under  nnil  sul.ie.  t    I.,  the 
■  n»  undri   ii'  '■  I  II  . 

v  ill  l  .kr  ,  M,  .  t    ,u.  i  d.r  Sninni.  •  Vacation 
A  row  ,.f  II..    Scheme  Iprice  Orf.l  and  farther  particulsri  • 
{ainea  fi.< in  il..*  undrnugneil,  to  arnon  nnpUcauons,  nci'ompanicd 
..    rot  TeeUmonJjiia  should  be  sen!  on  01  before  APRIL 
letted  Candidate.  ..ill  >«•  required  to   attend  n   Meeting  ut  the 
-  ..(  \<  l.i.  h  1  he]  .  ill  Ii  n  .■  due  not  l<  >• 
;  will  he  . .,11-1  I.  1.1.  .Ii.  lunlin.  utlon 

T  H< >~   0    ll\l>E.  Clerk,  to  the  Governors, 
-     .-. ■'.  Worcester. 


c 


O   U   N  T    V         O   F         L  O   N   1>  0    X. 


SECONDARE  W  HOOLS 
&FP0IKTMKN1  0]    lib  M<  Mi.-Ti:  I 
The    LONDON     0OUNTH     council    Inrite.    application,   for 

.'il'jsjllltuiellt   III  the  tltldcrillclltiolli-il  poet 

HEAD  MISTRESS  UC.C  STOTKWELL SECONDARY 8CH00L, 

i  .1  I!..  1. 1   Htockwell  8  \i 

iih.M>  MISTRESS.  LC  i  southwark  secondary  school. 
Southwark  Park  Road.  Bermoodaey,  si: 

Bohoo).  bare  hitherto  been  conducted  u   Pupil  Teacher 
•  '.nil.-,  (nil  will,  a.  from  August  next,  be  conducted  u  Secondary 
.bj  for  QirU.  and  »ill  be  open  to  Younger  Uirls  115  well  113  <jirl>  01 
.  rears  0!  age. 
I      idldate.  inusl   hare  had  experience  of  Teaching  in  Secondary 
Schools. 
The  commencing  8a]  in  hu  '«-.'ii  fixed  at  SOW.  a  year. 
Application,  should  be  made  on  the  official  Form,  to  K-  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the   London  County  Council,  Education  Offices, 
victoria  Embankment,  W.C.,  t-.  whom  they  must  be  returned  not 
later  than  l"  vm   on  SATURDAY',  Aj.ril  14.  inc.;.  accompanied  by 
-  ..f  three  Testimoniali  of  rw  enl  date. 
1  andtdate.  applying  through  lht<  i»»t  for  the  form  oi  application 
should  encloec  m  rtamped  and  addreaaed  envelope. 

1  anrtidatca.  other  tnan  successful  Candidates,  invited  t>.  attend  the 
Committee  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  hut  uo 
ot  her  expenses, 

Canvassing,  culler  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  considered  a 
disqualification. 

O.  L  BOHHE,  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 
Education  Offices,  \  ictoria  Embankment,  W.C. 


S 


<T.     BARTHOLOMEW'S     HOSPITAL. 


LECTURESHIP  ON  CHEMISTRY. 


Amplications  are  invited  for  the  Office  of  LECTURER  on  CHEMIS- 
Tl'.\.  The  duties  will  commence  in  SEPTEMBER.  19W.  Further 
|.  iticulars  of  ithe  duties  and  emoluments  may  be  obtained  from  the 
DEAN  OF  THE  MEDICAL  SCHOOL.  Twelve  capias  of  application, 
with  three  Testimonials,  must  K-  sent  t..  the  undersigned  not  later 
than  APRIL  10,  IMS.  THOMAS  HAYES,  Clerk. 

St,  Bartholomew  s  Hospital,  London,  E.C. 
March  i*.  lis»>. 


t 


THE      UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
ASSISTANT-LECTURER  in  FRENCH,  which  will  become  vacant 
on  OCTOBER  I,  1906.  Salary  jihi/.  Preference  will  be  given  to  a 
University  Graduate  speaking  French  and  English,  and  with  a 
knowledge  of  French  Literature  and  Romance  Philology. — Copy  of 
the  Prospectus  in  Arts,  showing  the  present  Classes  in  French,  may 
be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR,  by  whom  applications  for  the 
iutuient  will  be  received  np  to  APRIL  to. 


K 


■TENT        EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


FOLKESTONE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS.  FOLKESTONE. 

WANTED,  after  EASTER,  an  ASSISTANT  mistress  at  the 

:i >  lie-named  School.      Candidates   should   be  specially  qualified  to 

I  !.  some  or  all  of  the  following  subjects :— Science,  Nature  Study, 
i.  trophy,  Diill  and  School  Games,  and  shoidd  lie  registered,  or 
eligible  for  registration,  in  Column  R.  Salary  100/.  per  annum,  rising, 
in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  .Sale,  by  annual  increments  of 

II  in*,  for  the  first  t  wo  years,  then  of  rrf.,  to  a  maximum  of  lJOf.  or  1'iOf. 
I..  -  ordmg  to  academic  Qualifications). 

Application  Forms  will  l>e  supplied  bv  Sir.  T.  WILKINSON.  Radnor 

*  a. miliers. Cheriton  Place, FoUkestone.  towhom  theymnst  be  returned 
S...I-  to  reach  him  not  Later  than  SATURDAY.  April  14,  RAW. 

By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK.  Se.rctaiv. 
44.  Bedford  Row.  London,  W.O.,  March 'JO.  1906. 

E1XJE   HILL  COLLEGE.— WANTED  Imme- 
diately, a  MISTRESS  of  METHOD.  Graduate  with  Diploma 
in   education  and  experience  in  Teaching  preferred.— Applv  PRIN- 

•  I  PAL.      

BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  Loudon). 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET.  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  abool    to  appoint   a  LADY  as  SECRETARY 
Application*,    with    Testimonials,    to    be   sent    by    MAY    4    to   the 
SECRETARY,  from  whom  particulars  can  lie  obtained. 


A 


VACANCY  occurs  in  a  well-known  PUR- 
i.lsillM.  OFFH  E  for  a  YOUNG  MAN.  A  knowledge  of 
Ho  lie-keeping  and  Shorthand  desirable.-  Apply,  stating  qualifications 
.•.mi  salary  required,  to  A.  B,  <  .,  care  of  F.  E.  Potter.  W,  Lu.lgate 
Hill.  E.O 

Situations   WLanttb. 

ri  KNTLEMAN*  (aged  34),  seeks  appointmenl  as 
•  CLUBoi  PRIVATE  SECRETARY.  Public  School  and  TJnlver- 
s'i  .  isiih  buiiiness  and  administrative  experience  in  England  and 
abroad.— LITERARY.  Bok  1101,  Athenaeum  Pi  ess.  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

I  ADY  (aged  21)  seeks   RE-ENGAGEMENT  as 

I  J    PRIVATE    SECRETARY,    (iood    Curresimmlent   and    Writer. 
1  nd  a  half  year,  with  an  Author.— Address  Miso  AMYBAUM, 

17.  Marlboro'  Place,  Btighton. 

AN    active   YOUNO     MAN   (23)    requires 
SITUATION   as   PUBLISHER'S  or   BOOKSELLER'S   AS3IS- 
TANT.    Oan  supply  good  references.  -T  .  Box  iotu,  Atheuenm  l*rcs3, 

i  •  lh  cam's  Buildiu^s.  Chancery  Line,  EC. 


LITERARY    RESEARCH    anderl  tkeo    at   th* 
British  Miifci'.in  Hii.i  sJsjsjwbsaw  on  n,.«lei...  I  ii.lsnnt 

I    II..  Boa   pw..  Allieiurum  Prcw.  U,  Uicam'i  Build- 
lugs,  <  i  ■  I  I.  i 

^lK.\^'^l..\^Io^',  ICm-...  Ii,  lUviewing, 

Indsstng,  smeyetopssdlo  Article.  >n.|  utlirr  Ut'iurj  Wort  or 
Nun  Ic.-sj.p-iit  s.s  rriaryship  Cdassics,  French.  QonaasL  lulhui. 
spini-li  Aiis'li.  s  11. .11  Bpeclsl  subjects :  Mitbolos;)  and  Literature. 
Yuriede»i«  rt.  in  .     ModsswU  term..  — Mi»»  SELUY.M.  Talliot  R«kd.  W. 


^lisallancous. 

I  i  ikii:  lupin.-,  the  COLLABORATION  oi  ■ 

OENTLKMAJTpo*MMl]  Arno 

Od*  wbo  baa  writtao  Military  NoreU  luefeirod     The  Adrertlj 

ii iti<  li  \  tlu  i Mr  .ii Ml  »■(  u'lii.tt  Biatctrial,  *hu  h  « -m  W  u ■**-«!  for  :i  Milit.ir  t 
Kovt'l,  the   BuoeeM  <■(  whi.h  would   be  aucffuooa.      Adrcrliaci  will 
eithci  share  pnaHi  vlth  Onllahnratcw  or  pa/ for  lii"  MsTiioaa.    Kotm 
l.ut  competant   Autiion*  need  apply.  — Bux  HOO,  Attu'iuruui  l*r« 
l  i  IstiiMnitrs,  Chanct-ry  Lutu,  KX\ 

UO  U  KNOT     and     FRENCH  -  CAN  A 1  >I  A  N 
PEDIGREES  in   EViLAM).  and  pricf  to  niiil|ial Ian  from 
Fran..-.      10,000    Pedigrees,    mostly    MS     fjnpnhllshed   and   Private 
Bourcea,— C.  LART,  Clmriuouth,  Dorset ;  and  London. 


A 


II 


Training;   for   private  secretarial 
WORK  and  IKDEXIKG.-Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat. 
Sci.  Trii-os1,  5-^a,  Conduit  Street,  Bond  Street.  London,  W. 


®Wt-WLriUTZ. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  bv  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos  ;  Cambridge  higher  Local ;  Modern 
Laneuages'.  Research.  Revision.  Translation,  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WRITING  AGENCY,  10.  Duke  Street. 
Adelphi,  w.c. 

A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

-T1.  ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  comnlete  accuracy.  9d.  per 
1.000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers—  M.  STUART,  Thirlbank.  Roxhorough  Road.  Harrow. 

AUTHORS'  MSS.,  9ci.  per  1,000  words. 
SERMONS,  PLAYS.  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TY'PED  at  home  (Remington).  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  exe- 
cuted.—M.  L.  L.,  7,  Vernon  Road ;  now  known  as  18,  Edgeley  Road, 
Clapham,  S.W. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions.  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  SO, 
Norfolk  Street.  Strand,  London. 


TYPEWRITING.  —  MANUSCRIPT  COPIED 
in  ENGLISH.  FRENCH,  and  GERMAN,  neatly  and  accu- 
rately, by  highly  educated  LADY*.  Moderate  terms.— Address  Miss 
MALLESON.  Trie  Green,  Hampton  Court. 

THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd. 
(CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY). 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  &  Skinner's.) 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING.  DUPLICATING,  TRANSLATING, 

TRACING,  *c. 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  fciken. 

"Living  Wage."    Little  overtime.    No  work  given  out.    Offices  well 

lighted  and  healthy.     MSS.  kept  in  fireproof  safe.    Efficient  Staff. 

TYPE- WRITING,  9«f.  per  1,000  words.—  PLAYS, 
NOVELS.  ESSAY'S.  4c.,  with  promptitude  and  accuracy.  Carbon 
Copies  a  speciality.  Highest  references.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villus, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 


T 


E 


WRITERS. 


TAYLOR'S.  Ltd..  74.  CHANCERY  LANE, 


BUY,  SELL.  EXCHANGE.  REPAIR.  AND  HIRE  OUT  ALL 

MAKES  OF  TYPE-WRITERS. 

Documents  Copied.    Remingtons  from  SI. ;  Smith's  Premiers,  No.  4, 

101,  10*.     Illustrated  Catalogue  free. 

TAYLOR'S    TYPE-WRITER    CO.,    Ltd., 

74,  Chancery  Lane,  and  92,  Queen  Street,  Cheaiwide. 

Telephones.    4H.M1    Holborn    and    8.135    Bank.     Contractors    to    His 

Maiesttv  8  Government.    Telegrams,  Glossator,  London.     Established 

1884.     '  

JUtljars'   JVgtmts. 

THE  FICTION  EDITOR  for  some  time,  and  the 
Literary  Reader  ("Taster"!  for  many  years  of  the  Messrs. 
Harmswerth,  having  resigned  his  api>ointment.  ADVISES  UPON 
MSS  OF  EVERY  KIND.  The  discoverer  and  prompter  of  nianv 
New  writers.  Fiction  a  speciality.— Apply  AUTHORS'  ADVISORY 
BUREAU.  'JO.  Buckingham  Street.  West  Strand,  London.  W.C. 

THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 
The  interact.  Of  Anthers  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGHES.  :u.  Paternoster  Row 


|htospap*r  Agents. 

"V~  E  W  S  P  A  P  E  R  PROPERTIES 

i->      BOUGHT.  SOLI).  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 
EVERY  REQUISITE. 
The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

and  Colonial  Ncws|xt|>ers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  imrticulars  from 

THE  IMPERIAL  NEWS  AGENCY, 

-'and  1,  Tudor  Street.  London.  El. 


C  MITCHELL  &  CO.,  Agents  for  the  Sale  and 
.  I'm,  base  of  Ncwupajier  Proi»'rtie»,  undertake  Valuations  for 
Probate  ..r  Purchase,  I  in  estimations  and  Audit  of  Accounts,  Ac.  Card 
i.l  T.'i  ins  on  ap plication. 

Mitchell  House,  1  and  "A  Snow  Hill,  HolU.in  Viaduct.  E.C. 


Catalogues. 


uLAixnsn 

REMAINDER    BOOK    CATALO< 
APRIL  "I  I'l'I.IHI.M    •-).»    UADT, 
Cocupruing  kJI  most  recent  PurvhsAcs. 
WILLIAM  <.LAI- 
Bcmaindrr  kinl  Ins,  .,ui, t  Booksclli  I!  dborn.  Luadoa. 

AltvCututw f  lnl-i  i_  \HCIHHK\T  I.ITKH.iJlkk.   ...  I  .■>/.«.' 

LIST  o/  rKK.XCH  .%..!/.;.-    CLA&DJl 

FliST    EDITIONS   ..f    MODERN    AUTHORS, 
In.  l.idinx  Mekeiu.  Tluu  keny.  Lever.  Alajworth  ;   bouks  ilia*. 
lrste.1  byO   and  R   (  ruik*tuu,»  -  *ud*uti    lx*-%L   k        Tb* 

UtKe.i  ,i,d  cbuioest  Colle-  lion  i.lVrt.l  »,:  b.K  Id  the  Woitd  (  ATA- 
LOGUES  Issued  sn.l  sent  r.»i  frrt  uti  si'pbcatlon.  BouAs  Bought.— 
WALTER  T    -II M  U    R    Ki  »  ■  'ilordStrert.  Londuo,  W.C. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  I  LBCULAB, 
No.  Ml.  (miUIiiiiik  a  h[».i»l  Annie,  entitled  '  MoDERM 
VIEWS  1  ELECTKIC1TY  end  MATTER  by  Prof.  ALFRED  W. 
PORTER.  Hpedmen  iCopte.  trrsti. -WIUJAMW  a  HOBO  ATE 
Book  Imjorters.  M.  iirurletu  hlreel.  toveul  Gardti, 


HH.    PEACH,    .'17,   Belvoir   Street,   Letoert**. 
.      0ATALOO1  I     •     poet   froe  to  Collertorsi  eooUins  Reornt 

Purcuases.     Including    (   .11.-  u..n.    ..f    Bn*d>i<lr»  »nd  O,.).  I-^k>— 
Anliphonariuni.  with  Miniatures — Jenson  and  other  JJsrlv  !' 
Rare  Tracts-  •  •         ■.     ) 


B 


OOKS.  —  All   OUT- OF. PRINT  and    RARE 

li.  i.iKSoiiaiiysiil.je.  t  SUPPLIED.  Thenseeteinsil  B.>.kftnder 

extant     Please  stale  Hants  .inda-k  li.rl'  .TAI/KjUK.    I  make  a  .)  —  lal 
feature  of  exchanging  any  s.tleai.b-  Books  for  othrra  xlr- • 
various  LiM.     Spe.  isj  List  of  2.000  Book.  I  iwrtieularly  want  i«»l  frre. 
—  KDW  .  BAKER  S  Great  Bookshop.  14  16.  John  Bright  Htwt  Birming- 
ham.   Oscar  Wilde  o  P<h-ius.  1U.,  fur  6s.  6d.  lonly  -Mi  issued'. 

CATALOGUE  No.  44. -Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
England  and  Wal. ...  and  <ih.r  Engravings—  Lucas  •  Mezz/.tints 
after  Constable— Etching,  by  Whistler.  B  Palmer,  Ac— llrawinrt  by 
Turner.  Biirne-.lones.  Ruskin.  Ac.  —  Illustrated  Books  —  Works  by 
Ruskin.  Post  free,  Sixpence.  —  WM.  WARD,  li,  Cburch  Terrmce 
Richmond,  Surrey. 

ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 

-TA.    and  Antiquarians  are    invited    to   apply  to  SPINK    A    - 
Linntwl  for  Sjiecimen  Copy  (gratis,  of  their  Nl'MIsMATIc  <  IK.  t 
LAR.    The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
Sale  at  Moderate  Prices.-SPINK  A  SON.  Limitsd.  Experts.  Valuers, 
and  Cataloguers.  16,  17.  and  IS.  Piccadilly.  Loudon,  W.     Established 
upwards  of  a  Century. 


READERS  and   COLLECTORS  will  find  it   to 
their    advantage    to  write  for    J.    BALDWINS    MONTHLY 
CATALOG!  E  of  SEt'oND-H  AND  I:  -  ~t  free  on  alloca- 

tion. Books  m  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  bargains  in 
Scarce  Items  and  First  Editions.  Books  sent  on  approval  if  desired  — 
Address  14,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 


LEIGHTON'S 
TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE    of    EARLY 

J-  PRINTED  and  other  INTERESTING  BOOKS  MANUSCRIPTS 
and  BINDINGS.  ■ejieai.m, 

OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square   W 

Thick  Svo.  l.WS  pp.,  6,200  items  with  nnwanls  of  1.3M  Reproductions' 


in  Fa 

Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  toj«. 


38s. :  half -morocco,  gilt  tops,  SOa. 


A  RUNDEL  CHROMOS. -Large  stock.      Manv 

-fi-    rare  ones     Send  stamp  for  THIS  MONTH'S  LIST  .whi.  h  gives 
size  and  shai*  of  each).-ST.  JUDE  S  DEPOT.  Birmiligham. 

X70R     SALE—TO     COLLECTORS^! 

■f       BREECHES    BIBLE.   pert.-ct.    IKOfi.    original    binding     h™« 
cdas^ps-     What  offers  '-Address  E.  C.  Bay  View"  CastlAown*  IslJ  of 


rPO  COLLECTORS. -The  magnificent  OOLLKC 

AaJPJ0*  of  BRASS  RUBH1NGS  forme;i  by  the  Ute  Rev  t  i 
LUNN  is  now  for  SALE.  It  represents  i.tri (odd  different ^BramS: 
—Apply  to  LLNN,  Nuneaton.  mueraii  nrasses. 


^ahs  bg  ^.nrtion. 

Valuable  Booh),  including  a   Portion  of  a  Library  remored 
/nun  Devonshire. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  BRLL 
by  AUITION.  at  their  SeJlariei    47    Ueanase  fin  m  , 

EARLY    IN    APRIL.   VALCA1.LE    BOOKS.    ir^lndin^'rarT.  V,  -, 
Editions  and  other  valuable  Items.  ^  '"** 


Early  Printed  Book*  and  rare  tint  Editions,  including  a 
Portion  0/  the  Libra  ni  of  a  Collector 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  A  SIMPSON  will  SRI  L 
by  AUCTION,   at    their  Galleries.    47    Leicester  S,„,,r»    «-  r- 
EARLY  IN  APRIL.  VALCABLK  BOOKS  in  1  „dTi Wnrl "r. e -b     , 
of  Early  English    and  Foreign  Presses-K^r cv   F  m   EditiTTn'J™,'?,? 
other  important  Item.  ««•»  "mwiis- ana 


Sale  No.  J0a«. 

THE  MAfiKET  HALL,  KE.\DAl.. 
By  order  of  the  Ej<-cvtor»  of  the  lute  Jier.  D.  S  SPKDDI  V. 
TV  T  D    E        R    0    M    E         &         SON 

Ui.     are  **£«ZEZ»%r£ZSK&  HU,,°n  ""* 
SELL  BY  AUCTIOB 
On  WEDNESIiAY  and  THTRSDAT,  AprU  4  and  5, 
The  hnportanl  Collection  of 
OIL       PAINTINQ8 
By  and  attributed  to 
Rej-nolds.  Sir  .1.  0  dndnongh,  T.  Romnev.  G 

Morlaiid   «.  Wheatley.r.  Teniers  D 

Kneller.  Sir  O.  lbU-tson,  .1.  C.  Cipriani 

Drununond.  S  I>awr.  G.  Reorhcv   <!ir  W 

Sb»W^?AA  °r,'"I<"  "'■  " ■'•  "'ll"U,r  Ro*  •"">'*»>".><■■. 
sUaoa  <v,n«-tionof 

ANTIOt'E  ADD  MODERN   DECORATIVE  CHINA 

Anti, iuc  Glass.  Sh.tti.ld  Plated  and  old  Bras,.  Ware,  and  a  Quantitvuf 

ANTIQUE  KI'RMTURE 

IN  MAHOGANY  ANI>  CARVED  OAK. 

lalalognes  may  be  hail  from  the  A  C.  Tl.  '\  EERS.  21.  Stramongate 

KciuLil  price  Sixpence;  b\  pOBa,  Seveii|ience.  ^ 


N°4092,  Maech31,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


379 


MUDIE'S  LIBRARY. 

FOUNDED  1842. 
For  the  CIRCULATION  and  SALE  of  the  BEST  BOOKS 
in  ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  GERMAN,  RUSSIAN,  ITALIAN, 
SPANISH,  DUTCH,  and  SCANDINAVIAN. 

The  Collection  comprises  the  Best  Standard 

Works  published  during  the  past  Sixty  Years. 

TERMS  PER  ANNUM. 

O    Volumes  in  the  Country  ;  or,  I    f>  o     O     A 

6    Volumes  Delivered  free  in  LONDON  |*"3    <J    " 
and  Nearer  Suburbs  J 

4  v 


ry;or-  1j?o  o  n 

ree  in  LONDON f«5g 


olumes  in  the  Country : 

3    Volumes  Delivered 
and  Nearer  Suburbs 

1    Volume,     Exchanged     Daily    at    the\  Ol      1      A 
Library  Counter  / nOX     1     U 

*    Volume  (for  Books  of  Past  Seasons)        /  lUSt  OQ. 

Half- Yearly,    Quarterly,     and     Monthly 
Subscriptions  can  also  be  entered. 

SPECIAL  ARRANGEMENT  has  been  made  with 
MESSRS.  PICKFORD,  in  Loudon  and  Suburban  Districts 
served  by  them,  for  the  exchange  of  Library  Books  TO 
and  FROM  Subscribers'  Houses  for  3d.  per  DOUBLE 
JOURNEY. 

PARCEL  POST  DEPARTMENT  for  SUBSCRIBERS 
residing  at  a  DISTANCE  from  any  RAILWAY  STATION. 
Terms  on  application. 

ALL  BOOKS  are  offered  SECOND-HAND  as  soon  as  the 
demand  in  the  LIBRARY  will  permit.  List  free  on  appli- 
cation. 

MUDIE'S  SELECT  LIBRARY,  Limited, 

30-34,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  W.C. 

241,  BROMPTON  ROAD,  S.W. 
48,  QUEEN  VICTORIA  STREET,  E.C. 


M1 


Miscellaneous  Books. 

f  ESSRS.   HODGSON   &   CO.   will  SELL   by 

-L  AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C  , 
on  WEDNESDAY,  April  4.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock. 
MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  comprising  Goupil's  Historical  Mono- 
graphs, Japanese  Vellum  Copies,  4c,  6  vols.  —  Eugene  Pious 
Monograph  on  Benvenuto  Cellini.  Japanese  Vellum  Copy,  2  vols  — 
Audsley  and  Bowes's  Keramic  Art  of  Japan,  2  vols.— Fmnknn'8 
Eighteenth-Century  Colour  l'rints— Hamerton  s  Landscape,  Large 
Paiier,  and  other  Modem  Fine-Art  ami  Illustrated  Books— Library 
Sets  of  Shakesjieare,  Fielding,  Scott.  Dickens,  and  others,  many  in 
■  alf  ami  morocco  Bindings— the  Writings  of  Oscar  Wilde— Dodsley's 
Collection  of  Old  Plays,  by  Hnzlitt,  15  vols.— Sets  of  British  Classics- 
Morris  s  British  Birds.  4c,  8  vols.,  and  other  Natural  History  and 
Scientific  Books— Standard  Works  in  History,  Philology,  and  Travel— 
a  Set  of  Book-Prices  Current,  1!»  vols.— Encyclopedia  Britannica, 
Tenth  Edition,  as  vols,  half-morocco— First  Editions  of  Esteecmcd 
Authors— Original  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  Rowlandson,  Charles 
Cornier,  4c.  To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books;  including  Duplicates  from  the 
Library  of  the  late  HENRY  SOT  HE  HAS',  Esq. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
„>T>„A?,en£N'  ttt  their  K°onis.  lis.  Chancery  Lane.  W.C., 
SHORTLY  AFTER  EASTER,  valuable  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS 
including  handsome  Illustrated  Books— Standard  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors—also  a  Collection  of  Eurly  Editions  of  the  Classics,  lilack- 
Letter  Books,  4c. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 

The  valuable  Collection  of  Engravings  of  the  late  JOHN  C. 

POCOCK,  Esq. 
"VfKSSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

XTA  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1:1.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  WOT,  on  MONDAY,  April  a  and  Following  Day,  at 
1  "clock  precisely,  the  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ENGRAVINGS 
of  the  bite :  JOHN  C.  POCOCK,  Esq.,  of  Cambcrwcll  New  Road, 
Vi  V  i  ,  £  ,7  ?f  ""-'  Executors),  comprising  Fancy  .Subjects  of 
JlicLmdi-.il  School,  by  y.  Bartolozzi,  P.  W.  Tomkins,  C.  Wilkin,  W. 
Hatter,  Vv  Dickinson,  C.  Turner.  J.  R.  Smith,  W.  Ward,  and  others 
-Mezzotints  and  Stipple  Engravings,  printed  in  Colours,  including 
Black  Ky«l  Susan  by  W.  Dickinson  ;  The  \\  IttJ  Dorinda,  by  W.  War.l ; 
H.imct  .orslcbild. after  Ram  berg:  Beauties  of  Brighton,  The  Chain 
Pier  and  The  Chalvlieatc,  t,y  ,i.  Thomson, after  T.  Harper— English 
and  loreign  Portraits,  by  J.  Jones.  W.  Dickinson,  C.  Turner,  W  M. 
Gardiner.  J.  raiser,  and  others,  including  Mrs.  Robinson,  by  J.  R. 
£niitji.  after  G  Romnej-Coloured  Sporting  Prints,  by  II.  'Aiken, 
it 'i      .'"J1  'Uirns     and    many  other*—  Mezzotints    published    by 

Robert  Sayer  and  othera-A  ews-Coloured  Aquatints-Caricatures- 
Military,  and  Historical  Subject*,  kc-Scrapbooka and  Panel 
Colour's'"*;"1""'8  """^  r"n:  '"terestiug  Prints,  Drawings  in  Water 

May  is-  riewed.    Oatalogoei  may  be  had. 

Engravings  and  Drawings. 

IVf  ESSRS.  80THEBY,  WILKINSON  &HODGK 

™!r:,   SS  H,Kw'.,,y  A£8H28b!$  ,l"ir""""".  *"•  ^Wellington 

Strand.  W.c. on  WEDNESDAY,  \pril4  at  I  o'clock  nreciselv 

LI  .E«TloSo,T<.|..HillU'll|.   u/k.N.JIMUmJ I  and' DRAW: 

the  ProiH-rtyof  „   GENTLEMAN   in   the  Country.   Including 

Eivr.Mm/san.l  A'luatin.s  bv  P.  W   T kin*.  B.    Aiken,   W.  WooUett. 

I      I"     'l'.'  l    ",'"'o'  '.V"",'    "V,'1  J"k"s-  K     ,l""k"r'  W.  Alexander.  J. 

,rr,..  D-  c..,t     R.  HaTcIL   Hearnej   Byrne,  and  others-an    Early 

Impression  of   An   Airing  in    Hyde  Park,  by  T    Qaoghain    after  F 

rollectlonsnf  Views.  4c,  of  the  various  Countlos.  and  a  few  lota 

at    Book    Illustrations,    mostly   in   proof  stale       AquatlnU   afl 

i"'!X'.u'rs"*e    °  Misccllaiicons    Engrain*..     Drawings  in 

Miyls  viewed  two  dajs  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 


The  Collection  of  Coins  and  Medals  of  the  late  G.  M.  RICE, 
Esq.  ;  War  Medals,  the  Property  of  J.  N.  MOSS,  Esq.,  and 
other  Propert  ies. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
■will  8ELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  THURSDAY,  April  5,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  COINS  and  MEDALS,  comprising  ({reek. 
Roman,  English  and  Foreign  Coins— War  Medals— English  and 
Foreign  Historical  Medals— rare.  Patterns  and  .Proofs— Coin  Cabinets 
and  Numismatic  Books,  including  the  COLLECTION  of  J.  N.  MOSS, 
Esq..  of  Heme  Bav-the  REMAINING  PORTION  of  the  COLLEC- 
TION of  the  late  CHARLES  STOKES,  Esq.,  of  Gray's  Inn,  W.C,  and 
the  extensive  COLLECTION  of  the  late  G.  M.  RICE,  E6q.,  of 
Edmonton,  sold  by  order  of  the  Executors. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  THOMAS  READER,  Esq.  ;  tM 
Library  of  the  late  J.  W.  JtOLME,  Esq.,  Carlton  Hill; 
the  Library  of  the  late  JAMES  CARLTON,  Esq.,  of 
Knutsford,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
■will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  FRIDAY.  April  6,  and  Following  Day,  and 
on  MONDAY.  April  9.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely, 
BOOKS  AND  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising  the  Library  of  the  late 
THOMAS  READER,  Esq.  (partner  in  the  firm  of  Longmans.  Green 
&  Co.l.  late  of  Beaufort  House,  Peckham  Rye  ;  the  Library  of  the  late 
COLONEL  LOWSLEY.  Southsea;  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN, 
deceased;  the  Library  of  the  late  J.  W.  HOLME,  Esq.,  Carlton  Hill: 
the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  living  in  Scotland  ;  a  Portion  of  the 
library  of  the  late  J.  C  POCOCK,  Esq. ;  the  Library  of  the  late 
JAME'S  CARLTON.  Esq.,  of  Knutsford  ;  and  other  Properties,  in- 
cluding STANDARD  BOOKS  in  all  branches  of  Literature  —  rare 
First  Editions— Illustrated  Books— Works  on  Natural  History— Books 
on  the  Fine  Arts,  4c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Library  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  BEGLEY,  M.A.,  of  Green- 
croft  Gardens,  N.W.,  formerly  of  East  Hyde  Vicarage, 
Luton,  Beds. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No,  13.  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C,  on  THURSDAY,  April  19.  WOi),  and  Two 
Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late 
Rev.  W.  BEGLEY,  M.A.,  of  Greencroft  Gardens,  N.W.,  formerly  of 
East  Hyde  Vicarage.  Luton,  Beds.,  comprising  rarcChronogrammatic, 
Anagrammatic.  and  Epigrammatic  Books  and  Tracts,  and  other 
Singular  Literary  Productions— interesting  and  scarce  Works  on 
Witchcraft,  Sorcery,  Demonomania,  Alchemy,  and  other  Occult 
Subjects— Writings  of  Ultra-Religious  Sect-Founders— Original  Docu- 
ments by  and  connected  with  Joanna  Southcott,  Mormonism, 
Swedenborgianism,  Quakerism,  Anabaptists,  Milleniarians, 
Spiritualists,  4c— Collections  of  Ex-Libris— Early  Printed  Books 
— a  large  number  of  Scarce  Tracts,  Manuscripts,  4c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Citalogues  may  lie  had. 

Curios. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS'S  SALE  of  CURIOS 
will  take  place  on  TUESDAY  NEXT,  and  will  include  about, 
400  Old  Samplers  from  the  COLLECTION  of  the  late  W.  W.  ROBIN- 
SON, Esq.— Antique  Carved  Casket  of  the  Fourteenth  Century- 
elaborate  Model  of  Hindoo  Temple,  3  feet  square— Circular  Malachite 
Top  Table— Weapons.  4c,  from  India— Collection  of  Old  Pewter  and 
Old  China,  Bronzes,  &c. 

On  view  day  prior  10  to  4  and  morning  of  Sale. 

On     FRIDAY     NEXT    will    be    included    the 

CONTENTS  of  an  AMATEUR'S  WORKSHOP  ;  also  a  Quantity  of 
Household  Furniture. 

Library  of  Books. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTON 
on  TUESDAY,    April   10,   the  LIBRARY  of  BOOKS  of  the 
late  H.  L.  MATTHEWS,  Esq.,  and  other  Small  Collections. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 
]\/rR.  J.  C.    STEVENS   begs   to  announce   that 

It-L  SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms.  S&  King 
Street,  Coven t  Garden,  Loudon,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES, SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  —  Telescopes  —  Theodolites- 
Levels — Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


OXFORD    UNIVERSITY    PRESS. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  (rive  notice  that  thev  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Kooiiis,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square :— 

On     MONDAY,     April    2,     at     1     o'clock,     a 
collection  of  drawings,  the  Property  of  a  gentleman. 

On    TUESDAY,    April    3,    at    1    o'clock,    the 

COLLECTION  of  MINIATURES,  SNUFF-BOXES,  and  other 
OBJECTS  of  VERTU  formed  by  LADY  CURIUE  ideceased). 

On  WEDNESDAY,  April  4,  at  2  o'clock,  choice 

WINES,  the  Properties  of  the  Most  Hon.  the  MARQUIS  of 
LANSDOWNE.  K.O..  Sir  JAMES  RITCHIE,  Bart.,  R.  T.  CRAW- 
SHAY,  Esq.,  and  .IAS,  R.  SOAKS,  Esq.. 

On  THURSDAY  and  FRIDAY,  April  5  and  6, 

at  1  O'clock,  the  COLLECTION  of  OBJECTS  of  ART  formed  by 
HARRY  O.UILTEH.  Esq. 

On  SATURDAY  and  MONDAY,  April  7  and  0, 

at  1  o'clock,  the  COLLECTION  of  PICTURES.   DRAWINGS,  and 

ENGRAVINGS  of  II AIIKY  U.IILTEK,  Esq. 

DUBLIN. 

OLD  FRENCH  FURNITURE  of  the  Periods  of  Louis  XIV..  XV.,  and 
XVI.,  Tapestries,  Oilt  Metal  Candelabra,  Bronzes,  Ormolu  and 
Buhl  Rotary  and  Bracket  Clocks,  Rich  Figured  Silk  Brocade 
Curtains  of  historic  interest,  purchased  in  Paris  early  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  ;  a  jiortion  formerly  the  Projierty  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  and  bearing  her  Monogram,  the  remainder  forming 
part  of  the  decoration^  a i  Malinaison  and  the  Trianon  Palaces- 
nil  Paintings,  including  an  Important  Work  by  Fran?.  Hall— 
Spceimejis  of  Old  Se\rcs.  Oriental,  Dresden,  Chelsea,  Loweotofti 
Bow  and  Derby  China-  Fine  Miniatures,  Jewellery.  Coins,  Medals 
and  Curios— a  rare  Collection  of  Antique  Arms— about  5,000  <</ 
of  Old  Irish  ami  English  Silver— -Sheffield  Plated  Ware.  4c. 

TO  BE  SOLI)  BY  AUCTION,  at  the  SALE- 
ROOMS, 6,  UPPER  oitMoMi  QUAY,  DUBLIN,  on  Till  Its 
DAY.  April  B,  and  Following  liav.  by  direction  of  the  Executors  of 
the  late  Right  Hon.  the  EARL  liF.  MONTALT,  and  with  the 
approbation  of  the  Right  lion.  THE  MASTER  OF  THE  ROLLS, 

Hole    to  commence    at     r.'  o'clock       On    \iew   two  days  pr ling, 

Catalogue*  on  application.— BENNETT  &  SON,  Auctioneers  mid 
Valuers,  0,  Upper  Ormoiid  yuay,  Dublin. 


THE   OXFORD   DICTIONARY.     A 

New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  Prin- 
ciples. Founded  mainly  on  the  Materials 
collected  by  the  Philological  Society.  Edited 
by  Dr.  JAMES  A.  H.  MURRAY.  Complete 
Part,  M— MEET,  12s.  M.  Also  Double 
Section,  MATTER—  MESNALTY,  5s. 

ESSAY    ON    THE    NATURE    OF 

TRUTH.    By  H.  IL  JOACHIM.     8vo. 

[Shortly. 

GREEK  THEORIES  OF  ELEMEN- 
TARY COGNITION,  from  Alcmaeon  to 
Aristotle.  By  JOHN  I.  BE  ARE,  M.A. 
8vo,  cloth,  12s.  Gd.  net. 

ARNOLD'S    MER0PE  WITH 

SOPHOCLES'  ELECTRA.  (Mr.  WHITE- 
LAW'S  Translation. )  Edited  by  J.  CHURTON 
COLLINS.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  3a.  6d. 

[Immediately. 

THE     BOOK     OF     JOB :     Revised 

Version.  Edited,  with  Introductions  and 
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.'{82 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


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CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A  Memoir  of  Henry  Sidgwick 383 

Stubbs's  Lectures  on  Early  English  History  ..  384 
Letters  of  Warren  Hastings  to  his  Wife  . .  385 
The  Principles  of  Religious  Ceremonial  . .    386 

New  Novels  (The  Way  of  the  Spirit ;  For  Life— and 
After  ;   Dick  ;   Jack    Derringer  ;   Rebecca  Mary  ; 

Curayl ;  Giant  Circumstance) 387—388 

Japanese  Studies      388 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Letters  of  Richard  Ford ; 
The  Miracles  of  Our  Lady;  Memoirs  of  General 
Daly ,  Les  Pas  sur  le  Sable  ;  A  Memoir  of  Jane 
Austen  ;  Ingoldsby  Legends  ;  Methuen's  Standard 
Library ;  Mr.  Tutin's  Booklets  ;  Crockford)         389—390 

List  of  New  Books 390 

Notes  from  Cambridge;  Proceedings  of  the 
British  Academy  ;    The  Spring  Publishing 

Season         391—393 

Literary  Gossip        393 

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Fine  Arts— Books  on  Rome;  The  Royal  Society 
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hikke;  Sales;  Gossip 399—402 

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Drama— Gossip 404 

Index  to  Advertisers       404 


LITERATURE 


Henry  Sidgwick  :    a  Memoir.     By  A.  S. 
and  E.  M.  S.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

A  memoir  of  Henry  Sidgwick  is  virtually 
a  history  of  Cambridge  University  during 
the  last  forty  years  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  Going  up  from  Rugby,  where 
he  had  been  one  of  a  group  of  boys  who 
subsequently  gained  as  much  distinction, 
both  at  their  universities  and  in  the  world, 
as  ever  probably  fell  to  any  lot  of  school 
contemporaries,  he  had  a  brilliant  under- 
graduate career,  "  going  out,"  to  use  the 
old  Cambridge  term,  as  a  wrangler  and 
Senior  Classic,  and  was  elected  Fellow 
of  Trinity  before  the  middle  of  his  twenty- 
second  year.  Even  then  he  was  an 
insatiable  student,  though  no  recluse.  On 
the  contrary,  he  delighted  in  society,  and 
was,  according  to  all  testimony,  delightful 
in  it.  He  never  lost  the  enjoyment  of 
boyish  fun,  and  to  the  end  of  his  life 
would  recite  with  glee  nonsense  -  rhymes 
and  the  like  that  had  struck  his  fancy. 
In  ordinary  company  he  bore  his  "  weight 
of  learning  lightly,  like  a  flower." 

After  his  degree  Sidgwick  settled  himself 
at  Cambridge,  which  remained  his  home 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  every  movement 
which  marked  the  progress  of  University 
affairs  he  played  a  conspicuous  part.  In 
a  society  where  men  meet  daily  and  talk 
about  current  views  it  is  hard  to  assign 
tin*  initiative  in  any  movement  ;  but 
Sidgwick  wan  at  least  one  of  the  earliest 
co-operators  in  many  schemes  which  have 
profoundly  modified  the  Cambridge  of 
the  sixties.  His  resignation  of  his  fellow- 
ship on  religious  grounds,  in  1869  (at  a 


time  when  many  men  who  differed  far 
more  fundamentally  than  he  from  the 
accepted  formulas  were  taking  their 
dividends  without  a  murmur),  had  a  great 
influence  in  bringing  about  the  abolition 
of  tests  for  such  posts.  Newnham  College 
remains  as  a  perpetual  memorial  of  the 
indefatigable  energy  with  which  he  cham- 
pioned the  claims  of  women  to  a  share 
in  the  benefits  of  University  teaching. 
To  throw  those  benefits  open  as  widely 
as  possible  was  his  constant  aim  ;  he  was 
a  pioneer  of  Higher  Local  Examinations, 
and  gave  valuable  aid  to  Mr.  James 
Stuart's  scheme  of  University  Extension. 
More  than  once  his  private  munificence 
came  to  the  aid  of  studies  in  danger  of 
missing  a  desirable  teacher  for  lack  of 
funds,  or  in  need  of  material  equipment. 

But  after  all,  when  a  man  is  gone  from 
among  us,  we  are  perhaps  more  solicitous 
that  those  who  knew  him  not  should  learn 
what  he  was  and  what  he  thought  than 
what  he  did.  The  biographers  have 
wisely  executed  their  task  mainly  by 
letting  Sidgwick  speak  for  himself  through 
his  letters  and  a  diary  kept  for  some  years 
from  1884,  for  the  benefit  of  J.  A.  Symonds. 
These  reveal  his  mind  clearly  enough,  and 
it  is  of  them  that  we  shall  chiefly  speak. 
For  a  vivid  sketch  of  Sidgwick  as  he  struck 
men  of  a  generation  intermediate  between 
his  own  and  that  now  coming  on,  we 
cannot  do  better  than  invite  readers  to  look 
at  Mr.  Lowes  Dickinson's  suggestive  and 
thoughtful  little  book  '  A  Modern  Sym- 
posium,' in  which  not  the  least  striking 
figure  is  that  of  "  Prof.  Henry  Martin." 
The  prototype  of  Henry  Martin  is  at 
once  obvious  to  all  who  had  known  any- 
thing of  the  intellectual  life  of  Cambridge 
during  the  last  twenty  years,  nor  do  we 
know  to  what  source  we  should  more 
readily  refer  an  inquirer  who  wished  for 
information  as  to  Henry  Sidgwick's  atti- 
tude towards  the  problems  of  the  world 
than  to  the  discourse  (or  Thesis)  put  into 
the  mouth  of  Martin.  "  A  sceptic  by 
vocation  "  he  calls  himself  ;  the  historic 
Sidgwick  writes  :  "I  cannot  give  to 
principles  of  conduct  either  the  formal 
certainty  that  comes  from  exact  science 
or  the  practical  certainty  that  comes 
from  a  real  consensus  of  experts." 
Or  again  :  "  When  I  read  what  other 
people  say,  I  seem  to  see  that  they 
have  not  got  it  quite  right ;  and  then, 
after  an  effort,  what  seems  to  be  the 
truth  comes  to  me."  This  last  remark 
refers  only  to  "  seeing  things  in  the  history 
of  thought,"  with  special  reference  to  the 
evolution  of  political  ideas  (the  subject 
at  which  he  was  then  working),  and  con- 
sequently something  of  the  nature  of 
"  formal  certainty  "  was  possible.  But  on 
other  and  more  speculative  points  the 
impression  he  produced  was  that  of  a 
thinker  who  so  clearly  saw  all  sides  that 
he  found  it  difficult  to  take  any.  His 
biographers,  indeed,  assure  us  that  that 
was  a  mistaken  view  of  him,  and  that 
"he  held  opinions  firmly."  It  is,  of  course, 
hard  to  question  their  supreme  authority 
to  pronounce  on  such  a  point ;  yet  it  is 
not  always  those  nearest  to  a  man  who 
can   best   judge  of   some   aspects   of   his 


character.  If  an  inference  may  be  drawn 
from  many  passages  in  the  present  book, 
one  would  feel  more  inclined  to  say  that 
the  opinion  which  Sidgwick  held  most 
firmly  was  that  on  most  points  no  opinion 
could  be  held.  On  him,  as  on  Parmenides, 
the  injunction  seemed  to  have  been  laid 

irdvra  Trv6e<r6aif 
t]fi€v  d\i]9(ir]s  tvireideos  aVoe/ces  VT0P) 
i]£e  f3poT(oi>  86£as,  rats  ovk  evi  tti'o-tls  a\r)dri<;. 

His  biographers  recognize,  at  least,  that 
"  he  had  a  greater  capacity  than  seems  to- 
be  generally  possessed  for  maintaining  an 
open  mind,  for  keeping  his  judgment  in 
suspense  when  the  facts  were  doubtful  and 
decisions  involving  practical  results  were 
not  immediately  required." 

The  qualification  as  to  "  practical  results  '" 
was  not  always  operative,  as  a  trivial 
anecdote  will  show.  A  good  many  years 
ago  an  election  was  being  held  for  a  Uni- 
versity office,  respectable,  but  involving 
no  responsibility  more  serious  than  that 
of  attendance  on  the  Vice-Chancellor  on 
certain  ceremonial  occasions.  At  the 
entrance  of  the  Senate  Heuse  Sidgwick 
met  a  non-resident  friend,  who  had  come 
up  to  vote,  and  asked  which  candidate 
he  had  supported.  "  Oh,  I  have  voted 
for  A — ,"  was  the  answer.  "  Why  ?  " 
"  Mainly,  I  think,  because  his  wife  and 
mine  are  near  relations."  "  You  had  not, 
then,"  returned  Sidgwick,  with  that 
indulgent  little  smile  of  his,  "  formed  any 
precise  judgment  as  to  his  superior  quali- 
fication for  the  post  1  "  The  other  ad- 
mitted that  he  had  not  regarded  the  ques- 
tion from  that  point  of  view,  and  left 
Sidgwick  "  this  way  and  that  dividing 
the  swift  mind."  In  the  end  Sidgwick 
left  the  Senate  House  without  voting. 

Yet  in  more  important  matters,  as  has 
been  indicated,  he  was  far  from  ineffectual. 
The  passage  from  which  we  have  quoted 
continues  : — ■ 

"  In  practical  affairs  he  generally  acted 
consciously  on  a  balance  of  advantages,  not 
on  any  overpowering  conviction  that  the 
course  he  adopted  must  certainly  be  right .... 
The  result  was  not  indecisiveness  in  action. 
When  he  took  up  any  matter — for  instance, 
the  education  of  women — he  worked  at  it 
with  a  deliberate  zeal  and  unwavering 
singleminded  self-devotion  which  made  up 
for  lack  of  enthusiastic  and  unhesitating 
conviction  ;  but  he  worked  without  the 
stimulus  which  this  gives  "  ; 

and  as  a  result,  in  the  words  quoted  from 
the  Master  of  Christ's,  who  had  long 
worked  with  him,  "  He  was  at  no  time 
the  leader  of  a  party,  but  he  often  led 
the  leaders."  Similarly  his  brother-in- 
law,  Mr.  Arthur  Balfour,  writes  : — 

"  He  never  claimed  authority  ;  he  never 
sought  to  impose  his  views ;  he  never 
argued  for  victory  ;  he  never  evaded  an 
issue.  Whether  these  are  the  qualities 
which  best  fit  their  possessor  to  found  a 
'  school  '  may  well  bo  doubted.  But  there 
can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  they  con- 
tributed to  give  Sidgwick  a  most  potent 
and  memorable  influence,  not  so  much  over 
the  opinions  as  over  the  intellectual  develop- 
ment of  any  who  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
associated  with  him,  whether  as  pupil  or  as 
friend." 

"  Criticism  before  enthusiasm  "  is  the 
key-note   of   "  Henry   Martin's  "   address 


:;s.i 


THE    ATIIKNjEUM 


N*4092,  Habcb  31,  1906 


in  the  "  Modern  Symposium  '  ;  it  is  the 
not<\  too,  «»f  the  Cambridge  mind  in  it* 
most  typical  manifestations.  The  Cam- 
bridge mind  likes  to  deal  with  the  demon- 
strable ;   if  it  does  take  up  "  metaphysics 

and  BO  on."  it  is  rather  as  an  exercise  than 

with  any  Idea  of  arriving  at  a  basis  for 

conduct.      It  Will  criticize  as  much  as  you 

pleasi  M  no  propositions  so  well  estab- 
lished that  "  it  docs  not  claim  "  the  right 
to  deny  or  question  "  them,  to  use  Sidg- 
wick's  own  term  when  speaking  of  a  body 
which  above  all  represents  the  essence  of 
the  Cambridge  mind.  But  as  a  rule  it 
keeps  i^s  speculative  criticism  and  its 
practical  action  in  more  or  less  water- 
tight compartments.  One  could  name 
many  of  the  most  relentless  sceptics  and 
makers  of  paradox  in  youth  who  have 
grown  up  into  champions  of  the  estab- 
lished and  commonplace.  There  was  no 
fear  that  Sidgwick  would  do  this.  He  says 
himself  in  one  place  : — 

"  I  sometimes  think  that  we  none  of  us 
grow  older  au  fond,  only  in  the  outside  of 

our  minds.     In  the  core  of  him is  just 

as  impulsive  as  when  he  was  an  under- 
graduate ;  and  have  I  changed  much  myself 
in  essentials  ?  Perhaps  only  Philistines 
really  grow  old  in  mind — I  mean  the  people 
who,  as  years  go  on,  identify  themselves  with 
the  worldly  aims  and  conventional  standard 
which,  when  young,  they  regard  as  outside 
themselves.  Excellent  people  often,  these 
Philistines,  and  a  most  necessary  element 
of  society  [with  a  small  s],  but  still  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  they  grow  old  in  a 
sense  in  which  we — perhaps — do  not." 

It  might  have  been  in  some  respects 
better  for  Sidgwick  if  he  had  been  able 
to  identify  himself  a  little  more,  not, 
indeed,  with  worldly  aims  and  conven- 
tional standards,  but  with  the  rooted 
conviction  of  the  average  man  that 
criticism  by  itself  is  unproductive.  For 
one  thing,  it  is  destructive  of  compromise  ; 
and  without  compromise  the  world  of 
affairs  would  soon  stand  still.  In  practice, 
no  doubt,  as  we  have  seen — at  any  rate, 
in  matters  that,  for  one  reason  or  another, 
interested  him  immediately — he  could, 
even  if  his  mind  were  not  absolutely 
convinced,  throw  his  energy  into  fruitful 
work  as  strenuously  as  the  most  single- 
eyed  of  enthusiasts. 

What  Sidgwick  would  have  done  had 
he  taken  to  the  political  life  for  which 
he  seems  at  times  to  have  had  a  hanker- 
ing, it  is  hard  to  say.  The  motive  force 
in  political  action  must  be  enthusiasm 
tempered  by  compromise  ;  the  alternative 
is  the  rule  of  the  "  superior  person,"  who, 
under  modern  conditions,  is  bound  to 
become  the  caretaker  for  the  "  boss." 
Sidgwick  was  not,  indeed,  a  typical 
specimen  of  the  "  superior  person  "  ;  his 
nature,  essentially  generous  and  simple, 
aided  by  his  sense  of  humour,  saved  him 
from  that.  But  his  mental  attitude,  if 
adopted  by  weaker  and  less  conscientious 
thinkers,  is  apt  to  find  expression  in  the 
41  superior  person's  "  formula,  "  There  's 
nothing  new,  and  there  's  nothing  true, 
and  it  doesn't  matter." 

Though  a  professed  student  of  political 
philosophy,  Sidgwick  was  curiously  un- 
fortunate in  some  of  his  political  forecasts. 


< tece,  quite  at  the  beginning  of  his  career, 
in  1 861,  ire  find  him  uttering  s  prophecy 

remarkable   in    its   accuracy.     "  I    Seem, 
he  says, 

"to  see,  an  clear  a.s  if  it  won  in  history,  the 
long  Conservative  reaction  that  awaits  um 
when  tin-  W'lii^r  party  have  vanished  ;  and 
I  also  him-  the  shock  menaced  by  the  Radical 
opposition  when  they  have  wufficiently 
agitated  the  country." 

This,  it  will  be  observed,  seven  years 
before  the  Liberal  victory  of  1868,  and 
more  than  twenty  before  the  final  disappear- 
ance of  the  Whigs.  Whether  his  "  one 
remedy  " — "  to  form  a  Liberal  Mediative 
party  on  the  principles  of  J.  S.  Mill  " — 
would  have  come  to  any  good,  one  cannot 
say.  The  thinkers  and  writers  who  found 
the  brains  for  the  Conservative  party  from 
1874  or  so  had,  we  fancy,  small  reverence 
for  Mill  and  his  principles. 

Sidgwick,  however,  like  the  spirits  in 
Dante,  had  a  better  view  of  the  remote 
than  of  the  immediate  future.  Towards 
the  end  of  March,  1885,  he  speaks  of  "  the 
impossibility  of  turning  the  [Gladstone] 
Government  out."  In  the  following  June, 
no  doubt,  he  anticipates  correctly  enough 
the  Liberal  victory  at  the  next  election, 
and  the  coming  of  the  Tories'  turn  in  the 
Parliament  after  next ;  but  he  clearly 
did  not  anticipate  how  soon  the  "  Parlia- 
ment after  next  "  would  arrive  ;  and  in 
the  following  spring,  when  it  was  becoming 
clear  that  a  second  dissolution  could  not 
long  be  delayed,  he  writes  :  "I  cannot 
feel  doubt — I  wish  I  could — that  Glad- 
stone will  win  on  an  appeal  to  the  country." 
It  is  a  little  amusing  to  find  him  in  June, 
1885,  noting  as  "a  depressing  thing " 
the  fact  "  that  every  one  seems  to  agree 
that  in  any  case  no  Crimes  Act  can  be 
passed  this  year."  To  be  sure,  many 
years  were  to  elapse  before  Lord  Randolph 
Churchill's  '  Life  '  appeared  ;  but  even 
then  most  observers  of  politics  had  a 
pretty  shrewd  idea  why  no  Crimes  Act 
was  likely  to  be  passed  just  at  that  time. 
On  the  whole,  we  doubt  if  Sidgwick  would 
have  been  a  more  effectual  force  in  prac- 
tical politics  than  John  Stuart  Mill  himself. 
The  general  effect  produced  by  the 
story  of  Sidgwick's  life  is,  it  cannot  be 
denied,  somewhat  depressing.  He  was 
not  a  discontented  man  in  the  ordinary 
sense  ;  he  enjoyed  the  consideration  of 
all  men,  the  respect  of  most,  and  the 
affection  of  many  ;  he  saw  the  achieve- 
ment, largely  through  his  own  efforts, 
of  more  than  one  object  to  which  his 
labour  was  devoted.  Yet  throughout  his 
letters  and  his  diaries  we  trace  a  note  as 
of  one  who  found  the  burden  of  life  heavy. 
The  phrase  "  Labor  improbus  "  runs  like 
a  refrain  through  the  pages.  There  is 
little  or  no  exultation  at  the  successes 
which  came  to  him  as  often  as  to  most 
men.  Paradoxical  as  it  may  appear  to 
say  so,  we  think  that  to  the  majority 
of  readers  the  most  inspiriting  chapter 
will  be  the  short  concluding  one,  which 
narrates  with  what  unostentatious,  yet 
none  the  less  splendid  courage  Sidgwick 
ordered  the  brief  space  of  life  that  remained 
to  him  from  the  day  when,  feeling  M  full 
of  vigour  and  vitality,"  he  learnt  that  he 


was  suffering  from  an  incurable  disease. 
It  is  enough  here  to  Bay  that  the  story 
Can  hardly  be  surpassed  in  the  annals  of 
human  fortitude. 


Ltcturr-s  cm  Early  English  History.  By 
William  Stubbs,  D.D.  Edited  by 
Arthur  H  assail.     (Longmans  A.  Co.) 

In  the  last  weeks  of  his  life  Dr.  Stubbs 
destroyed  a  mass  of  letters  from  his- 
torians, and  tried,  we  must  suppose,  to 
set  his  literary  house  in  order,  to  ease  the 
task  of  his  executors.  Had  he  been  as 
careful  to  protect  himself  as  he  was  to 
protect  others,  he  would  have  destroyed 
the  manuscripts  of  these  old  lectures,  and 
we  cannot  but  think  that  he  would  have 
been  right  in  so  doing.  Their  work  was 
done  in  the  hour  of  their  delivery  ;  they 
can  never  have  been  meant  for  publication, 
for  Stubbs  knew  how  fast  and  far  know- 
ledge had  posted  since  they  were  written. 
Had  they  been  edited  with  reverent, 
anxious  care  to  guard  the  dead  writer 
as  he  would  have  guarded  himself,  with 
due  explanation  of  circumstance  and  date, 
with  selection  and  proper  annotation, 
publication  would  even  so  have  been,  in 
our  opinion,  an  error  of  judgment ;  but, 
on  the  contrary,  they  have  been  published 
exactly  as  they  stood — as  accurately, 
that  is,  as  printers'  errors  and  the  very 
slender  editorial  resources  would  permit. 
The  nature  of  those  resources  is  suffi- 
ciently betrayed  by  the  appearance  of 
Dionysius  "  Gaignus  "  in  text  and  index 
(for  Dionysius  Exiguus)  ;  of  a  tribe  of 
Elderenes,  parent  stem  of  the  Thuringians 
and  Hessians,  reconstitutions  (we  take  it) 
of  "  older  ones  "  ;  of  the  hireling  "  eone  " 
(esne)  ;  and  of  the  Fuero  of  Sopoarbe 
(Sobrarbe),  not  to  make  a  longer  list  ol 
similar  disasters. 

The  table  of  contents  sounds  as  inviting 
as  could  be  desired :  it  includes  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  constitution  ;  feudalism  ;  laws  and 
legislation  of  the  Norman  kings  ;  the 
Dialogus,  Leges  Henrici,  shire  moot  and 
hundred  moot,  Stephen's  charters,  Domes- 
day and  later  surveys ;  the  comparative  con- 
stitutional history  of  mediaeval  Europe ;  and 
the  origins  of  European  law.  No  student 
of  mediaeval  history  can  approach  a  new 
work  on  such  subjects  coming  from  the 
pen  of  Stubbs  without  a  thrill  of  excite- 
ment ;  leave  to  hear  the  long-silenced 
voice  of  this  great  man  speaking  on  the 
well- beloved  themes  seems  something  to 
be  grateful  for  indeed.  But.  alas !  the  voice 
is  as  the  voice  of  the  dead  speaking  in 
spiritualistic  seance,  in  likeness  to  the 
original  a  mockery,  bearing  a  communica- 
tion too  often  false,  trivial,  or  disappointing. 
The  Stubbs  with  whom  in  1906  we  are 
permitted  to  come  face  to  face  is  not  the 
great  scholar  of  European  reputation,  but 
a  Stubbs  trying,  some  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago,  to  hold  the  attention  of  a  village 
audience  on  the  most  difficult  of  themes,  or 
vainly  urging  on  his  class  of  young  Oxford 
students  to  attack  problems  long  since 
solved  by  Dr.  Liebermann.  We  are  per- 
mitted to  see  him  fumbling — as  in  the 
privacy  of  the  lecture-room  the  greatest 


N°  4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


385 


may  be  allowed  to  fumble — over  un- 
certainties of  date  and  meaning  in  docu- 
ments not  then  explored,  but  fully 
explored  and  dated  (as  he  well  knew) 
before  his  death. 

Again,  we  may  see  how  Stubbs  expands 
a  few  tightly  packed  pages  of  the  '  Con- 
stitutional History '  into  a  form  which 
makes  a  reasonably  good  discourse.  What, 
in  such  circumstances,  the  result  must 
be  can  easily  be  guessed.  There  are 
the  repetitions  which  are  absolutely 
necessary  when  new  audiences  are  faced — 
repetitions  which  are  superfluous  in  print ; 
there  are  the  deviations  from  the  point 
which  are  desirable  enough  when  young 
men  are  being  taught  something  (it 
does  not  much  matter  what)  ;  and  there 
is,  of  course,  the  admixture  of  pleasant 
humour,  parable,  and  pithy  epigram  with 
which  Stubbs  seasoned  all  his  discourse. 
Philosophy  is  "an  attempt  to  discover 
the  wrong  reasons  for  events,"  "  to  ela- 
borate processes  by  which  the  things 
that  we  see  or  know  to  have  happened 
could  be  accounted  for,  supposing  that 
everything  that  produced  them  was  some- 
thing else  than  what  it  is."  Coleridge 
described  conscience  "  as  the  court  of 
equity  established  by  God  in  man "  ; 
"  at  this  rate  the  conscience  of  the  nation 
ought  (by  simple  conversion)  to  be  found 
in  the  High  Court  of  Chancery."  It  is 
for  a  few  quaint,  characteristic  sayings  of 
this  kind  that  the  book  is  to  be  treasured  ; 
and  they  might  be  brought  together 
with  some  others  to  make  a  collection  of 
the  bishop's  apophthegms.  But  the  book 
is  not,  as  the  editor  tells  us,  "  an  invaluable 
addition  to  our  authorities,"  not  "  a  full 
commentary  upon  the  most  difficult  por- 
tions of  the  '  Select  Charters  '  "  ;  not  "  an 
invaluable  collection  of  treatises."  The 
work  of  Dr.  Liebermann  upon  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  laws  and  their  satellites,  with 
which  evidently  the  editor  is  wholly  un- 
acquainted, renders  the  most  scholarly  of 
the  treatises  hopelessly  out  of  date. 

Deeply  interesting,  of  course,  it  is  to 
follow  every  turn  of  the  master's  mind 
and  phase  of  his  history  ;  to  know  how 
far  and  where  he  could  go  wrong  ;  to  see 
him  in  the  professorial  chair,  "  semi- 
convivial,"  as  he  says,  or  "  with  majesty 
undefined,  like  the  royal  supremacy  in 
ecclesiastical  causes  "  ;  or  to  meet  him  as 
the  popular  lecturer  trying  to  leave  a 
definite  picture  on  the  blank  sheet  of 
vacant  minds.  In  the  more  popular  of 
these  lectures  he  draws  the  sharp  outlines 
which  in  his  finished  writing  he  generally 
sought  to  avoid,  for  none  knew  better  than 
he  how  little  such  outlines  represent  the 
facts  visible  to  our  imperfect  knowledge  ; 
and  from  these  revelations  of  what  he  was 
prepared  to  support  when  at  bay  before  a 
class,  it  is  possible  to  see  the  immense 
progress  that  has  been  made  since  his 
time.  Valuable  the  work  is  to  those  who 
can  be  trusted  to  treat  unintentional 
self-revelation  with  respect ;  but  the  house 
of  Stubbs  without  its  frontage,  the  inside 
gaping,  exposed  to  day,  is  a  sight  from 
which  Reverence  averts  her  eyes.  To 
turn  from  these  lectures  to  one  of  his  great 
books  is  like  purification  after  sacrilege. 


The  Letters  of  Warren  Hastings  to  his 
Wife.  Transcribed  in  full  from  the 
Originals  in  the  British  Museum.  Intro- 
duced and  annotated  by  Sydney  C. 
Grier.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

Macattlay  in  his  famous  essay  tells  us 
that  the  love  of  Warren  Hastings  was  of 
a  most  characteristic  description  : — 

"  Like  his  hatred,  like  his  ambition,  like 
all  his  passions,  it  was  strong,  but  not 
impetuous  ;  it  was  calm,  deep,  earnest,  and 
patient  of  delay,  unconquerable  by  time." 

Macaulay's  judgment  was  founded  on 
Gleig's  biography,  which  furnished  the 
text  for  his  essay.  If  he  had  read  the 
letters  of  Warren  Hastings  to  his  wife, 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  he  would  no 
doubt  have  formed  a  different  opinion, 
though  Macaulay  was  hardly  by  tempera- 
ment a  good  judge  of  a  great  passion. 
Warren  Hastings's  admiration  for  his  wife 
was  unbounded,  and  his  love  certainly 
was  not  "  calm  "  nor  "  patient  of  delay." 
When  she  was  by  his  side  nothing  could 
come  amiss  to  him  :  the  care  and  fatigues 
of  the  day  made  no  impression  on  his 
spirits.  When  she  had  left  for  England 
he  wrote  : — 

"  I  miss  you  in  every  instant  and  incident 
of  my  life,  and  everything  seems  to  wear  a 
dead  stillness  around  me  ;  I  come  home  as 
to  a  solitude." 

In  almost  all  the  letters  we  find  the  same 
cry  of  despair  at  her  absence,  the  same 
assurance  of  his  unceasing  love ;  they 
are  not  the  love  letters  of  a  man  to  his 
wife,  but  the  letters  of  a  man  who  is  not 
certain  that  his  great  love  is  entirely 
returned  by  his  mistress.  Macaulay, 
writing  about  Hastings's  minutes  and 
dispatches,  says  the  style 

"  was  in  general  forcible,  pure,  and  polished, 
but  it  was  sometimes,  though  not  often, 
turgid,  and,  on  one  or  two  occasions, 
even  bombastic.  Perhaps  the  fondness  of 
Hastings  for  Persian  literature  may  have 
tended  to  corrupt  his  taste." 

In  the  letters  before  us  the  style  is  too 
often  turgid,  and  on  more  than  one  occa- 
sion bombastic  ;  but  they  were  written 
only  for  the  eyes  of  the  woman  he  loved — 
and  that  love  brightened  the  solitary  and 
dark  life  of  the  statesman  who,  by  his 
genius  and  daring,  founded  our  Indian 
Empire — and  they  will  be  read  with 
interest  by  generations  of  men  and  women. 
With  a  mass  of  other  papers  relating 
to  Warren  Hastings,  they  were  pur- 
chased by  the  British  Museum  in  1872 
from  the  representatives  of  the  late  Rev. 
Thomas  Winter,  Rector  of  Daylesford, 
who  had  married  a  Miss  Chapuset,  niece 
and  companion  of  Mrs.  Hastings.  In 
1875  Dr.  Richard  Garnett,  always  anxious 
to  assist  the  young  student,  called  the 
attention  of  the  present  writer  to  the  papers, 
and  they  were  examined  by  him.  Two 
years  later  Mr.  Beveridge  drew  attention 
to  them  in  The  Calcutta  Review  ;  and  Dr. 
Busteed  in  1888  printed  a  large  number 
of  them,  with  explanatory  notes,  in  that 
most  delightful  Anglo  -  Indian  classic, 
'  Echoes  from  Old  Calcutta.'  Dr.  Busteed 
made  his  selection  with  considerable  care 
and  judgment,  and  ho  omitted  anything 
which    would    unnecessarily    reveal    the 


sacred  privacy  of  domestic  life.  Sydney 
Grier  has  now  transcribed  the  letters  in 
full.  It  is  meet  and  right  that  a 
State  paper  should  be  printed  word 
for  word  and  letter  for  letter ;  but  there 
are  many  passages  in  this  private  corre- 
spondence which  were  meant  only  for 
"  her  to  whom  they  were  addressed," 
and  some  regard  should  have  been  paid 
to  the  feelings  and  wishes  of  the  dead. 
Hastings  wrote  :  "I  must  not  expose  to 
writing  the  fond  secrets  of  my  breast, 
which  should  be  sacredly  reserved  for 
you  alone."  What  a  man  writes  to  his 
wife  regarding  the  hope  of  posterity  should 
certainly  not  be  exposed  to  print. 

The  editor  contributes  first  a  general 
introduction ;  then  an  introduction  to 
each  series ;  and  lastly  an  introduction  to 
each  several  letter,  which  is  often  longer 
than  the  letter  itself.  Every  allusion  is 
explained,  and  every  person  named  by 
Hastings  in  the  correspondence  has  a 
separate  biography.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  praise  too  highly  the  immense  research 
displayed,  and  the  minute  accuracy  of 
the  information  supplied  in  the  bio- 
graphical and  explanatory  notes.  They 
render  the  book  one  which  every  serious 
student  of  the  history  of  British  dominion 
in  India  must  possess. 

The  introductions  are  not  fore-notes  to 
love  letters,  but  ambitious  historical  com- 
mentaries on  the  events  of  Warren 
Hastings's  life.  They  are,  for  the  most 
part,  the  result  of  a  conscientious  study 
of  secondary  authorities  rather  than  of 
the  original  sources  of  history,  and  the 
conclusions  arrived  at  are  not  original. 
It  is  somewhat  late  in  the  day  to  an- 
nounce with  railing  that  Macaulay  is  not 
accurate.  His  errors  have  been  exposed 
by  writers  of  authority  in  grave  and 
measured  statements,  and  it  is  the  irony 
of  destiny  that  his  illustrious  schoolboy 
should  now  know  that  he  is  not  a  trust- 
worthy authority.  Every  edition  of  his 
essay  on  Warren  Hastings  contains  notes 
pointing  out  his  errors  and  shortcomings, 
based  on  the  original  records,  which  have, 
after  a  century,  been  exhumed  from  the 
official  archives.  Macaulay  did  not  enjoy 
the  advantage  which  Sydney  Grier  pos- 
sesses of  the  free  use  of  these  records. 
She  states,  with  the  petulance  of  superior 
knowledge,  that  Macaulay  was  "  a  popular 
journalist  in  a  hurry,"  and  describes  tho 
essay  on  Warren  Hastings  as  "  a  piece 
of  book-making  as  flagrant,  if  not  as 
tedious,  as  the  biography  he  professed  to 
review."  Macaulay's  reviews  were  never 
written  in  a  hurry  ;  and  he  never  chose 
his  subject,  as  his  letters  show,  without 
being  prepared  to  give  it  careful  and 
earnest  treatment.  He  had  resided  five 
years  in  India,  and  he  selected  Clive  as  a 
theme  because  he  had  studied  Orme's 
great  work  with  a  mind  accustomed 
alike  to  historical  research  and  political 
affairs.  He  selected  Warren  H  astings 
because  he  had  studied  James  Mill  (a  most 
untrustworthy  guide),  and  he  had  read  wit  h 
care  '  The  History  of  the  Trial  of  Warren 
Hastings,  Esq.,  late  Governor-General  of 
Bengal.'  In  his  essay  he  developes  tho 
chief  points  of  the  impeachment,  and  ho 


:i8G 


THE    ATHENilUM 


N*4092,  Makch  :n,  1906 


makes  dm  frith  surpassing,  but  some* 
Mh.it  omcrupulouM  skill  -of  the  ipeeohea 
of  Burke,  EUiot,  and  Sheridan.     Be  has 

giveil  to  their  tirades  ji  marvellous  mid 
deadly  unity  of  purpose.  The  epithet 
•tedious"  is  the  last  which  we  should 
apply  to  the  essay,  and  is  absurdly  in- 
appropriate. As  in  Mncaulay's  '  Clive,' 
the  pictures  of  India  glow  like  the  Eastern 
life  they  represent  ;  the  dead  are  raised 
to  life,  and  the  narrative  is  full  of  vigour 
and  movement. 

The  letters  of  Warren  Hastings  are 
divided  into  three  series.  The  first  com- 
prises those  written  from  Calcutta  in 
I7S0,  and  are  endorsed  by  Mrs.  Hastings, 
"  Letters  from  my  Excellent  Husband 
when  I  was  at  Hugly  and  Chinsura." 
In  this  series  we  have  the  well-known 
letter  announcing  the  duel  with  Francis 
which  is  to  be  seen  in  a  glass  case  in  the 
British  Museum.  Letter  24  (p.  102)  was, 
we  think,  very  properly  omitted  by  Dr. 
Busteed. 

The  second  series  of  letters  are  not  the 
originals,  but  are  thus  endorsed  in  very 
faint  pencil,  in  a  lady's  writing  (not  that 
of  Mrs.  Hastings)  : — 

"  This  paper  contains  a  faithful  copy  of 
the  Letters  convey'd  in  Quills  to  Mrs. 
Hastings  while  Mr.  H.  was  at  Chunar. 
The  originals  are  in  Mrs.  Hastings'  posses- 
sion, together  with  the  Quills  in  which 
they  are  envelop'd." 

The  original  letters  and  the  quills  are 
now  in  the  possession  of  Miss  Marian 
Winter,  the  daughter  of  the  clergyman 
above  mentioned.  Every  student  of  history 
knows  that  Pitt  approved  the  demand 
for  aid  from  Cheyt  Sing,  Rajah  of  Benares, 
and  a  fine  for  non-compliance  ;  but  he 
thought  the  fine  too  large,  and  on  this 
miserable  pretext  he  voted  for  the  resolu- 
tion which  led  to  the  impeachment. 
Hastings  went  to  Benares  to  levy  the  fine, 
and  as  Cheyt  Sing  evaded  payment,  he 
most  imprudently  ordered  him  to  be  placed 
under  arrest  in  his  own  house.  Large 
bands  of  the  Rajah's  soldiers  came  to  his 
rescue  ;  the  house  was  surrounded  ;  the 
unfortunate  sepoys  had  not  brought  their 
ammunition,  and  they  and  their  three 
officers  were  killed.  Repeated  warnings 
were  sent  to  Hastings  that  his  own  quarters 
would  be  attacked  that  night,  and  at  dark 
he  and  his  small  party  of  about  thirty 
Englishmen  proceeded  to  the  fortress  of 
Chunar,  about  thirty  miles  from  Benares, 
which  had  a  small  garrison  of  the  Company's 
troops.     Hastings  wrote  to  his  wife  : — 

"  I  am  at  Chunar  and  in  perfect  health. 
I  entreat  you  to  return  to  Calcutta.  Be 
confident,  my  beloved,  all  is  now  well,  and 
will  be  better.    I  have  no  fears  but  for  you." 

At  this  time  Mrs.  Hastings  was  at  Patna. 
When  news  of  the  Benares  massacre 
reached  that  city,  the  European  residents, 
remembering  the  awful  slaughter  of 
English  men,  women,  and  children  which 
had  occurred  there  only  twenty  years 
before,  contemplated  leaving  the  settle- 
ment. Mrs.  Hastings  persuaded  them 
not  to  abandon  their  important  post — 
a  step  which  would,  in  all  probability, 
have  led  to  the  destruction  of  the  garrisons 


higher  up  the  river,  and  of   I  la  mid 

his    companions.      There    is    no    record    of 
what    took    place,    but    in    a    letter    which 
Hastings  dictated  to  the  ( 'ourt  of  I>in<  i 
a  short  time  before  his  death,  asking  tln-n 

consideration  for  his  wife  when  he  was 

dead,  he  mentions  the  incident.  The 
letter  is  worthy  to  rank  with  that  written 
by  his  great  opponent  to  a  noble  lord. 
He  tells  the  Directors  that  his  death  would 

"leave  tin*  dearest  object  of  all  my  moital 
concerns  in  a  state  of  more  than  com- 
parative indigence.  This  is  not  one  to 
which  she  ought  to  be  reduced,  for  she  has 
been  the  virtual  means  of  supporting  the 
powers  of  life  and  action  by  which,  in  so 
long  an  interval  (I  think  thirteen  years), 
I  was  enabled  to  maintain  those  affairs  in 
vigour,  strength,  credit,  and  respect  ;  and 
in  one  instance  especially,  when  she  was 
in  the  city  of  Patna  and  I  in  a  seat  of 
danger,  she  proved  the  personal  means  of 
guarding  one  province  of  the  Indian  do- 
minion from  impending  ruin  by  her  own 
independent  fortitude  and  presence  of 
mind,  varying  with  equal  effect  as  every 
variation  of  event  called  upon  her  for  fresh 
exertion." 

On  another  occasion  his  beloved  Marian 
showed  "  her  independent  fortitude  and 
presence  of  mind."  In  the  Introduction 
to  the  third  series  we  have  a  letter  from 
Hastings  to  his  sister,  relating  how  his 
wife  came  to  him  when  he  was  smitten 
with  a  violent  fever.     He  writes  : — 

"  Mrs.  H.  has  suppressed  a  Circumstance 
relating  to  my  Sickness  w-hich  in  Justice 
and  gratitude  I  must  supply.  She  was  at 
a  Healthful  spot  at  the  Distance  by  Water, 
of  400  miles  from  Calcutta,  having  retired 
thither  to  avoid  the  Effects  of  the  rainy 
Season,  which  have  always  proved  hurtfull 
to  her  at  Calcutta. — Thence  she  set  off 
suddenly  and  almost  secretly  in  a  little  Boat 
which  scarce  served  to  conceal  and  shelter 
her,  and  in  a  tempestuous  Season  on  a 
River  which  is  almost  equal  to  a  sea.  She 
attempted  and  performed  the  Voyage  in 
less  than  three  Days,  having  very  narrowly 
escaped  being  wrecked  in  the  Way. — She 
had  been  some  Days  preceding  very  ill. 
She  arrived  in  perfect  Health,  and  I  can 
truly  affirm  that  she  brought  it  to  me, 
and  I  am  willing  to  attribute  my  Life  as 
well  as  my  Becovery  to  her,  for  from  the 
Instant  of  her  arrival  my  Fever  left  me  for 
a  period  of  almost  a  Week,  and  its  Beturns 
have  been,  as  I  have  said,  inconsiderable 
and  diminishing  since.  She  herself  has 
been,  and  is,  better  than  she  has  been  for 
Years  past." 

William  Hodges,  R.A.,  who  accompanied 
Hastings  in  his  Benares  expedition,  painted 
a  picture  of  the  scene  which  occurred  near 
the  "  dreadful  rocks  of  Colgong." 

The  third  series  of  letters  relate  to  Mrs. 
Hastings's  voyage  to  England,  and  her 
husband's  own  doings  afterwards  until 
he  followed  her.  The  only  action  in  his 
lonely  and  stormy  life  concerning  which  a 
doubt  ever  seems  to  have  crossed  his 
mind  was  his  resolve  to  part  from  her  : — 

°  I  think  we  have  ill  judged.  The  reflec- 
tion has  often  for  an  instant  occurred  to 
me  that  we  were  wrong,  but  I  constantly 
repressed  it.  I  urged  everything  that 
could  fix  the  resolution  beyond  the  power 
of  recall,  and  felt  a  conscious  pride  in  the 
sacrifice  I  was  preparing  to  make." 

The  state  of  his  wife's  health  laid  him 
under  the  stern  necessity  of  sending  her 


to  Kngland  ;    the  state  of  India  i  ompeDed 
him     to     r<-m;im     at     hi-     D  "  1     will 

n  this  thankless  office,"  said  he, 

"(in  the  fimt  favourable  opportunity;    I 

I  will  not  b<-  driven  from  it  either  by  tin- 
folly  of  my  subordinate-   or  tin-   injnstUM  f>f 

my  superiors.     I  have  as  red  India,  in  sj 

of  them   all,   from   foreign   conquest,   neither 

will  I  quit  my  poet  until  the  hilisnel  affairs 
of  thi*-  great  OOUntry  shall  have  been  resto 
to  something  like  ord<r.' 

On  February  1st,  1785,  Hastings  at- 
tended for  the  last  time  a  meeting  of  the 
Council  over  which  he  had  presided  for 
thirteen  years,  and  after  wishing  his 
colleagues  a  warm  farewell,  and  paying  a 
handsome  tribute  of  praise  to  those  who 
had  aided  him  in  the  heavy  task  of  govern- 
ment, he  surrendered  the  keys  of  office, 
and  brought  to  a  close  his  great  adminis- 
tration. On  February  8th  he  left  the 
shores  of  India,  after  a  service  of  thirty- 
five  years,  and  there  is  ample  proof  of  the 
honour  and  esteem  in  which  he  was  held 
by  all  classes  of  the  community.  The 
letters  to  his  wife  show  that,  in  spite  of 
his  dauntless  courage  and  serene  equa- 
nimity, he  had  his  full  share  of  the  delicate 
sensibilities  and  wayward  melancholy  of 
the  poetical  temperament. 

The  illustrations  are  an  important 
feature  of  the  book.  The  portrait  of 
Warren  Hastings  by  Reynolds  is  merely 
the  conventional  eighteenth-century  phy- 
siognomy. We  do  not  care  for  the 
well-known  portrait  by  Devis.  It  is  the 
portrait  by  Lawrence,  not  given  in  this 
volume,  which  depicts  the  high  and 
intellectual  forehead  and  the  mouth  of 
inflexible  decision.  The  picture  of  Mrs. 
Hastings  by  Zoffany  does  not  do  justice 
to  her. 


The  Principles  of  Religious  Ceremonial. 
By  W.  H.  Frere.  4"  Oxford  Library  of 
Practical  Theology."    (Longmans  &  Co.) 

This  is  an  excellent  book  in  a  very  unequal 
series.  Mr.  Frere  is  one  of  the  most 
learned  of  liturgiologists,  and  has  already 
enriched  our  knowledge  of  the  origins  of 
the  Prayer  Book.  In  this  work,  which 
is  avowedly  written  for  the  plain  man, 
the  principles  that  underlie  all  that  is 
known  as  ritual  are  explained  with  a 
convincing  clearness  which  leaves  nothing 
to  be  desired  ;  while  the  historical  account, 
both  of  mediaeval  and  Reformation  de- 
velopments, is  accurate,  erudite,  and 
interesting. 

In  regard  to  this  subject,  the  great 
difficulty  is  to  induce  the  average  person 
to  see  that  it  is  of  any  importance  at  all. 
Misled  by  a  false  "  spiritualism,"  as 
dangerous  in  religion  as  what  Hegel 
called  the  "  false  infinite  "  has  been  in 
philosophy,  and  influenced  by  the  reac- 
tion against  the  exaggeration  of  externals, 
which  in  the  later  Middle  Ages  was  the 
cloak  for  moral  corruption,  a  large 
number  of  people  continue  to  regard  the 
discussion  of  ceremonial  as  at  worst 
degrading,  and  at  best  superfluous.  But 
Mr.  Frere  points  out  how  unreasonable 
this  is  : — 

M  There  are,  in  reality,  no  such  things  as 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


38- 


*  mere   externals.'     Every   external   implies 
and    has   reference    to   something   internal, 
and  must  be  estimated  accordingly.     Cere- 
monial is  an  external  because  it  is  an  expres- 
sion of  an  inner  reality  ;  this  reality  is  often 
of  such  a  sort  as  to  baffle  expression  by  any 
other  means.     Reverence,   for    example,   is 
more  eloquently  signified  by  the  Publican's 
bowed  head  than  in  any  other  way.     Irre- 
verence, too,  is  equally  plainly  signified  by 
an  attitude  or  a  gesture.     No  other  method 
of  expression  could  be  so  expressive." 
It    is,    indeed,    amazing    that    among    a 
people  who  put  on  evening  clothes  for 
dinner,    and   dress   even   their   telegraph 
messengers  in  uniform,  there  should  be, 
as    there   undoubtedly   are,    numbers    to 
whom  the  bare  idea  of  a  distinctive  dress 
for   the   clergy,    and   still   more   for   the 
greatest  services,  should  appear  not  merely 
unnecessary,  but  also  positively  noxious. 
Nor  can  we  escape  ceremonial  by  disliking 
it.     There  is   as   much   ceremonial  in   a 
Quakers'  meeting  as  in  a  Roman  church. 
To  keep  the  hat  on,  to  wear  a  particular 
costume,  to  use  a  special  form  of  speech, 
is  as  much  a  matter  of  ceremonial,  when 
these  things  are  done  in  defiance  of  custom, 
as  when  they  follow  it.     It  may,  indeed, 
be  right  or  wise  to  defy  the  common  use 
of  men  ;    but  when  this  is  done  consist- 
ently   another    use    is    created,     which 
becomes  a  ceremonial,  and  no  amount  of 
talk  of  the  evils  of  ritualism  can  alter  the 
fact.   An  old-fashioned  Evangelical  church, 
with    its    gowned    verger,    its    cushioned 
pulpit  and  hassocked  sanctuary,  its  clergy 
in  full  surplices,  black  scarves,  and  perhaps 
gown,  has  as  much  ceremonial  as  a  modern 
"  advanced  "  service.     The  question  can 
be  stated  in  a  very  simple  form.     As  Mr. 
Frere  puts  it : — 

"  A  task  has  to  be  done  ;  then  it  must  be 
done  somehow.  That  '  somehow  '  may  be 
good  or  bad  ;  therefore  prudence  suggests 
that  a  method  should  be  devised  and  laid 
down.  Ceremonial  has  begun." 
Ceremonial  is,  in  fact,  an  inevitable 
incident  in  life  under  conditions  of  time 
and  space.  The  only  difference  is  between 
ceremonial  based  on  a  reasoned  sense  of 
the  meaning  of  the  action  symbolized,  and 
that  which  is  the  result  of  haphazard 
custom  and  caprice.  As  Mr.  Frere  says 
again  : — 

"  How  impossible  it  is  even  for  the  most 
Quaker -like  of  individualists  to  escape  from 
ceremonial  !  He  may  dislike  other  people's 
ceremonial,  and  even  be  intolerant  of  it, 
but  he  is  bound  to  have  a  ceremonial  of  his 
own." 

And 


in  another  place  he  reflects  on  the 
undoubted  fact  that  Englishmen  are  really 
rather  fond  of  ceremonial,  provided  only 
that  they  choose  it  for  themselves  ;  e.g., 
the  ceremonial  of  the  various  Friendly 
Societies  on  the  days  when,  as  country- 
folk say,  the  "  feet  "  walks. 

We  think,  however,  that  Mr.  Frere 
might  have  laid  a  little  more  stress  on 
the  danger  of  such  observance  becoming 
excessive  and  occupying  an  altogether 
disproportionate  place  in  religious  life 
and  worship,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  moral 
and  intellectual  aspects  of  religion.  There 
are,  surely,  not  wanting  signs  that  some 
at  least  of  those  trained  with  the  deep  sense 


of  personal  religion  which  the  more  sincere 
of    Evangelicals    undoubtedly   possessed, 
were  without  certain  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  less  admirable  members  of  the  class 
known  as  "  Ritualists."     We  should,  for 
instance,     think     it     doubtful     whether 
such  a  man,  say,  as  Mr.  Mackonochie  had 
done  as  much  for  the  strengthening  and 
widening  of  religious   conception   of  life 
throughout  the  nation  as  Westcott,  whose 
interest  in  ceremonial  was  but  slight.     We 
agree,  in  fact,  with  the  general  principles 
of  Mr.  Frere,  but  we  think  a  little  more 
should  have  been  said  as  to  the  need  of 
realizing  that  ceremonial,   whether  Pro- 
testant or  Catholic,  is  of  minor  importance, 
as  compared  with  the  moral  and  spiritual 
purpose  of  worship.     That  these  are  to 
some  persons  obscured  by  an  excess  of 
ceremonial  is  an  undeniable  fact ;    while 
the    undue    amount   of   attention    which 
changes  in  this  direction   always  excite 
seems  to  us  an  evil  which  alone  over- 
balances much  of  the  good  which  ritual 
undoubtedly    can    effect.      At    the    same 
time  we  are  glad  to  have  this  book.     The 
simple  and  somewhat  bare  style  of  ritual 
to  which  Englishmen  were  accustomed  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  Reformation  was 
essentially  a  middle-class  movement,  and 
expressed  the  ideals,  the  limitations,  and 
the  prejudices  of  the  commercial  classes. 
But  now,  when  religion  must  be  demo- 
cratic or  disappear,  a  method  of  worship 
suited  to  one  order  of  things  must  vanish 
also  ;    and  the  hyper-intellectual  tone  of 
Anglicanism  must  give  way  to  something 
more  moving  and  vivid,  alike  in  preaching 
and  ceremonial — unless,  indeed,  Anglican- 
ism is  to  be  left  stranded  on  a  backwater. 
The  real  source  of  the  ritual  struggle  is 
class  prejudice  :   the  old-fashioned  system 
was  the  possession  of  the  few  ;   Ritualism 
is  one  of  the  many  attempts  to  adapt  it 
to  nouvelles  couches  sociales.      Hence  the 
exasperation  of  the  classes,  who  were  so 
obviously  "  elect  "  in  the  past. 


day,  and  returns  maimed  and  blinded,  to 
be  discarded   by   his  nominal  wife.     He 
then  sets  up  in  the  wilderness  a  sort  of 
Platonic      household     with     a     strange 
Egyptian   princess.     Mr.   Haggard's   pro- 
blem, as  expressed  by  himself,  is,  Would 
Rupert  Ullershaw  be  justified  in  breaking 
Western    conventions    with    Mea  ?     The 
answer  that  occurs  to  the  average  reader 
is  that  he  would  have  broken  them  whether 
he  was  justified  or  not.     But  Mr.  Haggard's 
solution   is    renunciation.     This    book   is 
really  a  '  She '  compassed  with  moral  ad- 
ventures    rather    than    physical.      It    is 
vigorously  and  loosely  written,  but  it  is 
not  instinct  with  life,  except  in  the  per- 
sons of  a  cynical    peer,   and    his  natural 
daughter,  who  is  an  excellent  portrait  of 
a  cynical  modern  woman. 


For  Life — and  After.     By  George  R.  Sims. 

(Chatto  &  Windus.) 
We  find  abundance  of  human  sym- 
pathy, but  little  or  no  trace  of  the  humour 
characteristic  of  "  Dagonet,"  in  '  For  Life 
— and  After '  :  it  is  no  spiritualistic 
treatise,  as  the  title  might  imply,  but  a 
mild  specimen  of  the  detective  story, 
evidently  suggested  by  real  incidents. 
Mr.  Sims's  faculty  in  portraying  the  lower 
classes  is  so  well  defined  that  there  is  a 
certain  measure  of  interest  in  meeting 
characters  such  as  the  puppet-showman 
and  his  wife ;  but  neither  the  poor  lady 
whose  life  sentence  is  a  miscarriage  of 
justice  nor  her  relatives  are  so  convincing 
as  the  minor  characters  of  a  story  which 
is  not  likely  to  aid  the  cause  espoused  or 
to  add  to  Mr.  Sims's  reputation. 


Rider 


NEW   NOVELS. 

The    Way   of   the   Spirit.     By   H 
Haggard.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Haggard's  literary  temperament  is 
essentially  unrealistic.     He  is  an  idealist 
at  heart,  and  his  pictures  are  those  of  life 
as  he  would  have  it,  or  at  least  as  he  con- 
ceives  it.     Forsaking   the   field   of   mere 
adventure,  he  here  upholds  some   of    the 
ideals  which  he  sees  in  modern  life  ;  and  he 
makes  his  apology  for  stepping  aside  from 
the    well-worn    track    of    romance.     Yet 
indubitably  this  novel  demonstrates  that 
the  public  is  right  that  would  drive  him 
"  back  with  stones  and  shoutings."     For 
his  novel  is  out  of  relation  to  real  things 
— is,  indeed,  as  much  a  piece  of  romantic 
adventure  as  his  romances.     His   theme 
is  that  of  sin  and  renunciation.     A  man, 
who  in  his  youth  has  been  led  into  flagrant 
offence   by   a   beautiful   woman,    wins   a 
name  for  himself,  and  marries  a  woman  of 
the  world  with  eyes  only  for  his  inheritance. 
By  a  treacherous  trick  he  is  shipped  away 
to  Egypt  on  special  service  on  his  wedding 


(Smith,  Elder 


Dick.     By  G.  F.  Bradby. 

&Co.) 
'  Dick  '   is   the   narrative    of   a  summer 
holiday  spent  by  a  very  young  Rugbeian 
on  a  visit  to  an  old  Rugbeian  and  his  wife, 
who    have    taken    a    farmhouse    on    the 
Broads.     From  his  entrance  on  the  scene 
in  a  state  of  dejection — caused  not  by 
the  death   of   the   aunt  with   whom   his 
previous  holidays  had  been  spent,  but  by 
a  "  leaving  stodge  "  (we  forbear  to  quote 
the  menu)  and  a  packet  of  cigarettes — 
to    his    exit    "  laden    with    gifts,    chiefly 
eatables,"  this  small  person  is  the  central 
figure  on  the  stage,  and  dull  would  be  the 
audience  which  did  not  find  matter  for 
mirth  in  his  doings.     Of  these  gesta,  the 
best  seems  to  us  to  be  the  "  little  bit  of  a 
quor'l  with  the  Passon's  boy "   (as   the 
old  Norfolk  gardener  expresses  it),  which 
results  in  the  latter's  hurried  return  to 
the  rectory  with  a  badly  damaged  eye 
and  his  hair  full  of  "  most  evil-smelling 
slime."     The  old  gardener  himself,   who 
is   also   in   command   of   the   wherry,    is 
drawn  with   no   loss   humour  than  truth 
to  life.     Some  wise  and  pregnant  remarks 
on   the   subject  of  education   are   inter- 
spersed. 

Jack  Derringer.   By  Basil  Lubbock.  (John 
Murray.) 

Readers  of  '  Round  the  Horn  before  tho 
Mast '  will  look  for  a  good  sea-story  when 


388 


THE     ATI!  EN  ;*:  UM 


NM092,  March  31.  1906 


tlu-\  open  this  book,  and  they  wfl]  not 
look    in    vain.     "Jmk    Derringer'    laoka 

only  the  ait  of  thfi  finished  craftsman  to 
make   of    it    a    veritable   epic    of    the 

All  the  essential  rudiment*  <>f  the  epk 
are  there,  and  the  tale  fairly  bristles  with 
incident.     Also,    its    atmosphere   is    one 

with  which  the  author  is  saturated. 
He  is  master  of  the  rude,  brave,  brutal 
life  he  depicts.  But  in  construction 
the  book  fails  somewhat.  Also,  when 
uc  come  to  the  woman  in  the  case 
— that  most  deadly  pitfall  for  the  in- 
experienced writer  of  adventurous  fiction 
— the  tale  loses  its  fine  quality,  and  from 
sheer  lack  of  skill  in  characterization 
'"  peters  out,"  as  one  of  its  best  figure-. 
the  shanghaied  cow-boy,  would  put  it. 
In  spite  of  this  the  book  should  be  read  ; 
it  is  better  worth  reading  than  seven  in 
ten  of  modern  novels.  Its  picture  of 
life  in  the  forecastle  of  a  Yankee  "  hell- 
ship,"  is  real  and  convincing. 


Bebecca  Man/.     By  Annie  Hamilton  Don- 
nell.     (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 

'  Rebecca  Mary  '  might  well  be  put  on 
the  same  bookshelf  as  '  Lovey  Mary  '  or 
'  Mrs.  Wiggs  of  the  Cabbage  Patch.'  But, 
though  raised  "  in  the  same  school  of 
fiction,  Rebecca  has  a  marked  individuality 
and  charm  of  her  own ;  in  fact,  she  has  not 
been  'born  a  Plummer  "  in  vain.  The 
Plummer  family  were,  indeed,  heavily 
weighted  with  character :  it  stiffened 
them  and  hemmed  them  in  as  though  it 
were  a  coat  of  mail.  How  Rebecca 
Mary's  childhood  was  troubled  by  this 
moral  armour,  how  she  accommodated 
herself  to  it,  and  how  at  last  she  and  an 
aunt,  not  without  pain,  softened  it  into 
their  own  pattern,  is  told  in  a  charming 
and  pathetic  manner.  There  may  be  an 
occasional  sense  of  overstrain  in  the  dia- 
logues descriptive  of  the  aunt's  combats 
with  duty,  but  as  a  whole  the  story  is  an 
admirable  example  of  that  American  school 
of  fiction  which  esteems  simplicity  in  art 
as  its  highest  achievement. 


Curayl.     By  U.  L.  Silberrad.     (Constable 
&Co.) 

This  cannot,  in  the  common  acceptation 
of  the  term,  be  called  a  "  good  story," 
because  it  has  not  the  requirements — 
plentiful  incident  and  growing  excitement. 
There  is  at  first  a  promise  of  such  elements, 
but  the  promise  is  unfulfilled.  Of  mystery 
there  is  much  ;  more  than  one  mystery, 
indeed,  permeates  the  substance  of  the 
story.  The  external  mystery  (as  it  may 
be  called)  is  not  quite  satisfactorily  solved. 
The  solution  of  the  inner  mystery  of 
human  character  in  one  of  the  principal 
people — a  man — does  not  appear  to  have 
been  even  attempted.  There  is,  no  doubt, 
wisdom  in  this  unsatisfying  procedure. 
It  leaves  the  person  an  interesting,  almost 
a  disquieting  figure.  The  atmosphere 
of  the  story  generally  is  also  somewhat 
obscure  and  dreamlike.  '  Curayl '  is  not 
like  earlier  novels  by  the  same  author. 
It  has  other  qualities,  no  doubt,  but  the 
sense  of  humour  and  alertness  of  narrative 


noticeable    in    those  are  not  so  apparent 

here. 

Giant  Circumstance.    By  John  OzenhanL 

(  Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
This  is  a  good  story,  and  its  centra] 
figure  is  a  wholesome  young  fellow,  with 
a  will  of  his  own,  and  tolerably  sound 
principles  behind  it.  He  is  a  soldier,  and 
we  lind  him  in  the  Soudan  in  the  company 
of  a  young  princeling,  officially  his 
superior  officer,  to  whom  he  is  playing 
dry-nurse  on  a  little  shooting  expedition, 
meant  to  break  the  monotony  of  pursuing 
invisible  and  painfully  elusive  dervishes. 
The  dervishes  arrive  when  not  expected, 
as  is  their  wont,  and  the  princeling  is 
cut  up  by  them,  while  the  hero  escapes. 
Naturally  some  one  has  to  be  blamed  for 
this,  and  the  hero  is  sent  home  in  disgrace. 
As  a  result  he  loses  a  fickle  sweetheart, 
and  finally  returns  to  his  regiment,  a 
marked  man,  who  is  consistently  over- 
looked by  sulky  commanding  officers, 
even  when  he  performs  prodigies  of  valour. 
The  tale  is  full  of  amiable  detail,  and  free 
from  anything  intense  or  closely  wrought. 
Its  6tyle  is  workmanlike,  and  it  makes 
few  demands  upon  the  reader's  thinking 
powers.  Such  a  story  should  prove  popular, 
though  it  does  not  justify  the  inflated 
language  of  the  publishers  concerning  it. 


JAPANESE    STUDIES. 

A  Fantasy  of  Far  Japan  ;  or,  Summer 
Dream  Dialogues.  By  Baron  Suyematsu. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — We  have  of  late  reviewed 
so  many  books  on  Japan  that  a  short  notice 
of  the  present  volume  must  suffice.  The 
title  is  good,  for  the  contents  answer  to  it. 
It  is  in  the  main  another  instalment  of  the 
laus  Japonic.  This  eulogy,  not  of  Mukden, 
is  principally  contained  in  "  dreamy  " 
dialogues,  enlivened  by  various  stories 
more  or  less  ben  trovati  at  least,  with  a 
British  duchess,  who  requires  enlightenment 
upon  "  things  Japanese."  We  cannot  say 
that  we  find  much  that  is  new  in  the  book, 
and  we  do  find  some  things  that  are  difficult 
of  acceptance,  such  as  the  apologia  for 
suicide,  and  the  defence  of  torture.  Nor 
has  the  author  succeeded  in  persuading  us 
that  the  Japanese  are  a  modest  people;  there 
is  [no  expression  in  Japanese  with  any  such 
connotation.  The  duchess,  we  hope,  was  satis- 
fied with  the  declaration  that  the  people 
generally  move  with  the  upper  classes,  and 
all  the  upper  classes  in  Japan  are  in  favour 
of  Western  modes  of  life  and  thought."  There 
is,  in  fact,  in  Japan  no  hearty  acceptance 
of  Western  civilization,  which  is  felt  to 
be  more  or  less  necessary,  but  exceedingly 
troublesome,  as,  in  truth,  it  is,  and  long 
must  be  to  the  Japanese  people,  although  it 
has  given  them  a  freedom  of  thought, 
speech,  and  action  unknown  before  in  any 
Oriental  country. 

The  Romance  of  the  Milky  Way,  and  other 
Studies  and  Stories.  By  Lafcadio  Hearn. 
(Same  publishers.) — This  posthumous  book 
is  full  of  prettinesses,  much  of  the  character 
and  value  of  those  admirably  set  forth  in 
English  in  the  author's  former  works,  by 
far  the  best  of  which  is  the  earliest — '  Glimpses 
of  Unfamiliar  Japan.'  Mr.  Hearn'6  Japan 
was  largely  an  ideal  or  an  idealized  Dawnland 
and  all  lovers  of  good  literature  will  regret 
the  premature  loss  of  the  creator  and  de- 


lineator of  thut  charming  country.  Hut 
the  ideal  must  otH  !.»••  taken  to  bs  the  real 

Japan  ;  though  at  not  a  tew  points  the 
contact    |g   olOBS,    tli--   picture   an  a   whole   is 

not    a    true    representation    of    the    hahit    of 

life  or  thought  of  a  people  essentially  j»ro 
in  character,  irhose  originality  was  cramped 
and    overlaid    by    .  in    the    i agnail 

century,    and    has    not    until    now    had    any 

real  opportunity  of  displaying  itenlf 
The  fir^t  portion  of  the  volume,  dealing 

with  tin-  Chine-e  legend  of  tli-  H'T'iiuiiii  and 
Webster  stars  and  tle-ir  one  yearly  passage 
across  the  Kiver  of  Heaven  (Milky  Way), 
on  the  seventh  of  tie-  seventh  month,  to 
meet  in  loving  union,  and  the  last  chapter, 
being  a  '  Letter  from  Japan  '  on  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war  as  viewed  from  a  Japanese 
standpoint,  are  the  most  interesting,  though 
not  a  page  is  without  its  charm  and  beauty. 
Owing  to  Mr.  Hearn's  want  of  familiarity 
with  the  written  language,  he  does  not  always 
seize  the  exact  point  (always  difficult  to 
seize)  of  the  tanka  (short  lays)  he  translates. 
Thus  on  p.  30  both  are  wrongly  rendered. 
The  first  should  be — abbreviated — "  'Tis 
that,  starting  to  cross  the  River  of  Heaven, 
my  lord,  whom  I  love,  cometh.  Shall  I 
undo  my  girdle  1  "  The  second  may  ba 
rendered,  "  Oh,  will  not  my  lord  indeed  this 
very  night  launch  his  boat  on  the  rapids  of 
sunbright  heaven  and  embark  in  it  and  coma 
to  me  ?  "  not  "  everlasting  Heaven,"  nor 
"  my  lord  will  doubtless  deign  to  come." 
The  word  hisakata  certainly  does  not 
mean  "  long-hard  "  (everlasting)  ;  its  more 
probable  signification  is  hisashikata,  "quarter 
whence  the  sun  darts  his  rays,"  i.e.  the  east ; 
and  the  particle  ka  implies  not  the  absence 
but  the  presence  of  a  doubt,  or  rather  in 
this  case,  anxiety.  She  hopes,  even  trusts, 
her  lover  will  come,  but  in  her  eagerness 
to  see  him  is  not  free  from  doubt.  It  is 
just  these  little  touches — vague  suggestions 
rather  than  definite  statements — that  lend 
to  old  Japanese  poetry  its  singular,  not 
easily  appreciated  charm. 

The  '  Letter  from  Japan '  depicts  the 
attitude  of  the  Japanese  during  the  war 
after  a  most  grapluc  and  interesting  fashion. 
It  is  dated  Tokyo,  August  1st,  1904.  At 
the  outset  of  the  war  the  Mikado  bade  his 
people  not  "  to  trouble  themselves. .  .  .about 
exterior  events."  The  real  meaning,  of 
course,  was  that  they  were  not  to  interfere 
with  the  Government — by  criticism  or 
otherwise.  Mr.  Hearn  reads  it  as  enjoining 
an  impassive  attitude,  and  adds  that  the 
order  was  obeyed  to  the  letter.  But  he 
shows  that  this  was  by  no  means  the 
case,  though,  indeed,  the  Japanese  ex- 
pression of  emotion  was  not  altogether  a 
Western  mode.  They  had  extra  newspaper 
issues — an  epigram  is  quoted  which  we 
retranslate  :  "  With  every  '  extra  '  of  foes 
and  friends  the  widows  multiply  " — runners 
ringing  bells,  photographers  overwhelmed 
with  work,  and  so  forth.  The  flower-displays 
wTere  arranged  so  as  to  symbolize  or  exlubit 
war  scenes  ;  coloured  lithographs  of  the  most 
sanguinary  and  startling  character  were  issued 
by  the  million,  representing  the  Russians 
as  demons,  and  giving  lurid  exaggera- 
tions of  battles  that  never  took  place,  in 
order,  according  to  Mr.  Hearn,  "  to  keep 
up  the  public  courage  and  be  pleasing  to 
the  gods."  Almost  every  article  that  was 
capable  of  ornamentation  was  decorated 
with  war  subjects  ;  even  cakes  and^sweet- 
ments,  shop  windows,  lanterns,  &c.,  pro- 
claimed prodigious  Japanese  victories.  Hair- 
ornaments  and  women's  dresses,  such  as 
frocks,  petticoats,  cloak-linings,  were  thus 
decorated  with  war  pictures.  Breast-pins 
were  headed  with  battleships  ;  towels  had 
imprinted  on  them  in  blue  and  white   all 


N°  4092,  Maech  31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


389 


sorts  of  fantastic  naval  victories — one 
showed  a  procession  of  fish  before  a  surgeon's 
office,  waiting  to  be  relieved  of  bayonets, 
swords,  &c,  that  had  stuck  in  their  throats. 
Silk  wrappings  similarly  pictured  were 
issued  by  the  great  house  of  Mitsui  ;  even 
baby-dresses  were  covered  with  sea-fights, 
land-fights,  explosions,  and  the  like — a 
medley  of  "  blood  and  fire,  tints  of  morning 
haze  and  evening  glow,  noon-blue  and 
starred  night  -  purple,  sea  -  grey  and  field  - 
green. ' ' 

,#>  The  Russians  were,  of  course,  unmercifully 
aricatured;  they  were  generously  treated, 
but  not  on  paper.  One  caricature  we  have 
seen  represented  Makaroff  in  the  cold  hell  of 
Buddhism,  where  a  number  of  demons  pre- 
sented clubs  to  him  before  proceeding  to 
•torment  the  fallen  foe  ;  above  was  a  picture 
of  a  Buddhist  priest  leading  to  paradise  a 
gallant  Japanese  officer,  stepping  from  lotus 
leaf  to  lotus  leaf  across  a  wide  watery 
expanse. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Letters  of  Ricliard  Ford.  Edited  by 
Rowland  E.  Prothero,  M.V.O.  With  Por- 
traits and  Illustrations.  (John  Murray.) — 
It  is  difficult  to  realize  that  the  minute 
knowledge  of  Spain  shown  in  Ford's  delight- 
ful '  Handbook  '  was  acquired  in  rather  less 
than  three  years.  He  reached  Seville  in 
November,  1830,  and  returned  to  England 
in  September,  1833.  Between  these  dates 
he  had  ransacked  the  libraries  of  Seville  and 
Madrid,  shot  over  the  Coto  del  Rey,  driven 
through  Don  Quixote's  country,  succeeded 
Washington  Irving  as  tenant  at  the  Alham- 
bra,  and  ridden  over  the  length  and  breadth 
of  the  Peninsula.  His  letters,  addressed 
mostly  to  Addington,  then  British  Minister 
at  Madrid,  convey  in  piquant  language  his 
first  impressions  of  "an  original  Peculiar 
People,  potted  for  six  centuries."  To  Ford, 
full  of  misgivings  with  respect  to  the  Reform 
agitation  in  England,  Spain  seemed  "  the 
only  place  to  be  quiet  in,"  and  he  had  barely 
settled  in  Seville  when  he  began  to  express 
his  views  on  the  political  situation.  "  Every- 
thing appears  to  me  to  be  in  a  state  of  pro- 
found repose,  all  dead  and  still,"  he  writes 
to  Addington  with  the  confident  assurance 
of  a  new-comer.  It  was  an  unlucky  diagnosis, 
for  within  a  month  Torrijos  headed  the  first 
attempt  at  a  rising  in  Andalusia,  and  during 
the  rest  of  Ford's  stay  the  country  was  in  a 
constant  turmoil.  However,  it  would  be 
unfair  to  dwell  on  Ford's  lack  of  political 
insight ;  lie  disarms  criticism  by  his  frank 
confession  that  he  neither  likes  nor  under- 
stands politics.  His  description  of  social 
life  and  customs  in  Seville  is  more  interesting 
end  characteristic  : — 

"  They  have  condescended  to  quit  their  braneros 
and  call  on  my  wife,  partly  to  see  the  strange 
monster  they  conceive  her  to  be,  and  partly  to 
thow  their  luces,  white  gloves,  and  trinkets.  They 
call  about  2  o'clock,  dressed  out  for  a  hall,  with 
fans,  and  all  their  wardrobe  on  their  hack  ;  visits 

interminable Then   we   return    the    visits,    my 

Wife  in  mantilla  and  white  gloves,  according  to 
iUetU;.  What  a  contrast  between  these  fine 
ladiea  at  home  and  abroad  .'  No  Cinderella  changes 
more  rapidly.  There  they  are,  squatting  over 
their  bnuK.ro,  unwashed,  undressed,  cold  and 
ering,  and  uncomfortable,  wrapt  up  in  a  shawl 
in  their  great  barnlike,  unfurnished  houses;  a 
matted  rush  and  a  few  chairs  the  inventory  of 
their  chattels." 

This  passage  of  pungent  caricature  is 
amusing  to  English  readers,  but  Spaniards 
have  always  resented  Ford's  humorous 
extravagances,  and  are  not  likely  to  appre- 
ciate his  references  to  "  those  brutes  the 
natives,"    or   to    the    Spanish    doctors    who 


recommended  "  asses'  milk,  having  a  con- 
genial feeling  for  that  animal."  There  is 
something  comic  in  Ford's  surprise  and 
dismay  on  learning  that  Addington  dis- 
approved of  similar  sallies  in  the  first  (sup- 
pressed) edition  of  the  '  Handbook  '  ;  he 
had  commented  no  less  freely  on  the  English 
officers  from  Gibraltar,  and,  being  himself 
tolerably  indifferent  to  criticism,  could 
never  be  made  to  understand  that  the 
victims  of  his  sarcasm  were  less  case-har- 
dened. Still,  he  really  liked  all  Spaniards 
— with  the  exception  of  the  Catalans — and 
he  knew  and  understood  them  as  few 
foreigners  have  ever  done.  He  always 
writes  of  Spain  with  a  fine,  contagious 
gaiety,  and  in  these  familiar,  confidential 
letters  he  recounts  his  adventures  with  an 
added  note  of  picaresque  glee. 

Mr.  Prothero's  connecting  narrative  is 
skilful  and  clear,  but  he  follows  the  '  Hand- 
book '  too  closely  when  he  says  that  Alva 
retired  to  Abadia  with  his  secretary  Lope 
de  Vega.  This  clearly  refers  to  the  famous 
soldier  who  died  in  1583  ;  it  was  not  till 
1590  that  Lope  de  Vega  entered  the  house- 
hold of  Alva's  grandson,  the  fifth  duke. 
Calomarde's  reply  to  the  Infanta  Carlota 
when  she  boxed  his  ears — "  White  hands, 
madam,  can  never  dishonour  " — needs  ex- 
planation. So  far  from  proving  that  he 
was  "  utterly  cowed "  (p.  98),  the  phrase 
shows  that  he  kept  his  wits  about  him  suffi- 
ciently to  give  his  retort  a  polite  literary 
flavour  :  '  Manos  blancas  no  ofenden  '  is 
the  title  of  a  well-known  play  by  Calderon. 
Mr.  Prothero  accepts  the  usual  version  of 
Torrijos's  capture  by  Gonzalez  Moreno 
(pp.  72-3)  ;  the  truth  seems  to  be  that  the 
local  smugglers  supplied  Torrijos  with  false 
information  as  to  the  number  of  his  partisans 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Malaga,  betrayed 
him  to  the  authorities,  secured  the  concen- 
tration of  all  available  forces  at  the  spot 
where  the  insurgent  general  had  arranged 
to  disembark,  and  were  thus  enabled  to 
land  their  cargoes  further  down  the  coast 
without  any  interference.  The  affair  was 
long  talked  of  as  the  biggest  smuggling 
coup  ever  made. 

Ford's  statement  that  he  could  never  spell 
either  his  own  or  any  other  language  may 
possibly  account  for  some  eccentric  Spanish 
forms  in  the  text  of  his  letters  :  sa  (pp.  38 
and  39),  majorat  (pp.  35,  45,  and  49),  ocharo 
(p.  42),  major  duomo  (pp.  47  and  140),  pezeta 
(p.  50),  and  confianse  (p.  95).  These  and 
other  obvious  slips  should  be  corrected  if 
the  book  is  reprinted. 

The  Miracles  of  Our  Lady.  By  Evelyn 
Underbill.  (Heinemann.) — In  these  pages 
Miss  Underbill  attempts,  with  much 
success,  to  reintroduce  to  English  readers 
a  cycle  of  old  sacred  tales  in  which  their 
ancestors  took  much  delight.  The  Mary- 
legends,  or  '  Miracles  of  Our  Lady,'  form 
a  group  of  religious  romances,  the  con- 
necting link  being  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
supplies  in  each  of  them  the  supernatural 
element.  Their  number  is  surprisingly  large; 
the  Bollandist  hagiographers  record  upwards 
of  four  hundred  examples,  many  of  which 
are,  however,  variants  of  the  same  theme. 
Miss  Underhill  has  made  a  good  selection, 
with  much  diligence,  of  some  of  the  happiest 
and  quaintest  of  what  she  terms  "  the  fairy- 
tales of  mediaeval  Catholicism."  It  is 
obvious  that  the  compiler  is  not  of  the  Roman 
obedience  ;  nevertheless  there  is  not  an 
offensively  Protestant  phrase  in  the  intro- 
duction, or  elsewhere  in  those  charmingly 
printed  and  pleasantly  written  pages. 
The  incidents  selected  vary  in  elm 
racter  from  the  crudely  sensational  to  the 
depths  of  mystical  devotion  ;  and  they 
extend  in  time  from  the  fourth  to  the  Hftwnth 


century.  Some  of  them  have  a  distinctly 
Oriental  flavour,  whilst  others  are  as  evidently 
Northern  European  in  their  origin.  Each 
story,  as  paraphrased  by  the  author,  has 
a  sweetness  and  charm  of  its  own,  no  matter 
what  the  theme,  except  the  one  entitled 
'  Gaude  Maria,'  which  in  these  days 
might  well  have  been  omitted.  It  tells 
of  the  supposed  stealthy  murder  of  a 
little  chorister  boy  by  wicked  Jews  ;  but 
his  split  skull  was  patched  up  by  the  Blessed 
Virgin.  The  tale  thus  ends  :  "  And  the 
townsfolk  did  take  many  Jews  because  of  it, 
and  some  were  burned  and  some  baptized." 

No  period  during  the  British  connexion 
with  India  has  produced  more  distinguished 
soldiers  and  administrators  than  that  which 
followed  the  first  Sikh  war  in  1846,  and  the 
annexation  of  the  Punjab  on  March  30th, 
1849.  The  demand  for  officers  was  no 
doubt  great,  for  the  provinces  ruled  by  the 
Sikhs  were  extensive  and  their  inhabitants 
were  turbulent  republicans  ;  but  the  supply 
was  met  from  every  Presidency  where 
suitable  men  could  be  found.  The  nucleus 
naturally  consisted  of  the  Governor-General's 
Agent  and  his  assistants,  who  carried  on 
current  work  ;  but  new  men  had  to  be  found 
and  trained,  their  selection  to  a  great  extent 
being  in  the  Agent's  hands.  Thus  Sir 
Henry  '*  Lawrence,  who  succeeded  Major 
Broadfoot  as  Agent,  had  as  assistants, 
among  others,  Vans  Agnew  of  the  Civil 
Service,  killed  at  Multan ;  Lake  of  the 
Engineers,  and  Cust  of  the  Civil  Service. 
Their  numbers  were  augmented  as  time 
passed,  and  the  names  of  Herbert  Edwardes, 
Joe  Lumsden,  John  Nicholson,  Neville 
Chamberlain,  and  Hodson  attest  the  quality 
of  those  chosen.  Many  other  names  might 
be  added,  and  among  them,  well  worthy  of 
a  place,  is  that  of  Henry  Daly,  whose  story 
is  told  by  his  son,  Major  H.  Daly,  in  Memoirs 
of  General  Sir  Henry  Dermot  Daly,  G.C.B., 
CLE.  (John  Murray).  Daly  began  his 
military  career  as  a  Bombay  officer,  and 
early  in  life  was  fortunate  in  securing  the 
goodwill  of  Sir  Charles  Napier.  At  the  siege 
of  Multan  he  met  Robert  Napier,  after- 
wards Lord  Napier  of  Magdala ;  and  again  his 
intelligence  and  courage  made  a  favourable 
impression.  He  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Gujrat,  and  gives  an  interesting  descrip- 
tion of  the  laying  down  of  their  arms  by 
the  Sikhs  ;  soon  after  (May,  1849)  he  was 
nominated  to  raise  and  command  the  1st 
Cavalry  Regiment  of  the  Punjab  Irregular 
Force.  Thus  began  Lis  connexion  with  that 
body  ;  it  was  continued  by  the  command  of 
the  Guides,  whose  march  to  Delhi  and  conduct 
during  the  siege  are  justly  renowned  ;  and 
it  ended  at  the  close  of  the  campaign.  His 
later  service  was  in  Central  India,  where 
he  became  Agent  to  the  Governor-General. 

The  story  is  told  largely  by  selections 
from  Daly's  diaries,  connecting  links  being 
supplied  by  the  author,  whose  work  is  on 
the  whole  well  done.  There  is  great  interest 
in  these  selections,  for  they  contain  the 
views  of  a  clear-headed  man  on  many  scenes 
and  actors.  Some  of  the  strictures  passed 
and  judgments  recorded  aro  severe  and 
not  entirely  correct  ;  indeed,  some  of  them 
were  modified  as  Daly  became  better 
acquainted  with  the  persons  concerned  ; 
yet  all  are  of  interest,  and  have,  as  the 
author  explains,  been  allowed  to  stand  as 
examples  of  the  feeding  of  the  hour.  There 
are  several  slips  or  misprints  :  p.  49,  the 
chief  engineer  was  Cheape,  not  Cheyne; 
p.  85,  fobt-note,  Walker's  initials  were  .1.  T. ; 
p.  166,  line  '-'.  transposition  of  letters  is 
required  ;  p.  169,  last  fine  but  one,  "  Stake  " 

for  "Strike";  p.  273.  and  index.  Gierke 
for  Clerk.    Some  of  these  slips  may  bo  trans- 


390 


THE     ATIIENjEUM 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


criptioni  from  diaries,  bui  they  night  have  i 
I  . .  n  com  ■t.il. 

Appendix  <  « ontaina  «  lex  hire  on  the 
I 'nt i |m1>  Frontier  Force,  (riven  bj  Bii  BL  I>nl\ 
al  thr  RoytJ  (Jnited  Service  Institution. 
The  illustrations,  too,  deserve  mention; 
among  the  best  arc  two  <>)  Lucknow,  BhopsJ 
from   the   old    Fort,   ami    Bathing  Ghats, 

I'jiain  ;    the  artist's  name  might  with  ndvan- 

tsge  iia\ e  been  mentioned. 

MM.    l'l.llN-XlH'UHU   A    (IK.    publish   a    IHW 

book  by  one  of  the  Bfargoentte  brothers, 
bo  often  sssociated  in  joint  work.  In  Les 
Pa$  but  h  Sable — of  which  the  secondary 
title  is  the  same  a^  that  of  Renan'a  still 
more  beautiful  volume, '  Souvenirs  d'Enfanoe' 
— M.  Paul  Margueritte  relates  in  touching 
fashion  the  life  oi  his  father,  the  great  cavalry 
general,  and  of  his  grandparents,  while  he 
himself  was  a  child  in  Algeria.  The  grand- 
tat  her  was  a  peasant  from  Lorraine,  who 
joined  the  military  constabulary  in  France, 
mid  was  transferred  to  that  of  Algeria  in  the 
<  arly  days  of  the  French  conquest.  When 
the  elder  Margueritte  became  a  .sergeant, 
his  son,  the  future  general,  tried  to  enlist,  but 
was  rejected  as  too  young.  He  was,  how- 
t  \  if,  taken  as  an  interpreter  into  the  coloured 
constabulary,  from  which  he  went  as  a 
volunteer  to  the  Chasseurs  d'Afrique,  rising 
in  a  month  to  be  a  corporal,  and  in  two  months 
to  be  a  sergeant  like  his  father.  In  a  very 
few  years  he  had  become  a  captain,  and  one 
of  the  desert  centres,  known  as  "  Cercles," 
W8S  handed  over  to  his  administration.  His 
wife  came  from  a  similar  family  of  colonial 
adventurers  ;  and  the  whole  story  is  one  of 
careers  almost  as  amazing  as  those  of  the 
Republic  and  First  Empire.  At  the  age  of 
thirty-seven  the  peasant  ranker  had  become 
a  lieutenant -colonel,  exercising  over  a  large 
territory  "  the  authority  of  a  pro-consul." 
Mexico  offered  him  the  field  in  which  he 
rose  to  higher  station,  and  the  famous  charge 
of  Sedan  the  death  which  of  all  others 
Margueritte  would  have  chosen.  The  three 
generations  of  his  family  are  comparable 
with  those  of  almost  any  race,  and  the  style 
in  which  the  grandson  has  described  his 
father  and  his  grandparents  is  peculiarly 
fitting.  In  one  place  the  author  ascribes 
to  Gulliver  rather  than  to  "Robinson" 
astonishment  at  seeing  the  imprint  of  a 
naked  foot  upon  the  sand ;  but  the  mistake 
is  so  natural  that  many  a  reader  will  pass 
it  over. 

A  Memoir  of  Jane  Austen,  by  her  nephew 
J.  E.  Austen  Leigh,  who  included  'Lady 
Susan,'  and  fragments  of  two  other  un- 
finished tales  by  Miss  Austen,  has  long  been 
eagerly  read  as  the  only  trustworthy  record 
of  her.  Now  Messrs.  Macmillan  have 
added  it  to  their  delightful  "  Eversley 
Series,"  and  a  multitude  of  readers  will  get 
welcome  glimpses  of  a  favourite  author. 
Her  short  life,  so  far  as  it  is  known,  pleas- 
ingly corroborates  one's  expectations. 

The  same  firm  have  just  published  a  neat 
edition  in  one  volume  of  The  Inaoldsby 
Legends  with  twenty  illustrations  by  Cruik- 
shank,  Leech,  and  Barham. 

Messrs.  Methuen  send  us  seven  new 
volumes  of  their  "  Standard  Library,"'  a  series 
which  at  its  best  is  wonderful  for  its  value 
and  cheapness.  Most  of  the  introductions 
are  models  of  what  such  things  should  be, 
e.g.,  Mr.  Lang's  on  Hums'*  Poems,  Canon 
Bigg's  on  Law's  famous  book  A  Serious  Call 
to  a  Devout  and  Holy  Life,  and  Mr.  Ernest 
Barkor's  on  Sydenham  and  Taylor's  trans- 
lation of  Plato's  Republic,  as  revised  by 
I  )i .  W.  H.  D.  Rouse.  A  '  Bibliography  of 
some  English  Books  on  Plato  and  "  The 
Republic  "  '  is  added,  and  Mr.  Barker  gives 
some  idea  of  Plato's  life  and  work,  of  the 


scheme  of  the  '  Republic  '  and  its  use  as  a 
oommenl  on  education  today.  Thk  i-  just 
what  the  reader,  we  irneghtr  wants;  be 
does   not    want   a  combative  disoussion  of 

somebody  else'fl  views  0D  the  author,  oi 
(  lever  things  which  presuppose  acquaintance 
with  the  subject.  Mr.  Lucas  introduces 
Cranford  with   happi    cue,   and   we   fully 

endorse  the  high  place  he  givi--  to  that 
delightful  id\  II.  We  are  glad  to  have  a 
translation  ot  The  Little  Flower* of St.  Francis 
from  the  accomplished  pen  of  Mr.  William 
Heywood,  but  we  do  not  care  for  Mr.  Langton 
Douglas's  introduction,  which  talks  about 
"  intellectual  snobbism,"  and  "  the  pose  and 
manner  of  the  clever  undergraduate."  We 
should  prefer  a  little  more  history  and  judg- 
ment concerning  the  subject  to  this  scolding. 
Mr.  Sidney  Lee's  note  on  Southey's  Life  of 
Nelson  is  brief,  but  adequate.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  his  introduction  to  More's 
Utopia  and  Poems.  The  latter  are  quaint 
and  will  be  new  to  many.  It  is  clear  that 
More  was  not  born  a  poet,  but  he  hits  on 
some  of  the  strangely  effective  phrase  which 
was  the  gift  of  his  time. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Tutin,  of  Hull,  has  published 
in  The  Orinda  Booklets  (Extra  Series)  poems 
in  the  orthography  of  the  original  editions 
by  Katherine  Philips,  Robert  Heath,  Henry 
Reynolds,  and  Thomas  Flatman.  It  is  a 
spirited  attempt  to  revive  the  lesser  names 
of  the  seventeenth  century  which  deserves 
success,  as  the  little  paper  books  are  decidedly 
cheap.  He  has  sent  us  also  the  first  four 
numbers  of  his  series  of  Pembroke  Booklets 
in  large  paper.  The  edition  is  limited  and 
attractive  in  form,  being  neatly  boimd  and 
devoid  of  those  abbreviated  margins  often 
associated  with  reprints.  We  have  here 
verse  little  known  even  to  the  professional 
student  of  English,  and  much  of  it  choice. 
Sidney,  Suckling,  Breton,  and  Traherne 
have  their  longueurs,  but  they  contain 
beauties  well  worth  looking  for. 

Crockford's  Clerical  Directory  for  1906 
(Horace  Cox)  is  now  out,  and  wins  our 
warm  admiration.  We  regret,  however, 
to  find  that  the  introductory  matter  after 
the  Preface  is  interspersed  with  advertise- 
ments. The  Preface  itself  is  interesting  as 
usual,  and  a  valuable  comment  on  vexed 
questions  of  the  day,  though  it  includes 
some  evidently  biassed  matter.  The  direc- 
tories which  form  the  main  portion  of 
the  volume  are  simply  wonderful  for  their 
wealth  of  detail  and  accuracy.  We  have 
thoroughly  tested  several  cases  without 
finding  any  flaw.  The  editor  is  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  work  which  must  have  entailed 
the  greatest  care  and  patience.  '  Crockford  ' 
has  2,170  pages,  and  the  strong,  distinct 
type  in  which  each  clergyman's  name  is 
printed  makes  it  easy  to  find  at  once. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Braise  (R.  M.  de  1.0,  st.  Mmy  the  Virgin,  3/ 
dale  (F.  H),  the  Story  of  Protestantism,  »;,' 
Inge(W.  H.),  studios  of  English  Mystics,  6/  net. 
.toll  iii  the  Revised  Version,  edited  by  s.  It.  Driver,  8/0  net. 
Haven  (J.  H.),  Old  Testament   Introduction,  General  and 

Special,  6  nit. 
Sinclair  (Ven.  W.  M.),  I'nto  You  Young  Women  ;  Unto  You 

Young  .Men,  t/t  net  each. 
Soul's  Wayfaring  (A),  by  Z.,  B  8 

.stevenson'(M.), 'I'he  Spiritual  Teaching  of  Longfellow,  8/6 
Van  Dyke  (HA  Manhood,  Faith,  and Courage,  5/ 
Wagner  (C),  Courage,  l/net. 
Wntkiiisoii  (W.  L.),   The  Ashes  of  Pom,  and  other  Bible 

Studies,  :i/6 

Westminster  Lectures  :  The  Witness  of  the  Gospels ;  The 

Existence  of  God,  <*'.  each. 
Wolseley-Lewis  (M.i,  The  sevenfold  (lifts,  2/6  net. 

Laic. 
Law  List,  1000,  12mo,  10/C  net. 
Leage(R.  W.),  Roman  Private  Law,  10/ net. 
Newman  (.1.  0.  1L),  Note-  on  .Military  Law,  2/6  net. 


I'ndrrhill    (A  i.    Principlei    of    the    l.tw   of    Partnership, 

■  i  Kdil  Ion. 
W  ill;  hi         |i  \    I  ••        ■•■    on    the  L>* 

Purcbjuer  of  BeaJ  Estate  I  vols.,  4     ;  VoL  II 

Finr  Art  and  A rrfurology. 

c.itheiii..).  .,f  bnjtod  .. ml  w.i.-.  Part  L.  7*  ml 

<  .r.M.  -  (A.X  B*  my  of  ArU:  Vol.  \     J.  ».•«-,,  e  u> 

v.. 

ii  i    B  i  'I  lie  Cult  of  t|„.  Beavenl]  Twins.  6/ 

HUtoii   I)  Introduction  l.j  K.  McClellan, 

illustrated  bj  s.  B.  Steel,  4:   mi. 
Hi*  king  (W.  j.  i    i  •    dm, Tofceaa, Medals, 

ii..-      nd   Sealn   in  the   Museum  of  the  Koyal  Mint, 

Vol.  L,  1" 
Isberwood  (<;.),  Monumental  Bbmmi  in  the  Bedfordi-hire- 

Clilll.  i,.  -. 
Modern  ttocne:   .  Booh  of  British  Domestic  Architect 

for    Mod.-  mes.    Teat    by    W.    EL    Bidlake, 

edited  by  W.  BL  spa. 

Mother  (It),  Pranelaeo  de  Goya,  )  I 

Philliluore  (W.   P.   \V. ),  The   I.iw  and    Practice  of   (.r..i 

Arm-,  ..nd  Begistration  of  Pedigrees,  l/net. 
Bembraadt :  s  Memorial,  Part  II.,  E I  Mt 
singer  (11.  W.),  Daate  Gabriel  B  onset  ti,  l  ft  net. 

Poetry  and  Iframa. 
Carman  (15.),  The  Poetry  of  Life,  8   int. 
Cent  Metlleurs  Poemes (Lyriqnes),  Second  Edition,  Set  net. 
Duraiiil    (sir    K.),    Cyrus' tin-   Great   King :  an  Historical 

Btunriiirr.  10  B  net, 
Fan-hawe  (R.),  Corydon  :  an  Klegy  in  Memory  of  Matthew 

Arnold  and  Oxford,  4/6  net. 
Gay  (.».),  The  Beggar's  Opera,  Edited  hy  G.   H.  McLeod, 

7  ii  net. 
Granville  (('.),  Broken  Light-. 
Hidden  (K.  M),  Argeliioiie,  '."/.  net. 

[ngoldsby  Legends,  illustrated,  7/6 

Lounsbery  (G.  c.).  Lore's  Testament  :  a  sonnet,  :i  o  net. 

Mac  Cathnihai.il  («.),  The  Rushlight,  To  net. 

Muses'  library  :  Chatterton's  Poetical  Works,  2  vols. ;  Lyra 

Germanica,  translated  by  C.  Winkworth  ;  Arthur  Hugh 

Clough,  with  a  Memoir  by  F.  T.   Palgrave;  Poem- by 

Jean  Ingelow,  1/  net  each, 
Subbarao  (R.  V.),  Othello  I'nveiled,  20/  net. 
Winchester  (L),  Song  and  other  Verse. 

Sfvgic. 
Church  Times,  Vol.  I.  No.  2. 

Bibliography. 
Blumhanlt  (J.   T.),   Catalogue  of  the    Marathi,  Gujarati, 

Bengali,  Assamese,  Oriya,  Pushtu,  and  Sindhi  Mss.  in 

the  British  Museum,  20/ 
Ferguson    (J.),    Bibliotheca    Chemiea  :    Catalogue    of  the- 

Collection  of  James  Young,  I  rola 
Political  Economy. 
Churchill  (W.  S.)F  For  Free  Trade,  1/  net. 
ETtMery  mid  Biography. 
Atlav  (J.  B.),  The  Victorian  Chancellors,  Vol.  L,  14'  net. 
Battle  of  Mukden.  6/  net. 
Bridges  (J.  A.),  Reminiscences  of  a  Country  Politician, 

8/6  net. 
Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls    in  the  Public   Record  Office, 

Henrv  III.,  A.n.  1232-47. 
Dexter  (H.  M.  and  M.),  The  England  and  Holland  of  the 

Pilgrims,  15/  net. 
Downev  (E.),  Charles  Lever,  his  Life  in  his  Letters,  2  vols., 

21 'net. 
Gilliat-Smith  (E.),  The  Story  of  Brussels,  4/6  net. 
Holland  (H.  Scott),  Personal  Studi 
Home  Life  with  Herbert  Spencer,  by  Tw. 
Hume  (M.),  The  Great  Lord  Burghley,  12/6 
Johnstone  (H.  M.),  A  History  of  Tactics,  If.'  net. 
Lamiimton  (Lord),  In  the  Days  of  the  Dandies,  S/6  net. 
Leigh  (J.  E.  Austen),  A  Memoir  of  .lane  Au-len,  4/  net. 
LublxH-k  (P.)  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  in  her  Letter-, 

7  B  net. 
Mann  (Rev.   H.   K.),  The  Lives  of  the  Popes  in  the  Early 

Middle  Ages.  12/ net. " 
Meehan  (J.  F.),  More  Famous  House-  of  Bath  and  District, 

Second  Series,  12 '6  net. 
Ottlev  (Brevet-Major  W.   J.),   With  Mounted  Infantry  in 

Tibet,  10/6  net. 
Plutarch's  Lives,  translated  by  A.  Stewart  and  G.  Long,. 

Vol.  I.,  2/ net. 
Roll  of  Honour  for  Women,  1006,  .".  net. 
Taine(H.  A.),  History  of  English  Literature,  translated  bj- 

H.  Van  Linn,  4  vols.,  each  2/ net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Aubin  (E.),  Morocco  of  To-day,  6/  net. 
Boncant  (sir  J.  P.),  Letters  to  my  Boys,  6/ 
Crooke  (W.),  Things  Indian,  12/  net. 

Sports  aiul  PmtHmtB, 
Harrington  (C.  G.),  Seventy  Years'  Fishing.  10/6  net. 
Brookes  (L.  E),  The  Motorists  ABC,  .'.,'  net. 
DaIe(T.  F.).  The  Fox,  5/ 

Essentials  of  Sound  Bridge,  by  E.  O.  F.,  1,'  net. 
Ruffs  Guide  to  the  Turf,  1908,  7  I 

Education. 
McMurrytC  A.).  Special  Method  in  Primary  Reading  and 

Oral" Work,  with  Stories,  I  ii  net. 
Tebbatt  (•'.  IL),  The  Education  Imbroglio,  1/  net. 

Philology. 
Arssu  (D.   C.  II.    Y.),   Technological   Pictionary,    English, 

Spanish,  German,  and  French,  lo.'cnet. 
1  lover  (P.)  and  Speranski  (N.).  Russian  Reader,  adapted  by 

'  s.  N.  Harper,  13  B 
Kellum  (M.  IV),  The  I^ingimge  of  the  Northumbrian  C.lo— 

to  the  Gospel  of  St.  Luke. 
New  Engli-h  Dictionary,  Matter— Muwwlty,  by  H.  Bnnlley, 

School  Books. 
English  Historians,  with  an  Introduction  by  A.  J.  Grant, 

Fielder  (H.  O  and  Sandbach  (F.  E.\  A  First  German 

Course  for  Science  Students,  2  t>  net. 
Herodotus  IV.,  Melpomene,  edited  by  E.  8.  Shuckburgh,  4/ 
Jack's  Language  Series  :  French   by  the   Direct    Method— 

Grammaire  Francafse   en    FkaaeaJs,    lOrf. ;   Part    IV,, 

Livre  d'Exercices,  2/ 


N°  4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


391 


Stewart  (E.  W.)  and  Briggs  (W.),  Elementary Science,  2/ 
Tompkins  (A.  E.),  Heat  and  Steam  (Elementary),  1/6  net. 
Watt  (A.  ft)  and  Hayes  (B.  J.),  Matriculation  Construing 

Book,  2/ 

Science. 

Bell  (L),  Electric  Power  Transmission,  17/  «<*■.,     .. 
Bose  (J.  C),  Plant  Response  as  a  Means  of  Physiological 

Investigation,  21/  ,  .  ,        . 

Fairman  (J   F.),  Standard  Telephone  U  mng,  4/8  net. 
Fauna  of  British  India:  Rhynchota,  Vol.  III.,  by  W.  U 

Institution  of  Gas  Engineers'  Transactions,  1905,  10/0  net. 
Kid.ler  (F.  E.),  Building  Construction  and  Superintendence : 

Part  3,  Trussed  Roofs  and  Roof  Trusses,  Section  I.,  15/ 
National  Physical  Laboratory,  Report  for  1905. 
Poole  (C.  P.),  The  Wiring  Handbook,  4/6  net. 
Punca  (F.),  Single-Phase  Commutator  Motors,  4/6  net. 
St.   Bartholomew's    Hospital    Reports     edited   by    A.    E. 

Garrod  and  W.  MeAdam  Eceles,  Vol.  XLL 
Science  in  Public  Affairs,  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Hand, 

Snow  (W  B.),  Currents  of  High  Potential :  of  High  and 
other  Frequencies,  12/6  net.  _ 

White  (Rev.   G.),    The  Natural    History  of    Selborne,  re- 
arranged by  C.  Mosley,  6/  net. 

Wood(R.  W.),  Physical  Optics,  15/ net. 
General  Literature. 

Anstey  (F.),  The  Brass  Bottle,  Fourth  Impression,  3/6 

Bedwell  (C.  E.  A.),  The  Increase  of  the  Episcopate,  2/6  net. 

Bell  (L.),  Carolina  Lee. 

Benson  (E.  F.),  The  Angel  of  Pain,  6/ 

Booklover's  Magazine,  Vol.  VI.  Part  II.,  3/6  net. 

Bradshaw  (A.  S.),  Ashes  tell  No  Tales,  6d. 

Buckrose  (J.  E.),  The  Wood  End,  6/ 

Burgin(G.  B.),  The  Only  World,  6/ 

■Campbell  (F.),  Dearlove,  6/ 

Charlton  (S.),  Lamia,  3/6 

Creed  (Mrs.),  Children  of  the  Sun,  6/ 

Essays  irom  the  Spectator,  collected  by  \\ .  A.  L.  Bettany, 
1/6  net.  .    _       .   t>  /-.     t 

Freeman   (W.    M.)  and    Abbott    (J.    C),  The  A  B  C   of 
Parliamentary  Procedure. 

•Grey  (C),  A  Manse  Rose,  3/6 

Handbook  of  Instruction  in  Craft  Masonry,  4/  net. 

Horsfall  (T.  C),  National  Service  and  the  Welfare  of  the 
Community,  1/  net. 

Jones  (C.  E.),  A  Matter  of  Temperament,  6/ 

Lady  of  the  Decoration  (The),  6/ 

Marrvat  (D.),  Ashes  of  Power,  6/ 

Parr  (O.  K.),  Pearl,  3/6  net.  .  .    .. 

Rowntree  (J.)  and  Sherwell  (A.),    The   Taxation    of    the 
Liquor  Trade,  VoL  I.  _    . 

Royal  Society  of  St.  George,  Annual  Report  and  Year-Book, 
1905. 

Schloesser  (H.  H.),  The  Fallen  Temple,  2/6  net. 

Trollope   (A),  The   Small    House    at   Allmgton,    2  vols., 
1/6  net  each.  ,       , 

Vaughan  (J.),   The  Wild  Flowers  of  Selborne,  and  other 
Papers,  5/  net. 

Wallace  (H.),  Hasty  Fruit,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bonet-Maury   (G.),  L'Islamisme    et    le   Christianisme   en 
Afrique,  3fr.  50. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Mourey  (G.),  Albert  Besnard,  25fr. 
Sarzec  (E.  de),  Decouvertes  en  Chalde'e,  Part  V.  Section  I., 

L'Ofr. 
Strzygowski  (J.),  Die  Miniaturen  des  serbischen  Psalters 
der  Staatsbibliothek  in  Miinchen,  42m. 
Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Friiberg  (Dr.   T.),   Beitrage    zur  Geschichte    und  Charak- 

tenstik  des  tleutschen  Sonetts,  4in. 
Lemaitre  (.1.),  Bertrade,  3fr.  50. 
Mercier  (L.),  Le  Poeme  de  la  Maison,  3fr.  50. 

Philosophy. 
Jankelevitch  (S.),  Nature  et  Societe,  2fr.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bonnal    (General    H.),     La    Manteuvre    de    Saint  •  Privat, 

VoL  II.,  12fr. 
Cappelli  (A.),  Cronologift  e  Calendario  Perpetuo,  61.  50. 
■GaulotO'.),  L7  Expedition  <lu  Mexi(|iie,  1861-7,  7fr.  50, 
Inama(V.),  Antichita  Creche  Pubbliche,  Sacre,  e  Private, 

21.  50.  .  .    „ 

Meister    (A.),    Gnmdriss     der     GeschichtswiBsenacnaf t : 
deutsche  Geschichte  des  Mittelalters,  Vol.  I.    Part  I., 
6m. 
Sorel   {('<■),  Le  Systeme  Historique  de  Renan  :    Part  III. 

Renan  Histories  du  Christianisme,  3fr. 
Tchernoff(L),  Le  Parti  Republicain  au  Coup  d'Etat  et  sous 
le  Second  Empire,  8fr. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Delahaye  (J.),  Lcs  Assassins  et  les  Vengeurs  de  Mores,  4fr. 
Trois  Mois  au  KouangSi,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Boyer  {P.)  Bt  Speranski  (N.),  Manuel  pour  l'Etude  de  la 

UUlgne  Kunse,  10fr. 
1  •l.icinirt   (K.   de),   Dictionnaire  de    la  Langue    de  Mada- 
gascar, 12fr. 
1..    I   ra    (\.),    Lei   Livres    sacres    tin    Canibodge,  Part  I., 

7fr.  50. 
Veltin  (C.),  Praktische  Nuaheli-Grammatik  nebst  Wiirter- 
verzeichnis,  zweite  Auflage,  4in. 
Science, 
Pesce  (G.  L.),  La  Navigation  sous-marine,  lOfr. 

Urnerol  Literature. 
Blum(L),  En  Lisant,  Reflexions  critiques,  3fr.  50. 

Del  (P),  Politique  intt-rieure  et  etrangm-,  :!fr.  50. 
Lnd-Ctaabrier,  Mangwa,  Sfr.  B0. 
Provins(M.X  Du  l)(;sir  an  Fruit  Difendii,  3fr.  50. 
Thar.iutl  (J.  et  J.),  Dingley,  l'lllustre  Eirivain,  3fr. 

Willy,  Suzette  veut  me  lather  ! 3fr.  v>. 

.'All    Book*    recriivd    at     the    Office    up    to    Wrdnemlay 
Morning  will  be  inrhnlnt  in  this  List  unless  previously 
'.       Publishers  are  requested  to  state  vrice-s  when 
tending  Books. 


NOTES    FROM    CAMBRIDGE. 

The  Lent  term  passed  as  other  Lent  terms 
pass  :  it  was  long,  it  was  cold,  it  was  wet, 
and  we  were  all  glad  when  it  was  over.  We- 
have  for  the  most  part  forgotten  that  it 
began  with  a  most  unusual  thing— a  con- 
tested Parliamentary  election.  The  dis- 
appearance of  Sir  John  Gorst  from  the  House 
of  Commons  as  University  representative 
does  not  make  much  difference  to  Cambridge. 
His  abilities  were  admired  here,  and  his 
independence  was  respected  ;  some  thought 
he  had  had  hard  treatment  from  his  party 
and  others  voted  for  him  because  they  were 
more  in  sympathy  with  his  views  than  with 
those  of  his  opponents.  In  Dr.  S.  H. 
Butcher  we  have  almost  the  alter  ego  ot  bir 
Richard  Jebb,  whilst  Mr.  Rawimson  s 
career  at  the  bar  seems  as  bright  as  Sir 
John  Gorst's  was  in  his  early  days.  The 
election  was  in  itself  a  lame  affair,  enlivened 
by  an  attempt  to  get  the  Prime  Minister  s 
vote  disallowed ;  and  by  the  Master  of 
St.  John's  spirited  defence  of  Sir  John 
Gorst,  which  reminded  one  of  earlier  days, 
when  every  Johnian  felt  bound  to  vote  in 
the  interests  of  his  college.  . 

The  election  to  the  Greek  Professorslnp 
was  popular.  There  were  five  prelections,  by 
Dr.  Henry  Jackson,  Prof.  Ridgeway,  Dr 
Headlam,  Dr.  Verrall,  and  Dr.  Adam :  will 
the  field  be  as  good  when  Greek  is  relegated 
to  an  educational  back  seat  ?  It  is  remark- 
able, however,  that,  sound  as  all  the  can- 
didates are  as  scholars,  they  primarily 
represented  philosophy,  archaeology,  litera- 
ture, and  criticism.  Not  one  of  the  candi- 
dates but  would  have  been  a  worthy  and 
valuable  occupant  of  the  chair  and  a  gam 
to  classical  studies.  The  long  service  and 
immense  popularity  of  Dr.  Jackson  ulti- 
mately told  in  his  favour.  Whether  Ins 
philosophic  "heresies,"  as  he  himself  de- 
scribes them,  will  become  the  orthodoxy 
of  the  future,  time  alone  can  show  ;  but  he 
has  unquestionably  been  a  great  influence 
in  Cambridge,  and  is  respected  and  liked 
even  by  his  opponents,  being  too  strenuous 
a  character  not  to  make  opposition.  He 
was  third  Classic  in  the  year  Jebb  was 
senior  ;  but  there  is  a  wider  gap  between 
the  late  professor  and  his  successor  than 
that  singularly  modest  and  capable  scholar, 
the  Rev.  C.  E.  Graves,  of  St.  John's,  who 
parted  them  in  the  Tripos,  can  fill. 

The  Mastership  of  Corpus  Christi  has 
been  vacated  and  filled  up  this  term.  In 
Dr.  Perowne  a  fast-vanishing  type,  that  of 
the  polished  Evangelical  divine,  was  exem- 
plified. Suave  and  courteous,  scholarly  and 
hospitable,  he  calmly  refused  to  acknowledge 
that  he  lived  in  a  changing  world.  E  vur  si 
muove,  and  his  college  had  ceased  in  a  measure 
to  attract  many  undergraduates. 

The  choice  of  the  Fellows  has  fallen  upon 
one  of  their  number,  and  in  Col.  Robert 
Townley  Caldwell  they  have  secured  a 
Master  who  is  likely  to  make  the  college 
go  up  in  numbers.  "  The  gallant  and 
learned  the  Master  "—for  this  we  presume 
will  be  his  official  designation  when  a 
member  of  his  college  occupies  the  Uni- 
versity pulpit — is  one  of  the  most  versatile 
of  men.  He  has  commanded  a  militia 
regiment  in  Scotland,  travelled  far  and  wide, 
lectured  in  mathematics,  spoken  in  divers 
tongues  ;  he  knows  every  one,  and  every- 
body likes  him.  As  P.G.M.Camb.  no  mystery 
is  hidden  from  him.  His  sister  Mrs.  Colvin 
Hutchinson  will  make  the  most  charming  of 
hostesses  at  Corpus  Lodge.  In  a  word,  all 
Cambridge  is  pleased  at.  his  election,  in- 
cluding the  undergraduates  of  his  college, 
who  held  an  informal  election  and  voted 
him  Master  with  unanimity. 


The  Bishop  of  Ely  has  not  left  Queen's 
Lodge,  but  must  do  so  soon,  and  nobody  has  an 
idea  on  whom  the  choice  of  the  society  will 
fall.  Unfortunately,  the  poverty  of  the 
college  necessitates  that  a  man  of  means 
should  occupy  its  delightful  Lodge,  or  they 
would  not  have  far  to  seek.  Even  then  then- 
troubles  might  not  wholly  cease,  as  another 
Prime  Minister  might  dangle  a  mitre  and 
catch  a  third  successive  Resident  of  Queens'. 

So  bos  locutus  est ;  the  much  non-placeted 
Studies  Syndicate  has  submitted  another 
plan,  and  there  are  wicked  men  who  say 
that  its  voice  was  not  exactly  bovine  on 
this  occasion.  Six  members  abstained  from 
signing  the  report  who  can  scarcely  be  de- 
scribed as  University  Conservatives.  Tho 
Masters  of  Caius  and  Emmanuel  and  the 
Tutors  of  Clare  and  Emmanuel,  Mr.  Bateson 
of  St.  John's,  and  Mr.  Hardy,  one  of  the 
most  rising  pure  mathematicians  in  Trinity, 
have  abstained  from  approving  the  report. 
The  majority  are  supported  by  Dr. 
Butcher  (whose  acquaintance  with  the 
University  he  now  worthily  represents  in 
Parliament  is  scarcely  recent  enough  to 
enable  him  to  judge  of  the  practical  bearing 
of  a  question  like  the  present)  and  the  Bishop 
of  Ely.  The  rest  are  the  regular  official 
Liberals,  who  find  it  hard  to  believe  that 
the  Senate  will  dare  to  refuse  their  mess  a 
second  time  if  the  flavouring  is  slightly 
altered. 

The  report  itself  may  be  described  as 
insidious  and  verbose.  It  promises  to  deal 
with  the  question  of  the  Previous  Examina- 
tion at  a  future  time  and  make  suggestions 
for  a  new  general  examination.  The  policy 
is  to  be  one  of  divagation.  Two  new  degrees 
— virtually  a  B.Litt,  for  those  who  know 
Greek  and  a  B.Illitt,  for  those  who  do  not— 
are  to  be  created,  and  those  who  do  not 
wish  to  see  Greek  retained  as  compulsory 
for  men  who  do  not  take  science  are  bidden 
to  wait,  as  "  there  is  a  good  time  coming." 
A  dark  hint  is  thrown  out  that  at  some  future 
time  the  Syndicate  may  make  compulsory 
attendance  at  college  and  university  lectures 
part  of  the  curriculum  for  a  "  poll  "  degree. 
Whether  the  college  authorities  will  appre- 
ciate this  is  questionable,  and  it  would  be 
going  back  upon  an  almost  fundamental 
principle  of  Cambridge  life,  that  the  examina- 
tion, and  not  the  preparation,  is  the  test  for 
a  degree. 

Centenaries  are  too  numerous  to  attract 
much  attention,  but  that  of  Pitt,  which  was 
duly  celebrated  at  Pembroke,  is  worthy  of 
mention.  The  guests  were  presented  with 
copies  of  the  famous  letter  of  Chatham  to 
the  Master  entering  his  distinguished  son 
at  the  college,  and  were  privileged  to  hear 
a  remarkable  extemporary  oration  from  the 
venerable  Master  of  Trinity,  who  in  a  forty 
minutes'  speech  showed  such  a  fund  of 
knowledge  that,  like  Lord  Clive  on  a  famous 
occasion,  he  must  have  marvelled  at  his 
own  moderation  in  saying  so  little.  One 
of  the  popular  fictions  in  which  we  are 
ever  prone  to  indulge  is  that  tho  really  great 
men  who  have  been  at  such  and  such  a 
college  have  been  produced  by  it.  As  a 
rule,  chance  has  brought  them  to  the  Uni- 
versity, and  its  influence  has  been  but 
small  over  their  development.  But  this 
can  hardly  be  said  of  Pembroke,  at  which 
Pitt  stayed  for  a  considerable  time,  and 
where  his  talents  were  fostered  anddeveloped. 
The  pride  the  college  has  in  its  great  son  is 
in  tin-  case  perfectly  legitimate. 

The  science  which  in  our  youth  was  made 
tho  handmaid  of  theology  used  to  teach  that 

every    creature    served    some    useful    and 
beneficent  purpose,  or  it  would  never  have 

been  called  into  existence.      There  is  a  body 
in  Cambridge  which  cannot  bo  said  now  to 


392 


Til  E     ATIIKN'jEUM 


XM002,  Mak(h  :;l,  1906 


:'i\r  liny  aaeful  purpose,  and  000  Is  driven 

to  sii|)|misi<  tlml    any  edvantHL'      it    |m,>.    .mmI 

belong  to  i>  forgotten  past.  It  is  called  the 
(am  Conservancy,  ami  to  be  ■  Ooueervetor 
is  to  rise  to  the  highest  honour  the  Universitj 
can  bestow.  Ripe  experience,  age,  and  ■ 
college  headship  an-  mere  preliminary  steps 
to  this  greet  dignity,  and.  having  attained 

it,  a  man  may  well  sine;  "'  Nunc  dmnttis  " — 

and  remain.     There  is  believed  to  have  been 

atime  when  the  banks  of  the  Cam  resounded 
with  the  tread  of  horses  and  the  pt'ot'amt  \  of 
the  bargemen,  as  the  merchandise  ot  the 
Kast     was    brought     into    the    town    up    the 

sluggish  river.      Tolls  poured  in  apaee;   and 

town    and    gOWn    looked    with    gratitude    to 

the  Conservators  as  the  guardians  of  their 
well-being.  Now,  however,  save  two  steam 
bargee  from  Lynn,  there  is  no  traffic  by  river 
to  Cambridge,  and  the  Conservators'  occupa- 
tion is  gone.  Their  scanty  funds  go  to  pay 
salaries  and  wages  to  officials  whose  duties 
are,  to  say  the  least,  indeterminate.  In  tho 
meantime  the  river  is  rapidly  silting  up, 
despite  the  fact  that  a  fine  dredger  lies  idle 
at  Waterbeach. 

The  pages  of  The  Cambridge  Review  have 
been  enlivened  by  a  dispute  between  Mr. 
Wilfrid  Blunt  and  Prof.  Ridgeway,  whose 
book  on  the  '  Horse  '  had  been  somewhat 
rudely  handled  in  The  Nineteenth  Century 
by  the  first-named  gentleman.  The  Pro- 
fessor answered  the  critique  of  his  theories 
in  The  Cambridge  Review,  and  Mr.  Blunt 
retorted  in  an  open  letter.  His  answer  pro- 
voked a  scathing  reply,  and  there  the  matter 
rests.  Cambridge  enjoys  the  spectacle  of  a 
professor  who  fears  neither  to  enunciate 
principles  nor  to  maintain  them — of  whom 
it  may  be  said,  in  the  words  of  the  French 
burlesque,  "Cet  animal  est  tres  mechant : 
quand  on  l'attaque,  il  se  defend."  J. 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    BRITISH* 

ACADEMY,   1903-4. 

The  handsome  volume  which  contains  the 
first  Proceedings  of  the  British  Academy  will 
be  read  with  interest,  not  unmixed  with 
curiosity,  by  many  who  are  versed  in  the 
several  branches  of  learning  which  the 
Academy  has  taken  under  its  protection. 
It  was  perhaps  inevitable  that  this  first 
number  should  contain  an  official  narrative 
of  the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Academy,  and  a  '  Brief  Account  ' 
of  the  same  is  duly  prefixed  to  these  Pro- 
ceedings. From  this  we  learn  that  "  the 
representatives  of  the  chief  European  and 
American  Academies,"  assembled  at  Wies- 
baden in  1899,  whilst  apparently  satisfied 
with  the  status  of  the  Royal  Society 
as  the  representative  of  British  science, 
were  desirous  of  associating  only  with  an 
institution  "  competent  "  to  represent  his- 
torical, philosophical,  and  philological  studies 
as  pursued  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
"urgently  demanded"  that  "immediate 
efforts  should  be  made  to  secure  tho  due 
corporate  representation  of  these  branches 
of  study  "  in  this  country.  From  this 
sentence  of  the  learned  inquisitors  of  Bel- 
grade, Bucharest,  and  Caraccas  it  would 
seem  that  there  was  no  appeal.  Accord- 
ingly the  chief  British  culprits,  though  them- 
selves already  actual  or  potential  Fellows 
of  several  very  "  competent  "  corporations 
representing  the  studies  in  question,  has- 
tened to  complj'  with  this  imperious  demand 
by  "  resolving  "  at  a  special  meeting  of  their 
own  number  to  form  a  new  society  "  on  con- 
ditions which  will  satisfy  "  the  foreign 
academies.  These  deliberations  led  to  the 
incorporation  of  the  British  Academy  of 
Learning  in  1902. 


Hut  apart  from  these  revelations  of  the 
occasional  littleness  of  great  munis,  which 
we  regret  to  find  recorded  in  this  jH-rmanent 

form,    there    COUld    scarcely    have    been    two 

opinions  as  to  the  desirability  or  usefuh 
of  the  joint   representation  of  the  stud&  • 
referred  to,  m  the  interests  of  native  scholar- 
ship alone.     If  the  further  purpose  of  facili- 
tating the  exchange  of  ideas  and  promoting 

international  co-operation  in  learned  under- 
takings could  be  attained  by  this  simple 
expedient,  the  plan  would  appear  all  the 
more  praiseworthy.  We  might  even  be 
tempted  to  regret  that  tho  ideal  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  new  society  could  not  In- 
realized  by  the  creation  of  an  Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences.  This,  however,  would 
have  entailed  a  sacrifice  of  prestige  on  the 
part  of  tho  Royal  Society  which  that  ancient 
corporation  could  scarcely  have  been  ex- 
pected to  make.  It  is  not  quite*  clear 
whether  the  existing  learned  societies  con- 
nected with  these  "  literary  sciences/'  were 
directly  consulted  ;  but  in  any  case  they 
seem  to  have  shown  very  little  interest  in 
the  subject.  This  is  certainly  a  matter  for 
regret.  Indeed,  it  was  pointed  out  at  the 
time  in  a  Quarterly  Review  article  that  "  one 
of  the  most  obvious  and  certainly  the  most 
English  way  of  organizing  the  learned 
societies  of  London  would  be  that  each 
should  appoint  certain  delegates,  who  should 
meet  in  order  to  establish  a  central  bureau." 
The  writer,  however,  reluctantly  concluded 
that  this  procedure  would  be  impracticable, 
and  the  mere  suggestion  of  the  alternative 
seems  to  have  been  promptly  rejected  at 
the  preliminary  meeting  of  the  promoters 
of  a  British  Academy.  And  thus,  at  the 
cost  of  some  unnecessary  friction  and 
mystification,  the  Academy  has  been  fairly 
launched  on  its  career. 

In  his  eloquent  and  inspiriting  address  its 
first  President  vindicates  the  inception  of 
the  Academy  and  expounds  its  policy. 
Without  implying  any  reflection  on  the 
activity  of  existing  societies,  the  peculiar 
function  of  the  Academy,  we  are  told,  will  be 
to  give  individual  workers  "  the  solidarity 
which  they  need."  This  means,  we  find, 
the  encouragement  and  organization  of 
research,  notoriously  neglected  in  this 
countryr  by  the  Government,  and  fitfully 
pursued  by  learned  bodies  and  individual 
scholars.  The  several  spheres  of  literary7 
se'ence  in  which  the  influence  of  the  Academy 
will  be  felt  are  then  enumerated.  There 
can  be  little  doubt  that  such  an  influential 
body  covdd  do  real  service  in  the  formation 
of  public  opinion  on  scientific  lines.  It  does 
not,  however,  appear,  from  this  address, 
that  the  proposals  which  the  Academy  is 
prepared  to  make  amount,  as  yet,  to  more 
than  a  very  gracious  and  intelligent  appre- 
ciation of  the  modern  research  which  may 
come  within  the  view  of  its  several  sections. 

Thus,  under  the  head  of  Philology,  we 
read  that  Dr.  Murray  and  his  assistants 
have  "  relieved  us  of  the  serious  task,  well 
worthy  of  the  energies  of  a  British  Academy," 
&c.  ;  that  Prof.  Joseph  Wright  is  engaged 
on  a  stupendous  collection  of  folk-speech 
which,  it  is  hoped,  will  "  find  an  honoured 
place  among  the  publications  of  the  Aca- 
demy "  j  that  "  tho  work  of  editing  English 
texts  should  be  encouraged  by  us  "  ;  and 
that  "  we  should  supplement  and  aid  the 
excellent  work  of  the  Early  English  Text 
Society."  Again,  we  learn  that  it  will  be 
the  duty  of  tho  Academy  to  "  take  its  full 
share  in  tho  work  of  Celtic  research."  In 
Oriontal  studies 

''noons  is  satisfied  with  tho  present  condition  of 

things It  will  be  our  duty  to  -see  that  justice  is 

done,"  &c. 

Again: — 


"111'     International    AiutoeLatiou    of    Academic* 

termined    to    ] *>i  1  >I t f*h    mi     Kneyclopwdi*    of 

\  We      moot    hut    regret    that    the 

foundation  el  our  Academy,  after  tli«-M-  |ir"i*»tal» 

'  u»  to  claim 
the  11 

Under  the  head  of  History  the  programme 
of  tho  Academy  is  vague  and  indefinite. 
ThiB  is,  perhaps,  to  be  regretted,  inasmuch 
as  the  requirements  of  historical  stody 

planed  in  the  forefront  of  the  movement  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  Academy,  although 
t  In-  prominj  at  •  is  in  curious  contrast  to  tho 
very  inadequate  representation  of  Kngiiah 
historical  study  in  the  published  li^t  of 
Academicians. 

Economic  and  legal  studies,  we  are  in- 
formed, "  will  receive  "  from  the  associated 
Academies  "  the  precise  facts  which  they 
require."  In  the  "domain  of  Law  "  our 
own  Academy  "  will  be  able  to  co-ordinate 
individual  efforts  "  to  compare  the  legal 
enactments  of  one  hundred  English-speaking 
legislatures,  a  task  which  naturally  "  tran- 
scends the  power  of  any  individual."  The 
"scientific  treatment  of  law,"  which  "  haa 
been  too  long  neglected,"  will  next  be  taken 
in  hand,  and  "  it  will  be  our  privilege  to 
give  encouragement  to  those  who  are 
striving  to  place  "  this  study  on  a  proper 
footing.  We  are  not  told  precisely  by  what 
means  these  undoubtedly  desirable  results 
wUl  be  brought  about.  We  are  reminded, 
it  is  true,  that  "  when  the  State  desires  to 
obtain  information,  the  Academy  will  be  able- 
to  collect  such  information  or  to  indicate 
the  channels  through  which  it  should  be 
obtained."  It  is,  however,  at  least  equally 
possible  that  the  State  will  prefer  to  rely 
upon  its  own  official  advisers  in  these  matters, 
and  also  in  those  relating  to  the  question, 
"  What  form  of  expenditure  will  lead  to 
efficiency  of  research  ?  "  in  the  rather  impro- 
bable event  of  such  expenditure  being 
sanctioned.  We  trust  that  the  President 
of  the  British  Academy  is  on  surer  ground 
when  he  naively  suggests  that  this  body 
may  "  also  stimulate  private  benefactors 
and  "  protect  them  against  indiscreet  at- 
tempts to  divert  their  benevolence  to  other 
objects." 

In  the  concluding  paragraphs  of  the  Presi- 
dential Address  we  are  very  properly  re- 
minded of  tho  necessity  of  recognizing  "  the 
intellectual  activity  of  the  various  parts  of 
the  Empire."  This  is,  indeed,  a  matter 
worthy  of  the  closest  attention,  and,  although 
no  reference  to  tho  subject  appears  in  these 
Proceedings,  it  is  to  bo  hoped  that  the 
influence  of  the  Academy  will  be  exerted 
to  induce  the  Governments  of  the  Australian 
and  South  African  colonies  to  reconsider 
their  determination  to  discontinue  the  very 
valuable  researches  which  have  been  carried 
on  by  colonial  historiographers  during  the 
last  twenty  years,  especially  as  the  usefulness- 
of  this  work  will  be  much  enhanced  in  con- 
nexion with  the  new  Chair  of  Colonial 
History  at  Oxford. 

The  very  important  and  extensive  pro- 
gramme announced  in  the  Presidential 
Address  delivered  at  the  close  of  the  first 
session  of  the  Academy  in  1903  must  not 
be  too  closely  compared  with  the  perform- 
ances recorded  in  the  Report  made  to  the 
Fellows  a  year  later.  The  explanation  of 
this  apparent  inactivity  is  to  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  the  past  session  "has  called 
forth  our  energies  and  tested  our  strength 
to  a  degree  that  might  have  caused  anxiety  " 
to  an  older  institution.  The  allusion  is  to 
"  the  duties  which  fell  upon  the  Academy  " 
in  connexion  with  the  visit  to  London,  irk 
the  summer  of  1904,  of  the  International 
Association  of  Academies,  which,  "  had  not 
the    Academy    been    called    intojexistence. 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


393 


would  have  fared  as  a  stranger  in  a  strange 
land,  with  none  to  show  it  hospitality  and 
no  congenial  welcome."  For,  although  the 
Academy  has  no  local  habitation  of  its 
own,  nor  any  visible  means  of  dispensing 
hospitality,  and  although  the  foreign  Acade- 
micians were  ostensibly  entertained  by  the 
University  of  London,  the  Royal  Society, 
and  other  learned  bodies,  it  would  apparently 
have  been  contrary  to  foreign  etiquette  to 
have  accepted  this  promiscuous  hospitality 
without  the  intervention  of  an  academic 
master  of  the  ceremonies.  But,  however 
gratifying  the  social  success  which  the 
Academy  achieved  on  this  memorable 
occasion,  we  must  infer  that  it  was  gained 
at  the  expense  of  the  active  prosecution  of 
many  of  its  literary  projects.  Thus  we 
read  in  thus  Report  for  1904  that  "it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  Academy  will  be  able  to 
do  its  duty  in  promoting  some  of  the  great 
international  enterprises  in  which  the  Empire 
is  eminently  interested."  Moreover,  there 
is  a  note  of  warning  in  the  exhortation  that 
the  Academy  may  be  "  more  fully  equipped 
than  we  are  now  to  meet  our  responsibilities." 
But,  as  we  have  pointed  out  before,  consider- 
able allowance  has  evidently  to  be  made  for 
the  social  distractions  and  administrative 
difficulties  that  are  perhaps  to  be  regarded 
as  infantile  complaints  to  which  this  "  young- 
est of  the  Academies  "  was  inevitably  sub- 
ject. A  similar  excuse  might  be,  and  has 
been,  made  for  any  shortcomings  in  respect 
of  the  "  Papers  and  Publications  "  of  the 
Academy.  Six  papers,  it  would  seem,  were 
read  during  the  year  1903,  and  nine  more 
in  1904  ;  but  of  these  four  of  the  most  im- 
portant are  represented  only  by  brief 
summaries.  Of  the  rest,  though  all  are 
scholarly  and  some  are  also  suggestive,  not 
more  than  two  or  three  can  claim  to  be 
regarded  as  permanent  records  of  research  ; 
whilst  the  excellent  biographies  of  deceased 
Fellows  do  not,  of  course,  possess  an  ex- 
clusive value.  Of  the  "  Publications  "  of 
the  Academy  we  have  no  further  indication 
in  the  present  volume  of  Proceedings  ;  but 
as  such  "  Publications  "  in  the  case  of  the 
foreign  Academies  are  both  voluminous  and 
valuable,  we  may  hope  for  a  welcome  addi- 
tion to  our  textual  literature  from  a  British 
source. 

It  is  wholly  in  the  interests  of  the 
Academy  itself  that  we  have  ventured 
to 5  point  out  that  the  jarring  note  of 
un-English  subservience  to  the  petty  spirit 
of  official  etiquetto  has  been  sounded  with 
painful  iteration  in  these  pages ;  whilst 
the  official  pronouncements,  with  their  com- 
placent egoism,  though  harmless  and  doubt- 
less agreeable  as  articles  of  domestic  con- 
sumption, should  have  been  severely  edited 
for  general  publication.  No  learned  body 
of  recent  standing  can  subsist  for  long  on 
the  credit  of  confident  predictions  and  lavish 
professions  which  are  not  verified  or  accom- 
plished in  due  season.  And  we  would 
venture  to  add,  with  all  respect,  that  no 
such  body  can  hold  together  in  this  country, 
l>ereft  of  State  aid,  without  a  published 
balance-sheet  of  its  public  and  privato 
expenses. 


HIE  SPRING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

MKSSKS.     MAC.MIU.W 

include-  in  their  spring  list — In  Anthropology, 
Belles-Lettres,  Ac:  The  Tods*,  by  Dr.  W.  H.  R. 
Rirern,  with  illustrations,— Lord  Canon  in  India, 
election  of  speeches  delivered  during  his  vice- 
royalty,— Evelyn's  Diary,  3  vols.,  edited  hy  Austin 
Dobson,   with  portraits,   views,   maps,    and    fao 

similes;  also  an  edition  de  luxe  on  hand  -  made 
piper  in  the  "Eversley  Series,"— Caldemn's  I'lavs, 
translated  hy  Edward  Fit /.Gerald, — anil  (Meat 
Bowlers  and  Fielders:  their  Methods  at  a  Glance, 


by  G.  W.  Beldam  and  C.  B.  Fry,  with  very  many 
illustrations. 

Biography,  History,  and  Travel :  Walter  Pater, 
by  A.  O.  "Benson  ("English  Men  of  Letters'"), 
—  The  Life  of  Gladstone,  by  John  Motley, 
Popular  Edition,  Vol.  I.,  — A  History  of  the 
British  Army,  by  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Fortescue, 
Vol.  IV.  (1793-1801),  2  parts,  —  Highways  and 
Byways  in  Dorset,  by  Sir  F.  Treves,  illustrated  by 
J.  Pennell,— A  History  of  the  English  Church, 
edited  by  Dean  Stephens  and  the  Rev.  W.  Hunt : 
Vol.  VII.  The  Eighteenth  Century,  by  Canon 
Overton  and  the  Rev.  F.  Relton, — The  Life  and 
Experiences  of  Sir  Henry  Enfield  Roscoe,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  written  by  himself,  with  portraits 
and  other  illustrations,  —  History  of  English 
Prosody  from  the  Twelfth  Century  to  the  Present 
Day,  by  Prof.  Saintsbury :  Vol.  I.  From  the 
Origins  to  Spenser, — and  Memorials  of  Edward 
Burne- Jones,  by  G.  B.  J.,  2  vols.,  a  second  edition. 

In  Poetry  :  The  Door  of  Humility,  by  Alfred 
Austin, — and  Tennyson's  Complete  Works,  5  vols., 
pocket  edition  on  India  paper. 

In  Fiction  :  Elizabeth  and  her  German  Garden, 
a  new  edition,  with  coloured  illustrations  by 
S.  H.  Vedder,  —  Lever's  Lord  Kilgobbin,  and 
Tom  Burke  of  Ours,  illustrated  by  Phiz, — The 
Wrong  Envelope,  and  other  Stories,  by  Mrs. 
Molesworth, — and  Lady  Baltimore,  by  Owen 
Wister. 

In  Economics  and  Politics :  The  Standard  of 
Life  and  other  Reprinted  Essays,  by  Mrs.  B. 
Bosanquet, — The  Coal  Question,  by  Y^  .  Stanley 
Jevons,  edited  by  A.  W.  Flux,  third  edition, 
revised,  ■ — -Interest  and  Saving,  by  E.  C.  K. 
Conner,  —  Betting  and  Gambling  :  a  National 
Evil,  by  B.  S.  Rowntree,  a  cheap  edition, — The 
Taxation  of  the  Liquor  Trade,  by  J.  Rowntree 
and  A.  Sherwell  :  Vol.  I.  Public-Houses,  Hotels, 
Res-taurants,  Theatres,  Railway  Bars,  Clubs, — 
new  editions  of  The  Return  to  Protection,  by 
William  Smart,  and  An  Introduction  to  the 
Theory  of  Value,  by  the  same, — and  the  States- 
man's Year-Book  for  1906,  edited  by  J.  S.  Keltie, 
with  the  assistance  of  I.  P.  A.  Renwick. 

In  Theology  and  Philosophy  :  An  Enquiry  into 
the  Evidential  Value  of  Prophecy,  by  the  Rev. 
E.  A.  Edghill,—  Idola  Theatri,  by  Henry  Sturt,— 
and  Christian  Thought  on  Present-Day  Questions, 
by  W.  A.  Whitworth. 

In  Natural  History,  Science,  and  Education : 
Cambridge  Natural  History,  Vol.  I.  :  Protozoa,  by 
Marcus  Hartog  ;  Sponges,  by  W.  J.  Sollas  ;  Jelly- 
Fish,  Sea-Anemones,  &c,  by  S.  J.  Hickson  ;  and 
Star-Fish,  Sea-Urchins,  &c,  by  E.  W.  MacBride, 
— British  Inland  Birds,  by  Anthony  Collett,  witli 
coloured  illustrations, — Appendicitis:  its  Pathology 
and  Surgery,  by  C.  B.  Lockwood,  a  second  edition, 
— A  System  of  ( lynajcology,  by  many  writers, 
edited  by  Prof.  T.  C.  Allbutt,  Dr.  W.  S.  Playfair, 
and  Dr.  \Y.  Eden,  a  second  edition, — Stonehengo, 
and  other  British  Stone  Monuments  Astrono- 
mically Considered,  by  Sir  Norman  Lockyer,  — 
Electrical  Engineering  in  Theory  and  Practice,  by 
G.  D.  A.  Parr,  with  many  illustrations,  —  A 
Manual  of  Geometry,  by  W.  D.  Eggar, — and 
Lessons  in  Science,  by  Prof.  R.  A.  Gregory  and 
A.  T.  Simmons. 

MKSSRS.  METHTJEN 
announce  in  History  and  Biography:  The  Guilds 
of  Florence,  by  E.  Staley, — The  Makers  of  Japan, 
by  J.  Morris, — Marie  Antoinette,  by  H.  Belloc, 
M.P., — Beauties  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,  by  A. 
Fca, — On  the  Spanish  Main,  by  J.  Masefield,— Sir 
Walter  Scott,  by  G.  Le  G.  Norgate, — Letters  from 
Samoa,  by  Mrs.  M.  I.  Stevenson,  arranged  hy 
M.  C.  Balfour, — Edinburgh,  by  M.  G.  Williamson, 
illustrated  by  H.  Railton, — Lincoln,  by  E.  M. 
Sympson,  illustrated  by  E.  H.  New, — Bristol,  by 
A.  Harvey,  illustrated  by  E.  H.  New, — Fenelon, 
by  Viscount  St.  Cyrcs, — -The  Tragedy  of  South 
Africa,  by  A.  M.  8.  Methuen, — and  a  History  of 
British  Colonial  Policy,  by  H.  E.  Egcrton,  a  new 
edition. 

In  Fine  Art  and  Archaeology  :  European  Enamels, 
by  H.  Cunynghame,  C. B. , — Seals,  by  J.  H.  Bloom, 
— The  Manor  and  Manorial  Keeords,  by  N.  J. 
Hone, — The  Pageant  of  London,  by  R.  Davey, 
2vol8.,  illustrated  liy  J.  Fulleylovo, — A  Glossary 
of  Terms  used  in  English  Architecture,  by  T.  D. 
Atkinson, — Christian  Art,  by  Mrs.  If.  .Tenner, — 
and  The  English  Spy,  with  coloured  plates  hy 
Cruikshank,  1  vols. 

In  Theology  and  Philosophy;  Development  and 


Divine  Purpose,  by  V.  F.  Storr, — Religion  in? 
Evolution,  by  F.  B.  Jevons, — A  Little  Book  of 
Religion,  by  J.  A.  Cross, — and  Introduction  to  the 
Devout  Life,  by  St.  Francis  de  Sales,  translated  by 
T.  Barns. 

In  Geography  and  Travel :  Lhasa  and  i  ts  Mysteries, 
by  L.  A.  Waddell,—  The  Rhine,  by  S.  Baring- 
Gould,  illustrated, — The  Land  of  Pardons,  by  A. 
Le  Braz,  translated  by  F.  M.  Gostling,  with  fifty 
illustrations, — The  Lake  of  Como,  by  R.  Bagot.— 
and  in  the  "Little  Guides":  Northamptonshire,, 
by  Wakeling  Dry  ;  The  East  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
by  J.  E.  Morris ;  and  Oxfordshire,  by  F.  G 
Brabant ;  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  by  G.  Clinch  ;  and 
Kerry,  by  Capt.  C.  P.  Crane,  all  illustrated. 

Belles-Lettres    and  General  :    Dante  in  English- 
Literature,     by     P.    Toynbee,  — Spain    and    the 
Spaniards,  by  E.  Hutton,  with  many  illustrations,. 
—The  Poems  of  Wordsworth,  edited  by  Nowell  C. 
Smith,  4  vols., — A  Day  Book  of  Keats,  arranged 
by  E.  de  Selincourt, — Words  of  the  Ancient  Wise, 
from  Epictetus  and  Marcus  Aurelius,  arranged  by 
W.  H.  D.  Rouse, — Thoughts  for  the  Day,  arranged 
by  R.    M.    Smith,— To-day,   by  J.    C.  Wright,— 
Counsels    of    Life,    edited    by    the   Hon.    E.    F. 
Matheson, — Troilus  and   Cressida,    edited    by  K. 
Deighton, — Twelfth  Night,  edited  by  M.  Luce, — > 
Antony   and   Cleopatra,  edited  by  R.   H.  Case, — 
Commerce  in  War,  by  L.  A.  Atherley  Jones,  K.C., 
M.P.,  and  H.   H.    L.   Bellot,— The  Making  of  an' 
Orator,  by  J.  O'Connor  Power, — Petrol  Peter,  by 
A.  Williams,  illustrated  in  colour  by  A.  W.  Mills,. 
— The  Coal  Industry,  by  E.  Ames, — The  Iron  Trade, 
by  J.  S.  Jeans, — and  The  Doings  of  Arthur,   as 
jotted  by  the  Westminster  Gazette  Office  Boy. 

Sports  and  Pastimes :  The  Complete  Rugby 
Footballer,  by  D.  Gallaher,  with  many  illustra- 
tions,— The  Complete  Cricketer,  by  A.  E.  Knight, 
and  The  Motor  Year-Book  for  190G,  edited  by 
H.  M.  Buist,  illustrated. 

Garden  Books :  A  Book  of  English  Gardens,  by 
K.  Wyatt  and  M.  R.  Gloag, — A  Concise  Handbook 
of  Shrubs,  by  Mrs.  G.  Lewis, — A  Handbook  of 
Climbers,  Twiners,  and  Wall  Shrubs,  by  H.  P. 
FitzGerald, — and  Pictorial  Gardening,  by  G.  F. 
Millin  ;  all  illustrated. 

Educational  Books  :  Manual   Training  Drawing 
(Woodwork),  by  F.  Sturck,  with  many  plates  and 
diagrams, — A  Key  to  Beard's  Junior  General  In- 
formation Papers, — Elementary  Organic  Chemistry,, 
by   A.    E.    Dunstan, — A   Primer    of    Religion,  by 
Canon  Oldfield, — A  Junior  Magnetism   and   Elec- 
tricity,  by   W.    T.    Clough,    illustrated, — A  New 
Trigonometry  for  Beginners,   by  R.  F.  D'Arcy, — ■ 
Examples  in  Physics,    by  C.  E.  Jackson, — A  New 
Junior  Arithmetic,   by  H.   B.    Smith, — The  Gospel' 
according  to  St.  Luke,   edited  by  W.  Williamson,. 
— A  School  History  of  Warwickshire,  by  B.  C.  A. 
Windle, — A  School   History  of   Somerset,    by  W. 
Raymond, — and  Small  Lessons  on  Great  Truths,, 
by  A.  K.  Parkes. 

In  Fiction  :  Lady  Betty  across  the  Water,  by 
C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson, — The  Ragged1. 
Messenger,  and  Fabulous  Fancies,  by  W.  B. 
Maxwell,  new  editions, — Blanche  Esmead,  by  Mrs. 
Fuller  Maitland, — Loaves  and  Fishes,  by  B.  Capes,. 
— The  Shadow  of  the  Lord,  by  Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser, 
— Durham's  Farm,  by  C.  C.  Yeldham,  —  The 
Coming  of  the  Randolphs,  by  A.  Sergeant, — several 
new  and  popular  volumes  in  "The  Strand  Novels," 
— The  Wild- Duck  Shooter,  The  (Jreat  Massacre, 
and  Henri  of  Navarre,  by  Dumas, — and  additions 
to  "  The  Novelist." 


litoanj  ffinsstp. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  before  long  a- 
volume  entitled  '  Old  German  Love  Songs,' 
by  Mr.  F.  C.  Nicholson.  In  this  work  an 
attempt,  has,  for  the  first  time,  been  made- 
to  present  English  readers  with  a  fairly 
largo  and  typical  selection  from  the 
German  Minnesingers  of  the  twelfth, 
thirteenth,  and  fourteenth  centuries.  The 
English  versions,  while  preserving  the  form 
of  the  originals,  aim,  so  far  as  is  possible, 
at  faithfulness  of  rendering  ;  and  as  up- 
wards of  fifty  poets  are  repmsented,  it  is- 


.394 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


NM092,  Mahch31,  1906 


hoped  that  the  work  may  enable  readers 
in  this  count  iv  to  form  some  idea  both  of 
the  matter  and  the  manner  of  such  poetry, 
to  judge  of  its  scope,  and  follow  the  main 
lines  of  its  development.  An  introductory 
essay  discusses  the  history  of  the  subject 
in  scholarly  fashion. 

BIbssbs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  are  pub- 
lish ing  on  April  10th  '  A  Summer  Ride 
through  Western  Tibet,'  by  Miss  J.  E. 
Duncan.  The  work  records  the  author's 
experiences  in  remote  valleys  of  Western 
Tibet,  including  the  inspection  of  ancient 
Tibetan  inscriptions  now  for  the  first 
time  photographed  and  interpreted.  The 
archaeology  of  Ladakh  and  Baltistan  is 
■only  beginning  to  be  made  known  to 
European  scholars,  and  there  is  a  rich 
field  for  exploration  in  these  countries. 
The  volume  contains  numerous  illustra- 
tions and  a  map. 

A  collection  of  F.  Anstey's  humorous 
stories  and  sketches,  which  have  for  the 
most  part  appeared  in  Punch,  will  be 
published  by  the  same  firm  next  Friday, 
under  the  title  '  Salted  Almonds,'  which 
hints  that  the  sketches  are  not  provided 
as  articles  of  nourishment,  but  rather  to 
beguile  the  intervals  between  the  courses 
of  a  substantial   banquet. 

In  The  Scottish  Historical  Review  for 
April  Prof.  Firth  presents  with  annota- 
tions certain  '  Ballads  on  the  Bishops' 
Wars,  1638-40.'  Mr.  Lang  writes  again, 
with  illustrations,  on  the  portraits  of  Queen 
Mary.  Other  contributions  include  re- 
markable contemporary  papal  documents 
in  connexion  with  St.  Andrews  University 
under  James  I.  of  Scotland  ;  a  paper  on 
the  original  organization  of  the  Darien 
Company  ;  and  a  chapter  of  translation 
by  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  from  the  '  Scala- 
cronica.'  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  includes  his 
reply  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Stevenson's  book  on 
the  Ruthven  peerage. 

Mrs.  Herbert  Bland,  well  known  as 
E.  Nesbit,"  has  written  a  serious  novel 

called  '  The  Incomplete  Amorist,'  which 

is  to  appear  next  August. 

Mr.  Dobell  has  just  issued  proposals 
to  publish  various  unknown  and  inedited 
works  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries  if  a  sufficient  number  of  sub- 
scribers can  be  secured.  Amongst  the 
books  announced  is  Traherne's  prose 
work  '  Centuries  of  Meditation,'  from 
which  Mr.  Dobell,  in  his  Introduction  to 
Traherne's  '  Poetical  Works,'  made  many 
extracts  of  biographical  interest.  Tra- 
herne's prose  has  the  good  qualities  of  his 
verse,  and  is  said  to  be  free  from  the  defects 
sometimes  apparent  in  the  latter.  Another 
announcement  is  that  of  the  '  Poetical 
Works  '  (never  before  collected)  of  William 
Strode  ( 1 602-44) .  Mr.  Dobell  makes  high 
claims  for  this  author,  whom  he  ranks 
with  such  poets  as  Carew,  Cartwright, 
Corbet,  and  Randolph.  However  this 
may  be,  there  is  no  doubt  (as  Mr.  Sidney 
Lee  has  pointed  out  in  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography ')  that  there  ought 
to  be  a  collected  edition  of  Strode's  works. 
The  book  will  include  a  reprint  of  Strode's 
play  called  '  The  Floating  Island.' 


Mr.  Dobell  also  announces  his  inten- 
tion to  publish  a  series  of  volumes  under 
the  title  of  '  Gleanings  from  Manuscripts,' 
which  will  comprise  poems  and  dramas 
of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries 
which  have  never  yet  been  printed.  These 
"  Gleanings  "  will  include  works  by  many 
writers  as  yet  unknown  to  fame,  and  also 
poems  by  well-known  authors  which  have 
not  yet  been  collected  or  edited.  Other 
works  are  announced  by  Mr.  Dobell,  but 
for  these  we  must  refer  our  readers  to  his 
prospectus. 

'  Out  of  Due  Time,'  Mrs.  Wilfrid  Ward's 
new  novel,  which  will  be  published  next 
week  by  Messrs.  Longman,  deals  with  the 
reconciliation  of  the  theology  of  the  Roman 
Church  with  the  results  of  the  positive 
sciences. 

An  essay  on  '  The  Nature  of  Truth,'  by 
Mr.  H.  H.  Joachim,  is  announced  by  the 
Oxford  University  Press.  An  examina- 
tion is  made  of  certain  typical  notions  of 
truth,  and  Mr.  Joachim  affirms  that 
every  one  of  these  fails  to  maintain  itself 
against  critical  investigation. 

Messrs.  MacLehose,  of  Glasgow,  will 
publish  almost  immediately,  in  their 
"  Library  of  Travels,"  Engelbert  Kaemp- 
fer's  '  History  of  Japan,'  of  which  no 
complete  reprint  has  been  issued  since 
its  first  appearance  in  1727.  The  volume 
will  be  followed,  in  the  same  series,  by 
'  The  Totall  Discourse  of  the  Rare  Adven- 
tures and  Painefull  Peregrinations '  of 
William  Lithgow,  one  of  the  first  of 
Scottish  travellers  to  leave  a  record  of 
extended  wanderings.  His  book  had 
reached  a  dozen  editions  eighty  years  ago. 

'  Flowers  of  France,'  an  anthology 
of  the  poetry  of  the  Romantic  period 
(Hugo  to  Leconte  de  Lisle),  rendered  into 
isometrical  English  verse  by  Mr.  John 
Payne,  is  the  title  of  the  new  issue  of  the 
Villon  Society.  The  book  is  now  in  the 
press,  and  will  comprise  some  three 
hundred  poems  (in  all  14,000  lines)  by 
forty  poets  of  the  period.  The  two 
volumes  in  question,  although  forming 
an  independent  work,  are  the  first  section 
of  an  exhaustive  work  on  French  poetry. 
The  second,  dealing  with  the  Renaissance 
period  of  the  sixteenth  century  (Marot 
to  Malherbe),  is  also  complete'  in  MS., 
and  will  be  issued  in  due  course.  Par- 
ticulars can  be  obtained  from  Mr.  Alfred 
Forman,  the  lion,  secretary  of  the  Society. 

The  Selden  Society  reports  a  steady 
increase  of  members.  The  volume  for 
this  year  will  be  the  second  volume  of  the 
'  Borough  Customs,'  edited  by  Miss  Bate- 
son,  which  is  already  well  advanced. 
Provisional  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  the  following  publications  :  in  1907 
'  Year-Books  of  Edward  II.,'  Vol.  TV. ;  in 
1908  '  Select  Proceedings  in  the  Star 
Chamber,'  Vol.  II.  ;  and  in  1909  '  Year- 
Books  of  Edward  II.,'  Vol.  V. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  has  been  appointed 
sole  wholesale  agent  for  the  small-scale 
Ordnance  and  Geological  Survey  Maps. 
In  the  development  of  this  branch  of  his 
business  Mr.  Unwin's  new  premises  at 
1,  Adelphi  Terrace,  will  be  of  assistance. 


Thk  Edinburgh  committee  have  com- 
pleted their  arrangements  for  celebrating 
the  quatercentenary  of  George  Buchanan. 
The  proceedings  will  begin  on  July  8th 
with  a  service  in  the  University  Chapel, 
to  be  followed  by  a  meeting  at  which 
orations  will  be  delivered  and  degrees 
conferred. 

Mr.  Werner"  Laurie  is  publishing 
'  Life  in  the  Law,'  by  the  late  George 
Witt,  K.C.,  whose  sudden  death  in  a 
London  omnibus  was  recently  reported. 
He  was  a  general  favourite,  and  this 
volume  of  his  reminiscences  during  the 
last  forty  years  is  likely  to  be  popular. 

There  is  some  prospect  of  a  memorial 
to  Carlyle  being  erected  in  Edinburgh  at 
an  early  date.  So  far,  nothing  definite 
has  been  decided,  though  a  replica  of 
Boehm's  statue  is  suggested,  as  well  as  a 
medallion  or  brass  in  St.  Giles's  Cathedral. 
Meanwhile,  subscriptions  are  being  re- 
ceived by  Mr.  James  Marchbank,  45, 
York  Place,  Edinburgh,  the  honorary 
secretary  to  the  committee  appointed  for 
the  purpose  indicated  in  the  year  of 
Carlyle' s  centenary. 

Various  aspects  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  especially  the  period  1714-89, 
are  to  be  dealt  with  at  the  summer  meeting 
of  University  Extension  students  at 
Cambridge.  The  meeting  will  be  divided 
into  two  parts,  from  2nd  to  15th,  and 
15th  to  28th  August.  The  arrangements 
include  an  inaugural  lecture  by  the 
American  Ambassador,  and  the  full  pro- 
gramme will  be  ready  early  in  May. 

At  the  London  Sociological  Society's 
meeting  on  Wednesday  next,  at  the 
Compositors'  Hall,  St.  Bride  Street,  Mr. 
Robb  Lawson  will  contribute  a  paper  on 
'  The  Drama  as  a  Sociological  Factor.' 

At  the  yearly  meeting  of  the  German 
Shakespeare  Society  on  April  23rd,  at 
Weimar,  Prof.  G.  B.  Churchill,  of  Amherst 
College,  U.S.,  who  is  a  Doctor  of  Berlin, 
will  deliver  the  "  Festvortrag  "  on  '  Shake- 
speare in  America.'  In  the  evening 
'  Richard  III.'  will  be  performed,  and 
next  day  Massinger's  '  Duke  of  Milan.' 

There  will  be  a  literary  exhibit  in  the 
Bohemian  Section  of  the  Austrian  Exhibi- 
tion due  this  year  at  Earl's  Court,  of 
interest  to  English  students  of  the  four- 
teenth to  the  seventeenth  centuries. 
Some  of  the  precious  records  of  these 
periods  are  to  be  brought  from  Prague  : 
MSS.  of  Wiclif  and  Hus,  and  t'hekcicky 
and  Stitny,  and  interesting  documents 
relating  to  the  "  Queen  of  Hearts,"  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  and  her  son  Rupert. 
There  will  also  be  exhibited  etchings  and 
engravings  illustrating  this  period,  and  a 
collection  of  Hollar's  work.  Copies  of 
the  famous  buildings  and  castles  in  the 
towns  of  Prague,  Prachatic,  Tabor,  Carl- 
stein,  Pilson,  Kuttenberg,  &c,  are  to  be 
erected,  and  these  will  be  peopled  by 
peasants  in  their  national  costume,  giving 
this  section  an  especial  interest  to  English 
travellers  and  students. 

Mr.  E.  H.  Whinfield  writes : — 
"  Your  reviewer,  in  his  notice  of  Arch- 
bishop Temple  published  in  your  last  week's 
issue,  has  thought  fit  to  describe  Dr.  Goul- 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


395 


burn,  Temple's  predecessor  at  Rugby,  as 
'  placid,  pompous,  cassocked,  with  affected, 
tinkling,  monosyllabic  utterance.'  Having 
been  at  Rugby  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  Dr.  Goulburn's  head-mastership,  permit 
me  to  say  that  this  description  of  him  seems 
to  me  to  be  absurdly  incorrect.  So  far  from 
being  pompous,  he  was  most  courteous,  and 
there  was  not  a  spark  of  affectation  in  his 
manner  or  conversation.  He  was  not  an 
ideal  head  master,  but  a  kindlier  or  better 
man  never  lived.  Your  reviewer  has  pro- 
bably been  misled  by  traditions  inspired  by 
party  feeling.  It  is  time  that  ancient 
hatchet  was  buried." 

A  '  Bibliography  of  James  Russell 
Lowell,'  compiled  by  Mr.  George  Willis 
Cooke,  will  be  published  this  spring  by 
Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  The 
same  publishers  have  also  in  the  press  a 
'  Bibliography  of  the  Writings  of  Henry 
James,'  which  is  compiled  by  Mr.  Le  Roy 
Phillips. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  Last  week's  obituary  included  the  name 
of  the  Rev.  Thomas  Child,  minister  of  the 
Palace  Gardens  Terrace  Church  ('  Sweden- 
borgians '),  Kensington.  His  powerful 
criticism  of  Prof.  Haeckel,  published  last 
year,  entitled  '  Root  Principles  in  Rational 
and  Spiritual  Things,'  would  possibly  have 
taken  higher  rank  in  the  literature  of  its 
subject,  had  it  not  appeared  solely  as  a  huge 
sixpenny  pamphlet." 

The  new  president  of  the  French 
Societe  des  Gens  de  Lettres  is  M.  Victor 
Margueritte,  the  younger  of  the  talented 
sons  of  General  Margueritte.  The  literary 
partnership  of  the  brothers  Paul  and 
Victor  has  become  as  famous  to-day  as 
was  that  of  Edmond  and  Jules  de  Gon- 
court.  M.  Victor  Margueritte  should 
make  an  ideal  president. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  the  Booksellers'  Provident  Institution, 
held  on  Thursday  week  last,  Mr.  C.  J. 
Longman  in  the  chair,  the  sum  of  1031. 
was  voted  for  the  relief  of  fifty-seven 
members  and  widows  of  members  ;  four 
new  members  were  elected,  and  six  appli- 
cations for  membership  were  received. 
An  extra  grant  of  5/.  was  made  towards 
the  funeral  expenses  of  a  deceased  member. 
Directors  to  serve  on  the  different  com- 
mittees for  the  next  twelve  months  were 
also  elected. 

M.  Sextius  Michel,  who  died  a  few 
days  ago  in  his  eighty-first  year,  was  not 
only  the  oldest  of  Paris  mayors  (he  had 
been  maire  of  the  fifteenth  Arrondisse- 
ment  since  1871),  but  was  also,  with  Paul 
Arene,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Felibrige 
de  Paris,  of  which  he  was  the  president. 
His  discourses  at  the  annual  meetings  at 
Sceaux  have  been  collected  into  a  volume 
with  the  title  of  '  La  Petite  Patrie,'  and 
his  poems  have  been  similarly  collected 
under  the  title  of  '  Le  Long  du  Rhone  et 
de  la  Mer.' 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-first  year,  is 
announced  from  Berlin  of  the  distinguished 
writer  Eduard  Griesebach.  His  poems 
1  Dei-  neue  Tannhiiuser  '  and  '  Tannhiiuser 
in  Rome  '  were  exceedingly  popular,  the 
first  having  passed  through  over  twenty 
editions.  He  also  published  valuable 
editions  of  Schopenhauer's  complete  works, 


of  Kleist,  Hoffmann,  and  other  popular 
writers. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  following 
Parliamentary  Papers :  Report  of  the 
Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  for  England, 
with  Appendix  (6d.)  ;  Report  of  the  Royal 
University  of  Ireland,  for  1905  (l%d.)  ; 
Scotch  Education  Department,  Return 
showing  the  Expenditure  from  the  Grant 
for  Public  Education  in  Scotland,  1905, 
a  List  of  Day  Schools  aided,  with  Statistics 
(91<7.)  ;  and  a  Report  on  the  Manuscripts 
of  J.  B.  Fortescue,  Esq.,  preserved  at 
Dropmore,  Vol.  V.  (2s.  4d.). 


SCIENCE 


New  Creations  in  Plant  Life  :  an  Autho- 
ritative Account  of  the  Life  and  Work 
of  Luther  Burbank.  By  W.  S.  Harwood. 
(New  York,  the  Macmillan  Company.) 

Of  late  years  the  word  "  creation  "  has 
been  made  use  of  by  milliners  and  dress- 
makers to  denote  the  products  of  their 
art.     It   is   certain   that   raisers   of   new 
plants  have  not  arrogated  to  themselves 
the  role  of  creator,  though,  in  a  sense,  they 
may  be  said  to  have  some  justification 
for   so   doing.     Those   familiar   with   the 
history    of    the    tuberous    begonia,    for 
instance,  will  recognize  that  John  Laing 
and  his  followers  have  not  merely  produced 
a  modification  of  an  old  type,  but  have 
developed  a  new  one,  so  different  from 
the  original  parents  as  to  constitute,  in 
the  opinion  of  some  botanists,  not  a  new 
variety  or  a  new  species,  but  an  absolutely 
new   genus.     This   was   done   before   the 
world  heard  of  Mr.  Burbank  as  a  "  wizard." 
This  attribute  is,  indeed,  formally  repu- 
diated in  Mr.  Harwood's  account  of  Mr. 
Burbank's    procedures,   but    the   fulsome 
eulogy  of  the  man  and  his  work,  as  set 
forth   in   this   book,   will   surely   tend   to 
derogate  from  the  merit  that  is  really  due 
to  him.     Mr.  Burbank  has  done  apparently 
on  a  very  large  scale  what  many  had  done 
before  him,  and  what  many  of  our  great 
seedsmen  are  doing  every  day.     So  far  as 
we  have  yet  seen  in  this   country,   Mr. 
Burbank    has    not    surpassed    the    late 
Thomas  Rivers  as  a  producer  of  new  and 
improved  varieties  of  fruit ;   his  roses  are 
not  equal,  so  far  as  our  knowledge  goes, 
to  those  "  created  "  by  the  Pauls  or  the 
Dicksons  ;    his    Amaryllis    must    be    fine 
indeed  to  excel  those  which  Messrs.  Ker  of 
Liverpool  and  Messrs.  Veitch  of  Chelsea 
are    in    the    habit    of    showing    us.     We 
mention  these  instances  with  no  idea  of 
belittling    the    merits    of    the    American 
plant-breeder,  but  simply  with  a  view  of 
suggesting   to   his   biographer   the   desir- 
ability, in  a  future  edition,  of  cultivating 
a  sense  of  proportion,  and  of  recognizing 
the  merits  of  the  Knights,  the  Herberts, 
the   Vilmorins,    and   other    distinguished 
"  plant-breeders  "  who  preceded  Mr.  Bur- 
bank, to  say  nothing  of  those  still  among 
us. 

It  is  more  interesting  to  turn  to  the 
views  held  by  the  great  American  nursery- 
man on  some  of  the  questions  which  are 
agitating    the    botanical    world    at    the  I 


present  time.  His  varied  experience 
makes  his  opinion  valuable,  even  although 
he  has  not,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  pub- 
lished any  records  that  are  available  for 
scientific  purposes.  According  to  the 
writer  of  the  present  volume,  there  isjio 
such  thing  as  prepotency  of  male  or  female 
parent  as  such  ;  "  there  is  absolutely  no 
balance  in  favour  of  either  sex  as  sex." 
Of  like  significance  is  the  statement  made 
in  this  volume  with  regard  to  Mendelism  : 
"  Over  and  over  again,  through  a  series 
of  many  years,  dealing  with  millions  of 
plants  and  upon  a  scale  which  dwarfs  all 
other  experimentation,  Mr.  Burbank  has 
disproved  these  laws ....  Instead  of  follow- 
ing any  set  proportion  or  ratio,  the  parental 
characteristics  appeared  in  the  children  with 
absolutely  no  regard  for  law  or  even  order, 
while  many  new  characters  were  developed. 
Thousands  of  different  forms  were  assumed 
by  the  leaves,  for  example,  absolutely 
unlike  the  forms  of  the  parent  leaves  "  ; 

and  so  with  the  nuts  of  the  walnut. 

With  reference  to  the  transmission  of 
acquired  characters,  denied  by  ,"  some 
observers,  Mr.  Burbank  "  has  established 
the  opposite,"  and  shown  "  that  acquired 
characters  are  the  only  ones  that  are 
transmitted." 

De  Vries's  theory  of  "  mutation,"  or 
sudden  change,  "  appears  to  have  been 
overthrown  by  Mr.  Burbank,"  who  has,, 
we  are  told, 

"  times  without  number  produced  these 
strange  mutations  at  will ....  The  supreme 
function  of  Nature  is  the  crossing  of  species, 
and  with  this  the  working  of  a  vital  principle 
eternally  recording  Heredity,  that  sum  of 
all  past  environments." 

We  have  said  enough  to  show  the 
interest  that  attaches  to  this  volume^ 
Had  it  contained  more  documentary 
evidence  set  forth  with  scientific  method, 
it  would  have  commended  itself  to 
naturalists  in  a  higher  degree  than  it  is- 
likely  to  do  at  present. 


Wildfowl,  by  L.  H.  De  Visme  Shaw,  with 
chapters  by  other  contributors  (Longmans), 
is  a  useful  addition  to  the  "  Fur,  Feather, 
and  Fin  Series  "  of  monographs  on  English 
game.  It  treats  of  ducks  and  geese,  begin- 
ning with  notes  on  their  natural  history, 
continuing  with  advice  on  the  various  modes 
of  capture,  and  concluding  with  remarks 
on  their  cookery — all  reasonably  judicious 
and  not  calling  for  special  notice.  There 
is  an  interesting  chapter  on  shooting  on 
continental  waters  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Pope, 
who  discusses  the  question  whether  tho 
numbers  of  migratory  fowl  visiting  our 
shores  have  or  have  not  decreased,  and 
arrives  at  the  conclusion  that,  so  far,  there 
has  not  been  much  change.  In  the  Nether- 
lands the  takings  of  tho  decoys  have  de- 
creased chiefly  because  of  reclamation  of 
land  from  marsh  and  sea  : — 

"Of  such  the  Harlemmcr  Moor  is  an  instance 
where  in  one  fell  swoop  100, (HX)  acres  of  swamp* 
lake,  and  recd-l>cds  were  converted  into  eorndand- 
Rumour  lias  it  that  a  scheme  lias  also  been  pro- 
pounded for  the  reclamation  of  the  Zuidcr  Zee- 
which,  if  carried  out,  must  have  far-reaching  con- 
sequences  on  bird-life  in  the  Netherlands." 

Possibly  such  works  might  tend  to  increase 
the  numbers  of  fowl  which  winter  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Mr.  Shaw  warmly  defends  tho  goose,  wild 
or  domestic,  from  the  charge  of  stupidity — 


396 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4092,  Mahch  31,  1906 


a  charge,  we  may  say,  never  brouglit  by 
those  who  have  any  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  breed. 

"Afl  a  matter  of  fact  the  bird  is  by  far  the  moat 
sensible  of  tin- birds  we  keep  as  domestic  poultry, 
and  lias  more  intelligence  than  the  vast  majority 

of  other   birds I   have    most   intimate    friends 

among  tame  geese — birds  who  know  my  voice  and 
will  answer  at  any  distance,  who  will  fly  scream- 
ing towards  me  the  moment  I  appear  in  sight,  who 
will  crowd  jealously  round  me  to  have  their  heads 
patted  and  their  necks  stroked,  who  take  the  most 
mischievous  delight  in  trying  to  untie  my  boot- 
laces, rifle  my  pockets,  pull  off  my  buttons,  and  so 
on,  and  who  will  let  no  one  else  come  within  yards 
of  them." 

This  is  doubtless  accurate  ;  it  recalls  a 
vague  recollection  of  the  Orkney  Islands. 
On  a  quiet  Sunday  morning  a  farmer  in 
best  attire  set  forth  for  church,  took  his 
seat,  and  service  began.  Unperceived,  his 
faithful  goose  had  followed,  and  presently 
appeared  at  the  door  and  waddled  down 
the  aisle  in  search  of  her  master,  enlivening 
the  solemnity  of  the  proceedings.  Worse 
still,  the  minister,  who  had  seen  the  cause, 
leant  over  his  desk  and  said  to  the  precentor 
— uncertain  of  his  tune  and  unaware  of 
the  bird — something  about  "  the  awfu' 
goose,"  which  that  functionary  applied  to 
himself  and  bitterly  resented,  unconvinced 
even  by  the  sight  of  the  unconcerned  culprit. 

There  are  some  interesting  notes  on  that 
dangerous  subject  etymology.  Thus  the 
Anglo-Saxon  for  "  duck "  was  enid,  and 
"  drake  "  is  said  to  be  derived  from  enid 
rake,  the  ruling  duck,  and  "  decoy  "  from 
"the  Dutch  eende,  duck,  and  coy,  cage. 
Derivations  are  also  suggested  for  "  brent," 
"  bernacle,"  &c,  but  all  such  matters  must 
be  taken  with  caution.  The  book  is  very 
free  from  misprints,  but  on  p.  234  "  the 
Berwick  swan  "  is  no  doubt  intended  for 
Bewick's  swan  (C.  bewicki).  The  illustra- 
tions deserve  notice.  Those  by  Mr.  A. 
Thorburn,  though  unequal  in  merit,  possess 
■that  artistic  charm  which  he  seldom  fails 
"to  impart.  Witness  the  sky  in  the  plate 
'  Under  the  Brightening  Dawn,'  p.  200,  and 
"the  handling  and  grouping  of  the  fowl  in 
'  The  Welcome  Thaw,'  p.  246.  Mr. 
Whymper's  drawings  at  pp.  84  and  150  are 
also  meritorious. 

Symbolic  Logic  and  its  Applications.  By 
Hugh  MacColl.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — The 
subject  of  symbolic  logic  is  one  which  has 
grown  with  astonishing  rapidity  during  the 
last  twenty  years ;  and  every  year  has 
afforded  fresh  proofs  of  its  importance  both 
for  mathematics  and  philosophy.  When 
Mr.  MacColl  began  his  work  on  the  subject, 
very  few  people  suspected  the  possibility  of 
such  a  development,  and  to  have  been  among 
them  is  a  proof  of  insight.  In  the  present 
work  he  collects  the  more  elementary  parts 
of  the  papers  which  he  has  published  from 
time  to  time  in  The  Aihenozum  and  elsewhere, 
and  discusses  the  relation  of  symbolic  logic 
to  the  traditional  logic  inherited  from  the 
schoolmen.  This  traditional  logic  is  still 
taught,  though  with  well-merited  contempt, 
and  is  still  supposed  to  constitute  formal 
logic.  It  is  so  pedantic  that  one  can  scarcely 
believe  it  to  be  full  of  fallacies  ;  yet  such  is 
the  case,  as  Mr.  MacColl  shows  in  his  eighth 
chapter.  Modern  symbolic  logic,  though  it 
still  contains  some  moot  questions,  is  at 
once  far  more  rigorous  and  far  more  fruitful 
than  the  old  syllogistic  verbiage ;  and  it  is 
an  actual  help  to  correct  reasoning,  which 
the  syllogism  never  succeeded  in  being. 

Mr.  MacColl's  book,  as  he  truly  says,  is 
very  much  more  intelligible  than  most 
on  the  subject.  It  may  be  read  by  any 
educated  person  without  previous  knowledge 
of  symbolic  logic  ;  and  although  its  views 
tare  on  many  points  opposed  to  those  of  most 


writers,  its  elementary  character  makes  it  a 
good  introduction  for  beginners. 

Tho  first  and  longer  portion  of  the  book 
is  concerned  with  symbolic  logic  proper  and 
with  its  relation  to  traditional  logic  ;  the 
second  portion  deals  with  the  "  calculus  of 
limits,"  in  which,  by  means  of  his  logical 
calculus,  Mr.  MacColl  solves  problems  in 
probability  and  the  integral  calculus,  some 
of  them  very  hard  to  deal  with  by  ordinary 
methods.  In  this  portion  a  knowledge  of 
mathematics  is  sometime*  essential  ;  but  in 
the  first  portion  no  such  knowledge  is  assumed. 
"  There  are  two  leading  principles,"  he  tells 
us, 

"  which  separate  my  symbolic  system  from  all 
others.  The  first  is  the  principle  that  there  is 
nothing  sacred  or  eternal  about  symbols;  that  all 
symbolic  conventions  may  be  altered  when  con- 
venience requires  it,  in  order  to  adapt  them  to  new 

conditions,  or  to  new  classes  of  problems The 

second  principle is  the  principle  that  the  com- 
plete statement  or  proposition  is  the  real  unit  of  all 
reasoning." 

It  is  in  the  application  of  the  second  of 
these  principles  that  Mr.  MacColl's  chief 
contribution  to  symbolic  logic  consists. 
Most  people  begin  with  statements  such  as 
"  All  men  are  mortal,"  and  endeavour  to 
force  all  other  statements  into  this  form. 
Thus  they  would  transform  "  I  hear  Jones  is 
going  to  be  married  "  into  "  All  people  who 
are  I  are  people  who  hear  that  Jones  is  going 
to  be  married."  They  are  led  to  such  devices 
by  the  fact  that  their  logic,  like  the  syllogism, 
deals  in  the  first  instance  with  the  questions 
whether  one  class  is  part  of  another,  whether 
they  have  a  common  part,  whether  they  lie 
wholly  outside  one  another,  and  so  on. 
Then  this  apparatus  has  to  be  applied  some- 
how to  ordinary  statements,  which  often 
prove  very  refractory.  But  what  we  really 
wish  to  know,  as  Mr.  MacColl  points  out,  is 
when  two  statements,  whatever  form  they 
may  happen  to  have,  are  so  related  that, 
provided  the  first  is  true,  the  second  must 
be  true  also.  When  this  is  the  case,  we  say 
that  the  first  implies  the  second  ;  it  the  first 
is  true,  the  second  can  then  be  inferred  from 
it.  Thus  symbolic  logic  ought  to  begin,  as  it 
does  in  Mr.  MacColl's  work,  with  the  study 
of  implication.  All  syllogisms,  for  example, 
state  that  the  premises  imply  the  conclusion  ; 
thus  we  ought  to  study  implication  before 
the  special  forms  of  the  syllogism.  Mr. 
MacColl's  second  principle,  therefore,  is,  in 
our  opinion,  both  true  and  important. 

His  first  principle,  that  there  is  nothing 
sacred  or  eternal  about  symbols,  is  of  a 
different  order  :  it  is  a  practical  principle, 
to  be  judged  exclusively  by  convenience. 
A  change  of  notation  is  logically  as  unobjec- 
tionable as  a  change  from  English  to 
French  ;  but  a  book  which  changes  its 
notation  twenty  times  may  be  almost  as 
difficult  to  read  as  a  book  in  twenty  lan- 
guages. The  question  is  one  which  can  be 
argued  either  way,  and  the  answer  will  vary 
with  one's  purpose.  The  advantage  of 
altering  one's  notation,  as  Mr.  MacColl  does, 
is  that  one  can  always  employ  the  simpler 
combinations,  such  as  indices  and  suffixes, 
for  the  things  one  is  most  frequently  con- 
cerned with  at  the  moment.  This  makes 
one's  formulae  short  and  neat,  which  is  a 
very  important  gain.  In  work  like  Mr. 
MacColl's,  where  the  purely  mathematical 
difficulties  are  not  great,  this  gain  may  be 
sufficient  to  justify  his  principle.  But  in 
more  technically  complicated  problems  the 
habit  of  associating  a  certain  symbol  or 
combination  of  symbols  with  a  certain  idea 
is  such  a  help  that  most  mathematicians 
would  be  very  unwilling  to  forgo  it.  It 
might  sometimes  shorten  an  algebraical 
formula  to  use  ab  for  "  a  divided  by  6,"  and 


a,b  for  "  o  multiplied  by  6."  But  we 
should  find  it  so  difficult  to  adjust  our  minds 
to  this  usage  that  we  should  gain  nothing 
by  it.  On  the  whole,  we  may  conclude  that 
-Mr.  MacColl's  principle  is  applicable  to  a 
number  of  short,  more  or  less  disconnected 
investigations  of  special  questions,  but  that 
it  is  inapplicable  to  a  systematic  treatment 
of  a  subject  in  which  the  mathematical 
complication  is  considerable,  and  the  same 
ideas  are  constantly  recurring. 

There  are  some  respects  in  which  Mr. 
MacColl  appears  too  much  dominated  by 
ordinary  language.  Sucli  language  is  full 
of  ambiguities,  which  are  cleared  up  by 
considering  the  context  and  by  using  common 
sense.  But  a  logical  language  ought  not  to 
demand  common  sense  :  whatever  it  says 
ought  to  be  entirely  unambiguous.  The 
result  of  meaning  only  one  thing  (as  may  be 
seen  in  legal  documents)  is  that  one  seems 
to  mean  nothing,  and  only  an  expert  can  dis- 
cover that  there  is  a  meaning.  Thus  in 
banishing  common  ambiguities  we  neces- 
sarily make  all  our  explicit  statements  very 
complicated,  because  we  include  in  them 
everything  which  would  otherwise  be  under- 
stood. Mr.  MacColl,  on  the  contrary, 
decides  in  favour  of  retaining  many  of  the 
ambiguities  of  ordinary  speech,  and  insists 
that  his  propositions  are  to  be  interpreted 
by  the  help  of  the  context.  In  this  he  would 
seem  to  be  departing  from  his  principle 
"  that  the  complete  statement  or  proposition 
is  the  real  unit  of  all  reasoning."  For  a 
statement  which  has  to  be  interpreted  by 
the  context  is  not  "  complete."  For  example 
(to  modify  slightly  an  instance  given  by  Mr. 
MacColl),  suppose  we  say,  "  Mrs.  Brown  was 
not  at  home."  The  previous  course  of  the 
conversation  presumably  makes  it  clear  at 
what  time  she  was  not  at  home  ;  but  this 
time  is  part  of  the  complete  statement,  and 
ought  to  be  explicitly  included  in  a  logical 
analysis  of  the  statement.  H  no  time  is 
assigned,  we  can  only  suppose  that  what  is 
meant  is  "  There  has  been  a  past  moment  at 
which  Mrs.  Brown  was  not  at  home,"  or 
"  Throughout  the  whole  of  the  past  Mrs. 
Brown  has  been  not  at  home."  But  until 
somehow  the  ambiguity  as  to  the  time  has 
been  removed,  either  by  assigning  a  date  or 
by  saying  that  we  mean  merely  that  there 
was  some  such  date,  the  statement  is  not 
complete  ;  and  when  it  is  complete,  it 
ceases  to  need  any  context  for  its  interpre- 
tation. Or  take  the  following  illustration  : 
"  Given  an  isosceles  triangle,  what  do  you 
infer  about  the  angles  at  the  base  ?  I  infer 
that  they  are  equal."  Here  "  I  infer  that 
they  are  equal  "  is  not  a  completely  explicit 
statement  ;  it  is  merely  a  verbal  abbrevia- 
tion for  "  I  infer  that  the  angles  at  the  base 
of  an  isosceles  triangle  are  equal."  In  this 
way,  by  following  Mr.  MacColl's  principle 
of  always  expressing  the  complete  proposition 
explicitly,  we  can  dispense  altogether  with 
reference  to  the  context ;  and  this,  though 
more  tedious,  seems  imperative  in  symbolic 
logic  for  the  avoidance  of  ambiguity. 

Another  respect  in  which  Mr.  MacColl 
seems  somewhat  under  the  tyranny  of  lan- 
guage is  in  regard  to  unrealities.  For 
example,  he  would  say  that  "  the  present 
King  of  France  "  is  the  name  of  an  unreality, 
and  "  the  present  King  of  Switzerland  "  is 
the  name  of  another  unreality.  Thus  all 
republics  have  kings,  who  only  differ  from 
the  kings  of  monarchies  by  being  unreal. 
It  seems  more  natural  to  suppose  that  "  the 
present  King  of  France  "  is  not  the  name  of 
anything  at  all,  and  that  there  are  no  un- 
realities, since  what  makes  things  unreal  is 
the  fact  that  there  are  no  such  things.  But 
tliis  is  a  difficult  subject,  which  easily  lends 
itself  to  verbal  juggling. 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


397 


Mr.  MacColl's  system  lies  somewhat  apart 
from  those  of  most  symbolic  logicians,  but 
it  certainly  has  some  peculiar  merits,  and, 
for  aught  that  one  can  tell,  it  may  hereafter 
be  found  to  have  been  more  in  the  true  line 
of  advance  than  its  rivals.  In  any  case,  the 
present  volume  is  interesting  and  instructive, 
and  the  points  in  which  it  is  incontrovertible 
are  much  more  numerous  than  those  in 
which  it  is  open  to  doubt. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Some  exceptionally  interesting  notes  con- 
cerning two  of  the  tribes  on  or  neai  the 
western  shores  of  Lake  Tanganyika  have 
been  compiled  from  personal  observation 
by  M.  Charles  Delhaise,  of  the  Congolese 
service.  The  tribes  with  which  he  deals 
-are  the  Wabemba  and  Wahorohoro,  and 
there  is  one  distinctive  difference  between 
them,  the  former  being  cannibals  and  the 
latter  not.  The  writer  makes  the  interesting 
statement  that  the  tribes  dwelling  on  the 
shores  of  the  lake  have  never  been  cannibals, 
whereas  those  of  the  interior,  and  especially 
those  between  the  Upper  Congo  and  the 
lakes,  have  always  had  proclivities  towards 
anthropophagy.  The  author  considers  the 
social  life  of  each  tribe  under  separate  heads, 
such  as  birth,  marriage,  divorce,  death, 
funerals,  the  authority  of  the  chief,  war, 
and  the  practice  of  tattooing.  Many  of  the 
details  given  are  suitable  only  for  the  journal 
of  an  anthropological  society,  but  some  are 
of  general  interest.  Among  the  Wabemba 
a  child  is  immediately  after  birth  dedicated 
to  the  fetish  chosen  by  the  mother,  and  takes 
its  name.  When  the  father  is  first  shown 
the  child,  he  examines  it  to  see  if  it  resembles 
himself,  and,  if  satisfied  with  the  inspection, 
hands  it  back  to  the  mother,  uttering  the 
word  afoanti  (thanks).  All  then  is  harmony. 
If  he  is  not  satisfied,  he  returns  the  child 
violently  to  the  mother,  utters  an  insult, 
and  leaves  the  hut.  The  result  is  family 
discord,  and  probably  the  death  of  the  child. 
There  is  a  very  cruel  custom.  The  super- 
stition of  the  Wabemba?  has  decreed  that 
the  child  whose  upper  teeth  appear  before 
the  lower  is  unlucky,  and  the  custom  is  to 
•drown  it  at  once  or  leave  it  in  the  woods  at 
night  for  the  wild  beasts  to  devour.  The 
mother  is  required  herself  to  get  rid  thus  of 
her  unlucky  offspring.  From  ignorance  or 
"want  of  care  the  mortality  among  children 
is  "great,  consequently  the  increase  in  the 
tribe's  numbers  is  slow. 

Many  of  the  funeral  customs  are  strange. 
Chiefs  are  buried,  in  the  old  Hun  fashion, 
in  the  bed  of  a  stream  temporarily  dammed 
for  the  purpose.  Two  of  a  chief's  wives 
and  two  of  his  personal  attendants  are 
always  buried  alive  with  him.  When  the 
water  has  again  flowed  over  the  grave,  all 
the  slaves  are  marched  past  the  spot,  and 
each  receives  as  he  passes  a  blow  on  the 
nape  of  the  neck  from  a  heavy  mallet.  As 
soon  as  one  is  killed  this  part  of  the  function 
ends.  Those  slaves  who  have  been  struck 
are  given  their  freedom,  while  the  others 
coming  after  the  slain  man,  who  have  con- 
sequently not  been  struck,  remain  slaves. 
While  M.  Delhaise  points  out  the  absurdity 
of  many  of  the  remedies  for  illness  employed 
by  the  mganga,  or  fetish  doctors,  he  adds 
that  they  arc  also  acquainted  with  some 
useful  medicinal  plants,  the  knowledge  of 
which  has  been  handed  down  from  father 
to  son  for  many  generations. 

What  has  been  written  applies  especially 
to  the  Wabemba,  but  very  similar  customs 
prevail  among  the  less  savage  Wahorohoro. 
The  first  child,   however,   takes   the  name, 


according  to  sex,  of  one  of  its  father's 
parents,  and  the  second  that  of  its  mother's. 
The  same  superstition  prevails  about  the 
teeth,  and  the  unfortunate  cliild  whose  upper 
teeth  show  first  is  exposed  in  the  forest. 
Should  the  mother  try  to  shield  the  child, 
she  is  driven  from  the  village,  and  indeed 
from  all  the  villages  of  the  tribe.  A  Wahoro- 
horo chief  is  buried  without  the  secrecy  or 
sacrifice  of  the  Wabembas.  The  grave 
must  be  dug  perfectly  straight  from  north 
to  south,  and  the  chief's  head  must  be  placed 
at  the  north.  The  legs  are  crossed,  and  a 
kind  of  coffin  is  made  out  of  the  planks  of 
his  canoe.  Even  when  the  most  indulgent 
view  of  the  practices  of  these  tribes  is  taken, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  in  them  aught  but  the 
grossest  superstition  and  an  almost  hopeless 
state  of  ignorance.  M.  Delhaise  points  out 
that  the  worst  feature  in  the  conditions  under 
which  these  tribes  have  been  living  is  the 
great  mortality,  especially  among  the 
children. 

A  new  quarterly,  Anthropos,  has  appeared 
at  Salzburg.  It  is  published  under  the 
auspices  of  two  Roman  Catholic  confra- 
ternities, and  is  intended  to  utilize  the  vast 
stores  of  ethnographical  information  col- 
lected in  various  parts  of  the  world  by  mis- 
sionaries of  the  Roman  Church.  Contri- 
butions may  be  in  English,  French,  German, 
Italian,  Spanish,  or  Latin. 


A  NEGLECTED  MAP  OF  LONDON. 

153,  Adelaide  Road,  N.W. 

The  very  beautiful  view-map  of  London 
included  in  Braun  and  Hogenberg's  '  Civi- 
tates  Orb  is  Terrarum,'  published  at  Cologne 
in  1572,  is  on  so  small  a  scale  (about  six 
inches  to  the  mile)  that  it  is  difficult  of 
examination,  and  probably  on  this  account 
has  received  less  attention  than  it  deserves. 
Thus  the  late  Mr.  Overall,  in  the  text  to  the 
reproduction  of  the  map  doubtfully  ascribed 
to  Ralph  Agas  or  Aggas,  dismissed  Braun 
and  Hogenberg's  map  as  being  "upon  too 
small  a  scale  to  be  of  any  practical  utility." 
One  cannot  but  regret  that  the  London 
Topographical  Society  in  reproducing  it 
did  not  greatly  enlarge  the  scale,  so  as  to 
make  the  map  more  available  for  study. 
Some  account  of  this  neglected  map  may  be 
interesting  to  your  readers,  especially  as 
it  is  possible  to  prove,  within  very  narrow 
limits,  the  date  of  the  original  from  which 
it  was  copied. 

We  come  here  at  once  to  the  first  point  in 
the  demonstration — that  the  map  was  copied 
from  an  earlier  and  much  larger  map.  It  is 
not  to  be  supposed  that  Braun  and  Hogen- 
berg  caused  to  be  surveyed  all  the  cities 
figured  in  their  monumental  work.  They 
did  what  would  be  done  by  a  publisher  at 
the  present  day  :  they  procvired  the  best 
maps  extant,  and  re-engraved  them.  In 
fact,  in  their  opening  address  to  the  reader 
they  express  their  obligations  to  those  who 
had  furnished  them  with  maps.  As  regards 
maps  of  English  towns,  the  original  of  one 
of  Braun's  maps  is  discoverable.  In  1559 
William  Cuningham,  M.D.,  published  "  The 
Cosmographical  Glasse,  Imprinted  at  London 
by  John  Day  dwellyng  over  Aldersgate, 
beneath  St.  Martin's."  On  folio  8  Cuning- 
ham says  :  "  And  finally  for  Choragraphie, 
I  have  placed  th'  excollet  Citie  of  Norwyche, 
as  the  forme  of  it  is,  at  this  present  1558." 
Braun's  copy,  the  same  size  as  the  original, 
is  singularly  exact,  but  there  are  misreadings 
of  some  words,  showing  that  the  map  was 
re-engraved  by  a  foreign  artist  not  acquainted 
with  English.  The  same  thing  is  noticeable 
in  Braun's  map  of  London.  Thus,  Battlo 
bridge     in     Southwark     becomes     "  Battle 


bralbe."  The  extraordinary  minuteness  of 
Braun's  map  woidd  of  itself  be  almost  con- 
clusive that  the  original  from  which  it  was 
copied  was  on  a  much  larger  scale.  This 
conclusion  is  fortified  by  closer  examination. 
On  the  extreme  east  of  the  map  we  find 
"  Whyt,"  evidently  the  first  syllable  of  the 
word  "  Whitechapel  ":  the  rest  of  the  word 
has  gone  in  the  process  of  reduction  of  the 
size.  Again,  on  the  west,  the  bend  of  the 
Thames  from  Charing  Cross  to  Westminster 
is  greatly  exaggerated,  doubtless  in  order 
to  bring  Whitehall  and  Westminster  within 
the  narrow  limits  of  the  map.  The  map  of 
Braun  and  Hogenberg  is,  in  short,  engraved 
from  an  original,  the  existence  of  which  can 
now  be  inferred  only  from  this  copy.  That 
original  could  not  have  been  merely  an 
earlier  edition  of  the  map  of  Aggas  so  called, 
though  perhaps  this  and  Braun's  map  were 
both  copied  from  the  same  original.  If 
this  was  so,  Braun's  copy  is  much  more 
faithful  than  the  other  ;  for  in  Braun's  map 
there  are  features  not  found  in  the  Aggas 
map,  though  the  scale  of  the  latter,  about 
twenty-four  inches  to  the  mile,  gave  the 
draughtsman  ample  space.  Thus  in  Braun's 
map  the  round  of  the  Temple  Church  is 
shown,  though  not  in  Aggas.  Again,  in 
Braun's  map  is  a  lettering  absent  from  the 
other,  "  ye  Goounefowuders  h8  "  (where  "  u  " 
is  printed  for  n).  This  is  the  foundry  men- 
tioned by  Stow  ('  Survey,'  ed.  Thorns,  p.  49), 
established  by  the  three  brothers  Owens  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  It  has  not,  I 
think,  been  observed  that  this  gun  foundry 
gave  its  name  to  the  present  Gun  Square, 
Houndsditch.  We  see  here  a  piece  of 
ordnance,  much  more  clearly  shown  than 
in  the  Aggas  map.  Indeed,  the  minuteness 
of  detail  throughout  the  map  is  extraordinary. 
Paul's  Cross  and  the  famous  clock  of  St. 
Magnus  are  clearly  shown,  so  are  the  Tliree 
Cranes  which  gave  to  a  Thames-side  wharf 
a  name  that  has  endured  till  to-day.  The 
conduits  are  marked.  The  reign  of  Edward 
had  not  obliterated  all  tokens  of  the  old 
religion,  or  perhaps  that  of  Mary  had  re- 
stored some  of  them ;  in  a  few  churchyards 
are  seen  crosses  ;  notably  in  the  churchyard 
of  St.  Betolph,  Bishopsgate,  is  a  cross,  re- 
moved in  1559,  when  the  church  goods  and 
books  were  burnt  ('  Diary  of  Henry  Machyn,' 
Camden  Society,  p.  208). 

We  have  now  to  discuss  the  date  of  the 
original  of  Braun's  map.  Somerset  House 
is  marked,  so  is  the  spire  of  St.  Paul's,  the 
latter  destroyed  by  fire  in  1561.  We  may 
therefore  at  once  place  the  date  between 
1547,  when  the  Protector  Somerset,  first 
took  up  his  residence  in  the  Strand,  and 
1561.  But  we  can  get  nearer  than  this. 
On  the  map  we  see  the  name  "  Suffolke 
Place "  attached  to  one  of  the  riverside 
palaces.  This  name  ceased  to  be  used  after 
August,  1557,  when  the  house  was  acquired 
by  Heath,  Archbishop  of  York,  "  and  of  this 
last  purchase  is  now  called  Yorke  House  " 
(Stow,  '  Survey,'  pp.  167-8  ;  and  see  also 
p.  153,  and  Strype's  Stow,  Book  IV.  p.  17). 
As  the  house  is  called  "  Suffolke  Place  "  in 
Braun's  map  we  must  conclude  that  the 
original  was  drawn  beforo  the  new  name 
came  into  use,  which  would  perhaps  be  early 
in  1558. 

We  are  therefore  able  to  fix  the  date 
between  1547  and  1558.  We  can  get  closer 
still.  I  have  spoken  of  the  extraordinary 
minuteness  of  detail  in  the  map.  To  the 
objects  mentioned  I  have  to  add  the  gallows 
on  Tower  Hill.  This  was  a  permanent 
structure.  "  Upon  this  hill,"  says  Stow, 
•'  is  always  ready  prepared,  at  the  charges 
of  the  City,  a  large  scaffold  and  gallows  of 
timber  "  (p.  49).  The  gallows  is  shown  in 
the   map   of   Aggas   as   well   as   in   Braun's 


398 


TH  E    A.THENJSUM 


NB4093.  March  31.  L90fl 


mill),     it  i>  nnt  a  "  triple  tree,"  like  Xj  burn  ; 

it    COIlnists   only   t'l    t  ^^ « >   upright*   «'■<!   ■   I  ' 

i .  »un.     in  Prawn'*  map  another  gnllowi  of 
exactly  the  how  form  m  ihown  »»t  Charing 

Cross.      This    was    erected    in     lfi.it.      Croat 

sfVtrity  mi  ihown  in  punishing  those  who 
w<iv  implicated  in  Wyntt'e  rebellion:    this 

whs.    indeed,   l>ut    natural,  as  the  rebels  had 

carried  the  sword   into  the  very   heart  of 

l,>. mien.  Mtichy  ii,  that  most  minute  chro- 
nicler, mus  that  on  February  12th  "wea 
made  at  evere  gate  in  Lundun  a  news  payro 
of  gulaus  and  set  up."  He  givtxs  a  list  of 
gallows  set  up  in  addition  to  those>  at  the 
gates,  enumerating  fourteen,  lumm^  them 
one  payre  at  Charyngoroase."  Fifty-eight 
parsons  were  hanged  on  these  gallows,  four 
of  them  at  Charing  Cross  ('  Diary  of  Henry 
Mnchyn,'  Camden  Society,  p.  55).  We  may 
suppose  that  these  gallows  were  for  the  most 
part  taken  down  when  they  had  served  their 
immediate  purpose,  but  the  gallows  at 
Charing  Cross  was  an  exception  :  it  was 
still  standing  and  in  use  in  May,  1555  (Machyn 
p.  86) — how  much  longer  is  not.  I  think, 
recorded.  But  the  presence  of  the  gallows 
in  Braun  and  Hogenberg's  map  enables  us 
to  say  that  the  original  was  drawn  not  earlier 
than  1554.  The  date,  then,  to  be  assigned 
to  the  original  of  the  map  lies  between  1554 
and  1558.  Alfred  Marks. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  Marc''  '2-2.  —  Sir 
Henry  H.  Howorth,  Y.P.,  in  the  chair.  —  A 
paper  was  read  on  '  Early  Italian  Brooches  found 
in  Britain,'  by  Prof.  Ridgeway  and  Mr.  Reginald 
Smith,  with  the  purpose  of  drawing  attention  to  a 
number  of  specimens  in  various  museums,  some 
l>eing  of  definite  provenance.  By  way  of  intro- 
duction, evidence  was  adduced  to  show  that  the 
brooch  was  invented  in  Central  Europe,  whence  it 
spread  northward  to  Scandinavia,  and  southward 
to  Italy  and  Greece.  The  earliest  form  known  had 
been  named  after  Peschiera,  the  site  of  pile- 
dwellings  on  Lake  Garda,  and  Italy  was  specially 
rich  in  later  varieties  of  the  original  safety-pin. 
Specimens  were  far  less  plentiful  in  Greece,  and 
assumed  peculiar  forms,  but  seem  to  have  passed 
out  of  fashion  there  in  the  fifth  centurj'  B.C. 
Another  type,  sometimes  known  as  the  "spectacle- 
brooch,"  was  made  up  of  one,  two,  or  four  spiral 
coils  of  wire,  like  the  example  said  to  have  been 
found  in  London.  It  seems  to  have  been  de- 
veloped from  the  spirals  used  for  decoration  in  the 
Hungarian  Bronze  Age,  the  only  innovation  being 
the  addition  of  a  pin  at  the  back  :  the  evidence 
was  against  a  Greek  origin.  The  chronology  of  the 
brooch  was  generally  based  on  Myceniean  ex- 
amples, but  it  was  now  permissible  to  regard  these 
as  derivatives  from  the  Danube  area  by  way  of  the 
North-West  Balkans  ;  and  another  starting-point 
for  the  series  was  necessary.  Prof.  Montelius's 
scheme  of  evolution  for  four  leading  types  was  de- 
scribed, and  the  discovery  of  several  contemporary 
specimens,  said  to  have  been  found  on  British  soil, 
referred  to.  Special  emphasis  was  laid  on  the 
association  of  two  Italian  types  with  an  Egyptian 
scarab  of  the  twenty-sixth  dynasty  (seventy-sixth 
century  B.C.)  at  Alton,  Hants,  one  of  the  brooches 
having  disks  threaded  on  the  bow,  and  swastikas 
engraved  on  the  circular  catch-plate,  in  the  Villa- 
nova  style.  In  the  same  county  a  good  speoimen 
had  been  found  at  Einkley,  of  a  type  well  repre- 
sented in  the  cemetery  at  Aufidena,  Samnium 
(sixty-fifth  century  b.c. )  ;  and  one  ch uacteristio 
example  had  been  found  at  Reading.  A  miscel- 
laneous collection  from  Ixworth,  apparently  of 
local  origin,  comprised  Italian  specimens  ;  and 
others  were  cited  from  Icklingham  and  Norfolk, 
Castor,  Derbyshire,  Cumberland,  and  Falkirk, 
while  three  found  near  Canterbury  and  Maidstone 
were  less  surprising.  A  Greek  example  from  the 
Thames  at  Wandsworth  seemed  to  be  exceptionally 
primitive.  Those  mentioned  wero  mostly  of  foreign 
manufacture,  but  one  from  Hod  Hill,  for  instance, 
might  well  be  a  local  imitation,  and  date  from  the 
time  when  the  La  Tcne  types  (with  bilateral 
springs)  were  Incoming  general  in  Britain.  Refer- 
ence was  made  to  intercourse  between  our  islands  and 


i  he  Oootinant  far  beok  in  the  Prom  Age,  m,.|  tin- 
importation  even  of  broa  has  daring  the  HalUu»tt 
period  was  therefore  not  Inherently  improbable, 
t  hough  further  e\  idenoewas  desirable,  —  Dr.  Arthur 

Ksans  and  t  he  Chairman  eont  I  'ihuled  to  the  <J  I  h- 
i  ii-eic.n,  and  tin-  Secretary  exhibited  for  OOmpSrisOtl 

u  iiiiiiiIkI'  i>!   early  brooches   fonnd    in    Italy;   while 

various  specimens  found  in  Britain  wen  lent,  or 
i.  pn  lented  by  photographs. 

Bum      AKMiv.ioeh  \i.      AeeoruTTQ¥  — 

March  21, — Mr.  R.  H.  Forster,  Hon.  Treasurer, 
in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  Henry  Cart,  who  was  the 
delegate  appointed  by  the  Council  to  represent 
the     Association    at     tin!     recent    Internationa] 

An  Ideological  Congress  at  Athens,  gave  a  very 
interesting  account  of  the  Congress,  the  MM 
of  which  was  attributable  in  a  great  degree  to 
the  interest  taken  in  its  proceedings  by  the  King 
and  Queen  of  Qreeee,  while  the  Crown  1'riuco 
made  an  ideal  chairman.  A  large  number  of 
photographic  views  of  events  and  scenes  connected 
with  the  meetings  were  exhibited  by  lantern, 
as  well  as  many  taken  by  Mr.  Cart  himself 
of  places  which  he  visited  after  the  Congress, 
particularly  of  the  celebrated  vale  of  Tempe, 
Corinth,  Salonica,  &c. — The  Rev.  W.  S.  Lach- 
Szyrma,  Mr.  Emanuel  Green,  Mr.  Gould,  the 
Chairman,  and  others  took  part  in  the  discussion. 
— In  answer  to  an  inquiry,  Mr.  Cart  stated  that 
at  the  Congress  it  was  decided  that  the  proposed 
restoration  of  the  Parthenon  should  not  be 
attempted. 

Linnean. — March  15. — Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Hugh  Findon,  Dr. 
J.  E.  Radcliffe  McDonagh,  and  Mr.  E.  J.  Schwartz 
were  admitted.  —  Dr.  Tempest  Anderson  was 
elected  a  Fellow. — A  letter  from  Dr.  Chr. 
Aurivillius,  Secretary  of  the  Kungl.  Svenska 
Vetenskapsakademien,  Stockholm,  was  read, 
accompanying  copies  by  Jean  Haagen  of  the 
portraits  of  Carl  von  Linne  by  Per  Krafft  the 
elder  and  Alexander  Roslin,  in  possession  of  the 
Academy,  sent  in  acknowledgment  of  the  loan  of 
Linne's  '  Philosophia  Botanica '  interleaved  and 
annotated  by  the  author,  which  had  been  returned 
a  few  weeks  ago  through  the  Swedish  Legation. — 
Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver  opened  the  discussion  on  '  The 
Origin  of  Gymnosperms.' — Mr.  E.  A.  Newell 
Arl>er  followed,  on  the  '  Earlier  Geological  Record 
of  the  True  Ferns. ' — Mr.  A.  C.  Seward  spoke  on 
'  The  Evolution  of  Gymnosperms  ;  The  Position 
and  Ancestry  of  the  Araucariea;. ' — The  proceed- 
ings were  then  adjourned  till  May  3rd,  when  Dr. 
D.  H.  Scott  will  resume  the  discussion. 


Entomological. — March  21. — Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  G.  A.  Crawshay, 
Mr.  Hereward  Dolman,  Mr.  E.  I).  Jones,  Dr.  J.  N. 
Keynes,  Mr.  D.  L.  McCarrison,  and  Mr.  G.  E. 
Tryhane  were  elected  Fellows. — Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey 
exhibited  six  male  examples  of  the  Pierine  genus 
Eronia,  with  corresponding  females,  and  drew 
attention  to  the  extreme  diversity  shown  by  the 
latter  in  these  closely  allied  species.  He  con- 
sidered that  this  characteristic  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  in  every  instance  the  female  had  been 
diverted  from  the  ordinary  aspect  of  the  group  by 
the  operation  of  mimicry,  either  Miillerian  or 
Batesian.  The  species  of  entirely  different 
affinities,  which  had  acted  presumably  as  models, 
were  associated  with  the  exhibit. — Mr.  R.  Adkin 
showed  two  specimens  of  Emmelesia  u nij'anciata 
which  had  emerged  in  August  last  from  pupa* 
which  had  lain  over  since  the  autumn  of  1900, 
thus  having  passed  five  seasons  in  the  pupal  stage. 
— Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman  exhibited  a  number  of 
specimens  from  the  Riviera,  Sicily,  &c. ,  and  read 
a  paper  on  '  Progressive  Melanism  in  the  Riviera 
of  Hantula  hyerana.' — A  discussion  followed  on 
melanism  and  its  causes,  in  which  Mr.  G.  T. 
Porritt,  Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey,  the  President,  and  others 
joined. 

Meteorological. — March  21. — Mr.  R.  Bentley, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Dr.  H.  R.  Mill  gave  an 
interesting  lecture  on  '  South  Africa  as  seen  by  a 
Meteorologist.'  This  was  illustrated  by  a  series  of 
lantern-slides  from  photographs  taken  during  the 
tour  of  the  British  Association  in  1905.  Photo- 
graphs were  shown  of  meteorological  stations  in 
many  of  the  places  visited,  and  the  views  of  tho 
scenery  were  selected  to  bring  out  the  climatio 
features. 


I  n-titi  no*  ">  Civil  Ehuixi  am.   -Murrh  in. 

Sir  Alexander    I'.,    limine,  l'r>-i'l-  nt,  in  the  .  |,air 
The   |>«|x-r    read    was   'The     Muter     Harrier,    BeaV 
Kiiiow  Iron  Mines,'   b\  Mi.  H.  8,  BidwelL 

Hkiti-ii      Ni  mi-.mati<  .  March     U,  Mr. 

Carlyon  Brittoo  in  the  obsir.     Mi-wtm.  N\  Vree- 
land,    M.   L    Webl),  and  G.  C.    Yafc  'he 

Birmingham    Free   Libraries    and    Royal  Societies 
t'lub  were  elected    to    membership     Mr.  Ah 
Ansoomlie  read  a  paper  on  '  iptioa  on  the 

Oxford  Pennies  of  the  Ohsnaforda  Type.'    The*, 

are  the  coins   of   King  Alfred  which  h  i 

subject  of  sonic  oool  nt  writer*  Ix-loug- 

ing  to  the  Oxford   Historical  Booiety baring 

pndiated    their     connexion    with    that    city.      Mr. 
AiiBcomtte,  however,  brings  entirely  fn  noe 

to  l>ear   upon   the   question,  namely,  that  of  the 

pakeography  and   orthography  of  our  early  manu- 
scripts.    He  divided  his  subject  into  five  sections: 
(1)A   description  of  the  coins,  showing  that   the 
dies  were  the  work  of  several  engravers,  some  of 
whom  adopted  the  form  oksnafokda  andadnn" 
other  blunders.     (2)  The   tyjx-   of  lettering.     By 
comparison  with  'The  Book  of  Kells,'  the  seventh- 
century  Psalter,  the  second    Bible  of   Charles  the 
Bald,  the  Gospel  of  St.  Vaast,    and  other   manu- 
scripts, he   was   able   to   trace   the   origin   of  the 
numerous  varieties  of  each  letter  on  the  coins,  and 
to  prove  that  some  of  them  had  lieen  then  recently 
introduced  into  Southern  England  from  the  < 
tinent.     (3)   The  orthography  of  the   mint-na: 
In   this  relation   he   offered  the   instances  of  the 
'  Saxon   Chronicle,'    which   was    strictly    content- 
porary  with  tho  coins,  and  various  other  authori- 
ties   of  the    time,    including  King  Alfred's    own 
translation  of  Boethius's  work,  as  conclusive  that 
the  digraph  JI-S  was  used  to  express  the  sound  now 
represented  by  A*  ;  then  the  form  ohsnaFORDa  was 
a  time  rendering,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  day, 
of  the  word  oxnaforda,  i.e.,  Oxford.  He  explained 
that  the  error  of  ORSNATORDA  probably  arose  from  the 
fact  that  the  dies  would  be  copied  from  written 
instructions,    for   one   of  the  forms   of  h  then  in 
vogue   has    not    infrequently    Vieen    mistaken    in 
manuscripts   for,    and   reproduced  as  R.     (4)  The 
grammar   and   meaning   of   the   inscription.     The 
word  oshnaforda  was  a  compound  of  oh*na,  an 
Anglo-Saxon  genitive  plural,  meaning  "of  oxen.' 
with  forda,    the   dative    singular  of    the    Anglo- 
Saxon  word  ford,    which  meant  "at  the  font"; 
the  whole  being  for   "at  Oxford.*'     (5)  The  j 
liable    date    of    the    issue    of    the   coins.      After 
explaining  that  this  orthography  was  intentional 
and  systematic,  being  probably  due   to  the  foreign 
influences  brought  to  bear  on  Alfred  by  his  mass- 
priest   John   the   Old   Saxon,     he    expressed    the 
opinion  that  the  general  conditions  pointed  to  an 
approximate  date  of  a.d.  886  as  that  of  the  i- 
of  the  Oxford  money.     Mr.  Anscombe's  arguments 
were  received  with  much  interest  by  the  memUrs 
present,  and  will  appear  in  extenso  in   The  Bri'ith 
Numismatic  Journal. — Mr.  H.   M.   Reynolds  pre- 
sented four  volumes  of  student  numismatic  works 
to  the  Society's  library.— Amongst  the  exhibit 
at  the  meeting  were  a  half-crown   of  Charles   1. 
recently  found  in  Nottingham,  of  the  type  which 
the  late  Mr.  Montagu  assigned  to  Coventry,  and  a 
shilling  of  the  same  king  with  the   triangle    mint- 
mark,    but   of   rude   work   and    struck  on  a   flan 
bearing  a  previous  impression  and  the  letters 
by    Mr.     S.     Page ;     the    curious     half  -  noble    of 
Henry  IV.—  V.  illustrated  as  fig.  10  in  the  plate 
of  'Miscellaneous  Exhibits'  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  Society's  Journal,  by  Mr.  P.  Laver ;  two  Irish 
tokens  of  Stew  art stown  and  Dromore,  dated  173ti, 
by  Mr.  L.  Fletcher;   and   a   badge  of    the  Xeedlc- 
niakers'  Company,  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Yeate-s. 

MKET1NGS   NKXT  WEEK. 
Mox.      Royal  Institution,  ."..—General  Monthly  Meeting. 

—  BocMfcy  of  Engineers.  7  :*>.—' Harbour  Exigency  Works.  Mr.  F. 

1-dham. 

—  Aristotelian.  *.  —  'Timclessness.'  Dr.  F.  B.  Jerons. 

—  Society  ot  Art*.  «■  —  Fire.   Fire  Kisks.  ami  Fire  Extinction. 

Lecture  IV.  Prof.  V.  R  Lowes.    iCantor  Lecture.) 

Tma.     Royal  institution.  .'>.—  The  Influence  ot  Geology  on  Scenery. 

Lecture  Ill  .  Mr  .' .  E.  M:irr.     iTyudall  Lecture! 

—  Institution    of   Ciril  Engineer*.  8.— Discussion  on  "Tie  Mar- 

hours  of  South  Africa.' 
Win.      Arctueologi.nl   Institute.  4— "The  Extensive  Line  of  British 
BtakM  protecting  the  Ford  across  the  Thames  at  Brentford. 
Mr    Montagu  Shan*'- 

—  Sociological.  5.— Conference  on  '  The  Unemployed  Problem. 

—  Entomological,  S.  . 

—  Geological.  *.— '  On  a  Case  of  Unconformity  and  Thrust  in  the 

Coal  Measures  of  NorthumlK-rhuid,-  Prof.  O.  A.  L.  Uls.ur 
and  lir  .1.  A.  Snivthc  ;  The  t^irlsmiferous  Suooeesion  tielo* 
the  Coal  Measures  in  North  Shropshire.  Denbighshire,  and 
Flintshire.   Dr.  W.  Hind  and  Mr.  J.  T.  Stobbe.  ■ 

—  Institution  of  Ciril  Engineers.  *.— '  Variations  in  Direction  or 

the  Wind,  and  an  Instrument  for  Determining  Them 
Graphically.  Mr.  B.  F.  Beverley.    (Students  Meetinf.l 


N°  4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


399 


Web.     Society  of   Arts,  8.— 'Ramie   and   its   Possibilities,    Mrs.   L. 

Hart.  .,»,*«     t 

Dante,  8.30.—'  Dante  and  the  German  Mystics,    Prof.  A.  J. 

Butler. 
Tiicns.  Royal,  4.30.  ,      .      __. 

—  Historical,    5.— 'The    Beginning   of   the   Anglo  -  Portuguese 

Alliance.'  Miss  V.  M.  Shillington.  . 

—  Royal  Institution,  6.—'  Internal-Oombusfcon  Engines,  Lecture 

I'll.,  Prof.  B.  Ilonkinson. 

—  Institution      of     Electrical     Engineers,     8.— Discussion      on 

'Electrical  Equipment  of  the  Abcrdare  Collieries  of  the 
Powell  Duffryn  Company,'  and  '  Electric  Winding  Considered 
Practically  and  Commercially.'  . 

—  Linnean,  8.—'  A  Second  Contribution  to  the  Flora  of  Africa  ; 

Rubiacese  and  t'omposita?,'  Part  II.,  Mr.  Spencer  Moore; 
'Taiwanites,  a  New  Genus  of  Conifeme  from  the  Island  of 
Formosa.' Mr.  B.  Hayata;  'The  Anatomy  of  the  Stem  and 
Leaf  of  A'uyUua  floribunda,  R.  Br.,'  Mr.  E.  J,  Schwartz. 

—  Chemical,  8.30.—'  An  Improved  Apparatus  for  measuring  Mag- 

netic Rotations  and  obtaining  a  Powerful  Sodium  Light,' 
Mr.  W.  H.  rerkin,  Sen. ;  'The  Rusting  of  Iron.'  Mr.  O.  T. 
Moody  ■'  On  the  Determination  of  Carbon  in  Soils,'  Messrs. 
A.  D.  Hall,  N.  H.  J.  Miller,  and  N.  Banner,  and  other 
Papers. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 

Tri.  Geologists'  Association,  8.— 'The  Pressure-Chipping  of  Flint, 
and  the  Question  of  Eolithic  Man,'  Mr.  S.  Hazzledine 
Warren. 

—  Philological,  8.— 'On   the   3f  Words   I   am   editing   for   the 

Society's  Oxford  Dictionary,' Mr.  H.  Bradley. 

—  Roval  Institution,  9.—'  The  Physical  Basis  of  Life,'  Mr.  W.  B. 

Hardy. 
Sat.     Royal   Institution,  3.— "The   Corpuscular  Theory  of   Matter,' 
Lecture  VI.,  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson. 


%titntt  (Bossip. 

Prof.  Lionel  Smith  Beale,  who  died 
on  Tuesday  at  the  age  of  seventy  -  eight, 
was  for  forty  years  physician  to  King's 
College  (  Hospital,  having  been  appointed 
professor  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-five. 
He  was  President  of  the  Royal  Microscopical 
Society  in  1879,  and  published  '  The  Micro- 
scope in  Medicine  '  and  '  How  to  Work  with 
the  Microscope.'  He  was  Croonian  and 
Lumleian  Lecturer  in  1865  and  1875  respec- 
tively J;  was  made  F.R.S.  in  1857,  and 
received  a  number  of  foreign  distinctions. 
His  long  list  of  medical  publications  includes 
*  The  Structure  of  the  Tissues  '  ;  '  Proto- 
plasm ;  or,  Life,  Matter,  and  Mind,'  which 
has  reached  a  third  edition :  and  '  Life 
Theories  and  Religious  Thought,'  a  subject 
which  he  treated  more  than  once. 

EvThe  volume  of  Greenwich  observations 
for  1903  has  recently  been  published,  together 
witli  separate  copies  of  the  Astronomical 
Results,  Magnetical  and  Meteorological  Obser- 
vations, and  Photo-heliographic  Results.  The 
number  of  stars  in  the  catalogue  amounts  to 
5,987.  Another  publication  received  from 
the  Observatory  at  the  same  time  contains 
the  Telegraphic  Determinations  of  Longitude 
made  in  the  Years  1888  to  1902.  These 
relate  to  determinations  of  the  longitude 
of  Paris  in  1888,  1892,  and  1902  respectively  ; 
and  determinations  of  the  difference  of 
longitude  between  Greenwich,  Waterville, 
Hazel  Hill  (Canso,  Nova  Scotia),  and 
Montreal ;  and  between  Greenwich  and 
Killorglin,  the  former  obtained  in  1892,  and 
the  latter  in  1898. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  6h.  12m.  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  prox., 
and  new  at  4h.  7m.  on  the  afternoon  of  the 
23rd.  She  will  be  in  perigee  on  the  morning 
of  the  10th.  Regulus  will  be  occulted  on 
the  evening  of  the  5th  :  disappearance  at 
5h.  48m.,  reappearance  at  6h.  42m.  The 
planet  Mercury  will  be  at  inferior  conjunction 
with  the  sun  on  the  5th,  and  will  be  visible 
in  the  morning  during  the  second  half  of  the 
month,  situated  in  the  constellation  Pisces. 
Venus  enters  the  southern  part  of  Aries 
early  in  the  month,  afterwards  moving  into 
Taurus,  and  passing  very  near  the  Pleiades 
at  the  end  of  it  ;  she  is  increasing  in  brightness 
in  the  evening.  Mars  is  now  in  Aries,  but 
■  titers  Taurus  early  next  month,  and  will 
approach  nearer  and  nearer  to  Venus,  on 
the  east  side  of  her.  Jupiter  is  now  situated 
to  the  north-west  of  the  Hyadcs,  and  will 
pass  duo  north  of  Aldebaran  towards  the 
end  of  next  month  ;  ho  will  be  near  the 
crescent  moon  on  the  evening  of  the  26th. 
Saturn  is  in  Aquarius,  and  rises  earlier  each 
morning. 


An  enlargement  of  a  plate  taken  for  the 
Paris  portion  of  the  photographic  chart  of 
the  heavens  shows  a  streak  produced  by  the 
motion  of  a  small  planet,  which  is  therefore 
a  new  discovery  amongst  those  bodies. 
The  date  of  the  plate  was  November  3rd, 
1905. 

The  orbit  of  Ross's  new  comet  (c,  1906) 
has  been  calculated  by  Dr.  Stromgren,  of 
Kiel,  who  finds  that  it  passed  its  perihelion 
on  the  22nd  ult.  at  the  distance  from  the 
sim  of  0*76  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean 
distance,  and  that  it  is  also  receding  from 
the  earth,  so  that  its  brightness  is  now  only 
about  half  what  it  was  at  the  time  of  dis- 
covery. The  inclination  of  its  orbit  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic  exceeds  80°.  The 
comet's  apparent  place  next  week  will  be  at 
a  short  distance  due  north  of  a  Ceti,  moving 
in  a  north-easterly  direction. 

Two  new  variable  stars  have  been  found  by 
Madame  Ceraski  in  the  constellation  Cepheus, 
whilst  examining  plates  taken  by  M.  Blajko 
at  the  Moscow  Observatory.  The  fiist 
(var.  31,  1906,  Cephei)  is  numbered  +84°.  19 
in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung  '  ;  its  photo- 
graphic magnitude  varies  between  9*3  and 
10*5.  From  visual  observations  obtained 
by  M.  Blajko,  it  would  seem  that  it  is  now 
near  a  maximum  ;  the  period  is  probably 
about  a  year.  The  other  star  (var.  32, 
1906,  Cephei)  is  not  in  the  'Durchmus- 
terung '  ;  its  photographic  brightness  varies 
between  10*8  and  13#0,  with  a  probable 
period  of  282  days. 

Heer  Ebell  publishes  in  No.  4080  of  the 
Astronomische  Nachrichten  a  new  calculation, 
from  later  observations,  of  Kopff's  comet 
(b,  1906).  The  result  does  not  confirm  the 
conjecture  (made  soon  after  the  discovery) 
that  the  comet  is  one  of  short  period.  Its 
apparent  place  is  now  about  two  degrees 
due  south  of  the  fourth-magnitude  star  t 
Leonis.  The  perihelion  passage  took  place 
on  November  5th,  at  the  distance  from 
the  sun  of  3-099  in  terms  of  the  earth's 
mean  distance  ;  its  present  distance  from 
us  is  2*465  on  the  above  scale,  or  about 
229,200,000  miles.  The  slowness  of  its 
apparent  motion,  which  rendered  it  at  first 
difficult  to  determine  the  orbit,  was  due  to 
its  great  perihelion  distance — more  than 
three  times  the  mean  distance  of  the  earth. 


FINE   ARTS 


BOOKS    ON    ROME. 

Rome.  By  Walter  Taylor  Field.  2  vols. 
(Brimley  Johnson  &  Ince.) — This  book  has 
been  written  with  "  a  distinct  purpose  not 
found  in  other  volumes,"  namely,  with  the 
object  of  pointing  out  to  the  tourist  "  the 
really  important  things  to  be  seen  within 
the  limits  of  a  brief  visit :  a  something  not 
as  barren  as  a  guide-book,  nor  as  discursive 
as  an  essay."  This  scheme  has  been  carried 
out  in  both  volumes  in  an  even  and  har- 
monious way,  and  we  cannot  but  admire 
the  self-denial  of  the  author,  who,  knowing 
as  much  as  he  does  about  "  the  seven-hilled 
city,"  can  give  only  twenty-three  lines  to 
the  Mausoleum  of  Augustus,  and  twenty- 
one  to  that  of  Hadrian.  He  deserves  praise 
also  for  the  thorough  preparation  he  has 
undergone  to  master  a  subject  which  covers 
a  period  of  twenty-seven  centuries,  and  is 
connected  with  many  branches  of  art  and 
archaeology  ;  and  although  the  book  is 
addressed  to  tho  tourist  rather  than  to  the 
student,  it  is  easy  to  detect,  under  the 
simple  and  unpretentious  style,  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  tho  latest  and  best  literature 
on  the  subject. 


The  "  story  of  Papal  Rome,"  with  which 
the  second  volume  opens,  is  not  sketched  in 
an  impartial  spirit,  and  we  cannot  under- 
stand why  the  tourist  should  be  made  to 
abhor  the  very  name  of  the  Pontiffs  to 
whom  mediaeval  and  modern  Rome  owes 
many  of  its  attractions,  when  the  author 
could  have  mentioned,  side  by  side  with 
John  XV.,  Benedict  IX.,  and  Alexander  VI., 
many  benefactors  of  mankind  in  general 
and  Rome  in  particular. 

The  few  slips  of  the  pen  noticeable  in  both 
volumes  can  easily  be  set  right  in  the  next 
edition.  The  villa  afterwards  called  Villa 
Medici  was  not  built  by  Cardinal  Ricci  di 
Montepulciano  with  "  material  stolen  for 
the  most  part  from  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Capitolinus."  The  mistake  must  have 
arisen  from  the  fact  that  one  of  the  lions  in 
the  vestibule  of  the  villa  was  actually  carved 
by  Flaminio  Vacca  out  of  one  of  the  capitals 
of  that  temple  (p.  20).  The  twin  churches 
of  Cardinal  Gastaldi  in  the  Piazza  del  Popolo 
cannot  both  stand  on  the  ruins  of  the  same 
tomb,  because  the  Via  Flaminia  runs  between 
them  (p.  29).  The  "  pillared  colonnade " 
by  which  the  Septa  Julia  were  (or  were  not) 
surrounded  could  not  possibly  have  measured 
"  a  mile  in  length  "  (p.  30).  The  canopy  of 
Urban  VIII.  above  the  grave  of  St.  Peter 
was  not  cast  with  metal  from  the  roof  of  the 
Pantheon  (p.  52)  ;  the  heroic  statue  in  the 
Palazzo  Spada  is  not  of  Pompey  the  Great 
(p.  60)  ;  the  Corsini  is  not  a  mediaeval  palace 
(p.  63)  ;    the  Farnese  Palace  was  not  built 

out  of  stone  and  marble  filched  from  the 
Colosseum  "  (p.  63)  ;  the  marble  structure 
in  the  Forum  Boarium  is  not  an  "  Arch  of 
Janus,"  but  a  janus,  or  four-faced  arch 
(p.  86)  ;  the  marble  plan  of  Severus  and 
Caracalla  is  not  to  be  seen  on  the  stairs  of 
the  Capitoline  Museum,  but  it  has  been 
reconstructed  since  1903  in  the  garden  of  the 
Conservatori  Palace  (p.  115)  ;  there  was  no 
temple  in  Rome  sacred  to  the  XII.  Gods,  but 
only  a  "  Porticus  Consentium  "  (p.  168)  ; 
and  lastly,  the  excavations  in  the  Forum 
have  not  revealed  anything  new  about  the 
Rostra,  nor  have  they  induced  students  to 
alter  their  theories  concerning  the  primitive 
course  of  the  Cloaca  Maxima.  These  errors 
are  but  slight,  compared  with  the  mass  of 
excellent  information  provided. 

The  author  takes  it  for  granted  that  the 
tourist,  to  whom  the  book  is  addressed,  is 
gifted  with  a  constitution  of  iron,  and  with 
a  power  of  endurance  almost  superhuman. 
The  programme  for  his  first  morning's 
excurrion  includes  a  visit  to  the  Trinita  de' 
Monti,  the  Pincian  Gardens,  the  Villa  Medici, 
the  Piazza  del  Popolo,  the  mausoleums  of 
Augustus  and  Hadrian,  the  bridge  of  Sant 
Angelo.  the  Tower  of  the  Monkey,  the 
Monte  Citorio,  and  the  column  of  M.  Aurelius. 
It  is  obviously  in  view  of  the  possible  results 
of  this  plan,  and  of  the  probable  collapse  of 
his  tourist,  that  the  author  evokes  now  and 
then  the  spectre  of  unhealthy  Papal  Rome, 
ignoring  the  great  work  of  sanitation  accom- 
plished since  1870,  which  has  made  Rome 
one  of  the  healthiest  and  cleanest  capitals  of 
Europe.  He  also  warns  his  reader,  who 
thinks  he  is  looking  at  a  "  fresh  and  clean 
city  "  from  the  top  of  the  Spanish  steps,  that 
"his  illusion,  alas !  will  soon  bo  dispelled." 
He  calls  the  Tiber — whose  connexion  with  t  he 
m  w  crs  was  discontinued  many  years  ago — an 
"  unfraprant "  river.  He  describes  white 
miasmas  "  rising  from  the  Forum,  amidst  a 
district  inhabited  by  "  spectral  beggars  " 
shivering  with  "  Roman  fever."  He  con- 
siders the  beautiful  Campagna,  the  sanita- 
tion of  which  has  cost  Young  Italy  such 
labour  and  money,  a  wilderness  where 
"malaria  is  abroad,"  where  "death  lurks 
in  the  stagnant  pools,"  so  that  "  tho  oursei 


400 


TIIE    ATHENJ1UM 


N#4092,  March  31,  1906 


pronounced  against  the  Imperial  city  seem 
to  hover  around  her  still.'  These  evoca- 
tions of  the  past,  which  seem  to  he  borrowed 
from  novel*  of  the  sixties,  give  a  slight  touch 
of  vulgarity  to  a  book  which,  being  full  of 
sound  information,  and  written  in  a  pleasing 
style,  ought  to  be  above  such  pettegolezzi. 

The  Museums  and  Ruins  of  Rorne.  By 
Walther  Amelung  and  Heinrich  Holtzinger. 
English  Edition,  revised  by  the  Authors  and 
Mrs.  S.  Arthur  Strong,  LL.D.  (Duckworth 
A  Co. ) — A  manual  on  Roman  art  and  archaeo- 
logy introduced  to  the  English  reader  by 
Mrs.  Arthur  Strong  cannot  have  better 
credentials,  even  if  it  deals  with  a  subject 
which  lacks  the  charm  of  novelty.  The 
scheme  of  the  work  is,  in  fact,  identical  with 
that  of  Emil  Braun's  '  Ruins  and  Museums,' 
published  fifty-two  years  ago — the  section 
relating  to  '  Ruins  '  having  been  written 
by  Dr.  Holtzinger,  and  that  relating  to 
4  Museums  '  by  Dr.  Amelung. 

If  we  recall  the  fact  that  Braun's  work 
was  revised  and  brought  up  to  date  by 
Wolfgang  Helbig  in  1895,  for  one  part 
('Fuhrer  durch  die  SammJungen  klassischer 
Alterthumer  in  Rome  '),  and  by  Rodolfo 
Lanciani  in  1897  for  the  other  ('  Ruins  and 
Excavations  of  Ancient  Rome  '),  we  may  be 
tempted  to  inquire  whether  the  changes 
which  have  taken  place  and  the  discoveries 
which  have  been  made  in  the  field  of  Roman 
antiquities  during  the  last  ten  years  are 
important  enough  to  warrant  the  issue  of 
another  work,  which  does  not  contain  half 
the  information  bestowed  on  the  public  by 
its  predecessors. 

The  answer  to  this  query  is  to  be  found 
in  the  fact  that  Amelung  and  Holtzinger's 
manual  was  written  (in  the  original  German) 
not  as  an  independent  book,  but  as  part  of 
a  series  called  "The  Modern  Cicerone" ;  and, 
as  such,  it  could  not  be  better  suited  to  its 
scope  as  regards  size,  aim,  scientific  standard, 
and  limits  of  the  information  supplied  to  the 
reader  of  the  series.  Does  it  deserve,  how- 
ever, the  same  amount  of  praise  if  we  con- 
sider it  under  its  present  English  garb,  viz., 
as  a  companion  for  British  visitors  to  the 
Eternal  City  and  for  the  British  student  of 
ancient  art  ?  Mrs.  Strong  answers  in  the 
affirmative,  and  we  must  abide  by  her 
verdict.  She  lays  stress  on  the  fact  that  the 
manual  in  question  differs  from  guide-books, 
because  it  not  only  teaches  the  stranger 
"  how  to  understand  works  of  art,  but  also  directs 

him  towards  enjoyment  of  them Its  particular 

value  lies  in  the  synthetic  and  comprehensive 
view  which  lends  unity  to  the  maze  of  excavated 
buildings  and  to  the  varied  art  collections.  A 
theory  of  artistic  development  underlies  each 
volume." — Vol.  i.,  p.  x. 

Dr.  Amelung  is  too  well-known  a  specialist 
in  classic  art  to  stand  in  need  of  praise,  and 
his  authority  on  these  matters  cannot  be 
questioned  since  the  publication  of  his  work 
'  Die  Skulpturen  des  Vaticanisches  Museum  ' 
(vol.  i.,  Berlin,  1903). 

This  manual,  however,  is  not  calculated 
to  please  the  ordinary  visitor  to  Rome,  nor 
the  student  of  Roman  antiquities  in  goneral, 
on  account  of  its  bias  in  favour  of  one  class 
of  specialists,  which  deprives  it  of  many 
attractions  with  which  works  of  this  kind 
are  usually  endowed.  We  cannot  understand 
for  instance,  why  the  author  should  not  even 
condescend  to  mention  the  place  of  discovery 
of  the  masterpieces  he  describes  ;  for  it 
must  make  a  certain  difference,  even  to  the 
student  of  pure  art,  whether  the  work  before 
his  gaze  comes  from  the  Palace  of  the  Caesars, 
or  from  an  unknown  hamlet  of  the  Cam- 
pagna.  Tliis  want  of  information  is  par- 
ticularly felt  in  connexion  with  the  Apoxyo- 
menos  (p.  11),  the  Pudicitia  (p.  22),  the 
Belvedere  Apollo  (p.  67),  the  Menander  and 


Posidippus  (p.  ST),  the  Muses  (p.  99),  the  Juno 
Sospita  (p.  114).  the  Hera  (p.  251),  and  the 
Apollo  from  the  Tiber  (p.  276),  to  quote  only 
half  a  dozen  instances  out  of  a  hundred.  We 
do  not  think  that  the  stern  dignity  of  pure 
art  would  have  been  compromised  by  the 
author  telling  us  in  a  few  words  the  curious 
history  of  the  Menander  and  Posidippus, 
and  such  knowledge  i9  essential  for  the 
student  to  understand  certain  particulars 
noticeable  in  both  statues,  such  as  the  hole 
on  the  top  of  the  head  for  a  /xtix  io-ko<;,  and 
the  nails  of  a  brass  shoe.  Again,  in  the  case 
of  Jnno  Sospita,  no  harm  would  have  come 
to  the  reader  if  he  had  been  informed  of  her 
connexion  with  Lanuvium,  or  with  the  repre- 
sentation of  her  type  on  certain  medals  of 
Antonius,  a  lover  of  that  delightful  city,  and 
a  great  worshipper  of  the  goddess.  The  fact, 
likewise,  of  the  Hera  having  been  found  in 
1878  among  the  ruins  of  the  Augustan 
buildings  on  the  Palatine,  ought  certainly 
to  interest  the  student  trying  to  assign  a 
place  to  it  among  the  many  existing  replicas 
of  the  same  subject.  This  want  of  correlated 
information,  which  can  easily  be  explained 
if  we  regard  Amelung  and  Holtzinger's  work 
as  a  section  of  "  The  Modern  Cicerone," 
will  be  keenly  felt  by  the  British  visitor  to 
Rome,  for  whom  the  present  translation  is 
intended. 

We  may  remark  in  the  last  place  that  such 
expressions  as  "  Sala  di  Croce  Greca  "  and 
"  Sala  degli  Fasti "  are  slightly  ungram- 
matical  ;  that  Symmachus  (November  22nd, 
498  a.d.,  to  July  19th,  514),  the  author  of 
the  fountain  in  the  "  Paradise "  of  St. 
Peter's,  can  hardly  be  called  a  mediaeval 
Pope  (p.  58)  ;  and  that  the  present  Museo 
Borghese  was  not  formed  by  that  family  "  at 
long  intervals  and  without  any  definite  plan." 
The  plan  was  definite  enough  :  it  was  formed 
by  the  father  and  grandfather  of  the  present 
Prince  to  fill  up  the  places  left  vacant  by 
the  Napoleonic  theft  of  1812. 


THE    ROYAL    SOCIETY    OF 
BRITISH    ARTISTS. 

For  any  one  possessed  of  a  little  money 
there  are  few  things  in  the  world  easier 
than  to  found  an  artistic  society,  nor  is  it 
so  very  difficult  to  make  its  first  exhibition, 
at  least,  better  than  the  ruck  of  picture 
shows.  The  difficulty  is  with  the  ensuing 
years,  when  vested  interests  accumulate 
round  the  unfortunate  institution,  throttling 
its  better  ambitions,  till  it  becomes  a  mere 
association  of  indifferent  painters.  If  before 
this  happened  it  could  be  abolished,  to  make 
room  for  fresher  effort,  all  would  be  well  ; 
but  these  same  vested  interests  that  prevent 
it  from  living  worthily  will  prevent  it  from 
dying  altogether  ;  and  if,  above  all,  it  has 
acquired  in  the  meantime  a  royal  diploma, 
its  destruction  becomes  virtually  impossible. 
It  may  be  stated,  therefore,  as  an  axiom  of 
artistic  politics,  that  the  breathing  of  a  new 
spirit  into  such  an  established  institution 
is  generally  more  admirable  than  the 
inauguration  of  a  "  new  movement,"  though 
it  will  never  get  so  much  journalistic  atten- 
tion. The  critic  should  not,  then,  ignore 
such  a  show  as  that  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
British  Artists,  merely  because  latterly  it 
has  fallen  on  evil  days  ;  rather,  since  it  is 
with  us  and  likely  to  remain  with  us,  should 
ho  exhort  its  members  from  timo  to  time  to 
fresh  effort. 

Occasion  for  such  exhortation  is  pre- 
sented by  the  curious  unanimity  with  which 
all  the  artistic  societies  in  London,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Royal  Academy,  have 
resolved  themselves  into  close  corporations, 
cutting  off  all  access  to  the  picture-loving 


public  for  that  fresh  native  talent  that,  in 
spite  of  theories,  wells  up,  as  it  were,  from* 
the  very  soil.  Wo  do  not  say  that  this 
proce-ss  of  damming  back  may  not  be,  on 
the  whole,  salutary,  for  tho  multiplicity  of 
exhibitions  has  made  it  easy  for  self-confidence 
to  obtain  a  hearing,  while  in  the  abundance 
of  clamouring*  it  is  difficult  for  a  modest 
voice  to  be  heard.  What  is  certain  is  that 
the  annual  exhibitions  at  the  Academy  owe 
not  a  little  of  their  interest  to  their  having 
a  "  first  call  "  on  all  the  promising  work 
done  in  a  hole-and-corner  way  by  people 
out  of  touch  with  the  art  world,  but  with  a 
gift  for  painting.  It  is  equally  certain 
that  when  other  exhibitions  are  open  their- 
promoters  save  money  and  lose  little  credit 
by  being  exclusive.  Yet  when  even,- where 
exhibitions  are  closed,  it  soon  become* 
worth  while  to  look  for  the  accumulated, 
talent  outside. 

And  while  urging  this  idea  on  the  members 
of  the  R.B.A.  we  venture  to  suggest  that  it 
is  this  class  of  work — the  raw  talent  described 
above — that  is  most  likely  to  reward  atten- 
tion. The  man  is  to  bo  mistrusted  who  has- 
a  completely  elaborated  method  of  painting: 
at  his  fingers'  ends.  Talent  is  not  so- 
abundant  nowadays  that  he  would  not  havo 
been  snapped  up  elsewhere  if  his  mastery 
were  genuine.  But  the  less  fluent  painter, 
whose  work  is  interesting  by  dint  of  his- 
absorbed  interest  in  nature,  always  occurs 
from  time  to  time,  and  is  worth  more  atten- 
tion than  he  gets.  He  is  astonishingly  rare 
at  the  R.B.A.,  but  one  example  we  have- 
unearthed,  and  we  recommend  as  a  healthy,, 
unaffected  little  bit  of  painting  Near  the 
Ferry,  Poole,  by  H.  K.  Rooke.  Mr.  Rooke- 
has  a  larger  picture  near  that  is  not  bad, 
but  the  first,  done  from  nature  and  on  a 
smaller  scale,  reaps  from  these  two  facts 
an  evident  superiority.  Pressed  by  the 
difficulty  of  realizing  the  details  of  nature- 
with  brush  relatively  large  and  clumsy,  the 
artist  is  driven  to  an  adroitness  of  touch, 
and  variety  of  approach  that  make  the  work 
fascinating.  Had  the  larger  picture  been 
wrought  with  clumsier  tools,  the  toork 
might  have  been  more  delicate,  more  inter- 
esting ;  or  had  he  been  working  in  the- 
presence  of  Nature,  the  challenge  of  her 
many-sided  demands  might  have  prevented 
his  touch  being  so  clean  and  monotonous — 
in  a  word,  unoccupied.  We  are  not  blind 
to  the  fact  that  a  painter  with  a  large  and 
monumental  theme,  like  Puvis  de  Chavannes, 
may  gain  a  kind  of  dignity  by  refusing  him- 
self the  attraction  of  this  interested  and 
engagingly  eloquent  touch  ;  but  for  a 
painter  of  simple  transcripts  from  Nature- 
such  as  these  tho  quality  is,  in  Sir  Joshua's- 
words,  "  one  of  the  essential  requisites  of 
his  confined  labours." 

Nor  is  there  much  that  is  meritorious  in 
Suffolk  Street  but  stands  self-confessed  as. 
belonging  to  the  same  humble,  but  interest- 
ing class  of  picture.  Mr.  Gilchrist's  Bull 
Calf  and  Mr.  Brougier's  Monastery  have, 
though  not  quite  to  tho  same  degree  as 
Mr.  Rooke's  little  picture,  the  air  of  being 
completely  occupied  with  the  business  in 
hand,  of  stretching  the  expressive  powers. 
of  each  brush-stroke  to  the  full,  and  in  con- 
sequence interest  us  longer  than  Mr.  Len- 
fenesty's  Crown  of  the  Hill,  in  which  the- 
painter  is  very  prompt  and  pat  with  what 
he  has  to  say,  but  has  reduced  it  to  so  little- 
as  hardly  to  call  for  so  supple  and  variable- 
a  medium  as  water  colour  for  its  expression  : 
hence  a  certain  omptiness  of  touch.  Tho 
not  very  remarkable  woodland  picture  by- 
Mr.  Jay  has  this  same  saving  interest  of 
being  by  a  man  not  incapable  of  facing 
difficulties  for  himself,  and  this  at  least  puts 
it   far   in   front    of   Mr.    Dewhurst's   Nuns? 


N°4092,  March  .31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


401 


•Garden,  with  its  placid  following  of  the  out- 
ward appearance  of  an  impressionist  painting 
and  its  complete  failure  to  catch  the  spirit 
that  saved  that  school  from  vulgar  crudity. 
Somewhat  apart  from  the  other  exhibitors 
are  Mr.  J.  W.  Fergusson  and  Mr.  Foottet. 
The  former  shows  a  number  of  heads  in  the 
manner  of  Mr.  Sargent ;  they  show  a  bias 
towards  monochrome,  but  after  all  are, 
-•perhaps,  to  be  preferred  to  many  of  the 
polychrome  vulgarities  that  master  has  un- 
fortunately inspired.  They  are  rather 
•flippant,  and  not  to  be  compared  with  Mr. 
Fergusson's  still  life,  The  Brass  Kettle,  which 
is  brilliant  in  its  somewhat  narrow  way.  Mr. 
Foottefs  The  Bridge,  is  a  clumsy  transcript 
from  nature  in  the  manner  of  Le  Sidaner. 
In  The  White  Morning  ho  aims  higher,  but 
■comes  to  earth  with  a  more  decided  bump. 
Yet  here  we  note  a  touch  of  invention  in  the 
•colour-harmony  which  is  very  refreshing. 
If  only  the  spacing  and  drawing  of  the 
forms  had  not  been  so  lamentably  wanting, 
not,  indeed,  in  realistic  possibility  (the  lack 
■of  that  might  pass),  but  in  dignity  and 
seriousness  of  design  ! 


-EXHIBITIONS    AT  SHEPHERD'S  AND 

DICKINSON'S    GALLERIES. 

Passing  from  the  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists  to  Messrs.  Shepherd's  Exhibition 
•of  Early  British  Masters,  we  find  ourselves 
in  another  world.  How  narrow,  after  all, 
■was  the  technique  of  the  earlier  art  for  the 
purpose  of  representing  the  face  of  Nature  I 
yet  how  much  more  adequately  is  she 
represented  here  than  in  the  collection  of 
works  we  have  just  left  !  The  revolutionists 
of  the  nineteenth  century  won  for  painting 
a  liberty,  a  variety  of  approach,  that  would 
have  been  an  invaluable  weapon  for  getting 
•the  better  of  Nature,  its  unruly  subject- 
matter.  Too  many  of  their  followers  are 
using  this  liberty,  not  for  grappling  with 
difficulties,  but  for  avoiding  them.  Indeed, 
if  a  man  is  not  strict  with  himself,  nothing 
as  easier  to  produce  than  a  modern  picture. 
But,  even  if  the  painter  expected  no  very 
close  resemblance  to  Nature,  it  was  no  easy 
task  for  him  to  execute  a  picture  in  the  old 
traditional  way.  It  was  done  with  a  know- 
ledge of  the  materials  used,  and  in  such  a 
way  that  time  improved  rather  than  spoilt 
a  painting.  The  colours  were  applied  so 
as  to  exploit  their  qualities  of  richness  and 
transparency,  and  this  implied  a  series  of 
processes  that  did  not  permit  disturbance 
by  any  headlong,  imitative  work.  Can  it 
be  doubted  that,  just  as  the  smallness  of 
ecale  of  his  picture  forced  Mr.  Rooke  to 
adroitness  in  using  his  brush,  so  the  necessity 
of  working  within  a  traditional  system 
obliged  the  painters  of  this  earlier  school  to 
keep  their  faculties  on  the  stretch,  if  they 
were  to  realize  Nature  adequately  ?  Their 
system  did  not  lend  itself  to  literal  imitation 
cf  Nature  ;  it  did  lend  itself  to  rich  and 
handsome  paint,  and  here,  again,  is  a  reason 
why  even  the  hangers-on  of  the  older  schools 
are  at  least  more  agreeable  than  the  hangers- 
on  of  the  moderns.  Imitate  the  outward 
appearance  of  an  old  master,  the  processes 
a  picture  passed  through  in  his  hands  rather 
than  his  brain,  and  you  have  at  least  some- 
thing warm,  glowing,  and  of  a  piece.  Do 
the  like  by  Claude  Monet,  and  you  get  dis- 
cordant crudity. 

Take  the  full-length  portrait  of  a  gentlo- 
man  in  a  scarlet  coat  on  your  right  as  you 
enter,  and  observe  how  tyrannously  the 
method  of  painting  cuts  down  the  means 
whereby  the  painter,  a  man  with  a  taste 
for  landscape,  is  to  render  the  elaborate 
background.     It  is  to  bo  very  little  more  than 


a  filigree  of  opaque  monochrome  painted 
into  a  lake,  a  liquid  glazing  colour.  How 
concise  and  varied  must  the  touch  be,  there- 
fore, how  firmly  massed  the  forms  !  How 
mysterious  and  impalpable  it  becomes  under 
the  hand  of  time  ! 

In  all  this  we  have  the  fortifying  influence 
of  a  sound  method  on  a  man  whose  feeling 
for  Nature  was  not  at  bottom  very  extra- 
ordinary :  he  made  the  most  of  each  of  the 
processes  he  was  taught,  but  did  not  think 
of  positively  modifying  the  processes  them- 
selves to  fit  more  closely  6ome  constructive 
parallel  that  he  observed  in  natural  effect. 
A  very  fine  example  of  Barlow  of  Bath,  an 
upright  woodland  scene,  shows  a  painter  in 
this  more  creative  mood.  The  picture 
seems  compact  of  Nature's  interwoven 
lights,  yet  is  a  combination  arising  natu- 
rally out  of  the  pigments  used,  which  cross 
and  enforce  each  other  like  the  figures  of  a 
dance.  As  pure  painting  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds's portrait  of  Mrs.  Allen,  suave  and 
accomplished  as  it  is,  looks,  after  this,  a 
little  stiff  and  uninspired.  Indeed,  Sir 
Joshua  is  in  some  respects  well  matched  in 
this  collection  by  two  of  his  assistants. 
Peter  Toms's  small  full-length  of  a  lady  is 
of  infinite  daintiness  of  facture — almost 
betters  the  Sir  Joshua  on  its  merits  as  paint, 
while  John  Jackson's  portrait  threatens  him 
as  seriously  by  its  power  and  eloquence  as 
a  representation  of  life. 

The  modern  pictures  in  the  room  below 
are  not  proportionately  with  the  old  masters 
superior  to  the  pictures  at  the  R.B.A.,  so 
much  harder  is  connoisseurship  in  this 
department.  There  is  an  interesting  Clausen, 
however ;  and  Mr.  Wylie's  Bombardment 
of  Alexandria,  a  masculine  work  half  way 
between  his  earlier  and  his  present  style, 
suggests  that  even  the  latter,  with  its 
rather  tighter  and  more  meticulous  handling, 
will  gain  in  breadth  and  geniality  by  the 
action  of  time. 

Mr.  Haslehust's  drawings  of  the  Thames 
at  Messrs.  Dickinson's  galleries  are  clean 
and  dexterous,  but  not  very  notable.  In 
view  of  the  unimportance  of  this  class  of 
work,  it  seems  inadvisable  to  train  a  race  of 
specialists  to  do  it,  and  nothing  further. 
If  the  public  want  such  things  done,  surely 
they  might  be  induced  to  accept  the  pro- 
ductions of  a  more  serious  painter  who  went 
in  for  the  work  occasionally  as  a  kind  of 
holiday  jaunt.  It  would  cost  the  public 
no  more,  and  would  be  more  interesting. 
No.  55,  Thames  Head,  near  Kemble,  is  perhaps 
the  best,  the  painter  being  quite  interested 
for  a  moment  in  some  weed  swinging  round 
the  bend  of  the  liver.  In  the  trees  at  the 
left,  however,  he  remembered  a  convention 
used  by  his  brother  experts,  and  was  saved 
further  individual  research. 


THE     BRITISH     SCHOOL     AT     ROME. 

The  third  open  meeting  of  the  British 
School  at  Rome  for  the  present  season  was 
held  on  the  12th  inst.  in  the  library  of  the 
School.  The  first  paper,  on  '  Copies  of 
Statues  on  Coins,'  was  read  by  Prof.  Percy 
Gardner,  a  member  of  the  Managing  Com- 
mittee of  the  School.  He  began  by  a  defence 
of  coins  of  the  time  of  Hadrian  and  later  as 
sources  of  information^in  regard  to  works 
by  great  sculptors  of  an  earlier  date,  and  by 
defining  the  conditions  under  which  their 
evidence  may  be  regarded  as  trustworthy, 
and  the  conventions  adopted  by  the  die- 
cutter.  He  then  proceeded  to  consider  in 
detail  two  examples,  the  first  being  Artemis 
at  Patra?.  On  a  succession  of  coins  of  the 
imperial  period,  reaching  from  Nero  to 
Caracalla,    an    almost    identical    figure    of 


Artemis  occurs,  sometimes  with  the  inscrip- 
tion "  Diana  Laphria."  That  we  have  here 
a  copy  of  the  cultus  statue  is  almost 
certain.  Pausanias  describes  it  as  having 
been  brought  from  Calydon  by  Augustus : 
it  represented  the  goddess  hunting,  or  at 
least  armed  for  the  chase,  and  was  of  ivory 
and  gold,  the  work  of  Mensechmus  and 
Soidas,  two  sculptors  of  Naupactus,  who  were 
very  possibly  Messenians.  Objections  have 
been  brought  against  the  identification  by 
Prof.  Studwiczka  (in  Romische  M itteilungen, 
iii.  [1888],  297),  who  considers  that  the 
statue  as  represented  on  the  coins  belongs 
to  too  late  a  date  for  the  masters  in  question, 
who,  he  supposes,  being  called  Naupactians, 
must  have  preceded  the  settlement  of  the 
Messenians  at  Naupactus  in  B.C.  455.  This 
is  not,  however,  at  all  necessary  ;  and  both 
the  artists  and  the  statue  as  represented  on 
the  coins  may  be  safely  assigned  to  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  century  b.c. 

The  second  example  was  Themistocles  at 
Magnesia.  A  coin  of  Magnesia  in  Ionia 
(published  in  Athenische  M itteilungen,  1896) 
depicts  the  statue  of  Themistocles  set  up 
soon  after  his  death  in  the  market-place 
there,  which  is  mentioned  by  Thucydides, 
i.  138.  The  coin  was  struck  in  the  reign  of 
Antoninus  Pius,  and  represents  the  hero 
standing  nude  towards  the  left,  with  a  patera 
in  his  right  hand,  and  a  sheathed  sword  in 
his  left.  Before  him  is  a  burning  altar,  at 
the  foot  of  which  lies  a  slain  bull.  It  is 
probably  from  a  misunderstanding  of  the 
statue  that  the  legend  arose  which  occurs 
in  '  The  Knights '  of  Aristophanes  that 
Themistocles  died  from  drinking  bull's 
blood.  A  copy  of  the  statue  itself  is  very 
probably  preserved  to  us  in  a  well-known 
statue  from  the  Villa  Albani,  now  in  the 
Glyptothek  at  Munich,  which  Prof.  Furt- 
wangler  once  considered  to  be  a  Zeus 
('  Masterpieces,'  212),  but  which  he  has  since 
catalogued  simply  as  a  "  statue  of  a  nude 
bearded  god  or  hero."  The  statue  itself 
belongs  to  about  the  middle  of  the  fifth 
century  b.c,  and  represents,  not  a  god,  but 
a  man — it  is,  in  fact,  a  portrait  statue ;  and 
it  is  exactly  contemporary  with  the  statue 
of  Themistocles  at  Magnesia.  There  are 
certain  small  discrepancies  between  the 
statue  and  the  coin  type  ;  and  both  arms  of 
the  statue  have  been  restored  somewhat 
incorrectly,  though  in  the  left  hand  a  sheath 
has  been  introduced — why,  it  is  hard  to  see, 
unless  it  be  admitted  that  the  restorer  had 
some  evidence  to  go  by  ;  and  it  has  already 
been  noticed  that  a  sheathed  sword  is  held 
by  the  left  hand  of  the  figure  on  the  coin. 

The  second  paper,  on  late  Roman  historical 
reliefs,  was  read  by  the  Librarian,  Mr. 
A.  J.  B.  Wace.  He  dealt  first  with  the  six 
long  reliefs  forming  the  frieze  round  the 
Arch  of  Constantine.  In  three  of  these 
reliefs — one  representing  a  triumph,  another 
a  congiarium,  another  a  scene  on  the  Rostra 
— the  original  head  of  the  emperor  had  been 
carefully  chiselled  out,  and  the  head  of  a 
later  emperor,  now  lost,  inserted.  The 
other  three  represent  a  battle  by  a  river, 
probably  that  at  Pons  Milvius  ;  the  siege 
of  a  town,  possibly  Verona  ;  and  a  conven- 
tional triumphal  scene.  In  the  scene  of  the 
siege  the  emperor  is  present,  and  his  head, 
though  damaged,  has  never  been  removed 
or  replaced.  These  last  three  reliefs  all 
seem  to  be  alike-  in  style,  in  which  they  differ 
slightly  from  the  first  three  :  and,  since  the 
emperor's  head  is  untouched,  they  must  be 
Constantinian.  The  first  three  must  refer 
to  an  earlier  emperor,  probably  Diocletian, 
who  was  the  ln^i    emperor  to  celebrate  a 

triumph    (in    -\.i>.    80S),    and    who   was   fairly 

active    in    building    in    Home.     Mr.    Waee 
next    spoke  of    the  base   of   the   obelisk  of 


402 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


Thoodosius  in  Constantinople,  this  base 
being  in  two  parts.  The  lower  a  large  block 
of  marble,  was,  apparently,  originally  meant 
to  carry  the  obelisk.  On  two  of  its  lower 
sides  are  representations  of  the  transport 
of  the  obelisk,  and  of  the  obelisk  erect  in 
the  hippodrome;  while  on  the  other  two 
sides  are  inscriptions  in  Latin  and  Greek, 
commemorating  its  erection  under  Theo- 
dosius. The  upper  part  of  the  block,  which 
is  smaller,  had  originally  a  grooved  orna- 
mentation round  its  sides.  This  part  is  of 
about  the  same  size  as  the  bottom  of  the 
obelisk.  Later,  however,  the  four  corners 
of  the  upper  part  were  cut  away,  and  their 
place  taken  by  blocks  of  granite  set  with 
mortar  ;  and  thej-  and  the  whole  of  the 
ornamentation  were  covered  up  by  slabs  of 
marble,  the  dowel  holes  of  which  are  still 
visible.  The  upper  block  of  the  base,  also 
of  marble,  is  sculptured  on  all  four  sides  with 
scenes  representing  the  emperor  in  the 
hippodrome  and  receiving  the  homage  of 
barbarians.  On  this  block  again  are  four 
square  blocks  of  bronze,  on  which  stands 
the  obelisk.  Directly  underneath  one  of 
these  bronze  blocks  the  corner  of  the  upper 
marble  block  has  been  restored,  and  on  the 
restoration  only  part  of  the  sculptured  scene 
is  continued.  It  seems  likely  that  the  top 
block  was  not  originally  meant  to  support 
the  obelisk — that  it  was  already  sculptured 
when  moved  to  its  present  position,  and  thus 
had  to  be  lifted  by  a  clamp  under  each 
corner,  which  necessitated  the  cutting  away 
of  the  corners  of  the  lower  block  in  order  to 
get  it  properly  into  position.  The  block  was, 
however,  damaged  in  course  of  transport, 
and  therefore  had  to  be  restored.  In  one  of 
the  scenes  on  this  upper  block  are  repre- 
sented, according  to  the  usual  view,  Theo- 
dosius, his  wife  Flaccilla,  Arcadius,  and 
Honorius.  But  the  figure  called  Flaccilla 
is  not  only  dressed  like  the  other  three  male 
figures,  but  is  also  not  characterized  as 
female.  Therefore,    since,    owing   to    the 

technical  points,  an  earlier  date  than  Theo- 
dosius has  to  be  assumed  for  this  block,  it 
seems  probable  that  it  represents  Constantino 
and  his  three  sons,  and  the  style  of  the  heads 
agrees  very  well  indeed  with  portraits  of  this 
period.  Thus  it  seems  clear  that  the  lower 
part  of  the  base  was  originally  intended  for 
the  obelisk. 

The  meeting  was  well  attended  by  foreign 
scholars  and  British  residents  in  Rome. 


M.    EUGENE    CARRIERE. 

The  death  of  this  distinguished  artist  on 
Tuesday  last,  after  a  long  and  painful  illness, 
removes  from  the  ranks  of  French  painters 
a  genius  of  no  ordinary  accomplishments. 
Like  Ricard  and  Whistler  among  his  con- 
temporaries, Carriere  combined  what  has 
been  described  as  "  exactness  of  physiology 
with  the  most  exalted  ideality "  in  his 
portraits,  and  this  quality,  whilst  it  never 
brought  him  popularity  in  the  ordinary  sense, 
will  secure  him  a  prominent  place  in  the 
annals  of  French  art  of  the  last  quarter  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  His  place,  indeed, 
in  such  annals  will  defy  any  attempt  at 
grouping,  for  his  originality  is  of  such  a 
nature  that  he  stands  entirely  alone.  There 
is  a  singular  charm  in  the  melancholy  of 
nearly  all  his  portraits,  for  it  is  a  melancholy 
which  is  full  of  poetry  and  expression,  as 
may  be  seen  in  the  wonderful  picture  called 
'  Maternite,'  painted  in  1892,  and  now  in 
the  Luxembourg ;  in  the  '  Jeune  Mere,' 
painted  in  1878,  and  now  at  Avignon  ;  and 
in  '  L'Eniant  Malade,'  1886,  now  at  Montargis. 
The  group  of  the  artist's  family,  a  composi- 
tion of  six  figures,  which  has  been  frequently 
reproduced,  is  a  faithful  transcript,  in  which 


each  glance  of  the  eyes,  each  position  of  the 
hands,  and  each  pose  of  the  figures  is  a 
subtle  revelation  of  the  artist's  poetic  feeling. 
His  portrait  of  Paul  Verlaine  is  one  of  the 
most  striking  likenesses  to  be  found  any- 
where in  modern  art,  for  here  we  have  a 
face  without  beauty  endowed  with  a  vivid- 
ness and  human  charm  worthy  to  rank  with 
the  work  of  the  greatest  exponents  of  por- 
traiture. Carriere  in  portrait  painting,  like 
Forain  in  caricature,  found  his  most  con- 
genial subjects  in  lowly  folk — in  those  to 
whom  the  struggle  for  life  is  an  ever-present 
problem  ;  and  the  charm  which  pervades 
his  works  will  always  counteract  the  sadness 
which  no  one  has  more  successfully  idealized 
than  himself. 

Carriere's  more  important  groups  and 
portraits  include  Alphonse  Daudet  and 
daughter,  Gabriel  Seailles  and  daughter, 
Edmond  de  Goncourt,  Devillez  the  sculptor, 
and  a  portrait  of  his  own  daughter,  with  the 
title  '  Premier  Voile,'  painted  in  1887,  and 
now  at  Toulon. 

Carriere,  who  was  born  at  Cournay-sur- 
Marne  (Seine-et-Oise)  on  January  17th, 
1849,  studied  under  Cabanel  at  the  Ecole 
des  Beaux- Arts,  which  he  entered  in  1870, 
soon  having  to  leave  to  take  part  in  the  war. 
For  nearly  ten  years  he  painted  in  poverty 
and  neglect.  It  was  not  until  1884,  when 
he  produced  the  series  of  "  Enfants  au  chien," 
that  he  attracted,  through  the  critics,  the 
attention  of  the  art-loving  public.  At  the 
Salon  of  that  year  he  obtained  an  "  honour- 
able mention,"  whilst  in  that  of  the  following 
year  he  won  a  third-class  medal  and  the  Prix 
Bashkirtseff.  He  won  other  official  recogni- 
tions in  the  Salons  of  1887  and  1889,  and  the 
violent  attacks  which  some  of  his  earlier 
works  excited  became  changed  into  a 
general  chorus  of  praise.  Miss  Kingsley,  in 
her  excellent  '  History  of  French  Art,' 
happily  suggests  Baudelaire's  words,  "  What 
can  be  seen  in  sunlight  is  always  less  inter- 
esting than  what  takes  place  behind  a 
window-pane.  In  this  dark  or  luminous 
hole  life  lives,  life  dreams,  life  suffers,"  as 
applicable  to  Carriere's  view  of  art,  and 
the  passage  admirably  sums  up  the  artistic 
outlook  of  this  great  and  original  artist. 

He  also  painted  the  portraits  of  such 
celebrities  as  Anatole  France,  Henri  Roche- 
fort,  Reclus,  and  Metchnikoff,  not  to  enter 
into  a  long  list  of  well-known  "  femmes 
gracieuses "  and  "  enfants  choyes."  His 
public  decorations  included  work  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville,  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  at  the 
Mairie  of  the  twelfth  Arrondissement. 

W.  R. 


SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  21st  inst.  the 
following  engravings  :  After  Morland :  Delia  in 
Town,  and  Delia  in  the  Country,  by  J.  R.  Smith, 
58/.  After  Hoppner :  Countess  of  Oxford,  by 
S.  W.  Reynolds,  50/.  ;  Sophia  Western,  by  J.  R. 
Smith,  27/. ;  Juvenile  Retirement,  by  J.  Ward, 
85/. ;  Viscountess  Andover,  by  C.  Wilkin,  29/. 
After  Peters :  Belinda,  by  R.  Dunkarton,  92/. ; 
Girl  seated  under  a  Tree,  by  Colinet,  22/.  After 
Reynolds  :  Jane,  Countess  of  Harrington  and 
Children,  by  F.  Bartolozzi,  42/. ;  Mrs.  Robinson 
as  Perdita,  by  W.  Dickinson,  40/. ;  Mrs.  Hale  in 
'  L' Allegro,'  by  J.  Watson,  26/. ;  Lady  Bamp- 
fylde,  by  T.  Watson,  9S/. ;  Lady  Taylor,  by  W. 
Dickinson,  88/.  After  Gardner :  Lady  Rushout 
and  Children,  by  T.  Watson,  141/.  After  J. 
Wright :  The  Bradshaw  Family,  by  V.  Green,  57/. 
After  Chalon  :  Thornton  Castle  and  Thorntoniana, 
by  W.  Ward,  27/. 

The  sale  on  the  24th  inst.  was  notable  for  the 
prices  fetched  by  two  of  Lord  Leighton's  pictures  : 
The  Summer  Moon,  4,402/. ;  and  Winding  the 
Skein,  1,522/.  The  following  pictures  were  also 
sold  :  T.  Blinks,  On  the  Moors.  157/.  Andre 
Crochepierre,  Reflections,  105/.  F.  Roybet,  A 
Cavalier,  in  black  slashed  dress  and  large  hat,  262/. 


Lely,  Nell  Gwyn,  105/.  T.  S.  Cooper,  A  Group 
of  Cattle  and  Sheep,  on  the  bank  of  a  river,  159/. ; 
Four  Cows  in  a  Meadow,  105/.  ;  Vicat  Cole, 
liasildon  Ferry,  with  Hartswood  in  the  distune-, 
136/.  K.  Heflner,  The  Afterglow,  2157.  J.  W. 
(Jodward,  Venus  at  the  Bath,  120/.  R.  Ansdell, 
The  Caledonian  Coursing  Meeting,  504/.  W. 
Midler,  Lago  Maggiore,  231/.  ;  The  Port  of  Rhodes, 
152/.  B.  W.  Leader,  Sand  Dunes,  215/.  R. 
Wylie,  La  Sorciere  Bretonne,  136/.  Drawings  r 
EL  Charlemont,  A  Drummer.  65/.  ;  A  Cavalier,  oSL 
Birket  Foster,  The  Hayfield,  183/. ;  Loch  Maree, 
556/. ;  In  the  Market-Place,  Verona,  493/.  ;  Ben 
Nevis,  483/. ;  Highland  Scene,  near  Dalmully.  577/. 
K.  Metz.macher,  Cinderella,  57/.  E.  Detaille, 
Marechal  Ney,  78/.  Sir  F.  W.  Burton,  Interior  of 
Bamberg  Cathedral,  57/.  Sam  Bough,  Lindis- 
farne,  183/. ;  Borrowdale,  136/.  W.  Hunt,  Pine- 
apple and  Grapes,  68/. ;  Light  and  Shadow,  llo/. 


Messrs.  Connell  &  Sons  hold  a  private- 
view  to-day  at  43,  Old  Bond  Street,  of  works- 
by  the  late  Alexander  Fraser. 

Next  Saturday  is  fixed  for  the  private- 
view  of  the  summer  exhibition  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  Colours- 

The  collection  of  pictures  by  Corot 
formed  by  the  late  Mr.  Staats  Forbes  will 
be  exhibited  at  the  Leicester  Galleries, 
Leicester  Square,  for  a  few  weeks  from, 
to-day.  The  exhibition  will  include,  in. 
addition  to  twenty-two  examples  of  Corot,. 
a  large  number  of  pictures  by  Daubigny,. 
Diaz,  Jacque,  Dupre,  Rousseau,  and  Troyon- 

A  correspondent  writes : — 

"It  is  curious  to  me  that  in  the  course  of  your 
criticism  of  the  works  by  the  late  C.  Furse  you  do- 
not  mention  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  general 
public  to  gain  admittance  to  the  exhibition." 

Mr.  Thomas  Hoade  Woods,  whose 
death,  in  his  seventy -seventh  year,  occurred 
on  Monday  last,  had  been  till  recently  the 
senior  partner  in  the  Messrs.  Christie's 
famous  firm.  Mr.  Woods  joined  their 
service  in  1846,  and  very  soon  showed  the 
value  of  his  powers.  He  was  an  excellent 
man  of  business,  with  a  remarkable  memory 
and  wide  knowledge  of  fine-art  matters. 
He  took  for  years  a  leading  part  in  the  great 
sales  which  have  made  Messrs.  Christie's- 
reputation  supreme  for  more  than  a  century. 
He  became  a  partner  of  the  concern  in  1859, 
and  senior  partner  in  1889.  He  retired  from 
active  work  in  1903,  having  been  in  ill-health 
for  some  time. 

The  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  South 
Kensington,  has  received,  through  the  gene- 
rosity of  Mrs.  Arthur  Melville,  a  valuable- 
addition  to  the  historical  collection  of 
water-colour  paintings  of  the  British  School, 
in  a  large  picture  by  the  late  Mr.  Arthur- 
Melville,  entitled  'The  Little  Bull-Fight: 
Biavo,  Toro  !  '  recently  shown  at  the  special 
exhibition  of  that  artist's  work  at  the  Institute 
of  Painters  in  Water  Colours. 

M.  Anatole  Celestin  Calmels,  the 
sculptor,  whose  death  is  announced  at  Lisbon, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four  years,  had  long 
ceased  to  be  a  prominent  figure  in  French 
art.  He  obtained  the  second  Grand  Prix 
de  Rome  in  1839,  and  won  a  medal  at  the 
Salon  of  1852.  He  was  a  native  of  Paris, 
and  executed  a  large  number  of  statues  and 
busts  for  various  monuments  in  his  native 
city.  He  was  for  thirty  years  a  "  corre- 
spondent "  of  the  Academie  des  Beaux- Arts. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  April  number  of 
The  Burlington  Magazine  is  a  photogravure 
of  '  The  Sisters  '  (portraits  of  Kate  and  Ellen 
Terry)  by  G.  F.  Watts,  on  which  Mr.  Claude 
Phillips  contributes  a  note.  The  editorial 
article  on  '  The  Purpose  and  Policy  of 
National  Museums  '  deals  particularly  with 


N°4092,  March  31,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


403 


the  proposal  of  the  Director  of  the  Boston 
Museum  to  exhibit  only  the  finest  specimens 
in  the  collection,  and  decides  against  it  so 
far  as  Europe  is  concerned.  Under  the  title 
•  The  Most  Magnificent  Book  in  the  World  ?  ' 
Mr.  H.  Yates  Thompson  writes  on  a  Latin 
Aristotle  in  his  collection,  with  splendid 
illuminations  which  suggest  the  name  of 
Ercole  Roberti.  Sir  Richard  Holmes  con- 
tinues his  articles  on  the  English  miniature 
painters,  dealing  this  time  with  Isaac  Oliver  ; 
and  Mr.  Warwick  Draper  writes  on  the 
Watts  fresco  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Mr.  Starkie 
Gardner  concludes  his  account  of  the  Duke 
of  Rutland's  silver  plate  at  Belvoir  Castle  ; 
and  Mr.  R.  S.  Clouston  contributes  a  paper 
on  '  Eighteenth-Century  Mirrors.'  Among 
other  contributions  are  an  article  on  the 
Centenary  Exhibition  of  German  Art  at 
Berlin,  and  one  on  Adolph  Menzel.  The 
American  section  includes  an  article  on  the 
novel  proposal  of  the  Boston  Museum  above 
mentioned. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Academy,  held  in  Edinburgh,  three  new 
Associates  were  elected :  Mr.  R.  M.  G. 
Coventry,  of  Glasgow,  a  painter  ;  Mr.  Percy 
Portsmouth,  a  sculptor ;  and  Mr.  James 
Miller,  of  Glasgow,  an  architect.  Mr. 
Coventry  has  been  a  consistent  exhibitor 
at  the  Academy  for  many  years  ;  and  Mr. 
Miller  is  the  well-known  Glasgow  architect 
who  designed  the  International  Exhibition 
Buildings  of  1901. 

The  second  instalment  of  the  Vasari 
Society's  '  Reproductions  of  Drawings  by 
the  Old  Masters  '  (Nos.  21-32)  will  shortly 
be  issued  to  subscribers.  The  artists  repre- 
sented are  Lorenzo  di  Credi,  Pontormo,  an 
unknown  sculptor  of  the  Sienese  School  of 
the  fourteenth  century  whose  designs  for  a 
pulpit  at  Orvieto  were  never  carried  out, 
Mantegna(?),  Montagna,  Tintoretto  (?), 
Guardi,  Diirer,  Hans  Holbein  the  Younger, 
and  Claude.  The  committee  have  been  able 
to  include  drawings  from  the  collections  of 
the  Opera  del  Duomo  at  Orvieto,  the  Berlin 
Museum,  Messrs.  A.  E.  Gathorne-Hardy, 
Edward  Holland,  and  George  Salting,  as 
well  as  of  the  British  Museum.  This  com- 
pletes the  first  year's  work  of  the  Society, 
which  numbers  nearly  450  members,  so 
that  its  success  may  be  regarded  as  assured. 

A  committee,  including  many  well-known 
names,  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  collecting  subscriptions  for  the  erection 
of  a  monument  to  Fragonard,  the  centenary 
of  whose  death  occurs  this  year.  The  com- 
mission has  been  given  to  the  well-known 
sculptor  M.  Auguste  Maillard,  whose  marble 
bust  has  been  promised  a  place  in  one  of 
the  public  gardens  in  Paris. 

The  death,  in  lus  seventy-sixth  year,  is 
announced  from  Berlin  of  the  well-known 
landscape  painter  Karl  Gustav  Rodde.  His 
pictures,  which  were  for  the  most  part 
representations  of  Italian  scenery,  are  to  be 
found  in  the  principal  German  galleries. 
Mr.  Hartshorne  writes  : — 
"  It  will  be  remembered  'that  there  was  not 
absolute  agreement  in  the  House  of  Commons 
when  the  new  statue  of  Oliver  Cromwell  was  set 
up.  Many  will  be  surprised,  and  all  will  be 
shocked,  now  to  learn  that  the  great  figuro  repre- 
sents the  supreme  cavalry  leader  with  his  spurs  on 
upside  down.  May  it  be  hoped  that  there  will  at 
least  be  unanimity  as  to  the  application  to  the 
statue  of  a  new  'crowning  mercy' — or  perhaps, 
rather,  a  new  '  healing  grace  ' — for  the  rectification 
•of  so  important  an  item  of  military  harness  ?" 

The  Antiquary  for  April  will  contain, 
among  other  articles,  the  following  :  •  A 
Pilgrimage  to  St.  David's  Cathedral,'  by 
Dr.  Alfred  C.  Fryer,  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphs by  Mr.  Percy  Hume;  'The  Gipsy 
Folk-tale    of    the    Two    Brothers,'    by    Dr. 


W.  E.  A.  Axon  ;  *  The  Chapel  of  St.  Thomas, 
Mappershall,'  by  Miss  Constance  Isherwood, 
illustrated  ;  '  The  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly, 
1813-1873,'  a  continuation  of  Mr.  Aleck 
Abrahams's  chronicle  history  ;  '  Norwich 
City  Records,'  by  Canon  Raven,  an  illus- 
trated review  ;  and  '  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  : 
her  Connection  with  Art  and  Letters,'  by 
Mr.  Blaikie  Murdoch  (conclusion). 

The  Rhind  Lectures  in  Archaeology  are 
being  delivered  this  year  by  Dr.  F.  Haver- 
field,  in  the  Lecture  Hall  at  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery  Buildings,  Queen  Street, 
Edinburgh.  Last  Wednesday  and  Friday 
he  dwelt  on  '  The  General  Character  of 
a  Roman  Province  such  as  Britain,'  and 
'  The  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Britain.' 
Further  lectures  are  on  April  2nd,  4th,  6th, 
and  10th.  The  whole  should  form  a  mine 
of  information  on  the  subject  by  a  first- 
rate  authority. 

MUSIC 


THE  WEEK. 
Bechstein  Hall. — Mr.  Cyril  ScoWs  Con- 
cert. 
The  programme  of  Mr.  Cyril  Scott's  con- 
cert last  Thursday  week  was  devoted 
entirely  to  his  own  compositions ;  but 
such  a  plan,  as  we  have  often  pointed  out, 
is  scarcely  wise  as  regards  the  composer. 
The  first  number  was  a  new  Sextet,  for 
pianoforte  and  strings.  Mr.  Scott,  in 
writing  his  Pianoforte  Quartet,  which  has 
been  performed  more  than  once,  and  was 
also  in  the  present  programme,  de- 
liberately avoided  anything  in  the  shape 
of  a  cadence  until  the  end  of  a  movement, 
and  in  this  new  work  the  same  method  is 
adopted.  There  results  a  restlessness  and 
vagueness  which  mar  good  thoughts  and 
clever  workmanship.  Some  of  Mr.  Scott's 
lyrics  were  extremely  well  sung  by  Miss 
Edith  Clegg,  and  in  these  the  composer 
was  heard  to  far  better  advantage.  In 
compositions  of  short  compass  the  avoid- 
ance of  a  cadence  proved  far  less  harmful ; 
some  of  the  songs,  indeed,  were  character- 
istic and  effective. 


.Eolian    Hall. — Miss   Booker   and    Mr. 

Harford's  Concert. 
Miss  Betty  Booker  and  Mr.  Francis 
Harford  gave  a  second  concert  at  the 
^Eolian  Hall  on  Tuesday  evening.  We  are 
glad  to  note  the  attention  that  is  beginning 
to  be  paid  to  Bach's  church  cantatas. 
The  one  with  which  this  concert  opened 
was  "  Ich  geh'  und  suche  mit  Verlangen." 
for  soprano  and  bass,  with  accompaniment 
for  strings,  oboe  d'amore,  and  continuo. 
The  first  number,  a  bass  solo,  with  its 
constant  repetition  of  words,  and  not 
grateful  part  for  the  voice,  proved  rather 
trying  ;  but  it  served  as  a  foil  to  the  lovely 
music  which  followed.  Miss  Booker  sang 
with  intelligence,  if  at  times  somewhat 
roughly.  The  accompaniments,  too, 
lacked  point  and  delicacy.  Mr.  Donald 
Francis  Tovey  presided  ably  at  the  piano- 
forte, but  that  instrument,  in  music  of  the 
kind,  is  an  unsatisfactory  substitute  for 
the  harpsichord ;  it  docs  not  blend 
properly  with  the  other  instruments.  Dr. 
Vaughan  Williams's  cycle  '  The  House  of 
Life '   was  repeated   by  general  request. 


There  may  be  moments  when  the  com- 
poser relies  too  much  on  mere  harmonic 
colour  ;  taken,  however,  as  a  whole,  these 
six  songs  are  remarkable  for  skill,  genuine 
feeling,  and  absence  of  anything  savouring 
of  extravagance.  If,  on  the  one  hand, 
there  are  passages  in  which  the  interest 
slightly  flags,  there  are  others,  as  in  '  Love's 
Minstrels  '  and  '  Death-in-Love,'  in  which 
it  is  greatly  intensified.  Mr.  Harford  sang 
with  well  -  deserved  success,  while  Mr. 
Henry  Bird  rendered  good  service  in  the 
important  pianoforte  accompaniments. 

Queen's      Hall.  —  London      Symphony 

Orchestra  Concert. 
The  ninth  concert  of  the  London  Sym- 
phony Orchestra,  on  Monday  evening, 
was  conducted  by  Dr.  Richter.  The 
earlier  part  of  the  programme  was  devoted 
to  Brahms,  Wagner,  Beethoven,  and  Bach. 
The  first  was  represented  by  his  most 
cheerful,  most  skilful  '  Academic  '  Over- 
ture, the  second  by  the  noble  '  Parsifal ' 
Prelude,  the  third  by  the  dramatic 
'  Coriolan  '  Overture,  and  the  last  by  his 
third  Brandenburg  Concerto  ;  and  all  of 
these  were  admirably  performed.  With 
regard  to  the  Concerto,  the  programme- 
book  stated,  and  correctly,  that  it  con- 
sisted of  two  Allegros  separated  by  only 
two  chords,  which  are  marked  adagio.  In 
place  of  these  Dr.  Richter,  however,  in- 
troduced a  movement  arranged  by  Hel- 
mesberger  from  a  Bach  sonata  for"  violin 
and  clavier.  There  is  nothing  to  say 
against  the  music  of  this  movement ;  but 
would  it  not  have  been  better  to  follow 
the  original  text  ?  It  seems  to  us  just 
possible  that  Bach,  when  playing  the 
part  for  the  harpsichord,  which  is  now 
ignored,  improvised  a  cadence  at  this 
point. 

The  second  part  of  the  programme 
included  *  Also  sprach  Zarathustra,'  of 
which  Dr.  Richter  supplied  a  splendid 
rendering.  The  opening  of  this  work  gives 
promise  of  very  great  things — a  promise, 
however,  which  is  not  fulfilled. 


iHusiral  (Sassip. 

Sir  Hubert  Parry's  '  Pied  Piper  of 
Hamelin,'  produced  at  the  last  Norwich 
Festival,  was  pei  formed  on  Tuesday  at 
Queen's  Hall  by  the  London  Choral  Society. 
A  very  cordial  reception  was  given  to  the 
composer  of  this  clever  and  humorous  setting 
of  Browning's  poem,  but  the  performance — 
a  fairly  good  one — was  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Arthur  Fagge.  The  work  was  actually 
given  for  the  first  time  in  London  by  the 
St.  George's  Choral  Society.  Tufnell  Park, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Thomas, 
on  the  15th  inst. 

The  Nora  Clench  Quartet  performed 
Beethoven's  Fugue,  Op.  133,  at  their  fifth 
concert  at  the  Bechstein  Hall  on  Tuesday 
evening.  This  fugue,  as  recently  noted. 
originally  formed  the  Finale  of  the  great 
Quartet  in  B  fiat.  Many  amateurs  and 
some  musicians  worship  names  ;  for  them 
it  is  sufficient  for  a  work  to  be  signed  Bach, 
Beethoven,  or  Brahms  to  extort  admiration. 
But  these  and  other  masters  wrote,  at 
times,  dry,  uninspired  works,  and  of  such  a 
kind  is  tho  fugue  in  question  ;  and  to  im- 
press that  fact  on  the  minds  of  unintelligent. 


404 


TIIE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4092,  March  M,  1906 


admirers,    it     i*    ju  rlmps    M    WoD    tluit    this 

laboured  movement  should  occasionally  be 
heard.  The  rTora  Clench  Quartet  deserve 
all  credit  for  their  courage  Ea  performing  it. 

Ni\t  week,  at  the  final  Broadwood 
Ooaoerl  ol  the  seaeon,  will  be  performed  a 
pianoforte  concerto  by  C.  P,  E.  Bach, 
recently  discovered  in  tho  library  of  the 
Vienna  Geeellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  by 
Dr.  Heinrich  Schenker. 

Mkmiki  ssohn  s  Reformation'  Symphony 
was  performed  at  the  Faris  Conservatoire 
Concert  on  the  18th  inst. 

Dom  Lorenzo  Perosi,  according  to 
Italian  papers,  has  just  completed  a  symphony 
in  four  movements,  which  is  to  be  produced 
at  Milan,  and  probably  under  the  direction 
of  Signor  Martucci,  the  well-known  Director 
of  the  Conservatorio  at  Naples. 


I 

■ 

Til  a. 
Wn.. 
Tm  us 

Fm. 
Jmt. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT  WEEK. 
Similar  Soru'tj's  OuuiniL  MS,  Queen's  Hull. 
Suntlav  L.-Hjfvie  Concert,  7.  Queen  s  BalL 

Bach  Choir.  *.  Qneen'a  Hull. 

Sir.  Arthur  Friedhdra'a  Pianoforte  Rivital.  S.30.  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mr  Frederic  Austin's  Vocal  Recital.  :i,  jEoUarj  Hall. 

Bach  Choir,  %  Queen'i  HalL 

Philharmonic  <  oncert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
liroa<i»cx*l  Concert.  *:.%).  £oliao  Hall. 
Mr  li<  nnii  o 'Suiiiiun '«  Concert.  1.1ft,  MeUnn  nail. 

na  BnaaaU  (Jrahnni  '■  Violin  Recital,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Nora  Clench  Quartet,  8.S0,  Ikchstein  Hall. 
alias  Marie  Hall a  Violin  Recital.  :i.  Queen  s  Hall. 
l>'ii»lon  Symphony  Orcheatru  Concert,  .':.::0.  Crystal  Palace. 


DRAMA 


dramatic  (gossip. 

Among  the  manifold  schemes  of  Mr.  Tree, 
one  likely,  it  is  said,  to  be  soon  realized 
consists  in  an  appearance  as  Col.  Newcome. 
His  impersonation  of  such  a  character 
cannot  be  otherwise  than  interesting.  What 
may  be  its  dramatic  value  and  significance 
remains  to  be  seen.  Striking  as  are  the 
characters  in  Thackeray,  few  of  them  have 
lent  themselves  to  the  purpose  of  the  actor, 
and  it  is  not  certain  that  for  Col.  Newcome 
there  is  reserved  a  triumph  denied  to  Becky 
Sharp,  Esmond,  and  Rawdon  Crawley. 

In  order  to  permit  of  the  appearance  of 
Miss  Terry  at  His  Majesty's  during  the 
Shakspeare  festival  week,  '  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,'  in  which  she  will  re-enact 
Mrs.  Page,  will  be  substituted  on  April  27th 
for  '  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,'  previously 
promised  for  the  same  date. 

Since  the  production  at  the  Criterion, 
on  November  22nd,  1884,  of  '  The  Candidate,' 
an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy 
of  '  Le  Depute  de  Bombignae  '  of  M.  Alex- 
andre Bisson,  given  in  the  previous  May  at 
the  Theatre  Francais,  things  have  altered 
politically  and  socially.  At  that  time  a 
rattling  comedian,  the  most  successful 
wearer  of  the  laurels  of  Charles  Mathews, 
Sir  Charles  Wyndham,  has  now  infused  into 
hi>  acting  a  seriousness  and  an  earnestness 
which  his  predecessor  could  never  touch. 
His  performance  of  Lord  Oldacre  has 
accordingly  gained  in  dignity  what  it  has 
lost  in  dare-devilry.  The  dialogue,  more- 
over, which  has  necessarily  been  altered 
to  suit  altered  conditions,  has  parted 
with  something  of  its  appropriateness,  if 
not  of  its  vivacity.  It  may  even  bo — who 
knows  ? — that  the  politics  of  to-day  are 
more  serious  than  those  of  yesterday.  At 
any  rate,  though  tho  general  performance 
was  excellent,  the  whole  missed  something 
of  tho  former  sparkle.  As  a  piece  d' occasion 
it  has  a  certain  amount  of  interest. 

R  evived  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  at 
which  Mr.  Charles  Hawtrey  now  constitutes 
tho  chief  attraction,  '  The  Man  from  Blank- 
ley's  '  proves  to  have  lost  nothing  since  its 
first  production  at  tho  Prince  of  Wales's 
on  April  2.r)th,  1901.  The  contrast  between 
the  young   nobleman   who,    by   a   freak   of 


fortune,   passes  in  suburban  quarters  for  a 

paid  guest  at  a  dinner-table,  and  she  vulgar 

cotirivrs  by  whom  he  is  first  snubbed  and 
then  toadied,  retains  its  pristine  treslmess. 
Played  as  he  is  by  Mr.  Charles  Jlautny. 
Lord  Strathpeffer  is  infinitely  divert  Eng. 
Many  of  tho  original  exponents  reappear. 
Miss  Fanny  Brough,  Mr.  Kemblo,  Mr. 
Holman  Clark,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Playfair  being 
seen  in  their  original  parts.  New-comers 
include  Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith  and  Miss 
Dagmar  Wiehe.  The  revival  was  received 
with  signal  favour. 

Next  Wednesday  afternoon  '  Monsieur 
de  Paris  '  will  be  revived  at  the  Garrick, 
with  Miss  Violet  Vanbrugh  as  Jacinta,  the 
executioner's  daughter.  The  28th  of  the 
same  month  is  fixed  for  tho  presentation  at 
the  same  house  of  '  The  Fascinating  Mr. 
Vanderveldt,'  the  new  comedy  of  Mr.  Alfred 
Sutro. 

'  Dorothy  o'  the  Halt,,'  by  Messrs. 
Paul  Kester  and  Charles  Major,  to  be  pro- 
duced at  the  New  Theatre  on  April  14th  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fred  Terry,  was  given  on 
November  3rd,  1904,  by  them  at  the  Theatre 
Royal,  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

'  Madame  Bohemia,'  a  dramatization  of 
Francis  Neilson's  novel  of  the  same  name, 
will  shortly  be  given  by  Miss  Jessie  Millward 
at  an  afternoon  performance  at  the  Scala. 

The  English  adaptation  of  '  Shore  Acres,' 
the  next  novelty  at  the  Waldorf,  is  being 
executed  by  Mr.  F.  G.  Aflalo.  Miss  Mary 
Rorke,  Mr.  Cyril  Maude,  and  Mr.  Cooper 
Cliffe  are  included  in  the  cast  with  which 
it  will  be  presented. 

'  Hippo  lyttjs  '  was  placed  on  Monday  in 
the  evening  bill  at  the  Court.  Mr.  Henry 
Ainley  was  Hippolytus  ;  Mr.  William  Havi- 
land,  Theseus  ;  Mr.  Granville  Barker,  the 
Henchman  ;  and  Miss  Olive,  Phaedra.  Miss 
Madge  Mcintosh  was  Aphrodite,  and  Miss 
Gwendolen  Bishop,  Artemis.  Of  the  adap- 
tations from  Euripides  by  Prof.  Murray  yet 
given  this  remains  the  most  impressive. 

An  adaptation  of  '  Maternite,'  by  M. 
Brieux,  executed  by  Mrs.  G.  B.  Shaw,  is 
announced  as  the  next  production  of  the 
Stage  Society. 

'  Arms  and  the  Man  '  was  recently  per- 
formed with  great  success  at  Stockholm, 
and  will  be  acted  at  the  Theatre  Royal, 
Copenhagen,  in  a  month's  time.  The 
Danish  translation,  entitled  '  Heroes  '  is  by 
the  well-known  author  and  actor,  Dr.  Karl 
Mantzius. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  S.— A.  M.  M.— R.  B.  J.— C.  P. 
—Received.  EX.  P.  F.  M.— Not  wanted. 

S.  M.  E.— V.  C— Many  thanks. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents 378 

Hki.i,  A  Sons 404 

Blackwood  a  sons         B80 

Catalogues 378 

Clarke  &  Co.         406 

CONSTABLK  it  C'0 4o;. 

dkkjhton.  Bell  a  Co 407 

BDCCATIOSAI 377 

EXHIBITION! 377 

Harper  A  Brothers      Hi 

Hirst  <fc  BLACKBTT 382 

[rsurance  Companies      400 

LONOXANB  A  Co 407 

Machillam  a  Co 868 

Magazines,  Ac 4oe 

Miscellaneous       378 

Mldiks  Library W9 

Newspaper  Agents         Wl 

Oxford  i'kkss        H9 

Alston  Biters        381 

BOUTI.BDGB  A  Sons 408 

svi.ks  nv  Auction 378 

Skki.kv  a  Co 406 

Sisi.r.v  A  CO 882 

Situations  vacant 377 

SITI    VTIONS    WaNTK.H  37S 

smith,  Ki.iikk  A  Co 407 

Societies       377 

TTTE-WRITERS  378 


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Adamnan.— Life  of  Saint  Columba. 
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Andersen— Fairy  Tales. 

'Aristotle.— Ethics.     Translated  by  Chase. 
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Bacon.— Essays. 

Novum  Organum. 

Barham.— The  Ingoldsby  Legends. 
Bates.— Naturalist  on  the  Amazons. 
Boethius.— Consolations  of  Philosophy.  Trans 

la  ted  by  James. 

'Borrow.— Bible  in  Spain. 

* Lavengro. 

Romany  Rye. 

■ The  Zincali. 

Brimley.— Essays.  Edited  by  W.  G.Clark,  M.  A. 

Brown.— Horas  Subsecivae.    Series  I. 

Browne  (Sir  T.).-Religio  Medici  and  Urn- 

BURIAL. 

"Browning  (Robert).— Poems. 
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Burke.— Thoughts  onthePresentDiscontents. 
'Carlyle.— Heroes  and  Hero  Worship. 

* Sartor  Resartus. 

*Church  (Dean  R.  W.).— Dante,  Anselm,  and 

other  Essay*. 

Coleridge— Aids  to  Reflection. 

Creasy.— FifteenDecisiveBattlesofthe  World. 

Darwin.— Voyage  of  a  Naturalist. 
*De  Quincey  —  English  Opium-Eater. 
"Emerson.— Essays. 

Fraser  (Sir  William).— Words  on  Wellington. 
*Froude—  Dissolution  of  the  Monasteries,  &c. 
'Gaskell  (Mrs.).-Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte. 

* Sylvia's  Lovers. 

* Cranford. 

Gatty.— Parables  from  Nature. 
•Golden  Treasury  of  American  Songs   and 

LYRICS- 

Goldsmith.— Citizen  of  the  World. 

Grimm.— Fairy  Tales. 
*Hare.— Guesses  at  Truth. 

Harris.— Uncle  Remus. 

Nights  with  Gncle  Remus. 

Harte  (Bret).-The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp. 

Hawthorne.— The  Scarlet  Letter. 

Hobbes.— Leviathan. 
"Holmes— Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table. 

Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table. 
* Professor  at  the  Breakfast  Table. 

■ —  Eisie  Venner. 


Hughes.— Tom  Brown's  School  Days. 

■ —  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford. 
'Victor  Hugo.— William  Shakespeare. 
•Jeffrey.  —  Essays    from    'The    Edinburgh 

REVIEW.'    I.  ENGLISH  POETS  AND  POETRY. 

Johnson.— Rasselas. 
*A  Kempis.— Imitation  of  Christ.    Translated 

by  BKNHAM. 

Kinglake.— Eothen. 
*Lamb— Essays  of  Elia. 
*Landor.  —  Imaginary     Conversations.      I. 


CLASSICAL   DIALOGUES.      IL     DIALOGUES 
SOVEREIGNS  AND  STATESMEN. 


OF 


Translated  by  James 
Translated     by    Sir     R. 


'Leopardi.— Dialogues. 

THOMSON. 

'Lessing.— Laocoon. 

PHILLIMORB. 

"Lowell.— My  Study  Windows. 

Macaulay.— History  of  England,    o  vols. 

Historical  Essays. 

* Literary  Essays. 

Mackenzie.— The  Man  of  Feeling,  &c. 

Maine.— Ancient  Law. 

Mill.— Dissertations  and  Discussions.    I. 

- — -  Representative  Government. 

On  Liberty. 

- —  Utilitarianism. 

Morris    (Sir    Lewis).— Poems.      Authorized 

Selection. 

"Palgrave—  Golden  Treasury  of  Songs  and 

LYRICS. 

"Peacock.— Novels.    2  vols. 
"Poe.— Tales  of  Mystery  and  Imagination. 
Reade  (Charles).— Hard  Cash. 
*Reynolds  (Sir  Joshua).— Discourses  to  Art 

STUDENTS. 

•Shakespeare.— Works.    In  6  vols. 
Smith    (Alex.).  —  Dreamthorp  :     Country 

Essays. 

•Spectator  (The).    Edited  by  G.   A.   Aitken. 

6  vols. 

Sterne.— A  Sentimental  Journey. 

Swift.— Journal  to  Stella. 

Sybel.— History    and     Literature     of    the 

CRUSADES. 

"Tennyson.— Poems. 
Trelawny.— Records  of  Shelley,  Byron,  and 

THE  AUTHOR. 

"Tyndall.-The  Glaciers  of  the  Alps. 

Whyte-Melville  — The  Gladiators. 

Whitman  (Walt).— Democratic  Vistas. 
* Specimen  Days. 

Wood  (Mrs.  Henry).— The  Channings. 

East  Lynne. 


LIBRARY 
OF   HI3TORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Lmrgt  kfo,  dark  green  buckram,  gilt,  red  morocco 

Ubels,  5b.  net  each. 

NEW  VOUME  Jl'ST  Oil. 

Josepbus    —  Works.        Translated     by     YVu. 

WHIMTOM,  and  Ediu-d,  with  Introduction  and  Notes, 

by  1).  &  MARdOLIOt  ill,  Litt  D.     xxviii  <>JU  pp. 

"Will   derive   <  imi-idt-ralile    instruction    from    Dr.   Mar- 

goliouth's    notes    and   from   Ml   introduction,   which   is  a 

model  of  coinpresMon,   and   is   written  iu  an   interesting 

style."—  Tribune. 

PREVIOUS  VOLUMES. 

Buckle's  History  of  Civilization.    Edited,  with 

all  the  Author'*  Notes,  by  JOHN  M.  B0BE8T80H, 
with  Additional  Notes,  Index,  and  Introduction. 
904  pp. 

Bacon's  Philosophical  Works.  With  the  Essays, 

New  Atlantis,  Ac.  Containing  all  the  Original  Notes 
of  J.  SI'EDDING  and  R.  L.  ELLIS.  The  whole  Edited, 
with  Additional  Notes  and  an  Introduction  and  Index, 
by  JOHN  M.  ROBERTSON.    &M  pp. 

Ranke's    History    of    the    Reformation    in 

GERMANY.  Translated,  with  the  Author's  Kates,  By 
SARAH  AUSTIN.  Edited,  with  Additional  Notes 
and  an  Introduction,  by  R.  A.  JOHNSON,  M.A.,  and  a 
copious  Index.    816  pp. 

Carlyle's  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

808  pp.,  with  32  tine  Portraits  and  Plates. 

Pepys'  Diary.  With  the  Notes  b\'  Lord 
BRAYBROOKE.  A  Verbatim  Reprint  of  the  Edition 
of  1848-9.     With  a  copious  Index.     900  pp. 

Evelyn's  Diary  and  Correspondence.    With 

Notes  by  YV.  BRAY,  and  copious  Index.     000  pp. 

Grammont.— Memoirs.    Edited  by  Sir  Walter 

SCOTT. 

IMMEDIATELY. 

Sismondi's  Italian  Republics.    Translated  and 

Edited  by  Dr.  VV.  BOULTING. 

Macaulay's  History  of  England.    Edited,  with 

Notes,  by  T.  F.  HENDERSON,  MA. 


ENGLISH    LIBRARY. 

Fcap.  Sco,  blue  cloth,  yilt,  gilt  lops,  2s.  6d.  tack. 
NEW  VOLUME  JUST  OUT. 

How  to  Read  English  Literature :  Chaucer  to 

MILTON.     By  LAURIE  MAGNUS,  M.A. 
"  Pleasant  to  read,  accurate  in  substance,  and  sound  in 

judgment He  is  a  sure  and  sympathetic  guide." 

Mr.  Hekhekt  Pah.,  MP.,  in  the  Tribune. 
"  The  excellence  of  the  little  book  is  maintained  right  to 
the  end."— Education. 

PREVIOUS  VOLUMES. 

The  Folk  and  their  Word -Lore.    An  Essay 

on  Popular  Etymologies.  ByDr.  A.  SMYTHE  PALM  BR. 

On  the  Study  of  Words.  By  Archbishop  R.  C. 
TKENCH.  AVith  Notes  and  Index  by  Dr.  A.  SMYTHE 
PALMER. 

English   Past   and   Present.    By   Archbishop 

TRENCH.     With  Notes  and  Index  by  Dr.  A.  SMYTH  E 
PALMER. 

Proverbs  and  their  Lessons.    By  Archbishop 

TRENCH.     With  Notes.  Bibliography,  and  Index  by 
Dr.  A.  SMYTHE  PALMER. 

Punctuation :  its  Principles  and  Practice.    By 

T.  F.  HUSBAND,  MA. 

IMMEDIATELY. 

Documents  Illustrating  Elizabethan  Poetry. 

By  Sir    PHILIP    SIDNEY,    R.    PETTENHAM,    and 
W.  WJBBBE.    Edited  by  LAURIE  MAGNUS,  MA. 

A   Select  Glossary.    By   Archbishop  Trf.mm. 

Edited  by  Di.  A  SMYTHE  PALMER. 


GEORGE  ROUTLEDGE  &  SONS,  Limited,  Broadway  House,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS '—.it   the  Office.   Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,   E.C. 
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Agents  for  Scotland.   Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFL'TE  and  Mr.  JOHN   MENZIES,   Edinburgh.-Saturday,   March  SI,  190«. 


THE  ATHENJ3UM 

Imtrnal  ti  CBngiisb  attft  Jfinatgn  literature  %ama,  tht  $m  ^rts,  #tostx  arti*  tlj*  Brama* 


No.  4093. 


SATURDAY,   APRIL    7,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


ROYAL        LITERARY         FUND 
(For  the  Assistance  of  Authors  and  their  Families). 
His  Excellency  the  Hon.  WHITELAW  REID,  American  Ambassador, 
Will  take  the  Chair 
At  the  116th  ANNIVERSARY, 
At  the  WHITEHALL  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLE, 
On  THURSDAY.  May  10.  at  7  for  7.30  P.M.  precisely. 
This  is  the  only  occasion  in  the  year  when  an  appeal  is  made  to  the 
Public,  anil  the  Committee  earnestly  invite  donations  in  aid  of  the 
work  of  the  Fund. 

Early  replies  ihsfore  APRIL  301  are  respectfully  requested  from 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  invited  to  be  Stewards.  Acceptance  of  a 
Stewardship  does  not  involve  any  obligation  beyond  that  mentioned 
in  the  invitation,  nor  does  it  necessarily  entail  attendance  at  the 
Dinner.    Donations  will  be  gratefully  acknowledged  by  the  Secretary, 

A.  LLEWELYN  ROBERTS. 
40,  Denison  House,  298.  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road,  S.W. 


C 


Cfeljtlittiotts. 


OROT  EXHIBITION. 

The  Stoats  Forbes  Collection  of  55  Pictures  by 

COROT  and  the  BARRIZON  SCHOOL. 

THE  LEICESTER  GALLERIES.  Leicester  Square. 


OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING   EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits bv  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 


THE  NEW  DUDLEY  GALLERY,  169, 
Piccadilly,  W..  is  NOW  AVAILABLE  for  EXHIBITIONS  of 
WORKS  of  ART,  ARTS  and  CRAFTS.  &c.  It  is  on  the  ground 
floor,  top-lighted,  and  in,  perhaps,  the  best  position  in  Europe.— 
Artists  and  Secretaries  of  Societies  should  write  for  vacant  dates 
and  Terms  to  the  SECRETARY,  New  Dudley  Gallery,  lii'J,  Picca- 
dilly, W.  

NATIONAL     ART    COLLECTIONS    FUND. 
Chairman-LORD  BALCARRES,  M.P.,  F.S.A. 
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Address  THE  HON.  SECRETARIES.  National  Art-Collections 
Fund,  47,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


(Efcttcaticrnal. 


WILLASTON     SCHOOL,     NANTWICH. 

IT  AN  DN8ECTARIAN  PUBLIC  SCHOOL. 

NEXT   ENTRANCE  and   FOUNDATION   SCHOLARSHIP  EXA- 
MINATION. TUESDAY.  April  10. 
For  particulars  apply  to  the  HEAD  MASTER. 

FOLKESTONE.  —  WOODLANDS  PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOL.  Individual  Teaching.-Rev.  H.  T.  J.  COGGIN, 
M.A.Cantab.,  formerly  House  -  Master,  University  College  School, 
London. 


ST.       THOMAS'S      HOSPITAL, 
ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  S.E. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 
The  SUMMER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  APRIL  18. 
The  Hospital  occupies  one  of  the  finest  sites  in  London,  and  contains 
-602  beds,  of  which  about  540  :trc  in  constant  use. 

Entrance  and  other  Scholarships  and  Prizes  ttwenty-eix  in  Dumber), 
of  the  value  of  more  than  SOW.,  are  offered  (or  competition  each  year. 

Upwards  of  si\t.v  resident  and  other  appointments  are  open  to 
students  after  qualification. 

A  Students'  Club  forms  part  of  the  Medical  School  Building*,  and 
the  Athletic  Ground,  nine  acres  in  extent,  situated  at  Chiswick,  can 
be  reached  in  forty  minutes  from  the  Hospital. 

A  Prospectus,  containing  full  particulars,  may  Ik.-  obtained  from  the 
■Undersigned. 

J.  H.  FISHER.  B.S.Lond..  Dean. 
G.  Q.  Roberts.  M.A.Oxon.,  Sec. 

QT.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

O  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of  London.) 
The  SUMMER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  APRIL  24. 
The    Medical    School    provides    complete    Courses    of    Instruction, 
PRELIMINARY    SCIENTIFIC,     INTERMEDIATE    and    FINAL, 
under  Recognized  Teachers  of  the  University  of  London,  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  Medical  Degrees  of  the  Universities  and  for  the  Diplomas 
of    the    (on, oil, t     Board.      SIX    ENTRANCE    SCHOLARSHIPS    in 
NATURAL  SCIENCE,  value  145?.  to  :r21.  in...  will  be  COMPETED  for 
in  SEPTEMBER.    Students  joining  in  April  are  eligible. 
For  Calendar  and  full  particulars  apply  to  the  DEAN. 

CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  MA,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebcl  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

TMRMINGHAM  and  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 

school  OF  MUSIC. 

Visitor-Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR,  MuS.Dcc  LI..I). 

Principal-GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 

Visiting  Examiner— FKEDERK  K  ''ORDER.  F.R.  \.M. 

SESSION  1905-1900. 

The  Session  consists  of  Autumn  Term  [September  is  to  Decern 

ber  161 :  Winter  Term  January  III  to  April  7' ;  Bummer  Term   April  9 

to  June  231. 

Instruction  in  all  Branches  of  Music;  Students' Choir  and  orches- 
tra; Chamber  Music ;  Fortnightly  Rehearsals;  Coi 
Prospectus  and  further  information  may  !»•  obtained  from 

ALFRED  H  \vi;s  Secretary. 


GOTH  A,  GERMANY.— Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRLS  and  LADIES,  nlso  small  BOYS,  in  the 
house  of  Fraulein  METZEROTH  (Diploma!.  13,  Waltershauserstr., 
Gotha.  Recommended  by  first-class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages :  Languages,  Music,  opportunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  4(.  10s.  per  month. 


Education: 
Parents  or  Guardia 


irdians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 

the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BO\"S  or  GIRLS  or 

TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 

are  united  to  call  uim>ii  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 

MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO.. 

who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  beeu  closely  in  touch  with  the 

leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  o:  Uppingham.  36.  Sackvillc  Street,  London.  W. 


H 


Situations   Vacant. 

ELES  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS, 

EXETER. 
HEAD  MASTER. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  from  Graduates  of  any 
British  University  for  the  position  of  HEAD  MASTER  of  the  above 
School,  the  appointment  to  date  from  AUGUST  1,  1906.  or  such  earlier 
date  as  the  successful  Candidate  is  able  to  enter  upon  the  duties  of 
the  Office.  The  emoluments  will  consist  of  a  House  adjoining  the 
School,  with  a  fixed  Salary  of  100/.  per  annum,  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of 
1!.  10s.  on  each  Pupil  in  the  School.  The  present  numbers  in  attend- 
ance are  180. 

The  School  occupies  an  important  position  in  the  educational 
system  of  the  City  of  Exeter,  and  development  is  contemplated  in  the 
immediate  future  so  as  to  make  it  eligible  for  recognition  under  the 
Regulations  for  Secondary  Schools  of  the  Board  of  Education. 

Applications  i  Forms  ot  which  can  be  obtained  of  the  Clerk)  and 
Testimonials  are  to  be  in  my  hands  not  later  than  APRIL  14. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  be  a  disqualification. 
JOHN  E.  DAW.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

13.  Bedford  Circus,  Exeter,  March  14,  1906. 


P    S    AY    I     C    H 


SCHOOL. 


HEAD-MASTERSHIP. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MASTER  of  this  SCHOOL,  which  will  be  vacant  at  the  end  of  the 
Second  Term.  1906.  The  Master  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University 
in  the  United  Kingdom  or  the  British  Possessions.  It  is  not  necessary 
that  he  should  be  in  Holy  Orders.  The  following  are  the  emoluments 
of  the  Office :— A  fixed  yearly  Stipend  of  700/.,  a  Capitation  Fee  of  :;/.  a 
Boy  on  the  numtier  of  Pupils  over  100,  the  use  of  the  School  Residence 
and  Boarding  House  (forming  part  of  School  Buildings!  rent  free,  and 
free  of  rates  and  taxes  (except  water  supply  ;  and  he  will  be  allowed 
to  receive  Boarders,  for  which  there  is  accommodation  for  al>out  40. 
The  School  is  capable  of  providing  for  alnuit  200  Boys.  Present 
number,  121.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  Class-rooms,  it  possesses 
Chemical  and  Physical  Laboratories.  Gymnasium,  and  Swimming 
Bath,  and  a  Cricket  Field  of  Six  Acres  in  area.— Applications  of 
Candidates,  with  copies  of  Testimonials  .not  originals,  until  asked 
for',  to  be  forwarded,  on  or  before  the  I5th  day  of  MAY  NEXT,  to 
the  undersigned,  of  whom  further  particulars  and  information  can 
be  procured.    No  canvassing  |ienuitted. 

S.  A.  NOTi'l'TT.  Solicitor,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

9.  Museum  Street,  Ipswich,  April  2,  1906. 


T 


HE      UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  apiioiiitiiient  of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  FRENCH,  which  will  become  vacant 
on  OCTOBER  1,  1906.  Salary  200/.  Preference  will  be  given  to  a 
University  Graduate  speaking  French  and  English,  and  with  8 
knowledge  of  French  Literature  and  Romance  Philology.— Copy  of 
the  Prospectus  in  Arts,  showing  the  present  classes  in  French,  may 
be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR,  by  whom  applications  for  the 
appointment  will  be  received  op  to  APRIL  :io. 


ROYAL      HOLLO  WAY      COLLEGE, 
ENGLEFIELD  GREEN.  SURREY. 
The  Governors   will   shortly  appoint  a  Lady  as  the    Senior    Staff 
Lecturer  in  GERMAN,  who  will  be  expected  t<>  come  into  residence 
In    October.— Applications    should   be   sent  by  APRIL  19  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  further  information  can  be  obtained. 


K 


EXT        EDUCATION       COMMITTEE. 


FOLKESTONE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  FOLKESTONE. 

WANTED,   after    EASTER,   an    ASSISTANT   MISTRESS  at    the 

above-named    SchOoL        Candidates    should    be   specially    qualified    to 

tea.  h  s,.me  01  all  of  the  following  subjects  :— Science,  Nature  Study. 

Geography,  Drill  and  School  (Janus,  and  should  be  registered,  or 
eligible  for  registration,  in  Column  B.  Salary  10W.  imt  annum,  rising. 
in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  Scale,  by  annual  increments  of 

7/.  ins.  for  the  first  two  years,  then  of  :•!.,  to  a  maximum  of  140/.  or  150/. 
(according  t"  academic  qualificationsK 

Application  Forms  will  Ik-  supplied  by  Mr.  T.  Wilkinson.  Radnor 
Chambers,  Cheriton  Place.  Folkestone,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY.  April  14,  1906. 
Bv  order  of  the  Committee, 

eras,  w.  crook.  Secretary. 

44.  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C..  March  98,  1908. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
/University  >><  London), 
YORE  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  w. 
The  COUNCIL  arc  about  to  appoint  a  LADY  as  BECRETARY 
Applications,    with    Testimonials,    to    Ik-    sent    by    MAY    4   to   the 
SECRETARY,  from  whom  parti'  iilara  can  be  obtained. 


QOUTH  -  WESTERN      POLYTECHNIC, 

O  MANRESA  ROAD,  CHELSEA, 

The  GOVERNING  BODY  invito  applications  for  the  following 
TEACHER8HIP8  in  the  SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL  for  BOYS 
ami  GIRLS.  ill  A  TEACHER,  with  special  qualifications  In 
FRENCH   and  GERMAN,   at   a  commencing   Salary   of   UOt,  \ 

FORM  MISTRESS,  at   i  i  omniencius  Salary  of  100/. 

Forms  ,,f  application  (which  must  be  returned  bj  10  »  M   on  M  \\ 
and  further  particulars,  maj  V  obtained  fiom  the  8E<  l'.KTARY. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  ISs.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


NOTICE-FRIDAY  NEXT  being  GOOD 
FRIDAY,  the  ATHEN^UM  will  be  pub- 
lished on  WEDNESDAY  at  10  o'clock.— 
ADVERTISEMENTS  should  be  at  the  Office 
not  later  than  10  o'clock  on  TUESDAY 
Morning. 


SUB -ED  I  TRESS,  capable  and  cultivated, 
WANTED  IMMEDIATELY  for  a  LITERARY  and  POLITICAL 
WEEKLY  PAPER.  A  University  Woman  preferred,  between  ii  and 
30.  Experience  desirable,  but  not  essential.  State  qualifications  and 
Salary  required.— Address,  in  first  instance,  by  letter,  SUB  EDITOR. 
18,  Buckingham  Street,  Strand. 


Situations   WLanttb. 

rpO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 

I  MENT  WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
MSS.  read  ami  prepared  for  Press.  Editing.  Compiling.  Indexing, 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum,  &e.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature.  —  ERNEST  A. 
Y1ZETELLY,  45,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 

GENTLEMAN  desires   ENGAGEMENT  as 

PRIVATE  SECRETARY,  or  in  some  similar  capacity.  Uni- 
versitv  Honour  Man.  Good  knowledge  of  literature.  Politics,  and  Law. 
Fair  Knowledge  of  French  and  German.  Has  had  several  years" 
experience  of  Secretarial  Work.  Would  not  object  to  going  Abroad. — 
Box  1102;  Athenaeum  Press.  13,  Bream  s  Buildings,  Chancery  Line.  E.C. 


A 


A 


S    SECRETARY, 


LADY    desires    POST 

(London,  non-res. i.  Shorthand.  Typing,  very  good  German  ami 
French  (acquired  Abroad).  Temporary  or  permanent. — E.  M.  S  , 
Box  110:1,  Atheiiamm  Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C 

GENTLEMAN  (aged  34),  seeks  appointment  as 
CLUB  or  PRIVATE  SECRETARY.  Public  School  and  Univer- 
sitv.  with  business  and  administrative  experience  in  England  and 
abroad.— LITERARY,  Box  1101.  Athenaeum  Press,  Breams  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 

TO  EDITORS.— HORTICULTURAL  WRITER 
desires  COMMUNICATION.  Bright,  seasonable  Notes,  Illus- 
trations, Answers  to  Correspondents,  &c  Terms  moderate.— Address 
.1.  II.,  «.  Reperton  Road,  Fulhani.  8.W. 

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  100-2,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Build- 
ings, Chancery  Lane,  E.c. 

HlRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 

I  Indexing,  Encyclopedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident"  Secretaryship.  Classics.  French.  German,  Italian, 
Spanish  Anglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects :  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  teruis.— Miss  SELBY,  Si,  Talbot  Road.  W. 


iHiscellatuoits. 


TITSS.— MESSRS 


T.     C.     &    E.     C.     JACK, 

,  Henrietta  street.  Oovent  Garden,  London,  imitc 
WRITERS  to  send  them  MSS.  of  ORIGINAL  STORIES  ll)  for 
Boys  of  in-14.  addressed  to  Mr.  JOHN  LANG,  Boyi    -  For 

Girls  of  10-14,  addressed  to  Mrs.  JOHN  LANG,  Girts  Bditoi  :    I   For 

Children   .if   610,    addr d    Mrs.   LOUEY  CHISHOLM,  '  oil 

Editor  ■  extent  10  o""  to  50  non  words.  All  MSS.  (which  should  be  oent 
in  any  fame  before  SEPTEMBER  30  -Typewritten  preferred]  will  ixs 
acknowledged  and  returned  if  not  suitable. 

4  N  nppoi'tunitv  occurs  for  a  GENTLEMAN 
A  \  with  capital  to  loin  another  (well  known  in  the  Publishing 
Trade)  in  STARTING  a  NEW  PUBLISHING  HOUSE  On.  pre- 
ferred who,. mid  manage  the  Literal  v  side.  Several  important  w.tk« 
n..w  In  band-Apply  F.  M.  G.,  Box  .Ho*.  Atbenseum  Press,  I*, 
Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lam    London,  L.c. 


V 


\HT.\L1ST  WANTED,  3,000*.  to  5,000f*.   to 


r  iRW  ■  COM  PAN'S  Propriel  in  Articles:  EM  ihlished  Going 
Concern:  Lane  Profits;  Unique  High  (lass  Business.  —  Address 
VENDOR,  at  Horrn  astle  a,  Cheapside. 


TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INliEXINU. -Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  iNaW 
gcj  Tli;  Imt  Street,  Bond  Street,  London,  \\  . 

A  RTISTIC       BOOKBINDING.—  Miss 

i'\     WINIFRED  8TOPE8,  11,  Gaston  Road,  Hai 
M  M.E  BINDS    oi    REPAIRS  BOOKS      Pu 

application.     Bindery  oi*u  to  \  isitors  10  to  S,  Saturd, 


110 


TIIK     A  THEN*:  KM 


N  4093,  April  7,  1906 


I   i  fj  n  :  \        PICTVItl       '■  > 

Ml     I   I      I     "I 

J     I,    g  [  u|  N    A  /.  A   l:   i:  T  II. 

MAM  RAM     RJLi    I-  i 
M.\v  ON  VIEW  at         II>  """•l 

•'■ 


Unpr-tuilntrn 


A 


TJPE  w  i:i  I  i\c  mid.  it,ik.  n  by  highly  eduoated 
\i .  ,.  i  Modern 

|«nguai    -         I  Keilslmi     Translation      Dictation     Room.— 

■    IMIIKU    .1      IYPE  WRITING     tOKNCY,    lu.    Duke  Street. 
Adelphl,  w  I 

UTHORS'MSS.,  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 

i~-^-    rTPE-WRITTBN  with  oonmhrt  Bat  par 

,  -1      Refereui  et  to  well- 

i  I  Writers      M   >Tl'AKT.  TlmlUiiik,  i:..\l-,1..u--li  i: 

AUTHORS'     MSS.,    IW.     per    1  ,*mm>    words. 
MONS    PLAYS,   ENVELOPES,  and  all   kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  '  paper.    Orders  prompt! 

Mil-.  Vernon  Road;  now  known  as  18,  EUgefey  Road, 
fn-fh— .  aw, 

TYPE-WRITING.-  MSS.,    SCIENTIFIC,    and 
of  all    Descriptions,   COPIED.      Bpedal    attention    to  work 
requiring   oare       Dictation    Rooms     shorthand   or    Type-Writing). 

I  nial  term*.— HI E.   It  and  I.  EARRAN.  Duuiugton  House,  30, 

KorfoU  street.  Btrand.  London. 

ri.Yl'E -WRITINO.    !•<'.     per    1,(KNI   words.      All 
1      Uodi   ol    I  — .    STORIES     PLAYS,    to      iccuratelj  TYPED. 
i  ,.      i  i;  -•    eferences.— M.  KING,  7,  Corona  Villas, 

Pinni  [Km 


T 


Y     1'     E 


W      R     I     T     E     R     S. 


TAYLORS,  Ltd.,  74,  CHANCERY  LANE, 

BUT    BELL    EXCHANGE,  REPAIR,  AND  HIRE  <>l'T  ALL 

MAKES  OF  TYPE-WRITERS. 

Documents  (  opled.    Remingtons  from  SI. ;  Smith's  Premiers,  No.  4, 

I0J.  10s.    illustrated  catalogue  tree. 

TAYLOR'S    TYPE-WRITER    CO.,    Ltd., 

7t.  Cttan   try  Lane,  and  :<■-.  Queen  Street,  chcapside. 

Tslfipssios     1881    Hotborn   and   BS25   Bank.     Contractors   to   Tlis 

Majesty's  Government.    Telegranu,  Glossator,  London.    Established 

H<4. 


Authors'   ^g^nts. 

THE  FICTION  EDITOR  for  sometime,  and  the 
Literary   Reader   ["Taster  I   for   ninny  rears   of  the  Messrs. 

Hannsworth    baring  r.-si..- I  Ms   appointment,  ADVISES    UPON 

MSS.  ok  EVERY  KIM>.  The  discoverer  and  prompter  of  man; 
New  Writers  Fiction  a  speciality.— Apply  AUTHORS'  ADVISORY 
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inouiats  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  IH'KGHES,  Si,  Paternoster  Row 


IMuspaprr  Agents. 

\T    E  W  s  1-  A  P  E  R  PROPERT  Y. 

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-ll      BOUGHT.  BOLD,  VALUED,  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 
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and  (  oloui.il  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

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THE  INTERNATIONAL  BOOK  CIRCULAR, 
No.  it:  containing  a  Special  Article,  entitled  'MODERN 
VIEWS  of  ELECTRICITY  and  .MATTER.'  by  Prof.  ALKRED  W. 
PORTER.  Specimen  Copies  gratis.— WILLIAMS  4  NORGATE 
Book  Importers.  14.  Henrietta  Street,  Corent  Garden,  W.C. 


HH.    PEACH,   :!7.    Belvoir  Street,   Leicester. 
.     CATALOGUE  18  Iposl   tree  to  Collectors)  contains  Ri ni 

Purchases,  including  Collections  of  Broadsides  and  Chap-Books— 
Antiphrmsriuin.  with  Miniatures  Jenson  and  other  Early  Presses- 
Rare  Tracts-  i  i  oUc  tion  "t  i  allot  -  Etchings,  4c. 

BOOKS.  —All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  81  PPLIED.  The  most  expert  Bookflnder 
extant  Please  state  wants  ami  ask  fort  ITALOGUE  I  make  a  special 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
rai  ions  List-  Special  Lint  of  3.000  Books  I  partfcnlarly  want  i*-t  free. 
KDW  BAKER'S Grenl  Bookshop,  u  in.  John  Bright  Street,  Binning- 
bam.    Oscar  w  ildc  I  Poems,  -I  I.,  for  6s.  gu,   only  200  Issued). 

CA'I'A  [.( )i  UK  No. 44.  -Turner's  Liber  Studiorum, 
England  and  Wales,  and  other  RhgraTings— Lnoas's  MesxotinU 
after  Constable-  Etchings  by  Whistler.  8.  Palmer,  be.— Drawings  by 
Turner.  Burne-Jotura,  Buskin,  4c  Illustrated  Books— Works  by 
Ituakin  Post  free,  Sixpence,— WX.  WARD,  2,  Church  Terrace 
Richmond,  .Surrey. 

ANCIENT  and  MODERN  COINS.— Collectors 
ntnl  Antipiarians  me  invited  to  apply  to  SPINK  4  SON, 
Limited,  for  Specimen  Copy  (gratis  of  their  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
I, All.  Thr  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  View  and  for 
etile  at  Moderate  Prices.— SPINK 4  BON,  Lmmcn,  Experts.  Valuers, 
•  "I  Cataloguers,  l ;.  it.  and  13,  Piccadilly,  London,  W.  Established 
•upwards  of  a  Century. 


L1IGHTOH B 

ILLUSTRATED   CATALOGUE   o.    EARLY 

1     PR  I.N  I  I.Dai, .1  oil.,  i  lifB, 

•  11,1   LI  N  III 

OPPERI  0  rOB  IA1  I  IV 
J.  A  .1.  LEIGHTON,  »".  Brawei  Street,  Gotctga  s<|u.,tc.  \v. 

Thick 8TO,   I  It.  in.    with  upward,  of  I.3M  Reptodui  tioUS 

1ml  U. 

Its.lin.l  ill  ait  (loth.  Kilt  l"l*.  '.Ja.  ;  half  II.',,,.  ....  gill  tojia,  SOS. 
I.I    USHER'S 

REMAINDER    BOOK    I  ATALOGUK 
APRIL  SUPPLEMEX1  new   READY. 

I  ,,lii|,i  i-liig  all  ni".t  re.  -lit  Pui  ■ 
W  II. 1. 1  WI  QLAIHHER, 
Remainder  and  Discount  Bookseuei   200,  High  Holbom,  London. 
■  ;(  PUPl  I.  \B  ri  i:i:i.  \  i  in  i  n  i  ri  l:i    ■■,.  i  N  II 
LIST  <>f  hllEMll  SUVKLS.  CLASSIC* 


ARUNDEL  CHROMOS.-  Large  itook.      Many 
rare  ones     Bend  stamp  for  THIS  MONTH'S  LIST  srhich  gtrss 
the  and  snaps  of  each      ST.  JUDE"8  DEPOT,  Birminghaa 

EEADKRS   mid   COLLECTORS  will  find   it    to 
their   advantage    to  write  f..r   .1     BALDWIN'S   MONTHLY 
i   ITALOGUE  of  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS,  sent  iiosi  rreeon  s| 
tion.     lt.s,ks  in  all   Bmncbes  >.f   Literature.     Genuine  hsjgsuns  in 
it. to .ami  Kltst  Editions.    Books  sent  on  approval  If  deatred.^ 
Addre-s  ii,  Osborne  Road,  Leyton,  Essex. 

BE    i:    T    i:    A    M  I)   0    B   E   L  L, 

SECOND-HAND  BOOKSELLER,  and  PUBLISHER, 
77,  Charing  Cross  Road,  London,  w  ' 

A   lartre    Stock    of    old    and    Ran-    li.»,ks   in    English    Literature. 
Including  Poetry  and  the  Drama    Shakesiicariana    First  Editionsof 

Kan. oils  Authors     HanilSCTiptt     lllu-tlatcl  L.s.k-.  4c  CATALOGUES 

ii  si  on  application. 


TO  BOOKBUYEKS  and  LIBRARIANS  of  FREE 
LIBRARIES.   -  The     Al'RIL     CATALOGUE     of     rateable 
SECOND-HAND   Works   and    NEW    REMAINDERS,   offered   el 

piics  greatly  reduced,  i-  Now  READY,  and  will  !*■  seiri  post  free 
:ii>or  c]  i  i .-.  ti ■  i:  tc  w  H.  SMITH  4  s:;N  library  Deptrtmenl 
\m).  Strand,  London.  W.C. 

DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY, 
B9  rob.  doth.     A  fine  set.  a.  new,  is  for  DISPOSAL.— Address 
for  particulars  Mr.  kilgoUR,  -J?'.  Queen  street.  Edinburgh. 


T  AROE  NUMBER  rare  ARUNDEL  CHROMOS 

-Li  FOR  SALE,  including  St.  Krancis  and  the  Rirds.  Bellini 
Madonna,  Ac. — List,  giving  sizes,  ;t  stamps.— P.  HEAD,  44.  Clarence 
Gardens,  London,  N'.W. 

WAN  TED    TO    PURCHASE.— A  COMPARA- 
TIVE GLOSSARY  OP  GOTHIC,  hy  G.  H.  BOLG-N'cw  or 
Secondhand.— Address  HALL.  102,  Highbury  Hill.  N. 


^aUs  by  JVurtion. 

Vrili'cihle  Books,  including  a  Library  remored  from  Devon- 
shire,  the  Library  of  the  late  Surgeon  Bfajor-Oeneral  W,  F. 
IHC  FABECK,  hidian  Medical  Service,  and  other  Private 
Propertiet, 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C-  on 
THURSDAY.  April  lit.  and  Following  Day. at  10  minutes  |,ast  (o'clock 
precisely,  VALUABLE  ItouKS.  Including  Racinet,  U  Costume 
Historique,  6  vols.  Large  Paper— Macleay's  Highlanders  of  Scotland, 

■>  lols.  -Logan's  Clans  of  the  Scottish  Highlands,  (.'..loured  Plates— 
Andersons  Ancient  Scottish  Weapons— Malory,  La  Morte  d  Arthur. 
by  I>r.  Sommerj  ditto,  illustrated  by  Beanlsley— Real  Life  in  London, 
2 vols. uncut— Pyne's  Royal  Residences,^  \..ls.  Large  Paper,  uncut- 
Costumes  of  Great  Britain.  India.  Turkey,    Italy,  4c. — Aiken's  New 

Scrap-Book,  British  Prdverbs,  Ideas,  A  T h  at  the  Fine  Arts,  all 

with  Coloured  Plates— Martial  Achievements  of  Great  Britain- 
Theatrical  Collect  ions- Books  illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  Phix,  and 
Rowlandson— Books  and  Pamphlets  on  Trade.  Finance,  Local  Govern- 
ment, 4c— a  long  Series  of  Works  on  India- Buiy's  Views  on  the 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  an  important  Collection  of 
Mo.l.in  Works  on  Medicine  and  Surgery  First  Editions  of  Dickens. 
Thackeray.  Stevenson,  and  other  Modern  Authors— Hamerton's  Land- 
scape and  Etching  and  Etcher: — Michel's  Rembrandt,  and  Miscel- 
laneous Baoks  in  all  branches  of  Literature. 

Catalogue  on  application. 

Early  Printed  Books  and  rare  First  Edition*,  including  a 

Library  consigned  from  Abroad. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.  47.  Leicester  Bpuare,  W  C.  an 
MONDAY,  pril  30,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely. 
VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  Leo  Magnus.  Sermones,  1470  — 
Albertus Trotter's  De  Perfecto  cleric,..  U7S  -Braithwail  IR  I,  Times 
Curtains  Drawne,  1821 — Csesar  IJ.I,  Commentaril,  1 177  —  Cowpar's 
Olney  Hymns.  First  Edition  Estienne,  l-i  Maison  Rustique,  i.'.Tli  - 
Gaj  s  Fables,  2  vols.,  First  Editions  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
First  Edition,  in  original  calf— White's  Natural  History  of  Salbome, 
First  Edition  Guidode  Monte  Rocharil,  Manijiules  Curatorum,  1438 
— Lactantias,  Venice,  1472—  Lilly's  sj\,-  Court  Comedies,  1082  — 
Melton's  Views  of  Dublin.  Coloured  Plates— Milton  IJ.I,  Cblasterion, 
I84S  Nuremberg  chronicle.  UBM— Orosius  Bistoria*,  1471  — Pascal. 
Lea  l'rov  ineiales.  First  Edition,  ion  Record's  Castle  of  Knowledge. 
1888    Savtons  M:ij.s.   1840    Scarron's  Comical  1!.. manic.   1870— Shake- 

s|.eare  s  Works,  l.y  Howe.  0  lols.  ,. Id  morocco  gilt.  Shepherd's  Kaleudar. 

IfSfl     Withers    Knililenics,    |8S>   fine    llliuninatcd    MSS    on   Vellum, 
with  Miniatures    an  unique  Early  English  Ms     rare  Early  Printed 
Tracts  and  Pamphlets -and  many  other  interesting  Items. 
Catalogues  on  application. 


Postponement. 

1V/IR.  J.  C.  STEVEN'S  beaa  to  announce  tlmt 
llL  the  SALE  of  the  LIBRARY  of  ih,  late  H  L.  MATTHEWS, 
Esq.,  is  unavoidably  POSTPONED  until  after  BastM 

The  SALE  of  PHOTOGRAPHIC  and 
SCIENTIFIC  QOODawfflbe  held  NEXT  WEEK  onTHCRSDAl 
April  12. 

.:s.  King  Street.  Covellt  Garden.  1V.I'. 

Sales  0/ Miscellaneous  Property. 
R.  J.   C.    STEVENS    oegB    to   announce    that 


M 


XTA  BALES  are  held  RVERY  KltlDVY.  at  his  Rooms.  IS,  King 
street.  Corenl  Garden,  London,  w  c.  for  the  disposal  of  micro 
SCOPES.  SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  Telescopes— Theodolites 
Levels  Electrical  and  Scientific  instruments  Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Ipparatiis  Optical  Lanterns  with  slides 
and  all   Accessories  in    great    variety   l.y    Best    Makers  —  Household 

Furniture-  Jewellery— «nd  other  Mlseeuai us  Property. 

•  n  view  Thursslay  J  to  .".  and  morning  of  Sale. 


Th,    library   ..,    H„    iatt    I  IIOM  .    Ike 

Library  if  thr  l„u  ./     H      UOLMl  tion   //.,(; 

u,r   ;.,/,m,v  0/  fAe    lute   JAMES   CAM 
Knv  Properties. 

\\  I  f/1  llll^  .  \s  ILKINSON4  HOD 

.'1      rill   -I  II.  In    M  'TP'N    «t   tl 

M0NI1M      Ai^il    v.    .. 
Is»j..    at      I  -.1.      ll.M.K'     al.l     MAM    —   I    III- 

l.il.lo.  I      »      lI'il.VL     I 

'  "   •    • 
I  •    .    Ut.     1     1      p. « 

IMiAllli    I. 
Fits*  sTdltissis    IU—<r«lwl  Bwln    M  huuks 

Is,  *. 
May  I*  ilewe.1      (  aUlogun  nay  •«■  had. 

The  Library  of  th,   late  Bet    W.BKOLKY     '  rratm- 

•  '  agr, 

/    'wi,  liedt. 

MBSSRfl  rKXTHEBY,  WILKINSON  «  HODGE 
will  BELL  bj    ICCTIOS     'their    lluu«.  lissftoss 

ad       \\  1         on      1  III  l:~liA\ 
K..ll.,»  -  Ut* 

P..  .     W      BE'. LEI     M   s. 

I      '  Hyde  -  '  tirususrrasnmatir. 

Atuurrauoi.ati.  .    and    Epi* 
Sinsulat     Lit  1 

W11.  h.iafl  ,,  tuntsusnania. 

Sill.je.t-      Wilting.   .,!     I    it 

ments     by    and    lesuistttwl    with    .i.sitjiii    - 

Swodenl.-rgianiMiii.        l^tiakerism. 

Spiniualist..    &<      Collections   ..f    }  l>jc*» 

— a  large  number  of  s«-nrc*  Tr»<-t<<.  Massssserii 

May  1*  rlewed  two  .Lay,  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  ha<l. 


THE  TltlMAS  COLLXCTIOJM. 

The  Third  and  Final  Portion  of  the  Collection  of  1. 
ami  Dm  fi  in'/.. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  ai  their  Hosssa,  No.  \-,.  \\ri 

Strand.  Wi    .   on    MONDAY.    April  a.  and    Vi 
Days,    at    1    o'clock    precisely      l.\     order    of    th. 
THIRD     and     ("Ni  1.1  I. INi.     PORTION     of      the    ral 
LEI  TION      of      ENGRAVINGS     and     DRAWINGS 
EDWIN  TRUMAN.    K-,     M  Res.   The  Hon,.-  Ki.-I.l.    Putue,  Hill. 
B.W.,   c.iuprising    Toiasgraphical   A'iews.    many    reL.tinr    to    len^Uti 
-Mezzotints   of  Fancy    Sul,;e,t-  -i    of    Karly 

Engraved    Portraits,    mostly    Engli-h    It i - 1 s-ri.-:.  1 
Portraits,  A.      also  He,  wings  l.y  old  M 

Drawings.   ptinci|<illr  of  the   English  S.  h.--l  -a  lari  1  the 

Works  ..f  O.-orge  shepheard.  including  a  Sen-  SI 

Books— a  few  Framed  Engravings.  Drawings,  and  oil  Paint 

May  l>e  rlewed  t«o  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  t*  had. 


Yaliinhls  Miscellaneous  Hook.,  including  Duplicate*  from  the 
Library  of  the  late  UBSIiY  SOTUEllAS,  »/.  (n 
from     Upper    Horwood),    and    a    ,S<''  I    an    Old 

Library  (n  mated  f i  ),  the  Property  of  a  /.■• 

\  [  Essps.    HODGSON    &    CO.  will   SELL   by 

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"  THE  BIRDS  OF  THE 
BRITISH  ISLANDS." 

*  tm/ E are premised" (sapt  the  irtP) 

"  "a  rc/illy  mivjnijic.nt  book  on  '  The 
I:  rds  of  the.  liritnh  /-./an//*.'  /'  Mb  fair 
to  be  the  most  notable  n.-'i  '  •  ■  •  .,,  rltnt 
direction     M      -      0     J*Tt    faWt/mt     '  British 

Jiir'i-.'  The  miter  it  Mr.  Charlet  9tonhtMn\ 
F.R.f'.s.  C.M.O.  F.ZJB.   li  ittobt  bronght 

out  iii  jsxrt*,  in  a  mimjAuoiii  form,  with 
remarkably  liftlike,   ami   artist Utrationt 

by  L.  M.  Medlamd.     We  have   •■ 
quite  M  beautiful  as  these  picture* for  a 
time  ThafastpsuHieto  appear  m  thecouret  of 
m  Jew  weeks,  and  the  whole  book  will  be  in 

four  volume*.       E.    (Irani   Riehurdi   it   the 

publisher  of  what  it  likely  tij  hem,  'iiithori- 
tatire  work  on  British  ornithology." 

THE    BOOK 

rPHE  Publither't  object  in  tht  prodmetiem 

-1-  of 'The  Bird*  of  the  British  1 'lands' 
has  been  to  supply  a  work  which  "hall  be 
far  in  advance  of  anything  of  the  kind  whi  h 
has  so  far  been  attempted.  The  name  of  the 
author  is  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  the  accuracy 
and  compr*ltensivtne*s  of  the  U..ct.  As  it  toeJl 
known  to  all  interested  in  British  Ornithology, 
lie  has  for  many  years  actively  itudied  the 
subject,  and  has  specially  devoted  himself  to 
the  observation  of  bird"  awl  their  habit*. 

The  lcttcr/>ress  will  include  the  derivation 
of  tlue  ecientifc  and  English  names,  the 
French  and.  German  names,  oW  a  </eneral 
description  of  the  habits  of  t   ■  ■food, 

its  nest,  fggs,  and  plumage. 

THE    ILLUSTRATIONS 

HTHERE  xcill  be  three  hundred  or  more 
pliotogravure  illustrations,  the  majority 
of  which  will  be  life  size.  They  wUl  l>e  far 
superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  yet  produced 
in  this  country.  Great  pains  will  be  faktn  to 
render  (he  drawings  mort  accurate  to  nature, 
and  particidar  attention  will  be  gimm  to  the 
proper  representation  of  the  act mml  pro- 
portions and  plumage  of  each  I 

Where  the  sexes  diffir  in  any  appreciable 
degree  separate  drawings  will  be  given. 
Further,   there   will  be  additional  jilates  of 

those     nestlings   and   young    I  for 

example,   come    Waders   and    I  W 

appearance   and  plumage   call  dot 

illustration.     The  same  plan  <  red 

in  regard  to  any  particular  j*,int«  of 
plumage,  such  as  the  outsprsmd  wing  or  tail, 
which  the  ordinary  drawing  does  not  *how. 

HOW    TO    SUBSCRIBE 

npHE  book  will  appear  in  twenty  parte,  of 
■*■     which  the  firm  port  will  appear  emrim 

in  May,  and  it  it  anticijsitcd  that  the  work 
trill  be  completed  within  two  or  th 

The  price  of  each  part  will  \>e  Is.  (id.  net 
[post free,  7s.  V>d.).  For  the  convenience  of 
Subscribers  who  may  daire  to  ftay  for  the 
whole  work  in  advance,  the  price,  including 
postage,  will  be  71.  0*.  /  but  in  ordtr  to 
fccitn  this  reduced  rate  subscription*  must 
be  jiaid  before  the  publication  of  th  ir«t 
}>art. 

A     List   of  Subscribers   will    appear    with 

the  last  part.      The  FiMiskm  the 

ight  to  raise  tht  price  to  new  Subscribers 
after  publication.  Send  for  a  Prospectus 
with  Specimen  Illustration  to 

K.  GRANT  RICHARDS, 
:,  Carlton  Street,  London. 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


413 


SA  TURD  A  Y,  APRIL  7,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Two  New  Lives  of  Walter  Scott      413 

Dr.  GREENiDert  History  of  Rome 414 

The  English  Works  ok  George  Herbert  . .       ..    415 

B.  H.  Hutton's  Brief  Literary  Criticisms  . .    416 

New  Novels  (The  Wheel  of  Life;  The  Great  Refusal ; 

The  Shadow  of  Life ;  The  Fifth  Queen  ;  The  Mystery 

of  the  Shadow  ;  Lads  of  the  Fancy  ;  The  Belle  of 

Bowling  Green ;    The    Bishop's  Apron ;    Ban-   & 

Son) 416—417 

Journeyings  at  Home  and  Abroad 417 

Our  Library  Table  (Letters  from  Samoa,  1891-5; 
Mrs.  Browning  in  her  Letters ;  Maine's  Ancient 
Law  ;  Mr.  Winston  Churchill  on  Free  Trade  ;  With 
Mounted  Infantry  in  Tibet ;  New  Egypt ;  Jane 
Austen's  Sailor  Brothers  ;  A  Life  of  Burton  ; 
History  of  British  Columbia ;  Reprints  and  New 

Editions)        419—421 

List  of  New  Books 421 

The  Original  of  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach's 
'  Parzival  ' ;  '  With  the  Cossacks  ' ;  The  Asi.oan* 
MS. ;  spring  Publishing  Season  ;  Sales       422—423 

Literary  Gossip         423 

Science— Books  on  Bird9  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings 

Next  Week;  Gossip 426 — 428 

Fine  Arts  —  Illustrated  Views  at  Home  and 
Abroad;  thh  Barbizon  School;  Works  by 
Mr.  Byam  Shaw  and  Mr.  D.  S.  MacColl  ; 
Arch.kological  Notes  ;  The  Denny  and  other 

Sales;  Gossip       428—430 

Music— The  Bach  Festival;  Gossip;  Perform- 
ances Next  Week         430—431 

Drama— Mvukicette;  Gossip      431 

Miscellanea— Chaucer  Bibliography         ..       ..432 
Index  to  Advertisers        432 


LITERATURE 

Sir     Walter    Scott.     By    Andrew    Lang. 

(Hodder  &  Stoughton.) 
The  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.     By  G.  Le 

Grys  Norgate.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Many  books  other  than  novels  come  out 
year  by  year,  but  fewer  people  every  day 
seem  to  know  anything  about  such  pub- 
lications, or,  indeed,  about  any  authors 
beyond  those  of  the  moment.  "  I  know," 
said  a  London  lady  to  the  present  reviewer, 
"  whom  the  vicar  quoted  in  his  sermon 
the  other  day  :  it  was  Matthew  Arnold, 
and  that 's  a  pseudonym  for  G.  R.  Sims." 
Books  are  apparently  bought  in  great 
numbers,  but  not  read.  In  Scotland, 
according  to  Mr.  Lang,  they  are  not  even 
bought : — 

"  One  extravagance  our  countrymen  and 
countrywomen  avoid,  as  they  would  the 
devil,  and  that  is  buying  a  book.  They  are 
like  the  Highland  crofter  who  was  implored 
to  give  at  least  five  shillings  to  the  '  Sus- 
tentation  Fund,'  and  for  the  salvation  of  his 
immortal  part.  '  Me  give  five  shillings  to 
save  my  soul  !  I  haena  five  shillings  to  buy 
myser  tobacco.'  " 

There  is  a  large  public,  one  gathers, 
for  magazines  and  newspapers,  selections 
and  collections  of  scraps,  mangled  frag- 
ments of  poets  and  philosophers,  and 
other  short  ruts  to  the  world's  wisdom. 
Still,  we  think  that  there  are  some  masterly 
biographies  which  everybody  ought  to 
read  and  possess.  One  of  these  is  Lock- 
hart's  '  Life  of  Scott,'  with  its  abundant 
proofs  that  literature  is  not  a  morbid 
secretion  which  abhors  health  ;  that  a 
man  of  letters  may  bo  a  charming  com- 
panion to  all  the  world  ;  and  that  the 
inveterate  habit  of  scribbling  every  day 
does   not   exclude   practical   sagacity,    or 


meritorious  habits  supposed  to  be  confined 
to  the  Philistine.  Lockhart's  '  Life '  is 
not  only  interesting,  but  also  amusing  in 
the  common  sense,  being  full  of  delicious 
traits  and  stories.  But  the  present  age 
cannot,  it  seems,  tolerate  length  in  any- 
thing except  an  official  document  (where 
brevity  is  suspect),  and  consequently  we 
have  before  us  two  narratives  founded 
on  the  great  biography.  There  is,  by  the 
by,  already  an  abbreviated  form  of  it, 
but  that  itself  is  long  ;  and  Scott's  merits 
as  author  and  man  are  so  exceptional,  and 
have  been  so  overshadowed  by  the  claims 
of  later  Scots  and  romancers,  that  we 
think  there  is  room  for  both  of  these  new 
books.  Further,  we  have  had  for  some 
years, what  Lockhart  did  not  give  us,  the  full 
'  Journal '  of  Sir  Walter  from  the  original 
manuscripts  at  Abbotsford — a  book  about 
which  too  much  can  hardly  be  said. 
It  is  the  finest  record  of  undefeated 
energy  and  Stoicism  tempered  by  geniality 
that  literature  can  show. 

Mr.  Lang  has,  of  course,  special  claims 
to  write  on  an  obvious  hero  of  his.  He 
comes  himself  from  Scott's  countryside  ; 
he  has  been  through  all  the  Abbotsford 
MSS.,  edited  the  Waverley  Novels,  and 
written  the  life  of  Lockhart  :  in  short 
his  extraordinarily  varied  equipment  in- 
cludes strongly  marked  tastes,  and  perhaps 
limitations,  characteristic  of  Scott.  Mr. 
Lang  has  written  of  the  figures  of  the 
analytical  novel  : — 

They  smile,  and  we  are  told,  I  wis, 
Ten  subtle  reasons  -why  they  smile. 

He  does  not  care  for  the  historians  of  fine 
consciences,  though  the  thinness  of  some 
of  Scott's  characters   (which  he  admits) 
must  ultimately,  we  think,  be  traced  to 
the  little  we  know  of  their  minds.     We  do 
not  admire  the  spectacle  of  a  man  placard- 
ing the  adventures  of  his  own  heart  and 
home  in  fiction  ;    we  do  not  want  any 
"  chatter  about  Harriet  "  disguised  under 
another  name  as  a  fancy   heroine  ;    but 
we  do  want  to  see  something  of  the  mental 
processes  of  the  puppets  who  dance  before 
us.     Mr.    Lang    calls    Lucy    Ashton    the 
Ophelia  of  Scott ;    but  we  feel  that  we 
know  much  of  the  one,  little  about  the 
other.     Still,   that  comparison   is   hardly 
fair  to  Scott,  who  has  far  greater  heroines 
to  show.     Jeanie  Deans  is,  as  Mr.  Lang 
says,  "  certainly  one  of  the  great  creations 
of  literature,"  and  "  without  passion,  as 
interesting  as  Becky  Sharp."     The  latter 
would,  as  a  clever  lady  once  said,  be  an 
admirable  neighbour  at  a  dinner-party, 
while    Jeanie    Deans    would     not ;      but 
dinner-parties    belong   to   society,   which 
regards  the  private  difficulties  and  trials 
of   its   members   as   non-existent,   except 
as  a  cause  of  amusement. 

Mr.  Lang,  as  might  be  expected,  revels 
in  details  of  Scottish  life  and  history  ;  he 
trembles  on  the  verge  of  a  dozen  divaga- 
tions into  favourite  subjects,  and  many  of 
his  references  in  Latin  and  English  require 
a  classical  education  to  understand  them. 
We  think  that  he  underrates  Scott's  use 
of  Latin,  e.g.,  Butler  in  '  The  Heart 
of  Midlothian  '  quotes  Catullus  twice  — 
though  we  agree  that  Scott  was  "  never 
a  first-rate  Latinist."     Everywhere,  how- 


ever, in  Mr.  Lang's  narrative  there  are 
touches  of  delightful  humour  and  sar- 
casm, which  generally  embody  sound 
criticism,  and  which  "  the  reading  public  " 
can  appreciate.  He  is  by  no  means  a 
blind  admirer  of  Scott,  but  he  puts  forward 
some  plain  facts  and  conclusions  which 
ought  to  enlighten  the  uncritical  and  the 
prejudiced.     Thus  the  novels 

"  were  as  conspicuously  open  to  criticism, 
and  were  as  severely  handled  by  reviewers, 
in  Scott's  own  day  as  in  our  own.  But,  if 
we  may  judge  by  endless  new  editions  of  all 
sorts,  and  at  various  prices,  the  '  Waverley  ' 
novels  are  not  less  popular  now,  than  are, 
for  their  little  span,  the  most  successful 
flights  of  all-daring  ignorance  and  bombastic 
presumption." 

Elsewhere  he  says  : — 

"  In  an  age  where  an  acquaintance  with 
Fitzgerald's  '  Rubaiyat '  of  Omar  Khayyam, 
an  exhaustive  ignorance  of  all  the  literature 
of  the  past,  and  an  especial  contempt  for 
Scott,  whom  Fitzgerald  so  intensely  admired, 
are  the  equipment  of  many  critics,  we  must 
be  very  cautious  in  praising  the  '  Waverley  ' 
novels." 

Among  points  that  are  noteworthy 
we  may  mention  the  suggestions  that 
Julia  Mannering  was  derived  from  Lady 
Scott,  and  that  Scott's  powers  of  steady 
handwriting  ("  He  once  covered,  without 
interruption,  a  hundred  and  twenty  pages 
of  folio  at  threepence  the  page  ")  were 
due  to  his  legal  training,  so  that  "  the 
office,"  the  supposed  enemy  of  literary 
men,  was  of  advantage  to  him  later. 

Mr.  Lang  supplies  a  clue,  the  use  of 
an  historical  manuscript,  by  which  Scott, 
though  then  "  the  Great  Unknown," 
might  have  been  detected  as  the  author 
of  the  Waverley  Novels.  A  more  likely 
means  of  detection  existed  in  the  fact 
that  the  young  literary  clerk  of  '  Rob  Roy  * 
is  found  guilty  in  chap.  ii.  of  a  poem 
which  begins  : — 

0  for  the  voice  of  that  wild  horn, 
On  Fontarabian  echoes  borne. 

Now  '  Marmion  '  (canto  vi.  stanza  33)  has 

0,  for  a  blast  of  that  dread  horn, 
On  Fontarabian  echoes  borne. 

A  novelist  of  distinction  would  hardly, 
we  think,  take  two  lines  from  somebody 
else,  a  well-known  poet,  misquote  them, 
put  a  new  continuation  to  them,  and 
represent  the  whole  as  original  verses  by 
his  young  hero. 

Mr.  Lang  calls  the  death  of  the  Templar 
in  '  Ivanhoe  '  a  kind  of  miracle,  and  sug- 
gests (half  playfully,  perhaps)  his  own 
youthful  solution  of  the  difficulty — that 
the  Templar  was  struck  by  lightning,  and 
so  could  not  meet  his  disabled  opponent. 
But  is  the  sudden  death  really  improbable? 
Curiously  enough,  Lever  in  '  Charles 
O'Malley  '  (chap,  lxii.)  has  an  exactly 
parallel  scene.  Trevyllian,  a  villainous 
participator  in  a  duel,  dies  like  the  Templar, 
though  he  is  not  credited  with  heart 
disease  and 

"  no  wound  had  pierced  him.  Some  tre- 
mendous contliet  within  had  snapped  tho 
cords  of  life,  and  the  strong  man  had  perished 
in  his  agony." 

We  have  one  complaint  to  make  :    it  i* 
really  too  bad  of  experts  like  Mr.  Lang 


414 


Til  E    ATHKNjEUM 


N#4098,  Aihii.  7,  1906 


and  his  publishers  to  produce  ■  book 
without  .hi  index.  Then  are  some  per- 
tinent illustrations  of  Scott  and  his    (in  It-. 

Mr.  Norgate  has,  ire  arc  dad  i<>  say, 
added  ■  thorough  index  to  nil  volume. 
It  it  clear  that  he  has  visited  Scott's 
country  of  late,  and  the  illustrations  of 

phues.    winch    are    liberally    interspersed 

in  the  text,  are  an  excellent  feature  of  his 

book.     His  pages,  as  against  Mr.  Lang's 

268,    amount    to    ."US.    and    he    has    \vo\en 

into  his  narrative  with  considerable  skill 

the  details  of  Scott's  life  and  intercourse 
with  men  great  and  small.  Sometimes 
he  deals  more  with  the  popular  than  the 
significant  side  of  biography,  as  when  he 
tells  as  that  the  old  Bishop  of  Tarcntum 
whom  Scott  visited  had  a  superb  Persian 
eat.  Hut  lie  has  made  some  additions  of 
interest  from  sources  not  accessible  to 
Lockhart.  and  we  are  glad  to  have  the 
record  of  Scott's  family  after  his  death. 
The  chapter,  by  another  hand,  on  Scott 
as  a  lawyer,  is  bright,  but  of  no  special 
value.  Mr.  Norgate's  critical  remarks  on 
the  various  poems  and  novels  are  judicious, 
but  we  are  surprised  to  find  that  he  says 
little  or  nothing  of  Scott's  work  as  a  whole. 
The  life  of  a  man  of  letters  surely  ought  to 
include  some  record  of  the  influence  of  his 
work  on  his  successors,  and  Scott  was  a 
power  on  the  Continent,  and  in  the  New 
World,  where  his  "  feudal  nonsense  "  has 
been  the  subject  of  bitter  attack,  notably 
by  Mark  Twain.  Even  Mr.  Lang's  final 
chapter,  on  Scott's  character  and  place  in 
literature,  is  rather  thin.  If  Scott's 
longer  poems  are,  as  seems  generally 
agreed,  for  the  young  and  the  local 
enthusiast,  his  lyrics,  such  as  '  Proud 
Maisie,'  are  for  everybody  and  for  all 
time.  Scott's  pre-eminence  in  tins  line 
is  now  generally  recognized,  though  our 
authors  say  little  about  it. 

The  differences  between  a  Waverley 
novel  and  the  average  modern  production 
of  the  sort  are  many,  but  we  do  not  know 
that  they  have  been  considered  with  care  ; 
and  the  novel  of  to-day  is  so  formless  and 
unrestricted  an  affair  as  almost  to  defy 
analysis.  Scott,  it  may  be  noted,  always 
pictures  the  state  of  society  on  which  his 
figures  are  based  ;  nowhere  will  you  find 
better  descriptions  of  the  whole  scene  and 
circumstances  which  make  the  varied,  but 
distinct  background  of  human  activity 
and  motive.  He  takes  care  to  put  you 
in  the  way  to  understand  what  everybody 
was  doing  or  likely  to  do  at  the  time  ; 
whereas  a  modern  is  so  busy  making  his 
hero  and  heroine  talk  that  he  can  only 
hint  at  their  surroundings  or  the  general 
features  of  their  times.  At  best  lie  lays 
on  "  local  colour  "  in  conscientious,  but 
evident  patches.  If  history  is  to  be 
gathered     from     the    twentieth  -  century 

best  sellers,"  there  will  be  odd  ideas  of 
this  present  year  of  grace  for  the  future 
New  Zealander  to  swallow. 

En  revanche,  it  may  be  noted  that  Scott 
lacks  the  "  nostalgie  de  l'lnfini,"  as  Jane 
Austen  did.  He  is  not  concerned  about 
the  soul  or  religious  doubts  ;  he  never 
descends  or  ascends  (as  the  reader  pleases 
to  regard  it)  into  metaphysics.  He  would 
have  treated  the  story  of  '  Measure  for 


Measure'  with  admirable  moral  sagacity, 

hut    vsitlicnit    anv  of  that    deep  philosophic 

reflection    whi<h    Bhakspearc    assocu 
with    it.    Scott    looks    beyond    romantic 
oi  poetical  justice  ;  Mr.  Norgate  does  not 
approve  <>f  the  last  part  of  ' The  Heart  of 

Midlothian,1    hut    it    is   clear   from  Scott's 

tinal   paragraph   to   the   reader   that    he 

could     not     let     the    guilty     Koheit.-on     gO 

without    the    condign    punishment    of   a 

violent  death.  A  more  subtle  modern 
mind  would,  perhaps,  have  dwelt  on  the 
mental  tortures  he  and  his  wife  endured 
in  high  society  until  we  were  assured 
that  their  sufferings  were  not  unequal 
to  their  crime. 

We  do  not  think  it  fair  to  suggest,  as 
an  acute  critic  has  done,  that  Scott  did 
not  know  women  till  late  in  life,  and  there- 
fore never  realized  their  true  inwardness. 
We  prefer  to  be  grateful  for  a  reticence 
which  does  not  dwell  on  passion,  the  un- 
disciplined mad  side  of  love,  and  leaves 
Diana  Vernon  a  pearl  among  women,  a  fit 
example  for  shrieking  novelists  and  those 
who  would  represent  love,  because  it  is 
bound  up  with  physical  attraction,  as 
devoid  of  all  spiritual  elements. 

Of  the  wonderful  humour  and  pathos 
of  Scott's  long  picture  gallery  it  is  not, 
we  hope,  necessary  to  speak.  One  or  two 
only  of  the  world's  masters  in  fiction, 
Stevenson  said,  had  Scott's  "  full,  dark 
brush."  Let  any  one  who  is  an  artist 
read  again  the  simple  scene  of  the  death 
of  the  young  fisherman  in  '  The  Antiquary,' 
put  the  book  by,  and  try  later  to  rewrite 
it,  or  compose  a  scene  out  of  similar 
materials.  If  he  gets  anywhere  near 
Scott,  he  is  beyond  most  of  the  belauded 
writers  of  to-day. 


A  History  of  Rome  during  the  later  Republic 
and  early  Princijxite.  By  A.  H.  J. 
Greenidge.  —  Vol.  I.  B.C.  133-104. 
(Methuen  &  Co.) 

This  volume  was  intended  to  be  the  first 
of  six  dealing  with  the  history  of  Rome 
for  the  two  hundred  years  from  the 
Gracchi  to  the  accession  of  Vespasian. 
It  is  a  period  which  inevitably  attracts 
the  attention,  but  generally  exhausts 
the  patience,  of  the  student ;  and  the 
time  was  ripe  for  a  carefully  written 
history,  which  should  incorporate  all  that 
modern  research  could  add  to  the  standard 
authorities  upon  the  subject,  and  tell  the 
tale  again.  To  succeed  in  this  twofold 
task  is  an  ambition  worthy  of  the  best 
efforts  of  any  scholar  ;  and  in  conception, 
at  any  rate,  the  present  work  is  deserving 
of  praise. 

In  an  introductory  chapter  of  one 
hundred  pages  the  characteristics  of  the 
period  just  before  the  Gracchi  are  care- 
fully considered,  with  the  special  object 
of  setting  forth  the  social  and  economic 
problems  with  which  the  reformers  had 
to  deal.  The  author  is  certainly  at  his 
best  where  is  he  discussing  some  larger 
issues  such  as  these:  he  shows,  in  fact,  more 
skill  in  collecting  and  arranging  the  multi- 
farious information  bearing  upon  the 
several  parts  of  his  subject  than  in  relating 


afresh  the  itotry  ■<■-  a  whole.  One  cannot 
h<lp  feeling  'hat  the  indefatigable  student 
ha-  given  m  in  these  pages  the  best  that 

research    could    supply,    and    the    political 

philosopher   the    products   of    hi-    most 
i  areful  thought  :    hut   the  result    it   i 
entirely   satisfactory,   from   the   point   of 

view  of  history.      Something  ij  yet  lacking, 
Now    and    again    the    author    has    d< 

good  pieces  of  work — for  example,  in  I 
nnnenma  concerned  with  the  character  of 
Tiberius  Gracchus  (p.  106),  of  Marina 
(p.  301),  and  of  Sulla  (p.  444  Yet  tl .. 
do  but  justify  the  criticism  pronounced 
above,  thai  the  particular  jx>int  or  person 
is  well  and  truly  treated,  while  the  work 
is  disappointing  as  a  whole  from  it-  lack 
of  directness,  proportion,  and  continuity. 
We  do  not  leave  the  discussion  of  a  politi<  ,1 
question,  or  the  description  of  a  campaign, 
with  a  really  dear  impression  in  our  mind-: 
and  this  is  a  pity  where  so  much  learning 
has  been  employed  and  so  much  la  hour 
expended.  With  its  500  pages  the 
volume  ought  to  be  able  to  combine  clear- 
ness and  completeness  in  its  commentary 
on  a  period  of  thirty  years. 

We  believe  that  the  real  fault  lies  in 
the  writing ;  for,  though  no  one  will  doubt 
the  pains  the  author  has  taken,  one  must 
make  a  virtue  of  necessity  to  admit  that 
the  style  of  this  book  is  interesting  or 
inspiriting.  Now  and  again  the  patient 
reader — and  he  must  be  patient — comes 
across  a  sentence  that  satisfies  the  his- 
torical sense  ;  but  for  the  most  part  the 
attention,  which  should  be  free  for  the 
historical  events,  characters,  and  problems 
under  discussion,  is  diverted  to  the  lan- 
guage of  the  discussion.  The  sentei 
are  often  too  much  like  German,  the  argu- 
ment often  too  close,  to  allow  the  reader 
to  take  the  book  in  generous  doses.  Return- 
ing to  the  task  with  all  goodwill,  he  is  soon 
entangled  again  in  the  tiresomely  long 
sentences  and  paragraphs,  made  none 
the  easier  by  the  long,  close-printed  lines 
of  a  broad  page  and  by  the  absence  of 
paragraph-headings.  We  have  no  wish 
to  make  history  shallow  in  style  or  un- 
scientific in  treatment  ;  but  we  think  that 
the  historian  should  be  able  to  deliver 
his  message  without  inflicting  a  head- 
ache upon  us  bv  sheer  intensity  of 
intellect.  The  following  sentence  (on 
p.  262)  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  the 
difficult  language  in  which  this  hook  is 
written.  The  claim  of  Cains  Graochus  to 
greatness  is  said  to  rest 

"partly  on  the  finality  with  which  lie  re- 
moved the  jealousies  of  the  hour  from  the 

idle  arena  of  daily  political  strife,  and  gave 
them  their  place  in  the  permanent  machinery 

or  the  constitution,  there  to  remain  us  the 
necessary  condition  of  the  precarious  peace 
or  the  internecine  war  which  the  jarring 
clem,  tits  of  a  balance  of  power  bring  in 
turn  to  its  possessors." 

Ik  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum.  The  writer 
of  this  review  was  engaged  upon  it  when 
he  saw  the  announcement  of  Dr.  Green 
idge'fl  death.  What  is  written  above, 
then,  is  written  in  the  pathetic  knowledge 
that  it  can  no  longer  be  of  any  service  to 
the  author  himself,  whose  silence  leaves 
history  and  scholarship  the  poorer  to-day. 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


415 


But  the  example  of  devoted  work  which 
he  gave  may  well  inspire  others  to  take 
<up  the  torch,  and  supply  that  need 
which  many  classical  students  feel  again 
and  again — a  really  good  history  of  the 
last  century  of  the  Roman  republic  and 
the  first  of  the  principate. 


The  English  Works  of  George  Herbert, 
newly  arranged  and  annotated,  and  con- 
sidered in  relation  to  his  Life.  3  vols. 
By  George  Herbert  Palmer.  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton.) 

Mr.  George  Herbert  Palmer,  from  the 
internal  evidence  of  his  book,  is,  we  gather, 
an  American  ;  and  in  these  three  volumes 
he  has  evidently  raised  a  shrine  over 
the  relics  of  his  patron  saint.  Not 
often  has  the  naming  of  children  after 
eminent  writers  such  a  result.  He  has 
accomplished  a  very  thorough  and  loving 
labour,  bestowing  exhaustive  care  on 
•every  part  of  Herbert's  work,  and  doing 
his  best  to  correlate  the  work  with  the 
man.  He  himself  calls  the  result  a 
'"  Dictionary  of  Herbert."  It  seems  at 
first  excessive  ;  but  there  is  little — beyond 
a  certain  diftuseness — which  has  not 
pertinence. 

After  a  method  growing  into  fashion, 
he  treats  the  various  aspects  of  the  poet 
and  his  work  in  a  series  of  introductory 
■essays  following  the  biography,  and  treats 
them  well.  But  he  further  groups  the 
poems  to  illustrate  Herbert's  life  and  the 
stages  of  his  inward  development,  and 
enforces  the  connexion  in  an  essay  pre- 
fixed to  each  group.  These  essays  have 
much  to  do  with  the  disproportion  between 
text  and  comment ;  yet  few  would  wish 
away  what  are  among  the  most  interesting 
parts  of  the  volumes.  To  each  poem  he 
again  prefixes  a  sort  of  schema,  giving 
under  formal  headings  the  date,  Herbert's 
■employment  of  the  metre,  notes  on  single 
lines  and  passages,  and  a  general  state- 
ment of  the  meaning  of  the  poem.  The 
method  makes  for  formal  precision  ;  but 
the  anxiety  about  every  variation  of 
metrical  form  seems  a  little  pedantic,  nor 
can  we  reconcile  ourselves  to  the  prose 
"  argument "  of  each  poem.  It  is  for 
"  Herbert  beginners,"  says  Mr.  Palmer. 
But  we  cannot  conceive  that  the  man  who 
needs  it  should  ever  really  taste  Herbert's 
poetry — despite  a  very  intelligent  person 
who  assured  us  he  read  '  The  Ring  and 
the  Book  '  six  times  before  he  understood 
it,  "  and  really  enjoyed  it  in  the  end." 
The  tragedy  would  have  been  too  painful 
if  he  had  not,  Mr.  Palmer  takes  some 
risks  by  the  process  ;  but  only  once  (as 
shall  be  noted  hereafter)  have  we  chanced 
on  a  slip  of  interpretation. 

The  edition  includes  all  Herbert's  prose 
— tin-  handful  of  letters,  'The  Country 
Parson,'  a  translation  of  Cornaro  on 
Temperance,'  and  notes  on  Valdesso's 
'  Divine  Considerations.'  The  letters,  of 
course,  are  invaluable  for  their  lights, 
however  limited,  on  the  poet's  life  and 
earlier  character.  Of  the  rest,  only  '  The 
Country  Parson'  has  any  considerable 
value.     Full    of    Herbert's    high-minded 


practical  wisdom,  it  pictures  his  own  life 
and  work  at  Bemerton,  in  English  vital 
with  the  sap  of  the  soil.  These  and  the 
poems  are  all  the  text,  round  which  Mr. 
Palmer  has  woven  a  mass  of  commentary 
on  which  we  can  ourselves  comment  only 
by  selections. 

The  special  value  of  his  discriminating 
comment  is  its   freedom  from   the   Bos- 
wellian  disease.     He  traverses  with  much 
courage  and  independence  the  traditional 
idea  of  Herbert.     Vaughan  called  him  the 
"  holy  "  George  Herbert ;    Walton  sealed 
the  epithet  to  him  for  all  posterity.     The 
fervent  Walton,  as  we  think,  was  intent 
on  canonizing  a  select  body  of  saints  in 
the  Established  Church  ;    and  Herbert's 
is  not  the  only  '  Life  '  which  needs  some 
grains  of  allowance  for  its  author's  sincere 
enthusiasm.     Mr.  Palmer  says  boldly  and 
sensibly  that  the  poet,  though  earnestly 
good,  was  not  holy.     In  his  earlier  days 
he  was  fain  to  think  a  little  worldly  ambi- 
tion  not  irreconcilable   with   spirituality. 
Even  the  gran  rifiuto  which  led  him  to 
Bemerton    and    the    work    of    a   country 
parson  did  not  end  the  struggle.     He  was 
disappointed  with  the  life,  which  did  not 
bring   him   peace  ;     disappointed   at  last 
with  the  priesthood  ;    and  almost  to  the 
end   there   was   conflict  in   him   between 
the  spirit  and  a  tenacious  hankering  for 
the  advantages  of  earth.     It  is  just  this 
conflicting  duality  (as  Mr.   Palmer  says) 
which    sympathetically    brings    him    near 
to  our  imperfect  selves,  sensible  of  a  like 
discord  within  us.     His  senses  were  keen  : 
he  loved  music  ;    his  poems   are  sweet- 
smelling   with    allusions    to    scent,    vivid 
with  alertness  of  eye,  full  of  the  savour  of 
taste ;     he    was    temperate    by    studious 
restraint.     Ease    was    pleasant    to    him  : 
his    dreaded    temptations    were    idleness 
and  women,  and  Mr.  Palmer  remarks  that 
sexual  love  to  him  is  lust.     The  editor 
appropriates  a  whole  group  of  poems  to 
this  inward  "  Struggle."     We  may  perhaps 
question  some  arbitrariness  in  this  precise 
allocation  of  poems  to  the  stages  of  the 
poet's    psychical    evolution,    though    the 
grouping    of    the   poems   written    in    the 
Cambridge  and  Bemerton  periods  respect- 
ively is  unimpeachable.     But  the  alloca- 
tion subserves  Mr.  Palmer's  plan  in  relating 
the  poems  to  the  life. 

Herbert's  admirable  pregnancy  of 
thought  and  expression  he  developes 
well,  but  is  clearly  troubled  by  the  charge 
of  artificiality.  Its  frequency  shows  that 
the  impression  is  common.  To  us  Herbert, 
often  failing  in  taste,  is  seldom  artificial. 
Mr.  Palmer  has  the  insight  to  say  that 
Herbert  is  never  more  full  of  passion  than 
when  he  is  most  '*  artificial."  Which 
surely  gives  the  ease  away.  "  Impas- 
sioned artificiality  "  ! — that  is,  wondrous 
hot  ice  and  most  scalding  snow.  It  is  a 
contradiction  in  te  ins.  This  "artificiality  " 
is  spontaneous  and  glowing  ;  as  with 
many  other  poets,  it  is  natural  to  him, 
though  unnatural  to  the  average  modern 
man.  Like  it  or  dislike  it,  call  it  \vh;it 
you  will — but  not  artificial. 
Another  trouble  t<>  Mr.  Palmer  is  the 

alleged    uneouthness   of   the    poet's    metre. 
He  discriminates   against    it    wordily   and 


sensibly,  where  few  words  would  have 
sufficed.  Herbert  is  too  true  a  poet  not 
to  let  the  emotion  mould  his  metre. 
Thoughtful  compression  being  the  cha- 
racter of  his  poetry,  the  emotion  is  grave 
and  pregnant,  the  metre  therefore  grave 
and  firm-knit,  echoing  the  sententiousness- 
and  closeness  of  substance  and  expression. 
The  bones  and  muscles  of  speech  are  not 
sacrificed  to  the  adipose  and  lubricant 
vowels.  Melodious  flow  would  be  as 
nonsensical  as  a  Te  Deum  set  to  the  Venus; 
music  in  *  Tannhauser.'  But  there  is  no 
wanton  harshness  in  Herbert's  best  poems. 
It  seems  unknown  nowadays  that  metre 
is  a  means  of  expression.  This  poet  can 
have  melodic  beauty  when  it  is  appropriate 
— witness  the  '  Easter  Hymn.'  Who  that 
has  ear  but  must  hear  the  lovely  move- 
ment of  the  first  stanza,  in  particular — 
which  we  could  analyze  were  this  the 
place  for  it  ?  It  is  the  last  two  stanzas 
of  this  hymn  that  Mr.  Palmer  seems 
curiously  to  misunderstand.  Herbert 
says,  if  the  Sun  and  the  East  should  offer 
to  contest  "  with  Thy  arising,  they  pre- 
sume "  ;   and  asks  : — 

Can  there  be  any  Day  but  this, 

Though  many  suns  to  shine  endeavour? 

We  count  three  hundred,  but  we  miss  ; 
There  is  but  One,  and  that  One  ever  ! 

Mr.  Palmer  explains  : — 

"  They  would  be  presumptuous  to  com- 
pare 'what  they  bring  with  what  Easter 
brings — All  the  three  hundred  days  of  the 
year  get  their  significance  from  this  single 
day." 

Plainly,  he  takes  "  thy  arising "  as 
addressed  to  Easter  Day  ;  and  the  "  one  " 
sun  which  is  "  ever,"  to  be  the  Easter 
sun.  But  Herbert  is  addressing  the  risen 
Christ,  and  the  "  one "  everlasting  sun 
is  the  Sun  Christ  (as  in  our  quotation  we 
have  emphasized  by  capitals).  The  mis- 
take steals  half  the  beauty  and  force  from 
the  verses. 

Coleridge  long  since  remarked  of  one 
of  Herbert's  poems  that  it  was  select 
and  beautifully  right  common  speech,  the 
language  which  every  educated  gentleman 
would  wish  to  write.  And  (allowing  for 
changes  of  language)  we  think  this  true 
of  Herbert  at  his  best.  He  has  neither 
the  occasional  Wordsworthian  magic  of 
Vaughan  nor  the  virtuosity  of  Crashaw  ; 
he  utters  the  wisdom  of  practical  virtue 
in  plain,  choice  speech,  and  imagery 
sometimes  homely,  always  felicitously  apt, 
with  a  feeling  native  to  the  general 
human  breast.  The  only  obscurity  is 
that  of  close  thought  and  imagery,  not 
of  language. 

In  conclusion,  Mr.  Palmer  gives,  we 
think,  good  reason  for  following  Ferrer's 
text,  though  he  carefully  supplies  all  the 
variations  of  the  .MSS.  He  turnishes  an 
index,  and  also  Herbert's  will  ;  while  the 
volumes  are  illustrated  by  portraits  and 
views  of  places  connected  with  the  poet's 
life.  The  edition  is  an  elaborate  and 
worthy  monument  to  the  gravely  sweet, 
and  original  genius  who  was  the  soune 
and  father  of  our  religious  lyric  poets  : — 

Hither,  m  to  their  fountain,  ot  her  nt;uH 
Repair,  and  in  their  urns  draw  golden  era 


II*. 


THE     AT  II  KNiKUM 


X   1093.  April  7.  1000 


Brief  Lit- run/  Criticisms.  By  the  1 . » t « - 
Richard  noil  Button.  Selected  from 
I  ctator  by  hifl  Niece,   Elizabeth 

.   If.  Etoscoe.     (Maomillao  &  Co.) 

\  ooixw  ikin  of  shorl  essays,  especially 
when  reprinted  from  a  newspaper,  can 
never  entirely  satisfy.  The  writer  is 
necessarily  debarred  from  completely  prov- 
ing his  premises  or  illustrating  liis  lines 
of    argument.     We    are    for    ever    being 

hurried     on     to    a    new    subject,    treated 

probably  from  a  different  point  of  \  iew. 

without  Substantiating  conclusions  on  any. 

■But,  on  the  other  hand,  a  series  of  this 
hind,  from  its  very  diversity,  throws  much 
light  on  the  author's  character;  and,  in 
the  case  of  so  honest  and  consistent  a 
man  as  Mr.  Hutton,  resemhles  a  critical 
journal  or  autobiography.  It  serves  as  a 
personal  introduction,  an  opportunity  for 
talk  ;  and  the  effect  is  enhanced  by  Miss 
Roscoe's  judicious  arrangement,  which 
ignores  "  the  chronological  sequence," 
and  places  together  ait icles  which  touch 
"on  the  same  or  similar  subjects." 

Our  author,  of  course,  was  so  long  and 
intimately  connected  with  The  Spectator 
that  the  public  is  already  familiar  with 
his  general  attitude  towards  men  and 
books  ;  but  the  opportunity  of  studying 
his  opinions  consecutively  must  deepen 
the  impression  of  a  vigorous  and  acute 
personality. 

That  personality,  maybe,  will  seem 
rather  conventional  and  old-fashioned 
to  the  present  generation.  There  are 
idols  in  our  market-place  of  which  he 
knew  little,  and  for  which  he  cared 
less  :  many  now  look  for  little  beyond 
"  effect  "  in  stjde  and  novelty  in  judgment. 
But,  for  that  very  reason,  the  serious 
critic  will  study  with  special  interest  the 
outlook  of  a  writer  whose  mind  dwelt 
with  Wordsworth,  Tennj-son,  and  Matthew 
Arnold  ;  with  Scott,  Dickens,  and  George 
Eliot. 

Mr.  Hutton,  undoubtedly,  had  a  special 
bias  for  the  didactic  in  poetry  and  fiction  : 
his  religion  is  sincere  and  complacent, 
though  never  narrow ;  and  he  cares 
little  for  any  work  of  art  not  founded  on 
moral  purpose.  But,  after  all,  the  sermon 
is  popular  with  the  English  people ; 
and  his  leanings  are  particularly  cha- 
racteristic of  his  generation.  On  every 
subject  that  appeals  to  him  he  is  eminently 
suggestive. 

He  is  justified,  for  example,  in  the  un- 
expected judgment  that  Wordsworth  was 
no  egotist,  as  "  the  peculiarly  inward  turn 
of  his  mind  "  has  led  the  world  to  assume. 
The  poet  once  "  told  a  friend  that  he  had 
never  written  love-poetry  because  he 
dared  not  :  it  would  have  been  too 
passionate.'*  He  felt  deeply  for  nature 
and  humanity,  but 

*'  he  was  warned  by  some  inward  instinct 
always  to  restrain  emotion,  however  strong 
and  stormy,  till  he  could  find  a  peaceful 
and  lucid  reflection  of  it  in  the  mirror  of  a 
quiet  mind  " 

— a  mode  of  "treating  his  own  feelings 
altogether  alien  to  the  method  of  the 
mass  of  mankind." 

In   claiming   for   Scott    "  the    business 


insighl  of  ;t  shrewd  realist,"  because  his 
stories  "move  amidst  tin-  bewildering 
paradoxes  of    human    rial  are  on  ,(  i , 

Uld    not     on    the    narrow    Stage    of 

mere  adventure  and  romance, **  Mr.  Hutton, 

of  OOUrse,  is  thinking  of  true  realism,  and 
has   no   intention   of   belittling   that    great 

novelisl  by  association  with  the  M  modern 
school  "  which  he  elsewhere  heartily  con- 
demns. In  the  jargon  of  to-day  Bcotl 
is  naturally  quoted  as  the  greatest  of 
English  romance-writers  ;  hut  his  "  con- 
crete and  rich  detail  "  of  colouring 
remains  of  the  highest  significance  to  his 
art. 

Our  author,  again,  is  probably  »ight  in 
contending  that  Matthew  Arnold,  "  nega- 
tive as  the  outcome  of  his  thought  too 
frequently  is,"  was  always  "  lucid  and 
confident,  dogmatic  even  in  his  denials  of 
dogma."  The  comparison  between  his 
"  sharply  chiselled  lines  "  and  the  "  freer 
sweep,  but  more  uncertain  drift,"  of  the 
too  often  neglected  Clough,  is  excellent  ; 
and  it  is  certainly  true  that  either  poet 

"  felt  keenly  that  there  was  something  in 
man,  as  well  as  in  the  universe  outside  man, 
which  rendered  it  impossible  to  attain  the 
highest  freedom  without  submitting  himself 
to  the  mysterious  yoke  within  him — a  yoke 
which  he  would  not  ignore,  though  he  would 
not  welcome  it." 

The  singers  of  Doubt  cannot  escape  the 
Unseen. 

Mr.  Hutton's  welcome  and  insistent 
praise  of  Dickens  cannot  be  fairly  sum- 
marized in  a  sentence.  Most  people  agree 
that  the  author  of  '  The  Pickwick  Papers ' 
was,  despite  his  detractors,  a  great  humour- 
ist, though  he  never  rose  to  the  "  delicate 
painting  of  emotion  "  and  his  pathos  was 
nearly  always  melodramatic.  George 
Eliot  is  probably,  at  the  moment,  less 
popular  than  any  of  the  other  great 
Victorians  ;  and  a  discreet  eulogy  of  her 
work  is  well  timed.  Her  exceptional 
"  largeness  of  mind  "  in  reason  and  ima- 
gination, and  her  deep  insight  into  human 
nature,  must  ultimately  triumph  with 
posterity  ;  though  Mr.  Hutton  has  touched 
her  weak  spot  in  noting  that  "  the  tone 
of  feeling  prevailing  in  her  novels  goes  far 
in  advance  even  of  their  direct  moral 
teaching."  Her  laborious  and  academic 
speculations  overshadow  her  noblest  scenes, 
and  she  "  almost  uniformly  quenches  her 
ideal  light  in  gloom." 

The  volume  contains  many  other  reflec- 
tions of  incidental  worth  :  that  in  reality 
Carlyle  loved  "  divine  force  "  more  than 
truth  ;  that  "every  great  poem  has  been  a 
great  stroke  for  freedom,  for  the  freedom 
of  the  heart  and  mind";  and  that  hardly 
one  of  Wordsworth's  poems  "  beats  with 
the  quick  throb  of  the  lyric."  Mr.  Hutton's 
attitude  towards  the  Froude-Carlyle  con- 
troversy and  the  publication  of  Keats's 
letters  to  Fanny  Brawne  is  sound  and 
characteristic ;  and  the  daring  of  his 
claim  for  ('lough's  incomplete  studies 
of  faith,  morality,  and  love  deserves 
notice.  He  quotes,  with  just  enthusiasm, 
from  '  The  Bothie  of  Tober-na-Vuolich,'  a 

"  curiously  subtle  passage  on  love  '  in  the 
making  '  which  most  wait  for  its  popularity 
till    the    human    heart    understands    itself 


1.    '■>  r.  iiii'l   i-,  frnnk'T  with  it-«lf,  hut   whi<h 

will  have  its  popularity  th 

\\  ••    have    already    hinted    that 

I:  editorial    work    hits    been    well 

done  ;     hut   tin  -    diould   not   b 

been    issued    without    an   index,   and  one 
eta    that    undue    reverence    for    her 

author  baa  restrained  her  from  occasion- 
ally emending  his  text,  in  the  hurry  of 
press-work     Mr.     Hutton    slipped    into    a 

few  careless  expressions,  which  so  careful 
a  writer  would  have  unhesitatingly 
corrected  in  the  course  of  revision. 
'Tennyson  studies  poems  ;  Browning,  it 
might  almost  be  -aid.  studies  the  neglect 
of  these  qualities,"  is  obviously  a  misprint  ; 
and  the  reference  to  spurious  oratory 
"  toppliner  down  into  very  closely  allied 
nonsense  has  gone  astray.  Surely  an 
editor  is  justified  at  times  in  saving  aa 
author  from  himself. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The    Wheel  of  Life.     By   Ellen   Glasgow. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
There  is  no  question  as  to  the  cleverness 
of  Miss  Glasgow  ;  the  very  texture  of  her 
writing  discovers  that  to  an  experienced, 
eye.  But  she  has  a  psychological  fluency 
which  is  almost  alarming.  She  will  take 
you  through  the  whole  course  of  a  cha- 
racter's thoughts,  meditations,  and  remi- 
niscences, between  breakfast  eggs,  in  a 
dozen  pages,  and  you  will  be  convinced 
that  she  is  right.  But  at  the  same  time 
you  would  rather  have  been  spared  them  ; 
for,  frankly,  you  see  no  necessity  for  the 
intrusion.  Psychology  for  the  sake  of 
psychology  seems  to  appeal  to  the  author. 
The  average  level  of  the  tale  is  extra- 
ordinarily high,  but  it  does  not  rise  to- 
anything  that  matters  very  much  any- 
where. And  it  has  the  feminine  vice  of 
heroizing.  Most  of  Miss  Glasgow's  men 
are  of  sound  human  flesh,  particularly 
the  sensual  Bridewell  and  his  cousin  ;  but 
the  author  must  have  a  hero  marked  out 
for  the  post  from  the  outset.  And  thus 
we  are  introduced  to  the  hardworking, 
good-hearted  Adams,  whose  noble  cha- 
racter shines  in  a  naughty  world.  Adams, 
alas  !  is  not  of  human  blood.  But  the 
women  of  the.  tale  arc  excellent.  So  far 
as  the  structure  of  the  novel  goes,  its 
main  fault  is  that  it  is  concerned  with 
the  fortunes  of  various  groups  of  people, 
and  is  thus  somewhat  formless.  But  that 
charge  could  be  levelled  against  a  muchi 
greater  work — '  Middleman?!!.' 


The   Great    Refusal.     By    Maxwell   Gray. 

(John  Long.) 
The  reform  of  industrialism  and  trade- 
and  finance  cannot  be  satisfactorily  dis- 
cussed in  a  review  of  a  novel,  so  we  need 
only  say  that  this  trenchant  indictment 
of  modern  society  would  have  been  more 
satisfactory  had  less  been  made  of  the 
crude  and  callow  attempts  of  the  hero  and 
his  friends  towards  "  true  civilization. ,v 
A  millionaire's  son,  a  dreamy  dilettante, 
who,  finding  his  father's  business  dis- 
honest, declines  to  become  a  partner,  and 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


417 


so  is  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  may 
command  respect,  but  does  not  ipso  facto 
blossom  into  an  inspired  economist.  More- 
over, he  is  consciously  in  love  with  the 
worldly  daughter  of  an  Irish  earl,  and 
subconsciously  with  her  cousin,  who  comes 
"  out  first  in  Greats,  distancing  even  those 
dominant  males,"  and  then  devotes  her- 
self to  a  social  settlement  in  East  London 
connected  with  a  male  University  settle- 
ment in  which  the  hero  and  his  college 
friends  are  intimately  concerned  ;  while 
both  ladies  fall  in  love  with  him  at  first 
sight.  Such  conditions  are  not  conducive 
to  the  solution  of  problems  which  have 
baffled  the  profoundest  thinkers.  How- 
ever, the  youth  and  his  fluctuating 
entourage  are  sufficiently  interesting,  and 
the  story  presents  several  effective  situa- 
tions, which  are  carefully  mounted. 
But  the  young  reformers  strain  painfully 
after  epigram. 

The  Shadow  of  Life.     By  Anne  Douglas 
Sedgwick.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

The  author  of  this  long,  careful  novel 
may  be  relied  upon  for  conscientious 
workmanslnp  and  genuine  study  of  cha- 
racter. The  present  book  is  a  remarkably 
close  analysis  of  the  lives  and  characters 
of  a  man  and  a  woman  from  childhood 
to  maturity.  The  subsidiary  figures  also 
are  handled  with  intelligent  care  ;  but 
upon  these  two,  particularly  upon  the 
less  worthy  of  them,  the  nicety  of  micro- 
scopic work  has  been  lavished.  With  nothing 
but  praise  for  method  so  thorough,  we 
cannot  withold  regret  that  it  should 
have  been  expended  upon  the  spiritless 
hero.  If  a  creature  so  lacking  in  the  sap 
of  humanity  can  exist — and  it  is  true  that 
our  age  has  produced  some  tolerably  back- 
boneless  people  —  here  is  his  portrait 
to  the  life,  a  finished  production.  But  a 
study  of  such  a  figure  is  rather  patho- 
logical than  romantic,  and  we  fear  it  will 
either  tire  the  average  reader  or  exasperate 
him  past  bearing.  A  man  who  can  love 
a  woman  deeply,  desire  her  greatly, 
experience  biting  jealousy  regarding  her, 
and  extort  from  her  a  confession  of  her 
absolute  devotion  to  him,  becomes  simply 
intolerable  when  he  leaves  her  to  die  of  a 
broken  heart,  because  his  fancied  lack  of 
interest  in  life  suggests  that  he  cannot 
make  a  proper  husband.  Withal,  the 
thing  has  been  done  really  well. 


The  Fifth  Queen.    By  Ford  Madox  Hueffer. 
(Alston  Rivers.) 

Mr.  Hueffer  makes  occasional  mistakes  ; 
his  generalizations  are  weak  and  faulty 
at  times;  but  his  writing  is  not  slipshod, 
though  he  is  prolific.  His  latest  book  is  per- 
haps his  hest,  and  in  the  historical  novel 
of  England's  spacious  days  he  may  have 
discovered  his  metier.  The  "  Fifth 
Queen  "  of  the  title  is  Catharine  Howard, 
and  the  story  furnishes  noteworthy  por- 
traits of  the  eighth  Henry,  Privy  Seal 
(  romweh,  Bishop  Gardiner,  and  the  ill-fated 
fifth  queen  herself.  The  story  is  good,  as 
such,  and  some  distinction  is  lent  to  it 
by   two  facts  :    the  author  has  saturate  <l 


himself  in  the  atmosphere  and  colour  of 
the  period  he  deals  with,  and  he  has 
followed  history  not  slavishly,  but  as 
one  who  reads  his  own  conceptions 
into  the  records  of  the  age.  Here  and 
there  we  are  irritated  by  the  author's 
regrettable  practice  of  continually  revert- 
ing to  any  phrase  or  word  which  has 
pleased  him.  As  his  taste  in  phrases 
favours  the  curious  and  bizarre,  this  weak- 
ness is  made  the  more  prominent.  Some 
will  find  the  language  used  too  full- 
flavoured,  but  it  is  not  discordant. 


The  Mystery  of  the  Shadow.     By  Fergus 
Hume.     (Cassell  &  Co.) 

A  murderer  who  masquerades  under  the 
guise  of  the  family  ghost  is  a  very  fearsome 
being,  especially  when  he  appears  sil- 
houetted against  a  lighted  window  by 
night  in  the  act  of  seizing  his  prey.  The 
circumstance  that  the  murder  is  thus 
committed  within  sight  of  witnesses  lends 
a  certain  novelty  to  a  style  of  work  which 
Mr.  Hume  long  ago  rendered  familiar. 
The  purpose  of  this  story  is  gradually  to 
reveal  the  identity  of  the  criminal.  Sus- 
picion is  adroitly  thrown  upon  one  person 
after  another,  and  the  reader  is  kept  in 
suspense  until  the  very  sensational  close. 
There  is  ability  in  the  book,  but  the  author 
has  shown  himself  capable  of  better  things. 


Lads  of  the  Fancy.     By  George  Bartram. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) 

Here  we  have  a  picture,  fairly  well  worked 
out  in  detail,  of  the  year  1811,  when  the 
prize-ring  and  the  Corinthians,  hard 
drinking  and  heavy  gambling,  were  in 
vogue.  The  story  has  a  healthy,  open-air 
smack  about  it,  but  there  is  not  very 
much  plot,  and  the  whole  lacks  distinction 
in  the  telling.  The  main  threads  of  the 
narrative  are  gathered  round  a  wonderful 
Bow  Street  runner,  who  is  a  vast  deal 
cleverer  and  honester  than  most  of  the 
folks  whom  he  has  to  deal  with — a  man 
too  good,  we  venture  to  think,  for  his 
time  and  his  class,  but  endowed  by  the 
author  with  a  wonderful  talent  for  playing 
the  deus  ex  machina. 


The  Belle  of  Bowling  Green.     By  A.   E. 
Barr.     (John  Long.) 

A  simple  tale  concerning  the  wealthy 
residents  of  Dutch  extraction  in  New 
York  about  the  period  of  our  war  with  the 
United  States,  1812-14,  makes  a  welcome 
change  from  the  numerous  romances 
dealing  with  the  War  of  Independence 
and  other  hackneyed  periods  of  American 
history.  The  heroine's  father  was  one  of 
those  dignified  and  unostentatious  citizens 
who  lived  in  comfort  and  elegance  round 
the  Fort  and  the  Bowling  Green.  Not- 
withstanding—perhaps because  of — the 
absence  of  mystery  and  crime  and  violent 
action,  interest  is  well  sustained  by  a  lively 
representation  of  the  quickly  shifting 
lights  and  shades  of  family  life  and  court- 
ship. Political  antipathies,  the  war,  the 
mischief-making  of  a  vain  and  coquettish 


cousin,  and  the  perplexities  attending  the 
gradual  extinction  of  duelling  among 
speakers  of  English  effectually  prevent 
the  course  of  the  belle's  true  love  for  a 
handsome  youth  of  Scotch  extraction 
from  running  smooth.  Several  of  the 
characters,  especially  the  belle's  relatives, 
are  effectively  sketched  ;  and  the  quaint 
inversions  of  the  Dutch-American  English 
help  to  enliven  the  portraits.  So  tactfully 
is  the  topic  of  the  war  handled  that  it  is 
uncertain  to  which  side  the  sympathies  of 
the  author  incline. 


The  Bishop's  Apron.     By  W.  S.  Maugham. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

This  pleasant  satire  concerns  the  ambition 
and  social  diplomacy  of  a  blameless 
ecclesiastic.  The  Honourable  and  Reve- 
rend Canon  Theodore  Spratte  is  the  ener- 
getic incumbent  of  a  fashionable  London 
parish,  and  has  the  apostolic  desire  for  a 
bishopric  the  more  strongly  as  he  is 
anxious  to  confirm  the  position  of  his 
family,  ennobled  through  his  father,  a 
Lord  Chancellor  whose  origin  was  obscure. 
He  has  a  ribald  elder  brother,  a  conven- 
tional curate  for  a  son,  and  a  daughter  who 
falls  in  love  with  a  Socialistic  lecturer. 
The  fortunes  of  this  circle  are  the  occasion 
for  much  epigram,  and  several  life-like 
social  sketches. 

Barr  &  Son.     By  Edwin  Elliot.     (Elliot 
Stock.) 

Opening  well  in  a  Bermondsey  builder's 
yard,  with  more  than  a  promise  of  a  good 
story  concerning  the  labour  problem, 
'  Barr  &  Son  '  fails  in  its  later  chapters 
to  retain  our  attention.  A  sub-title  calls 
it  the  story  of  a  modern  knight-errant. 
The  gentleman  in  question,  Randolph 
Villiers  Trevanion,  Viscount  Ulchester, 
renouncing  the  luxury  of  presumably 
comparative  idleness  to  work  as  a  joiner 
in  a  Bermondsey  firm,  in  order  to  study 
at  first  hand  the  lives  and  surroundings 
of  working  men  and  women,  forms  with 
his  protege  Reuben  Strong  and  the  two 
Barr  sisters,  Rachel  and  Polly,  a  counter- 
balance of  virtue  to  the  inevitable  Bern- 
stein (a  rich  usurer,  sometime  spy,  informer, 
and  traitor)  and  his  wife.  She  is  supposed 
to  have  no  interest  in  life  except  a  revo- 
lutionary society  which  gives  a  back- 
ground of  continental  colour  to  the  more 
prosaic  English  scenes.  Anonymous  and 
intercepted  letters  play  an  unduly  large 
part  in  the  plot,  and  the  love  affaire  of 
both  sisters  are  not  very  convincing.,  but 
some  of  the  situations  are  dramatic. 


JOURNEYINGS  AT  HOME  AND 
ABROAh. 

Highways  and  Byways  in  Oxford  and  the 

Cotsivold.t  (Macmillan),  by  U.  A.  Evans,  is 
an  excellent,  example  of  a  scries  which 
maintains  a  high  level   both  of  Letterpress 

and  illustrations.  The-  author  wisely,  wo 
tlimU  -  docs  not  spend  much  time  in  Oxford 
itself,    but    takes    the   northern    half    of    the 

basin  of  the  Upper  Thames,  a  largo  area 
which  he  docs  not  pretend  to  exhaust.  It 
is  a  district  of  exceptional  interest,  both  for 


■n- 


Til  K     A  Til  KN.KI'  M 


N    I  \i-i:il.  7,  18 


n~  niitiirnl  beauties  and  it  mouu- 

Hunts  and  associations,  unci,  being  rather 
out  oi  the  world  of  trains,  it  is  little-  known 
to  the  tourist.     Mj     I  tC0Pj    '"''  a" 

•  nil  touch  of  affeetat  ion,  writ 
w.-ll,  and  displays  a  knowledge  alike  of 
architecture,  history,  and  botany.  G 
use  lias  been  made  of  the  best  hook-  on 
the  subject,  and  Mr.  Evans  has  a  talent 
for  divagation  with  his  bicycle  which  ha- 
led him  to  many  pleasant  discovt  ries.  Occa 
sionally  he  Beems  to  the  present  reviewer 
(horn  and  bred  in  the  district)  to  have 
missed  delectable  things;  but  thai  is. 
perhaps,  onh  natural.  He  has  a  good  hold 
of  local  traditions,  too,  though  he  has  not 
found  one  for  Tr  litor's  Ford.  Cromwellians 
flying,  with  a  heavy  carriage,  from  the  battle 
ot  Edge  Hill,  drowned  in  the  stream  (which 
must  have  been  much  bigger  then  than  it  is 
now),  and  regarded  by  the  king's  men  as 
traitors  suitably  punished,  form  the  explana- 
tion supplied  by  oral  hire.  Mr.  F.  L. 
Griggs's  illustrations  are  all  good.  Holidaj 
makers  cannot  do  better  than  follow  in 
Mr.  Evans's  footsteps.  He  gives  full  credit 
to  his  predecessors,  and  has  an  easy  way  of 
introducing  his  own  hits  of  history  and 
adventure  which  makes  the  volume  light, 
though  it  is  of  solid  value.  We  note  that 
the  three  maps  at  the  end  are  not  of  much 
use.  being  on  so  small  a  scale  as  an  inch  to 
five  miles.  The  hills  are  severe,  and  distinct 
indication  of  them  would  have  been  useful 
for  the  traveller.  That  from  Long  Oompton 
to  Chipping  Norton  was  celebrated  for  its 
trial  of  horses  in  the  old  coach  days.  The 
word  "  tableland  "  can  hardly  be  applied 
to  an}-  part  of  a  region  so  varied  in  its  drops 
and  altitudes. 

In  Literary  Rambles  in  the  West  of  England 
(Chatto  &  Windus)  Mr.  A.  L.  Salmon  has  a 
good  subject,  and  a  multitude  of  celebrities 
to  bring  forward,  including  Borrow,  Gay, 
Herrick,  Hawker  of  Morwenstow,  Coleridge, 
Tennyson,  and  Richard  Jefferies.  He  "deals 
with  the  living  memories  of  his  localities, 
rather  than  with  their  dryasdust  antiquities 
or  unimportant  provincialisms."  In  fact, 
he  does  not  speak  of  his  experiences  of  places 
so  much  as  of  the  people  who  lived  or  stayed 
in  them.  He  is  fluent,  but  his  manner  is 
journalistic  rather  than  literary.  Many  of 
his  stories  and  references  will  be  of  interest 
to  the  ordinary  man,  though  they  are  per- 
fectly well  known  to  the  man  of  letters. 
Short  accounts  of  such  poets  as  Herrick 
and  Keats  need  more  critical  power  than  is 
shown  here.  In  speaking  of  the  latter  Mr. 
Salmon  misquotes  Wordsworth.  It  is  possibly 
a  defect  of  style  that  he  appears  to  patronize 
occasionally,  in  unsuitable  fashion,  men  who 
should  be  secure  from  such  treatment.  There 
are  repetitions  throughout  which  should  havo 
been  avoided,  and  we  note  a  tendency  to 
wordy  generalities.  Still,  the  book  may 
please  its  audience  :  the  author  certainly 
shows  industry. 

Rambles  in  Brittany.  By  Francis  Milt  nun. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) — Mr.  Miltoun  has  here 
written  a  nice  chatty  hook  about  Brittany, 
dedicated  to  the  landlady  of  his  hotel.  We 
feel  a  little  shy  about  criticizing  books 
meant,    perhaps,    for   quite   another   public 

than    our    own.    hut     it     is    not    clear    how    a 

song  whose  burden  is  "  Vive  le  roi  !  Vive 
bonis  :  "  took  its  rise  in  the  days  of  Francis  I. 
Mr.  Miltoun  seems  to  have  a  passion  for  im- 
parting information  in  appendixes     some  of 

it    inaccurate.      .\    map   01    the   departments 

of  France  is  introduced  apropos  of  nothing 
— and  Labelled  'The  Provinces  of  France 
(p.  .'{.">!»).  with  an  account  of  the  metric 
Bystem,  and  a  diagram  from  an  unacknow- 
ledged source,  of  the  various  parts  of  a 
feudal  chateau.     .Miss   McManus  contributes 


i  ie  amu  iing  sketches  and  ■  I 

/••  Furtht  r  Ardei  •        ttu  Grand 

I ),,.  /.  v  of  Lu  "  mbourg.  T.   II. 

1 1  >'-i.t     &     ( 'o. )     At     lii 

!  hook.      Tin    Bub     ■  '  •  lod  and 

unhackneyed,   and    its    illustration   is  oon- 

.i    ''Hi  .1    number   ol    \  erj    good 
photographs.     If  the  author  had  i 

himself   to    w  hat    he    knew    and    -  •  ■  . 

told  on  good  authority,  he  would  have  made 
a  noteworthy  addition  to  the  very  Lin 
number  of  works  on  his  subject,  lint  un- 
fortunately he  has  over  estimated  his  powers, 
does  not  hope  for  much  enlightenment 
on  "'feudal  society  from  a  writer  who 
speaks  of  a  successor  of  Charlema  the 

nan      Kuipernr  "  ;       but     one     is     truly 
inished  to  find  such  statements  as  th( 

"A  Beigneur  who  oppressed  or  browbeat  hi-^ 
vassals  unduly  would  have  been  left  to  the  tender 
meroies  of  his  marauding  neighbours.  There  was 
no  obligation  upon  them  t<>  stay." 

"The  sort's  case  was  not  hopeless.  Liberty  and 
even  the  honours  of  chivalry  were  open  to  him." 

"The  art  of  writing  represented  a  standard  of 
erudition  somewhere  about  the  modern  level  of 
S  inskrit  or  the  differential  calculus." 

"  High  Justice  " — to  him — relates  "to  crimes 
which  could  entail  corporal  punishment," 
"  Low  Justice"  to  "  land-property  and  rents." 
With  a  general  knowledge  of  this  sort  as 
basis,  the  history  of  Luxembourg  is  com- 
mented on  at  length  in  a  style  which 
does  nob  please  us.  But  after  all,  as  Mr. 
Passmorc  reminds  us  on  his  title-page, 
"  Tout  paysage  estun  etat  [sic]  d'ame,"  and 
it  is  no  use  to  dispute  about  souls  any  more 
than  about  taste. 

The  Jordan  Valley  and  Petra.  By  W. 
Libbey  and  Franklin  E.  Hoskins.  (Put- 
nam's Sons.) — This  entertaining  book  gives 
an  account  of  the  adventures  of  two  Ame- 
rican tourists  on  the  Eastern  side  of  the 
Jordan — a  country  which  they  explored  all 
the  wray  from  the  Sea  of  Galilee  to  Petra 
be3Tond  the  Dead  Sea.  They  returned  from 
Petra  by  a  most  laborious  and  distressing 
route,  touching  the  south  shore  of  that  sea, 
and  incurred  much  suffering  from  thirst. 
It  was  a  great  change  from  the  consistent 
comforts  and  amenities  of  their  progress. 
They  tell  us  rather  too  much  about  them- 
selves, their  cooks,  their  servants,  their 
appointments,  and  though  they  give  us  a 
good  many  descriptions  of  and  suggestions 
on  the  strange  geology  of  the  country,  and 
ordinary  orthodox  illustrations  from  the 
Bible,  they  have  not  been  at  pains  to  sketch 
the  history  of  the  Decapolis,  the  episode 
of  the  Crusaders,  or  the  many  problems 
about  the  origin  of  so  strange  a  city  as  Petra. 
This  and  Gerasa  were  the  most  important 
places  they  visited,  and  both  are  indeed 
full  of  interest.  But  if  it  be  true  that  many 
inscriptions  have  been  unearthed  by  the 
Circassians  whom  the  Porte  planted  some 
years  ago  on  the  edge  of  the  Arabian  desert, 
our  travellers  might  have  employed  their 
cameras  far  better  in  reproducing  them 
than    in    giving    us    dull    pictures    of    the 

stony  deserts  through  which  they  wandered. 

They  are  themselves  delighted  with  their 
work,  but  a  desert  picture  without  its 
colours  is  naught,  and  nothing  could  be 
more  disappointing  than   the  views  round 

Petra,  which  give  the  reader  no  idea  what- 
ever of  tli<'  strange  features  fully  described 
in  the  text.  In  the  gorge  of  the  city  itself 
the  colours  of  the  rocks  are  most  wonderful, 
as  every  traveller  has  testified;    but   except 

from  two  pictures  which  show  us  t he  narrow 

honors  of  the  canon,  we  gain  no  knowledge. 

The   pictures  of  Gerasa,  being  of  archi- 
tecture,   are    far    more   satisfactory,    as   are 


ial  rock   facades  at  Petra.      Hut 
where     the  'hat     they     havo 

found  in  the  former  the    most   | 
city  -t ill  to  be  should  hk> 

An-  thfl  colonnades  and   temples  -till   visible 

work  ?       I 
appear  late  Roman  I 

■  sal  might  ha\  e  built  ;    nor 

have  the  authors  BUppUl  'hat 

ke  Antioch,  the  product   of 
true   Hellenism.     They  strn 

to  be  picturesque  in  their  Btyle,  bat 

they   i,.  v.  r  approach   the   \  i\  idi  the 

i1     travellers    who    I 
of   country—  Burton,    Palgrave,   above  all 
Doughty,    whose    brilliant    opening   chapter 
on  the  Hadj  caravan  going  from   Dams 
along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Jordan  valley 
i-  not  to  d. 

Tin-re  are  in  the  appendix  curious  pi<  I 
of  the  mosaic  geographical  map  found  on  a 
floor  at  Madeba  ;  but  the  authors  tell  us 
nothing  of  the  literature  of  the  subject,  nor 
do  they  give  translations  of  the  late  Greek 
texts,  which  seem  very  legible.  No  doubt  they 
are  correct  in  their  belief  that  Petra  is  one 
of  the  most  astonishing  places  in  the  world. 
I;  is  still,  we  believe,  beyond  the  range  of 
the  ordinary  Cook's  tourist,  and  in  any  case 
it  must  remain  for  many  a  year  difficult  and 
expensive  of  access.  A  lively  personal 
record  of  so  exceptional  a  visit  cannot  but 
be  welcome  to  the  many  to  whom  such 
adventures  must  remain  a  matter  of  books. 
We  therefore  anticipate  a  wide  popularity  for 
Messrs.  Libbey  and  Hoskins's  book.  It  is 
unfortunately  printed  on  that  heavy  glazed 
paper  which  may  be  convenient  for  repro- 
ducing pictures,  but  is  both  fatiguing  to 
hold  up,  and  very  unpleasant  for  reading  at 
night.  It  is  a  great  pity  that  such  material 
should  not  be  confined  to  full-page  illustra- 
tions. We  have  often  made  this  protest,  but 
in  vain  ;  so  also  we  cannot  reconcile  our- 
selves to  the  disappearance  of  the  good 
old  word  place,  for  which  the  present  authors 
persistently  substitute  location. 

At  the  Gates  of  the  East.  By  Lieut. -Col. 
J.  P.  Barry.  (Longmans  &"Co.)  — The 
author  of  this  lively  book  is  a  medical 
colonel  and  an  Irishman.  Its  main  object, 
beyond  the  intense  pleasure  it  must  haveciven 
the  author  himself,  is  to  instruct  old  Indian 
civil  servants  in  the  best  ways  of  employing 
that  leisure  which  seems  to  hang  heavily  on 
them  when  they  return  to  Europe.  It  will 
be  somewhat  of  a  surprise  to  the  ordinary 
reader  that,  of  all  the  places  Col.  Barry  has 
studied  as  health  resorts,  Innsbruck  strikes 
him  as  the  best.  He  does  not  tell  us  what 
intellectual  pleasures  that  city  affords  :  but 
we  presume  his  opinion  on  the  climate  and 
material  comforts  of  the  place  is  that  of  an 
expert,  and  therefore  to  be  trusted.  He 
makes  several  tours  from  Trieste  as  a  centre, 
and  tells  us  about  various  parts  ot  the  Mediter- 
ranean where  the  Austrian  Lloyd  Company 
plies.  There  are  some  pretty  photographs 
throughout  the  book,  especially  those  of  the 
Dalmatian  coast  :  and  he  has  the  good  sense 
to  put  marks  of  quantity  on  such  names  as 
Cattaro,  Sebenico,  and  Quarnero.  which  arc 
open  mispronounced.  A  book  written  in  let- 
ters to  a  newspaper,  and  embracing  Athens. 

Constantinople.  Vienna,  ami  Cairo  amrung 
capitals,  Greece  and  the  Balkan  lands  for 
its  payaagee,  could  hardly  be  anything  but 
superficial.  We  cannot  reasonably  com- 
plain so  far.  But  when  the  author  becomes 
eloquent  or  sent imentnl.  as  he  often  d> 
lie  is  apt  to  show  imperfect  knowledge,  and 
make  st atements  which  jar  on  the  educated 
reader.  When  he  speaks  of  '  Cosi  fan  Tutti  ' 
as  an  aria,  of  the  "  frenzied  Bacchanals  of 
the  Kleusinia."  of  Verdi  as  "unsparing  to 
his    sopranos,"    of    the-    use    of    donkeys    by 


N< 


4093,  April  7, 


1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


419 


everybody  at  Cairo,  of  the  railway  "  ploughing 
its  course  among  the  ruined  fanes  of  Delphi," 
of  the  Isthmian  wall  that  was  a  rampart 
during  interminable  wars  in  Greece,  of  the 
heroes  of  the  Trojan  war  flocking  to  Epi- 
daurus  as  a  fashionable  resort  (he  ought  to 
know  that  this  place  was  in  late  days  the 
Lourdes  of  Greece,  and  was  not  in  favour 
with  his  professional  ancestors,  the  great 
school  of  Cos),  of  "  a  British  admiral  ending 
the  Greek  War  of  Liberation  by  kicking 
the  Grand  Turk  into  the  sea  at  Navarino," 
of  the  '  Hermes  '  of  Praxiteles  "  retaining 
its  original  polish."  our  judgment  is  surety 
more  than  justified.  Yet,  notwithstanding 
such  things,  the  book  is  pleasant  and  often 
instructive. 

Mr.  Oscar  T.  Crosby  is  a  retired  engineer 
officer  of  the  United  States  army,  who  in  the 
latter  half  of  1903  accomplished  a  journey 
across  Russian  and  Chinese  Turkestan  into 
Ladakh,  Kashmir,  and  India.  On  the  way 
he  penetrated  into  the  districts  of  Western 
Tibet,  but,  like  Capt.  Rawling,  he  failed  to 
reach  Rudok.  The  narrative  of  his  journey 
is  entitled  Tibet  and  Turkistan  (Putnam's 
Sons)  ;  but  as  he  did  not  really  visit  Tibet, 
except  a  very  limited  portion  of  its  extreme 
western  fringe,  it  might  have  been  better  to 
give  the  volume  a  different  title.  We 
cannot  rate  Mr.  Crosby's  book  high,  although 
we  can  readily  understand  that  it  may  be 
useful  and  informing  to  the  American  reader, 
who  is  under  no  compulsion  to  make  himself 
acquainted  with  every  book  that  appears 
on  the  subject  of  Tibet.  Somebody  claims 
on  Mr.  Crosby's  behalf  that  he  is  the  only 
English-speaking  traveller  from  whom  "  an 
independent  discussion "  of  the  Tibetan 
question  can  be  expected.  This  pretension 
is  rather  a  "  tall  order,"  to  use  an  American- 
ism, and  the  discussion  of  the  Tibetan  cam- 
paign and  treaty  in  the  last  few  chapters 
does  not  add  anything  to  our  knowledge. 
The  progress  of  events  has  played  havoc 
with  some  of  Mr.  Crosby's  predictions. 
What  he  calls  "  the  rape  of  Tibet  "  does  not 
seem  to  have  produced  "  that  fear  of  us  in 
Tibetan  hearts  "  on  which  he  descants  at 
considerable  length  ;  and  the  visit  of  the 
Tashi  Lama  to  India  is  not  the  only  refuta- 
tion that  could  be  brought  forward  of  the 
author's  slightly  alarmist  and  pessimistic 
theories.  We  notice  some  historical  slips, 
such  as  the  treaty  of  Canton  in  place  of 
Nanking,  and  a  statement  that  "  the 
Jammu  Maharajah  was  once  the  enemy  of 
th''  British."  Jammu  and  Kashmir  were 
sold  to  the  first  Maharajah,  Gholab  Singh,  in 
1846  by  the  British,  as  a  reward  for  his 
loyalty  in  the  first  Sikh  war.  As  the  book 
is  likely  to  be  widely  read  in  the  United 
States,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  authors 
insinuations  about  our  policy  and  future 
plans  in  Tibet  constituting  a  violation  of  the 
principle  of  "  the  integrity  of  China  "  will 
not  be  accepted  as  gospel.  Mr.  Crosby  does 
not  seem  to  be  aware  that  the  suzerainty  of 
China  over  Tibet  has  been  formally  accepted 
by  the  Com  rnment  of  Tndia. 

The  /■:!>  w  n  Eaglets  of  the  West.     By  Paul 

Fountain.  (John  Murray.)  —  What  Mi. 
Fountain  calls  the  "Eaglets  of  the  West  " 
are  the  States  or  Territories  of  California, 
Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  Wyoming, 
'una,  Utah,  Colorado,  Arizona,  New 
M  \ico,  and  Nevada.  His  book  is  the  record 
d  journeys  made  by  him  in  the  days 
when  the  Wild  West  was,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, still  a  wilderness.  Ho  travelled  with 
a  strong  party,  and  was  usually,  if  not 
always,  accompanied  by  a  waggon,  which, 
with  infinite  labour  and  astonishing  success. 
was  dragged  through  forest-,  over  rocky 
heights,   and   across  sandy   deserts.     Appa- 


rently his  ostensible,  if  not  his  real  object 
was  that  of  trading  with  the  Indians  and  the 
pioneer  white  settlers.  Mr.  Fountain  is 
evidently  a  keen  and  intelligent  observer, 
with  an  enthusiastic  love  of  the  wilderness, 
and  a  wholesome  dislike  of  the  "  sportsmen  " 
who  have  ruthlessly  massacred  the  wild 
animals  of  the  West.  He  tells  the  story  of 
his  adventures  in  a  simple,  straightforward 
way,  but  the  conclusions  which  he  sometimes 
draws  from  them  are  not  altogether  convinc- 
ing. He  disbelieves  wholly  in  the  Dar- 
winian theory,  and  asserts  that  "  animals 
occupy  the  habitats  to  which  they  were 
originally  appointed  by  their  Creator."  He 
tells  us  that  "  hibernation  is  not  sleep,"  but 
that  it  is  "  a  state  of  temporary  death." 
He  does  not  conceal  his  contempt  for  "  pro- 
fessional naturalists,"  for  the  reason  that 
he  has  had  "  proof  that  many  of  the  most 
widely  accepted  of  their  doctrines  are  of  no 
real  value."  Mr.  Fountain  holds  that 
"  civilization  is  all  very  well  in  its  place,  but 
half  a  man's  life  should  be  spent  hunting." 
Assertions  such  as  these  certainly  do  not 
add  to  the  value  of  the  book,  while  they 
throw  a  strong  light  on  the  temperament 
of  the  author.  He  has  a  genuine  love  of 
Nature,  and  in  view  of  the  life  he  has  led  it 
is  not  strange  that  he  should  be  somewhat 
intolerant  of  men  who  have  studied  Nature 
in  books  instead  of  in  the  open  air.  and 
have  written  in  well  -  appointed  libraries 
instead  of  windy  and  rain-beaten  tents. 
Doubtless  "  professional  naturalists  "  are 
fallible,  but  their  mistakes  are  probably 
few,  and  small  in  comparison  with 
the  mistakes  made  by  men  who  rely 
solely  on  their  own  observations,  and 
then  draw  from  them  conclusions  that  are 
not  to  be  trusted.  But  the  faults  of  Mr. 
Fountain's  book  cannot  detract  seriously 
from  its  value.  Many  who  have  felt  the 
fascination  of  the  wilderness  will  find  in 
him  a  sympathetic  companion.  '  The  Eleven 
Eaglets  of  the  West  '  will  have  permanent 
interest  as  an  account  of  the  extreme  West 
as  it  was  forty  years  ago. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

To  the  making  of  Stevensoniana  there  is 
no  end.  Every  one  who  visited  Samoa 
during  Stevenson's  sojourn  in  the  islands 
seems  qualified  to  wiite  a  book,  and  desirous 
of  doing  so.  Books  are  produced  on  Steven- 
son's genius,  on  his  influence,  and  on  his 
religion.  They  are  a  testimony  to  the  value 
of  the  man  as  a  factor  in  modern  letters,  but 
are  becoming  a  little  tiresome.  It  would 
perhaps  have  seemed  that  a  contribution  by 
the  novelist's  mother  to  such  ana  might 
fall  outside  the  scope  of  this  criticism  ;  but 
there  is  no  particular  justification  for  the 
issue    of    Letters    from    Samoa,     L891-1895 

(Methuen),  being  Mrs.  M.  T.  Stevenson's 
correspondence  with  her  friends  during  those 
years.     The    volume    has    been    edited    by 

Miss  Marie  Clothilde  Balfour,  and  the  letters 
were  apparently  addressed  to  Mrs.  Jane 
Whyte  Balfour,  who  dedicates  them  to 
Mrs.  I'.  L.  Stevenson.  It  is  all  a  family 
affair,  in  which  the  public  is  not  called  upon 
to  intermeddle.  Had  the  Letters  contained 
anything  ooteworl  hy,  either  for  its  own  sake. 
or  as   illustrative  of  Stevenson's  character 

or   genius,    they    would    have    been    welcome. 

Bu1  the  volume  is  merely  an  amiable  record 

of  the  doings  of  the  family,  and  of  events 
of  interest    to   it    in    the   South   seas.      What. 

for  instance,  can  be  the  public  value  of  such 

pa     ag  -  (and  they  are  numerous)  as  this  7 

"Well,  the  cavalcade  returned  in  triumph  on 
the   afternoon   of    the   6th,   bringing    <■  with 

them.     We  arc  all  delighted  w  ith  him,  &o, 


No  doubt  it  was  interesting  to  the  writer, 

and  probably  to  the  recipient  ;    and  G 's 

sympathies  would  obviously  be  enlisted. 
But  there  is  no  reason  for  its  intrusion  on 
the  public  in  bold  print.  The  one  thing  to 
which  a  reader  would  turn  with  curiosity  would 
be  the  account  of  Stevenson's  death  ;  but 
these  letters  shed  no  new  light  on  that  un- 
timely ending.  Stevenson,  indeed,  as  a 
public  character,  has  been  squeezed  dry, 
unless  Mr.  Colvin  has  something  in  reserve 
for  us.  Stevenson  as  a  man  of  letters,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  of  abiding  interest. 

Elizabeth  Barrett  Brotoning  in  her  Letters. 
By  Percy  Lubbock.  (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 
— In  view  of  the  recent  centenaiy  of  the 
birth  of  Mrs.  Browning,  the  appearance  of 
this  volume  is  timely  and  welcome.  The 
story  of  her  life,  the  long  seclusion  enforced 
by  ill-health  yet  rendered  tolerable  by  an 
early  and  full  measure  of  literary  fame — 
culminating  in  the  delightful  romance  of 
middle  age  and  the  succeeding  years  of  scarce- 
looked-for  happiness,  must  always  have  its 
appeal,  if  only  for  the  winning  and  essentially 
feminine  personality  of  its  heroine.  Mr. 
Lubbock  has  done  his  work  of  arrangement 
and  comment  skilfully  and  judiciously. 
Where  he  has  occasion  to  touch  on  Mrs* 
Browning's  poetry,  he  is,  on  the  whole, 
fair  and  discriminative  ;  he  deals  indulgently 
with  those  enthusiasms,  or  rather  crazes — 
for  liberty  as  personified  in  Louis  Napoleon, 
and  for  spiritualism — which  came  to  her  in 
later  life  ;  while  he  stoutly  combats  the  idea 
that  the  latter  ever  raised  the  shadow  of  a 
cloud  between  the  husband  and  wife,  despite 
their  widely  divergent  views.  This  diver- 
gence, be  it  noted,  receives  fresh  illustration 
here  in  two  letters,  hitherto  unpublished, 
to  Miss  de  Gaudrion — one  from  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, the  other  (an  enclosure,  and  in  the  third 
person)  from  Robert  Browning.  They  have 
reference  to  a  seance  at  the  house  of  a  friend 
where  D.  D.  Home  or  Hume  seems  to  have 
been  the  medium  ;  and  Mrs.  Browning's 
earnest,  if  cautious  expression  of  belief  finds 
an  almost  humorous  contrast  in  the  cha- 
racteristic words  of  her  husband  : — 

"Mr.  Browning  had  some  difficulty  in  keeping 
from   an   offensive   expression   of    his    feelings   at 

Mr. \s — he    has    since    seen     Mr.    Hume    and 

relieved  himself." 

Though  some  may  cavil  at  opinions  ex- 
pressed by  Mr.  Lubbock  here  and  there,  as, 
for  instance,  at  his  estimate  of  the  relative 
merits  of  '  Lady  Geraldine's  Courtship  '  and 
'  The  Dead  Pan.'  he  has  been  eminently 
successful  in  weaving  the  letters  into  a 
charming  and  sympathetic  biography. 

The  new  edition  of  Sir  Henry  Maine's 
Ancient  Lau\  which  Mr.  Murray  has  brought 
out  under  the  editorship  of  Sir  Frederick 
Pollock,  is  likely  to  remain  definitive  for  a 
good  many  years.  His  qualifications  to  state 
the  present  position  of  the  many  contro- 
versies raised  by  Maine's  great  work  will 
be  universally  recognized.  He  sums  up 
everywhere  with   knowledge  and   force,   and. 

what    is    better,    with    brevity.     Students, 

indeed,  cannot  hope  to  find  within  the  limits 
of  a  note  the  whole  material  for  a  judgment 
on  the  vexed  questions  of  "  Patria  Potestas  " 

and  "  Female  Kinship  "  ;  but  the  average 
reader  will  learn  a  great  deal  -in  fact,  quite 
as    much    as    he    wants    to    know  -from    the 

excellent     survey    supplied.      Examination 

candidates-  and  they  are.  alas!  the  bulk  of 
Maine's  readers  will  perforce  read  this  edi- 
tion.    Us  price  will   further  recommend   it. 

The    Introduction  seems  a   little   inadequate. 

Probably  this  is  due  to  the  need  of  being 

brief;       but      a     more     elaborate     study     of 

Maine's  position  among  histoiians  would  not 

have  been  out   of  place. 


I    Ml 


T  II  K     ATI!  KN/KUM 


N   1093,  April  7,  1906 


Mil.  A.  I..   HUMPHREYS  publishes  in  'i  COtt- 

\ .tn.-nt   red   volume,   which   recalls  tlmt   >'f 

Mr     rhainli.  I  In  ill.    but     is    somewhat     lai 

Mr.    Winston    Churchill'i   speeches   on    the 
fiscal    question,    oolleoted    under    the    title 

l''nr    I  '   l<  . 

\\  isbs.  Smith,  Eldbb  &  Co. publish  With 
Mounted  Infantry  in  Tibet,  by  Major  Ottlev, 
whose  Bervieea  in  oonnexion  with  the  specially 
formed  force  of  I  ml  inn  troops  are  well  known. 
The  book  is  pleasant  reading,  and  illustrated 
!>v  exoellent  photographs  which  have  high 
interest  ;    but   there  is  nothing  in  the  text 

which  culls  for  detailed  notice. 

\  Egypt.  By  A.  B.  de  Guerville' 
(Heinemann.)— M.  de  Guerville  is,  we  take 

it,  a  Frenchman  of  the  modern  type,  which 
takes  to  travelling  as  a  duck  takes  to  water, 
and  we  BOS  that  his  last  book  was  published 
in  Paris  and  dealt  with  Japan.  Hence  we 
wero  prepared,  even  without  the  hint  in  the 
Introduction,  for  a  book  of  "  impressions," 
and  we  are  bound  to  say  that  we  are  not  dis- 
appointed. Yet  M.  de  Guerville's  handsome 
volume  differs  in  some  points  from  the  usual 
"  globe-trotter's  "  book.  In  the  first  place, 
it  is  extremely  well  illustrated  by  photo- 
graphs, some  of  which  possess  a  high  degree 
of  artistic  merit,  while  all  are  chosen  with 
instinctive  taste.  Again,  the  author,  not 
having  the  fear  of  Mrs.  Grundy  before  his 
eyes,  touches  upon  some  matters  which  an 
Englishman  would  not  have  referred  to,  and 
we  are  given  a  full  dose  of  all  the  scandal 
he  could  pick  up  in  a  country  thronged  with 
tourists  who  have  plenty  of  time  to  talk 
scandal  from  morning  to  night.  Whether 
the  gossip  he  retails  is  always  well  founded 
the  author  has  apparently  not  troubled  to 
inquire  ;  and  in  the  matter  of  the  fascination 
exercised  by  the  native  dragoman  over  his 
fair  clients  from  America  and  Europe  we 
should  imagine  that  M.  de  Guerville  has  let 
his  imagination  run  away  with  him.  Yet 
tho  result  is  certainly  a  very  entertaining 
book,  which  no  one  who  concerns  himself 
with  things  Egyptian  can  afford  to  pass  by. 
Graver  matters,  moreover,  are  by  no  means 
neglected  by  him.  By  steadily  interviewing 
all  the  native  officials  he  came  across,  from 
the  Khedive  downward,  ho  succeeded  in 
getting  together  something  like  a  consensus 
of  opinion  on  a  subject  about  which  English- 
men are  never  likely  to  hear  the  truth  directly: 
to  wit,  the  way  in  which  the  Egyptian  regards 
our  occupation  of  his  country.  M.  de  Guer- 
ville is  by  no  means  an  Anglophil,  and  quotes 
with  some  pleasure  the  remark  of  a  well- 
known  Egyptian  prince  as  to  the  "  boorish- 
ness,  lack  of  tact,  and  coarseness  "  of  the 
English  in  Egypt.  He  publishes,  too,  in 
full  what  he  calls  the  political  testament 
of  the  late  Grand  Mufti,  wherein  much  is 
said  about  the  necessity  of  reforming  the 
administration  and  of  the  English  mistrust 
of  native  officials.  But  on  the  whole  he 
seems  willing  to  admit  that  we  remain  in 
Egypt  for  Egypt's  good,  and  the  worst 
that  he  can  find  to  say  of  us  is  that  when  tho 
time  comes  for  Lord  Cromer  to  leave,  we 
shall  havo  great  difficulty  in  finding  any  one 
so  firm  and  capable  to  fill  his  place.  Our 
author  tolls  us  that  the  Khedive,  at  first 
inclined  to  resent  our  control,  is  now  quite 
satisfied  to  be  "  protected,"  and  that  it  is 
tho  opinion  of  all  highly  placed  Egyptians 
that  the  country  is  by  no  means  yet  fitted 
for  autonomous  government.  He  even  has  a 
word  to  say  in  defence  of  the  late  sale  of  die 
Daira  Sanieh  estates  to  Sir  Ernost  Cassel 
and  his  friends,  for  six  and  a  quarter  millions, 
and  pleads  that  the  cent  per  cent  that  they 
admittedly  made  by  tho  resale  was  legiti- 
mately earned  by  them.  Nor  does  he  seem 
to  bear  us  any  grudge  on  account  of  Fashoda, 
which    ho    visited;     he    notes    that,    out    of 


aot    i  "i     French    susceptibilities,    it    has 
i  enamed  Kodok. 
The  hook  is  written  f"f  the  ,>rt   in 

easy  and  excellent  English,  but  there  an  ■ 
great  many  misspelt  words,  luch  as  Auk- 
rand  "  for  Auckland.  "  Quibbell  "  for  QuibeU, 

\\  ashiwara  "  for  Yo  hnvara,  "  Deodorus" 

for  Diodorus,  and  "  Bubastes  "  for  Bubs 
"  Cote  d'Azure  "  and  the  mosque  "  Kl  Azar  " 
are  probably  mere  misprints,  but   then 

one  very  bad  "  and  which." 

\\'i:  cannot  compliment  Mr.  ■) ,  B.  Hubback 
on  tho  propriety  of  the  title,  Jane  Austen's 
Sailor  Brothers  (John  Lane),  which  he  has 
given  to  his  book.  There  is  a  lack  of  the 
sense  of  proportion  in  presenting  a  sketch  of 
Jane  Austen  in  an  elaborate  frame  of  blue 
and  gold  of  this  nature  ;  and,  after  all,  flag 
officers  are  flag  officers,  and  an  admiral  of 
tho  fleet  is  an  admiral  of  the  fleet, 
whoso  true  function  is  not  to  frame 
the  portrait  of  any  novelist,  however  dis- 
tinguished. The  thing  is  a  laboured  illus- 
tration of  the  ornamental  by  the  useful,  and 
contains  more  of  the  novelist's  published 
works  than  of  the  seamen's  unpublished 
papers.  As  it  is,  we  have  little  more  of  Sir 
Francis  Austen  than  is  to  be  found  in  the 
'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  '  ;  and, 
as  is  not  infrequently  the  case  with  bio- 
graphies of  sailors  written  by  relatives,  there 
are  frequent  slips  in  respect  of  technicalities. 
And  there  is  constant  use  of  the  phrase  "  on 
a  ship  " — which,  inadmissible  in  the  Royal 
Navy  at  the  present  day,  would  not  have 
pleased  Sir  Francis  Austen,  nor,  possibly, 
Jane  herself — whose  accuracy  of  detail  was 
the  accuracy  of  miniature.  If  Mr.  Hubback's 
account  of  the  condition  of  affairs  on  the 
American  station  about  1808,  when  Charles 
Austen  knew  it,  is  fairly  accurate,  the  same 
can  hardly  be  said  of  his  picture  of  punish- 
ments in  the  Royal  Navy  ten  years  earlier. 
This  is  invalidated  by  his  failure  to  connect 
the  mutinies  with  the  United  Irish  movement, 
and  by  his  quaint  belief  that  a  close  military 
blockade  of  an  enemy's  port  marked  a  period 
of  "  inaction  "  for  the  crews  of  the  ships 
concerned. 

One  or  two  minor  points  from  Sir  Francis 
Austen's  letters  are  worth  noting,  as,  for 
instance,  when,  in  speaking  of  Trafalgar,  he 
says,  "  The  irregular  mass  in  which  our 
ships  bore  down  to  the  attack  prevented 
their  [i.e.  the  French]  counting  them,  so 
that  till  after  the  action  was  closed  the  French 
admiral  did  not  discover  how  great  a  force 
he  had  encountered."  This  is  a  novel  point, 
and  not  without  bearing  on  the  recent  con- 
troversy. It  is,  of  course,  true  that  Sir 
Francis  Austen  was  not  in  the  battle  ;  but 
he  had  been  presented  to  Villeneuve  on 
board  the  Euryalus  only  the  day  before  he 
penned  the  sentence.  It  is  therefore  allow- 
able to  suppose  that  he  is  giving  the  sense 
of  the  actual  words  of  Villeneuve,  or,  at 
least,  of  the  French  officers  he  had  conversed 
with.  It  is  also  not  a  little  curious  to  find 
that  in  the  West  Indies  campaign  of  1806 
the  Superb,  which  a  few  months  before  had 
been  so  great  a  drag  in  Nelson's  pursuit  of 
Villeneuve,  was  the  crack  sailing  ship  of  the 
squadron,  while  the  Canopus,  known  pre- 
viously as  a  very  fine  ship,  was  the  slug. 
So  great  in  those  days  was  the  importance 
of  docking. 

The  Life  of  Sir  Richard  Burton,  2  vols., 
by  Thomas  Wright  (Everett),  belongs  to 
popular,  anecdotal  biography.  The  author's 
part  in  this  work  is  that  of  a  persistent 
and  successful  collector,  displaying  with 
exultation  the  results  of  his  labours. 
Burton's  travols  —  the  main  interest  of 
his     career       are     slightly     treated  :     the 

point  of  certain  episodes  (thai  concerning 
the  relief  of  Kars,  for  example,  and  some  i 


incidents  in  Mr.  Wright*!  inadequate 
chapter  on  the  residence  at  Damascus,  a 
city     which,     by     ti.  he     embosoms 

in    Don-existeni    palm-trees)   is   lost,    in    his 

riod — tho  dispirited 
and    failing    elOM    of    the    life — about    which 

he   has   been   furnished   with   information, 

much  of  it  mere  chit-chat.  He  exagge- 
rates the  importance,  in  a  biography  of 
Burton,  of  the  reputed  translation  of  'A 
Thousand  Nights  and  a  Night.'  It  is 
obviously  right  that  Mr.  John  Payne  should 
he  reinvested  with  the  honour  for  this 
rendering  which  belongs  to  him.  But  the 
literary  world  in  general,  and  Mr.  Payne  in 
particular,  could  well  have  dispensed  with 
the  flourish  of  trumpets  here  made.  In 
fact,  Mr.  Wright's  ideas  of  taste  differ  bo 
widely  from  our  own  that  we  cannot  view 
his  work  with  pleasure. 

History  of  the  Xorthirn  Interior  of  British 
Columbia  {formerly  New  Caledonia).  By  the 
Rev.  A.  J.  Morice,  O.M.I.  (John  Lane.) — 
By  "  New  Caledonia "  the  author  of  this 
work  does  not  mean,  as  his  title  would  suggest, 
the  present  province  of  British  Columbia, 
but  a  restricted  region,  extending  from 
51°  30'  to  57°  N.  latitude,  and  from  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Cascade  Range.  As 
regards  its  northern  and  western  boundaiies 
this  restriction  is  purely  arbitrary  ;  for  the 
term  "  New  Caledonia,"  which  properly 
belongs  to  a  Melanesian  island,  was  only 
employed,  as  an  American  geographical 
name,  by  the  fur-trading  companies  before 
1858  ;  and  these  traders  would  certainly 
have  considered  that  their  monopoly  ex- 
tended to  the  western  coast,  and  beyond  the 
60th  parallel  to  the  north.  But  Mr.  Morice 
complicates  the  matter  still  further  by  saying 
that  New  Caledonia  is  "  the  region  peopled 
by  the  Western  '  Dene  '  [usually  written 
Dhine  or  Tinne]  Indians."  He  thus  sub- 
stitutes an  ethnographical  for  a  geographical 
limit  ;  but  unfortunately  the  two  are  by  no 
means  conterminous.  The  majority  of  this 
family  live  further  to  the  north,  in  the 
Selkirk  and  Cassiar  districts,  and  some 
as  far  south  as  Oregon  ;  while  the  tribes 
whose  history  he  sets  himself  to  relate 
(together  with  that  of  the  fur-traders' 
settlements)  are  now,  from  their  continuous 
decrease  in  numbers,  but  a  small  section  of 
the  existing  family.  Mr.  Morice  has  lived 
for  some  years  among  these  Indians,  and 
his  chapters  upon  their  customs,  and  their 
perpetual  feuds  in  tho  century  before  the 
advent  of  the  traders,  are  of  considerable 
value.  But  the  greater  part  of  the  book  deals 
with  the  annals  of  the  companies  and  their 
relations  with  the  natives  ;  and  since  he  has 
had  access  to  the  unpublished  journals  of 
the  more  central  "  forts,"  we  are  surprised 
that  he  has  not  managed  to  make  his  narra- 
tive more  interesting.  Perhaps  these  journals 
contain  less  thrilling  matter  than  might  be 
supposed  ;  they  certainly  show  that  isolation 
has  a  tendency  to  degrade  some  men  below 
the  level  of  their  surroundings.  Mr.  Morice 
has  a  propensity  for  correcting,  in  the  text 
as  well  as  in  frequent  notes,  the  most  minute 
errors  of  earlier  writers  ;  and  this  tedious 
habit,  combined  with  a  strange  blindness  to 
the  natural  beauties  of  the  country,  has 
made  his  book  dull.  The  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  has  in  recent  years  found  more 
than  one  competent  historian  ;  and  the  ac- 
count of  its  proceedings  in  "New  Caledonia" 
is  but  an  episode  of  the  whole.  In  his 
animadversions  upon  Dr.  Bryce's  history 
of  the  Company  Mr.  Morice  says,  very  truly, 
that  "  personal  prejudices  and  religious  bias 
should  never  be  allowed  to  influence  a  serious 
historian."  What,  then,  are  we  to  say  of 
his  own  statement  that  "  to  this  day  there 
has  never  been  a  Protestant  Indian  within 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


421 


the  limits  of  New  Caledonia  "  ?  Wejiave 
seen  that  those  limits^are^of  the  vaguest 
kind ;  but  has  Mr.  Monce  never  heard  that 
there  has  been  for  nearly  forty  years  an 
Anglican  diocese  of  Caledonia  ?  In  1886 
that  diocese  contained  899  native  Christians 
and  catechumens,  and  since  that  time 
several  new  stations  have  been  opened  with 
success.  It  is  true  that  most  of  these 
Indians  are  in  the  north  and  west ;  but  they 
include  a  number  of  the  "  Den6 "  family 
belonging  to  the  Skeena  and  Stikine  region. 
The  book  contains  some  good  portraits  of 
Indians  and  traders  ;  but  the  map,  which 
includes  the  coast  district,  has  evidently 
been  drawn  by  an  unpractised  hand. 

We  are  pleased  to  see  that  The  Brass 
Bottle  has  reached  a  fourth  impression  and 
been  added  to  Messrs.  Smith  &  ^Elder's 
"  Waterloo  Library."  It  is  an  excellent 
extravaganza  of  the  kind  which  F.  Anstey 
does  better  than  anybody  else. 

Messrs.  Routledge  are  making  a  most 
spirited  bid  for  public  favour  with  their 
"  New  Universal  Library,"  which  continues 
to  be  interesting  to  the  scholar  as  well  as 
the  ordinary  man.  Their  latest  enterprise 
is  a  blue  leather  binding,  which  is  handsome 
yet  wonderfully  cheap.  This  is  a  form  and 
colour  for  which  we  have  already  expressed 
our  particular  regard,  and  Whitman's 
Specimen  Days  in  America,  Macaulay's 
Essays  (Literary),  Mrs.  Gaskell's  Life  of 
Charlotte  Bronte,  Bulfinch's  The  Age  of 
Fable,  and  Landor's  Imaginary  Conversa- 
tions, which  we  select  to  show  the  range  of 
the  Library,  are  very  attractive  in  this  neat 
style,  while  they  are  small  enough  to  be 
slipped  into  any  traveller's  knapsack  or 
pocket.  Reynolds's  Discourses  on  Art  and 
Alexander  Smith's  Dreamthorp  are  further 
additions  to  the  same  series. 

The  same  firm  send  us  some  additions  of 
interest  to  "  The  Muses'  Library,"  which 
has  reached  some  byways  of  poetry  unduly 
neglected  to-day :  The  Poetical  Works  of 
C lough,  with  memoir  by  F.  T.  Palgrave  ; 
Poems  by  Jean  Ingelow  ;  Lyra  Germanica, 
translated  by  Catherine  Winkworth  ;  and 
Chatterton,  2  vols.,  edited  by  H.  D.  Roberts, 
who  has  brought  a  good  deal  of  careful  work 
to  bear  on  the  poet's  text  and  bibliography. 
For  the  holidays  we  can  strongly  recom- 
mend Orley  Farm  and  The  Small  House 
at  Allington,  which  each  occupy  two 
volumes  in  Mr.  Lane's  "  New  Pocket 
Library."  The  type  and  paper  of  this 
series  are  excellent,  and  it  is  as  handy  in 
form  as  any  we  know. 

Tristram  Shandy,  and  A  Sentimental 
Journey,  make  a  new  volume  in  Messrs. 
Hutchinson's  aeries  of  "  Classic  Novels," 
which  has  been  generally  and  justly  recog- 
nized as  an  excellent  achievement.  We 
have  illustrations  by  Cruikshank,  a  few 
notes,  and  other  aids  to  the  understanding 
of  Sterne's  desultory  masterpieces. 

An  interesting  little  note,  introducing  a 
sixpenny  edition  of  Farrar's  Life  of  Christ 
(Cassell  &  Co.),  has  been  written  by  the 
Bishop  of  London,  who  was  under  Farrar 
at  Marlborough.  The  famous  book  is 
likely  to  have  a  very  wide  sale  in  this  form, 
and  certainly  offers  a  great  deal  of  reading 
at  a  sum  within  tho  reach  of  everybody 
who  reads  at  all. 


LIST   OF  NEW   BOOKS. 
I  N  o  L  I  8  II. 

Theology. 
Brierly  (J.),  The  Common  LI 
Brown  (C),  The  Letter*  of  Christ,  1/0  net. 
<  hurch  Quarterly  Review,  April,  6/ 

Critical  Questions,  Sermons  by   Rev.   A.  F.   Kirkpa  trick, 
Rev.  A.  Robertson,  and  others,  3/ net. 


Farrar  (Dean),  The  Life  of  Christ,  M.  net. 

Hankey  (\V.  B.),  Holy  Week  Addresses,  1/  net. 

Hibbert  Journal,  Vol.  IV.,  No.  3,  2/6 

Marshall  (N.  H.),  Theology  and  Truth,  5/ 

Payton  (J.  W.),  The  Communion,  2/ 

Peake  (A.  S.),  Reform  in  Sunday-School  Teaching,  1/6  net. 

Randolph  (P..  W.),  The  Empty  Tomb,  2/  net. 

St.  Juliana  (The  Legend  of),  translated  by  C.  W.  Kennedy. 

Smellie  (A.),  In  the  Hour  of  Silence,  2/6  net. 

Soldiers  of  the  Cross  in  Zululand,  by  E.  and  H.  W.,  3/6  net. 

Tugman  (E.  A.),  Addresses  to  Women,  2/6 

Veitch  (R.),  The  First  Christians,  3/6  net. 

Wallace  (H.  C.)  and  War-Schauer  (J.),  Credo:  Sermons  on 

the  Apostles'  Creed,  3/  net. 
Waters    (N.    McG.),    A    Young    Man's    Religion    and  his 

Father's  Faith,  2/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archatology. 
French  Art  from  Watteau  to  Prud'hon,   edited  by  J.  J. 

Foster,  Vol.  I.,  Edition  de  Luxe,  252/  net. 
Pictures  in  Colour  of  Cambridge,  Descriptive  Notes  by  F.  L. 

Sabatini,  2/6  net. 
Strang  (William),  Catalogue  of  his  Etched  Work,  42/  net. 
Van  Dyke  (P.),  Renascence  Portraits,  10/6  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Austin  (Alfred),  The  Door  of  Humility,  4/6  net. 
Byron  (Lord),  Dramas  and  Satires,  Longer  Poems,  Shorter 

Poems,  3/  net  each. 
Dillon  (A.),  The  Maid  of  Artemis,  2/6  net. 
Green-Room  Book  ;  or,  Who's  Who  on  the  Stage,  edited  by 

B.  Hunt,  5/  net. 
Greg  (W.  W.),  Pastoral  Poetry  and  Pastoral  Drama,  10/6 

net. 
Harrison  (F.),  Nicephorus :   a  Tragedy  of  New   Rome,  5/ 

net. 
Langbridge  (F.),  Clear  Waters,  a  Little  Book  of  Verses. 
Orinda  Booklets :    Anne,   Countess    of  Winchilsea ;    Poor 

Robin's  Almanack  ;  and  a  Calendar  of  British  Poets, 

2/6  set  of  six. 
Rives  (A.),  Augustine,  the  Man,  5/  net. 
Stephens  (VV.),  Paradise  Lost,  a  Drama  in  Four  Acts,  1/  net. 
Wreath  of  Remembrance  (A.),  by  M.  Y.  \V.,  3/6 

Music. 
Lee  (E.  MA  Tchaikovski,  2/6  net. 

Lumi  (C),  The  Philosophy  of  Voice,  Tenth  FMition,  6/  net. 
Newman  (E.),  Elgar,  Wagner,  2/6  net  each. 
Walker  (E.),  Beethoven,  2/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
Books,  Tracts,  &c,  printed  in  Dublin  in   the  Seventeenth 

Century,  compiled  by  E.  R.  McC.  Dix,  Part  IV.,  2/6 
Browne  (E.  G.),  A  Hand-List  of   the  Turkish  and   other 

Books  presented  by  Mrs.  E.  J.   W.  Gibb  to  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Library,  5/  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Barton  Church  and  School  :  their  Origin  and  Fairly  Years, 

by  C.  J.,  16mo,  1/6. 
Besant(Sir  W.),  Mediaeval  London  :  Vol.  I.,  Historical  and 

Social,  30/  net. 
Eagar  (M.),  Six  Years  at  the  Russian  Court,  6/  net. 
Innes(A.  D.),  Ten  Tudor  Statesmen,  15/  net. 
Johns    Hopkins     University    Studies :    Spanish-American 

Diplomatic  Relations  preceding    the  War  of  1898,  by 

H.  E.  Flack,  2/ 
Mackinlay  (M.  S.),  Antoinette  Sterling  and    other  Celebri- 
ties, 16/  net. 
Maurin  (M.  J.),  Pauline   Marie  Jaricot,   translated  by  E. 

Sheppard,  6/  net. 
Memorials    of    Old   Hampshire,  edited   by    G.    E.    Jeans, 

15/  net. 
Review  of  Historical  Publications  relating  to  Canada  for 

1905,  edited  by  G.  M.  Wrong  and  H.  II.  Langton. 
Saltus  (K.),  Imperial  Purple,  3/6  net. 
State  Trials  of  the   Reign  of  Edward  the   First,  1289-93, 

edited  by  T.  F'.  Tout  and  II.  Johnstone,  Third  Series, 

Vol.  IX. 
Thomson  (J.  A.),  Herbert  Spencer,  2/6  net. 
Tyler  (F.  E.),  Peeps  into  the  Past,  3/6  net. 
Warwick    Library :    English    Historians,   Introduction    by 

A  J.  Grant,  2/6 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Abraham  (G.  and  A.),  Rock-Climbing  in  North  Wales. 
Bullen  (F.  T.),  The  Log  of  a  Sea- Waif,  F'ifth  Impression,  3/6 
Coufopoulos  (D.),  A  Guide  to  Constantinople,  Third  Edition, 

2/6 
Folliott  (T.),  The  Guantoek  Hills. 
Herbert  (W.  V.),  Bypaths  in  the  Balkans,  10/6  net. 
Maughan  (W.    C),  Picturesque  Musselburgh  and  its  Golf 

Links,  1/  net. 
Pigafetta    (A.),    Magellan's    Voyage    around     the    World, 

translated  by  J.  A.  Robertson,  2  vols.,  36/  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Richardson    (C),   Practical    Hints    for   Hunting    Novices, 
2/6  net. 

Folk-Lore. 

Wilkinson  (R.  J.),  Malay  Beliefs,  2/ net. 

Philology. 
Bacchylides,  edited  by  Sir  R.  C.  Jebb,  1,0 
lluelin  y  Arssu  (I).  C),  Technological   Dictionary,  English, 

Spanish,  German,  and  French,  10/9  net. 
Rippinann  (W.),  The  Sounds  of  Spoken  English,  1,0  net. 

School  Books. 
Arnold's  (Matthew),  Merope,  edited  by  J.  c.  Collins,  3,6 
Hughes  (W. ),  The  Oeography  of  America,  1/6 
Norman  (II.   C),  Supplementary   Exercises  to  Dent's  New 

First,  French  l!ook,  M.  net. 
Bippmann's   Picture    Vocabulary :    French,   First   Series, 

1/  net 

Round  the  World  Series  i  OUT  Planet,  1/0 

Three-Term  algebra,  Hook  iv.,  ad. 

Wagstafl    (C.    J.    L),    I'ho    Tutorial    Physics:    Vol.    V., 

Properties  of  Matter,  3/0 

Science. 
Sardy  (G,    H),  The   Integration  of  Functions  of  a  Single 

\  triable,  2/0  net. 
Kerridge(A.  A.),  Early  Lessons  in  Cottage  Gardening  and 

Populai  Notes  on  Horticulture,  2/6  net. 


Lee  (C),  Cosmic  Ethics,  3/6 

Living  Races  of  Mankind,  Vol.  I.,  10/6  net. 

Macfarlane  (W.),  The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Iron  and 
Steel  Manufacture,  3/6  net. 

Medical  Annual,  1906,  7/6  net. 

Morat  (J.  P.),  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  System,  translated 
by  H.  W.  Syers,  31/6  net. 

Mukerji  (U.  N),  Nutrition  and  Dysentery,  3/6  net. 

Norris  (W.),  Modern  Steam  Road  Wagons,  7/6  net. 

Pratt  (E.  A.),  The  Transition  in  Agriculture,  5/  net. 

Prenderville  (A.  de),  The  Anaesthetic  Technique  for  Opera- 
tions on  the  Nose  and  Throat,  3/6  net. 

Seaman  (L.  L.),  The  Real  Triumph  of  Japan,  6/  net. 

Stirling  (\V.),  New  Theories  in  Astronomy,  8/6  net. 

Temple  Cyclopaedic  Primers  :  F'ood  in  Health  and  Disease, 
by  H.  Drinkwater,  1/  net. 

Withers  (J.  W.),  Euclid's  Parallel  Postulate,  6/6  net. 

Juvenile  Books. 

Lang  (Alice),  From  Prison  to  Paradise,  2/ 
General  Literature. 

C'arlile  (Rev.  W.)  and  Carlile  (V.  W.),  The  Continental 
Outcast,  1/  net. 

Castle  (A.  and  E.),  If  Youth  but  Knew,  6/ 

Church  of  England  Official  Year-Book,  1906,  3/ 

Cleeve  (Lucas),  The  Secret  Church,  6/ 

Clergy  List,  1906,  12/6 

Crockett  (S.  R.),  Kid  McGhie,  6/ 

Danby  (F.),  The  Sphinx's  Lawyer,  6/ 

De  Flagello  Myrteo :  Thoughts  and  Fancies  on  Love, 
2/6  net. 

Dental  Annual  and  Directory,  1906,  7/6  net. 

Dublin  Review,  April,  edited  by  W.  Ward,  5/6  net. 

Dumas  (A.),  The  Count  of  Monte  Cristo,  2  vols.,  2/  net  each. 

Dumas  (A.),  The  Three  Musketeers,  2  vols.,  5/  net. 

Dumas  (A.),  Twenty  Years  After,  2  vols.,  5/  net. 

Gibbon  (P.),  Souls  in  Bondage,  6d. 

Gorst  (Mrs.  II.),  The  Light,  6/ 

Hannan  (C),  Thuka  of  the  Moon,  6/ 

Harris  (A.  L.),  The  Sin  of  Salome,  3/6 

Harris  (J.  H),  A  Romance  in  Radium,  3/6 

Hocking  (S.  K.),  A  Human  Face,  3/6 

Jones  (D.  M.),  A  Maid  of  Normandy,  6/ 

Kelly's  Directory  of  Merchants,  Manufacturers,  and 
Shippers,  &c,  in  1906,  30/ 

Kenealy  (A.),  An  American  Duchess,  6/ 

Lange  (M.  E.),  Local  Taxation  in  London,  1/  net. 

Lanyon  (H.  S.  M.),  The  Married  Bachelor,  6/ 

Little  (Mrs.  A.),  A  Millionaire's  Courtship,  6/ 

Marsh  (C.  F.),  Mr.  Baxter,  Sportsman,  6/ 

Marshall  (E.),  The  Young  Queen  of  Hearts,  6rf. 

Mott  (C.  C.  and  E.  M.),  A  Man  of  No  Family,  6/ 

Osbourne  (L.),  Wild  Justice,  6/ 

Robertson  (W.  B.),  The  Slavery  of  Labour,  Second  Edition, 
1/net. 

Routledge's  New  Universal  Library  :  Whitman's  Specimen 
Days  in  America  ;  Reynolds's  Discourses  on  Art ;  Bul- 
finch's The  Age  of  F'able ;  A.  Smith's  Dreamthorp, 
1/  net  each,  cloth.  Whitman's  Specimen  Days  in 
America ;  Lessing's  Laocoon  ;  Jeffrey's  Essays  from 
the  Edinburgh  Review ;  Gaskell's  Life  of  Charlotte 
Bronte  ;  O.  \\ .  Holmes's  The  Professor  at  the  Breakfast 
Table  ;  Macaulay's  Literary  Essays  ;  Landor's  Classical 
Dialogues ;  Borrow's  Romany  Rye ;  Bultinch's  The 
Age  of  Fable ;  T.  L.  Peacock's  Headlong  Hall, 
Melincourt,  Nightmare  Abbey,  and  Maid  Marian, 
1/6  net  each,  leather. 

Sims  (G.  R.),  The  Mysteries  of  Modern  London,  2/6 

So-called  Skirts,  by  Lito,  1/6  net. 

Stall  (S.),  What  a  Young  Boy  ought  to  Know,  New  Edition, 
4/  net. 

Stevenson  (P.  L.),  The  Black  Cuirassier,  6/ 

Tearle  (C),  Old  Mr.  Lovelace,  6/ 

Ward  (Mrs.  \\\),  Out  of  Due  Time,  6/ 

Warden  (F.),  Love  and  Lordship,  6/ 

Whishaw  (F.),  The  Great  Green  God,  6/ 

Whisperings  from  the  Great,  compiled  by  C.  A.  Meredyth, 
21/  net. 

Whitelaw  (D.),  MacStodger's  Affinity,  1/ 

Winter  (J.  S.),  A  Simple  Gentleman,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Frank  (G.),    GeschichU:    der  Protestaiitischen    Theologie : 

Part  IV.  Die  Theologie  des  19  .lahrh,  9m. 
Latreille  (c),  Joseph  de  Maistre  et  la  Papaute,  3fr.  50. 
Tanguy  (A.),  L'Ordre  Naturel  et  Dieu,  4fr.  75. 
Tunnel  (J.),  Saint  Jerome,  3fr. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 
Glotz  (G.),   Etudes  sociales  et  juridiquos  BUT    l'Antiquite 

Grecque,  3fr.  50. 
Mirth's  FormenschatZ,  1906,  Parts  3  and  4,  lm.  each. 

Poetry. 
Liegeard  (S.),  Aimer  !  Sonnets,  5fr. 

History  and  Biography, 
Aurevilly  (B.  d'),  Deuxieme  Memorandum,  1838-64,  :(fr.  .rn>. 
Bredii  (1,.),  Du  Caractere  intellectuel  et  moral  de  .1.  J. 

Rousseau,  7fr.  60. 
Brunetiere  (F.),  Honorede  Balzac,  1799-1860,  Sir.  50. 
Croiset  (M.),  aristophane  et  les  Partis  a  Athenes,  Sir.  50. 
Massis  (H.),  Comment  ftmileZola  composait  ses  Romans, 

Bfr.  50. 
MUllenhoff  (K.),  Deutsche  Utertumskunde,  Vol.  ll.,  Mm. 
Souvenirs  de  M.  de  Qontaut-Biron :    .Mon  Ajnbassade  en 

allemagne,  is?j  :t,  7fr.  :•<>. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Adam  (I'.),  Vues  d'Amerique,  8fr.  60. 
Legendre  (A.  F.),  Le  Far  West  Cbinois:  Deux  Anneea  an 

Setchouen,  &fr. 
Stock  (1'.  V.),  Eu  Cauot  automobile:  Notes  de  Voyage,  5fr. 

Education. 
Goyau(G.),  L'Ecole  d'Aujourd  hui,  Scries  ll.,:ifr.  60, 

I'hUology. 
Deutachbein  (MAStudlen  but  Sagengeachichte  England*: 

Part  I.,  Die  wiklngeraagen,  7m. 
Inielmann  (1!.),  Layamon  :  Vanuch  liber  Seine  (Jucllen,  3ni. 


I  !  ! 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .YA   M 


N  4093.  April  7.  1 


i 

Boui .  •  i  i  Vol.  VI 

i      l 

i 

l 

l  i:       I  i 

nottd,      I'uidi  •/■ 
I 


THE  M  rnoi;  OF  THE  FRENCH 
ORIGINAL  OF  WOLFRAM  VOX 
BSCHENBACH'S    '  PARZIVAL.' 

1  bast]  n  bo  call  the  attention  of  English 
Btudente  to  a  remarkable  article  by  Dr. 
l'iiul  Hagen  [Zeitachrift  fur  deutsche  Philo- 
logie,  vol.  xxxviii.  parts  1.  2),  early  com- 
munication of  which  1  owe  to  the  author's 

kindness.      Dr.  Hagen  claims  to  have,  solved 

the  problem  of  tho  authorship  of  the  lost 
French   poem   adapted   (or,   as    Dr.    Hagen 

urges,  faithfully  translated)  by  Wolfram 
von  Eschenbach  in  his  '  Parzival.'  His 
solution  should  be  of  deep  interest  to  English- 
men, tending,  as  it  does,  to  show  that  the 
poem  was  written  in  England  by  Philip, 
Bishop  of  Durham,  the  trusted  companion 
and  agent  of  Richard  Coc-ur  de  Lion. 

Dr.  Hagen's  starting  point  is  the  well- 
known  passage  ('  Parzival,'  496,  15—21, 
498,  20-499,  10-=Book  IX.  11.  1070-1122  in 
Miss  Weston's  translation)  in  which  Tre- 
vrezent,  the  hermit  uncle  of  Parzival, 
recounts  his  experiences  in  Styria.  Miss 
Weston's  note  on  the  passage  may  be  quoted 
as  exhibiting  the  views  of  previous  com- 
mentators : — 

"The  derivation  of  Gandein  from  a  Styrian 
town  is  very  curious.  Whether  the  name  was  in 
Wolfram's  source  or  not,  we  cannot  decide,  but 
the  connection  can  only  have  been  introduced  by 
the  German  poet." 

Dr.  Hagen  maintains,  on  the  contrary,  that 
the  connection  cannot  have  been  introduced 
by  Wolfram,  whose  knowledge  of  Styria 
could  not  be  of  the  minute  first-hand  nature 
disclosed  by  the  passage.  How,  then,  does 
a  Provencal — as  Wolfram's  authority  was, 
according  to  his  repeated  statements — come 
to  be  better  informed  about  Styria  than  the 
Bavarian  Wolfram  '.' 

In  1192  Richard,  returning  from  the  Holy 
Land,  landed  between  Aquileia  and  Venice, 
and  after  many  adventures  was  captured 
by  the  Duke  of  Austria's  emissaries  near 
Vienna.  Our  chief  sources  of  knowledge 
for  these  events  are  the  letter  of  the 
Emperor  Henry  VI.  to  Philip  Augustus, 
giving  the  German  version,  and  Ralph  of 
Coggeshall's  account,  resting  on  the  personal 
information  of  Anselm,  Richard's  chaplain 
and  companion,  giving  the  English  version. 
We  learn  from  the  Former  that  Count  Mein- 
hard  of  Gdrz  captured  eight  of  Richard's 
followers;  that,  the  king  having  escaped, 
Meinhard  proceeded  c>  Frisach,  where 
Fridericus     de     Betesowe     (Friedrich     von 

Pettau)  detained  six  more  of  his  suite. 
Richard  himself  escaping  with  Guillaume 
de  L'Estang,  and.  after  riding  night  and  day 
for  three  days,   falling  into   Leopold's  hands. 

Among  Richard's  followers  was  "  magister 
Philippus,   clericus   regis,"    horn   at    Poitou 

[i.e.,  On  the  borders  Of  the    Provencal  speech 

district),  who  passed  his  whole  bfe  in  the 

service  of  the  Angevin  kings,  and   who  died 

Bishop     of     Durham.     According     to     Dr. 

Hagen,    he   was   one    of    the    party    captured 

by    Frederick    of    Pettau    whilst    covering 

Richard's  escape.  Frederick,  an  official  of 
tho  Archbishop  of  Salzburg,  would  probably 

adopt  the  same  mediatory  attitude  as  bis 
superior,     and      Richard's     followers     might 


1  at  Pel 
1  tive,    he    m 

!    in 

•    h  -    we 
with  ii        I    I '.  •  I  I  I  ■ 

i 
l  >'  ii. 

I  b  has  puzzli 

Co||, 

rence   b 
and  1  i  ut.  to  what   he 

doubtless  looked  back  upon  as  the  most 
dramatic   an  I  I    in   his 

brillianl  and  varied  career,  the  part  taken 
bj  him  in  the  self-sacrificing  defence  of  his 
lord  :  "  mich  duhte  ich  net  da  wol  geetritt 

I     vrezent's  proud  avowal. 

Dr.  Hagen's  theory  would  account  for 
much.  It  is  generally  admitted,  thanks 
to  Miss  Weston,  that  the  'Parzival  ' 
is  a  definite  glorification  of  the  house  of 
Anjou,  and  1'hilip  was  one  of  its  most  devoted 
adherents.  The  wide  range  of  knowlt 
and  of  intellectual  interests  displayed  in 
Parzival,'  which  has  seemed  so  sur- 
prising in  the  case  of  the  unlettered  and 
untravelled  Bavarian  knight,  becomes  ex- 
plicable if  the  authorship  is  attributed  to 
the  lifelong  companion  of  the  most  famous 
king  of  the  time,  to  the  pilgrim  to  Jerusalem 
and  Compostella,  to  the  brilliant  diplomatist 
who  represented  Richard  at  the  Imperial 
election  of  1193,  and  who  was  equally  familiar 
with  Scotland  and  South  Wales,  and  thus 
came  into  contact  with  living  sources  of 
Celtic  tradition. 

I  have  said  enough,  1  trust,  to  arouse  the 
interest  of  those  whose  knowledge  of  twelfth- 
century  history  enables  them  to  examine 
Dr.  Hagen's  article,  and  to  ensure  for  it 
critical  scrutiny  at  the  hands  of  English 
experts.  Alfred  Nutt. 


'  WITH    THE    COSSACKS.' 

to,  Malo-Konyushennaya  t'lifsi,  St  Petersburg, 
.March  26th,  1906. 

In  your  review  of  my  book  '  With  the 
Cossacks  '  (Eveleigh  Nash)  on  March  10th 
you  say  :  — 

"We  note  the  fact  that  he  [myself]  must  have 
been  able  to  convey  to  the  Japanese  Consulate  at 
Chifu,  to  which  he  went  straight  from  the  first 
battles  off  Port  Arthur,  valuable  information  for 
the  use  of  the  Japanese  Government." 

As  this  might  lead  some  of  your  readers 
to  imagine  that,  visiting  the  Japanese  Con- 
sulate at  Chifu,  on  the  occasion  in  question, 
I  was  guilty  of  tactlessness,  if  not  of  treachery. 

I  should  like,  with  your  kind  permission,  to 
explain  this  incident  a  little  more  fully. 
When  1  reached  Chifu  on  the  night  of 
February  8th,  1904,  I  met  there  Mr.  George 
Denny,  of  the  Associated  Tress,  and  Mr. 
Ernest  Brindle,  of  the  Daily  Mail,  both  of 
whom  are  at  present  in  London  and  able  to 
confirm  my  statements.  These  correspond- 
ents had  been  residing  for  some  time  in 
Chifu,  and  had  been  in  the  habit  of  going  to 
all  the  Consulates  daily  to  see  if  they  could 
pick  up  any  information:  and.  as  soon  a~ 
I  met  them,  they  told  me  that  they  were 
about  to  ask  Mr.  Mid/.uno  if  he  had  luvd 
any    news,    and    invited    me    to    come    along 

with  them.  Being  a  correspondent,  not  a 
Minister-Plenipotentiary,  1  at  once  went, 
and  we  got  some  valuable  explanations  from 
Commander  Mori.  Commander  Mori  did  not, 
howi  ver,  get  from  me  any  information  which 
could  do  the  Russians  harm.  Messrs. 
I  '>.  indie  and  i  )enny,  who  w  ere  in  my  company 
all  the  time,  can  bear  me  out  in  this  state- 
ment. 


ardfi    went    to   tb<-  .   and 

r,  by  far  the  moat   im- 
•.    .  mboat   b 
Admira     I 

to    it     after     nightfall  ; 
the  effect  I 
wh<  fleet    had    been    destroyed. 

Would  .t  not  have  been  acting  rather  un- 
to   my    paper,    and    taking    mj 

i 

I  B  LH<  .'-    M<  CUIXAOH. 


Till:    ASLOAN    MS. 

i.i,  Orowndale  Roa«t,  N.W.,  March  rjth,  laoa, 
May  1  be  allowed  the  favour  of  your 
columns  to  make  inquiry  regarding 
present  location  of  the  well-known  Asloan 
MS.  ?  l\  will  be  remembered  that  this  is 
the  earliest  of  the  manuscript  collections  of 
Middle   Scots   poetry,   antedatii  lan- 

natyne  MS.  by  probably  more  than  sixty 
years.  Some  twelve  or  thirteen  years 
ago,  I  understand,  it  was  for  a  short 
time  deposited  on  loan  at  the  British 
Museum  ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to 
ascertain  for  whom,  or  for  what  purpose. 
At  the  present  time  the  Scottish  J 
Society  has  in  hand  an  edition  of  the  poems 
of  Robert  Henryson,  which  will  be  issued 
probably  in  the  autumn  of  this  year. 
The  Asloan  MS.  contains  the  ear. 
known  version  of  Henryson's  'Orpheus  and 
Euridices,'  besides  a  copy  of  the  *  Uplandis 
Mouss  and  the  Borrows  Toun  Mouss.'  A 
transcription  of  the  latter  piece  was  made 
by  Chalmers,  and  is  among  his  manuscripts 
now  in  the  Edinburgh  University  Library  ; 
but  I  am  not  aware  of  any  copy  having  been 
made  of  the  '  Orpheus.' 

In  any  case,  it  is  desirable,  in  the  interests 
of  Scottish  literature,  that  access  should  now 
be  had  to  the  Asloan  MS.  itself  ;  and  as  I 
have  been  for  some  time  assisting  in 
gathering  the  materials  for  the  forth- 
coming edition  of  Henryson,  I  venture  to 
appeal  to  any  of  your  readers  who  may 
have  information  to  communicate  regarding 
the  present  whereabouts  of  the  manuscript, 
and  as  to  the  best  means  of  getting  ac 
to  it. 

George  Stevenson. 


SPRING    PUBLISHING   SEASON. 
MR.  JOHN  LONG 
announces  in  Fiction:    Ayna  ■■     by   G.   M. 

Fenn, — Traitor  and  True,  by  J.  Bloundelle-Burton, 
— The  Face  of  Juliet,  The  Heart  of  Helen,  and 
From  the  Hand  of  the  Hunter,  all  by  L.  T.  Meade, 
— The  Shillings  of  Seiaphine.  by  Mrs.  C.  Kernahan. 

Marl  I  m  R  «e,  Teacher.  byMisa  Betham  Ki\* 

Her    Highness,    by    F.    Whishaw,— The    Cattle 
Baron's  Daughter,  by  Harold  Bindloes,— The  l: 
Mrs.     Daybrook,    by     Florence     Warden.  — Soul- 
Twilight  and  Love  and  the  King,  by  Lucas  Cleeve. 

The  Arrow  of  the  North  and  The  M 
Aydon,  l>\  K.  H.  Forster, —  A  Veneered  Scamp,  by 
Jean  Middlemaaa, — Lady  Marion  and  the  Pluto- 
crat, l>_\  Lady  Helen  Forbes.  —  Love,  with  Varia- 
tions, by  A.  M.  Diehl, — The  Braoebridgee  and  The 
Girls  ol  [nverbarns,  by  Sarah  Tytler, — A  Miner  in 
Petticoats,  by  Curtis  Yorke, — The  Portali 
by  V.  Tweedale,— Under  One  Flag,  by  Richard 
Marsh,-  Phoebe  of  the  White  Farm,  by  May 
Crommelin, — An  Independent  Maiden,  by  Ad 

ant,-- A  Beggar  on  Horseback,  by  v  K- 
Keightley, — The  Alluring  Flame,  by  J.  K.  Mud- 
dock.  The  Ingenious  Captain  Cobbs,  by  <i.  W. 
Appleton,     The  Greenstone,  by  Alan  Si.  Aubyn, 

The  Little  Gate  of  Tears,  by  Austin  Clare,— A 
Persian  Roseleaf,  by  Lieut. -Col.  A.  Haggard,— The 
Unguarded  Taper,  by  Helen  1'.  Lewis. — The  Horse 
and  the  Maid,  by  Arthur  Cowden. — SavileGilohrist, 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


t;he  athenaeum 


423 


M.D.,  by  H.  M.  Nightingale,— Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vil- 
liers,  by  Hubert  Wales,— The  Brangwyn  Mystery, 
by  David  Christie  Murray,— In  the  Shadow  of  the 
Purple,  the  Life  History  of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  by 
George  Gilbert,  a  new  edition  with  a  rare  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Fitzherbert, — and  Wilhelmina  in  London, 
by  Barry  Pain. 

Nat  Gould's  Novels :  The  Lady  Trainer,  A 
Straight  Goer,  A  Hundred-to-One  Chance,  A  Racing 
Squatter,  Charger  and  Chaser. 

New  editions  in  the  Haymarket  Novels  and  Six- 
penny Novels  :  The  Other  Mrs.  Jacobs,  by  Mrs. 
Campbell  Praed, — A  Jilt's  Journal,  by  Rita, — The 
Indiscretion  of  Gladys,  by  Lucas  Cleeve, — Partners 
Three,  by  May  Crommelin,  —  and  many  other 
popular  novels. 

General  Literature :  The  Confessions  of  a  Princess, 
— A  Book  of  the  Cevennes,  by  S.  Baring-Gould, 
illustrated, — The  Racehorse,  Training  and  Manage- 
ment, by  a  Trainer,  with  numerous  illustrations, — 
and  Love  Knows  and  Waits,  and  other  Poems,  by 
H.  L.  Childe-Pemberton. 

In  the  Carlton  Classics  :  Sonnets  and  Poems, 
by  Spenser,  —  Essays,  by  Addison,  —  His  Book, 
by  Artemus  Ward,  —  The  Dunciad,  and  other 
Poems,  by  Pope, — Thackeray's  English  Humourists 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  —  and  The  Jumping 
Frog,  and  other  Sketches,  by  Mark  Twain. 

THE  WALTER  SCOTT  COMPANY 
have  in  hand  in  Fiction  and  General  Literature  : 
Concealment,  by  Anne  Beale, — A  Girl  of  the 
Regiment,  by  Jaymack, — Cain's  Wife,  by  B.  C. 
Blake, — Taras  Bulba,  by  Gogol,  translated  by  B.  C. 
Baskerville, — Cricketer's  Birthday  Book,  by  T.  B. 
Trowsdale,  illustrated,  —  Tragic  and  Comic  in  a 
Parson's  Life,  by  the  Rev.  F.  Hastings,  illustrated, 
— How  to  Fence,  by  M.  Grandiere,  illustrated, — 
In  the  Days  of  Chaucer,  by  T.  Jenks, — new  editions 
of  Ibsen's  The  Lad}'  from  the  Sea,  and  Rosmersholm, 
— The  Story  of  the  Oxford  Movement,  with  Intro- 
duction by  W.  G.  Hutchison,  and  Hume's  Essays, 
with  Introduction  by  W.  B.  Robertson,  in  the 
"Scott  Library," — Poems  by  Baudelaire,  edited  by 
F.  P.  Sturm,  and  many  other  books  in  the  "Can- 
terbury Poets,"— and  Dainty  Dinner  Tables  and 
How  to  Decorate  Them,  by  Mrs.  Praga. 

In  Political  Economy  and  Science  :  In  the  "  Con- 
temporary Science "  Series,  The  Evolution  of 
Modern  Capitalism,  by  J.  A.  Hobson,  Apparitions 
and  Thought-Transference,  by  F.  Podmore,  and 
Hypnotism,  by  Dr.  A.  Moll,  translated  by  A.  F. 
Hopkirk, — Foundations  of  Political  Economy,  by 
W.  B.  Robertson, — and  Diet  and  Hygiene  for 
Infants,  by  Dr.  F.  H.  Alderson. 

In  Ait  and  Music:  (Undo  Reni  :  his  Life  and 
Works,  by  D.  R.  Meyrick,  with  numerous  repro- 
ductions,—The  Life  and  Works  of  Henry  Moore, 
R.A.,  by  F.  J.  Maclean,— Life  and  Works  of  Lord 
Leighton,  by  E.  Staley,  —  The  Story  of  Organ 
Music,  by  C.  F.  Abdy  Williams,— and  The  Story 
of  English  Music,  by  various  authorities. 


SALES. 
Messrs.  Sothebv,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge  sold 

last    week    the    following    important    1>  >oks   and 

Mss.  :  Dr.  John    Brown's    Rati  and   his  Friends, 

original  autograph  MS..  40/.     Pilgrim's  Progress, 

dition,  with  portrait,  1680,   1011.     Burns's 

■  '  To  Marvin  Heaven,' autograph  MS.,  1521. 
Prenoh  Costumes  oi  the  Nineteenth  Century,  240 
drawings,  Hi/.  Robinson  Crusoe,  first  edition, 
•2  vols.,  1719,  UK)/.  Hone  on  vellum,  MS.  (French- 
Flemish),  IS  miniatures,  fifteenth  century,  561.  ; 
another,  French,  14  miniatures,  40/.  Keats's 
Rndymion,  first  edition,  original  boards,  uncut, 
1819,  58/.  S.  Darnell's  Poetical  Essayes,  1599, 
35/.  10*.  John  Eliot's  North  American  Indian 
Bibli  I    edition,    Cambridge    (Mass.),    1683, 

ho/.  Dante,  Venetia,  1477,  91.  lot.  A  parchment 
roll  of  Private  Prayers  from  the  Sarum  Breviary, 
fifteenth  century,  921.  Holtorp'a  Typographical 
and  Kylographioal  Collections,  76w.  Pope's 
•  'oi  n  ice  with  Bathurst  (8 autograph  letters), 

.">.",/.  Original  Mss.  (8)  of  Isaae  Newton  while 
Master  oi  the  Mint,  86/.  Engravings  of  Animals 
by  J.  P.  Ridinger,  150/.  New  Testament  (1552), 
Titus  Andronicus,  second  edition,  wanting 
title,  Hill,  ok;/.  Anthony  Trollope's  North 
America,  original  autograph  MS.,  1862,71/.  Lord 
Lilford'a    British    Birds,    46/.     Gould's    Bird     oi 

i  Britain,  .">  vols.,  1873,  4!t/.  Official  and 
Secret    Dispatches  (167)  of   Lord  Bolingbroke  on 


the  Treaty  of  Utrecht,  1711-13,  151/.  New  Testa- 
ment (R.  Jugge,  1553),  45/.  Ben  Jonson's  Latin 
Bible,  1599,  320/.  The  Napoleon  Collection  of 
Letters,  MSS.,  Documents,  and  Books  (121  Lots) 
realized  283/. 

Messrs.  Hodgson  included  in  their  sale  last  week 
the  following :  Underbill's  Newes  from  America 
(a  clean  copy  of  this  rare  work,  but  wanting  the 
map),  1638,  70/.  Las  Casas,  The  Spanish  Colonie, 
first  English  translation,  1583,  39/.  Mather's 
Summe  of  Certain  Sermons  upon  Genesis  XV.  6, 
printed  at  Cambridge,  New-England,  1652,  27/.  10s. 
Esquemeling,  The  Bucaniers  of  America,  1684, 
11/.  15s.  Cranmer's  Bible  (first  title  wanting  and 
two  leaves  defective),  1540,  20/.  Shakspeare's 
Julius  Ca?sar,  first  quarto  edition  (1680),  11/. 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Comedies  and  Tragedies, 
1647,  56/.  Bacon's  Essayes,  first  complete  edition, 
1625,  26/.  Killigrew's  Works,  1664,  26/.  Marvell's 
Poems,  with  the  rare  portrait,  1681,  12/.  Wycher- 
ley's  Miscellany  Poems,  1704,  12/.  Paradise 
Regained,  first  edition,  1671,  18/.  Donne's  Juve- 
nilia and  Poems,  in  1  vol.,  1633,  13/.  15s.  Braith- 
wait's  Nature's  Embassie,  1621,  11/.  Holland's 
Herwologia  Anglica,  1620,  10/.  10s.  Wither's 
Emblems,  1625,  10/.  Natura  Brevium,  with  arms 
of  Henry  VIII.  on  sides,  1532,  11/.  5s.  Natural 
History  of  Selborne,  first  edition,  boards,  uncut, 
1789,  26/.  10s.  Scott's  Tales  of  my  Landlord, 
First  Series,  first  edition,  4  vols.,  boards,  uncut, 
1816,  106/.  Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare, 
first  edition,  2  vols.,  1807,  27/.  10s.  Tristram 
Shandy,  first  editions,  9  vols,  in  6,  1762,  14/.  10s. 
A  set  of  the  Pakeographical  Society's  Publica- 
tions, in  6  vols.,  1873-1903,25/.  Royal  Society's 
Transactions,  28  vols.,  1886-1905,  16/.  Historical 
Records  of  the  British  Army,  67  vols.,  in  the 
original  grained  morocco  bindings,  77/.  ;  and  a 
collection  of  about  100  original  drawings  of  the 
battle  scenes,  colours,  &c,  by  Heath  and  others, 
used  to  illustrate  the  various  monographs,  70/. 


Mr.  A.  C.  Curtis,  the  author  of  '  A 
New  Trafalgar,'  has  written  a  book  called 
'  The  Small  Garden  Beautiful,  and  How 
to  Make  It  So,'  which  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  will  publish,  with  a  coloured 
frontispiece,  sixteen  half-tone  illustrations, 
and  several  plans,  next  week.  The  volume 
gives  a  practical  account — the  plans  being 
a  special  feature — of  the  laying  out  of  a 
small  garden,  and  the  arrangement  and 
grouping  of  the  flowers  in  the  borders. 
It  also  deals  with  the  treatment  of  the 
kitchen  garden  attached  to  a  small  house 
in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  impair  the 
beauty  of  the  flower  garden. 

Mr.  T.  Fisher  Unwin  will  publish 
before  long  a  volume  of  '  Economic  and 
Statistical  Studies,'  by  the  late  Mr.  J. 
Towne  Danson.  Prof.  E.  C.  K.  Gonner 
is  contributing  an  Introduction  ;  and  a 
brief  memoir  of  Mr.  Danson  is  given  by 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  Norman  Hill.  The 
volume  will  contain  many  plates  showing 
the  variations  in  the  prices  of  twenty-two 
important  commodities  between  1851  and 
1890. 

THE  late  Mr.  Thomas  W.  Shore,  author 
of  'The  History  of  Hampshire,'  left 
behind  him  the  MS.  of  an  exhaustive 
work  on  the  '  Origin  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Race,'  to  which  he  had  devoted  a  great 
part  of  his  life.  It  deals  principally  with 
the  vexed  question  of  the  settlement  "I 
England   and   the   tribal    origin    of    the 

English  people.  The  work  will  be  edited 
l>\  liis  two  sons,  and  be  published  by  Mi. 
Elliot  Stock  very  shortly. 


Arrangements  for  the  publication  of 
'  The  Cambridge  Medieval  History  '  have 
now  been  made  by  the  Syndics  of  the 
University  Press.  The  first  volume  will 
be  published  soon  after  the  appearance 
of  the  last  volume  of  '  The  Cambridge 
Modern  History,'  with  which  it  will  be 
generally  uniform,  and  the  work  will  be 
completed  in  eight  volumes.  '  The  Cam- 
bridge Medieval  History'  has  been  planned 
by  Prof.  J.  B.  Bury,  and  will  be  edited 
by  Prof.  H.  M.  Gwatkin,  Miss  M.  Bateson, 
and  Mr.  G.  T.  Lapsley. 

An  addition  to  Messrs.  Sonnenschein 
&  Co.'s  Dictionaries  of  Quotations  may 
be  looked  for  at  an  early  date  in  the  shape 
of  a  '  Dictionary  of  German  Quotations,' 
compiled  by  L.  Dalbiac.  Like  the  other 
volumes  of  the  series,  it  contains  trans- 
lations in  English  of  each  quotation,  and 
indexes  of  subjects  and  authors. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  publish 
immediately  a  translation,  by  Mr.  James 
Loeb,  of  '  Euripide  et  1' Esprit  de  son 
Theatre,'  by  the  late  Prof.  Paul  Decharme, 
who  was  formerly  Professor  of  Greek 
Poetry  in  the  Faculte  des  Lettres  at 
Paris.  The  English  version  has  an  Intro- 
duction by  Prof.  J.  W.  White,  of  Harvard 
University. 

The  death  is  announced,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one,  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cunningham 
Geikie,  the  well-known  writer  on  Biblical 
subjects.  He  was  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
and  had  served  as  a  missionary,  a  preacher, 
and  a  parish  clergyman  at  home  and 
abroad.  His  chief  works  showed  scholarly 
thought  and  research,  and  an  extensive 
acquaintance  with  German  literature. 
They  include  '  Hours  with  the  Bible  ' 
(10  Vols.),  '  The  Life  and  Words  of  Christ,' 
'  The  English  Reformation,'  '  Landmarks 
of  Old  Testament  History,'  and  '  The 
Vicar  and  his  Friends.'  His  books  dealing 
with  the  Holy  Land  have  also  enjoj'ed 
a  large  circulation. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Hawick  Town  Council 
held  last  week  it  was  resolved  to  offer  the 
freedom  of  the  burgh  to  Dr.  J.  A.  H. 
Murray,  of  the  '  New  English  Dictionary.' 
The  ceremony  will  take  place  in  September 
next,  when  the  jubilee  of  the  Hawick 
Archaeological  Society  will  be  celebrated. 
Of  the  thirty-four  gentlemen  who  formed 
the  Society  fifty  years  ago,  only  Dr. 
Murray,  who  is  a  native  of  the  district, 
remains  alive. 

The  promoters  of  the  scheme  for  a 
Byron  statue  in  Aberdeen  have  now  about 
6002.  in  hand  for  that  purpose. 

Prof.  Flinders  Petrik  writes  from 
Tel  el  Yehudiyeh  :— 

"As  an  erroneous  description  of  a  rare 
book  is  strange  in  The  Athenceum,  allow  me 
to  correct  what  is  stated  about  '  Historical 
Scarabs  '  on  p.  293.  That  book  does  not 
deal  '  only  with  a  few  objects  made  for  kings 
and  other  great  personages,'  but  it  is  a 
complete  corpus  of  all  the  scarabs  with 
royal  and  private-  names  that  were  in  the 
main  collections  when  it  was  published — 
over  2. UOO  in  all.      As  to  their  being  '  chosen 

to  illustrate  '  my  '  own  theories  of  Egyptian 
history,1  then;  was  no  choice  of  materials, 
as  every  name-scarab  in  f  he  great  collections 

was   included.     Perhaps   the   present  diffi- 


424 


THE     ATIIENJEUM 


N    W93,  Ai-kii.  7,  1906 


culty    in   obtaining    the    honk    lui*    been    thfl 
cause  of  such  mistaken  statement 

A  NEW  volume  entitled  '  The  Story  and 
Song  of  Black  Roderick,"  hv  Dora  Sigerson 
(Mrs.  Clement  Shorter),  will  be  published 
immediately    by    the    De    La   More    Press. 

This  is  a  story  is  prose,  interspersed  with 

verse,  which  carries  on  the  tale  in  ballad 
form. 

Mb.  Wkkner  Laurie  has  in  the  press 
'  The  Cathedrals  and  Churches  of  the 
Rhino  and  North  Germany,'  by  Mr.  T. 
Francis  Rumpus.  There  will  be  ninety 
illustrations,  and  descriptions  of  such 
little- visited  cathedrals  and  churches  as 
those  of  Minister,  Soest,  Paderborn,  Hildes- 
heim,  Halberstad,  and  Erfurt. 

It  may  be  safely  said  that  the  late 
Julian  Marshall's  collection  of  book-plates, 
which  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson  & 
Hodge  will  sell  on  May  28th  and  three 
following  days,  is  the  most  extensive  and 
valuable  ever  submitted  to  auction.  The 
catalogue,  which  has  been  in  hand  for 
about  a  year,  will  form  a  work  of  reference 
for  the  collector  second  only  in  value  to 
that  of  the  Franks  collection  in  the  Rritish 
Museum,  and  Messrs.  Sotheby  are  to  be 
congratulated  on  the  admirable  manner 
in  which  they  have  dealt  with  the 
enormous  number  of  items.  The  collec- 
tion probably  comprises  at  least  50,000 
book-plates,  and  twenty-one  lots  con- 
sist of  500  examples  each. 

Dr.  George  Brandes's  '  Reminiscences 
of  my  Childhood  and  Youth  '  is  shortly 
to  be  issued  simultaneously  in  England 
and  America,  and  will  also  appear  in  the 
original  Danish  at  Copenhagen. 

Another  volume  of  the  writings  of  the 
Elizabethan  antiquary  George  Owen,  of 
Pembrokeshire,  edited  by  Dr.  Henry 
Owen,  will  shortly  be  issued  in  the 
"  Cymmrodorion  Record  Series."  It  will 
contain  two  tracts  of  the  first  importance 
for  the  history  of  legal  administration 
in  Wales,  namely,  '  The  Dialogue  of  the 
Government  of  Wales,'  written  in  1594 
and  never  previously  published,  and  '  A 
Treatise  of  Lordship  Marchers  in  Wales,' 
which  is  the  locus  classicus  on  its  subject, 
being  well  known  from  the  inaccurate 
transcripts  printed  in  Clive's  '  Ludlow  ' 
and  elsewhere,  but  now  reproduced  for 
the  first  time  from  the  author's  original 
MS.,  which  is  at  Llanstephan.  The  volume 
will  also  contain  Owen's  '  Description  of 
Wales'  (1602)  from  the  author's  MS.  at 
the  Bodleian. 

The  Dublin  Committee  of  the  Ferguson 
Memorial  Fund  have  received  some  260J., 
and  propose  to  erect  a  memorial  brass  in 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  and  found  a 
literary  prize  (or  scholarship,  if  funds 
admit)  in  Trinity  College  or  in  the  Alex- 
andra College,  with  which  Lady  Ferguson 
was  closely  connected. 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
William  Watt,  joint  editor  and  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  the  Aberdeen  Free  Press. 
Mr.  Watt  had  made  a  special  study  of 
economic  and  financial  questions,  and  in 
1885  gained  the  William  Newmaroh  Prize 


of  kki/.  for  an  essay  on  '  Eoonomie  \  j  • 
of  Reoeni  Legislation.1     II<-  bad  an  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  the  history  <>f  the  north- 
east of  Scotland. 

Mk.  <;.  M.  Jones  writes  from  Salem, 
Mass.  : — 

"  in  The  AUmumurijfm  Kerch  10th,  p.  290, 

col.    3,   lines    80—31,   your   reviewer   suggests 

the  use  of   'Carolina,    South,'    instead   of 

'South  Carolina,'  in  the  index  to  'Auction 
Prices  of  Hooks.'  South  Carolina  is  a 
sovereign  state  with  no  political  connexion 
with  North  Carolina,  except  as  th<  y  are  both 
members  of  tho  United  States  ;  and  it  is 
just  as  absurd  to  write  '  Carolina,  South,' 
as  it  would  be  to  write  '  Wales,  New  South.' 
This  is  a  minor  matter,  but  it  is  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  difficulty  English  writers  find  in 
understanding  our  American  political  system. 
I  have  read  The  Athenaeum  for  over  twenty- 
five  years,  and  depend  upon  it  almost 
entirely  for  reviews  of  English  books.  It  is 
because  I  usually  find  it  well  informed  that 
I  venture  to  call  your  attention  to  this 
mistake." 

What  is  probably  a  unique  form  of 
military  dictionary  is  being  compiled  by 
Mrs.  Constance  Oliver  Skelton  for  the 
New  Spalding  Club,  Aberdeen,  in  the 
shape  of  a  complete  biographical  list  of 
officers  of  the  name  of  Gordon  who  have 
served  in  the  British  army.  The  Gordons 
have  been  essentially  a  military  race,  so 
that  it  is  not  surprising  that  Mrs.  Skelton 
has  marshalled  some  2,000  names,  from 
army  lists  and  other  authentic  records. 
It  is  not  often  that  a  woman  has  under- 
taken a  military  work  of  this  character, 
though  the  Marchioness  of  Tullibardine 
is  now  engaged  on  a  regimental  history. 

The  hundred  and  sixth  anniversary 
of  the  death  of  Cowper  on  April  25th  will 
be  the  occasion  of  a  meeting  of  the  Cowper 
Society  at  Berkhamsted,  when  papers 
will  be  read  and  recent  editions  of  Cowper 
referred  to. 

The  Marchese  Vitelleschi,  who  died 
last  Wednesday,  was  best  known  as  a 
politician,  but  he  was  also  a  considerable 
author  on  the  history  of  the  Papacy. 

Commandant  Moltedo,  of  the  Congolese 
service,  has  just  published  in  Brussels  a 
useful  vocabulary  for  travellers  and  ex- 
plorers in  Central  Africa.  It  is  called 
'  Petit  Vocabulaire  des  Langues  Arabes 
et  Ki-Swahili.'  The  author  says  that,  if 
Arabic  and  Ki-Swahili  are  very  far  from 
representing  all  the  dialects  spoken  on 
the  Congo,  a  knowledge  of  them  will 
enable  the  traveller  to  cross  the  African 
continent  without  fearing  that  he  may 
not  make  himself  understood. 

The  following  Parliamentary  Papers 
have  recently  appeared  :  Scotch  Educa- 
tion, Minute  providing  for  the  Distribution 
of  the  General  Aid  Grant  (\d.)  ;  Report 
for  1904  on  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  the  Royal  Colleges  of  Science 
and  Art,  the  Geological  Survey  and 
Museum,  &c.  (Is.  <kf\)  ;  Correspondence 
relating  to  Elementary  Education  in 
Ceylon  (Gd.)  ;  Report  of  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners for  England  and  Wales  (2W.); 
and  a  Statement  of  Present  Contributions 
to  the  Imperial  Institute  made  by  the 
Government  of  India  and  by  the  British 
Colonies    and    Protectorates    (.W.).    which 


thai  among  other  small  sums  col- 
lected eras  •">/.  3s.  2d.  from  the  Falkland 

I-land- 


SCIENCE 


BOOKS    ON    BIRD& 

The  Bird*  of  Hampshire  and  the  I  ale  of 
Wight.  By  J.  E.  Kelsall  and  P.  W.  Munn. 
(Witherby   \.  Co.)— Aft<  i  usal  of  the 

prospectus  of  this  book,  which  La  published 

by  subscription,  we  had  anticipated  a  some- 
what more  notable  contribution  to  ornitho- 
logy than  has  actually  been  produced.  Ev 
naturalist  in  the  county,  however,  will  do 
well  to  possess  it  as  a  work  of  reference.  The 
authors  have  to  a  certain  extent  been 
hampered  by  the  very  wealth  of  material 
at  their  disposal.  In  the  course  of  an  un- 
duly prolonged  introduction  we  have  a 
formidable  list  of  authorities  consulted ; 
the  "  copious  extracts  made  from  many  of 
them  "  form  by  far  the  greater  bulk  of  the 
book,  while  the  backbone  is  admittedly 
none  other  than  the  immortal  '  Natural 
History  of  Selborne.'  We  are  inclined 
to  regard  this  as  an  error  of  judgment. 
Again,  it  is  merely  irritating  that  scientific 
observations  should  be  garnished  with 
truisms  from  the  poets,  such  as 

In  the  spring  a  fuller  crimson  comes  upon  the  robin's 
breast. 

Some  of  the  passages  transcribed  so  freely 
from  Gilbert  Wliite's  pages  would  be  im- 
proved by  a  timely  gloss  ;  for  instance, 
the  "  particular  anecdote  "  to  the  effect 
that  the  fieldfare  always  appears  to  roost 
on  the  ground  (contrary  to  what  might  be 
expected  from  its  general  habits)  is  quoted 
without  comment,  whereas  it  certainly 
resorts  to  bushes  as  well.  The  record  of  an 
extraordinary  visitation  of  these  birds  is 
taken  from  Col.  Hawker's  diary  for  Feb- 
ruary 2nd,  1831.  An  army  of  gunners  was 
busy  from  morning  till  night,  for,  curiously 
enough,  the  fieldfares,  "  though  tamer  than 
sparrows,  yet  were  as  fat  as  butter  "  ;  on 
the  morrow,  the  snow  changing  to  rain, 
every  bird  had  disappeared.  Mr.  Kelsall 
contributes  what  may  well  be  a  bit  of 
genuine  folk-lore.  "  It  was  told  me  at 
Hurstbourne,"  he  writes,  "  that  when  the 
yellowhammer  sings  '  A  little  bit  of  bread 
and  no  cheese,'  the  chaffinch  replies,  '  I 
haven't  had  a  bit  of  bread  and  cheese  this 
five  year.'  " 

Among  the  illustrations  the  most  note- 
worthy are  the  admirable  photographs  from 
life  of  the  rare  Dartford  warbler,  still  happily 
a  distinctive  Hampshire  resident  in  certain 
undisturbed  localities.  Its  general  attitudes 
as  represented  here  and  the  aggressive  poise 
of  the  long  tail  are  curiously  suggestive  of 
the  local  name,  "  French  blackbird."  We 
note  that  the  authors,  in  common  with  Mr. 
Meade  Waldo,  give  credence  to  the  numerous 
reported  occurrences  of  "  March  cuckoos  " 
in  the  year  1894. 

There  are  three  singular  coincidences  of 
bird  life  which,  as  related  in  these  pages, 
certainly  give  food  for  thought.  The  first 
concerns  the  curious  behaviour  of  goldcrests. 
"  For  some  years  past,"  says  Mr.  Munn, 
"a  pair  have  visited,  several  times  a  day,  in  the 
spring,  the  windows  of  one  of  the  rooms  of  my 
house  at  leaver-stoke,  perching  on  the  flowers  ill 
the  flower-boxes,  clinging  to  the  sides  of  tho 
window  frames,  or  hovering  iu  front  of  the  glass; 
this  visitation  is  continued  for  about  a  week,  and 
they  appear  to  be  endeavouring  to  reach  the  neigh- 
bouring shrubs  reflected  in  the  glass." 

Then  Gilbert  Wliite's  observation  that  sand- 
martins  nested  in  the  holes  of  the  back  wall 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


425 


of  William  of  Wykeham's  stables  at  Bishop's 
Waltham  in  1774  is  found  to  be  equally  true 
at  the  present  day.  The  third  passage  to 
which  we  refer,  dealing  with  the  rare  appear- 
ance of  the  beautiful  hoopoe,  must  be  quoted 
in  full.  Mr.  Gibb,  living  at  Christchurch, 
"saw  a  hoopoe  in  his  garden  on  several  occasions 
in  the  summer  of  1895,  and  the  bird  appeared  to 
be  feeding  upon  a  strange  kind  of  ant  which  was 
swarming  at  the  time.  He  sent  specimens  of  the 
ant  to  the  late  Miss  Ormerod,  the  well-known 
authority  on  noxious  insects,  who  replied  as 
follows  :  '  Your  black  ants  appear  to  be  Formica 
fuliginosa.  I  only  twice  met  with  this  kind  in  my 
father's  woods  in  Gloucestershire,  and  both  times, 
curiously  enough,  one  of  my  brothers,  who  had  a 
great  fondness  for  ornithology,  saw  the  hoopoe  ! ' '» 

Mr.  Gibb's  house  is  close  to  Wilverley 
Forest  Lodge,  a  place  frequented  by  hoopoes, 
according  to  Wise,  in  1861. 

It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  in  the  woods 
of  the  New  Forest  rookeries  are  almost  un- 
known, a  new  colony  in  1902  at  Rowhill 
Bushes  causing  great  astonishment  to  the 
oldest  inhabitant.  The  New  Forest  has 
another  claim  to  distinction  in  that  it  is  the 
happy  privilege  of  those  living  there  to  be 
able  to  walk  for  a  whole  day  without  seeing 
a  house-sparrow,  provided  always  that  they 
avoid  a  railway  station.  At  the  same  time 
the  more  deserving  tree-sparrow,  so  often 
said  to  be  ousted  by  its  plebeian  cousin,  is 
found  as  a  winter  visitor. 

Exhaustive  details  are  given  of  the  van- 
ishing raptorial  species,  many  of  the  occur- 
rences dating  back  to  considerably  more 
than  half  a  century  ago.  The  red-backed 
shrike  does  not  often  figure  on  the  keeper's 
black  list,  but  the  owner  of  a  game  farm  at 
Morestead,  near  Winchester,  found  it  neces- 
sary to  destroy  no  fewer  than  twenty-five 
of  these  butcher-birds  in  the  year  1900 
because  they  persisted  in  attacking  the 
young  pheasants.  There  is  an  interesting 
account  of  the  gluttony  of  the  cormorant, 
alias  the  Isle  of  Wight  parson.  In  1867 
Frank  Buckland  witnessed  the  fishing 
exploits  of  trained  cormorants  in  the  river 
Test. 

The  black  -  headed  gull  may  now  be 
reckoned  as  '  a  breeding  species,  having 
within  the  last  few  years  become  established 
in  a  large  colony  in  the  extreme  south-west 
of  the  county.  The  beautiful  series  of  photo- 
graphs of  this  gull  at  its  nest  are  therefore 
eminently  suitable  ;  there  is  not,  however, 
an  equal  justification  for  including  those  of 
the  tern  and  the  avocet.  The  icterine 
warbler,  the  latest  accidental  visitor,  brought 
the  total  number  of  species  for  the  county 
up  to  296,  as  opposed  to  Mr.  Meade  Waldo's 
list  of  280  in  the  year  1900. 

Birdland  Pictures.  By  Oliver  G.  Pike. 
(Crofton  Publishing  Company.) — Tho  many 
admirers  of  Mr.  Pike  will  welcome  his  latest 
venture,  a  handsome  folio  containing  twenty- 
four  large  reproductions  of  photographs 
from  life.  In  this  respect  he  has  followed 
the  example  of  Mr.  Kearton.  The  diffi- 
culties in  the  way  of  an  ambitious  bird-photo- 
grapher are  so  great  that  two  dozen  pictures 
of  exceptional  value  might  well  represent 
the  output  of  an  ordinarily  successful  year. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  recognize  more  than 
one-third  of  the  illustrations  as  enlargements 
from  those  that  have  appeared  in  Mr.  Pike's 
volumes  of  previous  years  ;  while  we  have 
certainly  seen  these  identical  pictures  of 
coal  tits  in  several  publications  already. 
Incidentally  this  fact  enables  us  to  gaugo 
the  amount  of  retouching  involved,  as  in 
tli<-  case  of  a  somewhat  dyspeptic-looking 
blackbird  and  the  accompanying  nest.  A 
robin's  nest  in  a  basket  is  surely  too  common- 
place a  subject  to  figure  here  in  tho  imposing 


size  of  9  in.  by  7  in.  A  blackcap  on  its  nest 
is  portrayed  with  a  rather  unconvincing  tail  ; 
in  fact,  to  a  critical  eye  the  ars  celare  artem 
is  to  a  certain  extent  missing.  The  gannets, 
though  very  clear-cut,  lack  the  beautiful 
softness  and  roundness  we  have  seen  in 
other  photographs  of  these  birds. 

Having  said  this  in  the  way  of  criticism, 
we  must  express  our  unstinted  admiration  for 
several  fine  achievements,  among  which  is 
conspicuous  the  excellent  photograph  of  a 
ruddy  sheldrake — a  vara  avis  indeed  for  the 
naturalist  with  a  camera.  The  somnolent 
tawny  owl  and  the  very  wideawake  short- 
eared  owl  are  genuine  masterpieces.  A 
great  crested  grebe  on  its  nest,  a  kittiwake 
with  two  delightful  infants,  a  grotesque 
quartet  of  puffins,  and  a  very  juvenile 
buzzard  are  all  pictures  of  which  Mr.  Pike 
may  be  proud. 

The  Photoplane  Company  are  responsible 
for  the  reproductions,  which  reach  a  high 
standard.  The  letterpress  is  confined  to  a 
page  to  each  illustration  ;  here  Mr.  Pike 
has  sometimes  something  of  interest  to  say, 
and  sometimes  not.  The  incidents  of  several 
days  spent  upon  the  Bass  Rock  provide  good 
reading.  A  suggestion  is  put  forward  that 
a  considerable  sum  might  still  be  realized 
by  collecting  for  sale  the  eiderdown  on  the 
Fame  Islands  after  the  nests  have  served 
their  purpose.  It  appears  that  now,  when 
the  birds  are  protected  there  so  strictly, 
this  is  entirely  wasted. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological. — March  21. — Mr.  Aubrey  Strahan, 
V.  P. ,  in  the  chair.  — Messrs.  M.  M.  Allorge,  P.  de 
Gylpyn  Benson,  A.  Bury,  G.  W.  Edwards,  and 
A.  Wade  were  elected  Fellows. — The  following 
communications  were  read  :  '  The  Chalk  and  Drift 
in  MiJen,'  by  the  Rev.  Edwin  Hill, — '  On  the 
Relations  of  the  Chalk  and  Boulder-Clay  near 
Royston,  Hertfordshire,'  by  Prof.  T.  G.  Bonney, — 
and  'Brachiopod  Homceomorphy :  Pygope,  Anti- 
nomia,  Pygites,'  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Buckman. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  — March  29.  —  Lord 
Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  St.  John 
Hope  read  a  short  report  by  Mr.  Somers  Clarke  as 
Local  Secretary  for  Egypt,  which  was  discussed 
by  Mr.  F.  G.  Hilton  Price. — A  paper  was  read  by 
Mr.  H.  St.  George  Gray  '  On  some  Antiquities 
found  at  Ham  Hill,  Somerset,  and  in  the  Neigh- 
bourhood,' and,  through  the  kindness  of  the  Somer- 
setshire Archaeological  Society,  he  was  able  to 
make  thirty-five  exhibits,  many  of  rare  objects  of 
the  Bronze  Age,  Late-Celtic,  and  Roman  periods. 
These  specimens  from  Ham  Hill  represented  but  a 
small  proportion  of  hundreds  of  relics  collected 
from  the  locality  by  two  brothers-in-law,  both 
medical  men,  viz.,  Mr.  W.  W.  Walter  and  Mr. 
Hugh  Norris,  and  later  In'  the  former's  son, 
Mr.  Hensleigh  Walter.  Ham  Hill  was  situated 
five  miles  due  west  of  Yeovil,  and  about  midway 
between  Ilchester  and  Orewkerne.  The  ramparts, 
three  miles  in  circumference,  enclosed  210  acres. 
The  quarries  for  Ham  Hill  stone,  belonging  to  the 
Duchy  of  Cornwall,  were  very  extensive,  and  it 
was  feared  that  as  time  went  on  the  earthworks 
and  the  areas  anciently  inhabited  would  be  de- 
stroyed, as  happened  at  Hunshury  Camp,  in  North- 
amptonshire, tWO  Or  three  decades  agO,  The  relies 
from  Ham  Hill  covered  a  considerable  period,  from 
the  Neolithic  Age  up  to  and  including  Saxon  times. 
Some  of  the  objects  were  similar  to  finds  from  Hod 
Hill,  and  others  were  analogous  to  relies  from  the 
Glastonbury  lake  village.  Roman  coins  were  com 
nionh  found,  covering  nearly  the  whole  period  of 
the    Roman    occupation,    and    extending   to  Tlico- 

dosius  I.,  A.D.  379-95.     Mr.  Gray  pave  elucidatory 

descriptions  of  the  antiquities  under  three  head 
inga  :  firstly,  objeots  found  in  1904-6  on  Ham  Hill  ; 
idly,  relies  From  Hani   Hill    found   before  1904, 

some  of  which  had  been  figured  in  archaeological 

publications;    and    thirdly,    a   few    relics   from    the 

neighbourhood   of  Ham   Hill.     The  first    section 
included  a  small  enamelled  disk  of  the  character 


of  those  which  ornament  the  famous  shield  from 
the  Thames  at  Battersea  (and  now  in  the  British 
Museum).     The  most  interesting  fibula  shown  was 
that  bearing   the   maker's   name  avcissa,  one  of 
seven  that  have  been  recorded  from  Britain,  and 
one  of  three  from  Somerset,  the  two  other  Somerset 
examples  (now  in  the  Bristol  Museum)  being  found 
in  some  Roman  lead-workings  at  Charterhouse-on- 
Mendip.    The  Ham  Hill  example,  Mr.  Gray  pointed 
out,  differed  from  all  the  others  in  having  the  S's 
reversed.      A   hand -made   earthenware  bowl  was 
exhibited  which  was   stated  to  have  been  found 
12  ft.  deep  on  Ham  Hill  in  1896.     On  the  bottom 
of  the  interior  surface  was  a  crude  representation 
of  a  face  surrounded  by  radiating  lines,  probably 
intended  for  the  sun.     On  the  sides  of  the  bowl 
was  a  series  of  eight  disks  of  ornament,  and  on  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel  was  a  similar  pattern.     These 
ornamental  disks  consisted  of   interlocked  or  re« 
versed  spirals,  each  surrounded  by  radiating  lines 
divided  by  elongated  loops  at  measured  intervals, 
suggesting  the  circular  motion  of  the  sun,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  swastika  and  the  triskele.     Mr. 
Gray's  first  remark  on  seeing  the  bowl,  and  before 
he  knew  anything  of  its  history,  was  that  it  might 
be  of  Mexican  origin  ;  and  although,  since  hearing 
the  statement  that  the  bowl  was  found  on  Ham 
Hill,  he  had  somewhat  wavered  in  his  opinion  as 
to  its  origin  or  date,  he  had  been  inclined  to  regard 
it  recently  as  British  of  the  post-Roman  period, 
but  he  did  not  know  of   anything  ancient  made 
of  the  same  kind  of  clay,     This  bowl  was  lately 
examined  by  five  well-known  antiquaries,  and  it 
was  remarkable  that  no  two  opinions  as  to  its  date 
or  origin  were   alike.     The   extremes  as  regards 
date  were  (1)  Late-Celtic,  (2)  modern  forgery  of  a 
Mexican  bowl ;  but  the  Roman  and  Saxon  periods 
were  also  mentioned  in  connexion  with  the  vessel. 
The  sucoi.d  section  of  the  paper  dealt  with  relics 
found    previously    to    1904  on   Ham   Hill.      The 
Bronze  Age  was  represented  by  a  spear-head   of 
the   earliest   type  and  a    well-preserved  gouge  of 
common  form.     The  bronze  ox's  head,  which  may 
have  formed  part  of  a  complete  animal,  was  typical 
of  Late-Celtic  art,  and  nothing  similar  to  it  was 
known  from  other  localities.     Two  bronze  objects 
were  exhibited  which  have  usually  been  described 
as  probably  caps  or  bosses  which  were  fitted   to 
axles   of   chariot-wheels   of   the   Early   Iron    Age. 
Both  were  found  on   Ham   Hill,    circa  1823,  and 
very    few   similar   objects   were    known   in   other 
collections.      The   fibulas   included    an    extremely 
finely     preserved     T-shaped     brooch     of     Roman 
provincial  type  ;   the  bilateral  coils  of  the  spring 
consisted  of  nine  turns  on  each  side  ;  it  was  one 
of  those   fibuka?   which   were  rarely  decorated  on 
the  catch -plate.     Another  rare  type  of  brooch  was 
shown,    having   unusually    thin    flat   bows,    which 
might  be  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  end  of  the 
first  century  or  the  beginning  of  the  second  century 
a.d.      As    far    as    Britain    was   ooncerned,    these 
fibula?   appeared    to    be    a    South-Western    type, 
having  been  found  not  infrequently  at  Ham  and 
Hod    Hills,    and    in    the    Romano-British    villages 
excavated  by  General  Pitt-Rivers.     Another  rarity 
from  Ham  Hill  was  the  small  bronze  Roman  lamp, 
weighing  only   1  oz.    12dwt.  ;  a  similar  lamp,   but 
larger,  was  found  at  Hod  Hill,   Dorset.     Part  of 
a  Roman  lorica,   consisting  of  39  plates  of  scale- 
armour,  was  examined  by   the   Fellows  with   keen 
interest.      The  British   Museum   had  five  scales*of 
the  same  cuirass.     The  bronze  scales   were  tinned 
alternately,  and  measured  25  mm.  long  by  14*6  mm, 
wide,  square  at  tho  top  and  rounded  at  the  base. 
A  few  similar  scales  had  been  found   elsewhere  in 
Britain,    sometimes    detached,    sometimes    linked 
together.      Two   large  and   two  small   scales  were 
known  from  Hod   Hill,  three   from  Colchester,  and 
three    from   Hadrian's    Wall    at    Walltown    ("rag  ; 
and  a  portion  of  a  similar  cuirass   from  Catarac- 
tonium,  in  Yorkshire     At  JKsiea  (Great  Chesters) 
a  "  quantity  of   scale-armour"   had   been   found  in 
1894  :  but  the  scales  were   smaller  than   the   Ham 
Hill    examples,    and     perforated     with    a    greater 
number  of  holes.     Mr.  Gray  exhibited  five  objects 
from  the    neighbourhood    of    Ham    Hill,    viz.,   a 
bronze  mask  inlaid  with   silver,    from    Ilchester  ;  a 
portion  probably  of  B  leaden  coffin,  decorated,  from 
Northover,    near     Ilchester:    a    bronze    fibula    of 
early  La  Tene  type,    found   at    Melluiry,    Somerton 
(one   of   about   thirty    found    in    Britain)  ;    a    Late 
Bronze    Age    twisted    tore,    found    at    Chillington, 
near     Crewkcrne;     and    a    double  Loped     bronze 
palstave  found   in   the  parish   of  South   Petherton 
in   1842,     The  twisted   (ore,  as  a    typo,    had  been 


■I -jr. 


THK     ATI!  ENjEU  M 


\    1093,  April  7.  lf»06 


found  more unooly  in  Bomei  si   than  elsewhere 

in  BriUin      !••   •  were  foui  in  Taunton  Museum ; 

in  addition,  three  were  found  al   Wadmore, at 

w  •   i  Buckland,  and  two  on  the  Quant* 
The  double-looped  palstave,   Mr.  Oraj    tated, 
oneoi   four  known  to  have  been  found  in  Britain, 
and    time    ill    these    caiiK-    from    Somerset    (South 
Petherton,   Wesl    Buckland,  and  Cheddar).     Two 
examples  were  known  from  Ireland,  and  the  type 

was     not     uncommon     in     Spain  A     discussion 

followed,  in  whioh  the  President,  Prof.  Gowland, 
and  Messrs.  C.  II.  Itr.nl  and  Reginald  Smith  took 
part.  Borne  doubt  was  thnm  a  on  t  he  authenticity 
of  tin'  earthenware  bowl  exhibited,  and  a  Mexican 
mode]  was  suggested  for  it.  Attention  was  also 
drawn  to  the  distribution  of  double-looped  pal- 
staves, and  it  was  remarked  that  one  was  also 
known  from  tin'  department  of  Charente,  Western 
France. 

i 

Zoological. — March  20. — Dr.  II.  Woodward 
V.P.,  in  tlio  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  February. 
He  exhibited  s  paper  cutting  representing  the  print 
of  the  fore  foot  of  a  large  wild  Indian  elephant, 
which  had  been  taken  from  an  impression  left  in 
the  soil,  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Bherring,  Deputy  Commis- 
sioner at  Almoin,  India.  The  circuinfereiu «  of 
the     print     was    66    inches.         The    secretary    also 

exhibited,  on  behalf  <>t  Mr.  John  Bowes,  a  tooth 
of  the  mammoth  from  the  sand  in  the  estuary  of 

the   East    Swale,  about    three  miles    west    of   Heme 

Bay. — Mr.    Oldfield    Thomas  exhibited    a   brown 

bear  from  the  Shan  States,  which  appeared  to 
represent  a  new  form  of  the  .-1.  arctos  group.  It 
was  named  Urtut  arctos  shanorum,  subsp.  n. — 
Mr.  R.  E.  Holding  exhibited,  and  made  some 
remarks  on,  specimens  illustrating  anomalies  and 
variations  in  the  teeth  of  animals  ;  and  Dr.  Walter 
Kidd  a  second  series  of  lantern-slides  of  sections 
of  the  skin  from  the  palmar  and  plantar  surfaces 
of  mammals. — Dr.  C.  <■.  Seligmann  read  a  paper 
giving,  in  tabulated  form,  the  causes  of  deaths 
amongst  the  mammals  and  birds  in  the  menagerie 
during  1905. — A  communication  from  Mr.  Guy 
A.  K.  Marshall  contained  descriptions  of  the 
species  cf  the  coleopterous  genus  Sciobiue.  The 
genus  comprised  41  species,  of  which  22  were 
described  as  new. — Dr.  Hans  Gadow  read  a  paper 
entitled  '  A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Evolution, 
based  upon  the  Mexican  Species  of  Cnemidophorus.' 
The  main  object  of  the  paper  was  to  trace  the 
correlation  of  certain  variations  exhibited  by  the 
lizards  of  this  genus,  and  the  environmental, 
bionomic  conditions. 


Microscopical. — March  21. — sir  Ford   North, 

V.  1'.,  iii  the  chair. — The  Chairman  announced  the 
death  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Ve/.ey,  the  Treasurer  of  the 
Society,  amostaotive,  useful,  and  valuable  member 
of  this  and  many  other  societies.  Mr.  Wynne  E. 
Baxter  had   been  appointed  Treasurer  in  succession 

to  Mr.  Vezey. — Mr.  .1.  W.  Gordon  exhibited  and 
described  a  new  retro-ocular  or  top-stop  for 
obtaining  dark  ground  illumination  with  high- 
power  objectives,  and  increasing  the  definition  of 
highly  resolved  images  in  a  bright  field. — Mr.  C.  F. 
Rousselet   read  a  paper  entitled   'A  C  ntribution  to 

our  Knowledge  of  the   Rotifers  of  South  Africa.' 

il'iistrating  the  subject  by  lantern-slides  of  the 
Organisms  described  and  of  the  localities  where 
they  were  obtained,  as  well  as  by  mounted 
specimens  under  microscopes. — Mr.  J.  M.  Coon 
exhibited  and  described  a  new  form  of  tinder, 
which  could  be  used  on  any  microscope,  and  by 
which  the  object  registered  on  one  microscope 
could  be  found  on  any  other  ;  it  can  be  used  with 
high  powers.  An  abstract  of  a  paper  by  Mr. 
N.  D.  F.  Pearce,  'On  some  Oribatidffi  from 
Sikkim,'  was  read  by  the  Secretary.  Mr.  Michael 
said  that  absolutely  nothing  had  hitherto  been 
known  about  the  OribatidcB  of  Sikkim,  and  \>i\ 
little  of  those  found  in  the  tropics.  The  wide 
distribution  of  these  creatures  was  remarkable, 
for  in  searching  materials  from  various  parts  of 
the  world  he  had  generally  found  British  Bpeoies 
among  them.  Most  of  those  described  in  the 
paper  were  very  small  and  inconspicuous,  and  it 
was  curious  to  notice  that  most  of  the  tropical 
species  were  on  the  average  smaller  than  those 
found  in  temperate  climes. — A  paper  by  Mr.  E.  M. 
Nelson,  'On  the  Limits  of  Resolving  Tower  for 
the  Microscope  and  Telescope,'  was  taken  as  read. 


nrcnox  or  Crvii.  1  B. 

Sir  Alexandi  r   R    Bii  in   the  i  I 

i       i    i.i  i   i .  ad  w ■■-   ■  1 1  •■    ll  ii  i.  nth 

Africa,   with  I  and 

!  v     *     W.  Mi  thven. 

I  imci-d  that  7  ■'  had 

been  t  ransfi  i  red  to  th<  and  t  hat 

l'_'_'  oand  ad   been  admitted   ai  Stud* 

monthly  ballot   resulted   in  tie 
Mem  -  I  \|.  mbi  i  .  and  2  A 


Rot  u.    Isstitition.      April    2.      sir    James 
Crichton  •  Brovi  ne,   Ti  i  and    V.  P.,   in    the 

chair.- Mr.    W.     A.     Adam.     Mr.     \V.     A.     Rat 

Mr.  .).  I!.  Lightfoot,  Mr.  G.  A.  Moo,.-.  Prof.  J. 
Perry,  and  Mr.  M.  II.  K.  Poser  were  elected 
Mem  hers. 


SoMi.n  oi  Engineers.  April 2.  Mr.  Maurice 
Wilson,  President,  in  the  chair.  A  paper  was 
read  on  '  Harbour  Exigency  Works,'  by  Mr.  Frank 
Latham. 


Akistotei.ian.—  April  2.  Dr.  Hastings  Rash- 
dall,  President,  in  the  chair.— Dr.  F.  B.  Jevons 
read  a  paper  on  ' Timelessneas. '     Assuming  time 

to  exist,  we  have  before  us  the  alternatives  that 
succession  is  the  ultimate  fact,  and  that  past, 
present,  and  future  cannot  coexist  ;  or  that  their 
coexistence  and  mutual  interpenetration  is  the 
ultimate  fact,  and  that  they  only  appear  to  be 
spaced  out  and  distinguished:  or  that  they  are 
ultimately  in  fact,  as  they  are  given  in  appearance, 
at  once  successive  and  not  successive — in  reality 
they  both  do  and  do  not  coexist.  Things  must 
exist  if  they  are  to  coexist,  or  to  succeed  one 
another:  what,  then,  is  that  present  moment 
which  was  preceded  by  the  past  and  will  be  suc- 
ceeded by  the  future,  if  past,  present,  and  future 
follow  one  another'/  It  is,  as  it  were,  a  vertical 
line  having  length,  but  no  breadth  :  one  side  of 
the  line  is  the  past,  the  other  the  future,  and 
between  them  is  nothing,  which  is  the  present. 
And  the  past,  which  is  no  longer,  and  the  future. 
which  is  not  yet,  are,  like  the  present,  non- 
existent. But  if  they  do  not  exist,  they  can 
neither  coexist  nor  follow  one  another  ;  still  less 
can  they  do  both.  If  they  appear  to  do  either  or 
both,  they  do  so  precisely  because  they  are  appear- 
ance and  not  reality.  In  time,  as  Mr.  Bradley 
says,  "  we  are  forced  to  see  the  false  appearance  of 
a  timeless  reality."— The  paper  was  followed  by  a 
discussion. 

Physical.— March  2:?. —Prof .  J.  Perry,  Presi- 
dent, in  the  chair. — Prof.  F.  T.  T  outon  read  a 
paper  'On  Unilateral  Electric  Conductivity  over 
Damp  Surfaces.'— A  paper  on   -The  Construe! 

and  Use  of  Oscillation  Valves  for  rectifying  H 
Frequency  Electric  Currents.'  was   read   by   Pro 
J.    A.    Fleming. — A  paper  on   'The    Use  of    the 

Cymometer    for   the   Determination    of    Resonance 

Curves.'  was  read  by  Mr.  (J.  B.  Dyke. 


MEETINGS   NEXT  WEEK. 


Mos. 

Ti-ks. 


Wbb. 


Geographical,    B.S0.  — '  Recent    Exploration   and    Surrey   In 

Seistan.'Col  E     B    Mi  Mahon. 
Asiatic,  i  -  '  Kapilava  il  u    M         \  o  I 
Colonial  institute, 8.— 'Australian  Immigration.'  Mr.  Walter 

Jam*  v 
Faraday  9— 'Note  on  the  Rotating  Electric  Steel  i"  ■■  pace  in 

!!"•  A  tille  v  Cons!  action  Works,  Tu  in    .\i      I     - 

'  Electi  otln?  mice  o    fron  and  Steel     Mr.   I        t.   K 
Recenl    Dei  elo nts  in  the  Gin  Elei 

Mr.  G         re  Gin;  '  \ o  i  the  '  le  ininj  o    w 

oi  il.    i  Ci     enl     M     II   s  i  ol 

1  lof  l  En  'On  the  Resistance  of  1  on 

and  Stei  I  to  Ren  s,'  l'r.  T.  E.  Stanton 

and  M     I..  Bairstow. 
Zoolo  '•-'    ■   to   -'The  Freshwater  Fishes   ol   the  [stand   of 

'              I          d  on  thel   itlectloii   and  Notes  and  Sketches 
M      ! Guppy,  inn ..'  Mr.  C   Tate  Reran; 

"The  Marini    I  Zaniihar  ami   British   Basi    Africa 

t  "in     Collections     made    bj     <  ■  ol    Crossland    in    i<*'''.': 

llcyoi           P  i  ■  a    v   'i  homson  snd  Mr.  w   D.  II. 
'in  In  Osseous  F    he'.' and  'Xol n  Suiien 

Eye"    Loi      Deficiency   and  Redu]   Ication  of  the  Kotochord 

in  Troul  Kin'.'  ■ ....   |i    .i    r  Gemm  U 
>m  ronomical,  5, 
Japan,  8.30.— ' Bnddhhun  as  We  Find  it  in  Japan,  Prof.  J. 

Tak.ikliMl. 


^ciftttt  (fiossip. 

This  year  Easter  falls  on  the  same  actual 
day  by  botb  the  Julian  and  Gregorian  styles. 
though  the  former  calls  it  the  2nd  of  April, 
and  the  latter  the  15th.  It  is  ten  years 
since  Easter  was  kept  on  the  same  day  in 
Eastern  and  Western  Europe. 

A  com ri.iMKvi  \u\  dinner  was  given  last 
week   iii    Edinburgh   to    l>r.    1?.   N.    Peach, 


IK  '       on    Iii-  r    forty  ' 

i  ore.   the   I 
Scotland.      Dr.  Peach  wan  presented  ■■■ 

an    illuminated   address   and  '    r  a 

.    and    many    tribute 
paid  to  him  . 

lay     Sir     A.     R.    Binnie, 
ident  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En 

will    talo-    thfl   'hair    on    I 

hundredth  distribution  of  certifi 
student,  of  the  Crystal    Palace  Coxnpan 
School  of  Practical  Engineering. 

\i    '    OltlUM.     • 

•iim-t  (e,  1906)  will  enter  the  w<  stern 
part  of  the  constellation  Taurus  next  week, 
moving  towards  the  Pleiades.  It-  brightness 
continue-,  -lowly  to  diminish,  and  is  now  leas 
than  half  what  it  was  at  the  time  of  • 
covery. 

Vol.  I.  (New  Sei  iea  /  of  the 
of     the      Liverpool      Astronomical 
contains  an  account   of  tin-  observatioi 
t lie  eclipse  of  the  sun  last  August,  for  wl 
a  party  of  five  members,  under  the  directioi 
of  the  Rev.   R.  Killip,  proceeded  to  Bui  3 
and  obtained  some  valuable  photographs 
the    corona,    the    sky    clearing    just    befor 
totality.      Mr.     Dickson     wa-  in 

photographing  the  flash  spectrum,  whicl 
he  estimated  not  to  last  more  than  twe 
seconds. 

Xo.   2  of  the   Pultlications  of  the   V 
College  Observatory  contains  a  catalogue  of 
408  stars  within  two  degrei  > 

Pole,     deduced     from     phot'  plates 

taken    by    Prof.     Donner,     of     H 
The  measurement  and  reduction  have   ' 
carried    out    under    the    di  oi     1  >r. 

Caroline  E.  Fur  at  1 

vatory,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
has  been  defrayed  by  a  grant  from  the  Car- 
negie Institution  of  W  No.  1 
gave  those  within  one  degree  of  the  Pole  : 
the  present  includes  their  places,  together 
with  those  between  1°  and  2°.  for  the  epoch 
1888,  with  complete  lists  of  the  pi 
coefficients,  and  the  magnitudes,  photo- 
graphic and  visual.  The  whole  number 
of  plates  from  which  they  are  deduced  is 
twelve. 

FINE    ARTS 


ILLUSTRATED  VIEWS  AT  HOME 
AND  ABROAD. 

The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales. 
Second  Series.  By  T.  Francis  Bunii 
(Werner  Laurie.) — In  this  volume  Mr. 
Bumpus  describes  Canterbury.  York.  St. 
Paul's,  Winchester,  Norwich,  Peterborough, 
Exeter,  and  Wells.  The  complacent  spirit 
in  which  he  has  set  about  his  work  may 
be  judged  from  the  pride  that  must,  he 
says,  be  taken  "  in  the  reflection  that 
foreigners  [fresh  from  Amiens  or  Beau- 
vais.  we  may  assume]  are  enabled  to  derive 
their  first  impressions  of  an  English  minster 
from  Canterbury,"  which  exhibits  features 
calculated  to  surprise,  if  not  shock,  some  of 
us.  Mr.  Bumpus  approves,  too,  the  pulling 
down  of  the  west  front  of  Peterborough 
But  in  spite  of  this  convenient  blind- 
to  some  modern  methods  and  expedients  he 
is  a  very  useful  and  well-informed  guide, 
and  hi-  book  should  be  carefully  read 
before  any  of  the  churches  he  describes  are 
visited. 

Normandy.  Bv  Xieo  Jungman.  Text  bv 
G.  E.  Mitton.  (A.  cv  C.  Black.)— Mr.  Jung- 
man'a  art  is  curiously  complete  within  its 
conventions  :  the  spectator  sees  what  is 
put  before  him  exactly  as  the  artist  feels  it ; 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


427 


his  mastery  over  his  powers  of  expression 
leaves  nothing  to  be  guessed  at  in  his  work. 
The  choice  of  subjects  in  this  book  does  not 
carry  us  far  off  the  beaten  track,  but  we  do 
not  consider  that  of  itself  a  disadvantage. 
The  text  supplies  a  generally  accurate  and 
lively  account  of  the  history  of  the  province 
so  far  as  it  affects  its  connexion  with  England 
and  runs  on  pleasantly  and  discursively  from 
place  to  place.  A  few  errors  occur  :  the  Con- 
queror's thighbone  disappeared  in  1793,  and 
his  epitaph  is  wrongly  given.  Mr.  Jungman's 
many  admirers  will  find  in  the  illustrations 
to  this  well-printed  volume  all  the  qualities 
they  have  learnt  to  expect  in  his  work. 

Normandy  :  the  Scenery  and  Romance  of 
its  Ancient  Towns.  Depicted  by  Gordon 
Home.  (Dent  &  Co.)— The  illustrations  to 
this  book  rank  with  the  best  of  the  season's 
work.  It  is  difficult  to  find  anything  new 
to  write  or  draw  about  such  places  as  Rouen, 
Caen,  or  Mont  St.  Michel,  but  Mr.  Home 
has  been  able  to  find  many  other  subjects 
which  combine  artistic  and  literary  interest. 
The  sketches  of  the  Chateau  Gaillard,  near 
le  Petit  Andelys,  of  the  church  at  Gisors,  of 
Evreux,  of  the  Rue  aux  Fevres  at  Lisieux, 
and  others,  are  very  successful  examples  of 
Mr.  Home's  powers  in  this  direction.  The 
tourist  who  has  seen  the  places  described 
and  illustrated  by  him  has  seen  the  best 
that  Normandy  can  offer,  and  any  one  who 
has  not  seen  them  may  be  recommended  to 
to  take  him  as  a  counsellor,  if  not  a  guide, 
in  the  selection  of  a  new  tour. 

Summer  Holidays  among  the  Glories  of 
Northern  France.  By  T.  Francis  Bumpus. 
(Dennis.) — If  it  were  only  for  the  illustra- 
tions— good  half-tone  blocks  from  well- 
known  photographs — every  lover  of  Northern 
France  and  of  architecture  would  feel  com- 
pelled to  obtain  this  book  ;  but  they  are 
only  one  of  its  merits.  Mr.  Bumpus  under- 
stands his  subject  so  well  that  he  is  able  to 
send  his  reader  direct  to  the  main  point  of 
interest  in  the  building  he  is  describing. 
He  has  a  considerable  feeling  for  the  pic- 
turesque, and  though  he  writes  as  a  High 
Churchman  and  is  keenly  interested  in  litur- 
giological  questions,  yet  his  absorption  in 
them  never  offends  those  not  in  sympathy 
with  his  views.  Some  of  his  criticisms  are, 
we  think,  hardly  justified,  and  are  probably 
due  to  his  preference  for  English  architecture ; 
but  we  agree  with  his  praise  of  many  churches 
generally  overlooked  by  the  tourist.  We  are 
sorry  that  Mr.  Bumpus  has  omitted  to  visit 
such  cathedrals  as  those  of  St.  Omer  and 
St.  Quentin.  We  should  have  been  glad  to 
have  his  remarks  on  them,  and  to  see  them 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  travelling 
public.  This  is  a  book  which  every  one 
about  to  visit  Northern  and  Western  France 
should  read. 

The  Cathedrals  of  Southern  France.  By 
Francis  Miltoun.  (Werner  Laurie.) — Mr. 
Miltoun's  book  is  so  poor  that  one  is  driven 
to  wonder  how  a  man  who  lias  seen  so  many 
important  buildings  can  know  so  little 
about  them.  He  selects  De  Caumont's 
classification  founded  on  ornament,  a  classi- 
fication discredited  before  Mr.  Miltoun  was 
born.  He  seems  unaware  even  of  such  well- 
known  writers  as  Quicherat  or  Gonse,  not  to 
speak  of  Lefevre-Pontalis,  Dehio,  Revoil, 
and  others  who  have  studied  Romanesque 
and  Southern  French  architecture.  Miss 
McManus,  who  illustrates  the  work,  has 
eeded  admirably  in  obtaining  th< 
geni  i    "i    the    lithographic    album 

popular  fortj  j  ears  ago. 

The  Italian  Lakes,  painted  by  Ella  DuCane, 

ribed  by  Charles  Bagoi,  is  one  "i   Messrs. 

Black's  Beries  ol  colour  hooks,     it  contains 

a  profusion  of  views  with  a  great   deal  ol 


pink  about  them.  They  may  possibly  recall 
the  scenery  depicted  to  those  who  have  seen 
it  ;  but  we  can  hardly  think  that  they  will 
do  much  to  give  those  who  have  not  visited 
Italy  any  very  vivid  notion  of  that  peculiar 
charm  which  Creighton  (if  we  remember 
right)  held  to  be  something  beyond  the 
deserts  of  mere  mortals.  Mr.  Bagot  gossips 
not  unpleasantly,  if  with  no  great  indication 
of  profound  historical  research,  about  ancient 
Lombards  and  modern  countesses,  with  an 
occasional  glance  at  Barbarossa  and  Charles  : 
the  lakes  are  rich  in  historical  memories.  It 
is  a  pity  that  the  scheme  of  the  work  did  not 
allow  of  the  inclusion  of  the  greatest  and  not 
least  storied  of  them  all,  the  mighty  Benacus. 
To  use  once  more  a  saying  indispensable  to 
the  critic,  "  For  those  who  like  this  sort  of 
thing,  this  is  just  the  sort  of  thing  they  will 
like." 


THE    BARBIZON    SCHOOL. 

The  process  by  which  a  school  of  painting 
wins  its  way  to  financial  favour  is  very 
curious.  The  new  qualities  that  mark  it 
as  a  school  are  at  first  cared  for  by  very  few. 
As,  however,  these  qualities  are  not  altogether 
incompatible  with  certain  others  that  have 
long  been  regarded  as  admirable,  the  revo- 
lutionary artist  maintains  at  first  a  precarious 
existence  by  producing  work  that  satisfies 
this  conventional  standard  in  such  directions 
as  do  not  clash  with  the  demands  of  his 
artistic  conscience  ;  and  we  may  add, 
though  it  is  an  unpopular  saying  with 
partisans,  that  in  so  doing  he  usually  pro- 
duces some  of  his  finest  pictures — works 
full-blooded,  yet  restrained  ;  and  if  he 
continued  to  produce  such,  he  would  pro- 
bably continue  to  eke  out  a  modest  exist- 
ence. 

But  human  nature  is  not  so  constituted 
— a  man  with  an  idea  rarely  resists  the 
temptation  to  carry  it  to  extremes.  So  he 
neglects  little  by  little,  the  demands  (often 
reasonable  enough)  of  the  world,  and  leaves 
his  work  to  stand  or  fall  by  its  innovating 
idea,  taking  to  himself  great  credit  for  this 
sometimes  rather  disastrous  step  (for  which, 
we  may  say  in  passing,  the  critic  might 
perhaps  take  his  share  of  the  blame  on 
account  of  his  incapacity  to  discern  originality 
unless  it  is  offered  to  him  in  crude  lumps). 
And  now  ensues  a  battle  royal,  and  the  poor 
painter  may  starve,  indeed,  unless  he  find 
a  few  enthusiasts  to  come  to  his  assistance 
with  money  as  well  as  praise.  Extravagant 
attack,  however,  calls  up  defence,  and  by  the 
time  the  artist  is  very  old,  or  dead,  his  innova- 
tions have  been  plausibly  explained,  and 
received  that  verbal  justification  without 
which  no  logical  man  nowadays  will  allow 
his  eyes  to  enjoy  themselves.  Armed  by 
this  permit,  capitalists  begin  to  buy,  and 
the  painter's  actual  demise  speedily  puts  his 
work  on  a  very  different  footing.  He  is 
now  a  part  of  history,  and  every  little  daub 
that  he  ever  executed  is  hunted  out  by 
collectors.  Henceforward  the  limitations  of 
the  artist,  which  the  true  amateur  of  painting 
would  pardon  in  favour  of  his  merits,  are 
themselves  erected  into  virtues,  and  sedu- 
lously observed  as  such  by  a  host  of  imitators. 

Such  was  the  typical  course  of  the  schools 
of  painting  of  the  nineteenth  century  — 
an  age  prolific  of  little  artistic  revolutions, 
each  rather  intolerant  of  the  other  —  and  it 
suggests  that,  the  critical  sense  of  the  public 
has  been  (and.  for  that  matter,  remains) 
rather  immature.  An  intelligent  visitor  to 
our     picture     galleries     would     write     down 

picture-lovers  as  a  windy  and  hysterical 
line,  making  here  a  great  fuss  over  very 
little,  and  again  curiously  blind  to  what  an 
impartial  observe]   would  think  much  more 


interesting.  Critics  might  well  think  about 
resisting  this  blind  homage  to  an  historic 
name,  and  establishing  a  saner  way  of 
looking  at  things. 

To  get  to  the  immediate  matter  in  hand, 
we  submit  that  the  esteem  in  which  Barbizon 
pictures  (of  almost  any  quality)  are  held 
in  England  might  well  bear  reconsideration. 
Some  of  the  members  of  this  school  lived  to 
see,  as  it  were,  in  the  distance  the  time  when 
their  work  would  become  marketable,  and 
were  much  tempted,  realising  the  less  value 
their  best  work  would  have  as  compared 
with  their  most  characteristic,  to  try  to 
endow  any  little  sketch  from  nature  with 
some  of  the  quality  of  the  latter  by  a  little 
artful  retouching.  Hence,  among  the 
smaller  works  of  Corot,  there  are  many  very 
charming  paintings  that  answer  not  very 
definitely  to  the  public  idea  of  what  a  Corot 
should  be  ;  yet  there  are  amongst  the  more 
popular  class  that  fulfil  this  idea  not  a  few 
that  are  merely  dull  and  fuzzy  repetitions 
of  old  themes.  It  is  because  Messrs.  Brown 
&  Phillips  have  in  their  exhibitions  of  modern 
work  displayed  a  flair  anything  but  common 
that,  when  we  find  them  engaged  on  the 
task  of  exploiting  an  outworn  cult,  we  feel 
moved  to  speak  frankly  on  the  exaggerated 
deference  paid  to  every  few  inches  of 
murky  paint  that  have  come  out  of  Barbizon. 

One  might  propose  to  a  critic  a  simple 
conscience  test.  Let  him  imagine  this 
small  canvas  as  it  looked  when  it  had  just 
been  painted  (divested  of  the  slight  charm 
that  years  give  to  pigment),  lying  about, 
without  a  frame,  in  the  studio  of  any  of  the 
half  dozen  finest  painters  known  in  this 
despised  generation.  For  ourselves,  we  are 
constantly  seeing  Barbizon  pictures  that  sell 
at  from  two  to  four  hundred  pounds  apiece 
that  we  should  hardly  rank  as  valuable 
under  such  altered  conditions  ;  and,  indeed, 
without  going  into  such  extremes  in  the 
present  instance,  we  doubt  if  any  one 
accustomed  to  the  use  of  paint,  and  accus- 
tomed to  admire  its  masterly  use,  could  rank 
the  first  few  Corots  in  the  present  exhibition 
as  anything  more  than  very  moderate  and 
rather  dull  performances,  were  these  vouched 
for  as  modern  pictures.  If  is  but  fair  to  say 
that  the  quality  of  the  works  of  this  painter 
improves  as  one  continues  round  the  room, 
till  in  No.  46,  The  Seine  at  St.  Cloud,  we  have 
a  painting  of  infinite  charm.  It  has  all  the 
delicacy  and  softness  Corot  should  have,  all 
the  truth  of  tone  and  harmonious  simplicity 
of  the  Barbizon  School  ;  but  it  has  also  an 
alertness  and  a  deftness  of  touch  that  answer 
to  the  early  morning  feeling  of  the  subject, 
and  that  are  not  always  conspicuous  in  a 
school  that  is  sometimes  a  little  heavy- 
handed  and  dull.  Also,  its  colour-scheme 
is  rather  more  varied  in  its  brilliance  than 
is  usual  in  a  painter  who  often  bullied  Nature 
a  little  to  get  her  into  the  gamut  of  which 
he  was  master — a  painter  who  was  capable 
on  occasion  of  painting  even  a  cornfield  a 
dun  brown. 

If  there  is  a  painter  of  all  this  band  towards 
whose  name,  even  in  a  catalogue,  the  heart 
goes  out,  it  is  the  glorious  Monticelli,  whose 
difficulty  with  Nature  was  never,  at  any  rate, 
that  her  hues  were  too  brilliant  for  him  to 
harmonize.  It  is  disappointing,  therefore, 
that  he,  the  king  of  eolourists.  should  be 
represented  by  one  inadequate  picture  only. 
The  Group  of  Ladies  with  a   Dot/  looks  as 

though  some  painter  that  had  studied  the- 
matter  thoroughly  had  put  himself  to  do  a 
.Monticelli.  The  result  is  what  might  be 
feared  :  he  has  been  driven  to  break  his 
brilliant  pigments  into  smaller  strokes  than 
usual,  but  still  their  contrasts  fail  to  blend 
as  parts  in  one  simple  movement  of  colour 

which  is  the  picture.     We  do  not  mean  to 


408 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


contend  that  Monticelli  oevw  painted  the 
picture, bat  to  point  ou1  that  ha  was  incom- 
pletel]    Ifontioelli   at    the   time.     There   La 

the  MOM  trouble  with  the  Diaz.  PefMM  and 
Cupids  :     it    is    manifestly     Diaz    trying    to 

remember  in  an  uninspired  moment   how 

he  did  better  last  time. 

The   most   successful   example  here  of  the 
task    that     Diaz    specially    excelled    in.     the 

weaving  on  a  tiny  canvas  a  web  of  gemlike 
threads  which  yet  suggest  a  kind  of  trans- 
figured reality,    is   to   be   found   in  Trovon'fl 

Diana.  Nothing  could  be  more  beautiful 
in  colour,  yet  it  is  almost  a  literal  possibility, 
and  shows  how  the  close  study  of  nature  that 
Troyon  practised  gave  him  fresh  weapons 
for  this  sort  of  work.  It  is  unfortunately 
spoilt  to  some  extent  by  a  want  of  nobility 
in  the  design  of  the  figures.  In  the  Depths 
of  the  Forest  we  find  him  again  with  a 
typical  Diaz  subject,  but  not  venturing  to 
push  the  colour  to  the  Diaz  pitch  of  intensity. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  a  nobler  conception 
of  forest  form  than  Diaz  would  have  achieved, 
and  the  draughtsmanship  is  continued 
through  plane  after  plane  of  swaying  leafy 
veils  with  great  firmness  and  a  certain  fluent 
tranquillity.  Of  the  other  pictures,  Dupre's 
The  Storm  and  Daubigny's  Riverside  Town 
win  one  by  their  intensity  heavily  charged 
with  colour,  and  Rousseau's  Mountain  View 
by  its  masculine  construction.  The  Lake, 
Lane  leading  to  Ville  d'Avray,  and  The  Old, 
Bridge  at  Nantes  resemble  good  Corots. 


WORKS    BY    MR.    BYAM    SHAW    AND 
MR.    D.    S.    MACCOLL. 

By    an   irony    of   fortune    we    pass   from 
the  Barbizon  School — whose  greatest  assets 
are    its    modesty   and    harmony   of    colour, 
whose    defect    is    a    certain    unenterprising 
repetition   of   themes   that   have   lost   their 
freshness    to    the    painter — to    consider    a 
modern    artist    whose    work    is    the    very 
antithesis  of  theirs,   who  has  enterprise  in 
abundance    in    attacking    original    subjects, 
who   has   great   powers   of   realization,    but 
whose    sense    of    harmony    is    not    merely 
defective,  but   even,  we  think,  abnormally 
defective,    and    apparently    growing    worse. 
Flora,  the  Earth's  Dressmaker,  is  the  best  of 
the  new  pictures  by  Mr.  Shaw,  which   are 
now  at  the  Dowdeswell  Galleries.     It  shows 
great   power  of  visualizing  an  imaginative 
conception  :    not  a  touch  hesitates,  every- 
thing is  clearly  seen.     Time  may  do  much 
for  tins  picture  in  the  way  of  toning  down 
its  crudity  :    the  paint  may  shrink,   flatten 
out,  and,  as  the  opaque  colour  becomes  less 
opaque  with  age,  give  perhaps  a  little  deli- 
cacy to  these  solid  and  metallic  petals  ;    the 
stream    in    the    distance    (how    exquisite    a 
thing  is  a  stream  in  nature  !)  may  get  to 
look  less   like   basketwork  ;    every   part   of 
the  picture  may  not  have  quite  the  same 
slirillness  of  competition  it  has  at  present  ; 
yet  for  all  its  faults  here  is  the  work  of  a 
strong   man,    and   the   vein   of   imagination 
yields  better  here  than  in  last  year's  Academy 
picture   beside   it,  which   is   by   comparison 
commonplace,    though    again    with    bits   of 
naturalistic  painting  in  it  of  great  ability. 
The  "Prodigal  Son      picture  is  a  mistaken 
excursion    from  the  region  of   painting   by 
colour  that  alone  is  Mr.    Shaw's  province. 
It   is   very  dull,  and  it  is  not  in  this  direc- 
tion that  we  should  wish  to  see  him  develope  ; 
nor  must  a  protest  against  his  want  of  har- 
mony be  mistaken  for  any  wish  to  tame  his 
purples  or  cast  a  shade  over  his  vermilions. 

The  latest  development  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
activity  is  in  the  direction  of  the  ikon,  the 
alleged  religious  picture  plastered  over  with 
precious  stones.     Here  ho  seems  to  us  to 


make  a  deliberate  attempt  to  deprive  the 
beholder  of  the  proper  use  of  his  faculties 
by  a  brutal  attack  on  the  opt  ie  nerve.  It 
is  like  hypnotizing  people  by  making  them 
gaze  at  monotonously  twinkling  lights.  It 
i-  the  true  instrument  of  priestcraft  for  a 
degraded  population  wrought  up  to  hysteria. 
At  the  right  moment  the  priest  has  but  to 
draw  the  curtain  a  moment,  and  the  crowd 
are  convulsed  with  something  between 
ecstasy  and  horror.  Mr.  Shaw's  marvel  is 
terribly  effective  for  this,  useless  for  any- 
thing else  in  the  purely  physical  nature  of 
its  attack. 

In  a  picture  a  year  or  two  ago,  not  quite 
successful  as  a  whole,  an  interior  of  an  inn 
yard,  Mr.  Shaw  did  a  group  of  street  urchins 
with  a  delicacy,  a  humour,  a  power,  that 
made  ono  see  him  as  a  more  gentle  Hogarth. 
Nor  have  there  been  wanting  some  early 
studies  of  half -humorous  pseudo-mediaeval- 
ism  where  was  apparent  the  patience  of  the 
painter  who  works  in  beautifully  finished 
parts,  adding  dainty  colour  to  colour. 
Can  his  power  of  realizing  nature,  moreover, 
exist  without  the  power  of  subordination,  if 
he  cares  to  use  it?  These  things  we  remember, 
and  had  hoped  for  a  painter  of  small  and 
unobtrusive,  but  brilliant  and  beautiful 
things.     Instead  wre  get  sensationalism. 

The  role  of  the  painter  is  so  much  superior 
to  that  of  the  critic  that,  were  any  other 
of  our  conireres  the  author  of  these  drawings 
of  Mr.  MacColl's,  we  should  bestow  our 
blessing  and  beg  him  to  leave  off  writing. 
In  Mr.  MacColl,  however,  we  have  a  writer 
who  is  occasionally  so  suggestive  to  other 
painters,  so  apt  to  throw  out  projects  for 
the  future,  that  we  cannot  afford  to  wish 
ourselves  so  cheaply  rid  of  him.  Nor  do 
we  wholly  criticize  his  drawings  on  the  basis 
of  other  drawings  of  a  like  nature.  Judged 
by  that  standard,  they  would  be  singularly 
satisfactory  :  his  art  is  light  and  certain, 
and  daintily  accomplished  ;  he  eliminates 
with  unerring  tact  those  elements  of  the 
scene  he  represents  that  would  clog  his  dainty 
technique,  without  proportionately  enriching 
the  aspect  of  the  thing  he  wants  to  give. 
No.  13,  Chapel  of  Our  Lady  of  tlie  Waves, 
is  just  how  that  building  might  appear, 
were  it  transmuted  miraculously  into  some 
ethereal  even-coloured  substance  that  should 
throw  into  still  greater  relief  the  daintiness 
of  the  thing.  The  Market-Place,  Honfleur, 
The  Hundred  Masts,  and  The  Riverside, 
Chartres,  are  little  masterpieces  of  easy 
delicacy.  Noting  only  a  certain  inadequacy 
in  dealing  with  one  or  two  of  the  deeper- 
toned  evening  effects,  we  might  continue  in 
this  strain,  were  it  an  affair  of  the  painter 
only. 

It  is  not.  We  are  in  the  position  of 
a  practitioner  called  in  to  advise  an  eminent 
doctor  as  to  his  health.  Doubtless  it  is  his 
business  to  know  himself,  yet  even  the  most 
eminent  physician  distrusts  himself  to  the 
point  of  submitting  sometimes  to  such 
examination.  It  is  our  opinion,  then,  that 
the  roles  of  painter  and  critic  are  in  such  a 
case  as  the  present  interdependent — that  it 
is  from  his  own  experiences  that  the  critic 
derives  profit.  Does  he  bitterly  deride 
another's  mistakes  ?  It  is  himself  that  he 
is  really  deriding.  Does  he  praise  another's 
successes  ?  It  is  a  success  that  he  is  at 
least  promising  himself.  If,  then,  such  a 
man  would  bo  ever  offering  fresh  suggestions 
to  others,  he  must  be  ever  toting  the  value 
of  those  suggestions  ;  to  be  ready  to  supple- 
ment them  or  apologize  for  them,  he  must 
make  essays,  with  however  insufficient 
opportunity,  in  the  highest  branches  of  art 
which  his  speculations  habitually  touch, 
and  establish  a  first-hand  acquaintance, 
howovor     disastrously     in     outward     result, 


with  the  most  difficult  branches  of  the  art 
he  criticizes.  To  do  this  has  a  certain 
reward,  though  not  bo  pence,  and  from  this 
point  of  view  this  collection  of  drawings, 
eloquent  of  so  much  trained  observation  and 
absorbed  industry,  is  yet  a  noble  form  of 
idleness  :  it  is  all  so  well  within  Mr.  Mac- 
Coil's  range.  Still,  no  doubt  he  deserved  his 
holiday  :  there  are  some  more  beautiful 
drawings  in  the  world,  and  ho  has  plucked 
up  fresh  strength.  "  To-morrow  to  fresh 
woods  and  pastures  new.'' 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

The   season   for   excavation   in    Egypt   is 
nearly  over,  and   reports  of  the  work  done 
are  beginning  to  come  in.     In  the  current 
number  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 
Biblical  Archaeology  will  be  found  a  note  by 
Mr.    Ayrton,   with   a   map   and   photograph 
showing    the    site    of    the    tomb    of    Siptah 
lately    discovered,    as    mentioned    in    these 
Notes  (see  The  Atheneeum,  No.  4081),  in  the 
course  of  Mr.  Theodore  Davis's  work  at  the 
Valley  of  the  Kings.     Unluckily,  the  water 
has  got  into  the  tomb,  and  destroyed  some 
of  the  paintings  in  stucco  ;    but   "  a  very 
beautiful  portrait  of  the  king  "  is  said  to  be 
left,  together  with  some  of  the  monarch's 
ushabtis,  and  will  be  published  later.     This 
should  clear  up  all  doubt  as  to  his  identity ; 
but  if  he  should  really  turn  out  to  be  the 
last  king  of  the  Nineteenth  Dynasty,  whose 
Horus  name  was  Kha-em-khebit  (rising  in 
the  North  ?),  it  is  plain  that  Prof.  Petrie  was 
wrong  when  he  said  in  the  last  published 
volume    of    his    '  History    of    Egypt '    that 
Siptah  shared  the  tomb  of  his  consort  Ta- 
usert.  Prof.  Petrie  himself  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  very  successful,  the  site  at  Pithom 
that  he  had  hoped  for  having  been  already 
assigned  to  M.  Jean  C16dat  before  liis  arrival 
in  Egypt,  and  his  work  seems  to  have  been 
entirely    confined    to    Tell     el  -  Yahudiyeh 
(the  mound  of  the  Jew),  summarily  excavated 
for    the    Egypt    Exploration    Fund    by    M. 
fidouard  Naville   in    1887.     That   this   was 
the   site    of   the    schismatic    Jewish   temple 
erected    by    Onias    was    established    by   M. 
Naville,  and  in  his  letter  to  The  Times  of 
March  14th,  Prof.  Petrie  claims  to  have  dis- 
covered the  remains  of  this   temple  itself. 
As  the  same  letter  tells  us  that  the  natives 
have  "  barely  left  the  outline  of  the  founda- 
tions of    the  temple,"   this  is  likely  to    be 
largely  a  matter  of  faith,  and  one's  scepti- 
cism is  not  lessened  by  the  statement  that 
the  proportions  of  the  Holy  of  Holies  are  the 
same   as   those    of   Solomon's   Temple.     Of 
Mr.  Garstang's  excavations  at  Hieraconpolis 
and  Esneh  we  hear  nothing. 

The  excavations  of  the  Fund  at  Deir-el- 
Bahari  have,  however,  this  year  been  very 
successful.  Fully  justifying  the  expecta- 
tion expressed  in  these  Notes  (Athenccum 
No.  408fi),  M.  Naville,  soon  alter  taking  over 
the  direction  of  the  work  from  his  co- 
concessionaire  and  lieutenant  Mr.  H.  R. 
Hall,  came  upon  the  shrine  of  Hathor  with 
the  figure  of  the  gilded  cow  intact,  which  has 
already  been  described  in  The  Times.  On 
this  and  the  future  prospects  of  the  excava- 
tions ho  writes  to  us  : — 

"In  view  of  the  duiiger  to  which  the  shrine  of 
Hathor  and  the  statue  of  the  goddess  would  have 
bees  exposed  if  left  at  Deir  el-Bahari,  M.  Maspero 
has  ordered  them  to  be  removed  to  the  Cairo 
Museum.  The  row  lias  therefore  been  taken  out  of 
the  shrine,  and  the  sculptured  stones  forming  the 
chapel  taken  down  and  cumbered.  The  shrine  will 
then  be  rebuilt  in  the  Museum,  and  the  cow  will  be 
on  exhibition  there  in  a  few  days.  The  shrine  was 
in  the  north  corner  of  the  platform.  We  went  on 
digging  along  the  axis  of  the  building  in  a  wide 
avenue  or  court  having  a  colonnade  on  each  side  of 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


429 


it.  When  we  had  got  as  far  as  the  sixth  column* 
we  found  in  the  middle  of  the  avenue  a  large  granite 
stela  in  perfect  preservation.  It  is  a  royal  decree 
of  Usertsen  III.  of  the  Twelfth  Dynasty,  in  winch 
he  fixes  the  offerings  to  be  made  daily  to  the  two 
gods  of  the  temple,  Amen  and  Mentuhotep.  This 
shows  that  the  temple  we  are  excavating  is  the 
funereal  temple  of  its  builder,  King  Mentuhotep 
Neb-hapet-Ra.  The  presence  of  the  stela  also  shows 
that  we  are  getting  near  the  sanctuary  or  the  tomb. 
In  fact,  the  day  before  we  closed  our  work  we  dis- 
covered, also  in  the  middle  of  the  avenue,  the 
entrance  to  a  sloping  passage  cut  in  the  rock,  which 
must  evidently  lead  to  the  tomb,  and  which  goes 
towards  the  mountain.  Next  year's  work  will  be 
to  remove  the  mound  of  rubbish  which  now  covers 
this  passage  ;  and  as  the  mountain  is  on  the  other 
side  of  the  mound,  this  will  complete  the  work." 
To  which  we  will  only  add  that  the  statue 
in  the  round  of  the  goddess  Hathor  in  the 
form  of  a  cow  here  alluded  to  is  of  course  in 
addition  to  the  fine  bas-relief  of  the  same 
goddess  already  discovered  by  Mr.  Hall. 

Prof.  Sayce  has  also  published  in  the 
number  of  the  Proceedings  last  mentioned 
three  Hittite  inscriptions,  of  which  two 
now  appear  for  the  first  time.  All  of  them 
are  of  more  general  interest  than  most  of 
their  class.  One  of  them  from  Erzerum 
gives,  according  to  their  decipherer,  the 
Hittite  words  for  horse  and  for  chariot. 
These  are  iua  and  tua  respectively,  and  Prof. 
Sayce  is  quick  to  note  the  apparent  corre- 
spondence with  the  Iuaa  and  Thuaa  which 
were  the  names  of  the  father  and  mother  of 
Amenophis  III.'s  celebrated  Queen  Tliyi. 
He  adduces  in  support  the  fact  that  a  chariot 
was  found  in  the  tomb  of  the  pair  discovered 
last  year  (Athenceum  No.  4047)  by  Mr. 
Theodore  Davis,  and  this  has  certainly 
some  value.  On  the  other  hand,  it  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  Iuaa  was  "  superintendent 
of  the  cattle  of  the  god  Min  in  Ekhmim  " 
and  his  wife  a  priestess  of  Amen,  neither  of 
them  appointments  likely  to  be  given  to 
Hittites  or  persons  not  of  Egyptian  blood  ; 
and  that  Thyi's  brother  bore  the  thoroughly 
Egyptian  name  of  Aa-nen.  The  second 
inscription,  which  comes  from  Palanga, 
relates  to  a  "double  gate"  for  certain  gods, 
the  hieroglyph  used  being,  in  Prof.  Sayce's 
opinion,  the  original  of  the  caduceus  borne 
by  the  Greek  Hermes.  The  third  monument 
gives  a  reference  to  "  the  table  on  which  the 
sacrificial  meal  is  represented  in  Hittite 
sculptures  as  being  placed,"  and  Prof. 
Sayce  declares,  on  the  faith  of  a  plate  in 
Perrot  and  Chipiez,  that  this  was  in  effect 
a  communion  table,  made  with  cross  legs, 
at  which  the  deity  was  supposed  to  sit 
opposite  the  consecrating  priest,  and  wdiich 
is  then  represented  as  bearing  six  loaves  or 
wafers,  with  a  cup  in  the  midst  of  them. 
Prof.  Sayce  claims  that  this  was  the  form  of 
the  Mithraic  communion,  and  that  it  can 
therefore  be  traced  back  to  a  Hittite  source. 
It  is  by  no  means  unlikely,  but  it  will 
take  a  good  deal  of  proving.  The  three 
monuments  are  in  the  Imperial  Museum  at 
Constantinople. 

With  this  we  may  couple  a  curious  dis- 
covery communicated  to  the  Academie  des 
Inscriptions  by  Father  Jalabert,  of  Beyrout, 
who  has  found  on  the  road  from  Beyrout  to 
Saida,  in  the  Druse  village  of  Chueifat,  a 
Latin  inscription  to  the  three  great  deities 
of  Baalbek  or  Heliopolis,  under  the  names  of 
Jupiter,  Venus,  and  Mercury.  M.  Heron  de 
ViUefosse,  who  presented  the  inscription  to 
the  Academie,  had  no  difficulty  in  identifying 
Jupiter  witli  Hadad,  and  Venus  with  Atar- 
gatis ;  but  he  was  more  puzzled  with  Mercury, 
and  pertinently  asks  who  was  the  Syrian 
god  with  similar  attributes.  According  to 
Prof.  Sayce  it  should  have  boon  Sandefl, 
whose  emblem  was  the  caduceus  or  "  double 
gate  "  with  the  serpents,  and  who  acted 
in  tho  Lydian  pantheon  tho  part  of  "  Mes- 


senger of  the  Gods,"  assigned  in  Babylonia 
to  Pap-sukal. 

The  long-standing  mystery  as  to  how  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  managed  their  oars  in 
ships  with  many  banks,  such  as  the  triremes, 
has  been  at  last  taken  in  hand  by  the  Hellenic 
Society,  and  a  spirited  discussion  upon  it 
is  now  being  waged.  It  was  started  by 
Mr.  Tarn,  continued  by  Mr.  Cecil  Torr — who 
generally  takes  an  independently  critical 
view  in  such  matters — and  the  last  contri- 
butor to  it  is  Mr.  Anderson.  Many  different 
opinions  have  been  advanced,  but  the  words 
of  Galen,  in  a  well-known  passage,  that 
the  oars,  though  falling  into  the  water  in  a 
line,  were  not  all  of  equal  length,  must  mean 
that  the  upper  banks  had  more  oar  inboard 
than  the  lower  one  ;  and  hence  these  upper 
ones  must  have  been  manned,  like  a  barge's 
sweeps,  by  two  or  more  men  seated  at  the 
same  bench.  As  for  the  three  orders  of 
rowers  (i.e.,  the  thalamites,  zugites,  and 
thranites),  there  seems  little  reason  to  doubt 
that  these  refer  to  the  parts  into  which  the 
ship  was  longitudinally  divided,  the  thranites 
being  furthest  astern,  and  the  thalamites  in 
the  bows.  Only,  as  the  beam  of  the  ship 
must  have  been  greatest  amidships,  it  would 
follow  from  this  that  the  zugites  must  have 
had  more  men  to  each  oar  than  their  luckier 
fellows,  and  of  this  there  is  no  hint,  so  far 
as  can  be  remembered,  in  the  texts.  We 
are  therefore  still  at  a  dead  lock  with  regard 
to  the  question. 

The  quarrel  started  by  Prof.  Seybold's 
attack  upon  our  countryman  Mr.  Evetts 
still  continues,  the  Revue  Critique  of  March 
19th  again  devoting  a  special  supplement  to 
it.  Mgr.  Graffin  is  the  last  comer  into  the 
fight,  and  a  certain  Abbe — or  ex-Abbe — 
Chabot  is  denounced  by  him  as  the  villain 
of  the  piece.  Prof.  Se3-bold  also  seems  to 
have  replied  to  the  attacks  upon  him  that 
he  will  answer  them  in  a  German  publication, 
which,  as  his  French  critics  justly  remark, 
is  pretty  much  the  same  thing  to  them  as 
saying  that  he  will  not  reply  at  all.  The 
quarrel  seems  to  be  spreading,  but  we 
must  refer  those  who  are  interested  in  it  to 
our  contemporary's  pages. 


THE  DENNY  AND  OTHER  SALES. 

Mkssrs.  Christie's  sale  on  Saturday  was  one 
of  unusual  interest,  although  the  late  Mr.  E.  M. 
Denny's  collection  was  not  of  the  highest  quality, 
and  the  total  which  the  62  lots  realized  - 
28,9067.  1  <>.•*. — was  not  big,  as  totals  go  nowadays. 
The  most  important  picture  was  Gainsborough's 
stately  three-quarter-length  portrait  of  Harriet, 
Viscountess  Tracy  (married  in  February,  1755, 
and  died  in  August,  179")).  in  blue  dross,  with 
white  lace  trimming  at  the  neck  and  on  the 
sleeves  ;  and  this  fetched  ti.OOO  gs. — a  considerable 
advance  on  tho  1,5001.  which  Mr.  Denny  paid 
for  it  in  IS!)/).  The  portrait  has  suffered  from 
time,  especially  in  the  ilesh  tints  ;  but  it  is  still 
an  imposing  picture,  and  dates  probably  from 
about  17S4.  The  companion  portrait  of  her 
husband,  Viscount  Tracy,  belongs  to  Lord  Burton, 
and  lx>th  remained  in  the  possession  of  the 
collateral  descendants  of  their  subjects  until  some 
ten  years  ago. 

Tho  most  important  of  the  four  portraits 
catalogued  as  by  Reynolds  was  a  genuine  picture 
of  Nelly  O'Brien  (who frequently  sat  to  Reynolds), 
a  half -figure  in  white  dress,  with  mauve  ribbons 
round  her  waist  and  sleeves,  and  this  brought 
2,500  gs.  Tho  provenance  of  this  picture  goes 
with  certainty  no  further  back  than  the  sale  of 
the  oolleotioD  of  Mr.  John  Gibbons,  of  Hanover 
Terrace,  Regent's  Parle,  who  died  in  1861,  and 
whose  collection  was  apparently  inherited  by  the 
Rev.  B.  Gibbons;  there  can,  however,  be  little 
doubt  that  it  is  the  same  picture  which  was  in  the 
Charles    Mcigh    sale    of   April   2nd,    I860,    when    it 

realized  49  gs.  The  second  "  Reynolds,"  a  portrait 
of  a  lady  in  black  silk  oloak  with  white  lining  and 
large  black  hat,  is  a  portrait  of  a  Mrs.  Molesworth. 


The  present  writer  has  little  doubt  that  it  is  a-- 
ver}'  beautiful  example  of  Sir  William  Beechey, 
painted  under  the  distinct  influence  of  Reynolds. 
It  was  at  Messrs.  Christie's  on  February  28th, 
1891,  when  it  realized  280  gs.,  and  when  its 
authenticity  as  a  Reynolds  was  rery  much 
discussed,  as  it  was  last  week,  when  it  brought 
1,520  gs.  The  third  "  Reynolds,"  a  portrait  of 
Miss  Fuller,  in  blue  dress  with  purple  and  white 
cloak,  and  pearl  necklace,  was  engraved  by  R.  B. 
Parker  in  1876  as  by  Reynolds,  but  it)  is  probably 
the  work  of  Cotes  ;"it  realized  220  gs.  The  fourth 
Reynolds  was  a  portrait  of  a  lady  in  yellow  dress 
and  black  cloak,  and  brought  200  gs."  The  Early 
English  School  also  included  :  F.  Cotes,  Portrait  of 
a  Lady,  in  white  dress  with  blue  scarf,  180  gs. 
Hogarth,  Portrait  of  a  Young  Girl,  in  brown  dress 
with  white  lace  trimming,  155  gs.  Hoppner, 
Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in  white  dress  with  pink  sash, 
520  gs.  T.  Hudson,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in  white 
dress  with  pink  ribbons  and  blue  oloak,  420  gs. 
Lely,  Hon.  Mary  Howard,  in  yellow  dress 
with  grey  scarf,  130  gs.  J.  Lonsdale,  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria,  in  white  dress  with  pink 
ribbons,  130  gs.  Ben  Marshall,  The  Sportsman, 
a  portrait  of  J.  C.  Shaddick,  with  his  horse 
and  two  pointers,  in  a  landscape,  carrying  his 
gun  and  a  pheasant,  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  of  1801,  HOgs.  (this  fetched  205  gs.  at 
Messrs.  Christie's  on  February  28th,  1891).  Sir  H. 
Raeburn,  Portrait  of  a  Lady,  in  grey  dress  with 
white  frill  and  cap,  100  gs.  Romney,  Mrs.  Oliver, 
in  white  dress  and  flowing  head-dress,  seated,  hold- 
ing her  young  child  in  her  lap,  1,250  gs.  This 
realized  720  gs.  on  July  10th,  1897,  and  is  one  of 
two  pictures  which  Romney  painted  of  this  lady. 
A  so-called  Romney  portrait  of  Lady  Hamilton, 
in  pink  dress,  is  not  by  Romney,  nor  does  it 
represent  Lady  Hamilton,  but  it  brought  380  gs. 
It  fetched  90  gs,  in  1S91,  when  it  appeared  in  the 
saleroom  as  by  another  artist,  the  attribution  to  • 
Romney  l>eing  an  "afterthought." 

Of  the  three  water-colour  drawings,  D.  Cox's 
Carthage  :  .-Eneas  and  Achates,  brought  205  gs., 
and  Sir  J.  Gilbert's  Duke  of  Gloucester  and  the 
Murderers,  82  gs.  The  two  realized  165  gs.  and 
100  gs.  at  the  Quilter  sale  of  1889. 

The  Modern  English  School  included  :  Constable, 
Salisbury  Bridge,  engraved  bv  Norman  Hirst  in 
19<»4,  2/700  gs.  (this  cost  Mr.  Denny  1.S00/.); 
Strand-on-the-Green,  400  gs.  A.  C.  Gow,  Was 
Prospects  (Royal  Academy,  1891),  115  gs.  J.  W. 
Godward,  The  Engagement  Ring,  105  gs.  J.  C. 
Hook,  Cornish  Miners  Leaving  Work  (R.A.,  1864),. 
370  gs.  C.  R.  Leslie,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  green 
coat  and  buff  vest,  engraved  by  G.  H.  Phillips, 
135 gs.  P.  Nasinyth,  An  Extensive  View  from 
Mr.  Blackwell's  Harrow  Weald  Common,  with 
figures  and  cattle,  780  gs.  ;  A  Landscape,  with  a 
cottage  among  trees  on  the  right,  a  peasant  leading 
a  horse  along  a  road,  800 gs.  (these  were  in  Mis- 
Elizabeth  Hunt's  sale  in  1890,  and  then  sold  for 
290  gs.  and  260  gs.  respectively  ;  they  were  ac- 
quired by  Mr.  Denny  for  800/. ).  F.  Sandys, 
Valkyrie,  190 gs.  (Leyland  sale,  1S92.  74  gs.).     J. 

Stark,  A  View  oti  the  River  at  Thorpe,  with 
wherries,  cart,  and  figures,  4(H)  gs. 

Modern  Foreign  Schools  :  Rosa  Bonhcur,  A  Group  • 
of  Ten  Sheep  in  the  Pyrenees,  1,020  gs.  (H.  W.  F. 
Bolckow  sale,  1891,  1,260  gs. ).  Madame  Mario 
Dietcrle  (a  daughter  and  pupil  of  Van  Marcke), 
Cattle  approaching  along  a  Woody  Road.  2S0  gs.  ; 
Cattle  in  a  Meadow,  175  gs.  A.  A.  Lesrel,  Con- 
noisseurs, 1 13  gs. 

Probably  the  sensation  of  the  sale  was  provided 
by  the  pair  of  splendid  portraits  by  a  Dutch 
artist  almost  unknown  in  this  country,  Nicholas 
Elias  Piokenoy,  a  native  of  Amsterdam,  where  1" 
was  baptized  on  January  10th.  1588,  and  where  he 
died  between  1653  and  1656.  He  is  well  repre* 
sented  in  the  Rijks  Museum  by  thirteen  examples. 
The  portraits  in  the  Denny  collection  were  t)otb> 
painted  in  1632  :  one  is  of  a  lady  in  black  dress, 
with  gold-embroidered  front,  large  white  rufT,  with 
lace  cap  and  cuffs,  and  the  other  is  the  companion 
portrait  of  a  gentleman  in  black  dress  with  white 
lace  ruff  and  cutis  :  each  is  on  panel.  The  pair  cost 
about     1,2001.,    and    now    brought    3,1(X)    gs.       G. 

Honthorst  was  represented  by  two  works  :  Princess 
Mary  Stuart,  Princess  of  Orange,  in  yellow  dress 
with  pink  bow,  and  William  II.  of  Nassau,  when 

a  boy,  in  pink  and  silver  dress,  each  on  pane],  and 
signed  ami  dated  1639.  They  realised  950  gs.,  and 
had  been  in   the  following  collections  ■  Hamiltoo 


430 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


r.il.i...     lssj       II"  II       P.       Mil.lma\.     1801 

(400ga ),  and  J.  Rostra,  lHSti      •■  U.  Jameaone, 

Ladj    Dnndaa,    in    blank    die—  with   vUtM    raff, 

Bernardino  Lnini,  St.  Catherine  of  Siena 

(lint    -,nt     Ali-V.imlli.l. "    .1-    cal.dngllci,    111    red,    Mile, 

imil  green  dress,  a  (liM-nrat  inn  tnr  an  altarpieoe, 
.'too  gs.  J.  \-'.  Tinabein,  Friulein  Bohmetde,  in 
white  dross  \»  itli  yellow  sleeves,  signed  and  dated 
1799,  120  0. 

The  miscellaneous  propertiea  (which  realised 
ti/.)inth«  aak  included  Little  of  note,  bat  the 
following  in. iv  l«'  mentioned:  Reynolds,  Miss 
Penelope  Bowyer,  in  white  dress  trimmed  \\ith 
ermine,  100  ga  :  M.uy,  Ooantem  da  Ls  Warr,  in 
white  roba,  490  ga.  (vomney,  Lady  Hamilton  .1-  a 
Vestal,  in  white  robe  and  head-dress,  170  gs.  I'. 
Maamyth,  A  Woody  Landscape,  with  cottage  and 
figures,  14.">  gs.  sir  A.  More,  Mr.  Thomas 
1  iham,  I50ga  a.  Canalittn,  Pair  of  Views  on 
the  Grand  ('anal,  Venice,  with  gondolas  and 
fignrea,  340  ga  La  Nam.  aYOompan}  of  Butchers, 
with  an  ox,  130  g&  Three  drawings  by  J.  Down- 
man:  Maty  Isabella,  Daohess  of  Rutland,  in  white 
drees,  her  bah*  Imuml  with  a  Bcarf,  165  gs.  :  Lady 
EL  Oompton,  afterwards  Oonntess  of  Burlington, 
in  white  dress  with  large  oap,  160  gs.  :  Admiral 
Philip  Aflleek,  Dalham,  Suffolk,  in  blue  uniform, 
Kio  ga 

Messrs.  Christie  Bold  on  the  28th  nit.  the  tol- 
lowing  etchings  and  engravings:  After  Rembrandt: 
Peasant  Girl,  by  W.  Say,  351.  :  The  (Jihier.  by  J. 
Dixon,  XL  ;  The  Night  Watch,  by  C.  YValtner. 
XL  ;  The  Syndics,  by  Koepping,  '27/.  After 
Turner  :  Calais  Pier,  by  T.  Lupton,  34/.  After 
Meissonier  :  1S(K;,  by  J.  Jaoquet,  39/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  2nd  inst.  the  following 
drawings:  Adam  Buck.  Mrs.  Mountain  playing  a 
Guitar,  *4/.  K.  Daves.  A  Promenade  in  St.  James's 
Park,  llo/.  J.  Downman,  Mrs.  Broadhead,  in  white 
dress,  with  powdered  hair.  2251.  ;  Mrs.  Ward,  in 
grey  coat,  with  powdered  wig.  84£ 


3fin*-]Vrt  (5os5ip. 

At  the  Fine-Art  Society's  rooms  last 
Wednesday  there  was  a  private  view  of 
Mr.  William  Hole's  water-colours  illustrating 
the  life  of  Christ,  which  we  have  already 
mentioned. 

To-day  is  the  private  view,  at  Messrs. 
H.  Graves  &  Co.'s  galleries,  of  '  Landscape 
Paintings  in  Oil,'  by  Mr.  V.  de  Yille. 

This  year  again  we  are  invited  to  view  an 
Oxford  Exhibition  of  Historical  Portraits, 
which  opens  next  Tuesday. 

Mkssrs.  Duckworth  &  Co.  announce  in 
their  "  Library  of  Art  "  the  '  Life  and  Works 
of  Sir  William  Beechey,  K.A..'  by  Mr.  W. 
Roberts,  who  has  devoted  much  research  to 
this  neglected  painter. 

One  of  the  oldest  representatives  of  the 
Diisseldorf  School  has  passed  away  in  the 
veteran  landscape  painter  Prof.  Albert 
Flannn,  whose  death  in  his  eighty-third 
year  is  announced  from  Dusseldorf; 

The  death  in  his  forty- ninth  year  is  reported 
from  Budapest  of  the  talented  Hungarian 
painter  Alexander  Bihari.  His  genre  pictures 
are  exceptionally  clever,  and  he  also  achieved 
success  as  a  landscape  and  portrait  painter. 

An  elaborate  edition  in  quarto,  printed  on 
Dutch  handmade  paper  at  the  Chiswiok 
Tress,  will  be  ready  shortly  of  '  The  Old 
Stone  Crosses  of  Dorset,'  by  Mr.  Alfred 
Pope.  Monuments  of  the  kind  in  Dorset 
are  notable  and  abundant,  and  the  author 
has  spent  many  years  studying  them.  The 
book  will  include  a  dumber  of  reproductions 
from  photographs  which  have  been  specially 
taken  to  illustrate  it. 

An  important  work,  under  the  title  of 
'Tableaux  de  Maitres  aneiens  appartenant 
a  S.M.rLmpereurd'Allematrne,' is  announced: 
it  is  to  appear  in  twenty-four  parts,  and  will 

be  elaborately  illustrated  with  reproductions 

irom  pictures  in  the  various  royal  residences 


at    Berlin,    Potsdam,   Konigsberg,  and   eaaa- 

wlmre.  The  text  is  in  the  hnnds  of  Dr. 
W'ilhehn  Bode  and  Dr.  Max  l'i  icdhuidcr. 
Many  of  the  pictures  are  well  known,  but 
others  will   be   new    to  the  general   art-loving 

public.  The  Emperor  lent  a  selection  of 
his  French  pictures  to  the  Paris  Exhibition 

of  1900.  The  new  publication  is  to  be 
issued  at  five  miuks  11  part. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Qij:kn*s  Hall. — Bach  Festival. 

The  Bach  Choir  was  founded  thirty  years 
ago  by  Mr.  Otto  Goldschmidt,  and  at  the 
first  concert  (April  26th,  1870)  lie  per- 
formed Bach's  *  Hohe  Messe,'  a  work 
of  which  up  to  that  time  only  one  or 
two  excerpts  had  been  heard  in  England. 
Dr.  Walford  Davies  therefore  wisely  in- 
cluded it  in  the  scheme  of  his  first  Bach 
Festival  held  on  Monday  and  Wednesday 
evenings  at  the  Queen's  Hall. 

The  programme  of  the  first  concert 
included  three  Church  Cantatas.  The 
first  was  li  Erschallet  ihr  Lieder,"  com- 
posed the  year  after  Bach's  appointment 
at  Leipsic,  a  magnificent  work.  The 
brilliant  opening  chorus  is  Handelian  in 
its  direct,  diatonic  character,  but  the 
beautiful  duet  '"  Komm,  lass  mich  nicht 
lunger  warten,"  is  altogether  characteristic 
of  the  Eisenach  master.  The  second  was 
a  solo  cantata  for  contralto  voice,  "Schlage 
doch,  gewiinschte  Stunde."  The  auto- 
graph of  this  work,  impressive  by  reason 
of  its  simplicity,  does  not  exist,  and, 
further,  there  is  only  internal  evidence 
as  to  its  being  Bach's  composition.  Any- 
how, it  is  a  noble  work,  and  the  represen- 
tation of  the  passing-bell  shows  how 
effective  touches  of  realism  are  when 
added  by  a  master  hand.  The  vocal 
part  was  rendered  with  artistic  taste  and 
genuine  feeling  by  Miss  Ada  Crossley. 
The  third  cantata,  also  belonging  to  the 
early  Leipsic  period,  was  "  Liebster  Gott, 
wann  werd  ich  sterben,"  another  inter- 
esting composition.  There  is  a  mine  of 
wealth  in  Bach's  Church  Cantatas — a  mine 
which  it  will  take  Ipng  to  exhaust.  The 
composer,  one  might  say,  wrote  to  order  ; 
in  other  words,  he  was  expected  to  provide 
cantatas  for  the  services  at  St.  Thomas's. 
That  some  of  them  are  less  impressive 
than  others  is  therefore  not  to  be  won- 
dered at ;  it  is,  however,  astonishing  to  find 
among  them  so  many  grand  specimens. 
Bach's  heart  and  soul  must  have  been  in 
his  work.  The  rest  of  the  programme 
consisted  of  excerpts  from  other  cantatas, 
and  the  great  Organ  Prelude  and  Fugue  in 
E  minor,  skilfully  and  effectively  performed 
by  Dr.  H.  1'.  Allen,  organist  of  New  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  The  soloists  of  the  exerting. 
in  addition  to  the  one  named,  were  .Miss 
( ;|eeson-\Vhite  and  Messrs.  Cervase  ElweS 
and  \Y.  Korinirton.  who  all  sang  commend- 
ably  :  their  duties  were  neither  light  nor 
at  all  times  thankful.  The  choral  singing 
was  very  good,  the  tone  in  the  quiet 
passages,  being  of  delightful  quality.     Dr. 

Davies.  conducted  with  all  due  earnestness. 
In   a   serious  programme   such   as   the 


one  jtivt    described,   light,  secular  music 

would    have    been    Out     <>f    place  ■      but     at 

bis.  next   Bach  festival  Dr.  Davies  might 
perhaps      add     a     third     oonoert,      to 

show,   that     the     master    could     not     only 

achieve  the  serious  and  the  sublime,  but 

that   he   could   also    be    blight.    huiuoi< 

and  even  downright  merry,  without  lower* 

ing  by  one  jot  either  bifl  art  or  himself. 

The  second  evening  of  the  Festival  WSS 
devoted  to  the  b  minor  .Mass.  Mention 
has  often  been  made  of  this  great  work,  of 
its  wonderful  workmanship,  its  emotional 
power;  and  it  would  seem  as  if  there  v 
nothing  new  to  say  about  it,  Of  I 
however,  the  works  of  Richard  Strauss 
have  engaged  public  attention,  owing  to 
frequent  performances  of  them  by  Mr. 
Henry  J.  Wood,  and  this  .Mass  comes  like 
a  strong  protest  against  the  aims  and 
achievements  of  the  modern  composer. 
In  Bach  we  have  consummate  skill  with- 
out eccentricity;  in  Strauss,  skill  of  a  high 
order  with  eccentricity.  In  Bach  we  have 
great  boldness,  yet  on  the  whole  respect 
for  laws  and  customs  ;  in  Strauss,  rather 
defiance  thereof.  Bach's  music  is  now 
over  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  old,  and 
some  of  the  solos,  undoubtedly,  bear  signs 
of  age;  but  it  may  be  asked,  How  will 
Strauss's  music  bear  the  test  of  time  ? 

The  performance  of  the  Mass  on 
Wednesday  reflects  great  credit  on  Dr. 
Walford  Davies.  He  is  thoroughly  in 
earnest — at  times,  perhaps,  too  much  so  : 
there  was  everywhere  the  right  spirit, 
though  in  matters  of  balance  of  tone, 
light  and  shade,  and  tempi,  certain  points 
were  open  to  criticism.  On  these,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  necessary  to  dwell.  We 
would  far  rather  speak  of  the  impressive 
rendering  of  the  great  choruses,  particu- 
larly the  "  Cum  Sancto  Spiritu,"  the 
"Credo,"  and  the  "  Sanctus."  The  last 
named  was  given  with  becoming  dignity. 
and  offered  a  notable  contrast  to  the 
hurried  rendering  under  Herr  Wein- 
gartner's  direction  at  Sheffield,  whereby  the 
music  was  robbed  of  much  of  its  grandeur. 
The  Bach  Choir  was  reinforced  for  the 
occasion  by  singers  from  Oxford.  The 
soloists  were  Miss  Gleeson- White,  Mis- 
Ada  Crossley.  and  Messrs.  Gervase  El\\'  B, 
and  Forington,  of  whom  the  second  and 
the  last  were  the  most  satisfactory. 


iHusiral  (Bossip. 

A  SPECIAL  feature  of  the  sixth  concert 
given  by  Miss  Grace  Sunderland  and  Mr. 
Frank  Thistleton,  at  Broadwood's  on 
March  29th,  was  the  performance  of  Haydn's 
'  The  Last  Seven  Words  of  the  Saviour  on 
the  Cross,'  arranged  for  quartet.  They  were 
originally  written  in  1785  for  orchestra  with 
bass  recitative,  to  be  performed  at  Cadi/. 
Cathedral  during  Holy  Week.  The  series 
consists  of  seven  short  movements,  mood- 
pictures,  answering  to  the  Seven  Word- : 
there  are  also  an  introductory  movement 
and  a  final  one,  entitled  'II  Terremoto.' 
"an  example  of  the  tremendous  effects  of 
an  Earthquake,"  as  it  is  described  in  the 
advertisement  of  Tlie  Morning  Chronicle 
for  the  performance  mentioned  below.  They 
were  arranged  by  Haydn  himself  for  string 
quartet.    The  work  was  produced  in  London 


N°  4093,  April  7,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


431 


in  1791,  under  the  composer's  direction, 
apparently  in  the  original  form.  The  pro- 
gramme of  the  final  concert  of  the  Sunder- 
land-Thistleton  series,  on  the  26th  inst., 
will  be  devoted  to  Purcell,  Handel,  and 
Bach,  and  is  one  of  great  interest. 

The  Joachim  Quartet  has  been  giving 
this  week  a  series  of  five  recitals  at  the 
»*>ociete  Philharmonique  de  Paris,  at  each  of 
which  one  of  Beethoven's  last  five  quartets 
was  to  be  performed.  The  final  recital 
is  to-day,  and,  as  already  announced,  Dr. 
Joachim  and  his  worthy  associates  give 
their  first  concert  at  the  Bechstein  Hall 
on  the  2"rd  inst. 

It  is  reported  that  Herr  Wilhehn  Gericke 
is  about  to  resign  his  post  of  conductor  of 
the  far-famed  Boston  Symphony  Concerts, 
and  that  he  will  return  to  Europe.  He  was 
-conductor  of  these  concerts  from  1884  to 
1889,  and  was  reappointed  in  1898. 

The  fourth  anniversary  of  the  death  of 
Verdi  has  been  celebrated  at  Roncole,  where 
the  composer  was  born.  In  his  will  he  left  a 
small  yearly  income  to  fifty  poor  families, 
who,  to  show  their  gratitude,  have  placed 
«,  commemorative  tablet  on  his  birth-house. 
The  cure  of  the  village  and  these  humble 
folk  assembled  in  front  of  the  house,  kneeling 
*nd  offering  prayers,  after  which  the  tablet 
"was  unveiled. 

M.  Leoncavallo  has  gone  to  Spain  to 
study  the  people,  their  customs,and  especially 
their  folk-songs,  before  writing  his  new  opera, 
*  Figaro's  Youth.'  He  hopes  (according 
to  an  interviewer)  "  to  produce  a  work 
which  will  occupy  the  same  place  in  opera 
<,omiqv.e  as  Bizet's  '  Carmen  '  does  in  dramatic 
■opera  "  ! 

A  jury  composed  of  MM.  Vincent  d'Indy, 
■Gigoiit,  Cuilmant,  Tournemire,  and  L. 
Verne  has  selected  M.  Joseph  Bonnet,  pupil 
of  M.  Guihnant  at  the  Conservatoire,  for  the 
important  post  of  organist  at  the  church  of 
St.  Eustache,  Paris. 

The  competition  for  the  Grand  Prix  de 
Rome  will  begin  at  the  Palais  de  Com- 
piegne  on  May  5th,  and  the  result  will  be 
made  known  at  the  Institut  on  June  30th. 

Herr  Wolf-Ferrari's  new  comic  opera, 
*  Die  vier  Grobiane,'  was  produced  at  Munich 
on  March  20th,  and  performed  at  the  Berlin 
Theater  des  Westens  next  day,  under  the 
direction  of  Herr  Bertrand  Sanger.  The 
libretto,  after  Goldoni  by  Giuseppe  Pizzolato, 
was  translated  into  German  by  Hermann 
Teibler,  who  died  suddenly  on  the  very  day 
•of  the  Berlin  performance. 

Madame  Mathilde  Marchesi  de  C  es- 
trone, who  is  still  actively  engaged  in 
teaching,  celebrated  on  March  26th  the 
eightieth  anniversary  of  her  birth.  Sixty 
years  ago  she  studied  under  Manuel  Garcia. 
Madame  Marchesi  taught  singing  for  many 
years  at  Vienna  and  Cologne,  but  since  1881 
has  lived  in  Paris.  Her  daughter  and  pupil, 
Madame  Blanche  Marchesi,  bears  good 
testimony  to  the  excellence  of  her  mother's 
teaching. 

There  is  a  notice  of  Bizet's  '  Don  Procopio, 
recently  produced  at  Monte  Carlo,  in  the 
New  Zcitsrhrift  of  March  21st,  signed  Max 
Pvikoff.  He  speaks  of  pleasing  melodies 
showing  the  influence  of  Mozart,  Rossini, 
and  Donizetti,  but  only  in  a  small  march 
does  he  find  foreshadowing*?  of  the  future 
■creator  of  '  Carmen.'  As  to  the  Italian 
influences  just  mentioned,  he  quotes  from 
a  letter  of  the  composer  (dated  January  1 1th, 
1859)  as  follows  :  "  Sur  les  paroles  italiennes 
il  faut  faire  italien.  Je  n'ai  pas  cherche  a 
me  derober  a  cette  influence." 

The  Beethoven-Haus  at  Bonn  has  recently 
■added    to    its    treasures    the    score    of    the 


'  Coriolan  '  Overture,   which  was  purchased 
from  some  one  at  Weeneu. 

Messrs.  Novello  will  shortly  publish 
1  Programme  Music  in  the  Last  Four  Cen- 
turies,' by  Frederick  Niecks,  Reid  Professor 
of  Music  in  the  University  ot  Edinburgh. 


Sis. 
FkT. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert.  S.80.  Queen's  Hall. 
Sunday  Leapue  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Orchestra]  Concert,  :i,  Queen's  Hall. 
Royal  Choral  Society,  7.  Altieit  Hall. 
Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen  s  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE 

-Mauricette 


Three 
Andre- 


use,   and 

Theatre, 

Picard, 


for 
the 
Mr. 


WEEK. 

Lyric. — Mauricette  :    a  Co?ne-h/  in 
Acts.     From     the     French     of 
Picard  by  H.  B.  Irving. 

In   adapting   for   his    own 
production    at    the    Lyric 
'  Jeunesse '     of    M.    Andre 
Irving    has    adhered,    during    two    acts, 
pretty  closely  to  the  story  of  his  original. 
In    the    third     he     has    ventured    upon 
changes  of  interpretation,  and,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,    consequently  of   conception, 
which  have  the  effect  of  giving  a  some- 
what melodramatic  complexion  to  what 
in  the  original  is  comedy  with  a  suggestion 
of  cynicism.     For  a  change  of  treatment 
there  is  every  warranty.     First  produced 
at  the  Odeon  on  December  12th,  'Jeunesse' 
delighted  during  two  acts  by  the  freshness 
of  its  views  and  the  sincerity  of  its  treat- 
ment.    As  is  too  often  the  case  with  plays 
dealing  with  social  problems,  the  last  act 
failed  to  fulfil  the  opening  promise,  and 
even  left  the  audience  with  an  ill  taste  in 
its  mouth.     In  fact,  the  social  problems 
of  a  world  in  which  institutions  previously 
regarded  as  serious  are  placed  debonairly 
on  their  trial   will  not  always,  or  often, 
fit  themselves  to  the  issue  complacently 
provided.     The    pent  -  up    waters    refuse 
to   trickle   down   the    channel,   but  force 
for   themselves   a    passage   of  their  own. 
Something     of     the      kind     is     obvious 
enough   on  our   own    stage,   and 
itself   in    the    best    work  of  our 
and     Henry     Arthur     Joneses  ; 
'  The    Benefit    of    the    Doubt  ' 
former,     and     '  The     Masqueraders '     of 
the  latter.     With  French  dramatists,  less 
cramped  in  their  efforts  by  the  exigencies 
of  Mrs.  Grundy,  the  difficulty  is  besetting, 
and  the  conclusion  of  a  work  promising 
at  the  outset  is  continually  disappointing. 
A  generation  ago,  in  one  of  his  divinely 
impertinent    addresses    to   his   reader,   in 
which  he  anticipated  the  method  of  Mr. 
George  Bernard  Shaw,  Alexandre  Dumas 
fils  gave  the  sage  counsel,  "  Garde-toi  des 
femmes    jusqu'a   vingt    ana  ;     eioigne-toi 
d'elles  apres  quarante."     That  reasonable 
advice  lias  since  then  gone  out  of  date, 
and  the  love  affairs  of  the  man  of  forty 
years  have  long  been  a  favourite  subject 
with  actor-managers.     Another  decade  or 
so  has  been  added  in  the  present  case  to  the 
years  of  the  amorist,  and  Roger  Dautran 
is,  in  the  original  at  least,  well  over  fifty 
years.     Though  married  to  a  wife  whom 
he  owns  to  be  a  model  of  all  the  virtues, 
he  is  still  given  to  make  love  to  others  less 


asserts 
Pineros 
witness 
of    the 


worthy  of  worship.  Time,  not  Corydon, 
has  at  length  conquered  him,  and  he  is 
down  on  his  luck  when  the  indiscretion  of 
his  wife  brings  him  another  chance. 
Sensible  that  the  house  is  wanting  in 
youth,  she  has  the  evil  inspiration  to 
secure  as  reader  a  bright,  unconventional 
girl,  the  penniless  daughter  of  a  dead 
artist.  The  presence  of  this  being  suffuses 
the  house  with  the  light  of  youth  and  love, 
and,  "  pour  le  bon  motif  ou  le  mauvais," 
suitors  swarm  round  Mauricette.  Among 
them  is  Roger,  whose  experience  and 
pleasing  ways  seize  her  heart.  Madame 
Dautran  soon  learns  the  extent  of  her 
indiscretion,  and  Mauricette,  who  is 
attached  to  her,  and  would  not  wrong 
her,  finds  a  way  out  of  the  difficulty  bv 
marrying  Dr.  Aubert,  a  loyal  and  devoted 
suitor.  Here  the  story  virtually  ends. 
What  is  in  fact  a  species  of  epilogue  shows 
the  triumph  of  the  juvenile  spouse  over 
the  would-be  lover.  Neither  in  the  French 
nor  in  the  English  is  the  termination  very 
natural  or  very  effective,  and  the  best 
thing  that  can  be  said  about  it  is  that  it  is 
of  exemplary  morality. 

The  English  dialogue  is  good,  the  whole 
is  well  acted,  and  the  piece  is  a  success. 
In  the  part  of  the  hero,  played  in  France 
by  M.  Tarride,  Mr.  Irving  shows  more 
passion  than  psychology,  and  carries 
away  the  public  by  his  earnestness  and 
his  energy.  Miss"  Dorothea  Baird  is 
sympathetic  and  fascinating  as  Mauricette, 
a  part  taken  in  France  bv  Madame  Marthe 
Regnier.  As  Madame  Dautran  Miss 
Marion  Terry  gives  still  further  proof  of 
her  incomparable  art.  Mr.  Leslie  Faber 
is  good  as  the  husband  of  Mauricette. 
A  very  warm  reception  was  awarded  the 
performance.  The  lighter  scenes  have, 
indeed,  much  that  is  pleasing.  A  satis- 
factory termination  has  yet,  however,  to 
be  provided. 


dramatic  (gossip. 

'  The  New  Clown  '  was  revived  at  Terry's 
Theatre  on  Saturday  last.  Mr.  James  WeicTi 
reappearing  a.s  Lord  Cyril  Garston.  With 
it  was  given  '  A  Lady  Burglar,'  a  one-act- 
play  by  Mr.  Charles  Brookfield.  In  this  a 
young  lady  with  advanced  views  as  to 
property  is  detected  by  a  barrister  whose 
rooms  she  plunders  during  his  supposed 
absence.  After  a  conversation,  to  be 
expected  in  the  circumstances,  the  relations 
of  the  pair  become  amorous,  and  the  pro- 
perty seems  likely  to  be  convoyed  to  the 
lady  by  means  other  and  more  legitimate 
than  those  she  at  first  contemplated. 

R.  C.  Carton's  one-act  p'ay  '  Dinner  for 
Two,'  first  produced  in  the  spring  of  1903, 
was  revived  at  Wyndham's  Theatre  on  Mon- 
day evening,  when  it  was  played  before' Tlio 
Candidate  '  by  Mr.  Edmund  Maurice  and 
Mr.  Yorke  Stephens.  The  theatre  closes 
this  evening. 

The  first  production  of  '  Dorothy  o'  the 
Hall  '  at  the  New  Theatre  is  fixed  for  Satur- 
day next.  Two  acts  of  this  pass  on  the 
Terrace.  Haddon  Hall,  and  one  in  the  Wat<  h 
Tower,  Rutland  Castle. 

'The  SBOOND  in  Command'  will  be 
revived  on  the  same  evening  at  the  Waldorf 
Theatre.  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  reappearing  as 
Major  Bingham. 


432 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4093,  April  7,  1906 


Thursday,  the  19th  ami.,  ■  fixed  by  Biise 
Lena  Aahwell  lor  reopening  the  savoy 
Theatre  with  'The  Bond  of  Ninon,'  in  the 
cast  of  which  Miss  Beatrice  Terry  and  Mr. 
Vincent  Bternroyd  have  been  included. 

Owing  to  the  indisposition  of  Miss  Violet 
vanbrugh,  the  revival  at  the  Garrick  of 
'  Monsieur  do  Paris  '  lias  had  to  be  post- 
poned until  to-day,  when  it  will  be  played 
both  morning  and  afternoon. 

The  autumn  season  at  His  Majesty's  will 
open  early  in  September  with  '  The  Winter's 
Tale,'  with,  as  has  been  announced,  Miss 
Ellen  Terry  as  Hermione,  and  Miss  Treo  as 
Perdita.  '  Macbeth  '  and  '  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  '  will  follow. 

Miss  Margaret  Halstan  plays  in  '  Nero  ' 
the  part  of  Acte  created  by  Miss  Dorothea 
Baird,  whose  part  at  the  Lyric  we  notice 
above. 


MISCELLANEA 


CHAUCER     BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

There  recently  came  into  my  possession 
a  copy  of  John  Stow's  edition  of  Chaucer 
(1561)  which  is  in  several  respects  of  special 
interest.  The  book  is  a  very  large  copy 
(measuring  13,'V  by  9  inches),  with  some 
edges  uncut.  It  is  in  the  original  oak 
boards,  which  are  much  worm-eaten,  and 
still  have  the  greater  part  of  the  leather  with 
which  they  were  covered.  On  the  back  of 
the  title,  in  a  neat  Elizabethan  hand,  is  the 
passage  from  the  peroration  to  '  The  Persones 
Tale,'  in  which  Chaucer  mentions  his  principal 
works,  apologizes  for  whatever  may  be  amiss 
in  them,  and  prays  for  grace  to  bewail  his 
"  giltes."  This  passage  does  not  appear  in 
the  text  of  the  book,  because  it  is  not  in  the 
manuscript  used  by  the  printers  of  the  early 
folios.  On  the  last  leaf  there  is  a  note  in  a 
different  hand  : — 

"  Geffry  Chaucer  dyed  25  of  October  1400  aged 

72  yearea  and  lyes  buriede  in  Westni.  Abbey 

Afterwards  Mr.  Nicholas  Brigham  1555  added  this 
inscription  <  n  his  tombe,  '  Qui  fait  Angloruni 
vateff,' "  &c. 

A  third  note,  dated  1807,  is  by  W.  H. 
Coldwyer,  of  Bristol,  who  surmises  from  the 
manuscript  entries  noted  above,  and  from 
the  fact  that  the  initials  I.  S.  are  stamped 
on  the  sides  of  the  book,  that  this  was  Stow's 
own  copy.  "  It  has  been  in  my  family 
almost  two  centuries,"  says  Mr.  Goldwyer, 
"and  belonged  to  Henry  Dudley,  Vicar  of 
Broad  Hinton,  Wilts,  about  the  year  1670, 
my  maternal  grandfather." 

Though  I  do  not  believe  that  the  writing 
is  Stow's,  as  Mr.  Goldwyer  supposed,  it  is 
pleasing  to  think  that  this  may  have  been 
the  editor's  own  copy.  This  theory  receives 
some  support  from  the  initials  I.  S.  and 
from  the  fact  that  the  copy  belongs  to  an 
early  issue. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  introductory 
leaves  vary  in  different  copies  of  the  1561 
edition  of  Chaucer.  There  are  two  entirely 
different  title-pages  :  one  with  a  large  cut 
of  Chaucer's  arms  in  the  centre,  the  other 
with  a  picture  of  a  king  in  Council  at  the 
top.  Copies  differ  also  as  regards  the 
'  Prologue,'  some  having  woodcuts  of  the 
characters,  and  others  not.  These  woodcuts, 
which  are  much  wrorn,  are  identical  with 
those  in  Pynson's  edition  of  '  The  Canter- 
bury Tales,'  1526.  By  1561  several  of  the 
blocks  appear  to  have  been  lost,  because 
some  are  made  to  do  duty  for  more  than 
one  character ;  for  example,  the  Wife  of 
Bath  is  represented  by  the  picture  of  the 


Prioress  !  For  this  reeaon,  and  because  the 
blocks  inuat  have  seemed  somewhat  primith  0, 
it  was  evidently  decided,  after  a  few  copies 
of  the  leaves  had  been  struck  off,  to  dispense 
with  illustrations.  The  saving  of  space 
caused  the  number  of  introductory  leaves 
to  bo  reduced  from  fourteen  to  ten  :  the 
bulk  of  the  volume  is  uniform  in  all  copies. 
If  the  title  with  Chaucer's  anus  is  called  A, 
the  title  with  the  king  in  Council  B,  the 
introductory  leaves  with  the  woodcuts  C,  and 
the  leaves  without  them  D,  the  combina- 
tions usually  found  are  A  +  D  (by  far  the 
commonest)  and  B-j  C  ;  these  are  the  forms 
described  in  the  1893  catalogue  of  the 
Grolier  Club.  The  fine  copy  in  the  Gren- 
ville  Library  and  the  copy  in  the  King's 
Library  in  the  British  Museum  are  examples 
of  A  -f  D  ;  while  the  third  copy  in  the  Museum 
is  B-f-C.  It  is  interesting  to  find  that  there 
exist  copies  with  the  other  possible  combina- 
tions, and  copies  which,  from  their  condition, 
have  clearly  not  been  "  made  up."  Mr. 
Hoe  has  a  large  copy  with  the  title  of  the 
king  in  Council,  and  the  '  Prologue '  without 
the  woodcuts  (i.e.,  B  +  D)  ;  while  the  copy 
now  before  me  is  the  only  example  I  can 
trace  with  the  title  with  Chaucer's  arms  and 
the  '  Prologue  '  with  the  woodcuts  (i.e., 
A-f  C).  George  A.  Aitken. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  F.  H.  X.— J.  L— s.  E.  w.— 
J.  L.  W.— A.  C.  B.— Received. 

S.  S. — Books  received. 

J.  S.  P.  T. — Controversy  closed. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books.' 


T 


H     E 


A     T     H     E     N     JE     U     M. 


SCALE  OF  CHARGES  FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

£    s.    d. 

5  Lines  of  Pearl 03B 

75 ,      (Half-Column) 1  16    0 

A  Column 3    3    0 

A  Page        990 

Auctions  and  Public  Institutions,  Five  Lines  4.«.,  and  Sd.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  beyond. 

IX  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  BE  TAKEN  To  MEASURE  EKUil 

RULE   TO   RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  30s. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS. 
The  Athenaeum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C 


H     E 


A     T     H     E     N     JE     U     M, 


Is 

of  f 
Six 

and 
Tnv. 


A1h 


PRICE  THREEPENCE, 

pnbli-hi;d  every  FRIDAY  In  time 'or  the  Afternoon  Mnile.  Term* 
uliwriplion,  tree  by  i«.st  to  :•!!  parts  or  the  Diiited  Kingdom  :  Foi 
Months.  7*.  W.  ;  for  Twelve  Mulitlw,  15.-.  3d.  Fur  the  Continent 
nil  plncc*  within  the  1'ontRl  Union  :  Fi.r  Six  Months.  :u.  ;  for 
he  Months,  1^.,  coiuiuoncblg  from  any  date,  uujnUe  in  advance U 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS. 
i  "ffi<-»  Dmiiii'i  RnitiKnpi   eh it  T«n«.  Tnmlon   E.C 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Pac.k 

Authors'  Agents       410 

Bell  A  sons 432 

Catalogues        410 

Chatto  &  Wixnrs 436 

Dent  &  Co 435 

Education  tt 409 

Exhibitions       409 

Financial  Review 435 

Griffin  A  Co 433 

Heinemann         411 

Hurst  &  BLACKEST 412 

Macmii.i.an  &  CO 412 

Magazines,  &a 4U 

Miscellaneous 409 

mudie's  Library       411 

Murray ..      ..434 

Newspaper  Agents 410 

Nitt  4.4 

GRANT  Richards        ^        ..        ..412 

Kales  nv  Auction       ..       ..        ..410 

Sisi.ey  A  Co ,       ..  4:;;. 

Situations  Vacant 409 

Situations  Wanted    ., 409 

Surgical  aid  society       4..1 

Type-writers    ..       ..       ..       .»       410 


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T 


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THE    MEMOIRS    OF    COUNT    GRAM- 

MOXT.     By  ANTHONY  HAMILTON. 

DOX  JUAN.     By  Lord  Byron. 

THE  LIFE  OF  BEAU  NASH.    By  Oliver 
goldsmith. 

SILAS  MARNER.     By  George  Eliot. 
DECISIVE  BATTLES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

By  Sir  EDWARD  CREASY. 

THE    DEVIL  ON    TWO    STICKS.      By 

ALAIN  RENE  LK  SAGK. 

SHERIDAN'S    PLAYS.      By  Richard 

BKINsLKY  SHERIDAN. 

OLIVER  TWIST.     By  Charles  Dickens. 

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THE  ATHENJEUM 

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No.  4094. 


SATURDAY,   APRIL    14,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPEBf 


R;0  Y  A  L        LITERARY         FUND 
(For  the  Assistance  of  Authors  and  their  Families!. 
Mia  Excellency  the  Hon.  WHUTELAW  REID,  American  Ambassador, 
Will  take  the  Chair 
At  the  118th  ANNIVERSARY, 
At  the  WHITEHALL  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLE. 
On  THURSDAY,  May  10,  at  7  for  7.30  p.m.  precisely. 
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"Public,  and  the  Committee  earnestly  invite  donations  in  aid  of  the 
work  of  the  Fund. 

Early  replies  (before  APRIL  30)  arc  respectfully  requested  from 
Ixidies  and  Gentlemen  invited  to  be  Stewards.  Acceptance  of  a 
stewardship  does  not  involve  any  obligation  beyond  that  mentioned 
.'an  the  invitation,  nor  does  it  necessarily  entail  attendance  at  the 
Dinner.    Donations  will  be  gratefully  acknowledged  by  the  Secretary, 

A.  LLEWELYN-  ROBERTS. 
40,  Denison  House,  298,  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road,  S.W. 


exhibitions. 


OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING   EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
■traits  bv  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 
Ll  SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

THE  NEW  DUDLEY  GALLERY,  169, 
Piccadilly.  W.,  is  NOW  AVAILABLE  for  EXHIBITIONS  of 
WORKS  of  ART.  ARTS  and  CRAFTS.  Ac.  It  is  on  the  ground 
rfloor,  top-lighted,  and  in,  perhaps,  the  best  position  in  Euroiie. — 
Artists  and  Secretaries  of  Societies  should  write  for  vacant  ilates 
.and  Terms  to  the  SECRETARY,  New  Dudley  Gallery,  169,  Picca- 
dilly. W. 


Iproiritont  Institutions. 


N 


E    W    M    A    N  '  S 


TRUST. 


For  the  Benefit  of  Unmarried  Daughters  of  Retail  Booksellers. 

In  connexion  with  the 

BOOKSELLERS'  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

The  sum  of  49(.  15«.  is  now  available  for  apportionment  under  the 

terms  of  the  Will  of  the  late  Mrs.  FRANCES  ELIZABETH  LAYTON, 

and  the  Hoard  of  Directors  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  from 

rersons  who  may  be  duly  qualified  under  the  rules. 

Applicant*  must  be  DAUGHTERS  OF  RETAIL  BOOKSELLERS, 
as  defined  below,  who  are  sixty  years  of  age  anil  upwards ;  also 
Daughters  of  Retail  Booksellers  who  are  under  that  age,  and  whom 
the  Board  consider  to  be  in  necessitous  circumstances. 

The  term  ™  Retail  Bookseller "  shall  be  taken  to  comprise  every 
Principal  who  shall  have  carried  on  in  Great  Britain  or  Ireland  the 
«ale  of  books  by  retail  as  a  i>art  of  his  business. 

Application  forms  and  copies  of  the  rules  may  be  obtained  bv  sending 
stamped  and  directed  envelo]>e  to  the  Secretary. 
n***  MR. "GEORGE  LARNER, 

Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  28,  Paternoster 
Row,  London. 


T 


HE    BOOKSELLERS'     PROVIDENT 

INSTITUTION. 

Founded  18H7. 

Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

Invested  Capital,  30.000/. 

A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 

Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 

A  young  innn  or  woman  of  twenty-five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 

■Guineas  (or  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 

participate  in  the  following  advantages : — 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exists. 

SECOND.  Permanent  Relief  in  old  Age. 

TIIIKD.  Medical  Advice  bv  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  [Abbots  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire! for  aged  Members,   with  garden  produce,  coal,  and    medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  bouse  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

lor  the  use  of    Members  and  their  families  for    holidays  or    during 

convalescence. 

SI  XTll.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children. 

EIGHTH.   The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  l>enefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information   apply  to    the    Secretary    Ma.    GEORGE 
LARNER.  2K,  Paternoster  Row.  E.C 

NKWSVEN  DORS'    BENEVOLENT    AND 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1839. 
Funds  exceed  25,0001. 
•Office  :  Memorial  Hall  Buildings,  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.C. 
Patron  : 
The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  KG.  K.T. 
President: 
The   LORD   GLENESK. 
Treasurer : 
THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 
w.  wilkie  JONES,  Secretary. 


(Rbucational. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  MA  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felir  ,Srh<wl.  Southwoldl.  Hefereooss:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  London  .  Tin   Master  of  Peterhoue,  Cambridge, 

FOLKESTONE.  —  WOODLANDS  PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOL  Individual  Teaching.  —  Rev.  II  T  J  OOOOIN, 
MA  .Cantab.,  formerly  House  Master,  University  College  School, 
Loudon. 


BEDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London  I, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET    W. 
The  EASTER  TERM  begins  on  THURSDAY.  April  26,  1906. 
The  College  provides  instruction   for  Students  preparing  foi    the 
University  of    London    Degrees    in   Arts.   Science,  and    Preliminary 
Medicine  ;  also  instruction  in  subjects  of  General  Education. 
There  is  a  Hygiene  Department  and  an  Art  School. 
Student*  can  reside  in  the  College. 

ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

ONE  CLIFT-COURTAULD  SCHOLARSHIP  IN  ARTS.  Value 
31/.  10s.  First  Year,  2S7.  7s.  Second  and  Third  Years  -, 

ONE  PFEIFFKR  SCHOLARSHIP  IN  SCIENCE.  Annual  value, 
48/.,  tenable  for  Three  Years  ; 

ONE  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIP  in  ARTS,  annual  value  40/., 
tenable  for  Three  Years  ; 

ONE  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIP  in  SCIENCE,  annual  value  60/., 
tenable  for  Three  Years  ; 

Will  be  awarded  on  the  results  of  Examination  to  be  held  in  JUNE. 

Full  particulars  on  application  to  the  PRINCIPAL,  Department  for 
Professional  Training  in  Teaching. 

Students  are  admitted  to  the  Training  Course  in  October  and 
January. 

The  Course  includes  full  preparation  for  the  Examinations  for  the 
Teaching  Diplomas  granted  by  the  Universities  of  London  and 
Cambridge. 

TWO  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  221.  10s..  and 
one  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  20/..  will  be  offered  for  the  Session 
licginning  OCTOBER,  1906.  Candidates  must  hold  a  Degree,  or  an 
equivalent. 

Applications  should  reach  the  HEAD  of  the  TRAINING  DEPART- 
MENT not  later  than  JULY  2,  1906. 

ST.       THOMAS'S      HOSPITAL, 
ALBERT  EMBANKMENT,  S.E. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 
The  SUMMER  SESSION  will  COMMENCE  on  APRIL  18. 
The  Hospital  occupies  one  of  the  finest  sites  in  London,  and  contains 
602  lieds,  of  which  aliouc  540  are  in  constant  use. 

Entrance  and  other  Scholarships  and  Prizes  itwenty-six  in  number), 
of  the  value  of  more  than  500/.,  are  offered  for  competition  each  year. 

Upwards  of  sixty  resilient  and  other  appointments  are  open  to 
6tuuents  after  qualification. 

A  Students'  Club  forms  part  of  the  Medical  School  Buildings,  and 
the  Athletic  Ground,  nine  acres  in  extent,  situated  at  Chiswick,  can 
be  reached  in  forty  minutes  from  the  Hospital. 

A  Prospectus,  containing  full  particulars,  may  lie  obtained  from  the 
undersigned. 

J.  H.  FISHER.  B.S.Lond.,  Dean. 
G.  Q.  ROBERTS,  M.A.Oxon.,  Sec. 

QT.  MARY'S  HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  SCHOOL, 

kJ  PADDINGTON,  W. 

(University  of  London.) 

The  SUMMER  SESSION  will  BEGIN  on  APRIL  24. 

The  Medical  School  provides  complete  Courses  of  Instruction, 
PRELIMINARY  SCIENTIFIC.  INTERMEDIATE,  and  FINAL, 
under  Recognized  Teachers  of  the  University  of  London,  in  prepaxa- 
tion  for  the  Medical  Degrees  of  the  Universities  and  for  the  Diplomas 
of  the  Conjoint  Board.  SIX  ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS  in 
NATURAL  SCIENCE,  vnlue  145Z.  to  52/.  10s..  will  be  COMPETED  for 
in  SEPTEMBER.     Students  joining  in  April  are  eligible. 

For  Calendar  and  full  particulars  apply  to  the  DEAN. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal.  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

GOTH  A,  GERMANY.— Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRL8  And  LADIES,  also  small  BOYS,  in  the 
houhe  of  Fraulein  METZEKOTH  (Diploma),  13,  Waltershftaserttr.. 
GotiUL  Recommended  >>y  first-class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages:  languages,  Music,  opportunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  41.  10a.  per  month. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  "f  SCHOOLS  for  1IOVS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in   England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  OARBITAS,  TURING  &  CO.. 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  ."*>.  Sackvillc  Street.  London,  W. 


Situations   Vacant. 


p   s   w   i   c   H 


SCHOOL. 


HEAD  MASTERSHIP. 

The  GOVERNORS  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MASTER  »f  this  school,  vacant  at  the  end  of  the  Second  Term, 
1906.  The  M:istcr  must  lie  a  Graduate  of  some  University  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  the  British  Possessions.  He  need  not  be  in  Holy  Orders 
The  following  arc  the  emoluments  of  the  Office:  — A  fixed  yearly 
Stipend  of  Ton?.,  a  Capitation  Pee  of  M.  a  Boy  on  the  nuniNr  of  Pupil's 
over  100.  the  use  of  the  School  House  and  Boarding  House  (forming. 
l»rt  of  School  Boildingll :  and  he  will  !>c  allowed  to  receive  Boarders 
lac-ommodation  for  aliout  40'.  The  School  is  capable  of  providing  for 
if  l.  .i-t  oi«i  Boys.  Present  number,  181.  In  addition  to  the  [ordinary 
class  rooms,  it  poaaessei  new  Chemical  and  Physical  Laboratories, 
i.Miniasiiim.  and  Swimming  Rath,  and  a  Cricket  Field  adjoining  the 
School.  Population  of  Ipswich,  about  70,000.— Applications  of  Candl 
dates,  with  copies  of  Testimonials  fnol  originals,  until  asked  fort,  to  be 
forwarded,  on  or  before  MAY  IS,  to  tin  undersigned,  of  whom  further 
particular!  can  be  procured.     No  ninvassing  permitted. 

S.  A.  NoTi  ITT.  Solicitor,  Clerk  to  the  Governor*. 

9,  Museum  8treet,  Ipswich,  April  S,  1908. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
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obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
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AM1KNS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU  SI  It  MER.  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
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CARLO,  NANTES.  NICE.  PAltIS  ,Est.  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL.  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  II.  SMITH  &  SON.  '21*.  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI    LIBRARY.  23*.    ltue  de  Rivoli. 


T3IRKENHEAD   EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 

GIRLS  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  AND  PUPIL-TEACHER 
CENTRE. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  is»ition  of  HEAD  MISTRESS  of 
the  GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL,  to  be  owned  at  Midsummer 
next,  and  to  which  will  be  attached  a  Girls'  Pupil-Teacher  Centre. 
Commencing  Salary  2507.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
151.  to  .1*25?.  i>er  annum. 

Canvassing  Members  of  the  Committee  will  l>e  considered  a  dis- 
qualification. Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  the 
appointment,  together  with  a  Form  of  Application,  which  must  be 
returned  by  APRIL  30,  may  be  obtained  from 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 
Town  Hall,  Birkenhead,  April  4,  1906. 


UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


rpHE 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  appointment  of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  FRENCH,  which  will  ln-come  vacant 
on  OCTOBER  l,  1906.  Salary  -200?.  Preference  will  be  given  to  a 
University  Graduate  s*>eaking  French  and  English,  and  with  a 
knowledge  of  French  Literature  and  Romance  Philology.— Copy  of 
the  Prospectus  in  Arts,  showing  the  present  Classes  iti  French,  may 
be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR,  by  whom  applications  for  the 
appointment  will  be  received  up  to  APRIL  30. 


R 


OYAL   HOLLOWAY   COLLEGE, 

ENGLEFIELD  GREEN,  SURREY. 
The  Governors  will  shortly  ainioint  a  Lady  as  the   Senior   Staff 
Lecturer  in  GERM  AN.  who  will  be  expected  to  come  into  residence 
in    October.— Applications    should    be    sent  by  APRIL  19  to  THE 
PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  further  information  can  be  obtained. 


B 


EDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

(University  of  London), 

YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 

The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LADY*  as  SECRETARY* 

Applications,    with    Testimonials,    to    be   sent    by    MAY    4    to    the 

SECRETARY',  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 


c 


I  T  Y 


0  F 


SHEFFIELD. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
TECHNICAL    SCHOOL    OF    ART. 
MODELLING  MASTER  REQUIRED  to  give  instruction  on  Four 
Days  and  Four  Evening  a  Week.     Salary  175".  |<er  annum. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  may  he  obtained  on  application  to  the 
undermentioned,  should  be  returned  not  later  than  APRIL  30,  IMS. 

JNO.  F.  MOSS.  Secretary. 
Education  Office,  Sheffield. 


T 


Situations   Mantfb. 

0  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 

MENT  WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
M8S.  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling,  Indexing, 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum,  Ac.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature. —  ERNEST  A. 
Vl/.ETELLY,  IS,  Southampton  Buildings.  Chan -cry  Lane,  W.c. 

A     GENTLEMAN  desires  ENGAGEMENT  as 

A  PRIVATE  SECRETARY,  or  in  some  similar  capacity.  I'ni- 
renity Honour  Man.  Good  knowledge  of  Literature.  Politics,  and  Law. 
Fair  Knowledge  of  French  and  German.  Has  had  several  years' 
experience  of  Secretarial  Work  Would  not  object  to  going  Abroad  — 
Box  1102,  Athenamm  Press.  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


LADY  (35)  seeks  RE-ENUACEMKNT  as 
SECRETARY  or  CONFIDENTIAL  CLERK.  Experienced 
Shorthand  Typist,  Card  Index.— Box  HOS,  Athenaeum  Press,  13, 
Bream's  Buildings,  chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

A  S     SECRETARY    or     FOREIGN     CORRK- 

A  \  BPONDENT- LADY  desires  AFTERNOON  EMPLOYMENT, 
in  Literary  capacity  preferred.  Qualified  shorthand  Typist,  «o«d 
French  ami  German  Experienced—  Box  1108,  Athrnaiiin  Press, 
Bream  s  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E  C. 


TO  EDITORS.— HORTICULTURAL  WRITER 
dMtrw  COMMUNICATION;  Bright,  seasonable  Note*,  Illus- 
trations. Answers  to  Correspondents,  se.  Term*  moderate.  — Address 
.in.  8,  Reperton  Road,  Putnam,  s.w. 

C1ENTLEMAN,  long  resident  abroad,  knowing 
~X  Public  Galleries  of  Continent  and  Private  Oolta  t  ions  of  England, 
desires  RESEARCH  WORK.  Strict  accuracy.  Would  take  post. 
Not  afraid  of  work.  -11..  Box  1 1"7,  Atheiianmi  Press,  13,  llrc-uu  * 
Buildings,  (  hanecry  Lane,  E.C. 


438 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


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N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


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R. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 
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of  important  MODERN   PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late 
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ALICE  and  CLAUDE   ASKEW,  Authors  of 
4  Shulamite,'  '  Anna  of  the  Plains,'  Ac. 

UNDER  THE  ARCH  OF  LIFE.    By 

LADY  HENRY  SOMERSET. 

THE   WHITE   HAND.     By   Carl 

JOUBERT,  Author  of  '  Russia  As  It  Really 
Is,'  &c. 

THE    DRAKEST0NE.      By   Oliver 

ONIONS,  Author  of  'The  Odd-Job  Man,'  Ac. 

IN    SILENCE.    By  Mrs.  Fred 

REYNOLDS,  Author  of  '  A  Quaker  Wooing,' 
&c. 

HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited, 
182,  High  Holborn,  W.C. 


T.   FISHER    UNWIN'S 
LIST. 


HAECKEL:  His  Life  and  Work. 

H)   WII.IIKI.M    BdLACBI       Vfnh  »  Coloured  rrontit- 
j.--'.    ui'l  If  oUn-r  llliu»lrAti'>n«.      I>einr  *t«,  IV  net- 
work  lrK-<-i   Jl\»-  kH  •  mrcr  from   boyhood  to 
Ml    fetal   <U>-    of    ronw-ovrmy   urn]    world-aide    f.nv, 
dialing    fully    aiUi    hi*   KtoaUAe     raaWKfejM    ,. 
ariUi.jr- 

SIR  HENRY  IRVING  :  a  Biography. 

By   PERCY    riTZOmiLD.       With    a    PhoU,jrr:,nir» 
Frontispiece   and    ti   other    Illustration*.       Den 

ir>.  m.  Mt 

"There  are  few  thiujr»  inore  entertaining  in  modrni 
literature  than  the  lifo  of  n  ureal  actor  well  Voti.  To 
that  category  belongs  the  biography  nf  the  late  Mir 
Henry  Irvine  A  full,  sympathetic,  and  aell-written 
biography. "—  Tribune. 


THE  HISTORY  OF  CO-OPERATION 

By   G.   J.    HOLYOAKE,    Author  of   '  B»^ 
Remembering,'  Ac.     Illustrated.        I    rou.    demy  bro, 
ZW 

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appears  In  the  April  1  nAependeiU  Review.    (i«.  6tL  net) 


ARISTOTLE'S  THEORY 

OF  CONDUCT. 

By  THOMAS  MARSHALL,  M.A.    21».  net. 

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{April  23. 

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THE  WELSH  PEOPLE. 

Chapters  in  their  Origin,  History,  Laws, 
Language,  and  Literature. 

By   DAVID    BRYXMOR    JONES,    Ml'.,   and   JOHN 
RHYS.     Cheap  Edition.     Large  crown  Svo,  St.  net. 


THE  GOVERNANCE 

OF  ENGLAND. 

By  SIDNEY  LOW,  M.A.     Cheap  Edition.    3*.  W.  neL 
"A    most    lucid    surrey    of    modern    constitutional 
history."— Pall  Mali  Gazette. 


DISESTABLISHMENT 

IN  FRANCE. 

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cover,  l*.  net. 


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THE  CONTINENTAL  OUTCAST. 

Land  Colonies  and  Poor  Law  Relief. 

By  the  Rev.  W.  CARL1I.E  and  VICTOR  W.  CARLILK. 
Illustrat*tl,  cloth,  if.  net  ;  paper  coTer,  1*.  net 


T.  FISHER  UNWIN, 
1,  Adelphi  Terrace,  London,  W.C. 


N°  4094,  Apeil  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


441 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  11,,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Problems  of  Philosophy 441 

A  Woman  of  Wit  and  Wisdom 442 

Burford  Papers       443 

The  Two  Races  op  Canada        444 

New  Notels  (The  Angel  of  Pais  ;  Mara ;  The  Man 
of    Property ;    The    House    by   the   Bridge ;   The 

Jungle)  446—446 

African  Languages 446 

Our  Library  Table  (Six  Years  at  the  Russian 
Court ;  Serf  Life  in  Russia ;  By-paths  in  the 
Balkans ;  Review  of  Canadian  History  in  1905 ; 
English  Craft  Gilds  and  the  Government ;  Tudor 
Translations  of  Machiarelli ;  Essays  on  Economics ; 
The  Deep  Sea's  Toll ;  Peasant  Life  in  the  Holy 
Land ;  Liverpool  Banking,  1760-1887 ;  New  Editions 

of  Dumas  and  Don  Juan)  448 — 450 

List  of  New  Books 450 

John  Foxe  and  Dante's  'DbMonarchia';  Fkoude's 
'Nemesis  of  Faith';  Lttton's  'John  Acland'; 
"  That  Two-handed  Engine  at  the  Door  "    450—451 

Literary  Gossip        452 

Science— Medical  Books;  Birds'  Eggs;  Societies; 

Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip     ..        ..      452—455 
Fine    Arts  — The    Early    History    of    Playing 
Cards;  Longton  Hall  Porcelain;  Handbook 
of    Greek    Sculpture;    William    the   Con- 
queror's   Thighbone  ;    The    Quilter    Sale  ; 

Gossip         455—457 

Music  — Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music;   Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 458—459 

Drama— The  Drums  of  Oudb  ;  Punch  ;  Josephine  ; 
La  Rkvolte  and  The  Fool  of  the  World  ;  Le 
Sonnet  d'Arvers  ;  Gossip    ..        ..       ..     459— 460 

Index  to  Advertisers      460 


LITERATURE 


The  Problems  of  Philosophy.  By  Harald 
Hoffding.  Translated  by  G.  M.  Fisher. 
With  a  Preface  by  W.  James.  (New 
York,  the  Macmillan  Company.) 

"  Small  and  precious — 6Xiyov  re  <j>ikov  rt," 
is  the  verdict  which  every  lover  of  philo- 
sophy will  pass  on  this  book.  Prof. 
James  in  his  preface  describes  it  as  the 
Danish  thinker's  "  philosophical  testa- 
ment." The  expression  were  unfortunate 
did  it  mean  that  the  veteran  teacher 
has  literally  bequeathed  to  the  world  his 
novissima  verba — he  who  but  last  year 
astonished  London  and  Oxford  no  less  by 
bis  perennial  energy  and  fire  than  by  his 
gentle  wisdom.  Clearly,  however,  no 
more  is  intended  than  that  the  thought 
here  unfolded  is,  in  the  fullest  and  best 
sense  of  the  word,  ripe.  One  feels  that  a 
lifetime  of  patient,  dispassionate  reflec- 
tion lies  behind  it.  Hence  the  highly 
concentrated  form  which  the  exposition 
assumes,  and  that  without  loss  of  lucidity. 
Hence,  too,  a  restraint  and  old-world 
academic  formalism  of  phrase,  wherein 
Prof.  James,  master  of  a  very  different 
manner,  perceives  a  power  of  persuasion 
all  its  own  : — 

"  Empiricist  matter  presented  in  a  ration- 
alist's manner — this  to  my  mind  gives  their 
distinction  to  the  pages  that  follow.  They 
form  a  multum  in  parvo  so  well  calculated  to 
impress  and  influence  the  usual  rationalistic- 
minded  student  of  philosophy,  that  I  put 
them  forth  in  English  for  his  benefit." 

When  Prof.  James  says  "  empiricism  " 
he  means  "  humanism  "  ;  for  Prof.  Hoff- 
ding decidedly  is  on  the  side  of  the  initiators 
of  the  new  movement  in  the  United  States 
and  England.  On  the  other  hand,  their 
influence— and  they  need  draw  naught  but 


comfort   from   the   fac,t — would   seem   to 
have  in  no  way  determined  this  choice  of 
position.     It  appears  rather  to  be  due  to 
individual  meditation,  fortified  by  a  sym- 
pathy   with     the    general    tendency    of 
modern  science  to  dispense  with  a  mate- 
rialistic basis,  whilst  holding  equally  aloof 
from   the   dogmatic   alternative,   namely, 
absolutism.     Meanwhile,  humanism,  both 
in  America  and  England,  has  adopted,  for 
polemical  and  propagandist  ends,  a  ver- 
nacular style  uncountenanced  by  philo- 
sophic   tradition.     Its   opponents,    there- 
fore,  men  of  the  old  school,   had  some 
excuse  if  they  mistook  the  mere  sensation 
of  being  shocked  for  the  authentic  voice 
of  outraged  reason.     Henceforward,  how- 
ever,   they    can    plead    no    such    excuse. 
Rationalism  is  assailed  in  its  own  language, 
and  the  long-deferred  reply  must  be  made 
to  the  objections  which  Avenarius,  Mach, 
Ostwald,  Bergson,  Poincare,  and  a  host 
of  others  have  for  a  long  time  past  been 
industriously  piling  up  against  the  day 
of    reckoning.     Gravely    and    decorously 
the   rationalists   are   reminded   that   per- 
sonality,   time,   a   truth   which   grows,   a 
plurality  which  is  discontinuous  and  dis- 
cordant— all  these  are  actual,  and  cannot 
be  thought  away  so  as  to  leave  much,  if 
anything  at   all,  behind  worth   thinking, 
or     even    thinkable.      So     gravely     and 
decorously   let   them   answer,   or   be   ac- 
counted silenced. 

Prof.  Hoffding's  immediate  purpose  is 
to  classify  and  review  the  main  problems 
of  philosophy.     He  finds  them  to  be  four 
— those  of  consciousness,  of  knowledge,  of 
being,  and  of  values.     Treating  them  in 
this  order,  he  makes  psychology  lead  up 
to  logic,  and  logic  to  metaphysic  ;    then, 
finally,   lest   we   stop  short   at   a   purely 
intellectualist  view  of  the  world,   man's 
relation  to  the  universe,  in  his  capacity 
of  feeling  and  willing    subject,  is  taken 
into    account    from    the    ethico-religious 
standpoint.      At    the    same    time  —  and 
this  gives  the  treatment  its  chief  value 
— the  four  problems  are  represented  as 
four  beads  on  one  string.     The  string  is 
supplied  by  the  supreme  problem,  What 
light  do  these  departmental  surveys  throw 
on    the  general    relation    between  conti- 
nuity and  discontinuity  ?     That  which  is 
"  continuous  "    is    self  -  consistent,    har- 
monious,  one.     That  which  is   "  discon- 
tinuous "  is  irrational,  incongruent,  plural. 
Now,   though    ideally   philosophy   should 
begin   nowhere  in   particular,   so   that  it 
may  end  everywhere  at  once,  in  practice 
it  has  to  begin  somewhere,  and,  given  its 
beginning,    one    can    generally    make    a 
shrewd  guess  as  to  how  and  where  it  will 
end.     If  we  proceed  from  the  whole  to  its 
parts,  we  start  from  something  that  some- 
how  by   abstraction   we   have   made,   or 
seemed  to  find,  absolutely  compact  and 
stable,  and  are  in  that  case  pretty  sure  to 
end  by  denying  all  reality  to  whatever 
awkward  facts  we  have  abstracted  from  ; 
hypnotized    by   our   sacred   formula,    we 
cease  to  be  aware  of  those  brutal  actualities 
the  world,  the  flesh,  and  the  devil.     If, 
however,  we  start,  as  Prof.  Hoffding  does, 
from  the  departmental  problems,  the  parts, 
and  seek  to  proceed  to  a  revelation  of  the 


continuous  and  whole,  the  actualities  are 
not  likely  to  let  go  their  hold  on  us,  and  it 
is    the   static   concept   of   an   immutable 
serene  which  in  turn  becomes  thin  and 
dreamlike.     It   is    scarcely,    however,    as 
Prof.  James  suggests,  a  case  of  the  street 
against  the  study.     It  is  rather  a  case  of 
the  laboratory  against  the  cell, 
jit  The  first  departmental  problem  is  that 
of  consciousness.     In  this,  the  domain  of 
psychology,  Prof.  Hoffding  is  thoroughly 
at  home,  and  thus  at  the  outset  the  reader's 
confidence   is   secured.     It   is   impossible 
here  to  do  justice  to  the  many-sidedness 
and  subtlety  of  his  investigation.     Suffice 
it  to  say  that,  whilst  full  emphasis  is  laid 
on  the  discontinuities  (for  instance,   the 
qualitative  differences  between  the  various 
states  and  elements  of  consciousness,  the 
abrupt  and  striking  otherness  of  "  my  " 
individual  consciousness  to  "  yours,"  and 
the  gap  no  specious  phrase  such  as  'l  paral- 
lelism "  can  bridge  between  the  psychical 
and   its   physiological    "  correlate "),    the 
argument  for  continuity  is  not  neglected. 
This  is  no  "  psychology  without  a  soul." 
Experimental  psychology  is  warned  that 
by  its  very  methods  it  tends   "  to  over- 
isolate    single    elements,    to    neglect    the 
spontaneity  of  the  conscious  life,  and  to 
over-emphasize  the  external  symptoms  of 
inner  states."     On  the  other  hand,  how- 
ever, synthesis  in  its  turn  may  be  over- 
done ;     and   here    let   the   humanists   as 
"  personal      idealists  "      specially     take 
heed : — ■ 

"  In  the  idealistic  camp  there  has  often 
been  an  inclination  to  consider  the  concept 
of  personality  as  settled,  and  to  operate  with 
it  in  cosmological  speculation.  This  is  to 
overlook  the  fact,  emphasized  especially  by 
the  Positivist  school,  that  what  we  are  so 
industriously  working  for  is  just  to  build 
up  a  concept  of  personality,  just  to  spell 
out  a  psychological  conception  of  the  whole, 
even  as  biology  is  spelling  away  at  a  defini- 
tion of  life.  But  just  as  biology,  in  spite  of 
its  recognition  of  the  individuality  of  the 
living  organism,  knows  no  other  method 
than  to  seek,  by  means  of  observation, 
experiment,  and  analysis,  to  understand 
the  complex  processes  tlirough  the  simpler  ; 
so  in  like  manner  psychology,  however 
earnestly  it  may  assert  the  synthetic  cha- 
racter of  consciousness,  can  only  bring  into 
play  the  methods  common  to  all  sciences — 
observation,  experiment,  and  analysis.  The 
concept  of  personality  stands  as  the  ideal 
toward  which  we  steer,  as  the  enduring 
problem  to  whose  elucidation  all  special 
methods  contribute." 

Passing  on  to  the  logical  discussion,  wo 
are  introduced  to  an  "  economic  theory  " 
of  the  principles  of  knowledge  similar  to 
that  contained  in  the  '  Kritik  der  reinen 
Erfahrung  '  of  Richard  Avenarius.  For- 
mulae which  fail  to  satisfy  the  demands 
of  economy,  either  with  respect  to  par- 
simony or  to  practicality,  are  not  entitled 
to  rank  as  objectively  valid.  Hence  a 
new  theory  of  truth — a  dynamic,  in  place 
of  the  ordinary  static,  concept.  No 
wonder  that  Prof.  James  was  eager  to 
have  this  book  translated.  Here  is  a 
weighty  passage  which  might  have  been 
penned  by  the  high-priest  of  pragmatism 
himself  : — 

"  The   significance    of    principles    is,    that 


W2 


THE     ATI!  ENJEUlf 


N°40fM,  Arm  14,  1906 


they'iuny  lead  us  to  reach  a  rational  under- 
standing in  c mr  work.      Their  truth  ton 

in  tln'ir  solid  application  :  end  tins  ooneisti 
in  th<ir  working  value.     That  a  principle  is 

t ,  ■igfiifl—  t  hat   ODfl  MO  work  witfa   it  ,  and 

I  his  means,  it  tin'  remark  refer  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  knowledge,  that  one  can  with  their 

help  advance  to  understanding  firmly  order- 
ing and  units  in).'  the  phenomena.  The  con- 
cept of  truth  is  a  ilifimmir  concept,  since  it 
r\|ii."e-  in  a  definite  fashion  the  applica- 
tion of  mental  energy  ;  and  it  is  a  si/tnholicul 
concept,  since  it  indicates,  not  outward  like- 
ness or  qualitative  similarity  to  an  absolute 
object,     but      relative     similarity     (analogy) 

between  the  things  in  being  and  in  human 
thought.  The  old  naive  concept  of  truth, 
according  to  which  a  cognition  was  true  if  it 
absolutely  reproduced  or  mirrored  '  reality,' 
is  untenable,  and  it  became  so  from  the  very 
moment  when  the  subjectivity  of  sense- 
qualities  began  to  be  asserted.  The  sub- 
jectivity of  sense-qualities,  however,  does 
not  mean  that  they  are  invalid  and  unfit  to 
guide  us  in  the  world.  They  stand  constantly 
as  tokens,  signals,  symbols,  whose  serial 
order  we  can  point  to  as  the  expression  of  an 
objective  series  of  events,  although  we 
cannot  demonstrate  that  they  are  copies 
of  the  objective  series.  The  same  relation 
obtains  with  logical  principles  and  other 
fundamental  presuppositions  of  our  know- 
ledge." 

Now  it  is  not  hard  to  see  that,  on  such 
a  view  of  the  nature  of  truth,  there  must 
always  remain  a  "  discontinuity "  or 
irrational  relation  between  our  working 
hypotheses,  however  fruitful,  and  the 
Being  or  complete  experience  they  seek 
to  render.  Prof.  Hoffding  goes  on  to  illus- 
trate this  incongruity  by  dwelling  on 
the  failure  of  the  mechanical  or  quantita- 
tive view  of  nature  to  account  for  qualita- 
tive differences ;  the  hopelessness  of  all 
attempts,  speculative  or  empiricist,  to 
eliminate  the  time-relation  in  the  interest 
of  the  causal  concept;  and  the  impossi- 
bility of  getting  subject  and  object  finally 
clear  of  one  another.  At  this  point  logic 
gives  way  to  metaphysic.  The  only 
possible  method  of  a  metaphysic,  according 
to  our  author,  is  analogy.  We  can  at 
most  but  conceive  the  universe  picture- 
fashion  by  regarding  the  whole  as  ana- 
logous in  nature  to  some  one  of  its  parts 
which  we  more  or  less  arbitrarily  select  as 
Urphanomen,  or  type  ;  and,  since  into 
the  choice  of  the  type-phenomenon  and 
into  the  working  out  of  the  analogy  a 
distinctly  personal  element  is  bound  to 
enter,  a  great  philosophical  system  will 
be  not  so  much  a  science  as  "  a  work  of 
art,  a  drama." 

The  book  closes  with  a  chapter  on 
ethical  and  religious  problems,  which, 
though  extremely  brief,  is  no  less  inter- 
esting than  any  that  has  gone  before,  if 
only  because  the  ethico-religious  corol- 
laries of  the  humanistic  position  for  the 
most  part  still  await  authoritative  expo- 
sition. In  this  sphere  it  might  seem  that 
the  discontinuity  was  nearly  absolute. 
Indeed,  at  first  sight,  the  concept  of  the 
type-phenomenon  in  metaphysic  would 
almost  cease  to  appear  arbitrary  when 
compared  with  the  vague  and  shifting 
concept  of  an  ideal  measure  for  all  values 
in  ethics  and  religion.  Still  even  here 
Prof.  Hoffding  makes  out  a  case  for  con- 


tinuity,  and  that  without  unduly  sa<  ri- 
licing  the  angle  instant  to  the  whole  life, 
or  the  individual  to  the  society  ;  for,  as 
he  well  puts  it, — 

"Continuity  signifies,  not  absence  of 
distinction,  hut  the  ordering  of  differences 
in  a  graded  -one-.  Lite  as  a  whole  can 
always  he  called  to  account  by  single 
element!  in  it.  It  will  always  seem  an 
imperfection,  when  an  instant,  a  ]>eriod,  a 
capacity,  or  an  impulse  is  treated  ej  a  bare 
means  to  something  other,  without  inde- 
pendent value  of  it.s  own.  The  art  of  life 
consists  in  conferring  immediate  and  mediate 
worth  upon  things  at  the  same  time." 

Similarly,  as  regards  the  relation  of  the 
individual  to  the  soziale  LcbenstotalitiU  (for 
which  "  social  organism  "  is  surely  a  mis- 
leading and  inadequate  translation),  the 
test  of  the  perfection  of  a  human  society 
becomes,  To  what  degree  is  the  individual 
so  treated  that  he  is  not  only  a  means,  but 
also  at  the  same  time  an  end  ?  Mean- 
while, Prof.  Hoffding  hopes  and  believes 
that  the  general  stream  of  tendency 
in  the  world  makes  for  continuity  in 
this  sense.  This  faith  is  his  religion — 
nay,  it  becomes  for  him  a  symbol  of  the 
essence  of  all  religion  as  historically  and 
philosophically  viewed.  For  a  fuller  treat- 
ment of  this  conception  of  religion  as  "the 
belief  in  the  conservation  of  values  "  we 
are  referred  to  his  '  Religionsphilosophie,' 
which  we  hope  to  notice  shortly  in  its 
English  dress. 


A  Woman  of  Wit  and  Wisdom  :  a  Memoir 
of  Elizabeth  Carter,  one  of  the  Bas  Bleu 
Society  (1717-1806).  By  Alice  C.  C. 
Gaussen.  With  Portraits,  Illustrations, 
and  Facsimile.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

We  confess  to  a  feeling  of  disappoint- 
ment that  Miss  Gaussen  has  made 
little  of  excellent  material.  From  the 
interesting  manuscripts  at  her  disposal  it 
should  have  been  possible  to  reconstruct 
a  charming  and  unique  personality  in  an 
atmosphere  of  congenial,  if  stiff  and  anti- 
quated enthusiasm  for  culture.  The  Bas 
Bleu  Society,  indeed,  has  been  a  favourite 
subject  for  raillery ;  but  it  marks  an  epoch 
in  the  progress  of  women,  and  Miss  Gaussen 
is  probably  right  in  declaring  that  "  most 
of  its  individual  members  were  entirely 
free  from  the  pedantry  and  affectation  " 
of  which  they  were  generally  accused. 
But,  unfortunately,  she  has  given  us  no 
impression  of  "  the  set,"  no  record  of 
their  meetings  or  aims,  and  no  picture  of 
their  tastes  and  manners.  We  have, 
indeed,  slight  sketches  of  Mrs.  Vesey,  the 
Sylph,  and  of  Mrs.  Montagu,  the  "  Queen 
of  the  Blues  "  ;  but  these  are  so  discon- 
nected as  to  seem  almost  irrelevant. 

Of  Elizabeth  Carter  herself  the  picture 
is  further  confused  by  Miss  Gaussen's  per- 
plexing habit  of  mixing  quotations  from 
Epictetus  and  his  translator,  and  by  the 
abrupt  inconsequence  of  her  style.  The 
lady's  nature  was  not  particularly  simple, 
though  she  remained  unspoilt  by  ambition 
or  fame,  and  proved  herself  a  model  of  the 
domestic  virtues.     She 

"  contrived  to  live  happily  without  '  spirit, 
taste,  or  sentiment,'  or  a  hundred  other  fine 


things  which  her  blue-stocking  friend-  in  town 
reckoned  among  the  noaaaMCMI  of  lifo." 

Mt>.  Outer  had  a  "laudable  affection 

liion,  hut  mortally  hated  talk- 
ing "  ;  she  ooodescended,  as  a  "  person 
of  superior  talents,"  to  play  with  "  the 
men  and  WOBMO  of  tin-  world  "  ;    and  Dr. 

Johnson  declared  thai    '  ihe  could  make 

a  pudding  M  well  M  Iran-late  Kpictetus, 
and  work  I  handkerchief  a-s  well  a^  compose 
a  poem."  Indeed,  the  true  explanation 
of  what  she  herself  di  as  the  "  incon- 

sistency of  her  follies  "  was  ■  certain  alert 
eagerness  for  efficiency  of  all  sorts,  which 
was  hardly  seen  in  her  chosen  friend-. 

Her  "  intemperance  in  Hebrew  and 
Greek  "  did  not  restrain  her  passion  for 
"  balls  and  assemblies."  She  studied  half 
a  dozen  modern  languages,  and  took 
"  incredible  pains  "  to  learn  knitting  ;  she 
possessed  "  a  strange,  stubborn,  constitu- 
tional disposition  to  be  pleased  that  made 
her  sociable  and  tolerant,"  though  always 
a  sufferer  from  "  weak  nerves  and  flutter- 
ing pulses."  During  a  call  she  would 
'*  grow  so  restless  and  corky  that  she  was 
ready  to  fly  out  of  the  window."  She 
rose  at  six  in  the  morning  to  tramp  the 
hills  of  Deal ;  talked  Latin  with  her  father 
over  the  breakfast-table ;  watered  her 
pinks  and  roses,  sat  down  to  a  spinet, 
and  then  proceeded  to  some  other  amuse* 
ment  : — 

"  Thus  between  reading,  working,  writing, 
twirling  the  globes,  and  running  up  and 
down  stairs  to  see  where  everybody  is  and 
how  they  do,  I  seldom  want  either  business 
or  entertainment." 

She  was  not  proud  of  her  own  accom- 
plishments, and  was  evidently  capable  of 
laughing  at  her  own  enthusiasms  : — 

"  My  present  reigning  scheme  is  music. 
Having  for  some  time  past  made  a  composi- 
tion of  noises  between  the  hissing  of  a  snake 
and  the  lowing  of  a  cow  upon  a  German  flute, 
I  am  now  set  down  to  the  spinnet,  which 
unfortunately  stood  in  my  way,  and  before 
I  can  play  three  bars  in  any  one  tune,  am 
trying  at  a  dozen.  I  content  myself  with 
thinking  it  is  a  superficial  world  one  lives  in, 
and  superficial  understandings  suit  it  best, 
so  vire  la  bagatelle,  I  '11  e'en  trifle  on  and  be 
content." 

Modern  triflers  have  no  such  solid  back- 
ground, it  is  to  be  feared.  Mrs.  Carter 
certainly  showed  rare  wisdom  in  her 
common  sense  and  cheerful  contentment 
— unusual  wit  in  comment  and  description. 
But  Miss  Gaussen's  summaries  of  her  philo- 
sophy are  not  particularly  impressive ; 
and  one  is  tempted  to  believe  that  the 
lady's  feelings  and  instincts  were  of  a 
higher  order  than  her  learning  or  her 
reason.  Though  accounted  with  some 
justice  a  prodigy  of  erudition,  and  always 
mentally  industrious,  she  was  no  pedant  ; 
and  the  stimulus  of  cultured  society  only 
moved  her  to  an  enthusiasm  for  London 
as  "  the  land  of  friendships."  Regarding 
long  life  as  a  "  tremendous  blessing,"  she 
was  enabled  to  reach  her  eighty-ninth 
year  without  making  an  enemy  or  stifling 
a  regret. 

Miss  Gaussen  has,  at  any  rate,  given  us 
material  for  the  study  of  a  fascinating  per- 
sonality, hitherto  little  more  than  a  name 
to  most  people. 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


443 


Burford  Papers  :    being  Letters  of  Samuel 
Crispe   to  his  Sister  at  Burford ;    and 
other  Studies  of  a  Century  (1745-1845). 
By     William     Holden     Hutton,     B.D. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 
Halfway   between   Epsom  and   Thames 
Ditton,  on  rising  ground  in  the  midst  of 
a    wild    and    almost    trackless    common, 
stood  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  back  a 
rambling  old  mansion  known  as  Chesing- 
ton  Hall.     At  the  time  of  which  we  speak 
it   was   occupied   by    a   family   of   three 
persons  :    an  old  bachelor  named  Chris- 
topher   Hamilton ;     his    sister    Sarah,    a 
sturdy   gentlewoman   of   a   certain   age  ; 
and  their  niece,  Miss  Kitty  Cooke,  a  good- 
humoured  countrified  lass,  known  amongst 
her  friends  as  "  Kitty  Finder  "  or  "  Fat 
Kit  Square."     Hither,   in  quest  of   "  an 
absolute  Retreat,"  came,  in  or  about  the 
year  1762,  Mr.  Samuel  Crispe,  a  travelled 
gentleman  of  taste  and  breeding,  who,  by 
an  overfondness  for  fine  company,  good 
living,   and  costly  curios,   had  contrived 
to  impair  a  pretty  fortune  and  a  naturally 
sound   constitution.     And    here,    at   first 
with   his    old   friend    the    tenant   of   the 
mansion,    and    afterwards    with    Mistress 
Sarah   Hamilton — who,   on  her  brother's 
death,  had  turned  the  Hall  into  a  boarding- 
house  for  the  accommodation  of  a  few  old 
friends — he  continued  to  nurse  a  gouty 
habit  of  body  and  an  obstinate  atrophy 
of    purse   till   his   death,    at   the   age    of 
seventy-six,  in  April,  1783. 

Readers  of  Macaulay  will  recall  the 
half -compassionate,  half-contemptuous  de- 
scription which  that  facile  artist  has  given, 
in  his  dashing,  free-hand  style,  of  the 
"  distressed  anchorite  "  of  Chesington. 
In  earlier  days  Samuel  Crispe  had,  after 
the  fashion  then  prevailing  amongst  literary 
aspirants,  written  a  tragedy  on  the  subject 
of  Virginia,  which  in  1754  had  been  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  by  the  author's 
friend  Garrick.  The  play  had,  further, 
been  read  and  commended  by  Pitt ; 
and  Garrick,  besides  furnishing  a  prologue 
and  an  epilogue  for  the  occasion,  had  him- 
self played  Virginius  to  the  Virginia  of 
Mrs.  Cibber.  Yet,  despite  these  advan- 
tages and  the  zealous  patronage  of  Lady 
Coventry,  '  Virginia,'  although  it  ran  for 
ten  nights  (one  night  more  than  Johnson's 
'  Irene '),  had  achieved  at  best  but  a 
eticces  d'estime  :  nor  could  influence  or 
entreaty  prevail  with  Garrick  to  revive  it. 
The  text  of  the  play  had  been  freely 
altered  in  the  representation,  and  Crispe 
believed  that  his  lines  had  been  delibe- 
rately mutilated  through  the  jealousy  of 
the  actor-manager,  from  whom,  moreover, 
despite  repeated  applications,  he  failed 
to  recover  the  transcript  that  had  been 
entrusted  to  him — the  one  complete  copy 
of  the  tragedy.  According  to  Macaulay, 
Crispe's  self -immurement  at  Chesington 
was  due  to  this  fancied  discovery  of 
(  fa  i  iek's  treachery.  Now — not  to  say 
that  Chesington,  while  secluded,  was  yet 
by  no  means  the  inaccessible  and  desolate 
hermitage  that  Macaulay  makes  out — we 
may  observe  that  during  the  interval 
between  the  production  of  '  Virginia ' 
and   his   settlement  at  the   Hall,   Crispe 


had  betaken  himself  and  his  discomfiture 
to  Italy,  and,  on  his  return,  had  bought 
and  profusely  furnished  a  villa  at  Hampton, 
where  for  a  considerable  time  he  had  lived 
and  entertained  on  a  scale  greatly  beyond 
his  means.  It  is  difficult  to  believe  in 
the  sudden  recrudescence,  after  eight 
3rears,  of  a  chagrin  which  to  all  appearance 
had  been  cured  by  means  of  travel  and 
social  distractions.  But  we  happen  to 
have  the  most  convincing  evidence  that 
Samuel  Crispe's  retirement  was  owing, 
not  to  a  temper  soured  by  ill  usage,  but 
simply  to  the  loss  of  health  and  money. 
The  style  and  contents  of  these  letters 
prove  beyond  question  that,  so  far  from 
being  (as  Macaulay  would  have  us  believe) 
a  dismal  and  cynical  misanthropist, 
"  Daddy "  Crispe,  as  Fanny  Burney 
called  him,  was,  despite  grave  and  growing 
infirmities  and  sadly  impaired  resources, 
as  genial  and  as  jovial  a  hermit  as  ever 
forswore  the  busy  haunts  of  men.  That 
he  harboured  illusions  respecting  the 
merits  of  his  play  and  the  motives  which 
had  actuated  Garrick  in  suppressing  it 
cannot  be  denied  ;  but  that  he  had  the 
discretion  to  keep  all  such  uncomfortable 
thoughts  to  himself  may  be  inferred  from 
the  fact  that,  in  a  series  of  letters  covering 
sixty  demy  octavo  pages,  the  subject  of 
'  Virginia  '  is  not  once  broached. 

An  only  son,  Samuel  Crispe  had  five 
sisters,  of  whom  the  fourth  (Sophia)  had, 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  Philip 
Gast,  settled  at  "  The  Great  House  "  in 
the  ancient  town  of  Burford,  in  Oxford- 
shire. She  was,  says  Mrs.  Delany,  "  very 
ordinary  in  her  appearance,  but  an  excel- 
lent creature,  and  far  superior  to  her 
sisters  in  understanding."  Mrs.  Gast, 
whose  husband  had  been  a  merchant  of 
Rotterdam,  enjoyed,  it  seems,  "  the  dis- 
tinction of  having  been  married  at  Canter- 
bury by  '  Nicholas  Brady,  Lecturer,  of 
Clapham.'  '  According  to  her  epitaph 
in  Burford  Church,  she  possessed,  "besides 
a  critical  skill  in  the  English  and  the 
French,  a  competent  knowledge  of  the 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages," 
and  "  her  favourite  study  was  that  of 
reading  the  Divine  Oracles  in  the  Original." 
Half  of  her  income  of  3001.  a  year,  as  we 
learn  from  the  same  source,  was  expended 
in  charity.  Alone  of  the  five  sisters  she 
survived  Samuel  (her  junior  by  two 
years),  dying,  at  the  age  of  eighty-five, 
in  April,  1791.  A  series  of  twenty-four 
letters  addressed  to  her  by  her  brother 
between  January,  1779,  and  July,  1782, 
were  preserved  in  the  family,  and  are  now 
printed  through  the  kindness  of  a  kins- 
woman, Mrs.  Edward  Egerton  Leigh,  of 
Broadwell  Manor,  Moreton-in-Marsh. 

Widely  as  they  seem  to  have  differed 
in  habits  and  views,  the  correspondents 
were  clearly  on  terms  of  frank  and  affec- 
tionate intimacy.  '  Honest  Lem  " — so 
Crispe  ordinarily  signs  himself — never 
writes  without  an  effort  to  lure  his  sister 
from  her  abode  at  "  stupid,  filthy  Bur- 
ford "  to  the  cosy  haven  and  the  modest 
social  comforts  of  Chesington. 

"Dkar  Sop,  —  Burn  You,  why  don't,  you 
answer  my  last  letter  ?  Are  jour  Rheu- 
matics so  bad  you  can't  ?.  . .  .By  your  own 


account  of  yourself  your  Electrifying  Scheme 
seems  to  be  at  an  End  ;  and  not  without 
reason.  You  had  better  Success  a  pretty 
deal  by  the  Jumble  of  travelling  ;  have  you 
forgot  the  surprizing  effect  of  your  Rapid 
Journies,  the  first  Season  you  came  hither  ? 
You  seem'd  new-made.  Change  the  scene 
therefore  as  soon  as  possible — dispatch  your 
beastly  papers  ;  get  out  of  your  abominable 
Hermitage  next  yr  dreary  dismal  Garden  ; 
and  bring  hither  Yourself,  your  Maid,  and 
those  few  papers  you  reserve  for  my  sight. 
....  Seriously,  I  do  firmly  believe,  the 
Journey,  Change  of  Air,  &c,  will  be  of 
infinite  Service  to  You  ;  for  Physic,  to  old, 
crazy  Frames  like  ours,  is  all  my  eye  and 
Betty  Martin — a  sea  Phrase  that  Admiral 
Jemm  [James  Burney]  frequently  makes 
use  of.  I  had  yesterday  half  a  Pipe  of 
excellent  old  Port  (25  Dozen  and  2  Bottles) 
laid  in,  which  will  be  in  prime  order  for 
drinking  when  You  come  Up  (for  I  shall 
not  touch  it  myself  till  then),  and  I  have 
besides  left  of  my  old  Stock  above  5  Dozen, 
which  likewise  I  believe  I  shall  hardly  touch 
myself,  as  I  am  constantly  drinking  Cyder 
of  my  own  making,  which  I  really  like  better, 
and  agrees  with  me  better.  Now  all  these 
Premisses  being  put  together,  who  the  Devil 
d'  ye  think  must  drink  this  Wine  if  You 
don't  ? — lay  these  things  to  heart,  and  then 
honestly  draw  the  Fair  Inference ....  Good- 
bye. Ham  [Miss  Sarah  Hamilton]  and  Kate 
send  all  kinds  of  good  wishes,  and  long  to 
have  you  come — so  Come  and  be  hang'd 
directly.  I  don't  hate  you.  Witness  my 
hand,  Lem." 

But  the  old  lady  of  The  Great  House, 
forby  her  "  Rheumatics,"  had  her  own 
circle  of  intimates  at  Burford,  from  whom 
she  was  not  lightly  to  be  parted.  It  is, 
indeed,  from  one  of  her  friends — Mrs. 
Hinde — that  we  derive  the  saying  of  old 
Sarah  Marlborough,  handed  down  through 
Mrs.  Gast  and  her  brother  to  Fanny 
Burney  :  "  Prithee  don't  talk  to  me  about 
books  ;  I  never  read  any  books  but  men 
and  cards."  Then  there  were  the  Lent- 
halls  of  Burford  Priory,  descendants  of 
the  Speaker  of  the  Long  Parliament. 
What  would  poor,  sickly  Molly  Lenthall 
say — the  "  M.  L."  to  whom,  "  under  an 
oath  of  secrecy  and  silence,"  Fannikin's 
letters  to  her  Daddy  were,  by  special 
favour  of  the  writer,  read  aloud  by  Mrs. 
Gast  ?  No.  Chesington  might  be  well 
enough  in  its  way,  for  a  short  stay  in 
summer-time ;  but  Burford  was  her 
chosen  home.  So  honest  Lem  must 
needs  be  content  with  a  rare  visit — though 
Sophia  Gast  was  certainly  present  at  her 
brother's  death-bed  on  April  24th,  1783. 

The  letters  afford  some  interesting 
sidelights  on  the  social  and  financial 
conditions  of  the  day.  In  January,  1779, 
Consols  had  fallen  to  62 ;  three  years 
later  (March,  17S2)  they  were  fluctuating 
between  54  and  55,  though  by  the  follow- 
ing May  they  had  risen  to  60.  True 
to  his  happy-go-lucky  temper,  honest 
Lem  counsels  his  sister  to  choose  the 
sweet  simplicity  of  the  Three  Per  Cents. 
"  I  don't  see  how  you  could  do  better," 
he  writes  (May  23rd,  1782)  ; 
"my  opinion  of  Stock  is  t lint  they  never 
can  be  a  Solid  and  permanent  Security,  as 
1  think  it  impossible  in  our  irretrievable 
Condition  that  this  ruin'd  Nation  can  hold 
on  paying  the  National  Interest  on  the  Debt, 
already  incurr'd  :  how  then  must  it  he  when 
thaCDobt  jn,  and  must  be,  increasing  every 


Ill 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N°40fH,  Aikii.  U,  1906 


hom  in  |o  frightful  a  Dejjreo  ?  Notwith- 
standing nil  this,  ire  oan  do  do  better.     We 

hlmll   sink    together;     tl'<-   BtOOki   at    present 

pej  .">  p.  c,  and  may  perhepi  hold  "ii  while 

You  and  I  live;  and  when  ITS  arc  gOOO, 
those  after  us  must  look  to  t  hemsek  BS, 
Indeed,  nothing  but  Land,  good  Farms,  are 
to  !><•  depended!  on;  and  even  these,  when 
the  greet   CYsah  oomes,  will  be  miserably 

low       bat     let      me     turn     away     from     1 1 1 1  ^ 

horrible  prospect." 

In  September,   l~so,  he  had  informed 

Ins  sister  that  houses  in  Loudon 

"arc  beoome  such  a  drug  that  they  (com- 
parativeh  )  fetch  nothing  ;  and  more  and 
more  every  day  are  quitted,  and  remain 
untenanted  at  any  rent  almost.  At  this 
veTy  time  houses  in  (irosvenor  Square  and 
Grosvenor  Street  ami  Brook  Street  (that  us'd 
to  be  the  Cream  of  London)  are  empty, 
which  .'!  years  ago  were  lot  for  no  less  than 
450/.  a  year  ;  and  the  Day  before  Yesterday 
Dr.  Burney  rec'1  here  a  proposal  from  the 
owner  of  a  most  magnificent  house  in  Upper 
Brook  Street  that  6  years  ago  he  bought^at 
the  price  of  5,300/.,  and  which  he  now  offers 
to  sell  for  2,500/.  !  Besides  this,  the  Court 
of  Chancery  for  some  time  past  has  abso- 
lutely refus'd  to  Mortgagees  that  brought 
Bills  to  foreclose,  the  liberty  of  so  doing  ; 
so  all  the  relief  they  can  get  from  Chancery 
is  the  appointing  a  Receiver  to  receive  the 
rents  and  pay  them  their  Interest  ;  their 
Principal,  want  it  ever  so  much,  they  must 
content  themselves  to  go  without.  Have 
you  yet  wrote  to  ***  to  pay  off  his  Bond  ? 
Upon  my  word,  Sop,  You  ought  not  to  let 
that  matter  Sleep.  Personal  Securities  at 
such  times  as  these  !  Let  me  earnestly 
intreat  You  to  make  a  point  of  it  to  get  in 
that  money  directly ....  in  such  a  Crisis 
[the  reported  revolt  of  the  loyal  Carolinians 
to  Congress]  the  worst  is  to  be  apprehended  ; 
and  for  my  part  I  think  nothing  but  hard 
ready  money  is  to  be  depended  on  ;  there- 
fore, as  Iago  says  to  Roderigo,  put  money  in 
thy  purse  !  fill  thy  purse  with  money  !  " 

For  all  his  disparagement  of  physic, 
Daddy  Crispe  was  far  too  well-bred  to 
escape  the  fashionable  craze  for  quackery, 
and  he  discusses  ailments  and  their  latest 
remedies  with  all  the  gusto  of  a  connoisseur. 
Mrs.  Cast's  rheumatism  was  obstinate, 
and  the  poor  body  was  distracted  between 
the  conflicting  claims  of  "  Fomentations," 
as  prescribed  by  Dr.  Lewis  ;  bella  donna 
(pronounced  by  the  same  authority  to  be 
"  cooling  and  discutient  in  outward  appli- 
cations ")  ;  a  certain  "  Oil  of  Charity," 
declared  infallible  by  her  friends  the 
Torrianos  ;  and  an  electrical  machine 
invented  and  sold  at  six  guineas  by  the 
famous  Dr.  Graham .  Daddy  Crispe  enters 
with  a  zest  tempered  by  sympathy  into 
the  rival  virtues  of  these  several  cures, 
impressing  on  his  sister,  who  flitted  for- 
lornly from  one  to  the  other,  the  prudence 
of  giving  a  fair  trial  to  one  at  a  time.  But 
his  enjoyment  becomes  frank  and  un- 
qualified when  he  describes  Sir  Richard 
Jebb's  energetic  treatment  of  the  hapless 
Thrale.  The  good  brewer,  who  was  suffer- 
ing from  the  effects  of  a  long  course  of 
feasting,  was,  it  appears,  hustled  off  to 
bed, 

"plied  with  strong  white  wine  whey,  with 
the  highest  things  to  eat,  and  with  Port  and 
Brandy  mixed  without  stint.  The  by- 
standers were  frighted,  but  the  Doctor  pt'r- 
sisted,  and  at  last  by  this  hot  work  produced 
a  violent  Boil  in  the  Nape  of  the  Neck,  which 


indeed  proved  a  Carbuncle.  Bir  Richard 
Mill  w<nt  on  beating  him  and  feeding  him 

Op  m  thil  manner,  till  — " 

Milt  let  us  draw  ;i  veil  over  the  bJdeOUi 
carnival  of  the  knife  that  followed.  Buffil  8 
it  that  the  victim,  having  escaped  with 
his  life  from  the  sacrifice  for  which  he  had 
been  fatted,  and  being  presently  pro- 
nounced a  "  restored  Man,"  was  dead 
within  six  months.  It  w;i-  Mi.-.  Thrale, 
by  the  way.  who  once  repeated  to  John-on 
(iai  tick's  song  in  '  Florae!  and  I'erdita,' 
dwelling  with  peculiar  pleasure  on  the 
line 

I  M  unile  with  the  simple,  and  feed  with  th<-  poor. 
Crispe,  in  a  letter  dated  October  2nd, 
17KO.  supplies  a  curious  commentary  on 
this  anecdote  : — 

"  I  met  a  vast  deal  of  Company  at  Streat- 
ham,  where  everything  was  most  splendid 
and  magnificent — two  Courses  of  21  Dishes 
each,  besides  Removes  ;  and  after  that  a 
Dessert  of  a  piece  with  the  Dinner — Pines 
and  Fruits  of  all  Sorts,  Ices,  Creams,?  &c, 
&c,  &c,  without  end — everything  on  plate, 
of  which  such  a  profusion,  and  such  a  Side 
Board,  I  never  saw  at  any  Nobleman's  " — 
a  description  which  lends  additional 
point  to  Johnson's  blunt  remonstrance  : 

"  Nay,  my  dear  lady,  this  will  never  do. 
Poor  David  !  '  Smile  with  the  simple  ' — 
what  folly  is  that  !  And  who  would  '  feed 
with  the  poor  '  that  could  help  it  ?  No,  no  ; 
let  me  smile  with  the  wise,  and  feed  w  ith  the 
rich." 

To  do  her  justice,  the  good-humoured 
hostess  would  always  take  in  good  part 
those  rude  puffs  of  criticism  with  which 
her  formidable  guest  delighted  to  shatter 
her  specious  soap-bubbles  of  sentiment. 

Of  the  Burney  family  and  their  friends, 
Patty  and  Sally  Payne  (daughters  of 
"  honest  Tom  Payne,"  the  bookseller  of 
the  Upper  Mews  Gate),  Daddy  Crispe's 
letters  are  never  without  some  news. 
Fanny,  Kitty,  and  Suzette  were  constant 
visitors  at  Chesington,  staying  mostly  at 
the  Hall,  but  occasionally  at  "  Polly 
Hubbard's"  hard  by.  In  1780  "Admiral 
Jemm,"  home  from  Cook's  third  and  last 
expedition,  soon  made  his  way  to  the 
hermitage,  "  being  glad  of  a  little  rest  and 
quiet  and  country  Air  and  milk,  &c,  after 
being  a  Tennis  Ball  round  the  Globe  for 
four  Years  and  a  half."  The  old  man 
loved  the  cheerful  society  of  the  voung 
folks  :— 

"  In  this  cold  weather  I  creep  into  the  fire 
in  my  own  great  chair  ;  for  I  make  Fanny 
and  Jem  make  room  for  me,  and  never  mind 
them,  nor  put  myself  the  least  out  of  my 
way  for  them.  When  you  come,  you  shall 
see  Jem's  Journal,  which  is  very  entertain- 
ing ;  it  is  judicious  and  solid  likewise,  and 
si  lows  a  depth  of  knowledge  in  his  profession 
which  will  hardly  be  equall'd  by  any  Officer 
in  the  Service  of  his  Standing ;  but  the 
Accounts  of  the  Adventures,  &c,  from  his 
own  mouth  are  still  more  enlivening — a 
thousand  little  anecdotes  and  particulars 
worth  all  the  rest." 

A  year  later  (October,  1781)  he  writes  : — 
"  All  our  Jolly,  Gay.  Young  Set  (Alas  !) 
are  now  broke  up — and  some  weeks  the 
sooner  on  account  of  Patty  Payne's  illness. 
....I  find  Jemm  has  made  some  progress 
in  his  Attempt  to  lay  close  Siege  to  Sally 
Payne;  for  in  a  letter  from  Suzette  she 
says — '  James    has    din'd    in    Castle    Street 


[the  Paynes'  London  house]  only  f'/ur  time* 
tince  be  cane  t..  Town  (N.B.,  be  ha-  been. 
in  Town  only  ftw.  The  other  day  h<) 

-i"iit  at   the  Denoyera'  ;    Merit  Je  ne  er 

ift   r intention   de  tt   ffoyer      Be 

will  M  more  likely  to  Sully  forth,  and  gain 
;  ■       .  ,n     ■  •     i  .'  ■      (  ,i  -•  :■  .       II .  -     affairs     nr<-, 

1  think,  en  '-"/'  train,  but  don  t,  tell  him  I  t>ay 

Six  month-  later  the  old  man  reports- 
that  "the  New  Mini-try  have  just  g; 
honest  Jemm  a  fine  GO  Gun  Man  of  War 
[the  Bristol];  so  that  now  he  must  be  a 
Post-Captain."  In  ITh.'J,  a-  captain  of 
the  Bristol,  James  Burney  served  under 
Sir  Edward  Hughes  in  the  East  Indies. 
On  September  6th,  1785,  he  married 
Sally  Payne,  destined  in  after  years  to 
acquire  immortality  as  Sarah  Battle  at 
the  hand  of  Elia. 

But  enough  has  been  said  to  show  the 
multifarious  interest  which  belongs  to 
these  frank,  familiar  letters.  The  papers 
which  follow  are  not,  it  is  true,  of  any 
great  importance,  literary  or  other  ;  but 
at  any  rate  they  form,  with  the  letters, 
a  recreative  and  altogether  delightful, 
book — a  welcome  solace  to  the  critic 
weary  of  preciosity  and  self-advertisement. 
The  author  has  fished  in  the  backwaters 
of  eighteenth-century  life  and  thought  in 
England,  and  he  gives  us  here  the  results 
— not  very  grand,  perhaps,  but  novel  and, 
in  their  quiet  way,  most  attractive — of 
his  pleasant  labour.  Mr.  Hutton's  style 
is  simple  and  natural,  and  throughout  he 
thinks  rather  of  his  subject  than  of  himself. 
Amongst  the  many  services  we  owe  him, 
not  the  least  is  that  of  having  exploded 
Macaulay's  absurdly  distorted  account  of 
Samuel  Crispe,  who  now  for  the  first  time 
appears  in  his  true  light  as  the  brave, 
cheery,  kind-hearted  old  "  Daddy  "  who 
presided  langsyne  over  the  frolics  and 
the  humours  of  Chesington  Hall. 


Le  Canada  :   Les  Deux  Bares.     By  Andr6 
Siegfried.     (Paris,  Armand  Colin.) 

M.  Andre  Siegfried,  who  has  already 
written  an  excellent  volume  on  New 
Zealand,  which  our  readers  may  remember, 
treats  in  his  '  Canada  '  the  most  important 
points  connected  with  the  present  and 
future  of  the  Dominion. 

There  being,  for  the  reasons  which  our 
author  gives,  no  Labour  party  in  Canada, 
and  little  that  is  specially  interesting  in 
Canadian  legislation,  as  compared  with 
that  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  he 
rightly  devotes  the  whole  of  his  attention 
to  the  conflict  of  Protestants  and  Catholics 
and  that  of  British  and  French  in  the 
Dominion.  The  fiscal  question  as  between 
the  mother-country  and  Canada  he  passes 
over  lightly,  as  do  all  those  who  are  as 
well  acquainted  as  he  is  with  real  Canadian 
opinion  ;  and  he  attaches  more  import- 
ance to  future  trade  relations  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States  than  to 
those  between  Canada  and^the  United 
Kingdom,  except  so  far  as  these  are  similar 
to  the  relations  between  Canada  and  the 
rest  of  the  world.  His  conclusion  is  that 
"colonists  object  to  mixing  sentiment  with 
business."    . 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


445 


The  views  of  this  impartial  and  skilled 
observer,  himself  a  French  Protestant, 
are  of  great  interest  to  impartial  Britons. 
At  many  points  they  conflict  so  sharply 
with  our  received  opinions  that  they  will 
raise  dissent ;  but  that  they  represent 
a  perfectly  sound  judgment,  exercised 
without  leaning  in  any  particular  direction, 
we  are  convinced  by  our  previous  know- 
ledge of  the  author's  writings.  He  does 
not  exaggerate  in  either  a  French  or  a 
Protestant  sense,  and  unpleasant  as  are 
his  facts,  they  are  probably  facts  indeed. 

Switzerland  presents  us  with  a  country 
in  which  rival  languages  and  fierce  conflict 
between  Protestant  and  Catholic  are  in- 
sufficient to  weaken  national  unity.  In 
the  same  way  M.  Siegfried  shows  that 
the  fierce  rivalry  and  the  painful  conflicts 
caused  by  race  and  religion  form  no  bar 
to  unity  on  behalf  of  Canadian  nationality. 
The  difference  is  not  likely,  he  thinks,  to 
lessen,  and  Canadian  opinion  of  all  shades 
will  wander  for  ever  between  separatism, 
which  is  impossible,  and  complete  union, 
which  can  never  be.  Some  fierce  Pro- 
testants of  Upper  Canada  declare  that  the 
Dominion  is  to  be  Protestant  or  no  longer 
to  exist.  But  M.  Siegfried  gives  his 
reasons  for  disbelieving  that  they  will 
push  their  declarations  to  the  full  extent. 
Nevertheless,  in  a  sense,  the  fabric  of  the 
Dominion  is,  he  thinks,  at  the  mercy  of 
a  tremendous  accident  which  might 
strain  fanaticism,  either  on  the  Protestant 
or  on  the  Catholic  side,  to  breaking-point. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  vast  majority  of 
"  the  French  of  Canada  will  never  like 
the  English."  The  French  Canadian  (this 
careful  observer  is  convinced)  bears  a 
permanent  ill-will  towards  his  British 
neighbour,  but  not  towards  the  Imperial 
Government  or  the  British  across  the 
seas.  Some  of  M.  Siegfried's  quotations 
from  fanatics  on  both  sides  are  curious 
enough,  as,  for  example,  in  the  case  of 
speeches  of  Papal  representatives  on  the 
occasion  of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
proclamation  of  the  dogma  of  the  Im- 
maculate Conception,  at  the  end  of 
November,  1904,  in  which  were  coupled 
"  the  sects  of  Mahomet  and  of  Luther  " 
— the  latter  being  the  Anglicans,  Method- 
ists, and  Presbyterians  of  the  Dominion. 

Many    writers    have    tried    to    draw 

Eictures  of  Catholic  Quebec,  but  few 
ave  succeeded  better  than  M.  Siegfried. 
"  Pour  comprendre  en  effet  tout  le 
charmo  qui  se  degage  de  cette  antique 
maison,  il  faut  avoir  visits  les  batiments 
historiques  de  co  grand  seminaire  qui  se 
dresse,  altier  et  venerable,  sur  le  rocher  de 
Quebec,  dominant,  surplombant  presque  la 
ville  et  rimmense  nappe  d'eau  du  Saint- 
Laurent.  II  faut  avoir  parcouru  ses  inter- 
minables  et  sombres  couloirs,  vrais  couloirs 
de  couvent  ou  de  forteresse,  eclairos  ca  et 
la  de  fenetres  etroites  a  travers  lesquolles 
on  apercoit  soudain,  commo  dans  une  vision, 
le  merveilleux  panorama  du  fleuve,  avec 
son  arrierc-plan  do  montagnes  bleues  et 
decoupers.  I]  faut  avoir  vu  passer,  dans 
ces  antichambres,  dans  cos  classes  vioillottos 
st  sombres,  la  procession  des  6tudiants,  mi- 
laiquos,  mi-ccclosiastiques,  avoo  lours  uni- 
formoH  ourieux  ot  d'un  autre  ago  :  longuos 
redingotos  bleuos,  echarpos  d'un  vert  eme- 
raude.     II  faut  surtout  avoir  convors6,  dans 


l'intimit6  charmante  et  digne  de  petites 
chambres  presque  cellulaires,  avec  les  maitres 
ecclesiastiques,  si  francais  do  langage,  si 
canadiens,  si  catholiques  et  avec  tout  cela 
si  lointains  et  si  differents  de  notre  France 
europeenne  et  moderne  :  on  devine  alors, 
comme  dans  une  revelation  imposee  par  la 
composition  du  lieu,  toute  la  forte  tradition 
romaine  qui  a  petri  ce  pays  et  ce  peuple,  a 
tel  point  qu'il  se  sentirait  orphelin,  si  le 
protecteur  s6culaire  de  son  histoire  venait 
a  lui  manquer." 

In  the  University  of  Laval  and  the 
Catholic  colleges  of  the  Dominion  Roman 
Catholic  teaching  is  dominant  in  a  sense 
in  which  it  can  hardly  be  found  powerful 
in  any  university  of  the  Old  World,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  Louvain.  Even  philosophy 
is  taught  only  in  Latin,  and  almost  as  a 
branch  of  theology — no  modern  teaching 
being  mentioned,  except  for  the  purpose 
of  refutation  as  contrary  to  sound  doctrine. 
The  result  is  that  Laval  is  hopelessly 
distanced  in  modern  ideas  by  the  two 
other  great  universities  of  the  Dominion, 
and  that  the  Roman  Catholic  population 
are  without  the  highest  training  for  their 
future  in  the  world.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  schools  of  Upper  Canada,  being  so 
anxious  to  be  "  Imperial  "  as  to  imitate 
the  public  schools  of  England,  are  also, 
according  to  M.  Siegfried,  somewhat 
behind  those  of  the  United  States, 
although  he  shows  much  personal  sym- 
pathy for  the  colonial  schools  and  colleges 
in  the  matters  in  which  they  differ 
from  their  neighbours  across  the  frontier. 
Cricket,  at  least,  attracts  him,  though 
birching,  perhaps,  repels. 

M.  Siegfried  has  evidently  been  amazed 
at  the  extraordinary  extent  of  the  differ- 
ence between  the  French  Canadians,  with 
their  vigorous  growth  in  numbers,  and 
the  rest  of  the  civilized  world.  These 
Frenchmen  who  have  never  known  the 
Revolution  are  more  Conservative  than 
the  Russian  peasantry,  and  are  kept  in 
such  isolation  from  the  world  by  their 
advisers  that  no  admixture  of  ideas  takes 
place  : — 

"  After  150  years  of  life  under  the  same 
laws  and  flag,  these  neighbours  remain  to 
them  strangers  and,  generally  speaking, 
opponents.  They  like  one  another  no  more 
than  they  did  on  the  first  day  of  the  conquest, 
and  it  is  clear  that  we  find  ourselves  face  to 
face  with  one  of  those  deep  and  lasting  anti- 
pathies   against    which    conciliation    breaks 

itself    to    pieces The    English    and    the 

French  Canadians  live  in  the  same  house  as 
freres  ennemis ....  The  fiction  of  friendly 
feeling  is  kept  up  on  both  sides.  But  it  is 
a  deliberate  optimism,  which  does  not 
represent  reality ....  The  mothor-country 
does  not  interforo  in  the  local  quarrels,  or, 
if  it  does,  it  is  with  so  much  reservation 
that  intervention  is  not  perceived.  Although 
this  good  tradition  was  in  some  degree 
abandoned  during  the  reign  of  Imperialist 
opinion,  the  Government  in  London  is  still 
tho  supremo  arbiter ....  There  is  not  among 
the  Canadian  Fronch  any  hatred  against 
England,  but  thoro  is  not  affection.  When 
tho  British  armies  were  boaton  during  tho 
Transvaal  war  tho  Fronch  Canadians  re- 
joiced openly,  but  chiefly  for  tho  pleasure 
of  annoying  their  neighbours  in  Ontario  by 
treading  on  tho  British  lion's  tail,  as  a 
little  revenge  of  self-love." 


The  Canadian  British,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  too  much  inclined,  our  author  thinks, 
to  "  defend  the  flag,  which  nobody  is  in 
reality  attacking."  "  Interest  binds,"  and 
will  ever  bind  the  French-Canadian  to  the 
Empire  ;  but  it  is  a  mistake  to  try  his 
patience  by  calling  upon  him  to  take  part 
in  "  Imperial  defence,"  except  in  defend- 
ing his  own  loved  Canada.  That,  he  is, 
M.  Siegfried  tells  us,  prepared  to  defend — 
even  against  France  herself. 

M.  Siegfried  is  inclined  to  think,  but 
does  not  prove  his  case,  that  Lord  Minto 
did  harm  by  his  declarations  on  Imperialist 
doctrine  during  his  tenure  of  office  as 
Governor- General.  It  was  a  trying  time, 
and  it  was  as  difficult  for  a  Viceroy  to 
accept  the  volunteering  of  the  patriotic 
Imperialists  of  Canada  without  offending 
French-Canadian  sentiment  as  it  is  for  a 
Viceroy  in  Dublin  to  hold  the  balance 
even  between  Protestant  Orangemen  and 
Roman  Catholic  Nationalists. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


The  Angel  of  Pain.     By  E.   F.  Benson. 
(Heinemann.) 

It  is  a  little  difficult  to  discover  the  philo- 
sophic point  of  view  which  Mr.  Benson 
assumes  in  this  novel.  From  his  preface, 
which  is  somewhat  gratuitous,  we  are 
justified  in  supposing  that  he  disclaims 
the  utility  of  pain.  But  the  course  of 
his  story  is  in  favour  of  its  chastening 
value.     The  professor  of  the  preface  says  : 

"  If  we  have  thought  that  a  man  or  a 
woman  is  our  friend,  and  we  find  such 
acting  evilly  against  us  without  cause,  that 
pain  too,  though  it  is  the  hardest  of  all,  is 
somehow  necessary." 

That  is  a  statement  of  the  plot  of  this 
novel.  The  hero  considers  that  his  friend 
has  wronged  him,  because  he  has  robbed 
him  of  his  fiancde.  A  fair-minded  man 
would  have  reasoned,  albeit  sadly,  that 
it  was  the  right  and  duty  of  two  young 
people  to  find  out  their  real  feelings 
before  it  was  too  late.  But  Philip  Home 
is  not  unskilfully  drawn,  and  it  is  a  testi- 
mony to  the  skill  of  his  portrait  to  say 
that  he  strikes  us  as  a  man  who  would 
take  his  disappointment  hardly.  So,  too, 
the  picture  of  the  painter  Dundas  is  as 
clever  as  we  are  given  to  understand  his 
own  pictures  were.  The  girl  is  also  in 
keeping  and  successfully  individual,  while 
the  hero's  mother  is  delightful.  Indeed,  one 
can  take  no  exception  to  the  story  until 
one  comes  to  the  Hermit.  Bluntly,  the 
Hermit  will  not  do.  He  lives  in  solitary 
communion  with  Nature,  charms  night- 
ingales to  perch  on  his  finger  and  sing, 
and  dies  under  the  hoofs  of  Pan.  Why 
did  Mr.  Benson  throw  away  an  interesting 
book  on  this  preternatural  farrago  ?  We 
have  no  patience  with  the  chapters  in 
which  the  Hermit  appears. 


Mara.      By    Chris    Healy.      (Chatto     & 
Windus.) 

Mr.  Healy  describes  his  new  novel  as 
"  the  story  of  an  unconventional  woman  "; 
which  the  heroine  may  very  fairly  claim 

9 


446 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4094, 


April  14,  1906 


to  be.  She  is  so  "  unconventional  "  that 
she  haunts  tin-  streets  of  London,  appa- 
rently with  the  object  of  being  enter- 
tained at  dinner  by  the  satyrs  of  the  pave- 
ment. She  is  not  so  unconventional  in 
being  admired  and  painted  and  adopted 
by  a  titled  Academician,  for  such  a  fate 
frequently  befalls  heroines  of  fiction. 
Mr.  Healy  seems  to  hold  a  brief  in  this 
book  for  the  weaker  sex  against  the 
machinations  and  injustice  of  the  male, 
and  his  conduct  of  it  is  highly  sentimental. 
We  regret  that  the  knowledge  of  life 
which  in  his  previous  book  he  showed 
himself  to  possess,  at  least  so  far  as  the 
manufacturing  towns  of  the  North  are 
concerned,  does  not  seem  to  extend  to 
London.  His  tale  opens  in  East  Anglia, 
which  by  this  time  novelists  have  ren- 
dered for  us  a  social  inferno,  and  marches 
along,  without  one  convincing  character, 
to  what  is  an  orthodox  happy  ending. 
Mr.  Healy  would  do  well  to  return  to  his 
Northern  subjects. 


The  Man  of  Property.     By  J.  Galsworthy. 
(Heinemann.) 

This  is  one  of  the  few  volumes  among 
recent  works  of  fiction  to  which  one 
thinks  seriously  of  turning  a  second  time. 
It  is  a  book  in  which  an  intelligent  man 
could  browse  with  satisfaction,  even  with 
profit,  during  a  chance  hour  of  leisure. 
Perhaps  it  is  because  such  hours  come  so 
rarely  nowadays  that  books  of  which  this 
can  be  said  are  rare  in  current  literature. 
Here,  at  all  events,  is  one  of  them.  This 
story  of  an  upper  middle-class  London 
family  has  in  it  some  of  the  generous 
qualities  which  make  '  Vanity  Fair  '  the 
wholly  delightful  work  it  is.  The  cha- 
racter who  gives  the  novel  its  title  is  only 
one  of  half  a  dozen  equally  well-drawn 
members  of  a  family  which  illustrates  a 
type  that  is  as  surely  part  of  London  as 
its  omnibuses  and  the  metropolitan  police. 
These  people  are  the  principal  pillars  of 
the  more  solid  clubs,  their  houses  cover 
the  western  half  of  London  in  serried 
masses  of  solid,  enduring  comfort,  wealth, 
and  ugliness.  They  are  never  "  smart," 
and  always  solvent.  They  are  never 
brilliant  or  vicious,  and  always  respect- 
able. Law-abiding,  well  dressed,  colour- 
less, trustworthy,  full  of  common  sense, 
prosperous,  shrewd,  and  dull,  they  main- 
tain London's  balance.  They  do  not 
introduce,  or  initiate  ;  they  keep  things 
as  they  are.  Here  they  are  presented 
with  admirable  clearness  and  exactness — 
in  their  own  homes,  among  their  own  kind, 
pursuing  their  own  characteristic  ends. 
There  is  a  story  of  a  kind,  connecting  the 
long  series  of  carefully  finished  pictures. 
But  the  pictures,  the  characterization,  are 
the  main  thing.  They  are  minute,  vivid, 
and  steadily  interesting.  The  whole  is  a 
sound  and  equable  piece  of  work,  deserving 
high  praise. 

The    House    by    the    Bridge.     By    M.    (J. 
Easton.     (John  Lane.) 

In    'The    House     by    the     Bridge'    the 
'prentice  hand  betrays  itself  in  an  exu- 


berance  of  incident  and  coincident- 
which  uives  a  sense  of  overcrowding,  and 
puts  rather  too  severe  a  strain  upon  the 
credulity  of  the  reader.  There  is  plenty 
of  careful  work  in  the  story,  but  that 
intuition  or  experience  seems  to  be  want- 
ing which  knows  exactly  where  work 
tells,  and  where  it  serves  merely  to  confuse. 
The  characters  are  so  laboriously  studied 
that  they  suggest  types  rather  than 
individuals.  The  plot  is,  however,  well 
constructed,  and  the  mystery  success- 
fully sustained,  though  it  is  hardly  con- 
sistent with  the  heroine's  characteristics 
that  she  should  not  have  plucked  the 
heart  out  of  the  latter  much  earlier  in  her 
career.  A  commendable  restraint  in  toeat- 
ment  and  conscientious  workmanship 
promise  well  for  any  future  effort. 


The  Jungle.     By  Upton  Sinclair.     (Heine- 
mann.) 

This  book,  dedicated  "  to  the  working 
men  of  America."  is  a  powerful  story 
of  the  relations  of  capital  and  labour. 
It  is  not  a  pleasant  affair.  The  detailed 
description  of  the  chief  industries  of 
Chicago — the  slaughter  of  animals,  the 
manufacture  of  canned  food,  the  trans- 
formation of  waste  products  into  "  fer- 
tilizer " — is  scarcely  to  be  read  without  a 
feeling  of  nausea.  But  it  is  a  book  that 
holds  the  attention  by  its  vividness, 
earnestness,  and  simplicity.  Its  principal 
characters  belong  to  a  little  company  of 
Russians,  who,  attracted  to  America  as  a 
land  of  freedom,  are  pitilessly  crushed 
by  the  tyranny  and  corruption  of  the 
Beef  Trust,  in  whose  service  they  spend 
their  strength.  Foremost  among  them  is 
a  man  whose  struggles  against  the  relent- 
less forces  that  drive  him  down  the  indus- 
trial scale  make  a  grim  and  moving  tale. 
Mr.  Sinclair  has  the  power  of  making  his 
strongty  drawn  characters  part  of  the 
toiling  mass  ;  he  succeeds  in  bringing  the 
great  figure  of  Labour  itself  into  the  book. 
For  the  most  part,  the  story  is  told  without 
any  attempt  to  point  a  moral ;  but 
towards  the  close  it  degenerates  into  a 
Socialist  argument,  and  thus  loses  a  good 
deal  of  its  artistic  merit. 


AFRICAN     LANGUAGES. 

Swahili  is  among  the  best-known  members 
of  the  Bantu  language-family,  and  was,  for 
various  reasons,  one  of  the  earliest  to  be 
fully  studied  ;  but  comparatively  little  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  the  group  of  allied 
idioms  which  connect  it  with  the  mainland. 
These  comprise  Pokomo,  Kamba,  Digo, 
Shambala,  Bondei,  Zigula,  Konde  (to  be 
distinguished  from  the  Konde  of  Lake 
Nyasa),  and  others.  Some  of  these  were 
included  by  Krapf  in  his  '  Vocabulary  of 
Six  East  African  Languages,'  published  in 
1850  ;  and  other  materials  were  collected 
by  the  late  Bishop  Steere  between  1865  and 
1882.  Shambala  and  Zigula,  not  the  least 
important  of  those  enumerated,  are  spoken 
in  adjacent  districts — the  former  north  of 
tho  Ruvu  (Luvu)  or  Pangani  river,  the  latter 
south  of  it,  and  separated  from  tho  sea  by 
t  he  strip  of  coast-land  known  as  the  Mrima, 
where  the  people  speak  a  dialect  of  Swahili. 
Some   YVazigula,   however,   appear  to   have 


migrated  into  the  Shambala  country.  The 
Wa-Bondei  occupy  the  country  between 
Usambara  and  the  coast.  Bishop  Steere 
in  1867  published  Collections  for  a  Handbook 
of  the  Shambala  Language,  having  obtained 
his  materials  "  from  a  native  of  one  of  the 
coast  villages  who  was  well  acquainted  with 
the  Shambala  country  and  language."  He 
afterwards  had  these  materials  "  revised  by 
another  man,  a  Zigula  by  birth,  who  made 
scarcely  any  substantial  alterations."  This 
little  book  has  been  reissued  (Msalabani, 
East  Africa ;  to  be  obtained  at  the  office 
of  the  Universities'  Mission,  9,  Dartmouth 
Street,  S.W.)  by  the  Archdeacon  of  Magila, 
who,  being  on  the  spot,  and  having  the 
advantage  of  several  years'  study  at  first 
hand,  has  subjected  the  whole  to  a  thorough 
revision  in  the  light  of  the  most  recent 
philological  research.  Prof.  Meinhof  de- 
voted some  months  (August,  1902  —  Feb- 
ruary, 1903)  to  the  study  of  Bantu  phonetics, 
with  the  help  of  the  phonograph,  in  Zanzibar 
and  German  East  Africa.  The  results  of 
his  observations,  embracing  a  large  number 
of  languages  (two  of  them,  Mbugu  and 
Ndorobo,  never  before  treated),  are  now  in 
course  of  publication  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Berlin  Oriental  Seminary,  and  are 
referred  to  below.  These  essays  deal  largely 
in  technicalities,  which,  though  important 
enough  in  themselves,  are  unnecessary  in  a 
practical  handbook  like  Archdeacon  Wood- 
ward's. We  cannot  help  thinking,  more- 
over, that  the  orthography  used  in  the 
latter  serves  all  ordinary  purposes  as  well 
as  the  more  elaborate  system  proposed  by 
Prof.  Meinhof.  Gh  may  be  a  less  scientific 
way  of  writing  the  guttural  (in  such  a  word 
as  ghubika,  where  the  Berlin  missionaries, 
when  they  heard  it  at  all,  wrote  r)  than  y, 
but  it  makes  things  easier  for  the  printer. 
In  connexion  with  this  subject  of  ortho- 
graphy, we  may  remark  in  passing  that  the 
system  followed  by  the  German  authorities 
is  one  likely  to  lead  to  hopeless  confusion. 
In  maps  and  other  official  documents  we 
find  "  Sansibar,"  "  Wuga "  (for  Vuga), 
"Muhesa"  (for  Muheza),  "  Kilimandscharo," 
&c.  ;  while  the  Government  schools  teach 
the  usual  Swahili  spelling — w  and  /,  for  in- 
stance, not  having  the  German  values  of 
v  ana  y.  The  official  spelling  is  not  even 
uniformly  applied,  since  in  a  map  before  us 
we  find  "  Uzi  "  by  the  side  of  "  Sansibar." 

One  or  two  interesting  points  in  phonetics 
may  bo  mentioned.  P  does  not  seem  to 
exist  (except  in  borrowed  words,  and  in 
combination  with  m),  its  place  being 
taken  by  the  aspirate,  which,  by  the 
by,  is  "pronounced  with  a  deep  sighing 
sound,  necessitating  a  slight  pause  before 
it."  Thus  the  Swahili  mpunga  ("rice") 
becomes  mhunga  ;  mpini  ("a  handle"), 
mhini ;  pita,  hita ;  mpepo,  mhepo ;  the 
preposition  pa,  ha,  &c.  L  often  seems,  to 
the  beginner,  to  drop  out  (as  it  actually 
does  in  Swahili  ;  compare  paa  and  im- 
pala,  lia  and  lila,  &c.)  between  two 
vowels  ;  or  it  is  mistaken  for  y,  probably 
owing  to  its  palatal  enunciation.  Arch- 
deacon Woodward  fails  to  distinguish  the 
two  sounds  of  ch  insisted  on  by  Prof.  Meinhof, 
though  willing  to  admit  that  they  may  exist. 
Another  feature  is  the  "  musical  tone  or 
accent"  ("pitch"  is  perhaps  a  more  correct 
designation  than  "  accent "),  which  has 
been  found  to  be  present  in  several  Bantu 
languages,  and  will  probably,  now  that 
attention  is  directed  to  it,  be  discovered 
in  many  more. 

The  Shambala  handbook  forms  an  admir- 
ably practical  introduction  to  the  language. 
Each  part  of  speech  has  a  short  section 
devoted  to  it,  followed  by  a  useful  vocabulary. 
Finally,  we  have  on  p.  64  some  interesting 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


447 


information,  on  '  Shambala  Salutations  '  ; 
then  a  list  of  '  Onomatopoetic  Substantives  ' 
(by  some  called  adverbs,  and  by  others 
interjections)  ;  an  account  of  the  "  tones  " 
already  alluded  to  ;  and  a  short  native  talo 
•with  vocabulary. 

Archdeacon  Woodward  has  also  published 
Collections  for  a  Handbook  of  the  Zigula 
Language,  much  on  the  same  plan  as  the 
foregoing,  with  the  exception  of  the  vocabu- 
laries, there  being  only  one  to  accompany 
the  two  tales  at  the  end  of  the  book.  It  is, 
however,  intended  to  issue  some  vocabularies 
and  tales  later.  This  language  (formerly 
called  Zigua  or  Zeguha,  probably  because 
the  earliest  information  about  it  was  ob- 
tained from  Swahili-speaking  natives,  or 
possibly  owing  to  the  peculiar  pronuncia- 
tion of  I  already  referred  to)  does  not  differ 
markedly  in  structure  from  Shambala,  and 
appears  to  share  many  of  its  words  and  its 
dislike  for  the  p  sound.  We  find  no  indica- 
tion of  the  Shambala  guttural,  the  words 
containing  it  being  spelt  with  g — kiga,  gubika, 
genda,  &c.  We  shall  look  forward  with 
interest  to  the  further  collections  promised. 

Father  A.  von  der  Mohl,  S.J.,  contributes 
to  the  eighth  volume  of  Afrikanische  Studien 
(which  is  published  by  the  Berlin  Oriental 
Seminary)  a  collection  of  fables  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Lower  Zambezi,  which  he  calls 
"  Ci-Tete,"  but  which  differs  only  dialectic- 
ally  from  Nyanja  or  Mang'anja.  The  stories 
are  of  the  familiar  "  Uncle  Remus  "  type. 
The  Rev.  H.  A.  Fokken,  of  the  Lutheran 
Mission,  Kilimanjaro,  has  a  careful  study  of 
Kisiha,  a  dialect  of  the  Caga  (Chaga,  Dschaga) 
language,  the  variations  of  which  almost 
constitute  separate  tongues.  Another  article 
dealing  with  Bantu  philology  is  the  continua- 
tion of  Prof.  Meinhof 's  '  Linguistische  Studien 
in  Ostafrika.'  This  instalment  deals  with 
Digo,  Nika,  and  Pokomo.  Dr.  Lippert  pub- 
lishes in  this  number,  with  translations, 
some  Hausa  tales  obtained  from  Mr.  John 
Thornhill,  of  the  Gold  Coast  Frontier  Force. 
Of  ethnographic  as  well  as  linguistic  interest 
are  the  notes  of  the  Rev.  C.  Spiess  (of  Lome, 
Togo)  on  the  magic  and  mythology  of  the 
Anld  people,  consisting  of  a  series  of  native 
texts,  with  the  translation  in  parallel 
columns. 

Afrikaansche  Studies.  Proefschrift  ter 
verkrijging  van  den  grad  van  Doctor  aan  de 
Rijksuniversiteit  te  Gent  door  Pieter  Jacobus 
du  Toit.  (Ghent,  A.  Siffer.)— The  literature 
of  the  "  Taal  "  is  not  very  abundant,  and 
Dr.  du  Toit's  dissertation,  while  in  the  main 
following  the  .same  lines  as  Prof.  Hesseling's 
essay  ( '  Het  Af rikaansch  ' )  reviewed  in  The 
Athenceum  for  November  11th,  1899,  supplies 
some  important  corrections  and  additions 
to  that  work.  Dr.  du  Toit,  whose  name 
indicates  his  nationality,  and  who  is,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  a  native  of  Hope  Town,  has 
the  advantage  of  an  inside  knowledge  of  his 
subject,  whereas  Prof.  Hesseling  was  forced 
to  base  his  conclusions  on  a  study  of  such 
materials  as  were  accessible  to  him  in  print. 
It  is,  therefore,  not  surprising  that  he  should 
have  fallen  into  error  on  some  minor  points, 
on  which  Dr.  du  Toit  is  able  to  set  him  right. 
Among  these  are  the  etymologies  of  assegaai 
(as  here  spelt  on  p.  41) — a  point  touched  on 
in  the  above-mentioned  review — paai-boelie 
(p.  55),  and  dollos  or  dolos,  meaning  the 
"  knuckle-bones  "  used  by  native  diviners. 
This  had  been  set  down  as  of  Hottentot 
origin,  but  Dr.  du  Toit  explains  it  as  a  con- 
traction of  dobbcl-os.  Dobbelen,  in  Dutch,  is 
"  to  throw  dice,"  and  it  appears  that  these 
bones  are  sometimes,  by  children  in  their 
games,  called  "  oxen."  Prof.  Hesseling's 
list  of  Hottentot  derivations  (soe  '  Het 
Afrikaansch,'  pp.  80-81)  is  reduced  (p.  21) 
to   the   following :     abba   (or   abbe),    ghoenie 


(ghoen),  hoeka  (toeka),  kamma,  kammalielies, 
kamte,  kastag,  kierie  (kiri,  or  "  kerry  ").  To 
these  Dr.  du  Toit  adds  :  Boegoe  (bu^u,  in 
Sparrman  bucku),  an  odoriferous  herb. 
Dagga,  the  Cannabis  indica  (bhang).  Qanna, 
a  certain  herb.  Gijtjic,  a  kind  of  lizard — 
unless  this  word  is  the  Dutch  geitje,  a  little 
goat.  Gnu.  Gonna  (gonne),  an  interjection 
of  astonishment.  Gorra,  gorratjie,  defined 
in  the  '  Patriot-Woordeboek  '  (Paarl,  1902) 
as  "  small  holes  in  dry  river-beds  to  get 
water  filtering  through  sand."  Karro  (karroo). 
Kwagga.  Tonka,  or  konka,  a  pot.  We  may 
remark  in  passing  that  kaboe  or  koeboc  (kabu, 
knbu),  stated  by  Mansvelt  to  be  "  a  Kaffir 
word  only  used  in  the  interior  "  (see  also 
'  Het  Afrikaansch,'  p.  81),  would  seem  to  be 
the  Zulu  um-caba,  boiled  mealies,  which,  from 
the  click,  is  not  unlikely  to  be  a  Hottentot 
word. 

A  considerable  part  of  Dr.  du  Toit's  essay 
is  of  a  controversial  nature,  being  devoted 
to  a  refutation  of  the  arguments  advanced 
by  Dr.  Heinrich  Meyer-Benfey  in  his  article 
'  Die  Burensprache  und  ihre  Litteratur  ' 
(Preussischc  Jahrbiiclwr,  November,  1904). 
This  writer,  while  acknowledging  the  value 
of  Prof.  Hesseling's  researches,  is  inclined 
to  think  that  the  latter  has  exaggerated  the 
influence  of  the  Malayo-Portuguese  lingua- 
franca  in  producing  the  peculiar  character 
of  the  "  Taal  "  :— 

"  Dass  viele  Worter  aus  dem  Kreolischen  stam- 
men,  und  darunter  so  gelaufige  wie  banja,  baing, 
noi,  ist  iiber  jeden  Zweifel  erhaben.  Einfluss  des 
Kreolischen  auf  den  graminatischen  Ban  der  Bun  n- 
sprache  seheint  niir  dagegen  in  keinem  Punkt 
erwiesen  oder  anzunehmen  notwendig,  vielmehr 
diUfte  fur  die  bestehenden  Aehnlichkeiten  stetseine 
andere  Erklarung  zulassig  und  vorzuziehen  sein." 

The  explanation  preferred  by  Dr.  Meyer- 
Benfey  is  that  the  phonetic  decay  and  loss 
of  inflections  which  give  the  Taal  its  "  hyper- 
analytical  "  character  are  but  the  normal 
process  of  development — only  more  rapidly 
and  energetically  carried  out — which  has  in 
course  of  time  differentiated  English  from 
Icelandic.  The  causes  of  this  more  rapid 
and  energetic  development  are  the  isolation 
and  low  degree  of  culture  of  the  early 
colonists  ;  their  "  Mangel  an  literarischer 
Tradition  und  an  grammatischer  Zucht  und 
Kontrole  "  ;  and  the  adoption  of  the  lan- 
guage by  Hottentots  and  slaves  of  other 
alien  races.  After  all,  it  seems  as  if  Dr. 
Meyer-Ben  fey' s  view,  looked  at  carefully, 
were  not  so  very  different  from  Prof.  Hesse- 
ling's and  Dr.  du  Toit's  :  the  real  point 
at  issue  between  them  is  the  importance 
assigned  to  the  Hottentots  as  a  linguistic 
factor.  When  we  examine  the  specimens  of 
Hottentot-Dutch  patois  reported  by  Peter 
Kolbe  (1719)  as  commonly  spoken  by  these 
people,  whose  women  were  employed  as 
nurses  by  most  colonial  families,  the  hypo- 
thesis that  the  change  in  the  language  was 
chiefly  due  to  them  does  not  seem  very 
unreasonable.  Against  this,  however,  we 
have  to  set  the  following  considerations  : 
The  number  of  Afrikander  words  which  can 
he  traced  to  the  Hottentot  language  is,  as 
both  Prof.  Hesseling  and  Dr.  du  Toit  have 
shown,  exceedingly  small,  and  some  of  the 
most  characteristic  peculiarities — e.g.,  t he- 
loss  of  grammatical  gender — are  fundament- 
ally incompatible  with  the  character  of  the 
Hottentot  language1. 

Intercourse  between  the  colonists  and  the 
Hottentots  only  took  place  to  a  very  limited 
extent  up  to  the  time  of  Kolhe's  visit  to  the 
Cape  (1705-13),  and  was  at  first  carried  on 
1>\  means  of  interpreters.  Hut  the  Afri- 
kander Taal  had  by  that  time  already 
assumed  its  distinctive  character.  It  Beems, 
therefore,  more  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
the  patois  above  referred  to  was  that  spoken 


by  the  imported  slaves,  and  picked  up  from 
them — or  from  then  masters,  who  had  by 
this  time  begun  to  use  it — by  the  Hottentots. 
Sparrman  (1772-76)  mentions  some  of  the 
Hottentots  as  speaking  Portuguese — evi- 
dently the  "  Malayo-Portuguese  "  jargon  of 
the  slaves.  These  involuntary  immigrants 
were  a  mixed  multitude,  from  Java,  Ceylon, 
Bengal,  Madagascar,  Mozambique,  and 
Guinea.  Their  common  medium  of  inter- 
course was  the  sailors'  lingua -franc  a,  which 
at  that  time  was  spoken  and  understood 
all  over  the  East.  The  substitution  for 
this,  at  the  Cape,  of  a  Dutch  jargon 
formed  on  the  same  lines  seems  to  have 
taken  place  during  the  last  forty  years 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  Dr.  Meyer- 
Benfey  does  not  deny  these  facts.  But 
the  difficulties  of  communication  were  so 
great,  when  the  settlers  had  penetrated 
further  inland  from  the  Cape  peninsida, 
that,  if  his  hypothesis  had  been  correct, 
tico  languages  must  have  sprung  up,  as  Dr. 
du  Toit  points  out  (p.  20) — "  a  Dutch  with 
Hottentot  colouring,"  in  the  Onderveld,  or 
up-country  districts,  and  "  a  Dutch  with 
Malayo-Portuguese  colouring,"  in  the  Cape 
peninsula.  But  the  surprising  homogeneity 
(apart  from  insignificant  details)  of  the 
Afrikander  Taal  has  struck  all  observers  ; 
so  that  it  must,  as  already  stated,  have  been 
fully  developed  in  essentials  before  the 
Onderveld  was  settled  or  the  colonists  had 
come  into  sufficiently  close  contact  with  the 
Hottentots  for  the  latter  to  exercise  any 
appreciable  influence  on  their  language. 

Kolbe's  specimens  of  "  Hottentot  Hollands" 
are  very  much  like  the  Taal  of  the  present 
day,  with  one  exception,  noticed  by  nearly 
every  one  who  has  written  on  the  subject — 
the  tendency  to  make  all  verbs  end  in  -urn  : 
"  Die  oud  volk  altijd  zoo  makum,  en  daarom 
ons  ook  zoo  makum  "  ; — "  Gy  ons  immers 
doodmakum,"  &c.  This  peculiarity  has 
now  vanished  ;  but  it  frequently  appears 
in  the  English  attributed  to  Australian 
aborigines  and  others — principally,  we  fancy, 
by  writers  of  fiction.  Is  it  a  genuine 
phonetic  feature,  or  a  result  of  unscientific 
reporting — or  merely  due  to  an  a  priori  con- 
ception of  what  "  natives  "  would  be  likely 
to  say  ? 

On  pp.  35-9  Dr.  du  Toit  gives  some  inter- 
esting particulars — new  to  us  in  the  main — 
as  to  the  speech  of  the  Cape  Malays  at  the 
present  time.  Those  living  in  towns  have 
a  limited  amount  of  English,  of  a  strictly 
professional  kind,  e.g.,  "  Nice  banana,  Mrs., 
— cheap, — shilling, — ten — Mrs.  buy  ?  "  &C  ; 
but  they  speak  "  perfect  Afrikaansch," 
except  for  their  inability  to  pronounce 
certain  sounds  ;  e.g.,  they  turn  eu  into  4 
(sletel  for  sleutel),  and  give  j  the  English 
instead  of  the  Dutch  (if)  sound.  One  of  the 
most  curious  publications  ever  issued  is  a 
Mohammedan  prayer-book  in  the  Taal, 
printed  in  Arabic  characters,  prepared  (in 
1869)  for  the  use  of  Moslems  at  the  Cape. 
An  account  of  this  is  given  by  Prof,  de  Goeje 
in  the  Ncdcrlandschc  Spectator,  No.  61 
(1881). 

In  the  concluding  chapter  of  his  essay 
Dr.  du  Toit  compares  the  Taal  with  tho 
Dutch  patois  spoken  in  the  West  Indies,  of 
which  specimens  are  supplied  in  a  recent 
work  by  Prof.  Hesseling  ("Het  Negerhollands 
der  Deense  Antillen"),  and  finds  a  series 
of  instructive  resemblances  and  differences. 
The  result  of  his  examination  is  to  confirm 
him  in  the  view  already  adopted  both  by 
himself  and  Prof.  Hesseling.  that  "the 
Afrikander  Taal  was  on  (he  iraif  to  become 
a  Creole  dialect,"  but  that  its  development 
in  thai  direction  was  arrested.  In  tho 
West  Indian  patois  the  process  was  com- 
pleted.     One    oi    the    features    common    to 


448 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


both,  but  loss  marked  in  the  Tanl,  "  is  tho 
omission  of  tho  article,  the  conjunction,  and 
sometimes  of  tho  relative  pronoun."  With 
regard  to  this  last  Dr.  du  Toit  says:  "  In 
Afrikander  this  happens  only  in  the  speech 
of  the  aborigines,  and  espocially  in  that  of  tho 
Kaffirs."  It  may  perhaps  be  pointed  out 
that  this  is  a  natural  consequence  of  the 
Zulu  relative  construction.  Another  idiom, 
the  collective  baas-goet,  meaning  "  the 
mascer  and  those  with  him,"  may  be  com- 
pared with  tho  Zulu  collective  plurals  of 
proper  nouns,  e.g.,  o  Zatshuke  =■  Zatshuke 
and  his  people  "  (or  "  party,"  "  family," 
&c,  as  the  case  may  be).  All  the  remarks 
on  pp.  103-7  as  to  tho  Afrikaansch  spoken 
by  Kaffirs  should  be  carefully  considored  by 
students  of  tho  Bantu  languages. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  publish  Six 
Years  at  the  Russian  Court,  by  M.  Eager, 
a  lady  who  appears  to  have  been  a  nursery 
governess  from  Ireland.  Portions  of  it 
have  appeared  as  contributions  to  The 
Leisure  Hour.  The  life  of  the  dependents 
of  a  great  Court  is  a  life  apart,  in  a  world  of 
their  own.  Kings  and  queens  are  so  cut 
off  from  the  ordinary  possibilities  of  friend- 
ship that  they  are  much  closer  to  their 
servants  than  is  usually  the  case  in  other 
ranks  of  life.  The  English  duke  is  like  the 
English  humble  clerk  in  being  somewhat 
aloof  from  the  servant-life  of  Ins  establish- 
ment. The  attitude  of  the  old  lady,  in  all 
countries,  towards  her  maid,  and  that  of 
the  French  ecclesiastic  to  his  old  cook- 
housekeeper,  are  more  on  the  footing  of  those 
of  kings  and  queens  to  their  children's 
governesses.  On  the  other  hand,  the  effect 
of  innumerable  royal  friendships  on  the 
dependents  themselves  is  almost  invariably 
the  same.  The  book  before  us  is  exactly 
what  it  was  likely  to  be  in  such  circumstances : 
well  worth  reading  for  those  who  have  time, 
but  not  to  be  depended  upon  for  a  just  view 
of  anything  or  anybody.  The  charming 
sketches  of  the  little  Grand  Duchess  Olga, 
especially  that  which  faces  p.  162,  are  in 
themselves  worth  possessing,  though  we 
doubt  whether  the  young  princess  intended 
her  efforts  for  publication.  Royal  people, 
however,  have  no  reticence  :  they  are  as 
fond  of  reading  about  themselves  in  the 
newspapers  as  is  a  newly  elected  member 
of  Parliament.  The  author's  view  of  Russia 
may  be  conceived  in  advance.  She  says  of 
"  the  people  "  that  "  they  are  not  capable 
of  guiding  themselves.  The  little  nursery 
party  in  Tsarskoe  Selo  would  be  just  as  well 
able  to  arrange  their  daily  life  without  the 
aid  of  '  grown-ups  '  as  are  the  Russians  in 
general."  On  the  same  page  the  author 
tells  us  that  Russia  has  made  since  emanci- 
pation "  gigantic  strides  towards  civiliza- 
tion. In  the  matter  of  higher  education 
for  women  she  is  well  abreast  of  the  times." 
It  is,  however,  to  the  Revolutionist  that 
this  advance  is  due  ;  and  the  extraordinary 
ability  of  the  Russian  women  who  havo 
trained  themselves  at  Zurich  and  in  Paris 
owes  little  to  the  Government  or  Court  of 
Russia  for  its  development.  Spasmodic 
efforts  there  have  been,  no  doubt.  It  is  cha- 
racteristic of  the  Russian  Court  and  Govern- 
ment that  there  should  be ;  but  such  spurts, 
followed  by  hard  repression,  are  not  steps 
for  which  the  author  could  claim  credit  on 
behalf  of  her  late  employers.  It  is  some- 
what shocking,  when  we  remember  what 
has  since  happened,  to  read  that  "  the 
season  of  1903  was  exceptionally  brilliant  ; 
the   great  event  was  the  famous  costumo 


ball.... Tho  Empress's  dress,"  with  imita- 
tion antique  ornaments  made  for  the  occa- 
sion, "  cost  upwards  of  a  million  roubles, 
more  than  a  hundred  thousand  pounds  of 
our  money." 

Our  author  exhibits  the  customary  weak- 
nesses of  such  work  as  hers.  When  she 
writes  of  her  four  Grand  Duchesses  from 
birth  to  middle  childhood  she  is  interesting. 
When  she  writes  of  Russia  her  observations 
are  somewhat  fatuous  ;  and  she  has  no 
knowledge,  either  of  Russia  in  particular  or 
of  tho  Continent  in  general,  to  form  a  basis 
for  observation.  Her  account  of  what  she 
calls  "  tho  Greek  Church  "  is  strangely 
wanting  in  information ;  and  the  asser- 
tion  concerning  the  Orthodox  Church  of 
Russia,  that  "  Mass  is  sung  in  the  vulgar 
tongue,"  is  not  strictly  accurate  in  fact,  as 
the  archaic  Slavonic  language  is  one  with 
which  the  Russian  Nonconformists  or  Old 
Believers  are  alone  familiar.  The  astonish- 
ment twice  expressed  at  those  who  have 
business  with  the  Imperial  family,  and  are 
not  entitled  to  wear  uniform,  coming  to  the 
palaces  in  "  evening  dress  "  displays  a  want 
of  acquaintance  with  the  customs  of  the 
world  outside  this  country,  even  as  known 
in  Paris.  The  repeated  use  of  the  phrase 
"  Heir  Apparent  "  for  "  Heir  Presumptive  " 
shows  a  certain  want  of  familiarity  with 
cultivated  forms  of  our  own  tongue.  The 
Russian  title  signifies,  indeed,  only  "  Heir  "  ; 
and  we  should  have  thought  that  the  author 
would  be  familiar  with  it  in  the  Court  form 
"  le  grand-due  h6ritier."  The  account  of 
the  Russian  peasant's  bath,  which  implies 
that  "  warm  water  "  (rather  than  hot  air 
and  twigs)  is  the  essential  article,  and  the 
account  of  the  Russian  land  system,  are 
equally  wide  of  the  mark.  The  author 
seems  to  think  that  the  patches  in  the 
village  strips  of  land  are  received  by  the 
peasant  from  the  proprietor,  instead  of,  as 
is  usual  in  almost  all  the  Governments  of 
Russia,  from  the  village  itself.  The  peasants 
regard  themselves,  with  some  justice,  as  the 
real  proprietors,  and  "  the  proprietor  "  as 
a  modern  upstart,  who  dates  only  from  the 
time  of  the  Empress  Catherine. 

The  author  disarms  criticism  in  some 
points  by  repeatedly  explaining  that  she 
knows  hardly  any  Russian.  But  this  should 
have  prevented  her  from  translating  in- 
accurately— and  indeed  sometimes  in  varying 
fashions,  all  of  them  incorrect — such  Russian 
words  as  Selo.  Even  towards  the  Cossacks 
of  the  garrison  of  St.  Petersburg  and  of  the 
Imperial  Guard  our  author  has  not  been 
open-eyed.  She  speaks  of  them  as  having 
two  uniforms,  one  for  "  every  day,"  and  the 
other  "  on  holidays."  The  Sotnia  of  the 
Cossacks  of  the  Guard  which  wears  the  long 
scarlet  coat  reaching  to  the  feet  is  as 
distinct  from  all  the  other  Cossacks  as  is  the 
Sotnia  which  wears  white  lambskin.  The 
uniform  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Don,  which 
is  that  of  the  majority  of  the  Cossack  popula- 
tion of  the  empire — though  only  one  out  of 
innumerable  varieties  of  Cossack  uniform — 
is  that  which  is  distinguished  by  red  cuffs. 
At  the  May  Day  review  specimens  of  all 
kinds  may  be  seen  together  in  their  glory. 
One  of  the  strangest  of  the  many  errors  in 
the  book  is  the  repeated  use  of  the  word 
"  mangolias." 

An  attractive  volume  of  little  stories,  which 
havo  on  the  surface  a  simple  or  child  mean- 
ing, with  a  good  deal  of  knowledge  of  Russia 
for  grown  people  behind  it,  is  published  by 
Mr.  William  Heinemann  under  the  title  of 
Serf  Life  in  Ricssia.  The  stories  are  ascribed 
to  Alexandra  de  Holstein  and  Dora  B. 
Montefiore,  and  appear  to  be  by  the  former, 
with   preface   and  some   touching-up   from 


tho  pen  of  the  feminist  writer  whose  name 
stands  second.  They  are,  however,  intensely 
Russian. 

Under  the  title  By-paths  in  the  Balkans 
(Chapman  &  Hall)  Capt.  von  Herbert  has 
put  together  a  number  of  curious  and  inter- 
esting chapters  about  gipsies  and  their 
tongues  and  music,  as  well  as  remarks  (less 
new,  and  perhaps  in  some  cases  less  accurate) 
about  all  the  Balkan  languages  and  races. 
Those  who  are  interested  either  in  Eastern 
music  or  in  gipsies  will  find  the  book  worth 
perusal.  We  differ  from  the  following  state- 
ment, when  we  remember  the  work  done  by 
the  American  missionaries  and  by  Robert 
College  : — 

"  My  Protestantism  received  a  rude  shock  when 
I  discovered  that  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula  not  one 
Protestant  sect  is  doing,  or  attempting  to  do,  any 

food,  whether  among  the  Orthodox,  or  among  the 
ews,  or  among  the  Moslems." 

Our  reviewer  was  provoked  to  laughter  by 
the  statement  about  a  doubtful  Balkan 
witness,  that  "  his  veracity  was  vouched 
for  by  a  dragoman  of  the  Austrian  Consulate." 

The  Librarian  of  the  University  of  Toronto 
and  Messrs.  Morang  &  Co.  of  that  city  pub- 
lish, in  the  "  University  of  Toronto  Studies," 
the  volume  entitled  Review  of  Historical  Pub- 
lications relating  to  Canada  for  the  Year  1905. 
It  is  edited,  as  usual,  by  Prof.  George  M. 
Wrong  and  Mr.  H.  H.  Langton.  The  volume 
contains,  as  it  always  does,  a  great  deal  of 
interesting  information  with  regard  to  the 
French  Canadians  and  to  racial  problems  in 
the  Dominion.  But  there  is — by  chance,  no 
doubt — less  important  matter  than  usual 
bearing  on  Imperial  questions  of  general 
interest  throughout  the  British  Empire. 

A  dissertation  on  the  English  Craft 
Cilds  and  the  Government  has  been  published 
by  Miss  Stella  Kramer  in  the  Columbia 
University  "  Studies  in  History,  Economics, 
and  Public  Law "  (New  York,  Columbia 
University  Press).  It  appears  to  be  the 
work  of  a  young  student  who  lias  read 
widely  and  thought  independently,  but 
stands  in  need  of  more  systematic  historical 
training.  The  writer  stands  up  boldly  against 
the  doctrines  of  some  well-known  economic 
historians,  and  in  several  of  her  contentions 
has,  we  think,  right  on  her  side  ;  but  she 
cannot  be  said  to  have  learnt  how  to  put 
her  case  effectively.  She  uses  the  inter- 
rogative far  too  often  in  passages  intended 
to  be  argumentative,  thus  giving  her  con- 
tentions an  air  of  doubt  winch  she  is  far 
from  wishing  to  convey.  Sometimes  the  ques- 
tion is  put  to  the  reader  and  not  answered  ; 
sometimes  (and  we  have  counted  as  many 
as  five  successive  sentences  ending  with  a 
mark  of  interrogation)  the  question  is 
addressed  to  the  adversary  in  criticism  of 
his  position.  This  rather  lady-like  weapon 
of  controversy  can  deal  no  very  deadly  blow. 
The  principal  contention  is  that  the  craft 
gilds  continued  to  flourish  throughout  the 
Tudor  period,  and  that  Tudor  legislation 
was  directed,  not  to  their  injury,  but  only 
to  the  removal  of  certain  abuses  of  the 
system.  There  was,  in  fact,  no  such  "  decay 
of  the  craft  gilds  "  under  the  influence  of 
hostile  statutes  as  has  commonly  been  sup- 
posed. The  best  part  of  the  paper  is  the 
latter  half,  the  work  on  the  Tudor  period. 
The  account  of  the  mediaeval  craft  gilds 
shows  a  somewhat  meagre  equipment,  and, 
as  is  commonly  the  case  in  youthful  self- 
training  on  the  German  method,  the  writer 
is  found  to  be  familiar  with  the  special  theme, 
and  disproportionately  ignorant  of  the  subject 
of  which  that  theme  forms  part.  To  discover 
the  original  of  the  text,  "If  a  merchant 
tlirove,  so  that  he  fared  thrice  over  the  sea 
by  his  own  means,  then  was  he  thenceforth 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATSENJlUM 


449 


of  thegn-right  worthy,"  we  are  referred  to 
Norton's  '  Commentary ' ;  the  author  further- 
more calls  this  passage  a  "  doom,"  and 
ascribes  it  to  the  time  of  Athelstan.  This 
is  but  one  example.  Nevertheless,  as  the 
firstfruits  of  a  term  of  historical  research, 
the  dissertation  is  welcome.  Though  a  good 
deal  has  been  written  on  the  subject  of 
craft  gilds,  much  still  remains  to  be  done 
before  we  shall  have  a  teachable,  incontro- 
vertible account  even  of  the  bare  outlines. 
We  hope  that  the  present  study  may  be 
enlarged  and  carried  forward. 

The    series    of     "  Tudor    Translations " 
(Nutt)  reaches  its  fortieth  volume  with  the 
present  instalment — two  volumes  containing 
reprints   of   the   earliest   versions   in  which 
three  of  Machiavelli's  most  important  works 
were  made  known  to  English  readers  :  White- 
home's  Arte  of  Warre,  Bedingfeld's  Floren- 
tine Historie,  and  Dacres's  The  Prince.     Mr. 
Henry  Cust  contributes  an  Introduction,  in 
which  he  says   gracefully   much   the  usual 
things    about    Machiavelli,    Caesar    Borgia, 
'  The  Prince,'   and  so   on,   from  which  the 
reader  perceives  that  he  has  read  Acton's 
and  Mr.  Burd's  Introductions  to  the  latter's 
edition  of  '  The  Prince,'  and  probably  Mr. 
Morley's   Romanes   Lecture.     There  is   also 
some  short  account  of  the  other  works.     We 
could  wish  that  the  proportions  had  been 
reversed.     Information  about  '  The  Prince  ' 
is    at    every    one's    command    nowadays  ; 
indeed,  the  treatise  is  short,  and  a  certain 
number  of  historical  students,  at  any  rate, 
have  read  it  through.     Some,  we  make  no 
doubt,  have  at  least  sampled  the  histories. 
But  we  should  be  surprised  to  learn  that 
more  than  half  a  dozen  living  Englishmen 
have  read  a  book  of  '  The  Art  of  War  '  ; 
and  yet  there  are  passages  in  that  work 
which  need  to  be  taken  into  account  before 
Machiavelli's  political  and  ethical  position 
can  be  accurately  judged. 

The  texts  might,  we  think,  have  been  a 
little  edited.  There  can  be  no  particular 
object  in  reproducing  the  misprints  of  the 
original — "  Guibileo,"  "  Piggibonsi,"  and 
the  like.  Whether  the  Elizabethan  or  the 
modern  printer  is  responsible  for  "  Mounsier 
de  Vhigni  "  we  do  not  know  ;  but  the  reader 
can  hardly  be  severely  blamed  who  fails  to 
detect  "  Ubigni  "  (Aubigny)  under  the  odd 
disguise.  However,  we  must  confess  a 
doubt  as  to  how  far  these  dainty  books  are 
meant  to  be  read.  The  mere  fact  that  it 
has  not  been  thought  worth  while  to  furnish 
them  with  an  index  shows  that  the  interests 
of  students  were  not  urgently  present  to  the 
minds  of  those  who  planned  the  series.  We 
wonder  if  Mr.  Cust  realizes  that  the  person 
called  Leonardo  Bruni  on  p.  xli  of  his  Intro- 
duction is  identical  with  the  Aretino  who 
appears  some  ten  pages  later.  The  latter 
name  is  generally  used  by  English  writers 
to  denote  a  very  different  personage. 

'-.-  Essays  on  Economics.  By  H.  Stanley 
Jevons.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — Those  who 
value  the  works  of  Prof.  Jevons  and  knew 
the  man  himself  will  be  naturally  interested 
in  the  little  volume  of  '  Essays  on  Economics' 
by  his  son,  Mr.  H.  Stanley  Jevons.  A 
singular  similarity  in  experience  has  occurred 
both  to  father  and  son.  Both,  after  receiv- 
ing training  and  education  in  England,  went 
for  a  short  period  to  Australia  ;  both,  after 
a  short  sojourn  there,  returned  to  England. 
While  Mr.  Stanley  Jevons  was  in  Sydney 
he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  economics 
for  the  University  Extension  Board.  This 
course  was  the  origin  of  the  present  work. 
Mr.  Jevons  fortunately  possesses  a  bright 
and  attractive  style,  and  he  has  not  ventured 
too  far  on  the  wider  course  which  might  have 
carried  him  on  to  subjocte  too  difficult  to 


place  before  the  classes  whom  he  addressed* 
In  the  introductory  chapter  he  explains  the 
method  he  has  followed.  He  rightly  begins 
with  the  declaration  that 

' '  the  means  employed  in  obtaining  knowledge  of 
the  kind  which  is  called  economics  is  the  scientific 
or  '  inductive '  method  ;  it  is  the  same  method  as 
that  used  in  all  other  sciences,  and  indeed,  with 
modifications,  the  same  as  that  by  which  knowledge 
of  every  kind  is  acquired. " 

It  is  pleasant  and  suitable  to  find  him,  when 
advising  students  how  to  set  to  work, 
recommending  the  study  of  his  father's 
'  Principles  of  Science,'  a  work  which  has 
hitherto  scarcely  received  the  recognition  it 
deserves.  Naturally,  from  induction  he 
proceeds  to  deduction,  and  continues  with  a 
paragraph  which  we  wish  those  who  con- 
tinually express  outspoken,  but  imperfectly 
reasoned  opinions  on  economic  subjects 
would  take  to  heart  : — 

"  The  majority  of  mankind  have  little  power  cf 
mathematical  deduction,  and  know  it,  fortunately 
for  science.  What  so  many  fail  to  realise  is  that 
they  have  equally  little  power  of  safe  deduction  in 
any  other  branch  of  knowledge." 

The  hints  that  follow  on  the  need  of  verifica- 
tion and  the  study  required  to  effect  this  are 
valuable,  and  expressed  with  a  clearness  of 
language  which  more  experienced  writers 
might  envy. 

Throughout  the  volume  the  subjects  dis- 
cussed are  illustrated  by  diagrams  designed 
with  much  ingenuity.  If  the  reader  tliinks 
the  illustrations  to  the  '  Example  of  Intensity 
and  Amount  of  Pleasure,'  '  Complex  Periods 
of  Consumption,'  and  '  Intensity  in  Relation 
to  Quantity  Consumed,'  suitable  only  to 
young  students,  he  should  remember  that 
the  book  is  based  on  a  course  of  lectures 
which  may  have  been  delivered  to  a 
juvenile  audience,  to  whom  the  illustration 
of  the  sensations  of  the  pleasure  "  enjoyed  by 
a  girl  dancing  at  a  ball, — one  of  the  first  to 
which  she  has  been  invited,  shall  we  say, 
so  that  the  novelty  has  not  worn  off,"  and 
of  the  way  in  which  "  the  change  of  intensity 
of  pleasure,  during  a  period  of  consumption 
of  what  is  strictly  one  simple  article,  may 
be  ascertained  "  by  the  example  of  "  a  boy 
eating  chocolate,"  may  have  come  home 
with  a  force  which  more  serious  examples 
might  have  failed  to  attain.  The  lines  of 
the  Italian  poet  come  to  the  mind  in  turning 
over  the  pages  : — 

Cosl  a  1'  egro  fanciul  porgiamo  aspersi 
Di  soavi  licor  gli  orli  del  vaso, 
Succhi  amari,  uiganiiato  intanto  eibeve, 
K  da  1'  inganno  suo  vita  riceve. 

The  process  of  instruction  may  not  be  so 
completely  attractive  as  the  medicinal  treat- 
ment described  by  Tasso,  but  the  reader 
who  can  appreciate  the  admirable  course 
of  instruction  which  is  the  basis  of  Mr. 
Jevons's  elementary  effort  will  discover  that 
he  has  learnt  how  to  apply  and  use  good 
methods  of  argument,  and  be  rewarded  by 
finding  that  he  has  profited  by  the  instruc- 
tion. 

We  trust  that  Mr.  Jevons  will  continue 
to  work  on  a  subject  to  which  a  powerful 
hereditary  instinct  has  drawn  him. 

The  Deep  Sea's  Toll.  By  James  B. 
Connolly.  (Bickers  &  Son.) — The  eight 
stories  contained  in  this  volume  are  mostly 
deserving  of  high  praise.  They  show  a 
marked  advance  as  compared  with  the 
author's  previous  work.  They  also  are 
tales  of  ships  and  men  out  of  Gloucester, 
and  excellent  pictures  they  give  of  the  arduous 
exposed  life  of  the  Nortli  American  fisherman. 
The  tale  of  '  The  Wicked  Celestine,'  a  can- 
tankerous craft  that  sailed  like  a  witch  on 
her  starboard  tack  and  wallowed  hatches 
under  when  put  about,  is  as  good  a  pieco  of 
sea  story  as  the  roviewer  has  come  upon  in 


many  days.  The  Celestine  performed  the 
miraculous  feat  of  turning  turtle  and 
righting  herself  in  one  prodigious  roll, 
while  lying  at  a  sea  anchor  off  the  George's 
Shoals,  when  skipper  and  crew  were  below 
perusing  'The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth.' 
The  top  of  the  cabin  stove  fell  off  and  burnt 
the  cabin  roof,  while  the  Celestine's  deck 
was  swept  clean,  and  a  round  turn  of 
cable  was  found  to  have  been  taken  about 
her  bows—a  magnificent  dog-watch  yarn. 
Some  stirring  bits  of  fine  seamanship  are 
described  here.  It  is  a  healthy,  stimulating 
book,  with  the  tang  of  salt  air  in  every  page. 

The  fellahin  of  Southern  Syria,  essentially 
the  same  now  as  they  were  in  the  days  of 
Ruth,  the  same  then  as  when  Abraham 
camped  by  Hebron,  furnish  the  theme  of 
Peasant  Life  in  the  Holy  Land,  by  the  Rev. 
C.  T.  Wilson  (John  Murray)  ;  and  the  author 
has  embalmed  in  his  treatise  something  of 
the  sphinx-like  fascination  of  their  changeless 
life.  In  the  course  of  work  as  a  missionary 
he  became  well  acquainted  with  the  Christian 
peasantry,  more  especially  those  adhering 
to  the  old  Greek,  or  Byzantine,  Church  of  the 
country.  Of  them,  and  of  the  village 
customs,  he  writes  with  authority.  The 
chapters  on  domestic  life  and  agriculture 
offer  a  record  of  close  personal  observation, 
detailed  and  mostly  accurate,  though  quite 
external.  We  tliink  him  a  little  too  prone 
to  exclaim  at  divers  phenomena  of  ignorance 
and  superstition,  which  are  not  peculiar  to 
the  Holy  Orthodox  Church  or  the  Ottoman 
Empire.  The  children's  game  of  rolling 
"  pace-eggs,"  played  at  Easter,  is  not  the 
only  Syrian  practice  that  has  its  counterpart 
in  rural  England.  Mr.  Wilson  errs,  we 
believe,  in  denying  the  antiquity  of  the 
cufieh  as  a  headdress.  He  makes  foxes  raid 
vineyards  "  when  the  grapes  are  ripe," 
whereas  the  predilection  of  foxes — Syrian 
foxes,  at  any  rate — is  for  sour  grapes.  But 
so  long  as  he  keeps  to  his  subject  he  is  trust- 
worthy and  most  interesting. 

It  is  only  when  he  quits  his  own  subject 
to  indulge  in  speculations  or  a  general 
view  that  he  stumbles.  The  story  of  the 
sly  khatib  bears  evidence  of  a  Christian  origin. 
The  nightly  feast  is  part  of  the  institution  of 
Ramadan — not  a  mere  reaction,  as  he  seems 
to  imply.  More  is  known  of  the  Druzo 
religion  than  he  imagines.  The  calf-worship 
story  is  pure  calumny.  The  initiated  are 
called  not  "  Ulema,"  but  "  Ucal." 

Mr.  Wilson  is  too  fond  of  airing  his  Arabic  ; 
he  knows  no  rule  in  transliterating,  and 
when  he  offers  an  explanation,  it  is  not 
invariably  the  right  one.  For  example, 
klidtarak,  given  as  the  form  of  leave-taking, 
is  only  a  slovenly  way  of  saying  bi  khdtarak, 
which  means  not  "  What  is  your  will  ?  "  but 
"  In  your  good  pleasure "  ("  I  depart," 
understood).  The  Arabic  word  minaret  is 
emphatically  not  "  incorrect  "  as  applied  to 
the  muezzin's  spire. 

Liverpool  Banks  and  Bankers,  1760-1837. 
By  John  Hughes.  (Liverpool,  Young  & 
Sons.) — Mr.  Hughes,  in  compiling  a  con- 
nected account  of  the  origin  and  progres 
of  the  private  banks  which  preceded  the 
foundation  of  the  great  joint-stock  concorns 
in  Liverpool,  has  brought  together  a  largo 
amount  of  interesting  and  valuable  infor- 
mation. One  cannot  but  be  impressed  b 
the  careful  resoarcli  which  must  have  been 
requisite  in  order  to  collect  the  mass  of 
detail  that  is  laid  before  the  reader.  Mr. 
Hughes  has  rocoverod  particulars  of  a 
number  of  privato  banking  housos  which  have 
been  entirely  overlooked  by  provious  writers 
on  Liverpool  history,  and  in  many  instances 
he    corrects    mistakes    of    earlier    workers. 


150 


Til  E     A  Til  KX/KCM 


N    JW1,  Avuu.  14,  1906 


1 1 1 •  l 1,  than  !■  monotony  in  thi  intly 

recurring  oorreotiona  of  tatementi  made  in 
Pioton'i  'Memorials';  and  eo  far  m  «re 
can  iodge,   Mr.    Hu  justified 

in  making  theee  corrections.  One  ia  tempted 
express  th<-  1 1< >j >•  >  that  if  a  fresh  edition 
of  Pioton's  book  is  ever  brought  oul  Mr. 
Hugh  -  may  have  ■  hand  m  the  editing. 

The  feature  in  Mr.  Hughes's  book  thai 
■trikes  ii-  moal  ia  the  melancholy  succession 
of  oommeroial  d  Hank  after  bank 

-.  flourishes  for  a  few  years,  and  then 
Suspends  payment.  It  is  <lillienlt  now  to 
reali/.e  the  state  of  insecurity  and  lack  of 
public  confidence  that  marked  the  opening 
years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  one 
appreciates  the  immense  strides  that  com- 
merce has  made  during  tho  last  hundred 
years  in  tho  direction  of  stability. 

Tho  volumo  is  so  carefully  prepared  and 
so  thorough  that  it  seems  almost  ungracious 
to  complain  of  tho  minuteness  of  detail; 
but  at  times  this  becomes  rather  tedious, 
and,  however  much  it  may  interest  tho 
genealogist,  the  ordinary  reader  could  have 
spared  such  an  item  of  information  as  that 
'  during  the  mayoralty  of  Thomas  Smyth 
his  daughter  was  married,  24th  May,  1700, 
at  Childwall,  to  John  Johnson,  of  London." 
On  the  other  hand,  wo  should  like  to  have 
seen  a  fuller  account  of  the  methods  of  the 
early  bankers,  and,  if  possible,  the  details 
of  some  of  their  actual  transactions.  Mr. 
Hughes  writes  in  a  pleasant  style,  though  he 
occasionally  degenerates  into  slovenliness, 
and  is  guilty  of  such  sentences  as  "  Bold 
Street  was  commenced  to  be  laid  out  in 
1786."  The  book  is  well  printed  and  illus- 
trated, and  includes  a  number  of  interesting 
portraits  of  Liverpool  worthies,  some  of 
which  have  never  before  been  reproduced. 

A  neat,  well-printed  edition  of  the  great 
Dumas's  works  is  always  welcome,  and  we 
anticipate  a  wide  success  for  the  issue  of  The 
Three  Musketeers,  2  vols.,  and  Twenty  Years 
After,  2  vols.,  just  sent  to  us  by  Messrs. 
Dent.  Fortunate  are  those  who  have  the 
pleasure  of  reading  these  inimitable  stories 
for  the  first  time,  and  once  started,  they 
will  not  need  the  encomiums  of  the  eminent 
supplied  in  the  Introductory  Note  to  the 
former.  The  translation  is  fluent  and  easy, 
and  the  printing  comes  from  the  United 
States,  as  is  evident  from  the  spellings 
"honor"  and  "favors."  The  few  illustra- 
tions provided  are  creditable  work. 

Book-lovers  of  taste  will  rejoice  in  the 
luxurious  edition  of  Byron's  Don  Juan,  in 
two  volumes,  which  has  been  sent  to  us  by 
Mr.  A.  L.  Humphreys.  It  is  of  ample  size, 
9£  inches  by  7  and  belongs  to  tho  "  Chef 
d'ceuvre "  series  of  the  "  Royal  Library," 
which  is  we^ll  known  by  this  time  for  the 
excellence  of  its  print  and  paper.  We  fancy 
that  in  the  boudoirs  of  to-day  Byron  will 
go  further  than  Marcus  Aurelius.  Hut,  if 
the  philosophor  has  more  than  a  succes 
d'estime,  the  poet  can  hardly  nowadays 
cause  a  succes  de  seandale.  Mr.  Humphreys 
should  create,  if  not  a  zeal  for  masterpieces, 
an  appreciation  of  the  details  of  present- 
ment which  make  reading  a  pleasure,  even 
to  tho  overtaxed  and  the  idle. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

K  N  (;  LIS  II. 
Theology. 
Bolo  (H.),  The  Beatitudes,  8/8  net. 
Bouffier  (<;.),  The  Annual  ftetreal  :  Meditations,  8/8 
Crockett  (\v.  D.),  The  Books  of  the  Kings  of  Judah  and 

Israel,  .v  net. 
Hadloyts.  II.),  Down  in  Water  Street  :  a  Story  of  Life  and 

Work  in  water  Street  Mission.  8/8  net 
Kempis  (T.  a),  The  Chronicles  of  the  Canons  Regular  of 

.Mount  st.  Agnes,  •'■'  net 
Mitchell  (Kfv.  A.  V.).  How  to  Teach  t lie  Bible,  '_'  I',  net. 

Richmond  w.),  The  Gospel  of  the  Rejection,  v  a 


■ 
Tin  i  I 

: 

llollr  I  I 

London     Album  ol  Col 
K. ■iiii.r.ni.it.  Part  ii  i 

Tod  (M.  N.)and  Waci     \  talogue  of  the  Sp 

Museum,  10  ■'■  net 

/■ 
ii  ,\       \  View  of  the  English  81  i  i>\  W.  8. 

Hick  (Q    W.)  Kmailholm  Towi 

Hyde  (D.),    I  ii<-    Religious   Hongs   ■  •(   Connacht  -  role., 

10  net 
"i    rrington  (W.   II.   II.),  Ceeleutia,  and  other  Australian 
Poems,  :t  •'■ 

Philosophy. 
i  j.),  Greek  1  heories  "f  Elemental1)  <  lognition  from 
Alcmieon  to  Aristotle,  IS  8  net 

History  and  Biography, 
Boyd  I  \.  >).  Glasgow  .Men  and  Women,  B0  net 
Brad)  (U  T.),  1  be  l  rue  Andre*  Jackson,  10  8  net 
BuellCA   I    i   rhe  Memoirs  of  C  H.  Cramp, 8  net 

L),  Henry  vin.  and  the  English  Monasteries, 
-  8  net 
Olirer   (F.  Scott),  Alexander    Hamilton:    an    Essay   on 

■  ican  Union,  12  o  net. 
Rhys  (J.)  and  Brynmor-Jonee  (D.),   The    Welsh    People, 

'  Fourth  Edition.  .">,  net. 
Robinson    (J.     H),     Readings    in     European     History, 
VoL  11.,"/ 

Geography  ami  Travel. 

Abbott  (<<■  I'),  Through  India  with  the  Prince,  12  6  net. 

U'a  Ouide  to  London  for  i'.hkj,  <mi. 
Comyn-Platt  (T.),  The  Turk  in  the  Balkans,  3,0 
Dry(WA  Northamptonshire,  2/8  net 

Howe  (M.),  Two  in  Italy,  7,0  net. 

Philology, 
Andreas,  and  The   Kates  of  the   Apostles,   edited  hy  G.  P. 

Krapp,  8  6 
Deinhardt  -  Sehlomann     Technical     Dictionaries     in     Six 

Languages,   hy  K.   Deinhardt  and  others  :    Vol.  I.  The 

Machine- Elements  and  Tools  for   Working  in   Metal, 

5/  net. 

School  Books. 
Byron,  C'hilde  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  Cantos  III.  and  IV.,  l 
Eustoire  d' Aladdin,  edited  By  L.  A.  Barbe,  1  8 
Philips'  Model  Atlas,  1/  net. 
Purser   (F.),    Elementary    Geometry    based    on     Euclid's 

Elements,  2/6 

Science. 
Bolsche  (W.),  Haeckel,  his  Life  and  Work,  15/  net. 
Buckmaster  (G.  A.),  The  Morphology  of  Normal  and  Patho- 
logical Blood,  10/6  net. 
Ebbard  (K.  J.),  Mental  Depression,  2/6  net 
(irotli  (P.),  An  introduction  to  Chemical  Crystallography, 

translated  by  EL  .Marshall,  4/  net. 
Hardy  (G.  P.).   Memorandum  on  the  Age  Tables  and  Rates 

of  Mortality  of  the  Indian  Census  of  1901,  1/2 
May  (C.  H.)  and  Worth  (C),  A  -Manual  of  Diseases  of  the 

Eye,  10, 0  net 
Perrigo    (U.     E.),     Modern    Machine -Shop    Construction: 

Equipment,  21/  net. 
Quinton  (K.),  Science  and  the  Manufacturer,  1  net 
Royal  Statistical  Society,  Journal,  Vol.  LX1X.  Part  I..  G 
Sniith  (J.   D.),   Economic  Entomology  for  the  Farmer,  &c, 

10/8  net. 
Walter  (A.  E.),  X-Rays  in  General  Practice,  5/ net. 

General  Literature. 
Anstey  (F.),  Salted  Almonds,  6/ 

Becke  (LA  The  Adventun  s  of  a  Supercargo,  6/ 

College  of  Preceptors,  Calendar,  1900,  -j  8 

Country  Gentlemen's  Estate  Book,  1906,  edited  by  W, 
BroomhalL 

Cutting  (M.  S.),  Little  Stories  of  Married  Life.;. 

Dent's  Everyman's  Library:  Dum.is's  Three  Musketeers ; 
The  Plays  Of  Euripides,  VoL  I.  ;  Butler's  Analogy  of 
Religion  ;  Lockhart's  Life  of  Scott  :  New  Testament, 
arranged  by  Principal  Lindsay;  Robinson  Crusoe; 
Lyrical  Dramas  of  Ksehylus,  translated  byj.  s.  Blackie; 
The  Mabinogion,  translated  by  Lady  Guest  and  other 

Volumes,  1,  net  each. 
Diehl(A.  M.),  Love  -with  Variations,  6/ 
Donovan  du,  TnurtelTs  (rime,  6 
Emanuel (VV.),  Paris,  A  Frolic,  i/net 
Forbes  (Lady  II.),  Lady  Marion  and  the  Pint.., -rat,  6 
Fysher(J.),  A  Mornynee  Remembrance. 
Holstein(A.  dOand  Montetiore  (D.  B.),  Self  Life  in  Russia, 

8/8 
Howard  (K.),  Our  John,  M.l'.,  l   net 
Middlemass  (J.),  A  Veneered  Scamp,  6/ 

Murai  (G.),  ((ideal  of  .Music  :  the  Tale  of  Ak.n.i,  8  6  net 

Noel  ii'.).  lie  Labour  Party:  What  It  Is,  and  What  It 
Wants,  i    net 

Proceedings  of  the  Southport  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society,  Vol.  \ ,,  L9W  ... 

Questions  of  the  Day:  The  Congo,  i 

swift  (J.).  Gullivers  Travels,  Prefatorj  Memoir  by  <■. 
Saintsbur) ,  -  vola  6  net 

Theobald  (IL).  A  Guide  to  Income  and  Property  Tax,  Assess- 
ment and  Recover) .  8  6  net 

Universal  Investment  Tables,  1906,  2/6  net 

VachollUL  A).  The  Face  of  Clay,  6 

Vaidys  (G.  1 .).  The  Riddle  of  the  Ramayana,  8  net 

W'alpole(G.  ii.  s.),  Personality  and  Power,  2/8  net 

Watt  (ID,  Home-made  History  from  Unreliable  Recipes, 

net. 

White  (P.).  Mr.  John  Strood,  6/ 
Whithard  (P. ),  George's  whims. 
w  ends  (D.  w.),  John  Witherspoon,  6  net 

I-  <)  R  BIG  N. 
Theol 

Benattar  (OA  Sebait(El  lladi),  and  Ettealbi  (A),  L'fisprit 
Libera)  du  Coran. 


I 


I 


'iptofeg 

I'      I 

Lambeau  (L.),    BiMiolh*«jue   ilu   Vieux    Pari*:    La    Vimr* 

■   ■   >«mr,  lifr 
l.rtL   loin. 
Moure      (i       \    l:     •,  .i.l,  i»fr. 

Inn  inn. 
im.t  (G.),  Etude-  d.    .  1888-190L 

•j.  rola  Tfr. 

/v. 
<;.iulti.-r  (J.  d  n   red*  iUmm,  ttt,  60. 

II  .III/. 

i  ii  net  i. 

Duraad-Auzias,  L'f£poque  de  laT<  B  quetnaor*,  «f. 

II  •  ■   !     \  I  I     I  ';U. 

iriij.l,,/  n,vi  Tm 
Donn.      GA  De  l'Al  I  jue  par  la  Pampa  e» 

lea  And.-,  .if r.  60. 
Orappe(G     u  i  Pierres  d'Oxford,  ltr, 
Lancranon  (P.),  De  la  Mer  bleoe  an  Mont  Blanc,  lOfr. 

i' ion. 
Bonncci  (A),  La   Derogabilita  del   Diritto  N'aturale  nell* 

Seolastiia,  6L 

Langlois  (C.  v.,  Questions  d'Histoire  et  d'Enseienement 
3fr.  rJ>. 

/'hilology. 
Recke(B.  ran  der),  Nogle  Folkeviseredactioner. 

Science. 
Fasbender(H.),  Geechichte  der  Qebmrtehulta,  25m. 

General  Literature. 
Abeille   (L.),   Marine    Frangaise   et    Marines    Etraneere* 

Bfr.  so. 
Bandin  (P.),  Points  de  Vue  francais,  3fr.  50. 

i  A.   du),    La   Candide   Trihu    des    "  Adorateurs   de 
Cuistres,"  lfr. 
Didier  ((.".),  L'Orgie  Bihlique  :  David,  3fr.  50. 
Noel  (A.),  Histoire  de  Gervaiae,  Mr.  50. 
Reibrach  (J.),  La  Houle,  3fr.  50. 
Saint- Aulaire  (Comte  A.  de),  Grezels,  1792-5,  3fr.  50. 
Saint-Point  (V.  de),  Cn  Amour,  3fr.  50. 
Siegfried  (A.),  Le  Canada :  Les  Deux  Races,  4fr. 

*»*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  irill  be  included  in  this  List  unlets  preciously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  vriees  tchen 
sending  Books. 


JOHN    FOXE    AND    THE    EDITIO 

PRIXCEPS    OF    DANTE'S    '  DE 

MONARCHIA.' 

Fiveways,  Burnham,  Bucks. 

In  the  year  following  the  accession  of 
Queen  Mary,  John  Foxe,  sometime  Fellow 
of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  left  England, 
and  joined  the  Protestant  refugees  in  Ger- 
many. In  1555  he  went  to  Basle,  where  he 
found  emploj'ment  as  a  reader  of  the  press 
in  the  printing  office  of  the  Protestant  pub- 
lisher Johannes  Oporinus  (Johann  Herbst). 
In  1559,  while  Foxe  was  still  at  Basle, 
Oporinus  published  a  small  volume  (now 
exceedingly  rare),  containing  a  collection  of 
five  tracts  concerning  the  relations  of  the 
Empire  and  the  Papacy,  in  which  was  in- 
cluded (second  on  the  list )  '  Dantis  Floren- 
tini  de  Monarchia  Libri  Tres.'  now  printed 
for  the  lirst  time.  It  is  by  no  means  im- 
probable that  this  volumo  was  seen  through 
the  press  by  Foxe.  At  any  rate,  Foxe  was 
acquainted  with  the  '  De  Monarchia,'  for 
he  quotes  it  (though  not  by  name)  in  his 
■  Book,  of  Martyrs.'  Speaking  of  Dante, 
whom  he  describes  as  '  an  Italian  writer 
against  the  pope,"  he  says  :  "  Oertayne  of 
his  writ  mixes  be  extant  abroadf.  wherein 
he  proveth  the  pope  not  to  be  above  the 
Emperour,  nor  to  have  any  right  or  juris- 
diction in  t\\c  empyre."  This  is  an  un- 
doubted reference  to  Dante's  arguments  in 
the  tenth  chapter  oi  the  third  book  of  the 
'  De  Monarchia.'  Further,  Foxe  was  cer- 
tainly familiar  with  this  very  volume,  for 
in  the  paragraph  following  the  above  passage 
he  continues  :  — 

•'  Hereunto  may  l>e  added  the  saying  out  of  tho 
boke  of  Jornandns,  imprinted  with  the  foresayd 
Runes,  that  forsomuoh  as  Antichrist  oommeth  not 
before  the  destruction  of  the  Empire,  therefore 
such  as  go  about  to  have  the  empire  extinct,  are 
Forerunners,  and  messengers  in  so  doing  of  Anti- 
christ." 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


451 


The  work  here  referred  to  as  "  the  boke 
of  Jornandus  "  is  evidently  the  '  Chronica 
M.  Iordanis,  Qualiter  Romanum  Imperium 
translatum  sit  ad  Germanos  '  (the  fourth 
of  the  tracts  contained  in  the  volume  in 
question),  in  which  (on  p.  225)  occurs  the 
original  of  the  passage  cited  by  Foxe  : — 

"Item  nota,  quod  cum  Antiehristus  venturus 
non  sit,  nisi  prius  imperium  destruatur,  indubit- 
anter  omnes  illi  qui  ad  hoc  dant  operam,  ut  non 
sit  imperium,  quantum  ad  hoc,  sunt  prrecursores  et 
nuncii  Antichristi." 

It  thus  came  about,  by  a  curious  combina- 
tion of  circumstances,  that  Dante's  '  De 
Monarchia  '  first  saw  the  light  in  the  guise 
of  a  Reformation  tract,  and  was  in  all  pro- 
bability corrected  for  the  press  by  an 
Englishman,  an  Oxford  scholar,  one  of  the 
most  ardent  followers  of  that  "  leader " 
whose  name  Dante  was  supposed,  by  certain 
enthusiasts,  to  have  prophetically  anagram- 
matized  in  his  prediction  of  the  advent  of 
the  veltro  (lvtero). 

Five  years  after  its  publication  by  Oporinus 
'  Dantis  Monarchia  '  was  placed  on  the 
'  Index  Librorum  Prohibitorum  '  promul- 
gated by  order  of  Pope  Pius  IV.  in  1564,  at 
the  close  of  the  Council  of  Trent.  In  the 
same  list,  among  the  "  scriptores,  qui  aut 
haeretici,  aut  nota  hseresis  suspecti  fuerunt, 
quorum  scripta,  non  edita  solum  sed  edenda 
etiam  prohibenda  sunt,"  figure  the  names  of 
"  Joan.  Foxus  "  and  "  Joan.  Oporinus." 

Paget  Toynbee. 


FROUDE'S   'NEMESIS  OF  FAITH.' 

Bombay. 

Since  the  story  of  the  burning  of  Froude's 
famous  book  has  again  turned  up,  it  may  in- 
terest some  to  know  Froude's  own  account  of 
it,  which  has  been  exaggerated  into  a  regular 
myth  in  our  own  doubting  and  scientific 
age.  Max  Miiller,  who  was  a  close  friend 
of  Froude  at  Oxford  and  throughout  his 
life,  gives  the  account,  and  says  that  he  had 
it  from  Froude  at  the  time  (that  is,  1849) 
the  incident  occurred.  It  may  be  quoted 
here,  as,  though  the  book,  '  Auld  Lang  Syne,' 
is  well  known,  I  have  not  seen  .this  particular 
passage  referred  to  anywhere.  "  What 
really  happened,"  says  he,  in  the  first  series 
of  his  reminiscences, 

"was,  as  I  was  informed  at  the  time  by  Froude 
himself,  no  more  than  that  one  of  the  tutors  (Dr. 
Sewell)  spoke  about  the  hook  at  the  end  of  one  of 
his  college  lectures.  He  warned  the  young  men 
against  the  hook,  and  asked  whether  anybody  had 
read  it.  One  of  the  undergraduates  produced  a 
copy  which  belonged  to  him.  Dr.  Sewell  con- 
tinued his  sermonette,  and  warming  with  his  sub- 
ject, he  finished  by  throwing  the  hook,  which  did 
not  belong  to  him,  into  the  tire,  at  the  same  time 
stirring  the  coals  to  make  them  burn.  Of  wlia! 
followed  there  are  two  versions.  Dr.  Sewell,  when 
lie  had  tinished,  asked  his  class,  '  Now,  what  have 
I  done  ? '  '  You  have  burned  my  copy,'  the  owner  of 
the  book  said  in  a  sad  voice,  'and  *I  shall  have  to 
buy  a  new  one'  The  other  version  of  the  reply 
was,  '  You  have  stirred  the  lire,  sir.'  And  so  it 
was."— 'Auld  Lang  Syne,'  First  Series,  pp.  7ti  -77. 
The  owner  of  the  copy  thus  burnt  was  Arthur 
Blomfield,  afterwards  rector  of  Beverston, 
m  Gloucestershire  ('  Diet.  National  Biography,' 
vol.  li.  p.  290).  |{.  I'.  Karkaria. 


LYTTON'S    'JOHN    ACLAND.' 

\    Dk'Kknstan  throws  OUt,   in    The   Athe- 
nceum  of   March   LOth,   the  interesting  hint 
that    n    new    edition    of    Dickens's     Lett  I 
would  be  welcome.      I  should  be  glad  of  an 
opportunity    of    supporting    the  I  ion, 

and  adding  the  hope  that  the  edition  will 


include  those  letters  to  Wilkie  Collins  which 
have  hitherto  been  accessible  in  a  separate 
volume  only.  It  would  be  better  still  were 
the  whole  edition  judiciously  annotated, 
inasmuch  as  many  of  the  allusions  are  now 
followed  with  some  difficulty,  or,  to  the 
uninitiated,  are  a  complete  mystery. 

One  of  these  has  lately  exercised  the  minds 
of  Dickens  students  to  an  unwonted  degree. 
It  is  the  letter  in  which  the  novelist,  as  editor 
of  All  the  Year  Round,  explained  to  the 
Hon.  Robert  Lytton  why  he  could  not 
continue  the  publication  of  his  story  '  John 
|  Acland  '  as  originally  projected.  Dickens's 
letter  was  peculiarly  apologetic  in  tone,  and 
manifestly  he  desired  to  salve  Lytton's 
wounded  feelings  :  though  obviously  he  had 
no  alternative  but  to  discontinue  a  story 
which  he  discovered  "  had  been  done  before." 
But  here  follows  the  bewildering  series  of 
facts.  The  story  of  '  John  Acland,'  begun 
in  1869,  was  of  a  man  mysteriously  mur- 
dered by  his  closest  friend,  his  body  untraced, 
his  probable  reappearance  in  the  flesh  sug- 
gested, the  corpse  ultimately  discovered  in 
an  ice-house,  and  identity  established  by 
means  of  a  watch.  It  is  at  once  apparent 
that  this  plot  closely  resembles  in  outline 
the  plot  of  '  Edwin  Drood.'  Yet  Dickens, 
finding  the  story  had  been  "  done  before," 
stopped  Lytton's  story  in  1869,  and  six 
months  later  began  a  similar  one  himself  ! 
On  this  the  following  queries  arise  : — 

1.  What  was  the  original  story  that  was 
so  like  Lytton's  'John  Acland,'  and  where 
is  it  to  be  found  ? 

2.  Are  the  parallels  such  as  to  suggest 
that  Lytton  copied  from  that  story,  or  are 
they  merely  coincidences  ? 

3.  Has  any  explanation  been  given  why 
Dickens,  knowing  Lytton's  work  and  aware 
of  its  similarity  to  another  story,  should  at  a 
later  period  decide  to  deal  with  the  same 
theme  ?  J.  Cuming  Walters. 

***  We  insert  our  correspondent's  letter, 
but  we  cannot  publish  guesses  at  the  plot 
of  'Edwin  Drood,'  which  has  been  amply 
discussed  elsewhere. 


"THAT     TWO-HANDED     ENGINE     AT 
THE    DOOR." 

New  York. 

A  crux  in  literary  exegetics  has  been  the 
passage  in  Milton's   '  Lycidas  '   with  which 
St.    Peter    closes    his    denunciation    of    the 
faithless  and  self-indulgent  shepherds  : — 
Rut  that  two  handed  engine  at  the  door 
Stands  ready  to  smite  once,  and  smite  no  more. 

I  havo  not  seen  any  clear  exposition  of  it. 
Masson  says  : — 

"The  last  two  lines  of  the  passage  are  the  most 
ohseure.  There  is  the  powerful  image  of  some 
'  two-handed  engine '  at  the  door  of  the  corrupted 
Churoh,  soon  to  smite  it  iii,  as  with  the  blow  of  an 
axe  or  battering  ram.  But  what  is  the  implement, 
and  is  it  about  to  he  wielded  by  the  hands  of  one 
attacking  figure,  as  ail  axe  or  two-handed  sword 
would  be,  or  to  be  propelled  by  the  joint  force  of 
many?  On  the  whole,  if  the  image  is  a  Biblical 
one.  we  are  referred,  1  think,  to  the  first  three 
chapters  of  the  Book  of  Revelation,  where  St.  John 
sees  the  awful  vision  of  'one  like  unto  the  Son  of 
Man,"  and  receives  from  him  the  messages  to  the 
Seven  Churohes  of  .Asia.     Part  of  the  description 

of    the   divine    figure    is    that     'he   had    in  his   right 
hand  seven  stars,' and  that   '  out  of  his  mouth  went 

a  sharp  two-edged  sword.'  " 

Masson  dovelopos  this  suggestion,  and, 
like  other  scholars,  sees  the  application,  or 
prophecy,  of  the  figure  in  the  fact  that  a 
few  years  Inter  "  the  doors  of  the  Church  of 
England  were  dashed  in  "  by  the  "  English 

Parliament  with  its  two  Houses." 

Text  hooks  that  I  have  seen  follow  Masson, 
but  it  appoars  to  mo  that  they  havo  quito 


missed  the  Biblical  reference.  The  point  of 
the  denunciation  is  that  these  hirelings  were 
the  clergy  of  the  Church.  It  is  "  at  the 
door  "  of  their  temple  that  the  "  two-handed 
engine  "  stands,  ready  to  smite — not  neces- 
sarily, nor  probably,  to  smite  the  door,  but 
to  smite  the  false  shepherds. 

The  reference  must  be  a  Biblical  one.  It 
cannot  well  be  that  of  the  Son  of  Man,  with 
His  sword  in  His  mouth,  and  seven  stars  in 
His  hand.  Such  a  reference  is,  as  every  one 
sees,  forced  and  incongruous.  And  it  does 
not  explain  the  position  of  the  engine  "  at 
the  door."  Neither  can  it  well  be  the  angel 
who  guarded  the  gate  of  the  Garden  of  Eden, 
for.  his  purpose  was  not  to  smite,  but  to 
protect  the  tree  which  might  otherwise  give 
immortality.  There  is,  however,  another 
Biblical  passage  which  seems  to  me  com- 
pletely to  meet  the  exigency.  Why  it  has 
escaped  the  commentators  it  is  not  easy  to 
explain. 

In  Ezekiel  viii.  the  prophet  denounces 
the  abominations  practised  in  the  Temple 
at  Jerusalem.  He  is  carried  (verse  3)  "  to 
the  door  of  the  gate  of  the  inner  court," 
where  was  "  the  seat  of  the  image  of  Jealousy, 
that  provoketh  to  jealousy."  Jehovah 
shows  him  "  the  great  abominations  that 
the  house  of  Israel  do  commit  here,  that  I 
should  go  far  off  from  my  sanctuary."  He 
then  shows  the  Prophet  "  other  great 
abominations  "  :  the  idols  painted  on  the 
walls  ;  the  seventy,  "  every  man  with  his 
censer  in  his  hand  "  ;  then,  "  at  the  door  of 
the  gate  of  Jehovah's  house,"  the  "  weeping 
for  Tammuz  "  ;  then  "  into  the  inner  court 
of  Jehovah's  house,"  where  he  is  shown  the 
five-and-twenty  men  worshipping  the  sun. 
And  Jehovah  says  (verse  18):  "Therefore 
will  I  also  deal  in  wrath  ;  mine  eye  shall  not 
spare,  neither  will  I  have  pity." 

Chap.  ix.  1,  2,  describes  the  divine  ven- 
geance : — 

"  Then  he  cried  with  a  loud  voice  saying,  Cause 
ye  them  to  have  charge  over  the  city  to  draw  near, 
every  man  with  his  destroying  weapon  in  his  hand. 
And  behold  six  men  came  from  the  way  of  the 
upper  gate,  which  lieth  toward  the  north,   every 

man  with   his   slaughter- weapon   in  his  hand 

And  they  went  in,  and  stood  beside  the  brazen 
altar. " 

■  The  slaughter- weapon  is  translated  in  the 
margin,  by  the  Revisers,  "  battle  axe  "  as 
the  definition  of  the  Hebrew  words  kJi'li 
mappdts.  The  Septuagint  translates  it  ireAv£, 
a  kind  of  axe.  The  prophet  goes  on  to  tell 
of  the  man  with  the  writer's  inkhorn  who 
was  to  put  a  mark  on  the  foreheads  of  "  the 
men  who  sigh  and  cry  over  all  the  abomina- 
tions "  ;  and  then  to  the  avenging  angels 
Jehovah  says  : — 

"(Jo  ye  through  the  city  and  smite:  let  not 
your  eye  spare,  neither  have  ye  pity  :  slay  utterly 
the  old  man,  the  young  man  and  the  virgin,  and 
little  children  and  women  :  but  come  not  near  any 
man  on  whom  is  the  mark  ;  and  begin  at  My  sane 
tuary.  And  they  began  at  the  old  men  that  were 
before  the  house.'' 

Here  we  have  the  precise  parallel — the 
priests  of  the  Temple  with  their  abominations, 
the  anger  of  Jehovah,  His  vengeanco,  and 
the  weapon  of  slaughter,  or  battle-axe,  a 
"  two-handed  engine,"  and  "  at  the  door  "  ; 
for  the  command  was  "  Begin  at  My  sanctu- 
ary," with  "the  men  that  were  before  the 
house."  The  word  mappdts  occurs  only 
In  iv  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  once  (with 
a  change  of  vowel)  in  Jer.  li.  20,  where  it  is 
translated  "  battle  axe  "  in  the  text  and 
"  maul  "  in  the  margin  of  the  Revised 
Version.  Probably  maul  is  to  be  preferred 
to  batth 'w/.iv,  but  in  either  case  it  is  a  "  two- 
handed  "  weapon.  The  word  "  engine " 
easily  applies  to  a  battle-axe  or  a  maul,  con- 
sidering that  Do  Foe  calls  arrows  and  clubs 
"  engines  of  war  "  ;    and  Popo  oven  applies 


452 


T  IT  E     A  T  n  E  N  JE  U  M 


N°4094,  April  14,  1006 


tho  word  to  a  pair  of  scissor*,  in  his  '  Rape 
of  tho  Lock.'  It  cnrrrnponds  to  tli<<  word 
"destroying  uYopon,"  "slaughter  (battle- 
axe)  weapon,"  Hebrew  WW.    The  Vulgate 

ho*  "  viim  intcrftvtionin,"  "  vaa  interitus." 
With  Milton's  "  two-handed  engino  "  may 
bo  oompared  Spenser's  "three-larked  en- 
gino "  at  applied  to  the  lightning's  "  dart  " 
('  Faery  Queen,1  I.  viii.  9). 

It  may  be  added  that  with  this  explana- 
tion of  tho  poet's  meaning  it  will  not  bo 
necessary  to  imagine  any  forced  and  prophetic 
alhtsion  to  the  coming  breaking  of  tho  door 
of  tho  Church  by  "  the  two  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment." 

Tho  expression  "  smite  once,  and  smite 
no  more,"  had  another  Biblical  reminiscence. 
Milton  recalled,  doubtless,  tho  words  of 
Abishai  to  David  when  they  found  Saul 
lying  asleep  and  unguarded  in  his  camp  : 
'  God  hath  delivered  up  thine  enemy  into 
thine  hand  this  day  :  now  therefore  let  me 
smite  him,  I  pray  thee,  with  the  spear  to  the 
earth  with  one  stroke,  and  I  will  not  smite 
him  the  second  time." 

William  Hayes  Ward 
(Editor  of  The  Independent,  New  York  City). 

%*  For  the  convenience  of  readers  we 
add  the  abstract  of  interpretations  which 
is  given  in  the  excellent  edition  of  Milton 
by  Prof.  M.  W.  Sampson  (New  York,  Henry 
Holt).  The  two-handed  axe  used  eight 
years  later  to  behead  Archbishop  Laud 
(Warton),  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament 
(Masson),  the  sword  of  justice  (Verity),  and 
the  axe  that  "  is  laid  unto  the  root  of  the 
tree,"  Matt.  iii.  10  (Newton),  are  all  suggested 
for  this  difficult  passage. 

As  for  Mr.  Ward's  explanation,  we  note 
that  the  word  used  in  Ezek.  ix.  2  is  mappdtz, 
but  it  is  clearly  a  "  nomen  actionis,"  the 
term  keli  (instrument)  preceding  it,  and  the 
whole  making  an  "  instrument  of  shattering." 
In  Ezek.  ix.  1  the  word  is  not  used.  In 
Jer.  li.  20  the  form  mappitz  (not  ''mappatz") 
is  used,  and  there  it  clearly  .means  a  "war- 
club,"  or  some  sort  of  battle-axe,  though 
metaphorically  applied  to  persons.  There 
is  nothing  in  the  word  itself  to  suggest  the 
idea  of  two  handled,"  the  root-meaning 
being  that  of  shattering. 


Mr.  Percy  Fitzgerald  contributes  a 
paper  to  the  May  issue  of  Chambers's 
Journal  upon  '  Other  Times,  Other 
Manners,'  in  which  he  contrasts  the  days 
of  '  Pickwick '  with  our  own.  Mr.  George 
Clinch  writes  on  '  English  Antiquities, 
Genuine  and  Spurious,'  and  Dr.  R.  T. 
Halliday  in  '  The  Bulwark  of  our  Indian 
Empire  '  describes  the  military  defences 
of  the  Indian  frontier. 

Dr.  Jamieson  Hurry,  the  author  of  an 
exhaustive  '  History  of  Reading  Abbey,' 
is  about  to  publish,  through  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock,  a  smaller  work,  entitled  '  The  Rise 
and  Fall  of  Reading  Abbey.'  It  will  give 
extracts  from  ancient  documents,  and 
illustrations  of  seals,  coins,  charters,  and 
plans,  as  well  as  of  the  building  and  its 
sun  oundings. 

Dr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole  has  revised 
his  history  of  '  Mediaeval  India  '  for  the 
new  edition  which  Mr  Unwin  is  about  to 
publish. 

The  Author  for  April  contains  an  account 
and  criticism   of   the   decision   of  Judge 


Sanborn.  <>f  Chicago,  respecting  abandon- 
ment   of  copyright   in   the  east  of   oarpei 

&  Brothera  v.  M.  A.  Donohue  &  Co.,  in 
regard  to  the  reprinting  by  the  defend* 

ants  of  '  The  Ma^pieiadcr,'  which  is  the 
novel  known  in  England  as  '  John  Chiloote, 
M.1V  It  is  a  long  and  elaborate  case, 
which  should  be  studied  by  all  who  arc- 
concerned  witli  book  rights  in  the  United 
States. 

Mr.  T.  E.  Maw  writes  from  the  Stanley 
Public  Library,  King's  Lynn  : — 

"  I  should  liko  to  draw  the  attention  of 
publishers  to  the  occasional  difficulty  experi- 
enced by  librarians  and  others  in  identifying 
some  books  which  havt*  lost  thoir  cover  and 
titlo-page.  In  many  instances  the  record  of 
author  and  titlo  appears  on  tho  titlo-page 
only,  the  page  headings  being  either  the 
name  of  parts  into  which  the  book  is  divided 
and  tho  chapter  headings,  or  chaptor  head- 
ings only.  It  would  be  an  easy  matter  to 
print  the  name  of  author  and  short  title  at 
foot. of  tho  first  page  of  each  sheet,  near  the 
signature,  and  thus  save  either  loss  of  much 
time  or  possible  loss  of  identity." 

A  vacation  course  is  again  to  be  held 
in  Edinburgh  University  this  August. 
The  foreign  lecturers  who  have  been 
secured  are :  for  French,  first  course, 
Profs.  Ranees  (Paris)  and  Paul  Besson 
(Grenoble)  ;  second  course,  Profs.  Paul 
Passy  (Paris),  Legbuis  (Paris),  and 
H.  Hauvette  (Grenoble) :  for  German, 
first  course,  Director  F.  Dorr  (Frank- 
fort), Prof.  Elster  (Marbourg),  and 
Dr.  Behrend  (Berlin)  ;  second  course, 
Dr.  I.  Freund  (St..  Andrews),  and 
Prof.  Vietor  (Marbourg).  Signor  Agno- 
letti  will  lecture  on  Italian ;  and  Mr. 
Aclolphus  Jack;  Prof.  Henry  Sweet,  Prof. 
Kirkpatrick,  Prof,  Elton,  and  Mr.  W.  L. 
Carrie  will  give  courses  in  English. 

Mr.  Edwin  Collins  Frost  writes  from 
11,  Arnold  Street,  Providence,  R.I. : — 

"  In  a  review  of  Mr.  Livingston's  '  Auction 
Prices  of  Books '  in  The  Athenaeum  of 
March  10th,  p.  295,  col.  2,  it  is  said  that  the 
recently  discovered  copy  of  '  Titus  Androni- 
cus,'  1594  (misprinted  1574),  was  sold  pri- 
vately to  Mr.  Marsden  J.  Perry,  of  this  city. 
This  error  is  so  prevalent  that  I  feel  that  it 
ought  not  to  be  allowod  to  receive  the  seal 
of  so  high  an  authority  as  your  columns. 
Since  I  am  at  present  engaged  in  preparing 
a  catalogue  of  Mr.  Perry's  Shakspearean 
library,  I  am  in  a  position  to  give  you  positive 
assurance  that  he  did  not  buy  the  quarto 
in  question,  though  he  doubtless  would 
have  done  so  had  it  been  offered  to  him  first. 
It  is  true,  howover,  that  the  volume  is  in 
this  country.  But  the  purchaser  seems  to 
prefer  that  his  identity  should  not  at  present 
bo  known.  I  happen  myself  to  have  learnt 
tho  secret,  but  see  no  reason  for  betraying 
it.  If  Mr.  Livingston  had  been  acquainted 
with  all  tho  facts  of  tho  case,  it  is  possible 
that  he  might  have  mentioned  the  transac- 
tion, as  your  reviewer  says  that  lie  should 
have  done.  Ho  told  me,  however,  not  very 
long  before  tho  publication  of  tho  last  volume 
of  his  book,  that  ho  was  as  ignorant  of  the 
purchaser's  identity  as  I  myself  then  was." 

4  The  Secret  of  the  Ivory  Room,'  a 
story  by  Mary  C.  Rowsell,  will  be  issued 
in  the  course  of  this  year  by  Messrs. 
Tillotson,  of  Bolton.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  Northern  France  during  the  time  of 
the  Terror.  i 


Mi:  -J.  EL  Hubback  writes  with  r< 
to    la-t    week  -    nothe  of    'Jane    Austen's 

Sailor  Brother!  ' : — 

"  I    should    like-    to    mention    that    our 
instance  of  inaction  during  a  naval  blockade 
is  limited  to  the  period  of  Lord  St.  Vino 
command  oti  Cadi/  in    17'js  9.     According 
t"  Prancii  An  tan'i  log,  the-  London  mm 
boramonget  the  fleet  for  we.  ther, 

and  one  cannot  study  the  record  without 
og  that  it  was  necessary  to  arrange 
employinenti  for  the  crew,  as  there  seems 
to  have  been  no  'rowing  guard,'  or  other 
boat-work  as  a  rule.  ( )f  course,  the  Boulogne 
blockade  of  1804  and  that  which  culminated 
at  Trafalgar  were  entirely  different  ;  no  long 
inaction  then 

M.  Emile  Bailliere  contributes  to 
the  Bibliographie  de  la  France  for  Saturday 
last  a  notice  of  Desire  Dumoulin,  who 
died  on  March  29th,  and  whose  signature 
for  thirty  years  has  appeared  on  that  pub- 
lication. M.  Dumoulin  was  a  printer  of 
taste  and  experience.  Born  in  1830,  he 
took  up  the  management  of  a  printing 
office  in  Paris  in  1857.  In  1863  he 
became  head  of  the  "  Bureau  des  Im- 
pressions "  of  the  Librairie  Hachette.  In 
1865  he  was  called  to  direct  the  printing 
of  the  celebrated  Ambroise  Firmin-Didot, 
and  for  a  period  of  ten  years  saw  some 
notable  publications  issued  by  that  house. 
In  1876  he  joined  M.  Pillet  in  a  printing 
firm  which  produced  some  fine  work. 
M.  Pillet  retired  in  1886,  and  for  fourteen 
years  Dumoulin  conducted  alone  the 
business  which  is  now  in  the  hands  of  an 
accomplished  son. 

Alexander  Kielland,  whose  death 
was  reported  on  the  7th  inst,  as  the  result 
of  a  heart  attack,  was  a  well-known 
Norwegian  writer.  He  was  born  in  Sta- 
vanger  in  1849,  a  town  he  chose  as  the 
scene  of  many  of  his  stories.  He  wrote 
ten  or  twelve  novels  which  gained  him 
a  high  reputation  in  Norway.  Two  have 
appeared  in  an  English  translation.  In 
1891  he  retired  from  literary  life,  at  the 
height  of  his  popularity,  and  became 
mayor  of  his  native  town.  His  works 
generally  attack  prevalent  conserva- 
tive ideas,  whilst  his  background  is 
the  varied  life  in  the  seaports  of  South- 
western Norway,  with  the  many  influences 
from  the  world  outside,  or  the  desolate 
region  of  Ja?deren,  the  moorland  by  the 
sea.  Only  last  year  he  began  publishing 
again  with  an  historical  sketch  of  Napoleon, 
which,  however,  was  coldly  received  by  the 
critics. 

SCIENCE 


MEDICAL    BOOKS. 

Lectures  on  Tropical  Disease*  :  being  the 
Lane  Lectures  for  1905.  By  Sir  Patrick 
Manson.  (Constable  &  Co.) — The  author 
has  done  a  service  to  the  public  by 
printing  the  lectures  on  tropical  diseases 
which  he  delivered  at  San  Francisco  in 
August,  1905.  They  should  be  read  by 
every  one  who  is  intending  to  go  to  a  tropical 
country,  even  if  it  be  only  on  an  expedition 
to  shoot  big  game.  They  tell  of  the  mode 
in  which  some  of  the  common  diseases  in 
hot  climates  are  transmitted,  and  of  the 
simple  means  by  wluch  they  may  be  avoided. 


N°  4094,  Apeil  14,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


453 


Those  who  are  not  intending  to  leave  Eng- 
land may  read  the  lectures  for  the  fascination 
of  the  stories,  and  for  the  insight  they  give 
into  the  mysteries  of  nature  and  the  mar- 
vellous manner  in  which  means  are  adapted 
to  an  end  in  the  animal  economy.  To  the 
general  practitioner  of  medicine  many  of 
the  facts  will  be  new,  and  Sir  Patrick  Hanson's 
lectures  will 'show  how  much  has  still  to  be 
learnt  in  diagnosis,  prophylaxis,  and  treat- 
ment. The  publication  of  the  lectures  must 
necessarily  silence  criticism  as  to  the  need 
for  special  schools  of  tropical  medicine  and 
the  advantage  of  establishing  such  centres 
for  the  teaching  of  young  medical  men  who 
are  going  to  practise  their  profession  in  the 
tropical  parts  of  the  Empire. 

The  lectures  do  not  deal  systematically 
with  tropical  diseases,  but  various  isolated 
subjects  are  taken,  in  many  of  which  Sir 
Patrick  Manson  has  been  himself  a  pioneer 
in  gaining  knowledge.  Each  subject  is 
treated  with  the  wealth  of  detail  and  the 
picturesqueness  of  expression  which  are  only 
possible  for  a  masterly  exponent,  and 
which  add  greatly  to  the'  pleasure  of 
reading.  The  stories  of  the  Anchylostomum 
which  causes  tropical  anaemia,  of  the  guinea 
worm,  of  the  lung  fluke,  of  the  Bilharzia, 
and  of  the  filaria  are  all  well  told.  The  gaps 
in  our  present  knowledge  of  their  life-history 
are  indicated,  and  the  points  which  still 
need  investigation  are  thus  made  clear. 
A  lecture  is  devoted  to  malaria,  and  con- 
siderable pains  are  taken  to  show  that  every 
fever  contracted  in  the  tropics  is  not  of 
malarial  origin.  Much  information  is  given 
about  the  sleeping  sickness  which  is  threat- 
ening  to  depopulate  Tropical  Africa.  The 
disease  is  spreading  so  steadily  that  Sir 
Patrick  Manson  expresses  a  well-founded 
fear  that  it  may  invade  Tropical  Asia,  and 
it  will  then  be  a  matter  of  vital  importance 
to  our  Indian  Government,  for  its  ravages 
are  not  confined  to  the  native  races.  Con- 
siderable space  is  given  to  kala  -  azar,  a 
disease  which  is  marked  by  enlargement  of 
the  spleen  and  liver,  anaemia,  recurring  fever, 
and  a  fatal  issue  after  several  months,  or 
it  may  be  one  or  two  years.  The  latter  part 
of  the  book  is  devoted  to  the  diagnosis  and 
treatment  of  tropical  fevers,  and  there  is  a 
final  chapter  dealing  with  some  of  the  pro- 
blems of  tropical  medicine,  and  especially 
yellow  fever.  The  book  is  illustrated  with 
photomicrographs  of  many  of  the  parasites 
which  cause  the  diseases  described. 

Confessions  of  an  English  Doctor.  (Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons. ) — The  title  of  this  book  invites 
comparison  with  that  by  Veresaef  called 
1  The  Confessions  of  a  Physician,'  which  we 
reviewed  on  September  17  th,  1904,  but  the 
resemblance  goes  no  further.  The  unplea- 
sant details  of  the  Russian  work  are  for- 
tunately absent  from  this  somewhat  prolix 
collection  of  experiences  of  an  English  doctor. 
The  appropriateness  of  the  title  is  open  to 
question  :  impressions  "  rather  than  "  con- 
fessions ' '  would  better  convey  the  scope  of 
the  book.  The  utility  of  books  of  this  kind 
must  surely  be  very  limited  :  they  possess 
little  or  no  interest  for  the  general  public, 
and  they  can  hardly  attract  the  medical 
reader.  No  doubt  the  author  is  a  man  of 
wido  and  varied  experience,  but  the  impres- 
sion conveyed  throughout  is  that  ho  does 
not  hold  a  very  lofty  view  of  the  aims  and 
w6rk  of  his  profession. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  book  the  author 
gives  a  brief  account  of  his  course  as  a 
medical  student,  embellished  with  a  rather 
uninteresting  description  of  a  few  types  of 
men  associated  with  him  during  that  period. 
^  The  book  seems  to  be  pervaded  by  the  idea 
that  a  medical  practitioner  should_adopt  a 


special  manner,  and  should  cultivate  good 
feelings  rather  with  an  eye  to  the  main 
chance  than  from  higher  or  purer  motives. 
In  the  chapter  called  '  The  Secrets  of  Success' 
the  writer  suggests  that  simple  right  conduct 
is  not  possible  in  the  medical  profession. 
With  this  we  entirely  disagree,  as  we  do 
when  he  states  that  "  neither  business  nor 
professional  men  can  be  strictly  and  con- 
stantly honest  nowadays." 

Although  it  is  not  obvious  for  what  class 
of  readers  the  book  is  intended,  it  contains 
a  good  deal  of  common  sense,  and  certainly 
an  abundance  of  home  truths. 

The  Bacteriology  of  Peritonitis.  By 
Leonard  S.  Dudgeon  and  Percy  W.  G. 
Sargent.  (Constable'  &  Co.) — There  was 
hardly  a  surgeon  twenty  years  ago  who 
would  meddle  with  a  case  of  peritonitis  ; 
then  came  the  time  of  heroic  measures, 
when  attempts  were  made  to  cleanse  the 
peritoneum  thoroughly  by  washing  and 
rubbing  it ;  now  it  is  thought  best  to  allow 
the  abdominal  cavity  to  perform  its  own 
toilette  with  as  little  interference  as  possible. 
The  present  monograph  on  the  bacteriology 
of  peritonitis  shows  how  completely  the 
latter-day  practice  is  in  accord  with  the 
results  of  laboratory  work,  and  illustrates 
anew  the  debt  of  modern  surgery  to  patho- 
logy. The  greater  part  of  Messrs.  Dudgeon 
and  Sargent's  work  is  highly  technical,  but 
is  of  the  deepest  interest  to  the  bacterio- 
logist, for  amongst  much  that  is  valuable 
the  authors  are  able  to  draw  attention  to  a 
form  of  diplo-streptococcus,  hitherto  un- 
described,  which  they  have  isolated  from 
peritonitis  in  connexion  with  ulcer  of  the 
stomach.  The  surgeon  is  told  why  peri- 
tonitis occurs  so  often  after  operations 
where  the  patient  has  suffered  from  intestinal 
obstruction,  and  he  is  afforded  the  poor  com- 
fort of  knowing  that  the  inflammation  some- 
times rises  from  inside  the  body  of  his  patient 
and  is  not  always  introduced  from  without. 
The  general  practitioner  is  taught  that  it  is 
wrong  to  give  opiates  at  any  time  in  peri- 
tonitis :  at  first  because  important  symptoms  - 
may  be  concealed,  and  a  wrong  diagnosis 
may  be  made  in  consequence  ;  in  the  later 
stages  because  an  opiate  may  inciease  the 
intestinal  paralysis,  and  "  a  dose  of  morphia 
superadded  to  the  toxic  paresis  of  the  bowel 
may  just  turn  the  balance  against  recovery."^ 
It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  the  teachings  of 
bacteriology  harmonize  with  those  of  clinical 
experience  in  pointing  to  purgatives,  and 
not  to  opiates,  as  the  right  drugs  to  be  given 
in  peritonitis. 

The  monograph  is  dedicated  to  the  staff 
of,  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  and  in  substance 
it  formed  the  basis  of  the  Erasmus  Wilson 
Lectures  given  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England  in  1905.  The  book  is 
well  written;  there  are  ten  illustrations,  and 
a  good  bibliography,  but  we  regret  to  notice 
that  there  4s  no  index. 


BIRDS'    EGGS. 


Ootheca  Wolleyana  :  an  Illustrated  Cata- 
logue of  the  Collection  of  Birds'  Eggs  formed 
by  the  late  John  Wolley,  Jun.  Edited  from 
the  Original  Notes  by  Alfred  Newton. — 
Part  III.  Columbm — Alcce.  (Porter.) — In 
our  notice  of  Part  II.  of  this  work  on 
March  7th,  1903,  we  expressed  favourable 
anticipations  of  the  issue  which  is  now 
before  us  ;  but  we  hardly  expected  that  this 
would  include  the  gare-fowl  or  great  auk 
{Alca  impennis),  with  which  the  name  of 
Prof.  Newton  Ls  specially  associated.  The 
mention  of  a  species  popularly  bracketed 
with  the  dodo,  and_one  which  has^become 


extinct  within  the  memory  of  living  men, 
offers  a  strong  temptation  for  a  facile  notice 
without  regard  for  sequence  or  proportion  ; 
but  this  must  be  resisted,  and  we  begin  at 
the  beginning. 

The  Columbse  call  for  no  special  remark, 
but  interesting  details  are  given  about  some 
eggs  of  the  three-toed  sand-grouse  laid  in 
Europe  (four  of  these  in  aviaries,  and  one  at 
Ringkjobing,  in  Denmark)  during  the  irrup- 
tion of  1863.  It  may  be  remembered  that, 
in  the  subsequent  and  vastly  more  important 
invasion  of  1888,  two  clutches  of  eggs  were 
taken  near  Beverley,  in  Yorkshire,  and  a 
young  bird  was  found  on  the  Culbin  sands, 
Moray.  From  this  locality  a  downy  nestling 
was  in  1889  sent  to  Prof.  Newton,  described 
by  him  in  The  Ibis,  and  figured  by  Mr. 
Frohawk.  Meanwhile,  special  legislation 
had  been  invoked  for  this  erratic  species, 
and,  sanctified  by  the  trivial  name  "  grouse," 
the  "  new  British  game-bird  "  was  welcomed 
with  enthusiasm  ;  but  by  the  end  of  the 
year  these  damp  islands  were  abandoned, 
as  was  to  be  expected,  by  birds  whose 
proper  home  is  in  the  dry  deserts  of  Central 
Asia.  Among  the  rarities  added  of  late  to 
this  collection  are  the  eggs  of  the  remarkable 
long-tailed  representative  of  our  black 
grouse,  from  Russian  Georgia  ;  and,  of  still 
greater  scarcity,  eggs  of  Lagopus  hemileu- 
curus,  a  species  confined  to  Spitzbergen,  and 
considered,  by  those  who  have  observed  it, 
to  be  more  closely  allied  to  the  willow-grouse 
than  to  the  ptarmigan. 

At  p.  57  begins  Wolley's  account  of  the 
nesting  of  the  crane.  This  was  virtually  a 
discovery,  for  the  information  supplied  by 
Naumann  was  scanty,  and  almost  unknown 
in  this  country.     As  Prof.  Newton  observes, 

"  it  is  most  likely  that  no  English  naturalist  since 
the  days  of  William  Turner,  more  than  four  hun- 
dred years  hefore,  had  seen  a  crane's  nest ;  while 
it  is  certain  that  if  any  one  had  done  so,  he  had 
kept  the  information  to  himself." 

Sir  Thomas  Browne  mentions  the  crane 
as  merely  a  winter  visitor  to  East  Anglia, 
and  we  think  that  undue  stress  has  been 
laid,  by  Hewitson  and  others,  on  a  passage 
in  Evelyn's  '  Diary '  supposed  to  indicate  that 
this  species  bred  in  Norfolk  up  to  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  When  Evelyn  set  down,  under 
date  of  October  17th,  1671,  that,  "amongst 
other  curiosities,  Sir  Thomas  had  a  collection 
of  the  eggs  of  all  the  fowle  and  birds  he  could 
procure  [in  Norfolk],  as  cranes,  storkes, 
eagles,  and  a  variety  of  water  fowle,"  he 
was  not  writing  with  any  special  knowledge 
of  birds,  but  merely  jotting  down  his  recol- 
lections after  the  excitement  of  passing  a 
few  hours  in  v<  a  paradise  and  cabinet  of 
rarities,  especially  medails,  books,  plants, 
and  natural  things."  Assuredly  no  storks 
were  ever  known  to  nest  in  Norfolk  ;  nor 
eagles,  unless  the  marsh-harrier  passed ,  for 
such.  To  return  to  Wolley's  experiences  :  I 
the  graphic  details  of  finding  the  nestling 
cranes,  which  walked  about  him  and  pecked 
the  gnats  on  his  fingers,  followed  by  the 
account  of  taking  the  eggs-  next  year,  will 
warm  the  heart  of  many  a  collector,  and  in  " 
Part  I.  is  a  capital  illustration  (tab.  E)  of 
the  nest,  with  figures  of  the  cranes  by  the 
late  Joseph  Wolf. 

The  pedigrees  of  the  eggs  of  the  great 
bustard  taken  in  Norfolk  (chiefly  on  Great 
Massingham  Heath)  and  Suffolk  have  an 
interest  which  ranks  as  historic,  since 
it  relates  to  the  produce  of  our  largest 
indigenous  spocies,  forced  by  circumstances 
to  cease  breeding  in  Great  Britain  more  than 
sixty  years  ago.  Wolley's  acquisition  of  an 
egg  of  tho  little  bustard  (Otis  tetrax)  is 
valuablo  from  a  different  point  of  view,  for 
the  well-sifted  evidence  leaves  smalljroom 


154 


'I'M  E     ATIIKN^UM 


f..r  doubt  tliut  it  vrai  laid  bj  "  bird  which 
wm  ihof  about   the  middle  of  June,   1848, 
dm*  \\  iok,  Ceithm         a  Locality  fully  tl 
hundred    milea    to    the    northward    of   any 
I, i,  eding  place   on    reoord.     Tin-,    now<  ver, 

iim\  i idered  as  I  rea  jure  trove. 

Among  i !"■  group  popularly  known  m 
\mi.i.  n  ii  a  bird  for  which  Wolley  arduously 
■ought,  and  with  which  hie  name  will  alwaye 
be  associated,  viz.,  the  dusky  redshank,  of 
which  the  Bnrt  genuine  eggs  were  figured 
from  his  specimens  in  the  last  edition  (1866) 
of  Hewiteon'e  '  Eggs  of  British  Birds.1  There 
were  then  bo  mam  difficulties  in  reaching 
the  breeding  place  ua  time  that  even  Wolley 
did  not  actually  handle  the  eggs  in  situ  ; 
and  with  all  the  modern  facilities  for  travel 
and  the  advantages  of  acquired  knowledge, 

not     more    than    three    or    four    Englishmen 

have  succeeded  in  this  up  to  L906  inclusive. 
The  nesting-place  of  the  green  sandpiper 
baffled  the  research  of  Wolley,  for  the  good 
reason  that  he  went  too  far  to  the  north  ; 
and  lie  left  Scandinavia  in  1857,  at  a  time 
when  neither  he  nor  any  other  Briton, 
except,  perhaps,  the  writer  of  a  valuable 
article  in  The  Ibis  for  1859  (p.  40),  was 
aware  that  this  wader  habitually  deposited 
its  eggs  in  deserted  nests  of  squirrel,  thrush, 
ringdove,  &c.,  and  rarely,  after  the  usual 
manner  of  sandpipers,  on  or  near  the  ground. 
There  is,  of  course,  an  excellent  series  of 
eggs  in  the  collection,  with  particulars  of 
this  mode  of  nidification,  which  has,  how- 
ever, been  shown  of  late  to  be  slightly  less 
abnormal  than  was  once  supposed.  Valuable 
details  are  given  of  the  eggs  of  the  sanderling, 
grey  plover,  and  little  stint,  but  none  of 
these  fell  within  the  scope  of  Wolley  ;  he 
was,  however,  the  first  to  make  British 
oologists  acquainted  with  authenticated 
eggs  of  Temminck's  stint,  and  especially 
those  of  the  jack  snipe. 

As  a  rule  little  mention  is  made  by  Wolley 
of  the  drawbacks  to  bird-nesting  in  Lapland  ; 
but  in  describing  the  haunts  of  the  jack 
snipe  he  breaks  out  with  "  The  gnats,  how- 
ever, are  there  so  terrible — voracious — 
destructive — no  word  is  too  strong — that 
tar  oil,  Templar  caps,  veils,  and  thick 
leather  gloves  are  indispensable."  To  the 
same  effect  he  expresses  himself  in  the 
account  of  the  nesting-places  of  the  broad- 
bill  sandpiper,  also  in  Lapland  ;  but  now 
that  the  nearer  Dovrefjeld  is  easy  of  access, 
the  tourist  can  "  rush  "  that  district,  visit 
nests  marked  down  for  him,  and  escape 
with  a  very  short  period  of  suffering. 

In  dwelling  upon  Wolley's  personal  con- 
tributions to  oology  in  days  when  egg- 
collecting  was  young,  we  have  been  by  no 
means  unmindful  of  the  numerous  and 
valuable  additions  to  the  joint  collection 
made  by  Prof.  Newton.  And  now,  passing 
over  the  gulls  and  terns,  we  come  to  the 
great  auk,  the  main  object  of  the  expedition 
of  Wolley  and  Prof.  Newton  to  Iceland  in 
1858.  An  abstract  of  their  researches  was 
given  by  the  latter  in  Tlie  Ibis  for  1861, 
pp.  374-^99,  and  acquaintance  with  this  aids 
the  understanding  of  allusions  to  the  place 
whence  several  of  the  eggs  now  enumerated 
were  obtained,  namely,  Eldey  or  the  Meal- 
sack.  This  is  one  of  several  volcanic  islets 
off  Cape  Reykjanes,  and  near  the  latter 
Wolley  and  his  companion  passed  two 
months  in  the  vain  hope  that  the  weather 
would  permit  a  visit.  It  was  at  Eldey  that 
most  of  the  skins  and  a  large  pioportion  of 
the  eggs  still  in  existence  were  procured, 
between  the  years  1830  to  1844  inclusive, 
nono  of  later  date  being  known  from  any 
place  whatever.  Tab.  L,  facing  p.  xxxv  in 
the  Memoir  issued  with  Part  EL,  is  from  a 
drawing  by  Wolley,  and  gives  some  idea  of 


N   L094,  April  1 L.  1906 

— 


the  desolated   "land   of  (in";    the   white 
•  on  the  bi orison  to  the  ■  ighl  is  tin   fcfi 

sack,  and  merit-  the  name.     Wolley  himself 

•  -id  t  wo  eggs  of  tin    great  uuli  (t)ibb.  \iv. 

and  xv.),  the  former  being  remarkable  foi  the 

scrolled    oharaOteT    Ol    itB    nimkni»s,    and    for 

this  be  paid  twenty  eight  shillings  in   l- 
Another  (tab.   xvi.),  also  from    Eldey,   baa 

been      added      by      Prof.      Newton,      and      the 

gradual  unravelling  of  its  history  aflbrda 
some  verj  Buggestive  reading,  [four,  pre- 
sented by  the  fourth  Lord  Lilford  (tabb.xviL 

xx.).  wen-  probably  from  Funk  Island  or 
other    islets    off    Newfoundland,    for    one    Off 

two  have  been  marked  "  Pingoum,"  a 
French  variant  of  our  "  pin-wing,"  applied 

to  the  great  auk  many  years  before  it  was 
transferred  to  the  pengums  of    the  southern 

hemisphere,  in  consequence  of  a  superficial 

resemblance.  These  four  specimens  are 
decidedly  handsome,  and  the  large  holts 
at  the  pointed  ends  of  three  of  them  indicate 
that  they  had  been  sucked  by  the  matter- 
of-fact  takers,  as  a  preliminary  to  the  pre- 
servation of  the  shells  as  curiosities.  Little 
did  the  fisherman  who  was  killing  gare-fowl 
for  food,  and  slaked  his  thirst  from  time  to 
time  by  sucking  an  egg  as  it  came  in  his  way, 
realize  that  his  after-thought  would  be  worth 
many  times  the  weight  in  gold  of  the  intact 
egg,  not  to  mention  that  of  the  shell  which 
he  took  home  to  show  his  sweetheart  how 
much  bigger  were  the  eggs  of  the  "  pingouins" 
of  Newfoundland  than  those  laid  on  the  cliffs 
of  Normandy  and  Brittany.  The  last  illus- 
tration in  this  volume  (tab.  xxi.)  is  from  a 
plaster  cast,  by  the  late  John  Hancock,  of 
an  egg  formerly  in  the  collection  of  the  late 
Mr.  John  Scales,  now  only  known  from  the 
replica,  for  it  was  burnt  in  a  fire  at  Cork. 
Besides  the  above.  Prof.  Newton  gives 
particulars  of  his  ten  plaster  casts  of  other 
eggs,  six  of  them  made  by  the  above  un- 
rivalled hand,  and  it  may  safely  be  said 
that  no  such  record,  illustrated  by  six 
accurate  and  full-sized  coloured  plates,  of 
the  eggs  of  this  extinct  species  is  to  be  found 
elsewhere.  Mr.  H.  Gronvold,  the  artist,  has 
done  his  work  well. 

As  with  its  predecessors,  intense  care  has 
been  taken  with  this  volume,  and  we  now 
await  the  concluding  portion,  which  should 
contain  an  account  of  the  nidification  of  the 
smew — one  of  Wolley's  greatest  discoveries. 

Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Birds'  Eggs 
in  the  British  Museum.  Vol.  IV.  By 
Eugene  W.  Oates,  assisted  by  Capt.  Savile 
G.  Reid.  (British  Museum.) — This  fourth 
volume  corresponds  with  Dr.  Bowdler 
Sharpe's  similar  number  of  the  '  Hand-List 
of  Birds,'  noticed  by  us  on  February  27th, 
1904,  so  that  it  seems  not  unreasonable  to 
expect  another  volume  before  long.  Like 
the  '  Hand-List,'  this  work  on  eggs  treats 
of  the  Passerine  birds  from  the  Timeliidit> 
to  the  Certhiidne  inclusive,  and  the  natural 
colour  and  beauty  of  nearly  all  the  examples 
figured  afford  scope  for  the  display  of  Mr. 
H.  Gronvold's  artistic  talent.  No  fewer 
than  620  species  and  14,917  specimens  are 
catalogued,  their  number  having  been 
greatlv  increased  bv  large  donations  from  Mr. 
W.  Badcliffe  Saunders  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Rickett. 
The  scientific  names  are  those  set  forth  by 
Dr.  Bowdler  Sharpe,  and  therefore  no 
criticism  of  them  is  permissible  in  a  notice 
of  this  egg-book  ;  but  there  is  great  utility 
in  giving  a  trivial  or  English  name  in  the 
text,  for  it  might  not  otherwise  be  realized 
that  Aedon  megarhyncha  is  our  nightingale. 
Sylvia  simplex  the  garden-warbler,  or  Pln/l- 
loscopus  minor  the  much  tossed-about  chiff- 
chaff.  On  the  other  hand,  a  too  literal 
translation  maybe  misleading,  as  in  the  case 
of  Lophophancs  inornatus,  which  is  rendered 


American  I'lain  Titmoi.  .  cond  word 

meaning,  ol  oourae,  unadon 

no    relation    to    u    flat    country.      There 

which  need  not  be  pari 

liin/ei|,  m    localities    and    collect 

lecimens  in  tin   Soebohm  collection;  boa 

are    in    no    way    attributable    I 
editor-,  w  ho  have  done  their  work  admirably. 


MM    III  [Efi 


EVTOMOLOOIi   \i..      .\)n,i    1       Mi.    (  .    (I.    \\\. 
e,  V. P.,  in  the  chair.     Mr.  Le  nard  D 

Major    I'.     W  i  mi  -    Sampson,    and   M 
Snialhiiaii  were  elected    Fellows.     Mr.    H.    Bt,  •' 
Donisthorpe  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  very  rare 
ant    Formicoxenm    nUidtunn,    a    fen  eatly 

found   in  a   nest    ol    Formica    rvfn   at    Wcybi 

-Mi.    G.    C.    Champion   showed    a    specimen 
Plalyptyllui  i  i-  ma.  a  coleopterous  pan* 

of  the  beaver,  from  France.  Mr.  W 
Sheldon  exhibited  several  specimens  of  a  Noctua, 
which  he  said  corresponded  to  Dr.  H.  Cuard- 
Knagg's  original  description  of  Ayrolu  helvttina 
I  •  Entomologist's  Annual.'  Is72>.  He  had  purchased 
them  at  the  sale  of  the  late  l)r.  Mason's  collection, 
in  which  they  were  labelled  as  light  varictii 
Noctua  a  injur,  to  which  sp  I  they 

should  be  referred.     Mr.   A.   H.  Jones  exhibited 
examples  of  butterflies  taken  by  him  last  year  in 
Majorca,   showing  injury  to  the  wings,  caused,  in 
his  opinion,  by  the  attacks  of  lizard*. — The  B 
F.    1).    Morioe    gave   an   account    of   the    eal 
observed  on  the  lege  of  some  Hymenoptera.     They 
were,  he  said,  quite  constant  in  each  species,  and 
useful,  therefore,  as  distinguishing  characters,  the 
only  Hymenopteron  he  had  come  across  without 
them    being   the   ordinary   hive-bee.      Kir  by   and 
Spruce  considered  that  they  were  used  for  walking 
or  climbing,  but   this  was   unlikely,  as   the   s] 
occurred  in  species  which  did  not  climb  at  all. 
far  as  he  had  noticed,  they  were  used   by  members 
of   this   order  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  them- 
selves.     Mr.    C.   O.  Waterhouse  said  that   similar 
spars  existed  iii  the  Trichoptera.  though   they  did 
not  assume  beautiful  forms  as  in  the  Hymenoptera  ; 
but  as  to  their  uses,    he   was  not   aware   that   any 
observations  had  been  published  or  made  on  the 
subject. — Mr.  G.  C.  Champion  remarked  that  they 
were  also  well  developed  on  the   hind  legs  of   - 
Coleoptera. 


Historical.  —  Aprtl  5. — The  Rev.   \V.   Hunt, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Sir   Alfred  Scott 
Garter  King-of- Arms,  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  the  R 
C.   E.  Hopkins,  Mr.  C.   K.  Hi  Chadwyck-Healey. 
and  Mr.  T.  Rice  Holmes   were  elected    Fell 
The  Library  of  Kansas  University  was  admit 
as  a  subscribing  library,  the  Earl  of  Ilchester,  Sir 
Henry  Howorth.    and"  Mr.   C.    K.    H.    Chadwyck- 
Healey,  were  elected  Honorary  Yii e -Presidents. — 
Miss  Shillington  communicated  a  paper  on   "The 
Diplomatic   and    Economic   Relations  of  England 
and  Portugal  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  referring  to  the 
early  Crusading  aid  given  in  the  foundation  of  the 
kingdom  of  Portugal,  and  to  the   close  relations  in 
the    fourteenth  century,  the    commercial    treaty  of 

Windsor  between  Edward  III.  and  the  Portug 
merchants,  and  the  English  aid  to  King  John  I. 
against  Castile,  when  he,  by  the  victory  of  Alju- 
barota,  established  his  country's  independence. 
The  marriage  of  King  John  with  Philippe, 
laughter  of  John  of  Gaunt,  sealed  the  alliance 
with  the  house  of  Lancaster;  and  the  subsequent 
marriage  of  this  daughter  with  Philip  of  Bur- 
iy  confirmed  the  triple  alliance  in  politics  and 
trade  between  England,  Portugal,  and  the  Nether- 
lamb.  The  President  gave  an  interesting  add 
upon  some  further  aspects  of  the  subject,  and  Mr. 
Marsden  spoke  on  early  maritime  connexions  and 
the  w  iii'  trade. 


MKKTINciS   NEXT  WEEK. 


Win.     Ariatotelian,  5.— Symposium:    'Cm  Logic  abstract  from  the 
Psychological  Conditions    of    Tliink     .        Messrs.   1      i 
Bcoiller,  1:.  Booanquet,  and  11   RaahdalL 

—  Meteorological,  "DO.  — 'Some   -  'nine 

Reproduced   Experimentally.  Mr.   A    Ha  the 

Vain.-  of  :i  Projected  Image  of  the  Sun  for  Meteorological 
Stn.lv.'  Miss  c.  0.  St. m 

—  Microscopical,   B.  —  Exhibition  of  Lantern  •  Slides  of  Plant 

Structure. 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


455 


%timte  (gossip. 

The  sixty-seventh  annual  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  begins  on  August  1st 
at  York,  when  Prof.  Ray  Lankester,  Pre- 
sident Elect,  will  deliver  the  address.  There 
are  eleven  sections,  which  include,  besides 
the  ordinary  subjects,  '  Economic  Science 
and  Statistics,'  '  Anthropology,"  and  '  Edu- 
cational Science.' 

Mr.  J.  B.  Freebairn  writes  : — 
"  In  your  most  interesting  notice  last  week  of 
'  The  Birds  of  Hampshire  and  the  Isle  of  Wight ' 
you  state  that  the  cormorant  is  known  there  as  the 
Isle  of  Wight  parson.  Curiously  enough,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Luce  Bay,  Wigtownshire,  this 
bird  is  called  the  Mochrum  elder.  That  two  locali- 
ties so  far  apart  should  go  to  the  Church  to  ex- 
press a  sea-bird  metaphorically  is  worthy  of  note. 
Perhaps  the  cormorant's  sable  covering  and  pious 
demeanour  as,  bolt  upright,  he  basks  in  the  sun- 
shine upon  a  boulder  at  the  water's  edge,  may  have 
suggested  both  appellations." 

A  number  of  valuable  prizes  were  awarded 
at  last  week's  meeting  of  the  French  Institute. 
The  Prix  Osiris  of  100,000fr.  has  been  given 
to  M.  Albert  Sorel,  member  of  the  Academic 
des  Sciences  Morales  et  Politiques,  "  pour 
1'ensemble  de  ses  ouvrages  sur  l'histoire 
diplomatique  de  l'Europe,  aux  deux  derniers 
siecles."  The  Prix  Debrousse  of  30,000fr. 
has  been  allocated  in  the  following  manner  : 
20,000fr.  to  the  Academie  des  Sciences,  half 
of  which  is  to  go  towards  the  cost  of  pub- 
lishing the  works  of  Leibnitz,  while  the 
other  half  goes  to  M.  Deslandres  for  his 
researches  "  sur  la  marche  du  soleil  "  ; 
5,000fr.  to  the  Academie  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres  for  the  reproduction  of 
some  miniatures  by  Foucquet  ;  the  balance 
being  equally  distributed  between  the 
archaeological  investigations  and  restorations 
at  Rome  and  Constantinople. 

Baron  de  Haulleville  read  a  paper  on 
the  religions  of  the  Congolese  natives  before 
the  Colonial  Club  at  Antwerp  a  few  days  ago. 
The  lecturer  began  by  describing  Tizambi, 
the  supreme  being  of  the  blacks,  who  lives 
below  the  waters,  and  who  is  described  by 
his  dusky  votaries  as  indifferent  to  the  fate 
or  conditions  of  his  followers.  It  is  curious 
to  note  that  water  represents  all  that  is 
mysterious  in  nature  for  the  negro,  just  as 
fire  does  for  the  Eastern  mind.  The  negroes 
regard  as  a  confirmation  of  their  belief  in 
the  mystical  force  of  water  the  fact  that 
the  white  man  came  by  it  across  the  ocean, 
and  up  the  Congo  and  its  numerous  tri- 
butaries. M.  de  Haulleville's  main  conclu- 
sion is  that  the  Congolese  have  no  religion 
and  believe  only  in  magic.  Their  priest  is 
the  fetish  doctor,  in  other  words  a  magician. 
Unfortunately,  the  l>  mganga  "  class  still 
exists,  and  the  mot  (Vordre  of  the  body  or 
craft  is,  Death  to  European  influence  !  The 
Imman  sacrifices  associated  with  the  order 
cannot  be  ended  in  a  generation,  and  it 
will  be  two  centuries,  the  lecturer  declared, 
before  the.  are  entirely  forgotten.  Any 
excuse  lias  been  taken  among  the  Africans 
for  a  human  sacrifice,  but  none  has  been 
more   utilized  than   the  interment  of  a  chief 

or  the  burial  of  humbler  individuals.     "  Red 
funerals  "  have  had  a  gruesome  significaine 
it  ml  Africa. 

Tin;  death  is  announced,  in  the  seventy- 
sixth  year  of  Ids  age,  of  Dr.  !•'.  M.  Karlinski, 
many  years  Professor  of  Astronomy  and 
thematica  at  the  University  of  Cracow, 

at  which   town   he  was  horn  on  Oetoher    tth, 

10.  II'-  was  assistant  at  the  observatory 
there  from  1851  to  1865,  and  afterward  at 
that  of  Prague  until  1862,  when  hejreturned 
to  Cracow,  as  Director  and  Professor,  retiring 


in  1902,  after  forty  years  of  energetic  service. 
His  observations,  principally  of  planets  and 
comets,  were  very  numerous  until  weakness 
of  sight  compelled  him  to  desist,  and  he 
subsequently  devoted  most  of  his  time  to 
literary  work,  publishing  a  large  number  of 
treatises  on  astronomical  (especially  his- 
torical) and  meteorological  subjects,  most  of 
them  in  Polish,  some  in  Latin,  and  others 
in  German.  He  had  been  in  failing  health 
for  a  considerable  time,  and  died  on  the 
21st  ult. 

Dr.  E.  Anding,  observator  in  the  Bavarian 
Geodetic  Commission  and  extraordinary 
professor  at  the  University  of  Munich,  has 
been  appointed  Director  of  the  Ducal 
Observatory,  which  was  removed  to  Gotha 
from  Seeberg  in  1 859,  whilst  Hansen  was 
Director. 

The  period  of  the  variable  star  29,  1906 
Persei  (see  our  '  Science  Gossip '  for  the 
24th  ult.),  has  been  found  by  Prof.  Pickering 
to  amount  to  13-20  days. 

Seven  small  planets  are  announced  as 
having  been  photographically  discovered 
last  month  at  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory, 
Heidelberg  :  one  on  the  14th,  and  another 
on  the  20th,  by  Herr  Kopff  ;  and  two  on  the 
17th,  one  on  the  18th,  one  on  the  20th,  and 
another  on  the  21st,  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf.  It 
appears  also  that  one  photographed  by 
Herr  Kopff  on  the  21st  and  22nd  of  February, 
and  supposed  to  be  identical  with  No.  546, 
which  was  discovered  by  Herr  Gotz  on 
October  10th,  1904,  is  really  new.  No.  543, 
also  discovered  by  Herr  Gotz  on  Septem- 
ber 11th  in  that  year,  has  been  named 
Charlotte  ;  whilst  No.  546  has  received  the 
designation  Herodias.  It  was  again  ob- 
served by  M.  N.  Liapine  at  Pulkowa  on  the 
15th  ult.  Dr.  J.  Palisa  publishes  in  No.  4081 
of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichten  the  results 
of  a  number  of  visual  observations  of  recently 
discovered  small  planets  which  he  has 
obtained  at  the  Imperial  Observatory, 
Vienna. 


FINE   ARTS 


THE    EARLY    HISTORY    OF 

PLAYING    CARDS. 

Las  Cartes  a  jouer  du  Quatorziamc  au 
Vingtiama  Siecla.  Par  Henry  Rene 
d'Allemagne.  2  vols.  (Paris,  Hachette 
&  Cie.) 

The  history  of  playing  cards  has  great 
attractions  for  many  classes  of  students, 
and  may  even  be  expected  to  interest 
large  numbers  of  readers  not  usually 
included  in  the  widest  extension  of  that 
term.  The  passion  for  gambling  has  so 
far  saturated  modern  life  as  to  have 
become  almost  an  instinct,  while  card- 
playing,  its  most  important  development, 
seems  to  have  superseded  all  sucli  forms 
of  excitement  from  the  first  moments 
of  its  appearance  in  Europe.  The  ( 'hureh, 
the  law,  thundered  against  it  in  vain. 
It  spread  over  the  Continent  with  the 
rapidity  of  the  plague.  It  created  new 
aits,  new  trades.  The  study  of  cards 
leads  the  sociologist  through  all  classes 
•  •I  society,  the  psychologist  into  the 
deepest   recesses  of  the  mind.     It    raises 

for  the  student   of  art   the  problems  of  the 

origin  of  wood-cutting  and  engraving  ; 
it  furnishes  him  with  the  materials  for  a 
history  of  traditional  dosigu  ;    it  trenches 


on  the  great  question  of  the  origin  of 
printing.  It  cannot,  therefore,  be  said 
that  the  subject  of  these  important 
volumes  is  unworthy  of  the  treatment 
it  has  here  received.  How  generous 
that  has  been  is  shown  by  the  state- 
ment that  the  work  contains  3,200  repro- 
ductions of  cards  (956  in  colour),  12  hand- 
coloured  plates,  25  phototypes,  116  wrap- 
pers, and  340  vignettes,  plans,  and  engrav- 
ings of  various  sorts,  while  the  text 
extends  to  over  1,100  quarto  pages. 

Histories  of  playing  cards  abound,  but 
few  of  them  are  of  any  value  whatever, 
as  they  belong  to  the  pre-scientific 
period.  If  we  set  aside  the  eighteenth 
century,  the  most  important  are  Singer's 
'  Researches  into  the  History  of  Playing 
Cards,'  1816,  Chatto's  '  Facts  and  Specu- 
lations,' 1848,  and  Merlin's  '  Origine  des 
Cartes  a  jouer,'  1869 ;  and  amongst 
reproductions,  Duchesne's  '  Jeux  de 
Cartes,'  1844,  and  Lady  C.  Schreiber's 
'  Playing  Cards,'  1892.  Since  these  books 
were  written,  many  valuable  documents 
have  come  to  light,  a  number  of  important 
monographs  have  been  written,  and  the 
catalogues  of  many  collections,  such  as 
those  of  the  British  Museum  and  several 
German  museums,  published.  The  time 
was  therefore  ripe  for  the  publication  of  a 
new  history,  embracing  and  co-ordinating 
all  the  known  facts,  and  taking  advantage 
of  modern  methods  of  reproduction.  M. 
d'Allemagne  has  written  one,  conceived 
with  all  the  logical  completeness  of  the 
French  mind,  and  carried  out  in  general 
with  the  thoroughness  and  accuracy  of  a 
scholar  and  a  student.  A  glance  at  his 
scheme  will  make  this  plain. 

The  first  chapter  deals  with  the  origin 
and  transformations  of  the  game  of  cards, 
its  most  important  division  being  that 
dealing  with  French  cards,  where  six 
schools  of  card-makers  are  described  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  and  nine  in  the 
eighteenth — a  classification  of  the  greatest 
interest,  worked  out  for  the  first  time. 
The  second  chapter  deals  with  legislation, 
and  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  cards 
in  France.  A  duty  was  imposed  on  them 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  continued 
till  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth.  It 
was  reimposed  in  1701,  and  ceased  in 
1719  ;  reimposed  in  1745,  and  ceased  at 
the  Revolution  ;  reimposed  in  1798,  and 
remains  in  force.  Wrappers  for  the  pack 
were  enforced  in  connexion  witli  the 
tax,  and  continued  even  after  the  issue 
of  special  Government-made  paper  and 
the  mark  on  the  ace  of  clubs,  which  is 
the  method  by  which  the  French  tax  was 
collected  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

The  manufacture  of  cards  is  then  shortly 
described  and  a  wholly  inadequate  list  of 
card-makers  in  Europe  added.  In  the 
third  and  fourth  chapters  the  history  of 
gaming  and  of  fortune-telling  by  cards  is 

rapidly  dealt  with,  and  the  first  volume 
ends  with  some  interesting  notes  of  the 
\va\s    in    which    our   economical    ancestors 

utilized  the  backs  of  old  cards. 
So  far  M.  d'Allemagne  has  followed  the 

beaten   track,   but    his  second   volume  is  a 

work  of  quite  other  interest.     It  is  nothing 

less  than  a  history  of  the  craft  in  France, 


466 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


opening  with  a  short  account  of  the 
trades  and  craft  guilds  in  France  from 
their  organization  to  their  abolition  in 
1791,  and  then  passing  to  a  detailed  study 
of  the  card-makers  of  France,  arranged 
according  to  the  pattern  in  use  in  each 
particular  place — Paris,  Burgundy,  Lyons, 
Auvergne,  Dauphiny,  Provence,  Langue- 
doc,  Guyenne,  or  Limousin.  The  whole 
closes  with  an  appendix  of  original  docu- 
ments printed  for  the  first  time,  a  list  of 
all  the  card-makers  of  France,  a  very  good 
index,  and  a  bibliography. 
&  It  will  be  seen  that  this  work  is  not  only 
of  great  interest  to  students  of  the  history 
of  art,  but,  containing  as  it  does  the 
history  of  a  trade  from  its  origin  to  the 
present  time  in  France,  is  also  of  first-class 
importance  to  the  student  of  economic 
history.  This  by  the  way,  for  space  would 
fail  us  to  enter  on  the  discussion  of  the 
facts  brought  forward,  or  of  the  way  in 
which  they  are  understood  ;  and  for  the 
remainder  of  this  notice  we  shall  devote 
our  attention  to  some  of  the  less 
satisfactory  aspects  of  the  work.  Let 
us  hasten  to  reaffirm  the  excellence  of 
the  book  before  we  enter  on  them.  And 
first  let  us  hope  that  if  the  late  Chief 
Librarian  of  the  Arsenal  had  been  a 
librarian  instead  of  an  eminent  poet,  we 
should  have  been  spared  the  '  Biblio- 
graphy '  given  at  vol.  ii.  p.  551  sqq.  Take, 
for  example,  the  entry,  "  Augsburg  Burgo- 
meister  books  for  1418,  Augsbourg  1418," 
which  has  every  fault  possible.  It  sug- 
gests that  the  work  is  in  English,  that  it 
is  in  print,  and  printed  in  1418.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  books  have  never  been 
printed,  and  the  only  quotations  pub- 
lished from  them  appear  in  a  periodical  so 
rare  that  there  are  not  two  copies  of  it  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  a  periodical  not 
even  named  in  the  book  before  us.  Worse 
still,  a  number  of  the  works  cited  by 
M.  d'Allemagne  do  not  appear  in  the 
'  Bibliography,'  while  English  names  re- 
ceive the  usual  short  shrift. 

The  insularity  of  French  savants  is  a 
constant  complaint.  To  them  the  history 
of  culture  is  a  chapter  of  the  history  of 
France.  M.  d'Allemagne  seems  to  have  con- 
ceived and  carried  out  his  book  as  a  history 
of  French  playing  cards,  and  to  have  neg- 
lected all  other  sources  than  French.  To 
take  one  example,  Sir  E.  A.  Bond,  a  scholar 
of  European  eminence,  communicated  to 
our  columns  in  1878  a  description  of  a 
MS.  which  disproved  the  whole  theory 
of  the  origin  of  cards  current  at  that  time. 
This  description  was  cited  in  a  paper  on 
the  origin  of  cards  printed  (1900)  in 
Archceologia,  a  publication  which  no 
mediaeval  scholar  has  any  right  to  pass 
over,  but  which  apparently  M.  d'Alle- 
magne has  not  seen.  The  description  in 
our  columns  and  the  paper  in  Archceologia 
are  quoted  and  summarized  in  an  official 
publication  which  must  be  on  the  shelves 
of  the  Arsenal  —  the  '  Catalogue  of 
Schreiber  Playing  Cards  in  the  British 
Museum  '  —  yet  M.  d'Allemagne  long 
remained  ignorant  of  their  existence, 
and  only  at  last  learnt  by  accident  of 
the  existence  of  the  MS.  from  a  friend 
whose  name  he  duly  associates  with  the 


discovery.  We  feel  sure  that  a  more 
prolonged  study  of  this  most  important 
document  would  have  profoundly  modified 
his  views,  and  perhaps  saved  him  from 
the  heroic  attempt  to  claim  for  France 
priority  in  the  use  of  cards  by  an  inter- 
pretation of  "  Ludus  ad  paginas  "  (1337) 
as  cards,  on  the  strength  of  a  (1408) 
phrase  "  Papier  pour  jouer."  M.  d'Alle- 
magne is  not  happy  in  his  conjectures. 
Another  totally  uncritical  assumption  is 
that  the  "  naibi  "  of  1379  were  identical 
with  the  so-called  "  Mantegna  "  cards  of 
1470,  the  latter  evidently  an  educational 
variant  of  the  ordinary  Tarot  pack.  We 
do  not  insist  on  this,  as  the  assumption  is 
common  ;  but  a  graver  reflection  on  M. 
d'Allemagne  as  an  "  archiviste-paleo- 
graphe  "  rests  on  his  account  of  the  famous 
cards  at  Paris.  He  says,  "  Aucune  in- 
scription ni  aucune  lettre  n'indiquent  la 
maniere  de  ranger  les  cartes,"  and  cer- 
tainly his  facsimiles  show  none.  But  the 
paper  in  Archceologia  already  referred  to 
states  that  all  the  cards  (except  two 
which  are  never  numbered)  bear  numbers ; 
the  photographic  reproductions  given 
there  show  these  numbers  clearly,  and 
the  numbers  date  from  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  By  not  observing  this 
M.  d'Allemagne  has  missed  the  evidence 
that  this  collection  is  made  up  from  two 
sets — one  a  Tarot,  the  other  a  Minchiate 
pack.  Moreover,  the  cards  are  evidently 
not  Venetian  at  all,  but  a  French  copy 
of  very  fine  Italian  originals.  The  numbers 
given  them  by  M.  d'Allemagne  are  abso- 
lutely unjustified.  His  account  of  the 
famous  Stuttgart  pack  is  also  very  in- 
correct. It  really  dates  from  about  1430 
(not  "  les  dernieres  annees  du  quatorzieme 
siecle"),  and  shows  strong  traces  of  Flem- 
ish influence.  It  contains  52  vellum  cards 
painted  in  tempera  on  a  gold  gesso  ground 
and  mounted  on  cardboard.  The  four 
suits  are  stags,  dogs,  ducks,  and  falcons, 
the  court  cards  being  king,  over-knave, 
and  under-knave  in  falcons  and  ducks  ; 
queen,  lady,  and  maid  in  stags  and  dogs. 
If  we  mark  on  a  map  of  Central  Europe 
all  the  places  at  which  cards  can  be  proved 
to  have  existed  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
we  shall  find  them  all  on  the  great  trade 
routes  which  centre  at  Venice.  If  we  couple 
the  natural  inference  from  this  with  the 
fact  that  cards,  when  introduced,  were 
substantially  the  same  as  we  know  them 
to-day,  we  are  driven  to  accept  Chatto's 
theoiy  of  their  connexion  with  the  Indian 
game.  M.  d'Allemagne  disposes  of  this 
theory  too  summarily  by  a  somewhat 
droll  argument  in  the  mouth  of  an  "  archi- 
viste  "  :— 

"  Les  relations  suivies  entre  l'Asie  et 
l'Europe  ne  datent  guere,  eneffet,  que  dela 
premiere  expedition  faite  dans  ces  contrees 
par  Vasco  de  Gama  en  1498,  et  depuis  plus 
d'un  siecle  deja  le  jeu  de  cartes  6tait  pratique 
dans  toute  l'Europe." 

The  suit-marks  we  now  use  are  first  met 
with  early  in  the  fifteenth  century  in 
France,  Italy  and  Spain  using  coins,  cups, 
swords,  and  staves,  Germany  leaves, 
bells,  acorns,  and  hearts. 
-^During  the  first  century  of  cards  in 
Europe    many    attempts    were    made    to 


vary  and  enlarge  the  game.  Among  the 
unsuccessful  ones  were  those  to  increase  the 
number  of  plain  suits.  Several  of  the 
beautiful  engraved  packs  are  composed 
of  five  or  even  more  complete  suits,  in  spite 
of  M.  d'AUemagne's  dictum  to  the  con- 
trary. A  more  successful  variant  was  the 
invention  of  "triumphs,"  or  trumps,  early 
in  the  fifteenth  century.  These  were 
22  picture  cards  in  series,  the  subjects 
being  drawn  from  popular  art,  and  the 
game  being  to  make  "  flushes "  or 
"  sequences."  The  22-card  variety  is 
the  Tarot,  another  of  41  cards  being  the 
Minchiate  pack.  Later  these  sequences 
were  amalgamated  with  the  ordinary 
four-suit  pack,  the  "  triumphs  "  becoming 
a  permanent  suit  of  trumps.  The  most 
beautiful  pack  of  these  cards  known  is 
that  figured  by  M.  d'Allemagne  after 
The  Burlington  Magazine,  but  he  dates 
them  too  early  :  they  were  made  for  the 
marriage  of  Visconti  and  the  daughter  of 
Amadeus  of  Savoy  in  1427,  as  shown  by 
their  bearing  the  alternate  shields  of 
Visconti  and  Savoy  on  the  "  lovers  "  card. 
We  must  not  conclude  our  notice  of 
these  magnificent  volumes  without  noting 
that  they  are  printed  and  illustrated  accord- 
ing to  the  best  traditions  of  French  work. 
We  have  noticed  only  one  misprint  in 
the  thousand  pages,  "  dix "  for  deux 
(p.  391),  which  would  seriously  incommode 
a  reader,  and  one  mistake.  The  engraving 
on  p.  387  is  not  a  game,  but  the  ordinary 
process  of  arithmetic  :  the  person  standing 
has  done  his  sum  by  figures,  the  seated 
one  is  checking  the  result  by  counters. 
Publishers  and  author  alike  have  merited 
the  warmest  thanks  and  support  from  the 
world  of  letters. 


Longton  Hall  Porcelain.  By  William 
Bemrose.  (Bemrose  &  Sons.) — Admirers  of 
early  Georgian  porcelain  who  may  also 
happen  to  be  interested  in  the  story  of  the 
potteries  where  it  was  produced  will  be  glad 
to  see  that  Mr.  W.  Bemrose  has  again  taken 
up  the  subject  of  the  Longton  Hall  wares. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  in  a  previous 
work,  wherein  the  author  edited  some  tin- 
published  documents  relating  to  the  history 
of  English  eighteenth-century  porcelain 
('  Bow,  Chelsea,  and  Derby  Porcelain,' 
1898),  he  devoted  a  chapter  of  the  appendix 
to  a  short  account  of  Longton  Hall.  In  the 
present  volume  lie  has  collected  what  infor- 
mation is  known  concerning  this  particular 
Staffordshire  pottery,  and,  with  the  addition 
of  numerous  illustrations  of  its  porcelain, 
has  compiled  a  monograph  which  will  be 
serviceable  alike  to  the  student  and  the 
connoisseur.  That  Longton  Hall  porcelain 
and  its  maker,  William  Littler,  should 
hitherto  have  found  such  brief  record  in 
literature  is  easily  explained :  the  factory 
lasted  no  longer  than  six  years  (1752-8), 
and  when  it  terminated,  so  also  did  the 
career  of  its  owner  as  the  proprietor  of  a 
porcelain  manufactory.  As  far  as  the  few 
known  facts  of  Littler's  story  authorize  any 
definite  conclusion,  it  would  appear  that  he 
suffered  the  not  uncommon  lot  of  the 
inventor  in  losing  what  little  capital  he  had, 
and  ending  his  life  in  extreme  penury, 
whilst  others  acquired  wealth  by  his  dis- 
coveries. He  must  have  been  a  born  potter, 
since  before  he  was  out  of  his  teens  he 
invented  improved  methods  for  making  salt- 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


457 


glaze.  But  his  chief  aim  was  "  to  produce 
a  porcelain  like  unto  the  Chinese,"  and  this 
he  succeeded  in  accomplishing  before  he 
reached  his  majority,  being  also  the  first 
Staffordshire  maker  of  porcelain.  Probably 
in  no  circumstances  would  Littler  have 
acquired  a  fortune  as  a  manufacturer, 
since  he  was  evidently  lacking  in  the 
business  faculty.  Still,  in  more  favour- 
able times  he  might  have  achieved 
higher  things  as  a  potter,  and  his 
lot  in  life  might  have  been  happier.  For 
this  Staffordshire  lad  had  the  soul  of  an 
artist,  and  was  evidently  capable  of  producing 
pottery  of  a  very  different  calibre  from 
eighteenth  -  century  Chelsea  china  ;  such 
also,  it  may  be  believed,  was  his  ambition. 
He  knew,  however,  that  it  was  not  genuine 
artistic  work  which  was  wanted,  and,  at 
least  in  part,  endeavoured  to  suit  his  wares 
to  the  fashion  of  the  day  ;  he  even  sent  his 
porcelain  to  a  London  sale-room  to  be  sold 
by  auction  ;  needless  to  say,  it  was  coldly 
received.  The  arbiters  of  taste,  and  espe- 
cially the  arbitresses — the  Papilias,  the  Nar- 
cissas,  and  the  Cliloes — demanded  that  their 
china  should  be  neatly  finished  and  smartly 
gilded,  the  ground-colour  even,  and,  above 
all,  that  the  ornament  should  be  "  genteel." 
All  this  they  found  in  the  Chelsea  frivolities, 
but,  as  Littler  apparently  could  not  attain 
to  this  ideal,  he  had  to  close  his  factory. 

On  the  question  of  Littler's  colour  Mr. 
Bemrose  justly  remarks  : — 

"It  [the  Longton  Hall  potter}]  had  also 
special  qualities  that  appeal  to  the  sense  of  colour. 
Does  not  this  partly  arise  from  the  fact  that  the 
cobalt-blue  has  been  laid  unevenly  on  the  biscuit 
body,  with  a  tendency  to  run  when  acted  upon  by 
the  glaze  and  the  heat  of  the  oven  ?  The  streaky 
effect  of  this,  with  its  innumerable  degrees  of  light 
and  shade,  gives  it  the  colour  value  it  certainly  pos- 
sesses. This  streaky  appearance  in  to-day's  modern 
porcelain  would  be  condemned,  for  few  dealers  (and 
they  largely  rule,  often  unwisely,  in  matters  of 
taste)  will  purchase  an  object  with  a  ground  colour 
that  is  not  dead  even  in  colour,  and  without 
blemish.  Compare  the  effect  of  the  two  methods 
of  dealing  with  grounds,  and  it  must  be  admitted 
that  the  play  of  colour  in  the  accidentally  coloured 
ground  is  far  preferable  to  the  dead  evenness  of 
modern  taste.  In  nature  we  seldom  see  dead  levels 
in  colour  ;  the  charms  arise  from  the  delicate  and 
beautiful  gradations  or  blending  of  one  or  more 
colours  in  her  handiwork." 

The  collector  will  find  Mr.  Bemrose's  ex- 
planations of  the  technical  features  which 
characterize  the  Longton  Hall  pottery  of 
great  assistance  in  identifying  specimens, 
and  he  will  be  aided  thereto  by  the  many 
well-selected  illustrations.  In  one  instance, 
however,  Mr.  Bemrose's  colour-printer  has 
somewhat  failed  him  by  reproducing  Littler's 
fine  cobalt  in  a  cold  Prussian  blue,  or  it 
may  possibly  be  an  aniline  dye  :  fortunately, 
the  author  lias  given  detailed  descriptions 
of  the  originals,  including  that  of  their 
actual  colours. 

The  collector  also  will  do  well  to  meditate 
on  Mr.  Bemrose's  warning  respecting  the 
foreign  forgeries  of  this  and  other  English 
wares,  which  find  their  way  into  this  country 
in  large  quantities.  The  time  has  surely 
arrived  to  put  a  stop  to  this  nefarious 
practice  by  ordering  all  imported  china  to 
bear  the  maker's  mark  stamped  in  the  body. 

In  thesecond  edition  of  his  book  the  author 
may  perhaps  see  the  desirability  of  omitting 
the  few  lines  at  the  top  of  p.  xii  ;  and  if 
his  publishers  will  print  the  volume  in  the 
same  type  and  on  the  same  paper  as  they 
used  for  Mr.  Solon's  '  Old  English  Porcelain,' 
future  readers  will  be  duly  grateful. 

We  are  very  glad  to  see  a  new  edition  of 
A  Handbook  of  Greek  Sculpture,  by  Prof. 
Ernest  A.  Gardner  (Macmillan).  The  book 
first  appeared  in   1897  ;    it  has  since  been 


reprinted  four  times,  and  now  it  appears  in 
a  revised  form.  This  steady  demand  shows 
what  is  clear  to  expert  students  of  Gieek 
archaeology — that  in  Prof.  Gardner  we  have 
an  authority  who  has  written  a  much-needed 
book.  The  point  at  which  theories  reach 
the  stage  that  demands  dissent  or  ap- 
proval of  them  in  a  student's  manual  will 
always  be  differently  decided  by  archaeo- 
logical doctors,  but  we  think  it  will  be  gene- 
rally agreed  that  the  new  Appendix  is  both 
lucid  and  satisfactory  as  to  recent  discoveries 
at  Crete,  Delphi,  and  elsewhere.  The  illus- 
trations and  index  are  alike  admirable,  and 
the  references  added  at  the  bottom  of  the 
page  show  Prof.  Gardner's  exhaustive 
acquaintance  with  foreign  work.  A  long 
note  is  devoted  at  the  end  of  the  section  on 
Phidias  to  the  important  speculations  of 
Prof.  Furtwangler  on  the  Lemnian  Athene. 
Scopas,  or  some  one  associated  with  him,  is 
credited  with  the  splendid  seated  Demeter 
from  Cnidus  in  the  British  Museum,  which 
the  present  reviewer  has  always  associated 
with  Praxiteles  ;  but  the  masterly  cha- 
racter of  the  work,  which  is  little  known  to 
the  general  public,  is  fully  recognized.  We 
hope  that  this  book  will  not  only  be  a  boon 
to  students,  but  also  encourage  many  to 
visit  some  of  the  great  museums  which 
show  the  work  of  the  unequalled  Greek  mind. 


WILLIAM  THE  CONQUEROR'S 
THIGHBONE. 

Your  reviewer  notwithstanding,  William's 
thighbone  does  still  rest  beneath  the  flooring 
of  St.  Etienne  at  Caen.  The  reviewer  of  my 
book  on  Normandy  says  :  "  The  Conqueror's 
thighbone  disappeared  in  1793." 

What  I  say  in  my  book  is  : — 

"  His  tomb  was  broken  into  by  the  Huguenots, 
and  again  by  the  mob  iu  1793,  and  the  remains 
disturbed.  All  that  was  preserved  was  a  thigh- 
bone  and  this  was  reburied,  and  now  lies  before 

the  altar." 

The  only  authority  I  can  get  hold  of  for 
the  moment  is  Black's  guide  to  Normandy, 
and  there  (p.  92)  I  read  : — 

'•In  front  of  the  high  altar  a  whitish  veined 
marble  slab  covers  all  that  remains  of  William  the 
Conqueror — a  thighbone — which  was  saved  when 
the  tomb  was  broken  into  by  the  Huguenots  in 
1562,  and  again  by  the  mob  in  1793." 

G.    E.    MlTTON. 

%*  Miss  Mitton  should  look  at  Murray's 
guide.  Hare  and  Baedeker  are  also  correct. 
She  will  find  an  accurate  account  of  the  relic 
and  its  fate  in  Mr.  Gordon  Home's  'Nor- 
mandy,' reviewed  at  the  same  time  as  her 
own  book  :  "  Owing  to  the  perpetuation  of 
an  error  in  some  of  the  English  guides  to 
Normandy,  it  is  often  thought  that  a  thigh- 
bone of  the  founder  of  the  abbey  is  still 
lying  beneath  the  marble  slab  in  the 
sanctuary...."  Freeman's  'Norman  Con- 
quest' (iv.  723)  has  the  words,  "A  modern 
stone.  .  .  .marks  the  place  where  the  bones 
of  William  the  Great  no  longer  lie."  It  is 
true  that  Robillard  de  Beaurepaire  seems  to 
imply  that  the  "  cercueil  en  plomb"  was 
re-interred  in  1802  by  General  Dugua,  the 
prefet  who  ordered  the  new  stone  ;  but  his 
remarks  carry  no  authority. 


THE    QUILTER    SALE. 

THE  sale  of  Mr.  Harry  Quilter's  collection  of 
pictures  by  old  master*  and  modem  artists,  draw- 
ings, and  engravings,  at  Messrs.  Christie's  on 
Saturday  and  Monday,  contained  many  features  of 
interest)."  Mr.  Quilter  ranks  as  a  g<xxl  all-round 
judge  of  the  tine  arts,  but  his  pictures  were  those 
of  a  man  with  refitted  tastes  rather  than  such  aB  are 


usually  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of  the? 
wealthy  amateur  to  whom  price  is  a  secondary 
consideration.  This  accounts  for  the  wide  variation 
in  prices  in  Saturday's  sale — prices  which  ranged 
from  five  shillings  to  l,100gs.  per  lot. 

The  chief  picture  was  the  Gainsborough  evening 
scene  known  as  '  Repose,'  a  grcup  of  cattle  enjoy- 
ing a  shady  spot  near  a  fountain,  with  a  peasant 
lying  asleep  on  the  grass.  This  work,  which 
realized  l,lU0gs.,  was  presented  by  the  artist  to> 
his  daughter  Mrs.  Fischer  as  a  wedding  gift,  so  it 
must  have  been  painted  in  or  before  1780.  It  was 
lithographed  in  December,  1824,  by  Richard  Lane,  a. 
connexion  of  the  Gainsborough  family,  and  at  this- 
time  was  in  the  possession  of  H.  Briggs.  In  182T 
it  appeared  at  the  British  Institution.  The 
account  of  this  picture  is  imperfectly  given  in  the- 
Sale  Catalogue,  and  the  various  collections  and 
sales  in  which  it  has  appeared  may  be  thus  sum- 
marized :  British  Gallery  of  Art,  1851  ("from  the- 
collection  of  R.  Briggs,  of  Leamington"),  900 gs.  ;. 
Bicknell,  1863  (April  25th),  lot  91,  780  gs. ;  Gillott,. 
1872  (April  27th),  lot  286,  900gs.  ;  Kirkman  D. 
Hodgson,  M.P.,  whence  it  passed  by  private 
purchase  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  James  Price,, 
at  whose  sale  in  1895  it  was  bought  by  Mr.  Quilter 
for  1,400  gs.  It  was  purchased  on  Saturday  by 
Messrs.  Agnew. 

The  most  important  work  of  the  Dutch,. 
Flemish,  and  German  schools  was  a  characteristic- 
example  of  P.  de  Koninck,  an  extensive  view  over 
a  landscape,  with  a  town  on  a  river  in  the  middle* 
distance,  figures  and  sheep  on  a  winding  sandy 
road  in  the  foreground,  signed  and  dated  1645r 
750  gs.  (at  the  Hey  wood  sale  in  1893  this  picture,, 
which  has  been  much  over  -  varnished,  brought 
900 gs.).  Roger  van  der  Weyden,  a  triptych  with 
three  subjects  illustrating  the  Crucifixion,  saints 
and  donors  on  the  outside  of  the  wings,  brought 
160 gs.  (at  the  Howel  Wills  sale,  130  gs.). 

The  Italian  School  included  a  striking  portrait 
by  A.  Bronzino  of  Leonora  di  Toledo,  wife  of 
Cosmo  di  Medici,  in  rich  dress  with  pearl  necklace,, 
her  son  at  her  side,  half-length,  on  panel,  620  gs- 
(Hamilton  Palace  sale,  1882,  1,750 gs.;  H.  Bing- 
ham Mildmay  sale,  1893,  780  gs.).  Spinello 
Aretino,  Madonna  and  Child  Enthroned,  with 
numerous  angels,  signed,  1 15  gs.  (at  the  Howel  Wills 
sale,  1894,  this  was  bought  for  7/,  5s.).  A  Man- 
tegna,  Madonna  and  Child,  enthroned  beneath  an 
archway,  St.  Francis  and  St.  Jerome  on  each  side, 
and  two  angels  playing  instruments,  on  panel,, 
135 gs.  (S.  Boddington  sale,  1881,  92 gs.;  Howel 
Wills,  1894,  40 gs.).  Perugino,  The  Madonna,  in 
red  and  blue  dress,  in  the  attitude  of  prayer,  on 
panel,  HOgs.  L.  da  Vinci,  Madonna  and  Child, 
with  St.  Jerome  and  an  angel  holding  a  pair  of 
scales,  on  panel,  210  gs. 

The  only  picture  of  note  by  a  French  artist  was 
F.  Boucher's  portrait  of  Madame  de  Pompadour,  iiv 
white  satin  dress,  standing  in  her  boudoir,  resting, 
her  left  hand  upon  the  keys  of  a  piano,  310  gs.  (in 
the  R.  Williams  sale  of  1862  this  realized  only  30/.; 
while  in  the  Clifden  sale,  1895,  it  brought  500 gs.). 

Tho  other  pictures  included  :  lord  Madox 
Brown,  Work,  1863,  small  replica  of  tho  picture  in 
the  Birmingham  Gallery,  painted  for  Mr.  James 
Leathart,  390  gs.  G.  F.  Watts,  The  Rainbow,, 
extrusive  view  from  high  ground,  over  a  valley,  with 
manv  heavy  clouds  and  rainbow  above,  painted  ini 
1884,  400 gs.  (W.  Carver  sale,  1890,  510  gs.);  Little- 
Red  Riding  Hood,  small  full-length  figure  of  a  little 
girl  in  red  cloak,  standing  in  a  landscape,  holding 
a  basket  in  her  arms,  on  panel,  90  gs.  (C.  H. 
Rickards  sale,  1887,  85  gs.). 

Monday's  side  included  the  following  drawing? 
in  pen  and  ink  :  Millais.  Lorenzo  and  Isabella,. 
36 gs.  D.  G.  Rossetti,  Meditation,  22  gs. ;  Venus 
Verticordia.  44 gs.;  Head  of  a  Man,  a  study  of  the 
picture  of  Mary  Magdalen  at  the  door  of  Simon 
the  Pharisee,  20  gs.  'r-c>Tfc 

The  two  days'  sale  realized  8,140/.  11.". 


JFttw-^rt  (gossip. 

We  are  sorry  to""  notice  the  death  om 
Thursday  last  week  of  Sir  Wyke  Bayliss. 
who  was  knighted  in  1897,  and  had  been 
President  of  tho  Royal  Society  of  British 
Artists  sinco  1888.  He  was  born  in  1835. 
and  educated  by  his  father,  a  teacher  of 
drawing,  and  at  the  Royal  Academy  School 


4/i8 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


nfjponiflll.  hut 'got  his  chief  training  in  an 
nrehitect's  ollie.'.  which  led  to  his  BOOOMB, 
continued  OVOr  many  years,  M  an  archi- 
tectural artist.  He  was  also  a  fluent  writer, 
publishing  Mveral   hooks  on   the   ideals  of 

art  ;  hut  tin'  hist  known  of  his  winks  is 
'Hex  Kcl'uiu.'  lS'.tS,  an  tlahoratr  study  of 
the  traditional  likenesses  of  Christ.  His 
'  Scvni  Angels  of  the  Kenaseenee,'  which  we 
shall  review  next  week,  is  a  good  specimen 
•of  his  charm  of  style. 

Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wii.kinsok  &  Hodge 
-will  sell  from  the  23rd  to  the  28th  inst.  the 
third  and  concluding  portion  of  the  collec- 
tion of  engravings  and  drawings  made  by 
'the  late  Edwin  Truman.  He  was  best 
known  as  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  Cruik- 
shank's  works,  hut  he  was  most  proud  of 
his  set  of  early  engraved  portraits,  mostly 
English  historical  prints  ;  and  as  his  know- 
ledge in  this  line  was  exceptional,  his  collec- 
tion contains  many  fine  and  rare  specimens. 
There  are  a  numbor  of  important  typo- 
graphical items,  including  the  series  of 
•original  drawings  made  for  the  engravings 
in  "  The  Stationers'  Almanacs."  The  water- 
colour  drawings  include  some  Turners,  three 
Bentleys,  and  several  pieces  by  G.  Shep- 
heard  (1770-1842). 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Jules 
Grosjean,  the  sculptor,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
four.  A  pupil  of  Barrias  and  an  exhibitor 
at  the  Salon,  he  had  received  only  recently 
^the  commission  for  the  monument  to 
•Gerome. — The  death  is  also  announced  of 
M.  Edouard  Gerspach,  a  former  adminis- 
irateur  of  the  Gobelins  manufactory,  and 
"the  author  of  several  works,  including 
'  L'Art  de  la  Verrerie,'  '  Les  Tapisseries 
•Coptes,'  and  '  La  Mosaique.'  He  organized, 
«jid  for  some  time  managed,  a  national 
factory  of  decorative  mosaic  work.  M. 
■Gerspach  was  a  native  of  Thann  (Haut- 
Rhin),  where  he  was  born  in  1833. 

The  Chief  Commissioner  of  Works  has 
received  a  present  of  a  fountain  in  bronze 
and  marble,  which  is  to  be  erected  between 
Hyde  Park  Corner  and  Albert  Gate. 

The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
have  issued  a  memorandum  on  '  The  Sale 
of  Church  Plate  and  Furniture,'  which  has 
our  warm  commendation,  and  will,  we  hope, 
be  widely  circulated  among  the  clergy.  We 
have  had  more  than  once  to  call  attention 
to  the  shameless  sale  of  church  articles,  not 
"to  mention  their  ruin  through  damp  or  dirt. 
It  is  now  suggested  that  church  plate  which 
is  obsolete  or  worn  out  should  be  placed  for 
preservation  in  the  nearest  public  museum. 


MUSIC 

■Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians. 
Edited  by  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland.  Vol.  II. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  original  work  bore  the  date  1879;  the 
Appendix  that  of  1889.  Since  even  the 
latter  year  there  have,  however,  been 
many  changes,  so  that  this  new  edition  is 
welcome.  The  present  volume  begins  at 
F,  and  extends  to  the  end  of  L.  Articles 
have  been  revised  and  brought  up  to  date, 
while  some  have  been  withdrawn  and 
others  added.  Among  the  additions  we 
find  a  special  one  on  Sir  George  Grove, 
the  original  editor  of  the  '  Dictionary,' 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  C.  L.  Graves,  whose 
*  Life  of  Sir  George  Grove  '  appeared  two 
.years  ago.  Then  those  on  Lohet  and 
^Fischer  are  valuable,  especially  that  on 


the  latter,  who  was  an  immediate  pre- 
decessor of  Bach.  Leonardo  Leo  was 
already  in  the  '  Dictionary,'  but  a  new 
article  has  been  contributed  by  Mr.  J.  K. 
Dent,  a  specialist  in  old  Italian  music.  Of 
Italian  composers,  we  find  Mascagni, 
Leoncavallo,  and  Puccini  ;  of  French, 
Cesar  Franck,  Lekeu,  Lenepveu,  and 
others  ;  while  of  German  one  name  is 
specially  prominent,  that  of  Humper- 
dinck.  We  note  among  names  of 
rising  native  artists  that  of  Mr.  Josef 
Holbrooke  ;  but  why  is  not  Mr.  Hamilton 
Harty  mentioned  ?  The  article  on 
'  Libraries  '  has  been  greatly  extended, 
special  information  being  given  concern- 
ing those  in  America. 

Under  the  title  of  the  old  '  Dictionary  ' 
was  written  "  (a.d.  1450-1880),"  hence 
Greek  music  found  no  place  in  it.  This 
limit,  however,  is  now  removed,  and  that 
interesting  subject  is  ably  dealt  with  by 
Mr.  H.  S.  Macran ;  while  for  further 
information  —  an  exhaustive  exposition 
being  impossible  within  dictionary  limits 
—  works  by  various  authorities  are 
named.  In  Mr.  Macran's  article  the 
vexed  question  of  Greek  tonality  or 
modality  is  touched  upon ;  the  two  views 
are  set  forth  briefly,  and  reasons  given 
for  not  accepting  the  theory  adopted 
by  Westphal,  Bellermann,  and  others. 
Another  interesting  feature  in  the  article 
is  the  reference  to  the  "  rudimentary,"  or 
it  might  be  called  accidental,  harmony  pro- 
duced by  the  sounding  together  of  melody 
and  instrumental  accompaniment  notes. 
A  useful  list  is  also  supplied,  in  a  separate 
article,  of  all  the  incidental  music  written 
by  British  composers  for  the  performances 
of  Greek  dramas  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
with  mention  also  of  the  music  supplied  by 
Mr.  C.  F.  Abdy  Williams  for  the  Greek 
plays  at  Bradfield  College. 

In  the  article  '  Fidelio  '  we  read  that 
Beethoven's  opera  "  was  produced  a  third 

time as    'Fidelio,'"    but    only    lower 

down  is  it  stated,  and  correctly,  that 
the  opera  was  never  given  under  any 
other  name.  The  matter  is  of  some 
importance,  for  owing  probably  to  a 
slip  of  the  pen  in  a  letter  by  Stephen 
Breuning,  even  Otto  Jahn  was  led  into 
error.  Again,  with  regard  to  Beethoven, 
under '  Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  Wilhelm,' 
we  read  that  "  it  is  difficult  not  to  refer  to 
him  "  the  composer's  canon,  "  Hoffmann  ! 
Hoffmann  !  Sei  ja  kein  Hofmann  !  " 
Nottebohm,  however,  in  his  '  Thematisches 
Verzeichniss,'  more  reasonably  connects 
it  with  Joachim  Hoffmann,  a  composer 
who  settled  in  Vienna  in  1815. 

There  is  also  a  statement  under  '  Haydn 
in  London  '  which  ought  to  be  altered. 
We  read  that  C.  F.  Pohl's  second  volume 
of  his  '  Mozart  and  Haydn  in  London,' 
published  at  Vienna  in  1867,  "  has  hardly 
been  superseded  by  the  author's  great 
'  Life  of  Haydn,'  "  i.e.,  the  two  volumes 
of  the  unfinished  biography  which  ap- 
peared in  1875  and  1882.  There  is  no 
question  of  supersession  :  Haydn  first 
arrived  in  England  on  New  Year's  Day 
1791,  and  the  second  and  last  volume  of 
the  great '  Life  '  ends  with  Mozart  bidding 
farewell  to  Haydn  as  the  latter  was  start- 


ing on  that  first  journey.  The  article  is 
signed  G.,  i.e.,  Grove,  who  in  the  first 
edition  of  the  'Dictionary'  very  naturally 
stated — Pohl  being  then  alive — that  that 
author's  great  '  Life  of  Haydn '  would  to 
some  extent  supersede  the  earlier  work. 
In  the  new  edition  the  signature  G.  is 
retained,  although  the  original  words  have 
been  altered,  and  for  the  worse. 

We  note  under  '  Life  for  the  Tsar  '  that 
it  was  performed  at  the  theatre  in  Great 
Queen  Street  (in  Russian)  in  1887.  A 
Russian  company  appeared  at  that  theatre, 
but  only  in  1888;  and,  Glinka's  opera 
though  announced,  was  not  performed. 
The  death  of  Gabrielle  Krauss  is  said  to 
have  taken  place  in  1903 — a  statement 
which,  owing  to  a  false  report,  found  its 
way  into  print  and  apparently  remained 
uncontradicted  until  the  death  of  the 
singer  last  January,  when  it  was  evidently 
too  late  for  correction. 

We  mention  points  such  as  these  in  no 
carping  spirit,  for  we  are  aware  that 
to  keep  quite  clear  of  mistakes  in  a 
large  dictionary  is  nearly  beyond  hope. 
It  is,  of  course,  impossible  for  Mr. 
Maitland  to  verify  every  statement  made 
in  old  articles  and  in  those  of  new  contri- 
butors. 


jHusiral  CSosstp. 

The  programme  of  the  third  Philharmonic 
Concert  last  Thursday  week  included  a 
second  set  of  four  '  Old  English  Dances  ' 
by  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen.  The  first  is  a  bright 
'  Maypole,'  the  second  a  realistic  'Peasants' 
Dance,'  while  the  third  dainty  number  is 
entitled  '  Lovers'  Minuet,'  the  final  one  con- 
sisting of  Variations  on  a  sturdy  old  melody 
not  of  the  composer's  making.  The  '  Minuet' 
is  the  most  taking  of  the  four  movements, 
and  charmingly  scored.  The  work  was  pro- 
duced at  Glasgow  last  January.  Admirable 
performances  were  given  of  the  '  Love  Scene  ' 
and  '  Queen  Mab  '  Scherzo  from  Berlioz's 
dramatic  symphony  '  Romeo  et  Juliette  '; 
while  the  rendering  of  the  Tschaikowsky 
Violin  Concerto  by  the  boy  Mischa  Elman 
was  that  of  a  mature  artist.  The  impression 
he  created  when  we  first  heard  liim  is  as 
strong  as  ever.  The  programme  ended  with 
Liszt's  attractive,  though  seldom-heard  sym- 
phonic poem  '  Tasso.' 

Miss  Marie  Hall  gave  at  Queen's  Hall 
last  Saturday  her  first  recital  since  her  return 
from  America.  She  played  Wieniawski's 
Concerto  in  d  minor ;  but  it  was  in  a  group 
of  short  solos  that  she  best  displayed  the 
qualities  which  have  won  for  her  public 
favour  :  her  tone  is  pure  and  sympathetic, 
her  technique  finished,  and  her  style  of 
interpretation  refined.  Mr.  Hamilton  Harty 
was  at  the  pianoforte,  and  a  more  able 
accompanist  it  would  be  difficult  to  find. 

M.  Reynaldo  Hahn,  who  has  recently 
given  a  highly  successful  Mozart  festival  at 
Paris,  announces  a  recital  of  his  own  com- 
positions at  Bechstein  Hall  on  the  afternoon 
of  May  Kith,  this  being  his  first  appearance 
in  London. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  Mallinson  and 
Miss  Ada  Crossley  will  give  a  series  of  four 
song  recitals  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  the 
evenings  of  May  8th  and  22nd  and  June  15th 
and  29th.  Mr.  Mallinson,  a  clever  and 
interesting  composer,  has  written  over  five 
hundred  songs,  about  eighty  of  which  will 
be  included  in  the  programmes. 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


459 


The  Lower  Rhenish  Musical  Festival  will 
be  held  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  from  June  3rd  to 
5th.  Miss  Katherine  Goodson  has  been 
•engaged,  and  she  will  play  Liszt's  E  flat 
•Concerto. 

The  opera  season  opens  at  Covent  Garden 
on  May  3rd  with  a  performance  of  '  Tristan 
und  Isolde,'  in  which  Herr  Burrian  and  Frau 
Wittich  will  take  the  principal  roles.  During 
the  first  week  Cornelius's  '  Barber  of  Bagdad  ' 
and  Poldini's  'The  Princess  and  the  Vaga- 
bond' are  to  be  performed,  and  this  early 
production  of  novelties  is  a  change  in  the 
right  direction. 

A  Festgesang  for  voices  only,  composed 
by  Wagner,  words  by  Hohlfeldt,  and 
performed  at  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of 
Friedrich  August  I.  at  Dresden,  on  June  7th, 
1843,  has  just  been  published  at  Berlin. 
Mr.  Ellis,  in  his  'Life  of  Richard  Wagner,' 
vol.  ii.  p.  26,  mentions  that  the  ceremony  of 
1843  was  brought  to  a  close  with  a  "  chorus  " 
•composed  by  Mendelssohn.  Wagner,  how- 
ever, in  a  letter  (July  13th,  1843)  to  his 
half  -  sister,  Cacilie  Avenarius,  referring  to 
the  ceremony,  describes  both  his  composi- 
tion and  that  of  Mendelssohn  as  a  Festgesang. 
Wagner,  by  the  way,  in  the  letter  to  his 
sister,  curiously  notes  that  his  simple  and 
•elevated  work  totally  eclipsed  the  compli- 
cated and  artificial  strains  of  Mendelssohn. 
Le  Menestrel  of  April  8th  states  that  there 
is  no  trace  of  Mendelssohn's  composition. 
The  Deutsche  Allgemeine  Zeitung  of  June  9th, 
1843,  published  at  Leipsic,  in  its  account  of 
the  ceremony  gives,  at  any  rate,  the  poems 
of  both  compositions,  and  both  are  described 

-as  for  male  chorus.     One  begins,  A . 

Rer  Tag  erscheint,  der  Ihn  uns  wieder  gab  ; 
the  other, 

Seht,  die  Hiille  ist  gefallen. 
But  the  names  of  the  respective  composers 
were,    apparently,    not    thought  worthy    of 
mention. 


Scv. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.80,  Queen's  Hall. 


—  Sunday  League  Concert.  7.  Queen's  Hall. 
Sat.       Mischu  Elman's  Violin  Recital.  :!,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mozart  Society.  3,  Portman  Rooms. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 
Comedy. — The  Drums  of  Oude  :  a  Minia- 
ture Melodrama.  By  Austin  Strong. — 
Punch :  a  Toy  Tragedy.  By  J.  M. 
Barrie. — Josephine  :  a  Revue  in  Three 
Scenes.  By  J.  M.  Barrie. 
"What,  a  few  years  ago,  was  popularly 
known  as  a  triple  bill  now  holds  possession 
of  the  Comedy  Theatre,  a  house  whereat 
change  has  been  frequent  during  the  pre- 
sent year.  Of  the  novelties  now  given, 
one,  '  The  Drums  of  Oude,'  is  a  mere 
conventional  lever  dt  rideau,  showing  an 
•episode,  real  or  imaginary,  in  the  Indian 
Mutiny.  Holding  against  the  rebels  an 
Indian  palace,  an  inmate  of  which  is 
the  woman  dearest  to  him  in  the  world, 
an  English  officer  is  on  the  point  of 
blowing  it  up,  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting the  seizure  by  the  enemy 
•of  its  stores  and  the  subjection  of  its 
female  inmates  to  a  fate  worse  than  death, 
when  at  the  moment  of  supreme  trial 
relief  arrives.  Miss -Mabel  Hackney  pre- 
sents the  heroine,  before  whom  so  dismal 
an  alternative  is  placed  by  the  man  she 
loves,  who  is  played  by  Mr.  Matheson 
.Lang. 


The   following   pieces   are   of   common 
authorship,  and  are  both  of  them  burlesque 
actualities  in  the  latest  vein  of  Mr.  J.  M. 
Barrie.     According    to    the    teaching    of 
'  Punch,'  the  day  of  that  comic  miscreant 
is   over.     He  is   a  dim  discrowned  god, 
and    his    thunders    move    nothing    but 
derision,  and  his  business  of  hanging  the 
executioner,  formerly  an  irresistible  attrac- 
tion, provokes  nothing  more  than  ribald 
outcries.     Once  more  the  truncheon  falls 
with  lethal  effect  on  the  head  of  a  butcher 
boy  who,  with  indiscreet  frankness,  tells 
Punch  that  his  occupation  is  gone.     Then, 
announcing  himself  as  the  new  Punchinello, 
appears  Mr.  George  Bernard  Shaw  under 
the   name   of   Superpunch,    and   exhibits 
before  a  delighted  public  the  new  humour, 
in    presence    of    which    the    most    recent 
importation  from  Scandinavia  seems  super- 
annuated.    Mr.  Boucicault  gives  a  clever 
representation  of  Punch,   and  Miss   Eva 
Moore  is  delightful  as  Judy,   the  sharer 
in    his    tribulations.     Mr.    A.    E.    Anson 
presents  Mr.   Bernard  Shaw.    Some  pro- 
test is  uttered  against  this   introduction 
on  the  stage  of  a  living  dramatist.     Such 
an  appearance  is,   however,   justified  by 
the  licence  accorded  to  old  Greek  comedy. 
Mr.  Barrie's  '  Josephine  '  constitutes  the 
piece  de  resistance,  so  far  as  such  a  term 
can  be  used  in  the  case  of  a  work  so  trivial. 
It  presents  banter  rather  than  satire  upon 
some  aspects  of  political  life,  and  as  such 
is  polished  and  amiable,  though  not  in  any 
sense     dramatic.     As     a     humorist     Mr. 
Barrie  is  indeed  light,  sparkling,  inventive, 
resourceful,  but  in    dramatic  grip    there 
has  been  a  constant  declension,  and  later 
pieces  are    not  to  be   compared   in  that 
respect    with    '  The    Little    Minister,'    or 
even  '  The  Professor's  Love  Story.'     The 
vein   of  pretty  sentiment  in   which   Mr. 
Barrie  formerly  indulged  is  absent,  more- 
over, from  the  later  works  ;   and  the   un- 
bridled   drollery    which    brought  with  it 
compensation  for  many  shortcomings  is 
no  longer  assertive.     In  its  place  comes  a 
sort  of  freakishness  which  is  effective  when 
it  hits,  but  which  does  not  always  hit.     It 
is   difficult   to   refuse   admiration   to   the 
cleverness  of  the  workmanship,  though  the 
sense    of    dullness    is    never    far    away. 
The  action  of  '  Josephine  '  passes  in  three 
scenes,  whereof  the  first  two  take  place 
in  the  country  house  of  Mr.  John  Buller, 
and  the  third  in  his  town  mansion,  which 
is    also    the   House   of   Commons.     John 
Buller,  the  somnolent  type  of  the  English- 
man of  old  days,  in  blue  coat,  top  boots, 
and  other  signs  of  agricultural  occupation, 
has  four  sons,  all  of  whom  are  anxious  to 
enjoy  the  supremacy,  otherwise  the  conduct 
of  affairs,  which  involves  the  Premiership. 
Each  of  these  is  distinguishable  as  some 
recent  Prime  Minister  or  the  representative 
of  some   power  in   the   State  :     Andrew, 
given   to   ploughing   a   lonely   furrow,   is 
Lord  Rosebery  ;    James,  with  his  vacilla- 
tions,  is  Mr.   Balfour  ;    and  Colin  is  Sir 
Henry    Campbell- Bannerman  ;     while    a 
fourth — a  huge  and   formidable   figure — 
is     Bunting,     standing    for    the    Labour 
party. 

Not  very  brilliant  in  concept  ion  is  all  this  j 
nor  do  the  amours  of  James  with  Josephine 


or  his  dalliances  with  Free  [Trade]  or 
Fair  [Trade],  two  nymphs  of  rival  and 
well-balanced  attractions,  impart  any 
great  probability  or  vivacity  to  the  pro- 
ceedings. All  that  can  be  done  in  the  way 
of  acting  to  supply  animation  is  done, 
and  the  Josephine  of  Mr.  Boucicault  is 
both  comic  and  artistic.  Humour  is 
shown  in  the  portraj-al  of  the  various 
characters,  but  what  is  most  effective 
and  risible  belongs  to  detail,  and  is 
scarcely  inherent  in  the  idea.  Reluctant 
as  we  are  to  judge  by  a  critical  standard 
work  so  unpretentious,  candour  compels 
the  avowal  that  the  whole,  though  un- 
ambitious, must  be  regarded  as  failure. 
The  inception  is  trivial,  and  the  execution 
pedestrian.  Whether  a  more  trenchant 
style  of  treatment  would  have  been  more 
effective  is  capable  of  dispute.  The  un- 
written law  which  banishes  polities  from 
the  stage  seems  invented  in  the  interest 
of  the  dramatist. 


•LA  REVOLTE'  AND  'THE  FOOL  OF 
THE  WORLD.' 
Produced  by  the  New  Stage  Club  on 
Thursday,  the  5th  inst.,  and  repeated  last 
Saturday,  '  La  Revolte,'  by  Villiers  de  l'lsle 
Adam,  translated  by  Lady  Barclay,  and 
'  The  Fool  of  the  World,'  a  morality  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Symons,  have  this  in  common,  that 
they  are  not  plays  at  all,  but  literature :  there 
is  not  really  a  single  moment  of  drama,  of 
dramatic  action,  in  either  of  them  ;  they 
are  both  the  dreams  of  a  poet  about  life 
which  has  interested  him  only  abstractly; 
they  are  just  thoughts  about  life,  which  is 
itself  a  dream  of  the  poet,  and  has  little 
reference  to  morality. 

Thus,  while  in  '  La  Revolte  '  we  seem  to 
find  an  anticipation  of  the  '  Doll's  House,' 
written  by  an  "  aristocratic  "  Ibsen — an 
Ibsen  who  had  once  been  a  poet,  a  Symbolist 
— its  only  possible  interest  for  us  now  is  its 
curious  historical  significance  as  a  sort  of 
forerunner  of  a  drama  which  has  interested 
the  world  so  deeply.  It  has  no  life  in  itself, 
is  fantastic,  and  in  its  immense  seriousness 
a  little  absurd,  and  thus  it  really  bores  us 
on  the  stage  in  a  way  that  it  cannot  do  in 
the  study,  where  we  may  consider  it  easily 
enough  with  the  historic  sense  that  is  almost 
impossible  in  the  glare  of  the  footlights. 

It  is  the  revolt  of  a  "  romantic  "  woman 
who  is  married  to  a  man  of  strictly  practical 
virtue  that  is  without  morality,  and  really 
draws  its  life  from  the  soul  of  the  woman, 
who — curiously,  we  may  think — is  even 
better  at  affairs  than  her  husband.  In 
spite  of  her  success,  for  her  ability  has 
made  her  husband  rich,  she  revolts,  and 
wishes  to  live  a  free  life  in  the  country 
without  him  ;  for  he  disgusts  her,  as  she 
suggests,  with  his  talent  for  meanness  and 
success.  But  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  is 
merely  his  mediocrity  that  bores  her;  if 
he  were  a  more  brilliant  adventurer,  she 
would  certainly  worship  him  ;  and  even  as 
it  is,  though  she  leaves  him,  she  soon 
returns,  and  the  last  words  she  speaks  are 
really  an  expression  of  hopelessness  at  his 
stupidity. 

Miss  Millicent  Murphy  as  Elizabeth,  the 
wife,  was  at  times  excellent  ;  and  if  occa- 
sionally monotonous,  she  is  to  be  excused 
when  we  remember  how  much  of  'La  ReVolte 
is  monologue.  Mr.  Vincent  Nello  could 
make  nothing  of  Felix,  tho  husband. 

In  the  "  Morality  "  of  Mr.  Arthur  Symons 
we    have    really    a    poem,    delightful    and 


400 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


beautiful  as  just  that,  but  a  little  lacking  in 
humanity,  a  little  vague  and  indecisive. 
Yet  it  has  so  much  beauty  of  phrasing, 
diction,  and  rhythm  that  it  fascinated  and 
pleased  rather  than  convinced.  It  had  the 
effect  of  a  perfect  quatrain— a  quatrain 
perhaps  by  Omar  Khayyam,  with  much  of 
the  indecision  that  is  so  fascinating  to  our 
generation  in  those  beautiful  and  sensuous 
verses.  Man,  unhappy  and  restless,  without 
a  thought  of  the  sun  or  the  earth,  kneels  in  a 
wood  praying,  when  Death  comes  to  him — 
Death  the  Fool,  who  in  cap  and  bells  cries 
up  his  Friendship,  and,  hearing  Man's  fears 
of  the  spade,  the  coffin,  and  the  worm, 
summons  them  in  scorn,  that  he  may  see 
their  feebleness,  and  learn  their  secret.  Also 
there  come  to  him  Youth,  Middle  Age,  and 
Old  Age,  no  whit  less  ignorant  of  that  which 
must  befall.  But  at  last,  in  agony,  Man 
turns  to  Death  himself,  and  begs  the  secret, 
when,  with  a  cry  for  Pity,  Death  confesses 
that  he  is  blind. 

The  verse  of  Mr.  Symons — always  so 
precise  and  exquisite — loses  much  in  the 
mouth  of  an  actor,  though  Mr.  Vincent 
Nello  as  Man  and  Miss  Louise  Selous  as  the 
Fool  certainly  spoke  carefully  and  with  a 
sense  of  music  ;  but  we  have  lost  the  art  of 
speaking  verse  on  the  stage.  A  word  of 
praise  must  be  given  to  Miss  Amy  Sawyer 
for  the  designs  of  the  dresses,  which  were 
charming.        E.  H. 

LE    SONNET    D'ARVERS. 

22,  Rue  Servandoni,  Paris  (VI'),  April  8,  1906. 

In  your  issue  for  January  20th  Mr.  D.  N. 
Samson,  after  mentioning  an  imitation  of 
this  sonnet  by  Pailleron,  quotes  some  verses 
by  Cocquard  (published  in  1754),  in  which 
Arvers's  final  idea  is  expressed  a  long  time 
before  Arvers  was  born  ;  and  Mr.  Samson 
suggests  that  Arvers  had  taken  the  idea 
from  Cocquard. 

It  has  escaped  Mr.  Samson's  notice  that 
Arvers  honestly  entitled  his  sonnet  "  imite 
de  l'italien."  The  quaint  last  verse,  there- 
fore, does  not  pretend  to  embody  a  personal 
and  original  feeling,  but  simply  reflects  an 
Italian  concetto  which  Arvers,  and  previously 
Cocquard,  had  found  in  their  reading,  with 
the  difference  that  Arvers  did  not  conceal 
the  borrowing — while  Cocquard  did. 

The  history  of  literature  is  full  of  conscious 
or  unconscious  imitation  and  reminiscences  : 
literary,  as  well  as  mechanical,  inventions 
continue  to  live,  and  even,  parce  detorta, 
may  pass  for  new  inventions  again.  The 
concetto  which  goes  by  the  name  of  Arvers's 
sonnet  is  an  instance  of  this  rule. 

Now,  who  is  the  Italian  sonnear  de  sonnets, 
Petrarch  or  another,  who  was  the  originator 
of  this  concetto  ?     That  is  the  question.  - 

By  the  by,  I  may  mention  that  in  a  recent 
edition  of  Arvers's  '  Poesies  '  (Paris,  1900, 
Introduction  par  Abel  d'Avrecourt)  is  to  be 
found  a  facsimile  of  the  celebrated  sonnet, 
with  a  note  that  it  is  "  imite  de  l'italien  " 
in  the  author's  own  handwriting.  The  MS. 
of  the  '  Poesies  '  prepared  by  Arvers  for  the 
press  has  been  preserved.  H.  Gaidoz. 


dramatic  (Sassip. 

The  English  Drama  Society  will  give 
three  representations  of  '  Love's  Labour 's 
Lo6t '  on  Tuesday,  the  24th,  and  on  the  day 
following  in  the  afternoon  and  evening. 
The  performances  will  be  held  in  the  Blooms- 
bury  Hall.  The  cast  will  include  Mr.  Arthur 
Curtis,  Mr.  Arthur  Goodsall,  Mr.  Bertram 
Forsyth,  Miss  Ina  Royle,  and  Miss  Isabel 
Roland ;      while     new     recruits     are     Miss 


Katherine  Stuart  and  Mr.  Percy  Goodyer. 
No  money  will  be  taken  at  the  doors,  but 
seats  can  be  had  from  Mr.  Nugent  Monck 
(the  secretary),  20,  Regent  Street,  S.W. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Benson  will  give  at  Stratford- 
on-Avon  on  May  2nd  a  revival  of  the  first 
part  of  '  King  Henry  VI.,'  to  be  followed  on 
the  3rd  and  4th  of  the  month  by  the  second 
and  third  parts.  These  will  be  the  first 
recorded  performances  of  the  plays  since  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Mr.  Fred  Terry  has  renewed  for  a  further 
term  of  six  months,  beginning  on  January  1st, 
1907,  his  lease  of  the  New  Theatre. 

Mr.  Lewis'*  Waller  will  in  October 
remove  from  the  Imperial  to  the  Lyric,  at 
which  house  one  of  his  earliest  productions 
will  be  a  drama  by  Messrs.  Henry  Hamilton 
and  William  Devereux  on  the  subject  of 
Robin  Hood.  :■•■ 

The  Mermaid  Society  has,  we  notice, 
repaired  its  drooping  head,  and  promises 
at  Terry's  Theatre  three  afternoon  per- 
formances of  a  translation  of  '  The 
Bezsemenovs '  of  Maxim  Gorki.  '  Colombe's 
Birthday  '  is  to  be  given  in  May  ;  while  for 
July  are  fixed  some  open-air  presentations 
of  George's  Peele's  '  Arraignment  of  Paris.' 

An  English  adaptation  of  '  Les  Plumes  du 
Geai,'  a  four-act  play  of  M.  Jean  Jullien, 
given  in  February  at  the  Theatre  Moliere,  is 
being  executed  by  Mr.  Cosmo  Hamilton  for 
Mr.  Charles  Frohman. 

'Prunella;  or,  Love  in  a  Dutch  Gar- 
den,' the  Pierrot  play  by  Messrs.  Laurence 
Housman  and  Granville  Barker,  will  be 
revived  on  the  afternoon  of  the  24th  inst.  at 
the  Court  Theatre,  the  scene  of  its  first  pro- 
duction. 

The  main  feature  in  the  cast  with  which 
'The  Winter's  Tale'  will  be  given  in  the 
autumn  at  His  Majesty's  is  the  engagement 
of  Mr.  Charles  Warner  for  Leontes. 

The  rights  for  Sweden  of  'The  Song  of 
Liberty,'  a  three-act  drama  by  Mary  C. 
Rowsell  and  H.  A.  Saintsbury,  have  been 
secured  by  the  managers  of  the  Folk  Teater, 
Gothenburg  ;  and  the  play  will  be  produced 
in  the  autumn.  The  scene  is  Strasburg  in 
the  height  of  the  Terror. 


To  Correspondents.— R.  P.  C— F.  J.  EL—  H.  G.— 
Received.  W.  B.— J.  M.  C—  Next  week. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books.  


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


MESSRS.  BELL'S 

NEW    BOOKS. 

Catalogues  sent  post  free  on  application. 

SIXTH     AND    CHEAPER    EDITION. 

With  a,  New  Preface,  demy  8vo,  Us.  (id.  net 

HENRY  vTII.  AND  THE  ENGLISH 

MONASTERIES.        By     the     Right     Rev.      ABBOT 
GA8QUEF,  D.D.  O.S.B. 


Paoe 

Authors'  Agents       438 

Bagstkr  A  Sons         463 

Bell  &  sons 46° 

Catalogues        438 

Educationai 437 

Exhibitions       437 

Financial  Review 439 

Gardeners' Chronicle       439 

hwrst  &  blackett 440 

Insurance  Companies          463 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co 463 

Macmillan  &  Co *40 

Miscellaneous 438 

Mudie's  Library        438 

Newspaper  Agents 438 

Notbs  and  Queries 462 

Nutt         463 

Provident  Institutions 437 

Religious  Tract  Society 464 

sales  by  Auction      438 

Situations  Vacant 437 

Situations  Wanted 437 

Smith,  Kldhr  &  Co. -       ••  461 

Type-writers' 438 

UNWIN         *» 


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N°4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


461 


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happy  distraction." 

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FIRST    LARGE    IMPRESSION    SOLD    OUT. 
SECOND  IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 
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BY  THE  SAME  AUTHORS. 

ROSE  OF  THE  WORLD. 

SEVENTH    IMPRESSION. 

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Author  of  '  Vice  Versa,'  Ac. 

TRIBUNE.— "Full  of  good  fun  and  most  enjovable 

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FOURTH    IMPRESSION. 

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SECOND    IMPRESSION. 
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as  entertaining  as  they  are  mischievous." 

THE  POISON  OF  TONGUES.     By 

M.   E..CARR. 

SECOND    IMPRESSION. 

TRUTH'S  advice:— "Do  you  want  to  know  of  a  really 
good  and  interesting  novel?  Get  'The  Poison  of  Tongues.' 
It  is  enthralling." 

MR  BAXTER,  SPORTSMAN.     By 

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MA  NCH ESTER  QUA  RDIA  N.—"  A  charming  sketch .... 
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COURT  JOURNA  A,.— "The  humour  of  Mr.  Bradbys  new 
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situations  and  grotesque  dialogue,  but  on  keen  observation 
of  human  nature." 


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London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


462 


THE     ATIIENJEUM 


if  4004  April  1 L  1906 


M 

<<  r\ 


Lkakned,   Chatty,    Uskful." — Atlmuium. 

That    DELIGHTFUL    REPOSITORY    OK    loi:<;oTTEN    LORE,    '  NOTES    AND    QUERIES.'  " 

J£diul)(ir<jh  Juvii'UJ,  October,  1880. 

Every  Saturday,  of  any  Bookseller  or  Newsagent  in  England,  price  id. ;  or  free  by  post  to  the  Continent,  4  \d. 

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The  NINTH  SERIES  of  NOTES  AND  QUERIES,  complete  in  12  vols. 
(JANUARY,  1898,  to  DECEMBER,  1903),  price  10s.  6d.  each  Volume, 
contains,  in  addition  to  a  great  variety  of  similar  Notes  and  Replies, 
Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 

FIRST      SELECTION. 


AMERICANA. 

President  J.  Adams's  Biography — Sarah  Flower  Adams  and 
Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe — The  Alabama  and  Lord  John  Russell — 
Alewife,  an  American  Fish — Discovery  of  America — Study 
of  Dante  in  America — Genealogical  Research  in  America — 
England  and  Scotland  reproduced  in  America — America  v. 
United  States — Raleigh  in  America — British  Suzerainty  in 
South  America — Losses  in  American  Civil  War — Value  of 
American  Diplomas  and  Degrees — American  Orthography. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Addison  and  TeDnyson — Harrison  Ainsworth — "  Anne  of 
Swansea,"  her  Works — AnoDym  :  Autonym — '  Abbey  of 
Kilkhampton' — 'Butterfly's  Ball  and  the  Grasshopper's 
Feast' — 'The  Coming  K — ' — '  History  of  the  Rod  ' — Junius's 
Letters — '  Nova  Solyma  ' — '  Twelve  Profits  of  Tribulation  ' 
— Matthew  Arnold — Arnold  of  Rugby — H.  S.  Ashbee — 
Poet  Laureate's  Birthplace — Authors'  Mistakes — Francis 
Bacon,  his  Mistakes  in  Classical  Names — Philip  James 
Bailey — Barclay's  '  Argenis ' — Bibliography  of  the  Bicycle — 
History  of  Bookselling  and  Publishing — Book-Sale  Cata- 
logues— Riming  Warnings  to  Book- Borrowers — Books  and 
Bookmen  —  E.  B.  and  Robert  Browning  —  Michael  Bruce 
and  Logan  —  Bunyan  and  the  '  Pilgrim's  Progress '  — 
Peculiar  Words  in  Burns — Burton's  '  Anatomy ' — Ode  on 
Byron's  Death. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Bridget  Abbot — Two  George  Abbots,  contemporary  M.P.s — 
Adam  the  Carthusian  and  Adam  the  Scot — Elizabeth  Alkin, 
"  Parliament  Joan  " — Annie  of  Tharau — General  Benedict 
Arnold — Dr.  Barry,  Female  Army  Doctor — Beaconsfield's 
Birthplace — Cardinal  Beaton's  Reputed  Marriage — Admiral 
Bligh — Bonaparte's  Attempted  Invasion  of  England — John 
Bond,  two  Puritan  Divines — Ctosar  Borgia's  Parentage — 
Cobham  Brewer's  Monument — Robert  Bruce's  Heart. 

ECCLESIASTICAL   MATTERS- 

Collect  for  Advent  Sunday — Alfriston  Registers — Wood- 
carvings  at  Allhallows  the  Great,  Upper  Thames  Street — 
Cushions  on  the  Altar — Anchorites  and  Low  Side  Windows 
— Angels,  their  Traditional  Representation — Martyr  Bishop 
of  Armagh — Christian  Basilicas — Bell  Inscriptions — Bell- 
ringers'  Rimes — "Breeches,"  "Treacle,"  "Vinegar,"  and 
"  Wicked  "  Bibles — Bishops'  Signatures. 

FOLK-LORE  and  POPULAR  ANTIQUITIES. 

Acervation,  the  Custom — Animals  in  People's  Insides — 
Animals  Tried  and  Sentenced — Apple  Blossoms  in  Coffins — 
Wassailing  the  Apple  Tree  —  White  Gloves  at  Assizes 
— Cutting  Baby's  Nails — Baptismal  and  Marriage  Super- 
stitions— Bees — Bird  of  the  Soufriere  —  Bluebeard,  the 
Original — Borrowing  Days — Building  Customs. 


GENEALOGY  and  HERALDRY. 

Acts  of  the  Apostles  as  a  Christian  Name — Agnes  a  Fate- 
ful Name — Algernon,  its  Origin — Alias  in  Family  Names 
— Ancestors  Dtfined — Soldier  Ancestors — Andrews  Family 
of  Cornwall — Angier  or  Aungier  Family — Anglo-8axon 
Heraldry — Arbuthnott  Family — Archer  Family — Armigerous 
Families — Arms  of  Continental  Cities,  and  of  Boroughs  and 

Dioceses — Foreign    Arms    in   England — "Bar   sinister" 

Arms  of  Ulster  in  Baronet's  Shield — Bear  and  Ragged  8taff 
— Bibliography  of  Heraldry — Bulls  in  Coats  of  Arms- 
Borough  English  Succession — Bristow  Family. 

HISTORY:  ENGLISH,  IRISH,  and  SCOTTISH. 

Abbot  of  Westminster's  Plot,  1399 — LoDg  Administrations 
— South  African  War,  Newspaper  Correspondents  Killed  and 
Wounded — King  Alfred,  the  Truth-teller  and  England's 
Darling — Lines  on  Queen  Anne — Queues  worn  in  the  Army 
— Chain-mail   in   the  Army — KiDg    Arthur's    Crown — The 

Indian  Mutiny  and   the   Athenaum — Duchy   of   Berwick 

Boadicea  or  Boudicca — Anne  Boleyn's  Execution — Battle  of 
the  Bovne—  Britain  as  "  Queen  of  Isles  "  and  "  Empress  of 
the  Main" — British  Academy,  its  Foundation  Members. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Short  a  v.  Italian  a — A  or  an  before  h  sounded — Accent 
and  Etymology — Accorder,  its  Derivation — Extraordinary 
Adjectives — Affection  and  Connexion,  their  False  Forms — 
African  Names,  their  Pronunciation  and  Derivation  — 
Alamains,  its  Meaning — "Alright"  for  "All  right" 
— Erroneous  use  of  "  And  which" — Anglo-Hebrew  Slang — 
Anglo-Saxon  Speech — Anyone  :  Everyone — Appendicitis — 
Peculiar  Use  of  "Arrived" — Barracked,  Colonial  81ang— 
Babk  Language  —  Bayard,  Horse-name  —  Bezique  —  Bird- 
eyed — Bletheramskite  —  Bonnet-laird  :  Cock-laird  —  Bride- 
wain,  its  Meaning — Bridge,  the  Card  Game,  its  Derivation. 

PROVERBS  and  QUOTATIONS. 

South  Africa,  "  grave  of  great  reputations"  —  "Devil 
walking  through  Athlone  " — "A  far  cry  to  Loch  Awe" — 
"  All  Cooper's  ducks  with  me" — "  All  roads  lead  to  Rome" 
— "  Babies  in  the  eyes  "  —  "  Save  one's  bacon  "  —  "  Baff 
week  " — "  Be  the  day  weary  " — "  Beatific  vision  " — "Better 
to  have  loved  and  lost  " — "  Between  the  devil  and  the  deep 
sea"— "Blood  is  thicker  than  water  "—"  Box  Harry"— 
"  Bristol  look  "— "  Broaching  the  Admiral." 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Achill  Island,  its  History  —  "Gibraltar  and  Malta"  at 
Albert  Gate — Aldersgate,  its  Name — Aldgate  and  White- 
chapel — Amen  Court,  its  Name — Argh  as  Termination — 
Arundel  and  Ash,  Place-names — Meaning  of  "  Bailey  " — 
Ball's  Pond  Road  —  Barras,  Bayswater,  Beaulieu,  and 
Bibury  as  Place-names— Changes  in  Bream's  Buildings. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


463 


TENTH  EDITION,  price  Two  Shillings. 

CELESTIAL      MOTION  S 

A  Handy  Book  of  Astronomy. 

Tenth  Edition.     With  3  Plates. 
By    W.    T.    LYNN,    B.A.    F.R.A.S., 

Associate  of  King's  College,   London ;  Lay  Reader  in  the  Diocese  of  Southwark, 
Author  of  '  Remarkable  Comets,'  '  Remarkable  Eclipses,'   •  Astronomy  for  the  Young,'  &c. 
"  Well  known  as  one  of  our  best  introductions  to  astronomy." — Guardian. 


London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
EIGHTH  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

REMARKABLE  ECLIPSES: 

A  Sketch  of  the  most  interesting  Circumstances  connected  with  the 
Observation  of  Solar  and  Lunar  Eclipses,  both  in  Ancient  and  Modern  Times. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

London  :  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
THIRTEENTH  EDITION,  JUST  OUT,  price  Sixpence,  cloth. 

REMARKABLE     COMETS: 

A  Brief  Survey  of  the  most  interesting  Facts  in  the  History  of  Cometary 

Astronomy. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

London:  SAMPSON  LOW,  MARSTON  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  15a,  Paternoster  Row,  E.C. 
FOURTH  EDITION,  Revised  to  1905,  NOW  READY,  fcap.  8vo,  cloth,  price  Sixpence. 

ASTRONOMY    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 
SECOND  EDITION  NOW  READY,  price  One  Shilling. 

BIBLE      CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Becorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  arranged  under  their 

Probable  Respective  Dates,  with  a  Description  of  the  Places  named, 

and  a  Supplement  on  English  Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"This  compendious  and  useful  little  work." — Guardian,  March  14,  1906. 


London :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


SECOND  EDITION,  fcap.  8vo,  price  Fourpence. 

NEW   TESTAMENT   CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  New  Testament,  arranged  under  their 

Probable  Respective  Dates. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENEUM  will  contain 
Articles  on  TWO  BOOKS  ON  EGYPT; 
RESEARCH  NOTES;  and  the  late  SIR 
WYKE  BAYLISS'  SEVEN  ANGELS  OF 
THE  RENASCENCE. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


DAVID      NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 

♦ 

FOLK-LORE. 

TRANSACTIONS  OF  THE  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY- 
A  Quarterly  Review  of  Myth,  Tradition, 
Institution,  and  Custom. 
(Incorporating  the  ArchceologUal  Revinc  and  the 
Folk- Lore  Journal.) 
VoL  XVIL    No.  1.    5».  net  (5#.  3d.  post  free). 
Contents. 
MINUTES  OF  MEETINGS  — November  15  and  Decem- 
ber 20,  1905. 
TWENTY-EIGHTH    ANNUAL  MEETING— January  17,. 

1906. 
THE  TWENTY-EIGHTH  ANNUAL  REPORT  OF  THE 

COUNCIL,  January  17,  1906. 
TREASURER'S  CASH  ACCOUNT. 
BALANCE  SHEET. 

PRESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS.     W.  H.  D.  ROUSE. 
THE     EUROPEAN     SKY  -  GOD.      IV.    THE     CELTS. 

ARTHUR  BERNARD  COOK. 
COLLECTANEA.— Cropping  Animals'  Ears  (with  Plate  I.). 
J.   SM EATON    CHASE.— Cats  Cradle.      W.   INNES- 
POCOCK.— Additions  to  'The  Games  of  Argyleshire. 
R.  C.  MACLAGAN. 
CORRESPONDENCE  :— The  Native  Tribes  of  South-East 
Australia.      A.    W.    HO  WITT.— 'The   Shade    of    the 
Balkans.'      M.    EDITH    DURHAM.— Does   the  Folk- 
Lore  Society  Exist  for  the  Study  of  Early  Institutions? 
H.   A.    ROSE. — Hand   Impressions   instead   of    Seals. 
W.    G.     ASTON.  —  Betrothing    Custom.       WILLIAM 
CROOK  E. 
REVIEWS  :— K.  Langloh  Parker,  '  The  Euahlayi  Tribe  :  a 
Study  of  Aboriginal  Life  in  Australia.     E.  S.  HART- 
LAND. — W.    A.    Reed,    'The   Negritos  of    Zambales.' 
W.    CROOKE.— W.    Barbrooke    Grubb,    'Among    the 
Indians  of    the   Paraguayan   Chaco :  a  Story  of   Mis- 
sionary Work  in  South  America.'     E.  S.  HARTLAND. 
— M.  Mauss,  '  L'Origine  des  Pouvoirs  Magiques  dans  les- 
Societes  Australiennes.     E.    S.  HARTLAND.—  K.  Th. 
Preuss,    '  Der    Ursprung    der    Religion    und    Kunst.' 
R.  R.  MARETT. 
Subscriptions  to  the  FOLK-LORE  SOCIETY  (11.  In.)  are 
now  due,   and  should  be  paid    to    the    Secretary,   F.   A. 
MILNE,   Esq.,  11,  Old  Square,   Lincoln's  Inn,  to  whom 
applications  for  Membership  should  be  made.    Membership- 
entitles  to  the  gratis  reception  of  FOLK-LORE  (4  Numbers 
a  year  at  5n.  each),  an  Extra  Volume  (generally  issued  at 
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464 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4094,  April  14,  1906 


SOME   IMPORTANT   BOOKS   RECENTLY   PUBLISHED   BY 

THE     RELIGIOUS    TRACT    SOCIETY. 


A    DEVOTIONAL    COMMENTARY. 

Bible  students  and  Bible  readers  have  long  felt  the  necessity  for  some  Commentary  which  should 
aim  simply  and  solely  at  helping  the  spiritual  life  of  those  who  use  it.  There  is  no  lack  of  Commentaries 
which  approach  the  text  of  Holy  Scripture  from  the  critical  side  ;  nor  yet  of  those  which,  in  addition  to 
being  critical,  are  exegetical.  But  it  is  difficult  for  Bible  readers  to  rind  modern  Commentaries  dealing 
with  the  books  of  the  Bible  solely  as  helps  to  belief  and  to  right  conduct.  The  Religious  Tract  Society 
is  now  producing  a  Series  of  Volumes  designed  to  fill  this  gap.  In  every  case  the  aim  will  be  so  to 
comment  upon  the  words  of  Holy  Scripture  as  to  help  the  spiritual  life  of  the  reader.  Every  volume 
will  be  primarily  and  distinctively  a  devotional  volume— a  book  which  the  Bible  reader  can  take  up  day 
by  day,  and  find  it  aid  him  in  applying  the  words  of  Holy  Scripture  to  the  needs  of  his  own  personal 
character  and  life. 

THE  FOLLOWING  VOLUMES  ARE  NOW  READY. 

MOULE  —  THE    SECOND   EPISTLE   TO    TIMOTHY.     Short 

Devotional  Studies  on  the  Dying  Letter  of  St.  Paul.     By  H.  C.  G.  MOULE,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 

Durham.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  price  2s. 

"  Many  readers  will  find  this  book  a  help  in  quickening  their  understanding  of  St.  Paul's 
i  of  the  Epistle  is  as  sympathetic  and  devotional  as  it  is  simple.'" 


It  is  well  conceived,  and  written  with  Dr.  Moule's  usual  care  and  finish. 


The  G  UA  RDIA  N  says : 
words  ;  indeed,  the  treatment 

The  GLASGOW  UERALD  says  : 

MEYER— THE  EPISTLE  TO  THE  PHILIPPIANS.    By  Rev. 

F.  B.  MEYER,  B.A.     Price  2s. 

The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  says:— "It  is  manifestly  full  of  valuable  suggestions.  Readers,  and  perhaps  we 
*nav  add  preachers,  will  find  it  rich  in  thoughts  which  will  be  helpful  in  the  spiritual  life."  . 

The  CHRISTIAN  WORLD  says :— "  All  the  characteristic  features  of  Mr.  Meyer's  work  are  here Certainly  the 

nature  of  Philippians  well  lends  itself  to  Mr.  Meyer's  method  of  exposition." 

ELDER  CUMMING.— THE  PSALMS :  their  Spiritual  Teaching. 

By  Rev.  Dr.  J.  ELDER  CUMMING.     To  be  issued  in  3  vols.     Price  2s.  per  vol.     Vols.   I. 
(Ps.  I.-XLI.)  and  II.  (Ps.  XLII. -LXXXIX. )  now  ready. 
The  SCOTSM A N  says  :  —"Dr.  Elder  Cumming's  expositions  are  models  of  what  such  expositions  should  be.    Brief, 
lucid,  and  pervaded  by  tine  spiritual  feeling,  they  will  do  more  to  bring  the  Psalms  into  heart  and  life  than  many  of  the 
larger  standard  works."  I  ,,.',.  •  ^       •     ^v 

The  RECORD  says  : — *'  The  reader  is  helped  to  feel  the  Psalms,  and  nowhere  is  that  more  conspicuous  than  m  the 
Psalms  which  have  a  personal  origin  and  application.  Certainly  the  work  will  make  the  Psalms  live  again  to  many  readers." 


BOOKS   BY  THE   LATE    DR.  S.  G.  GREEN. 

A     HANDBOOK     OF     CHURCH     HISTORY.       From     the 

Apostolic  Era  to  the  Dawn  of  the  Reformation.     By  SAMUEL  G.  GREEN,  D.D.,  Author  of 
'A  Handbook  of  Old   Testament  Hebrew,'  &c.     With  Full  Dates,  Chronological  Tables,   and 
Index.     640  pages,  price  6*.  net. 
The  TIMES  says :— "It  is  a  capable  and  lucid  narrative,  which  seems  to  succeed  in  treating  a  history  which  covers 
-fourteen  and  a  half  centuries  in  not  too  sketchy  a  manner,  and  which  is  not  intent  in  establishing  any  partisan  doctrine." 
The  DAILY  NEWS  says  :— "  It  is  an  interesting  synoptic  view  of  the  history  of  the  Western  Church." 
The  SCOTS  MAN  says  :— "  It  gives  an  able  and  interesting  presentation  of  a  subject  which  has  often  been  made 
-repellent  by  the  manner  in  which  it  was  treated." 

The  GLASGOW  HERALD  says  :— It  is  a  marvel  of  cheapness." 

THE  BIBLE   HANDBOOK:   an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 

Holy  Scripture.  By  the  late  JOSEPH  ANGUS,  D.D.  New  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised,  and 
in  part  Rewritten  by  SAMUEL  G.  GREEN,  D.D.  Large  crown  8vo,  848  pp.,  price  6«.  net. 
I)R.  Mlkkay,  the  Warden  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  says  :— "The  more  I  look  into  it  the  more  I  value  it.  On 
-the  New  Testament  especially  it  seems  to  me  to  contain  in  a  concise  form  all  that  a  student  can  want  to  show  him  what 
are  the  points  on  which  the  best  modern  commentators  are  agreed,  and  what  are  the  questions  that  are  under  discussion. 
The  sobriety  of  judgment  and  the  width  of  reading  that  have  gone  to  the  production  of  this  part  of  the  work  seem  to  be 
equally  remarkable."  . 

The  BRITISH  WEEKL Y  says  :— "  This  handbook  contains  a  mass  of  information  which  cannot  elsewhere  be  found 
in  so  convenient  and  compact  a  form." 

A  HANDBOOK  TO  OLD  TESTAMENT  HEBREW.    Containing 

an  Elementary  Grammar  of  the  Language,  Reading  Lessons,  Exercises,  and  Notes.  Edited  by 
SAMUEL  G.  GREEN,  D.D.     Demy  8vo,  cloth,  price  10*.  6c?. 

HANDBOOK  TO   THE  GRAMMAR  OF  THE  GREEK  NEW 

TESTAMENT.  Together  with  a  complete  Vocabulary  and  an  Examination  of  the  chief  New 
Testament  Synonyms.  Illustrated  by  numerous  Examples  and  Comments.  By  the  Rev.  S.  G. 
GREEN,  D.D.     8vo,  cloth,  price  7*.  6U 

A  COMPLETE  VOCABULARY  OF  THE  GREEK  TESTAMENT. 

With  a  Collection  of  Synonyms.  Reprinted  from  '  The  Handbook  to  the  Grammar  of  the  Greek 
Testament.'     By  SAMUEL  G.  GREEN,  D.D.     Demy  8vo,  price  2*.  cloth. 

A  BRIEF  INTRODUCTION  TO  NEW  TESTAMENT  GREEK. 

By  the  Rev.  S.  G.  GREEN,  D.D.  Present-Day  Primers,  No.  4.  Price  Is.  cloth,  KEY  TO 
THE  ABOVE  INTRODUCTION.  By  Prof.  S.  W.  GREEN,  M.A.  Price  Is.  These  2  vols, 
bound  together,  price  Is.  6d.  cloth. 


"THE   SUNDAYS   OF  THE 
YEAR"    SERIES. 

READY  THIS  DAY,  large  crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  price  3«.  dd» 

ASHES     OF    ROSES, 

And  Other  Bible  Studies. 

By  Rev.  WILLIAM  L.  WATKINSON, 

Author  of  'The  Transfigured  Sackcloth,'  'The  Education  of 

the  Heart,'  &c. 

With  a  Photogravure  Portrait  of  the  Author. 

The  RECORD  says:— "Mr.  Watkinson  ha*  a  wonderful 
capacity  for  seizing  upon  a  single  thought  in  Holy  Scripture, 
looking  at  it  in  a  way  of  his  own,  and  drawing  from  it 
lessons  which  are  never  forced  or  unnatural,  and  yet  do  not 
lie  upon  the  surface." 

The  METHODIST  RECORDER  says:  — "The  latest 
volume  of  '  The  Sundays  of  the  Year '  series  is  by  the  Rev. 
W.  L.  Watkinson,  and  contains  fifty  -  three  "delightful 
studies,  which,  in  variety  of  interest,  piquancy  of  style,  and 
felicity  of  illustration,  will  compare  favourably  witfi  any  of 
his  published  sermons." 

Uniform  with  the  above,  the  following  volume*  have  recently 
been  issued  in  "THE  SUNDAYS  OF  THE  YE  All''  Seriea. 

MOULE —THOUGHTS  FOR 
SUNDAYS  OF  THE  YEAR. 

By  Right  Rev.  H.  C.  G.  MOULE,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Durham.  Ninth  Impression  nearly  exhausted.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth  gilt,  with  Photogravure  Portrait  of  Bishop 
Moule,  price  3s.  (id.  Also  bound  in  padded  paste  grain, 
price  6a'.  net. 
The  RECORD  says  :— "  There  is  not  a  chapter  in  the  book 

which  does  not  yield  some  wise  direction,  some  searching 

or  some  bracing  thought." 

J.  D.  JONES.-ELIMS  OF  LIFE. 

By  Rev.  J.  D.  JONES,  M.A.   B.D.,  of  Bournemouth^ 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  with  Photogravure  Portrait  of 
Author,  price  3*.  6rf. 
The  BRITISH  WEEKLY  says:— "The  sermons  are  fresh, 

living,  and  contain  very  direct  appeals  to  conscience.    The 

interest  is  never  allowed  to  flag." 

WELLDON.— YOUTH  AND  DUTY. 

By  Right  Rev.  J.  E.  C.  WELLDON,  D.D.,  Canon  of 
Westminster,  late  Head  Master  of  Harrow  SchooL 
Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  with  Photogravure  Portrait  of 
Author,  price  3&  6d. 
The  DAILY  NEWS  says :— "They  are  sermons  that  reach 
a  boy's  heart." 

The  CHRISTIAN  WORLD  says  :—"  They  are  just  what 
sermons  to  boys  should  be. " 

SPURGEON.-GRACE  TRIUMPHANT 

By  CHARLES  HADDON  SPURGEON.     Crown  8vo, 
cloth    gilt,    with    Photogravure    Portrait   of    Author, 
price  3*.  6rf. 
The  GUARDIAN  says:— "These  sermons  are  marked  by 

personal  thought  and  experience.    The  man  himself  speaks 

to  us  in  them." 

GRIFFITH  THOMAS— THE 
APOSTLE  PETER. 

By  Rev.  W.  H.  GRIFFITH  THOMAS,  B.D.,  Principal 
of  Wyeliffe  Hall,  Oxford.     Crown  Svo,  cloth  gilt,  with 
Photogravure  Portrait  of  Author,  price  3*.  6d. 
The  BRITISH   WEEKLY  says  :— "  Mr.  Thomas's  brief 

expositions   are    full    of   luminous  interpretations  of    St. 

Peter's  life  and  character." 

CHARLES  BROWN-LIGHT 
AND  LIFE. 

By  Rev.  CHARLES  BROWN,  of  Ferine  Park  Chapel, 
London.      Crown  Svo,   cloth  gilt,   with  Photogravure 
Portrait  of  Author,  price  8*.  tid. 
The  DAILY  NEWS  says:— "The  sermons  contain  keen, 

searching  analyses  of  human  motives ;    they  vibrate  kith 

feeling  ;  thev  are  intensely  practical." 

CHADWICK.— PILATE'S  GIFT. 

By   Right  Rev.  G.  A.  CHADWICK,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 

Derry.     Crown  Svo,  cloth  gilt,  price  S&  (kl. 

The  PALL    MALL    GAZETTE   says :— " Perhaps    the 

people  who  go  in  for  homiletical  literature  would  be  still 

more  numerous  if  it  were  always  marked  by  the  vigour  and 

good  sense  of  the  Bishop  of  Derry's  volume." 

HESBA  STRETTON —THE 
PARABLES  OF  OUR  LORD. 

By  HESBA  STRETTON.     Crown  Svo,  cloth  gilt,  with 

Photogravure  Portrait  of  Hesba  Stretton,  price  3.*.  6d. 

The  CHRISTIAN  WORLD  says :— "  Miss  Hesba  Stretton 

writes  simply,  sincerely,  touchingly,  and  her  way  of  putting 

old  and  familiar  truths  may  reach  her  hearers  as  the  words 

of  others  have  not  done." 


THE  RELIGIOUS  TRACT  SOCIETY,  4,  Bouverie  Street,  E.C. 


Editorial  Communications  should  be  addref6e.l  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Ad\ert»en.ents  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS"— at  tie  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lone.  E.C. 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenooum  Press,  Bieam's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  *  BRADFl'TE  and  Mr.  JOHN  MENZIES   Edinburgh.-Saturday,  April  14,  1906. 


THE  ATHEN^EU 

Journal  of  (BttjUsI)  attfc  jf  0m0tt  Uitoatar*,  %tuntt,  t\}t  JFhte  i&rte, 


S^f 


w  fmiif^,/ 


No.  4095. 


SATURDAY,   APRIL    21,    1906. 


THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


E 


lEtctures. 

OYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 

ALBEMARLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY,  W. 

LECTURE  ARRANGEMENTS  AFTER 
EASTER,  1906. 

TUESDAYS.    Lecture  Hour,  5  o'clock. 

Prof.  G.  BALDWIN  BROWN.  MA.  TWO  LECTURES  on 
••GREEK  CLASSICAL  DRESS  IN  LIFE  AND  I.N  ART.'  On 
TUESDAYS.  April 34,  May  1  mt :» o'clock!. 

Prof.  WILLIAM  STIRLING,  M.D.  LL.D.  D.Sc.,  Fullerian  Professor 
of  Physiology.  R.T.  THREE  LECTURES  on  GLANDS  AND 
THEIR  PRODUCTS.'    tin  TUESDAYS,  Mav  8,  in,  22. 

Col.  V.  BALCK.  TWO  LECTURES  on  NORTHERN  WINTER 
SPORTS.'    On  TUESDAYS,  May  29,  June  5. 

THURSDAYS.    Lecture  Hour,  5  o'clock. 

P.  CHALMERS  MITCHELL.  Esq..  M. A.  D.Sc.  Sec.  7..S.  THREE 
LECTURES  on  'THE  DIGESTIVE  TRACT  IN  BIRDS  AND 
MAMMALS.'    On  THURSDAYS.  April  20.  May  3. 

The  Rev.  .7.  P.  MAHAFFY.  C.V.O.  D.D.  D  C.L.  TWO  LECTURES 
on  (II  'THE  EXPANSION  OF  OLD  GREEK  LITERATURE  BY 
RECENT  DISCOVERIES':  121  'THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PTOLEMAIC 
EGYPT  ON  GR.ECO-ROMAN  CIVILISATION.1  On  THURSDAYS, 
Mav  10,  17. 

Prof.  WILLIAM  .T.  SOLLAS,  LL  D.  D.Sc  F.R.S.  THREE  LEC- 
TURES on  MAN  AND  THE  GLACIAL  PERIOD.'  On  THURS- 
DAYS, May  24,  31,  June  7. 

SATURDAYS.    Lecture  Hour,  3  o'clock. 

Prof.  CHARLES  WALDSTEIN.  Litt.D.  Ph.D.  THREE  LEC 
TURES  on  'ENGLISH  FURNITURE  IN  THE  EIGHTEENTH 
CENTURY.1    On  SATURDAYS.  April  28.  Mav  5,  12. 

Prof.  Sir  J  AMES  DEWAR,  LL.D.  D.Sc.  F.R.S..  Fullerian  Professor 
of  Chemistrv.  R.I.  TWO  LECTURES  on  THE  OLD  AND  THE 
NEW  CHEMISTRY.'    On  SATURDAYS.  June  19,  20. 

Prof.  W.  MACNEILE  DIXON.  MA.  Litt.D.  TWO  LECTURES 
on  (1!  'THE  ORIGINS  OF  POETRY';  (21  INSPIRATION  IN 
POETRY.'    On  SATURDAYS,  June  2,  9. 

Subscription  (to  Non-MeinbcrsI  to  all  Courses  of  Lectures  (extending 
from  Christmas  to  Midsummer!.  Two  Guineas.  Subscription  to  a 
si  nek'  Course  of  Lectures  One  Guinea,  or  Haifa-Guinea,  according  to 
the  length  of  the  Course.  Tickets  issued  Daily  at  the  Institution,  or 
-sent  by  i>ost  on  receipt  of  Cheque  or  Post-Office  Order. 

Members  may  purchase  not  less  than  Three  Single  Lecture  Tickets, 
available  for  anv  Afternoon  Lecture,  for  Half  a  Guinea. 

The  FRIDAY  EVENING  MEETINGS  will  be  RESUMED  on 
APRIL  27,  at  9  r.M..  when  Prof.  JOHN  W.  GREGORY  will  give  a 
Discourse  on  'ORE  DEPOSITS  AM)  THEIR  DISTRIBUTION  IN 
DEPTH.'  Succeeding  Discourses  will  prolwblv  be  given  by  the  Hon. 
CHARLES  A.  PARSONS.  Prof.  J.  H.  POYNT1NG,  Prof. "ARTHUR 
SCHUSTER.  Mr.  LEONARD  HILL  Prof.  H.  MOISSAN,  Prof.  Sir 
JAMES  DEWAR,  and  other  Gentlemen.  To  these  Meetings 
Members  and  their  Friends  onlv  are  admitted. 

Persons  desirous  of  becoming  Members  are  requested  to  apply  to  the 
SECRETARY.  When  proixised  they  are  immediately  admitted  to  all 
the  Lectures,  to  the  Friday  Evening  Meetings,  and  to  the  Library  and 
Reading  Rooms  ;  and  their  Families  are  admitted  to  the  Lectures  at 
a  reduced  charge.  Payment :  First  Year.  Ten  Guineas  ;  afterwards, 
Five  Guineas  a  Year ;  or  a  comiiosition  of  Sixty  Guineas. 


ON  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  HIBBERT 
TRUST.-Prof.  FRANZ  CUHOKT.  of  the  University  of  Qand, 
■will  give  THREE  PUBLIC  LECTURES  in  MANCHESTER 
COLLEGE.  OXFORD,  on  THE  RELIGIONS  OF  THE  EAST  IN 
ROMAN  PAGANISM.1  MONDAY,  April  30.  WEDNESDAY,  May  2, 
t'RIDAY,  May  4,  at  5  p.m.     The  Lectures  will  be  delivered  in  French. 


$0cietus. 


THE  FOLK  -  LORE  SOCIETY.  —  The  NEXT 
MEETING  of  the  SOCIETY  Will  he  held  at  22.  ALBEMARLE 
STREET,  PICCADILLY,  on  WEDNESDAY,  April  2.1,  at  X  p.m.. 
■when  Mr.  W.  L.  HIIDBURGH  will  Exhibit,  and  read  a  Descriptive 
Paper  on,  a  Collection  of  Spanish  Amulets  in  his  possession  :  and  a 
Paper  on  'THE  SCAPEGOAT  IN  EUROPE'  will  be  read  by  Mr. 
N.W.THOMAS.  F.  A.  MILNE,  Secretary. 

11,  Old  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn.  April  12,  190U. 


ROYAL        LITERARY         FUND 
(For  the  Assistance  of  Authors  and  their  Families). 
His  Excellency  the  Hon.  WHITELAW  REID,  American  Ambassador, 
Will  take  the  Chair 
At  the  116th  ANNIVERSARY, 
At  the  WHITEHALL  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLE, 
On  THURSDAY,  May  10,  at  7  for  7.30  p.m.  precisely. 
This  la  the  only  occasion  in  the  year  when  an  appeal  is  made  to  the 
Public,  and  the  Committee  earnestly  invite  donations  in  aid  of  the 
work  of  the  Fund. 

Early  replies  (before  APRIL  301  are  respectfully  requested  from 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen  invited  to  he  Stewards.  Acceptance  of  a 
Stewardship  does  not  involve  any  obligation  beyond  thai  mentioned 
in  the  invitation,  nor  does  it  necessarily  entail  attendance  at  the 
Dinner.    Donations  will  lie  gratefully  acknowledged  bv  the  Secretary, 

A.  LLEWELYN  ROBERTS.' 
40,  Denison  House,  298,  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road.  S.W. 


0 


exhibitions. 


LD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 

SPRING   EXHIBITION  Includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 


traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  Scho.il  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  Jamess  Square, 


(Bbncational. 


PRIVATE  TUITION.-  Rev.  J.  F.  RICHARDS, 
M  \  lulliol.  Fint-Olaas  Classical  Hods,  and  Greats  PREPARES 
PUPILS  for  the  UNIVERSITIES  and  other  HIGHER  EXAMINA 
TIONS.    Seaside.— The  Manor.  Bishopstone,  neat  Lewes, 

FOLKESTONE.  —WOODLANDS  PREPARA- 
TORY SCHool,  Individual  Teaching— Rev  H  T  I  OOGGIri 
M.A.Cantab.,  formerly  House  -  Master,  University  College  School' 
Loudon. 


B 


EDFORD      COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

(University  of  London!, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET    W. 
1  he  EASTER  TERM  begins  on  THURSDAY,  April  2tf,  1906. 
The  College  provides  instruction  for  Students  preparing  foi    the 

University  of  London  Degrees  in  Arts,  Science,  and  Preliminary 
Medicine  ;  also  instruction  in  subjects  of  General  Education. 

There  is  a  Hygiene  Department  and  an  Art  School. 

Students  can  reside  in  the  College. 

ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS. 

ONE  CLIFTCOURTAULD  SCHOLARSHIP  IN  ARTS.  Value 
317.  10s.  First  Year.  2s!.  7s.  Second  and  Third  Years  ; 

ONE  PFEIFFER  SCHOLARSHIP  IN  SCIENCE.  Annual  value, 
4Sf..  tenable  for  Three  Years  : 

ONE  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIP  in  ARTS,  annual  value  40?.. 
tenable  for  Three  Years  : 

ONE  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIP  in  SCIENCE,  annual  value  607., 
tenable  for  Three  Years  ; 

Will  tie  awarded  on  the  results  of  Examination  to  be  held  in  JUNE. 

Fnll  particulars  on  application  to  the  PRINCIPAL  Deiiartruent  for 
Professional  Training  in  Teaching. 

Students  are  admitted  to  the  Training  Course  in  October  and 
January. 

The  Course  includes  full  preparation  for  the  Examinations  for  the 
Teaching  Diplomas  granted  by  the  Universities  of  London  anil 
Cambridge. 

TWO  DECCAN  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of  the  value  of  2B.  10s.,  and 
one  Scholarship  of  the  value  of  207..  will  be  offered  for  the  Session 
beginning  OCTOBER,  1908.  Candidates  must  hold  a  Degree,  or  an 
equivalent. 

Applications  should  reach  the  HEAD  of  the  TRAINING  DEPART- 
MENT not  later  than  JULY  2,  1906. 

piVIL    SERVICE    COMMISSION.  —  FORTH - 

\J  COMING  EXAMINATION. -SECOND  CLASS  ASSISTANT 
ACCOUNTANTS  in  the  ARMY  ACCOUNTS  DEPARTMENT,  and 
EXAMINERS  in  the  EXCHEQUER  and  AUDIT  DEPARTMENT 
118-201.  MAY 24.  The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications 
can  tie  received.  They  must  be  made  on  forms,  to  lie  obtained,  with 
particulars,  from  the  SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission,  Bur- 
lington Gardens,  London,  W. 

ROYAL  HOLLO  WAY  COLLEGE  for  WOMEN. 
Universitv  of  London. 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS. -TEN  ENTRANCE  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS from  507.  to  607..  and  several  BURSARIES  of  307.,  tenable  for 
Three  V  ears  at  the  College,  will  be  awarded  on  the  results  of  an 
EXAMINATION  to  lie  held  from  JULY  2  to  JULY  7,  1906.  Names 
mu6t  tie  entered  before  JUNE  1.  The  College  prepares  Students  for 
London  Degrees  and  also  for  Oxford  Honour  Examinations.  Inclusive 
fee  907.  a  year.— For  forms  of  entry  and  further  particulars  apply  to 
the  6ECRETARY,  Royal  Holloway  College,  EEglefield  Green,  Surrey. 


/CRYSTAL    PALACE    COMPANY'S    SCHOOL 

\J  OF  PRACTICAL  ENGINEERING.  Principal— J.  W.  WILSON. 
MICE.  M.I. ME.  The  SECOND  TERM  of  the  THIRTY-FOURTH 
YEAR  will  OPEN  on  THURSDAY.  April  26.  New  Students  should 
present  themselves  at  the  School  on  the  previous  day  for  Examination 
between  10  i.n.  and  1  p.m.— Prospectus  forwarded  on  application  to 
THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE  COMPANY. 
Crystal  Palace,  S.E 

DRESDEN  COLLEGE,  EASTBOURNE.— 
High-class  modern  Education  for  GENTLEMEN'S  DAUGH- 
TERS. Unique  advantages  for  Languages,  Music,  Art.  Special 
arrangements  to  include  some  time  in  DRESDEN  or  FLORENCE.— 
Apply  PRINCIPALS. 

PRINCIPAL  of  high-class  SCHOOL  for 
GENTLEMEN'S  DAUGHTERS  will  RECEIVE  TWO  PUPII-S. 
and  KG  STUDENT,  to  be  trained  at  half  fees.  W.  England  health 
resort.— Miss  W.,  Kingswood,  Parkstone,  Dorset. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


riHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froeliel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

GOTHA,  GERMANY.— Comfortable  and  refined 
HOME  for  GIRLS  and  LADIES,  also  small  BOYS,  in  the 
house  of  Friiulein  METZEROTH  I  Diploma),  13,  WaltershftHserstr.. 
Gotha.  Recommended  by  first-class  English  Families.  Exceptional 
Educational  Advantages:  Linenaecs.  Music,  opi>ortunity  to  learn 
German  perfectly.    Terms,  47   10s,  per  month. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  ui»m  or  semi  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITA8,  TflRING  &  CO.. 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  nave  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
lending  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Sir.  TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Hcid  Master  o   Uppingham.  "■'>■  Saokvillc  street.  London  W 


M 


Situations   Vacant. 

OWBRAY     PUBLIC    UNDENOMINA- 
TIONAL school.  CAPE  COLONY. 

HEAD  MASTER  WANTED 
Applications  arc  invited  f,,r  the  ]«"t  of  HEAD  MASTER  to  the 
MoS\BRAY  PUBLIC  UNDENOMINATIONAL  SCHOOL  in  course 
of  erection  and  to  be  opened  on  JULY  is,  1908,  on  which  date  chosen 
applicant  will  be  required  to  take  up  duties  Application*  to  state 
age,  experience,  and  qualification*,  The  possession  hy  Candidates  of  ■ 
University  Degree  will  be  considered  an  advantage.  Commencing 
Salary  linclusive)  3301.  per  annum.     First  class  passage  will  Ih  i 

IUI  'Vssful    HI  HI 

For  fnll  details  regarding  school  apply  to  THE  EDUCATION 
SECRETARY',  Smith  African  <  olnniaatlon  Bo  lety,  17.  Vi.  tnris  Street 
s.w„  to  whom  applications  should  !»■  sent  not  later  than  aPrh. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


N 


0  T  I  C  E 


O  F 


REMOVAL. 


EDW.  G.  ALLEN  4  SON'S  LIBRARY  AGENCY,  on  and  after 
MAY  9.  will  be  REMOVED  t'r.iui  28,  Henrietta  Street.  Covent  Garden 
to  KING  EDWARD  MANSIONS.  212a.  SHAFTESBURY  AVENUE! 
where  all  communications  after  that  date  should  be  addressed 

EDW.  G.  ALLEN  4  SON.  Ltd. 


TMRKENHEAD   EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


GIRLS  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  AND  PUPIL-TEACHER 
CENTRE. 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  imsition  of  HEAD  MISTRESS  of 
the  GIRLS'  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  to  lie  owned  at  Midsummer 
next,  and  to  which  will  tie  attached  a  Girls'  Pupil-Teacher  Centre. 
Commencing  Salary  ■'.'Ml.  per  annum,  rising  by  annual  increments  of 
157.  to  tSSL  lier  annum. 

Canvassing  Members  of  the  Committee  will  be  considered  a  dis- 
qualification. Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  the 
appointment,  together  with  a  Form  of  Application,  which  must  be 
returned  by  APRIL  30,  may  tie  obtained  from 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 
Town  Hall.  Birkenhead.  April  4,  1906. 


c 


0   U   N   T   Y        OF        LONDON. 


The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  appoint 
ment  to  the  undermentioned  ]msts  at  the  L.C.C.  RESIDENTIAL 
AND  DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN  ELEMENT\RV 
TEACHERS.  Avery  Hill,  Eltham,  S.E.,  which  will  be  opened  in 
OtTOBER.  Utor.:— 

1.  RESIDENT  VICE-PRINCIPAL  and  TEACHER  OF  METHOD. 
Logic,  Psychology,  and  the  History  and  Theory  of  Education.  Salary 
2007.  a  year,  with  Board  and  Lodging. 

2.  RESIDENT  SCIENCE  MISTRESS  .Chemistrv.  Physics,  and 
Botany),  Salary  1B07.  a  year,  with  Board  and  Lodging.  Experience 
in  the  independent  management  of  a  Laboratory  is  essential 

::.  HISTORY  AND  GEOGRAPHY  MISTRESS  (resident  or  non- 
resident). Salary  1301.  a  year  with  Board  and  Lodging,  or  KM.  a  year 
without. 

a,  MISTRESS  OF  DRAWING  AND  NATURE  STUDY  inon- 
resident'.    Salary  1H07.  a  rear. 

.-..  MATHEMATICS  MISTRESS  .resident  or  non-resident'.  Salary 
1301.  a  year  with  Board  and  Lodging,  or  1601.  a  vear  without 

(i.  MODERN  LANGUAGES  MISTRESS  .English  and  French'. 
[resident  or  non-resident).  Salary  1207.  a  year  with  Board  and 
Lodging,  or  1501.  a  year  without  Applicants  must  be  able  to  teach 
French  orally.    A  Knowledge  of  Latin  is  desirable. 

For  each  of  the  above  |x>sts  except  No.  4  the  possession  of  a  Degree 
lor  equivalent)  is  essential.  All  Members  of  the  Staff  must  be 
qualified  to  supervise  the  practice  of  the  Students  in  Elementary 
Schools.  In  ttie  case  of  jiosts  3  to  6,  preference  will  be  given  U> 
Applicants  who  have  experience  in  organizing  Games.  Resident 
Mistresses  will  be  expected  to  take  i*rt  in  the  social  life  of  the 
College.  Members  of  the  Staff  may  lie  required  to  teach  other 
Subjects  in  which  they  possess  the  requisite  knowledge. 

Successful  Candidates  will  be  required  to  take  up  their  duties  after 
the  Summer  Holidays. 

Applications  should  In'  made  on  the  official  form,  to  lie  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council.  Education  offices. 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C.,  to  whom  tliev  must  tie  returned  not. 
later  than  10  a.m.  on  MONDAY,  May  7, 1906,  accompanied  by  copies 
of  three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  Candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee,  will  be  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,    cither    directly    or    indirectly,   will    tie  considered  a 
disqualification. 
G 

Education  Orti 


G.  1.   GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 
Bices,  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 

pOLLKiiK       OF       PRECEPTORS, 

\J  BLoo.MSHURY  SQUARE.  W.C. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  of  PRECEPTORS  will  shortly 
proceed  to  the  appointment  of  additional  EXAMINERS  i,, 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE,  ENGLISH  HISTORY,  SCRIPTURE 
HISTORY,  GEOGRAPHY.  FRENCH,  and  GERMAN.  Candidates 
must  Ik-  Graduates,  and  should  have  bad  experience  in  Teaching. 
Applications  (Twenty  Copiesl,  stating  Age,  Degree,  experience  in 
Teaching  and  Examining,  kc,  sVnuld  be  addressed  to  THE  D  E  \N 
OF  THE  COLLEGE  not  later  than  MAY  SI.  If  Testimonials  arc 
sent,  they  should  tie  not  more  than  Three  in  number,  and  Twenty 
Copies  of  each  should  he  forwarded. 

c  R  HODGSON,  B.A.,  Set  retary. 


kJ 


[OUTH 


WESTERN      POLYTECHN  K\ 

MANRESA  ROAD.  CHELSEA, 


The  GOVERNING  BODY  invite  applications  for  the  following 
TEACHERSHIPS  in  the  SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL  for  BOYS 
and  GIRLS.  (11  \  TEACHER,  with  special  qualifications  iii 
FRENCH  and  GERMAN,  at  ■  commencing  Salary  of  1801.  f2'  A 
FORM  MASTER,  at  I  commencing  Salary  of  1001 

Forms  of  application  [which  must  Ik-  returned  by  10  cm   on  M  \\ 
and  further  particulars,  maj  he  obtained  from  the  SECRETARY. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  H.\<  1     BAKER  STREET.  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  atK.ut    to  appoint    a    LVOV  u   SECRET  M!V. 
Applications,    with    Testimonials,    to   Ik-   sent    by   MAY'   4   to  the 
SECRETARY,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained'. 


B 


0  R  O  U  <J  H       OF       BR  0  M  L  E  Y. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 
CLERK  to  the  I  DM M UTTER  REQUIRED,  with  nrevioui  ■ 

in.  e  in  the  administration  of  Elementary  and  Higher  Education. 
Commencing  Salarj 

Preference  will  be  given  to  applicants  between  SO  and  tOyeari  of  age. 
Applications,    stating    age.  exiierience,   and   qualifications,    icpuni- 

panied  by  three  Testimonials  of  recent  date.  t..  !»•  sent  by  Tl  I  <|i  VV. 

Maj  1   addressed  to  lb.  Ull  \li;\l  x\  of  Till:  EDUCATION  C"M 

MITTEE,  vridmoft  House   Biomlcy,  Kent, 


460 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°  409.5,  April  21,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 

• — • 

REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART  BY  THE 
AUTOTYPE  PERMANENT  PROCESS. 

Amongst  the  numerous  Publications  may  be  mentioned  :— 
SELECTIONS  from 

The  NATIONAL  GALLERY,  London. 

The  WALLACE  COLLECTION. 

The  TATE  GALLERY. 

The  WALKER  ART  GALLERY,  Liverpool. 
DRAWINGS  by  HOLBEIN  from  the  Royal 

Collection,  Windsor  Castle. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A. 

The  Principal  Works  by  this  Master. 

SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of   Sacred    Art 

from  various  Collections. 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 

DRAWINGS  by  ALBERT  DURER. 

PICTURES  from  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 
BOURG, PARIS. 

Prospectuses  of  above  Issues  will  he  sent  free  on  application. 


Fttll  particulars  of  all  the  Company'*  Publications 
are  given  in 

THE      AUTOTYPE      FINE  -  ART 

CATALOGUE,.  Now  ready,  Enlarged  Edition,  with 
Hundreds  of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks 
of  Notable  Autographs.  For  convenience  of  reference 
the  Publications  are  arranged  Alphabetically  under 
Artists'  Names.    Post  free,  One  Shilling. 

A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 
74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


TUTOR  WANTED  for  BOY  of  9.— GENTLE- 
MAN as  TUTOR ;  must  be  young ;  highly  educated ;  lin- 
guistic attainments,  especially  French ;  fond  of  out-door  games  ; 
able  to  ride  horse-hack;  good  manners;  unexceptionable  references 
as  to  character  and  disposition.  Liheral  Salary.  —  Apply,  first 
instance.  )>y  letter,  to  Box  1108,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream  s  Build- 
ings, Chancery  Lane.  E.C 


Situations   WianUb. 

ERENCH  STUDENT  of  History  and  Economics 
iLicencie  es  Lettres.  Paris',  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
English  and  German,  seeks  n  small  REMUNERATIVE  SITUATION 
in  Literary  Review  or  the  like.— Write  G.  G.,  46,  Highbury  Park,  N. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT  WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
MSS.  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling.  Indexing, 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum.  &c.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature.  —  ERNEST  A. 
Vl/.ETELLY,  4.",  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C. 


AS  SECRETARY  or  FOREIGN  CORRE- 
SPONDENT —LADY  desires  AFTERNOON  EMPLOYMENT, 
in  Literary  capacity  preferred.  Qualified  Shorthand  Typist,  good 
French  and  German.  Exi>erienced.— Box  1106.  Athenaeum  Press, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHERS  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T..  Box  1070,  Athenaeum  Pres3, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


TTINERANT    BOOK    HUNTER    (manv    years' 

JL  experience' desires  ADDITIONAL  COMMISSIONS.  Specialities 
include  Autographs.  Relics  of  famous  Libraries.  Bibliographical 
Works.  &c— ANDREW  DE  TERNANT.  20.  Gateley  Road.  Stockwell. 

THE  DIRECTOR  of  the  WHITECHAPEL 
ART  GALLF.RY  would  be  pleased  to  RECOMMEND  a  respect- 
able SINGLE  MAN.  age  88,  as  CURATOR,  HALL  FORTER,  4c— 
Address  F.  KNAPP.  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery.  London,  E. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing.  Encycloitfwlic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship.  Classics.  French.  German.  Italian. 
Spanish.  Anglo-Saxon.  S]>ecial  subjects  :  Mythology  and  Literature. 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— Miss  SELBY,  O,  Talbot  Road.  W 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press,  1",  Bream's  Build- 
ings, Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


iKisttllantons. 


ADVERTISER  seeks  COLLABORATION  in 
IMAGINATIVE  LITERARY  WORK  with  Lady  or  Gentleman. 
— CHERCHKUR.  Box  1089,  Athenaeum  Press.  13,  Breams  Buildings, 
Chancer}"  Lane,  E.C. 


MSS.—  MKSSRS.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  JACK, 
ML  Henrietta  Street,  Corent  Garden,  London,  invite 
WRITKIIS  to  send  them  MSS.  "f  ORIGINAL  STORIES  (I'  for 
lion  of  io  14.  addressed  to  Mr.  JOHN  LANG.  Boys'  Editor;  |£  For 
Girls  of  1014.  addressed  to  Mrs.  JOHN  LANG.  Girls'  Editor;  (31  For 
i  hil, Inn  of  S-10.  addressed  to  Mrs.  L'»1'EV  (  HISHOLM.  Children's 
Editor  ;  extent  40,000  to  M.000  words.  All  MSS.  Iwhicfa  should  l~-  sent 
in  any  time  before  SEPTEMBER  SO— Type-written  preferred'  will  be 
:..  knowiedged,  and  returned  if  not  suitable. 

TRAINING    for    PRIVATE    SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.— Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat. 
Sci.  Tripos'.  Ma.  Conduit  Street.  Bond  Street.  London,  W. 


&Xr$t-WLtiUts. 


TYPE-WRITING.  — AUTHORS'  MSS.  of  all 
kinds  carefully  TYPE  -  WRITTEN  at  moderate  Charges. 
Accuracy  guaranteed.  Knowledge  of  French,  German,  and  Italian. 
—A.  U.  BOWMAN.  74.  Lirnes  Avenue.  New  Southgate,  N. 


AUTHORS'  MSS.,  9cf.  per  1,000  words. 
SERMONS,  PLAYS.  ENVELOPES,  and  all  kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home  (Remingtonl.  Good  paper.  Orders  promptly  exe- 
cuted—M.  L.  L..  7,  Vernon  Road ;  now  known  as  18,  Edgeley  Road, 
Clapham,  8.W. 

TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-Writing'. 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 

TYPE- WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages'.  Research.  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Adelphi,  W.C. 

TYPE- WRITING.  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAYS.  &■'..  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  per  1.000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7.  Corona  'V  Qlas, 
Pinner  Road,  narrow. 

AUTHORS'  MSS. .  NOVELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy.  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carl«on  Comes  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlhank,  Rox borough  Road.  Harrow 


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^aUs  bu  Ruction. 


THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTIONS. 

The  Third  and  Final  Portion  of  the  Collection  of  Engravings 

ami  Drawings. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  18,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MONDAY,  April  -i:.  and  Five  Following 
Davs.  at  1  o'clock  precisely  (by  order  of  the  Executor*,  the 
THIRD  and  CONCLUDING  PORTION  of  the  valuable  COL- 
LECTION of  ENGRAVINGS  and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late 
EDWIN  TRUMAN.  Esq..  M.R.C.S..  The  Home  Field.  Putney  Hill. 
S.W..  eomprisinic  Topographical  Views,  many  relating  to  London 
—Mezzotints  of  Fancy  Subjects— an  extensive  Collection  of  Early 
Engraved  Portraits,  mostly  English  Historical  Prints— Mezzotint 
Portraits,  tc— also  Drawings  by  Old  Masters— Water-Colour  and  other 
Drawings,  principally  of  the  English  School— a  large  number  of  the 
Works  of  George  shepheard.  in< -lulling  a  Scries  of  lii»  <  rrigin&l  Sketch- 
Books— a  few  Framed  Engravings,  Drawings,  and  Oil  Paintings. 
May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Library  of  the  late  Per.  Bon.  STEPHEN  W. 
LAWLEY ;  the  Library  of  AITIIUH  RAM,  Esq., 
deceased  ;  the  Libram  of  the  Hon.  Sirs.  SKEFF1NGTON 
SMYTH,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  nt  their  House.  No  1 S,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY,  April  :tn.  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely.  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  including 
the  LlltRARYof  the  late  Rev.  lion.  STEPHEN  W.  LAWLEV 
Spurfield.  Evminster  (sold  by  Order  of  the  Executrix) ;  the  LIBRARY 
of  ARTHUR  RAM.  E«|.  i  deceased' ;  the  LIBRARY  of  G.  P.  WALL, 
Esq..  of  Sheffield  ;  the  PROPERTY  of  the  Hon.  Mm.  8KEFFINGTON 
SMYTH. Busbridge  Hall.  Go.lalming ;  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY 
removed  from  "  The  Salterns. "  Parkst one.  Dorset  Isold  by  Order  of 
the  Executrix  of  the  late  CAPTAIN  BUTTS,  comprising  a  Fine 
Uncut  Copv  of  the  First  Edition  of  Poetical  Sketches  bv  W.  RHakel 
Kelmscott "Chaucer—  and  Fine  Works  on  Art— and  OTHER  PROPER- 
TIES, comprising  valuable  Books  in  all  branches  of  Literature — 
Illustrated  Works  —  Books  on  the  Fine  Arts  — First  Editions  of 
Modern  Authors— Rare  and  Valuable  Early  Printed  Books— Numis- 
matic. Hi-torical,  Archaeological,  and  Architectural  Works— several 
Illuminated  Manuscripts— Costume— Poetical  Works— French  Publi- 
cations—Tracts—Books Illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  "Phiz,"  and  others- 
— scarce  and  valuable  Theological  Works.  Ac. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M1 


The  valuable  Collection  of  Coins  of  LADY  BUCKLEY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington. 
Street.  Strand.  W.C.  on  FRIDAY,  May  4.  and  Following  Day.  at 
1  o'clock  precisely,  the  \aluable  COLLECTION  of  ENGLISH 
HAMMERED  and  MILLED  COINS,  the  IVojierty  of  LADY 
BUCKLEY,  F.R.N.S.,  comprising,  amongst  other  rarities.  William 
Pennv  of  Bath— Philip  and  Marv  Ansel — lames  I.  Thirty-Shilling  and 
Fifteen-Shilling  Pieces— Charles  I.  Oxford  Three-Pound  Piece.  1644. 
Oxon.— Commonwealth  Pattern  Half-Crown.  byBriot,  1051— Charles  II. 
Proof  Crown.  1662.  without  Rose,  plain  edge  — William  III.  Proof 
Crown.  1895  —  George  II.  Proof  Five-Guinea  l*iece.  17:11— 
George  III.  Pattern  Five  and  Two  Guinea  Pieces,  by  Yeo  and  Tanner, 
and  Pattern  Five  Pound  Piece,  by  Pistrucci.  1S20— George  IV.  Pattern 
Crown,  bv  Mills,  1S20.  the  rare  variety  with  neck-tii — William  IV. 
"Triil"  Piece,  by  W.  Wyon.  struck  m.Kin  a  Crown  Flan,  with  Small 
Head  as  upon  the  Half -Crown  —  Victoria  "  International'  Gold 
Patterns  on  the  "  Decimal''  System,  &c— British  Mnmismatic  Works. 
May  !»'  viewed  two  days  prior.     Illustrate  i  Catalogues  may  I*-  had. 

THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTION. 

The  Collection  of  the  Works  of  George  Cniikshank. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
vill  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington. 
Street.  Strand.  W.C..'  on  MONDAY.  May  7.  and  Five  Following  Days, 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  the  WORKS  of  GEORGE 
CRUIKSHANK.  the  Property  of  the  late  EDWIN  TRUMAN,  Esq.. 
M.R.C.S.,  The  Home  Field.  Putney  Hill.  S.W. 

May  l>e  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogues  may  l>e  had.  A  small 
number  of  large  and  fine-paper  illustrate,!  topics  will  In-  published, 
price  half-a-guinea  each. 

The  important  Series  of  Roman  Rronze  Coins,  the  Property 
of  the  late  C.  E.  MACKERKLL,  Esq. 

ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

IM.  will  SELL  hy  AUCTION",  nt  their  House.  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W.C."  on  WEDNESDAY.  May  16,  and  Two  Following 
Davs  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  important  SERIES  of  ROMAN 
BRONZE  COINS,  and  a  lew  GREEK  SILVER  COINS,  collected  by 
the  late  C.  E.  MACKERELL  Esq.,  F.R.N.S.  Isold  hy  order  of  the- 

May  be  viewed  t  wo  days  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  1*  had. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms.  Kinc  Street,  St.  James's 
Spuare,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY.  April  23,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  DRAWINGS,  the  Projierty  of  a  LADY  uleceasedi,  the  Property  of 
Mrs.  EMMA  FINCH  (deceasedl.  and  others. 

On  TUESDAY.   April  24,    ENGRAVINGS  of 

the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL 

On  WEDNESDAY.  April  25,  a  COLLECTION 

of  BOOKS  AUTOGRAPHS,  and  MANUSCRIPTS  from  the  Libraries 
of  HARRY  QUILTER.  Esq.,  42.  Queen's  Gate  Gardens.  W.. 
W.  RALL  Esq..  .'.P..  of  Hillside.  Strood.  Rochester,  and  from  various 
sources,  including  the  French  Official  Account  of  the  Battle  of 
Trafalgar  and  imtiortant  Bums  Letters. 

On    WEDNESDAY,    April    25,    OBJECTS    of 

VERTU,  ENGLISH  and  FOREIGN  COINS. 

On  THURSDAY,   April  26,  OLD   ENGLISH 

SILVER  PLATE  of  G.  H.  TOD  HEATLY.  Esq.  [deceased'. 

On  FRIDAY,  April  27,  FRENCH  DECORA- 
TIVE OBJECTS  and  SCULPTURE  of  J.  R.  LORENT.  Esq. 
(deceased.;  OLD  FRENCH  GOLD  SNUFF-BOXES,  the  Property  of 
a  GENTLEMAN;  and  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  G.  H.  TOD 
HEATLY.  Esq.  (deceased'. 

On   SATURDAY,  April  28,  choice  MODERN 

PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  J.  R. 
IORKNT.  Esq.;  important  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS,  the- 
Purperty  of  the  late  JULIAN  SENIOR.  Esq..  and  others. 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


467 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books,  including  Duplicate*  from  the 
Library  of  the  late  UEXRY  SOTUERAX,  Esq.,  and  a 
Selection  from  an  Old  Library  (removed  from  Scotland), 
the  Property  of  a  Lady. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Kooms,  118,  Chancery  Lane,  W.(j.«» 
WEDNESDAY,  April  23,  ami  Two  Following  Days,  valuable  Mlh- 
OELLsNKOUN  HOOKS,  comprising  Nash »  Mansions  of  Lngland, 
Laree  Paper,  4  vols.,  and  other  Kolio  Architectural  and  Antiquarian 
iSokh  -  Bacinet,  L'Ornement  Polychrome  -  Audsley  and  Bowes, 
Keramlc  Art  of  Japan,  2  «fe-Tuervj  Bartolozzi,  Large  Paper.  2  vols 
.,„,)  other  Fine- Art  and  Illustrated  Books  -  Howlani  son  8  Loyal 
YolunCrs,  uncut- Ackermartn's  Microcosm,  Original  Edition  S  vols 
and  other  Books  with  Coloured  Plates-Issues  from  the  Kelmscott, 
Dovet  ami  oTher  Modern  Pressc«-Shelley's  Adonais,  First  Edition, 
P?^  l A -Tennyson's  Poems.  First  Edition.  1KB -Heath's  Plek- 
wicki  iii'lllustrntioiis  and  others  illustrated  by  Cruikshank.  Aiken, 
>c  -Books  in  Old  English  Literature,  including  the  rare  Firs*  Two 
Volumes  of  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy,  in  the  original  half-binding, 
ent  re  y  uncut,  THE  PKoPERTY  OF  A  LADY  ;  a  Collection  of  Early 
Printodund  Black  letter  Books,  and  Sixteenth-Century  Editions  of  the 
Classics,  i-onsigned  from  Paris- 


-a  Folio  Volume  of  rare  Pieces  relating 


to  Virginia,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  Georgia.  &c,  i744-7:i-a  Complete 
Set  of  the  SiirteesSocietv's  Publications.  Ill  vols.,  anil  a  fine  Set  of  the 
Annual  Register  to  ISO*  137  vols -Library  Editions  of  Sliakespcare. 
Pepvs  Fielding.  Burke.  Scott.  Dickens.  Thackeray.  George  Eliot, 
Conan  Doyle,  and  others,  many  in  handsome  calf  and  morocco 
bindings-  also  two  extremely  interesting  Manuscript  Volumes, 
comprising  Letters  and  Orders  written  or  received  by  Admiral  Darby, 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Channel  Fleet,  17S1-2. 

To  bo  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 

Early  Printed  Books  ami  rare  First  Editions,  including  a 
Library  consigned  from  Abroad. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
bv  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C..  on 
MONDAY,  April  :!0,  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  ALl 
tBLK  BOOKS,  including  Leo  Magnus.  Sermones,  M7U--  Alliertus 
Trottu's  De  Perfecto  Clenco,  147.">—  llraithwa.it  |R,),  Time's  I  iirtame 
Drawne  1821— Caesar  (J.l,  Oommentarii,  1477— Cowpers  Olney  Hymns, 
First  Edition-Estienne,  La  Maison  Rustique,  1.17«  -Gays  Fables, 
•>vols  First  Editions— Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  Inst  Edition, 
fn  original  calf— White's  Natural  History  of  Seltiorne.  First  Edition— 
<4uido  de  Monte  Kocharii,  Hanipules  Curatorum,  147h  Lactantius. 
Venice  1472  — Lilly's  Sixe  Court  Comedies.  163a—  Malton  s  Mews  o] 
Dublin,  Coloured  Plates-Milton  I.T.I,  <  olastcrion,  1645-  NuremlM >rg 
Chronicle  14H3— Orosius  Historise,  1471— Pascal,  Li's  Provinciales,  1  irst 
Edition,  Jen-Record's  Castle  of  Knowledge.  1558-  Bartons  Maps, 
i«4B— Scarron's  Uomical  Romance,  1878  —  Shakespeare s  Works  by 
Howe  6  vols  old  morocco  gilt  -Shepherd's  Kalendar.  1631—  Vt  ither  s 
Rmhlemes  1635— fine  illuminated  MSS.  on  Vellum,  with  Miniatures, 
a  unique  Early  English  MS.,  rare  early  printed  Tracts  and  Pamphlets, 
and  many  other  interesting  items. 

Catalogues  on  application. ^__ 

WILLIS'S  ROOMS,  KINO  STREET.  ST.  J  AMES. S  SQUARE,  S.W. 

Without  Reserce.-The  LAXGWELL  COLLECT 10X  of  Old 
Chinese  Works  of  Art,  by  direction  of  John  Leeehman 
Taulor,  Esq.,jun.,  Chartered  Accountant,  115,  St.  Vincent 
Street,  Glasgow,  Judicial  Factor  of  the  Estate  of  George 
Louden  Watson,  appointed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Scot- 

MflESSRS. ROBINSON  &  EISHER  are  instructed 
to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms,  as  above,  on  THURSDAY  NEXT. 
April  31.  and  Following  Day.  at  1  o'clock  precisely  each  day.  the 
■SECOND  PORTION  of  this  imiwrtant  and  valuable  «  OLLM  Hon, 
comprising  Carvings  in  Jade,  Crystal.  Amethyst,  Cornelian,  ami 
other  Hard  Stone,  some  hue  Specimens  of  Blue-end- White,. 
Enamelled,  and  Whole  Colour  Porcelain,  Beautiful  Bronzes,  and  other 
interesting  Items.  . 

May  be  viewed  three  days  prior,  and  t  ataloguc 
TAYLOR  *  MACINTOSH.  Chartered  Accountants 
street  Glasgow  ;  Messrs.  W.  BAIRI)  h  CO.,  Solicitors.  Mist  Regent 
Street  Glasgow;  Messrs.  CLARK  *  MACDONALD.  S.S.O..  2i.  Hill 
street  Edinburgh ;  Messrs.  BOULTON.  SONS  it  SANDEMAN, 
Solicitors,  21a,  Northampton  Square,  E.C;  and  of  the  AUCTIONEERS, 
at  their  Offices,  as  above. 

Postage  Stamps. 

MESSRS.    OLENDININC;    &  CO.,    Ltd.,   will 
SELL   bv    AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.    7.    Argyll    Street, 
Oxford  Circus,  W.,  on  TUESDAY.  April  24.  and  Foil., win 
4.30    i"n..    a   choice    COLLECTION     of     ENGLISH,     C< 
and  FOREIGN  STAMPS,  in  mil  Lots. 


CAMBKIDGE    UNIVERSITY   PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE  MODERN  HISTORY.    Planned  by  the  late  Lord 

Acton.    Edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  Litt.D.,  G.  W.  Prothero,  Litt.D.,  and  Stanley  Leathes, 
M.A.    In  twelve  volumes. 

Volume  IX  of  this  History  will  be  published  on  Wednesday  next,  the2oth  April. 
The  period  with  which  the  volume  is  concerned  is  indicated  by  its  title  NAPOLEOX. 
The  writers  are  Georges  Pariset,  Professor  of  Modern  History  in  the  University  of 
Nancy  (who  writes  on  the  Consulate  and  on  France  tmder  the  Kmpire) ;  T.  A. 
Walker,  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  H.  W.  Wilson ;  Anton 
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Professor  of  Modem  History  in  the  University  of  Oxford  ;  Eugen  Stschepkin, 
Professor  of  Universal  History  in  the  Imperial  University  of  Odessa  (on  Russia 
under  Alexander  I.  and  the  Invasion  of  1812) ;  Julius  von  Pflugk-Harttung,  formerly 
Professor  of  History  in  the  University  of  Basel  (on  the  War  of  Liberation,  1813-4) ; 
A.  W.  Ward,  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge ;  G.  P.  Gooch,  M.P.  ;  W.  H. 
Hutton,  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  St.  Johns  College,  Oxford  ;  and  H.  E.  Egcrton,  Bei5 
Professor  of  Colonial  History  in  the  Iniversity  of  Oxford. 


had  of  Messrs. 
115,  St.  Vincent 

Solicitors,  Wist  Regent 


if  Day, 


China,  Silrer  Plate,  Pictures,  ,t  <: 

MESSRS.    GLENDININCJ    &   CO.,   Ltd., 
SELL    by   AUCTION,    at    their    Galleries,    7,    Argyll 
iJxford  Circus,  W  .  on  FRIDAY,  April  27,  at  1.30  i 


will 


tied, 
aCOI.LEi  TION 
OF  FINK-ART  PROPERTY,  including'  Paintings  of  the  old  Italian. 
Venetian  and  English  Schools  nine  and-  White  OrientalPorcelain  of 
the  Min*  Period  Sevres  Bus!  of  Marie  Antoinette— Chiming  Grand- 
father and  Bracket  Clocks  Elizabethan  Oak  Chests  —  Worcester, 
Derby,  Rockingham  Porcelain  -  rare  Old  Glass— Pictures  —  G'arden 
-  irnaji'ients  in  Lead— Anti-pie  silver  Plate,  Ac. 


Cttrit. 

MESSRS.  GLENDINING  &  CO.,  Ltd.,  will 
SELL  bv  AL'<  TION.  at  their  Galleries,  7.  Argyll  Street, 
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ihe  British  Numismatic  Society,  comprising  ran-  Pieces,  mostly 
iu  unusually  fine  condition,  admired  during  the  last  twenty  years 
from  Celebrated  Collections 

Medals. 

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SELL  bv  AUCTION  at  their  Galleries  on  TUESDAY,  Mai  I, 
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Violins,  Violoncellos,  «iv. 

MKSSRS.    GLENDINING   k  CO.,   Ltd.,   will 
SELL  by    AUCTION,  at   their   Galleries.    7.    Anrrll    Street, 
Oxford  Circus,  W.  on  FRIDAY.   Mav  4.  a  SPECIAL  COLLECTION 
«f    VIOLINS.    VIOLAS,    VIOLONCELLOS,    Howh.   4c.    including 
Examples    by   Joseph    Guarnerius,    Oaloanus,    Amati,   Uuadagnini, 
r,  and  other  Leading  Makers. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

ICesm.  GLENDINING  k  CO.,  Ltd.  Fine  Art  Auctioneers, 

7,  Argyll  Street.  Oxford  (irons,  W. 


Volume  IX 
Napoleon 

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THE    MATHEMATICAL    THEORY    OF    ELASTICITY.     By 

A.  E.  H.  Love,  M.A.  D.Sc.  F.R.S.  Sedleiau  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  in  the 
University  of  Oxford.    Second  and  revised  edition,  in  one  volume. 

This  book  is  a  second  edition  of  one  with  the  same  title  pu.hli.shed  in  two  volumes 

in  1892  -3.     It  has  been  rewritten  throughout  and  is  in  effect  a  new  book  containing 

Royal  8vo  some  extracts  from  the  old.     In  the  selection,  and  the  mode  of  presentation,  of  the 

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18s  net  and  others  whose  aims  are  chiefly  practical,  to  emphasize  the  bearing  of  the  theory 

of  elasticity  on  general  questions  of  Natural  Philosophy,  and  to  afford  a  reasonably 

complete  picture  of  the  state  of  the  science  as  it  is  to-day. 

HYDRODYNAMICS.   By  Horace  Lamb,  M.A.  LL.D.  D.Sc.  F.R.S., 

Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Victoria  University  of  Manchester.     Third  edition, 
revised. 

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20s  net  amounting  in  all  to  about  one-fifth  of  the  whole. 

THE  LARGER  CAMBRIDGE   SEPTUAGINT   being  The  Old 

Testament  in  Greek  according  to  the  text  of  Codex  Vaticanus,  supplemented  from 
other  Uncial  Manuscripts;  with  a  critical  apparatus  containing  the  variants  of  the 
chief  ancient  authorities  for  the  text  of  the  Septuagint.  Edited  by  A.  E.  Brooke,  B.D., 
Fellow  and  Dean  of  King's  College,  and  N.  McLean,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
University  Lecturer  in  Aramaic. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

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BCOFE8,  BLIDEB,  and  OIlJF.CTIVEfl  -  Telescopes  —  Theodolites— 
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On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Bale, 


For  Magazines,  &c,  see  p.  495. 


Editions  of  the 
Septuagint 


1.  The  smaller: 

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2.  The  larger: 


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For  many  years  past  the  Cambridge  Press  have  hail  in  preparation  an  edition  of 
the  Septuagint  which  endeavours  to  exhibit  the  text  of  one  of  the^reat  uncial  codices 
with  a  precision  corresponding  to  present  knowledge,  together  with  a  full  apparatus 
of  the  variants  of  the  other  MSS.  The  need  was  felt  of  a  text  to  serve  as  a  satisfac- 
tory stand.-ml  of  comparison,  accompanied  by  textual  notes  to  enable  the  student 
at  a  glance  bo  compare  with  his  text  the  results  to  be  gleaned  from  sources  of 
information  already  within  rea<di. 

The  plan  adopted  has  included  the  preparation  of  two  editions,  a  smaller  ami  a. 
larger,  with  a  common  text,  that  of  the  Vatican  MS.  These  editions  differ  in  the 
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Publication  of  the  smaller  edition  began  in  1SS7;  the  work  has  reached  its  third 
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Publication  of  the  larger  edition  is  now  beginning.  Vol.  I.,  to  contain  the OetOfa  uch, 
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4«5S 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


NM095,  April  21,  1906 


CASSELL    &   GOMPANTS    NEW    VOLUMES. 


NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  'A  TRAMP  IN  SPAIN,'  'SLAVERY,'  Ac. 


l'ricc  i;< 


A      TRAMP      CAMP. 

liy  BART  KENNEDY. 

With  H  Dhutntkna 

In  this  volume  tho  author  lias  dived   ti^iin  i»t<»  the  rieh   mine  of  his  tramp  experiences,  find  he 
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With  8  Reproductions  in   Colour  and  32  Illustrations. 

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the  most  part  autobiographically,  of  the  training  of  Mrs.  Forbes  and  her  subsequent  successes. 

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to  be  used,  and  numerous  coloured  examples  are  included.  All  the  difficulties  that  beset  the  beginner 
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N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


471 


SATURDAY,  APRIL  21,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Plays  and  Poems  of  Greene       471 

Emerson's  Works 472 

Thoughts  and  Fancies  on  Love  472 

Ancient  History  of  Egypt        473 

New  Novels  (If  Youth  but  Knew ;  An  American 
Duchess ;  Mr.  Baxter,  Sportsman  ;  Folly ;  Blanche 
Esmead ;  A  Mender  of  Nets ;  The  Triumphs  of 
Kueene  Valmout ;  The  Mistakes  of  Miss  Manisty) 

474—475 

Welsh  Records         ..       475 

sports  and  Pastimes         476 

Local  History 477 

Our  Library  Table  (Through  India  with  the  Prince; 
The  Fleets  of  France  and  Europe  ;  Studies  in 
American  Trade  Unionism  ;  Salted  Almonds  ;  Dic- 
tionary of  Indian  Biography  ;  Morocco  of  To-day ; 

The  "New  Century  Library") 473— 480 

List  of  New  Books 480 

Dr.  Richard  Garnett  ;  The  Misplaced  Leaf  ok 
'Piers  the  Plowman';  International  Con- 
gress of  the  Press  ;  The  Asloan  MS. ;  The 

late  Mr.  G.  E.  Lock 480—482 

Literary  Gossip        482 

Science— The  Cult  of  the  Heavenly  Twins; 
Noteworthy  Families  ;  Research  Notes  ; 
Prof.   Weldon  ;    Societies  ;   Meetings  Next 

Week  ;  Gossip 483—487 

FiMB  Arts— Our  Library  Table  (Seven  Angels  of 
the  Renascence  ;  Beautiful  Women  in  History  and 
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LITERATURE 


The  Plays  and  Poems  of  Robert  Greene. 
Edited,  with  Introductions  and  Notes, 
by  J.  Churton  Collins.  2  vols.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

The  long-heralded  edition  of  Greene's 
'  Plays  and  Poems '  by  Prof.  Churton  Collins 
raised  the  highest  expectations.  As  things 
go  now,  Dyce  with  his  critical  insight  and 
Grosart  with  his  plodding  talent  have 
ceased  to  satisfy  Elizabethan  students. 
A  more  accurate  text,  more  scholarship 
in  commentary,  and  no  little  critical 
courage  in  sifting  the  confused  material 
— all  these  are  conditions  imposed  on  a 
new  editor.  Prof.  Collins  has  never  lacked 
energy,  and  he  has  fought  hard  for  the 
claims  of  scholarship  :  on  these  qualifica- 
tions, among  others  not  less  important, 
we  based  a  hope  that  at  last  we  should 
have  an  edition  of  this  difficult  writer 
which  would  be  final  in  every  reasonable 
sense. 

Prof.  Collins  cannot  be  charged  with  an 
excess  of  enthusiasm  in  this  venture. 
There  are  signs  of  weariness  in  the  attempt 
to  correct  and  improve  upon  his  prede- 
cessors. Thrice  in  his  short  preface  he  tells 
the  reader  of  "pains"  unspared  and  "time 
and  trouble  bestowed  " — more,  indeed, 
than  he  "  cares  to  remember  "  ;  and  he 
half  fears  that  all  is  inl  rrj  4>aKV  pvpov. 
This,  in  ordinary  circumstances,  might 
be  modesty  ;  when  read  with  the  whole 
editorial  context,  it  is  evidently  the 
vexation  of  an  old  hand.  For  in  other 
parts  of  the  book,  and  chiefly  in  the  notes, 
he  is  not  too  patient  of  the  worries  of 
interpretation,  as  when  he  says  of  a 
difficult  passage,  "  What  this  may  mean 
I  cannot  explain,  and  probably  no  one  can" 


This  is  an  ill-judged  confession  to  the 
reader.  An  editor,  and  especially  an 
editor  of  Greene,  is  expected  to  take  great 
"  pains "  :  this  is  assumed  between 
scholars.  And  no  editor  who  is  wise  as 
well  as  tolerably  learned  should  in  his 
despair  ban  future  inquiry.  Experience 
reads  us  this  lesson  often. 

The  materials  for  a  life  of  Greene  are, 
as  the  editor  says,  "  very  ample."  The 
difficulty  is  how  to  disentangle  the  authentic 
details  and  to  explain  the  contradictions  ; 
also,  we  may  add,  to  keep  a  just  proportion 
in  the  narrative  and  criticism.  We  have 
no  desire  to  minimize  the  importance  of 
Mr.  Collins's  biographical  researches,  but 
they  do  not  add  enough  to  our  knowledge 
to  justify  the  curtailment  of  the  later 
sections  of  the  Introduction.  On  p.  13 
we  read  : — 

"  It  now  remains  to  determine  if  possible 
whether  the  poet,  that  is  presumably  the 
Robert  Greene  baptized  in  1558,  was  the 
son  of  the  innkeeper  or  the  saddler." 

Only  on  p.  54  does  Mr.  Colhns  begin 
the  literary  estimate,  on  which  his  ex- 
tended opinion  would  have  been  welcome  ; 
and  he  is  done  at  p.  60.  The  remaining 
nine  pages  are  concerned  with  the  plays 
attributed  to  Greene  and  the  problems 
of  'Selimus'  and  'Henry  VI.'  Mr. 
Collins's  reticence  is  the  more  remarkable 
after  his  opening  sentence  that  Greene's 
"  services  to  English  literature  were 
great,"  in  novel,  lyric,  and  drama.  It  is 
of  course  right  in  a  book  of  this  sort  to 
settle  carefully  the  rival  claims  of  father 
innkeeper  and  father  saddler  ;  but  literary 
ancestry  is  not  less  important.  With 
the  short  thesis  on  the  .latter  we  are 
in  general  agreement ;  but  one  or  two 
statements  call  for  comment.  Can  it  be 
said  that  "  Greene  followed  Sannazzaro 
in  interspersing  prose  with  poetry,"  even 
if  we  take  "  follow  "in  the  loosest  sense  % 
Was  it  Greene  "  who  first  brought  comedy 
. . .  .into  contact  with  poetry,  into  contact 
with  romance "  ?  for  what  of  Lyly  ? 
And  what  is  the  critical  "  inwardness  " 
of  a  later  note  to  the  effect  that  "  Greene's 
hexameters  are  as  detestable  as  Gabriel 
Harvey's  and  Stanihurst's  "  ? 

It  is  right,  however,  to  say  that  the 
editor  bases  his  chief  claims  to  the  con- 
sideration of  Elizabethan  scholars  upon 
his  text  and  notes.  For  the  first  he  takes 
only  a  share  of  the  credit  ;  he  has  relied 
on  a  friend  for  the  "  regulation  "  of  it, 
and  on  the  readers  of  the  Clarendon 
Press,  who  took  upon  themselves  "much 
mechanical  drudgery  "  which,  he  admits, 
"  fell  properly  to  his  lot."  The  collabora- 
tion, as  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  test 
it,  has  been  successful.  A  modernized 
text,  such  as  Dyce  gave  us,  is  of  no  account. 
In  the  case  of  a  classic,  say  Shakspeare, 
it  is  desirable  to  supply  a  version  for  the 
reader  who  is  not  a  specialist ;  but  in 
that  of  writers  of  the  third  and  lower 
grades,  in  which  Greene  must  find  his 
place,  there  can  be  no  such  demand.  It 
is  gratifying,  therefore,  that  those  who 
have  been  longing  for  a  trustworthy  reprint, 
as  near  as  may  be  literatim  tt  verbatim, 
can  now  be  satisfied. 


Mr.  Colhns  mingles  his  praise  of  Dyce 
with  sundry  charges  of  shortcoming.  He 
tells  us  that  his  predecessor  was  too 
'  'sparing  in  his  elucidatory  notes ."  Possibly. 
Dyce  never  allows  us  to  feel  that  he  has 
given  us  all  that  he  could  have  given.  We 
feel  this,  even  in  his  heavily  annotated 
Skelton.  But  it  is  different  with  Mr. 
Colhns,  who  frankly  says  that  his  notes 
"  have  purposely  been  made  as  full  as 
possible,"  and  who  conveys  the  impression 
that  he  has  generously  given  us  all  that 
he  had  to  give.  The  editor,  we  think, 
has  paid  some  penalty  for  this  gathering 
of  all  his  strength.  If  in  some  of  his  notes 
he  has  helped  us  to  fresh  points  of  view 
and  to  some  new  facts,  in  others  he  shows 
certain  limitations,  which  in  a  book  of 
this  kind,  intended  for  scholars,  are 
certainly  unfortunate.  We  cannot  rid 
ourselves  of  the  suspicion  that  he  lacks 
confidence  in  his  knowledge  of  the  byplaces 
of  Ehzabethan  hterature.  Had  he  been 
less  dogmatic,  the  suspicion  might  have 
been  less  pressing.  One  or  two  examples 
may  be  selected. 

"  What  is  meant  by  '  wide  with  a  wit- 
ness,' "  says  the  editor  (ii.  381),  "  I  do 
not  know ;  there  is  apparently  some 
corruption."  The  phrase,  which  means 
"  excessively,"  is  by  no  means  rare. 
We  need  go  no  further  afield  than 
the  well-known  letters  of  Spenser  and 
Harvey  on  '  Reformed  Versifying,'  for 
there  we  find  in  the  verses  of  "  snob  " 
Harvey 

French  camarick   ruffes,  deepe  with  a   witnesse, 
starched  to  the  purpose. 

"Single  goby,"  in  the  line  which  Mr. 
Collins  thinks  "  no  one  can  explain," 
yields  its  mystery  if  printed  "  single 
go-by."  "Bright  of  blee "  (ii.  373) 
is  a  stock  tag  of  the  alliterative 
romances.  The  long  note  on  "  Pen- 
tageron  "  loses,  we  think,  much  by  the 
omission  of  reference  to  the  "  pentangle  " 
of  these  romances  and  to  the  locus  classicus 
in  '  Sir  Gawayne  and  the  Grene  Knight.' 
"  '  The  bird  crocodile '  is  of  course 
ignorant  nonsense,"  says  Mr.  Colhns, 
"  like  Bottom's  '  wildfowl '  for  a  lion  " 
(i.  299).  The  phrase  cannot  be  dismissed 
in  this  fashion,  even  if  it  turn  out  to  be 
a  "  faked  "  piece  of  natural  history  in  the 
Lylyean  manner.  "  Bird,"  meaning  the 
young  of  any  animal,  is  a  familiar  usage. 
Many  examples  can  be  found  in 
the  hterature  of  the  decade  in  which 
Greene's  '  Looking  Glasse  for  London ' 
appeared.  A  prosaic  statute  of  1597 
orders  the  slaying  of  "  woolfes  and  woolfe- 
birdes."  The  note  on  "sheat,"  with  Dr. 
Skeat's  ingenious  reference  to  O.E.  sceot, 
must  fall,  if  we  read  "  feat  "  in  the  fine 
printed  (ii.  41) 
Neat  sheat  and  fine,  as  briske  as  a  cup  of  wine. 

The  collocation  of  the  words  "  neat  "  and 
"  feat  "  with  "  fine  "  is  so  common  (even 
in  reference  to  drink)  that  illustrations  are 
unnecessary.  And  here  we  are  tempted 
to  say  that  the  editor  makes  scant 
allowance  for  the  strange  pranks  done 
to  authors'  eopy  in  the  Elizabethan 
printing-houses.  What,  for  example,  is 
gained  by  writing  a  sentence  such  as  this  ! 


172 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N#4095.  Area  21,  1906 


"  (>t    OVMh    tln'v    [GneiM    and     Miirlow.l 

probably  knew  little  or  nothing  ;   Hid  in  MM 

of  the  few  piuvsup >s  in  which  (Jrw'iKi  ventures 
on  a  Onvk  phrase  ho  luvs  himself  open  to 
the  suspicion  of  having  mittsken  the  future 
middle  for  the  infinitive  mood*'  (i.  16). 

Mr.    Collins    is    referring    to   a   line   in    the 

'Address  to  Qentlemea  Scholars'  in 
'Mourning  Garment.'    A  correction  in  a 

school  edition  might  be  necessary  ;  but 
even  their  comment  of  this  sort  would  be 
out  of  place.  What  would  Mr.  Collins 
way  of  Lodge'fl  scholarship  in  the  topsy- 
turvy reference  to  Pernios,  '  Prol.,1  i.,  in 
the  phrase  "a  well  of  the  Muses  which 
<  abelimus  calleth  Porum,"  or  to  the 
hundred  and  one  other  examples  which 
could  be  culled  in  an  hour  ?  The  old 
exegesis  made  a  pretty  thing  of  Shak- 
speare  in  its  pedantic  treatment  of  the 
text.  We  are  supposed  to  be  wiser  now  : 
at  least  our  truer  knowledge  of  the  con- 
ditions of  Elizabethan  literary  craftsman- 
ship should  not  be  forgotten  when  we  are 
dealing  with  the  darker  places  and  explor- 
ing the  Greenes  and  Marlowes  for  scholars. 


Emerson's    Complete     Works.     Centenary 
Edition.     12  vols.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

There  can  be  nothing  but  praise  for 
this  edition.  It  appears,  indeed,  that, 
in  the  opinion  of  Emerson's  literary 
executors,  there  is  sufficient  unpublished 
manuscript  to  form  three  or  four  more 
volumes.  To  these  additions  one  looks 
forward  with  some  apprehension ;  but 
the  twelve  volumes  now  produced  contain 
so  much  varied  criticism  of  life  that  a 
larger  acquaintance  with  the  author's 
writings  is  unlikely  to  make  much  differ- 
ence to  the  resultant  impression.  The 
notes,  which  are  from  the  pen  of  Edward 
Waldo  Emerson,  the  author's  son,  are 
perhaps  too  discursive,  and  even  at  times 
too  trivial,  to  recommend  themselves  very 
heartily.  They  profess  to  be  "  sidelights 
on  the  man,  his  surroundings,  his  work 
and  method,"  and  to  have  been  "gathered 
from  the  journals,  the  correspondence, 
reminiscences,  and  works  written  about 
him."  Too  much  time  is  taken  up  with 
quoting  from  other  works  of  the  author, 
especially  from  the  poems,  passages  which 
contain  the  same  thought  as  the  sentence 
annotated,  and  this  is  not  worth  doing. 

There  is  a  great  deal  in  these  volumes 
about  the  scholar.  A  noble  conception 
of  his  true  place  and  function  was  Emer- 
son's constant  monitor  and  support :  "In 
the  right  state  he  is  Man  Thinking." 
Nature  has  dearly  at  heart  his  formation  : 
"It  is  an  end  never  lost  sight  of,  and  is 
prepared  in  the  original  casting  of  things." 
Yet  we  are  enabled  in  all  this  earnest 
writing  to  see  only  with  difficulty  and 
interruption  the  face  of  a  scholar  in  the 
full  sense  of  his  own  definition — one  of 
those 

",  who  soo  connection  where  the  multitude 
see  fragments,  and  who  are  impelled  to 
exhibit  the  facts  in  order,  and  so  to  supply 
the  axis  on  which  the  frame  of  things  turns." 

Time  is  very  hard  on  the  literary  man  who 
is  almost  a  philosopher.  A  strong  practical 


MUM  may  keep  ln>  memory  green  when 
speculative  philosophy  has  gone  down 
before  the  gales  of  fashion  or  the  breeze 
of  change.  Never  to  use  an  argument 
when  a  simile  will  serve  ;  never  to  cease 
placing  facts  in  mysterious  relations  out 
of  time  and  space;  always  to  be  feelin/j 
for  explanations,  or  finding  them  in  the 
principle  that  all  is  one— this  is  to  fall 
somewhere  between  literature  and  truth. 
Emerson  had  a  vivacious  and  most  delicate 
imagination  :  it  was  capable  of  sustained 
and  severe  effort  in  no  ordinary  degree. 
1 1  -  movements  are  not  steps,  but  a  flight. 
Yet  imagination  is  not  thought.  After  a 
certain  level  has  been  reached  Emerson 
ceases  to  rise,  and  begins  to  hover :  if  he 
is  lost  to  sight,  it  is  rather  because  there 
is  mist  in  his  atmosphere  than  because 
he  has  gone  very  far.  "  I  incline,"  he 
writes  to  Carlyle  in  1840,  "to  write  philo- 
sophy, poetry,  possibility — anything  but 
history."  In  his  preface  to  the  '  Essays ' 
Carlyle  tells  the  English  public  : — 

"  Notions  and  half -notions  of  a  meta- 
physic  theosophic  kind  are  seldom  long 
wanting  in  these  '  Essays.'  I  do  not  advise 
the  British  public  to  trouble  itself  much 
with  all  that  :  still  less  to  take  offence  at  it." 
Most  of  what  Emerson  wrote  was  "  possi- 
bility." In  this  we  find  its  interest  and 
its  weakness,  its  extravagances  and  its 
limits.  Take,  for  example,  the  essay  on 
'  History.'  Admit  at  once  that  what  are 
called  the  facts  of  history  exist  by  no 
means  as  mere  facts,  but  as  proceeding 
from,  and  appearing  to,  the  human  mind 
and  will.  How  strenuously  this  truth 
is  distorted  under  Emerson's  exposition  ! 
The  argument — for  it  seems  to  be  an 
argument — gets  as  far  in  the  first  minute 
as  in  an  hour,  and  at  no  time  is  it  at  any 
one  stage  more  than  another.  Perhaps, 
however,  it  is  not  meant  to  be  an  argu- 
ment at  all,  but  is  only  some  mystic 
"  half -notion,"  as  Carlyle  would  have 
said,  that  has  no  real  relation  to  the 
special  truth  that  at  times  appears  to  be 
the  object  of  his  thought  : — 

"  I  hold  our  actual  knowledge  very  cheap. 
Hear  the  rats  in  the  wall,  see  the  lizard  on 
the  fence,  the  fungus  under  foot,  the  lichen 
on  the  log.  What  do  I  know  sympathetic- 
ally, morally,  of  either  of  these  worlds  of 
life  ?  " 

Again,  in  the  essay  on  '  Contemplation,' 
having  given  examples  of  how  one  extreme 
leads  to  another — if  you  tax  too  high,  the 
revenue  will  yield  nothing  ;  if  you  make 
the  criminal  code  sanguinary,  juries  will 
not  convict — Emerson  reflects  at  once  : — 

"  Those    appearances    indicate    the    fact 
that  the  universe  is  represented   in  every 
one  of  its  particles.     Everything  in  nature 
contains  all  the  powers  of  nature." 
And  in  another  moment  : — 

"  The  true  doctrine  of  omnipresence  is 
that  God  reappears  with  all  his  parts  in 
every  moss  and  cobweb." 
This  is  but  Spinozism  with  the  philosophy 
left  out.  In  Hegel's  language  it  is  intro- 
ducing God  "  out  of  a  pistol." 

On  the  whole,  we  should  say  that  the 
two  greatest  things  which  these  volumes 
contain  are  the  oration  on  '  The  American 
Scholar '     and    the    '  Address    delivered 


before  the  Senior  ( Ian  in  Divinity  Colli 
Cambridge,  on  the   I5tb  of  July,    I  -. 

Both  are  in  the  firht  volume.  The  latter 
especially  presents  Emerson's  pun*  ideals 
oi  lif<-  without  the  thin-worn  end*  of 
argumentative  justification,  and  li^rhU 
them  up  with  a  beautiful  sin' -erity. 


De  FUiadlo  MyrUo  :  CCCLX.  Thoughts 
and  Fancies  on  Isjvc  (Elkin  Mathews.) 
The  first  edition  of  this  rare,  intimate, 
and  beautiful  book  was  published  last 
year  ;  it  now  appears  with  over  a  hundred 
more  "  thoughts,"  of  equal  value  with 
those  first  published.  A  book  of  "thoughts" 
can  never  expect  a  wide  audience,  and 
this  book,  speaking  only  on  one  subj' 
will  have  done  excellently  if  it  should 
reach  those  few  lovers  of  love  who  might 
be  capable  of  doing  it  no  injustice.  'It 
is  the  privilege,"  we  are  told  in  it,  "  of  a 
few  elect  souls  to  be  in  love  with  Love 
and  the  sentence  might  be  its  key-note 
and  apology.  Many  phrases  here  and 
there  lead  us  to  believe  that  it  is  the 
work  of  a  man  who  is  no  longer  young, 
but  of  one  by  whom  love  has  been  appre- 
hended as  at  once  the  cause,  support, 
and  final  meaning  of  life.  When  we  read, 
"  Would  men  consider  that  Love  and 
Love  only  keeps  the  world  alive,  they 
would  cease  debating  whether  the  world 
is  good,"  we  come  upon  a  philosophy 
which  only  experience  could  have  sug- 
gested, much  less  justified.  No  lover, 
while  he  still  undergoes  the  exquisite 
pains  of  his  devotion,  could  write  with  the 
unerring  tact  of  these  analytic  homages. 
They  are  the  last  dying  flame  of  the 
incense,  as  it  burns  faint,  a  mere  essence, 
in  the  darkening  censer.  These  conclusions 
are  justified  by  the  authorship  of  the 
book  revealed  in  our  '  Literary  Gossip.' 

This  book  of  love  is  really  a  book  of 
wrisdom,  and  the  wisdom  has  a  fragrance 
such  as  could  cling  only  about  the  wisdom 
which  rises  out  of  a  root  of  love.  "  All 
the  holiness  of  all  the  saints  is  dim  beside 
the  radiance  even  of  erring  Love  "  :  that 
is  one  of  the  last  lessons  to  be  learnt  from 
wisdom ;  and  this,  which  is  the  pro- 
foundest  voice  of  nature  :  "In  the  religion 
of  Love  the  courtesan  is  a  heretic  ;  but 
the  nun  is  an  atheist  "  ;  and  this,  which 
judges  man's  conception  of  God  :  "  God 
is  omnipotent  because  all-loving.  Were 
there  any  that  God  loved  not.  that 
creature  could  resist  him." 

At  moments  this  rare  prose  rises  or 
slides  into  verse,  and  we  get  final  things 
said  finally,  as  in 

Rekindled  torch  of  Love  was  never  quenched, 

which  sounds  like  a  wrord-for-word  trans- 
lation from  an  unknown  poem  of  Dante. 
Some  of  the  charm  of  the  book  is  in  the 
alternation  of  prose  and  verse,  and  there 
is  here  and  there  in  the  verse  a  quaint, 
formal,  old-fashioned  sweetness,  perfectly 
balancing  the  gently  poignant  precision 
of  the  prose.  At  times  the  feeling  becomes 
tierce  for  a  moment,  but  always  magnani- 
mously, or  for  the  honour  of  love  ;  as  in 
this  sharp  lesson  : — 

"  The  inconstant  woman  undergoes  a 
perpetual  metempsychosis  even  in  this  life  : 


ll 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


473 


one  never  knows  into  what  beast  her  soul 
may  transmigrate  next."  -J 

And  there  are  moments  of  hard  wit,  that 
strike  deep,  as  in  this  mocking  advice  to 
taste  : — 

"  '  Assume  our  snakes,'  said  the  Furies  to 
the  Graces,  '  that  nothing  may  be  wanting 
to  your  loveliness.'  " 

Very  little  in  this  book  is  like  anything 
else,  but  there  is  one  influence  or  kinship 
which  we  cannot  but  distinguish  :  that 
of  Coventry  Patmore.  Part  of  what  was 
least  easily  understood  in  '  The  Unknown 
Eros '  might  have  been  said  by  Patmore 
in  prose  almost  in  these  words  : — 

"  Perhaps  Love  never  feels  for  his  love 
quite  as  ho  ought  till  he  is  able  to  say  to 
her  with  perfect  justice  and  sincere  con- 
viction :    '  O  you  foolish  little  creature  ! ' 

But  there  is  little  in  these  pages  which 
Patmore  would  not  have  read  with  delight, 
as  one  Doctor  in  Love  might  read  and 
delight  in  the  treatise  of  another,  recog- 
nizing the  accurate  science  and  the  dis- 
creet enthusiasm  of  it.  Has  this  par- 
ticular truth  ever  been  said  with  a  finer 
shade  of  exactitude  ? — 

"  Ignorance  and  Innocence  are  twins  in 
the  same  cradle.  Ignorance  is  never  reared, 
and  her  death  is  either  the  death  of  Inno- 
cence also,  or  her  immortality." 

Below  it,  on  the  same  page,  is  this  : — 

"  Love  is  wont  to  visit  Man  in  the  com- 
pany of  Desire  ;  but  Woman  by  himself." 

In  that  epigram  is  contained  a  truth  which 
might  well  be  put  in  the  balances  against 
the  latest  German  theory  of  woman — a 
theory  which  professes,  in  the  name  of 
science,  that  "  woman  is  sexuality  itself." 
Put  each  saying  in  either  scale,  and  if 
they  weigh  level,  realize  that  the  latter 
is  explained  by  the  former,  not  the  former 
by  the  latter. 


A  History  of  Egypt  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Persian  Conquest.  By  James 
Henry  Breasted,  Ph.D.  (Hodder  & 
Stoughton.) 

Ancient  Records  of  Egypt.  By  the  same. 
— Vol.  I.  The  First  to  the  Seventeenth 
Dynasties.  (University  of  Chicago  Press. ) 

No  one  who  knows  anything  about 
Egyptology  needs  to  be  told  that  Dr. 
Breasted,  though  an  American  professor, 
is  in  all  such  matters  more  German  than 
the  Germans.  Hence  one  is  prepared  to 
find,  on  opening  his  '  History,'  that  the 
Pan-Semitic  theory  of  the  Berlin  School, 
which  makes  Egyptian  a  Semitic  language, 
ia  accepted  as  proved ;  and  that  the 
chronology  of  Prof.  Meyer,  which  reduces 
the  foundation  of  the  kingdom  to  3400  B.C., 
is  used  throughout.  Further,  the  assump- 
tion— on  the  authority  of  one  imperfectly 
deciphered  sign  on  a  broken  ebony  tablet 
— that  the  king  Aha,  whose  monuments 
have  been  found  in  abundance  at  Negadah 
and  Abydos,  was  in  fact  Menes,  the 
legendary  Pharaoh  who  first  ruled  over 
united  Egypt,  is  treated  as  a^well-estab- 
lished  proposition  on  which  tJa  the  sub- 
sequent history  of  the  country  depends. 


All  these  statements  are  in  fact  made  in 
the  text,  and  are  made  with  that  arroga- 
tion  of  infallibility  and  superiority  to  all 
necessity  for  discussion  which  is  one  of 
the  most  irritating  peculiarities  of  the 
Berlin  School.  But,  to  be  just,  these 
drawbacks  are  set  off  by  many  correspond- 
ing advantages.  German  patience  and 
thoroughness  are  shown  in  the  care  which 
induced  Dr.  Breasted,  as  he  tells  us,  to 
rely  less  on  printed  copies  of  the  inscriptions 
than  on  the  actual  monuments ;  the  vast 
mass  of  material  collected  for  the  forth- 
coming '  Egyptian  Dictionary  '  of  the 
Berlin  Academy  having  been  freely  placed 
at  his  disposal ;  while  the  relegation  of  the 
texts  on  which  he  relies  to  a  separate  work 
enables  him  to  present  a  narrative  much 
more  continuous,  and  less  broken  up  by 
discussions  of  doubtful  authorities,  than 
has  been  possible  to  most  of  his  predecessors. 
Nor  is  Dr.  Breasted  wanting  in  many  of 
the  more  personal  qualifications  of  the 
historian.  Full  of  enthusiasm  for  the 
subject  to  which  he  has  devoted  his  life, 
he  has  contrived  to  look  upon  Egyptian 
history  not  as  a  succession  of  widely 
scattered  incidents,  but  as  a  regularly 
evolving  whole  ;  and  a  smooth  and  easy, 
if  not  inspired,  style  enables  him  in  most 
cases  to  convey  this  impression  to  his 
readers.  In  many  respects,  therefore, 
the  works  before  us  rise  above  the  level 
of  the  three  which  have  hitherto  been  at 
the  disposal  of  English  readers.  M. 
Maspero's  excellent  '  Ancient  History  of 
the  East '  suffers  much  from  the  ambitious 
attempt  to  drive  several  horses  abreast 
which  led  him  constantly  to  interrupt 
his  history  of  the  Egyptian  people  to 
discuss  that  of  the  Assyrians,  Babylonians, 
Lydians,  Carians,  Greeks,  and  Jews. 
Prof.  Petrie's  '  History  of  Egypt '  is,  by 
the  admission  of  its  author,  more  a  cata- 
logue of  monuments  that  will  be  useful 
to  the  student  than  a  narrative  that  con- 
veys any  distinct  impression  to  the  general 
reader.  Even  Dr.  Budge's  '  History,'  which 
has  for  the  last  few  years  held  the 
field,  lacks  continuity  from  the  necessity 
imposed  upon  the  author  of  perpetually 
turning  aside  to  quote  authorities  ;  while 
its  extension  to  Persian  and  Greek  times 
has  led  to  its  being  spread  out  over 
eight  volumes.  All  these  pitfalls  have 
been  avoided  by  Dr.  Breasted,  and  in  the 
result,  and  subject  to  the  caution  we  have 
indicated,  his  book  is  the  best  so  far  at 
the  disposal  of  the  general  reader. 

The  general  idea  of  ancient  Egypt  that 
Dr.  Breasted  presents  is  that  of  a  central 
state  formed  from  a  number  of  loosely 
compacted  parts,  between  which  the 
river  highway  was  the  principal  connect- 
ing link.  The  Pharaoh  was  from  the 
beginning  of  dynastic  times  looked  upon 
as  divine,  and  under  a  strong  ruler  the 
local  princes  or  nomarchs  were  duly  held 
in  check.  At  the  end  of  the  Sixth  Dynasty 
the  central  power  became,  according  to 
the  same  authority,  so  weakened  that  the 
local  rulers  threw  off  its  yoke,  and  hence- 
forth all  was  chaos  until  the  rise  of  the 
Eleventh  Dynasty,  when  the  central  autho- 
rity was  re-established,  the  situation  being 
pretty   much   that   which   supervened   in 


England  after  the  Wars  of  the  Roses. 
But  the  Crown  had  now  gathered  increased 
strength,  partly  from  its  monopoly  of 
foreign  trade  with  countries  like  Somali- 
land  and  the  Sinaitic  peninsula,  and  partly 
from  the  rise  of  a  middle  class  of  artisans 
and  tradesmen,  while  it  contrived  to  main- 
tain a  small  but  efficient  professional 
army  of  its  own,  apart  from  the  militia 
of  the  nomes.  This  blissful  state  of 
things  was  upset  by  the  invasion  of  the 
Hyksos,  whom  Dr.  Breasted  pronounces, 
with  many  reserves,  to  have  been  a 
Semitic  people ;  and  their  domination 
lasted  no  longer  than  a  century.  On 
the  expulsion  of  the  Hyksos,  the  power 
of  the  landed  nobility  was  seen  to  be 
broken  for  ever,  and  the  new  kingdom 
emerged  as  a  military  state,  in  which 
the  power  of  the  Crown  was  unquestioned, 
and  which  was  largely  maintained  by  the 
tribute  exacted  from  its  foreign  conquests. 
On  the  gradual  decline  of  Egypt  and  its 
cause,  the  rise  to  power  of  the  priests  of 
Amen,  Dr.  Breasted  is  entirely  in  accord 
with  other  historians,  and,  indeed,  the 
facts  are  too  well  established  to  be  dis- 
puted on  any  but  minor  details. 

Dr.  Breasted  is  more  original  in  his 
theories  on  the  succession  of  kings  in  the 
Eighteenth  Dynasty,  which  is  a  period  he 
has  made  his  own.  He  is  of  opinion  that 
the  great  conqueror  Thothmes  III.,  whom 
he  compares  to  Alexander  and  Napoleon, 
was  the  son  of  Thothmes  I.,  and  married, 
not  to  the  daughter  of  the  famous  queen 
Hatshepsut,  but  to  that  lady  herself  ;  and 
he  supposes  a  break  of  some  five 
years  in  the  middle  of  her  reign,  when 
Thothmes  I.  and  II.  shared  the  throne 
between  them,  and  set  themselves  to 
work  to  efface  her  monuments.  Of  this 
there  is,  as  he  confesses,  very  little  evi- 
dence, any  more  than  there  is  of  a  large 
Semitic  immigration  into  Egypt  in  pre- 
dynastic  times,  of  the  Semitic  origin  of 
the  Hyksos,  or  of  the  supposed  Semitic 
structure  of  the  Egyptian  language.  In 
all  these  matters  Dr.  Breasted  must  be 
supposed  to  be  merely  echoing  the  state- 
ments of  his  friends  at  Berlin,  which  but 
too  often  seem  to  be  inspired  less  by  a 
desire  to  elucidate  the  truth  than  to 
convince  the  unlearned  in  such  matters 
that  it  is  they,  and  not  other  Egyptological 
schools,  who  are  to  be  trusted  as  guides 
through  the  maze  of  tradition.  In  some 
cases,  such  as  the  alleged  shortness  of 
Hyksos  supremacy,  he  runs  counter  not 
only  to  the  opinion  of  M.  Maspero  and 
Dr.  Budge,  but  also  to  that  of  Mr.  Griffith, 
who  generally  supports  the  Berlin  School  ; 
while  in  others  it  is  impossible  to  check 
his  theories  in  the  absence  of  the  remaining 
volumes  of  his '  Records.'  Yet  this  does  not 
weigh  heavily  against  the  beautifully  clear 
picture  he  presents  of  the  fatal  influence  of 
the  "  Priest  in  Power  ";  and  in  the  con- 
cordance he  establishes  between  the  history 
of  the  Egyptians  and  that  of  the  Hebrews 
he  will  command  the  assent  of  all.  His 
view  of  the  degradation  of  Egyptian  reli- 
gion under  the  New  Kingdom,  as  shown 
by  the  greater  prominence  assigned  to 
'  The  Book  of  the  Dead '  and  similar 
magical  means  of  overcoming  the  terrors 


471 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


N°40»; 


April  21,  1906 


of  the  other  world,  tad  the  rise  <>f  animal* 
arorehip  daring  the  deeedeooe,  is  likely 
also,  ire  think,  to  be  reoognieed  as  correct. 

The  '  History  <»f  Egypt  '  is  at  once 
I  lr arlv  printed,"  handy  in  form,  and  well 
equipped  with  excellent  maps,  and  repro- 
ductions of  photographs  both  new  and 
really  illustrative.  Dr.  Breasted  cannot, 
of  course,  \h'  blamed  for  Bring  American- 
isms, though  such  forms  ax  "  vigourous," 
"  labouriously,"  &c,  are  new  to  us,  and 
seem  inconsistent  with  the  usual  American 
spelling  of  their  respective  nouns.  He 
fortunately  spares  us  the  worst  eccen- 
tricities of  Pan-Semitic  transliteration,  but 
there  seems  little  consistency  in  his  render- 
ing of  Egyptian  names,  which,  while  re- 
taining Anton  -  hotep  for  Amenothes  or 
Amenophis,  transmogrifies  Thothmes  into 
Thutmose,  Ra  into  Re,  and  Aahmes  into 
Ahmose,  and  speaks  of  all  the  Usertsens 
as  Sesostris  I.,  Sesostris  II.,  and  so  on. 
Besides  these,  there  are  some  mistakes, 
such  as  "  Thou  are,"  "  Pharoah,"  "  his 
childhood  nurse,"  and  "  impractical," 
which  may,  we  suppose,  be  set  down  as 
slips  —  trifles,  perhaps,  but  capable  of 
rectification  later. 

It  is  too  early  to  review  in  detail  the 
volume  of  '  Ancient  Records  '  mentioned 
above,  especially  as  we  learn  from  other 
sources  that  the  succeeding  volumes 
will  not  be  long  delayed.  The  general 
arrangement  of  the  work  seems  excellent, 
and  Dr.  Breasted's  translations  leave 
nothing  to  be  desired.  It  is  to  be  hoped, 
however,  that,  when  the  whole  work  is 
before  us,  we  shall  find  that  he  has  not 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  German  sources, 
but  has  extended  his  purview  to  French 
and  English  ones  as  well.  Had  he  done 
so  earlier,  he  might  have  noted  that  the 
latest  discoveries  of  Dr.  Naville  and  Mr. 
Hall  at  Deir  el-Bahari  by  no  means  bear 
out  his  arrangement  of  the  Eleventh 
Dynasty,  and  that  M.  Georges  Foucart 
has  shown  that  the  founder  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Dynasty  was  not  "  Kemose,"  as 
stated  in  the  '  History,'  but  a  Seqenen-Ra. 
Yet  both  the  works  here  noticed  cannot 
but  prove  alike  a  benefit  and  a  con- 
venience to  students  of  Egyptian  history. 


Hans.       It     begins    to     be     romantic,     it 
continues    in    the    true    vein    of    romance, 
and  ends  sweetly  upon  a  proper  romantic 
note,    to    the    accompaniment    of    (Jeiger- 
Hans's  fiddle.     That  personage  we  do  not 
wholly  accept.      He  is  perhaps  explicable 
in  a  charming  romantic  country,  but  we  . 
should     have    preferred    him    to    be    less  . 
o{^thc)deus    ex    machina.      He    belongs 
to    fairy  tales,    and     is    a    pretty   figure  : 
at  that.       He  comes  out  of  our  nursery  ! 
past,     fiddling     down     the     years,     and  j 
we   welcome   him   warmly.     But   we    do  I 
not  believe   in   him  now.     On  the  other 
hand,   we   know   the   foolish,    handsome, 
arrogant  young  count  very  well,  and  his 
beautiful  Sidonia  ravishes  us.     It  would 
have   been   more   acceptable   if  Mr.    and 
Mrs.  Castle  had  contrived  the  estrangement 
between  bride  and  bridegroom  on  a  less 
flimsy   misunderstanding.     Sidonia   is   as 
hot-headed  and  as  wilful  as  Steven,  and 
as  youth  is  wont  to  be  ;    but  we  cannot 
believe  that  the  Burgravine's  wiles  would 
have  succeeded  so  easily.     The   authors 
make  us   adequately  feel  the  corruption 
of  Jerome's  Court,  and  the  heart  follows 
the  fortunes   of   Sidonia   flutteringly   till 
she  is  safe  in  her  husband's  arms — a  pretty 
conclusion  to  a  very  pretty  love  story. 


ing  side  of  life  is  grasped  and  set  forth 
faithfully.  Mr.  Baxter  himself,  the  in- 
satiate gunner  ("  life  is  so  short,"'  he  nays, 
"  and  there  is  so  much  to  kill  "),  with 

leaded    umbrella,  "  just   a   quarter  of  a 

pound  heavier  than  any  game  gun."  his 
rushes  tip  Primrose  Hill  for  training,  and 
his  three  tons  of  exactly  equal  pellets  in 
his  wine-cellar,  i-  the  good  genius  of  the 
story,  and  saves  poor  Barry  Absalom, 
who  has  got  into  terrible  disgrace  with  a 
severely  autocratic  father,  from  ruin  and 
despair.  The  father  is  farcically  over- 
drawn, but  the  tale  does  not  lend  it  self 
to  serious  analysis. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


If    Youth    but    Knew.     By    Agnes    and 
Egerton  Castle.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Castle  have  the  happy 
gift  of  selecting  their  periods  and  scenes 
picturesquely.  They  have  discovered  this 
before,  and  once  again  demonstrate  it. 
The  time  and  rule  of  Jerome  Bonaparte 
in  that  Westphalian  kingdom  carved  out 
for  him  by  his  masterful  brother  have 
rarely  been  the  occasion  and  material  of 
romance.  Yet  they  are  essentially 
romantic.  The  period  chosen  by  the 
authors  is  just  anterior  to  the  fall  of 
Jerome,  and  the  critical  part  of  the 
narrative  passes  in  Cassel  at  the  King's 
Court.  The  atmosphere  clothes  this  story 
as  a  garment  from  the  vory  outset,  when 
we  make  the  acquaintance  of  the  young 
Anglo-Austrian  count  and  his  chance 
companion,  the  wayfaring  fiddler,  Geiger- 


An    American    Duchess.       By    Arabella 
Kenealy.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

Miss  Kenealy  uses  a  trowel  for  her  satire 
and  a  brush  for  her  pathos.  The  daughters 
of  Columbia  need  not,  therefore,  feel 
greatly  concerned  about  the  effect  of  her 
latest  novel  in  forming  British  opinion  of 
Transatlantic  brides.  The  divorced  Saidie's 
task  is  to  tick  "  like  a  clock  "  as  she  walks 
about  extravagantly  ornamented,  and  to 
separate  the  dutiful  peer  of  the  story  from 
a  high-souled  girl-graduate.  Lord  Whit- 
tingham  is  sound  at  the  core,  but  it  must 
be  clearly  proved  that  he  can  feel  the 
charm  of  personality  despite  an  ugly 
exterior,  and  so  the  heroine  is  made  to 
disguise  herself  with  wig  and  goggles  and 
to  attract  the  unflattering  notice  of  Scot- 
land Yard  in  order  to  triumph  over  him 
the  more  completely.  The  pathos  of  the 
story  concerns  the  little  son  of  Saidie  (the 
ex-duchess)  and  Lord  Whittingham.  At 
five  (or  is  it  six  ?)  he  is  the  martyr  of  his 
knowledge  of  his  mother's  attachment  for 
her  chauffeur.  While  he  is  before  the 
reader  he  says  several  quaint  tilings  which 
evince  Miss  Kenealy's  faculty  for  creating 
a  child-character,  but  to  be  thoroughly 
believed  in  he  needs  to  appear  under  large 
type  in  a  newspaper. 


Mr.  Baxter,  Sportsman.     By  Charles  Field- 
ing Marsh.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

There  are  no  great  graces  of  style  in  this 
Norfolk  story,  but  the  local  speech  and 
modes  of  thought  are  perfect.  One  is 
glad  to  see  real  East  Angles  unstained  by 
the  grossness  of  some  recent  pictures. 
Also  the  writer  has  a  good  eye  for  nature. 
The  description  of  a  snow-scene  on  the 
sandhills  will  appeal  to  any  one  familiar 
with  the  district.     For  the  rest,  the  sport - 


Folly.      By     Edith     Rickert.      (Edward 
Arnold.) 

This  story  opens  to  the  strain  of  rejoicing 

that  a  woman,  young,  rich,  beautiful,  can 
regard  her  first-born  child  without  active 
detestation.     The  pleading  of  her  husband 
that   Folly  will  not  revenge  herself  u|>on 
the  baby,  and  his  relief  at  her  concession, 
scarcely  tempt  the  reader  to  learn  more 
about  such  a  heroine.     A  lover  of  Folly's 
shortly    appears,    and    he,    although    he 
knows  that  he  is  doomed  by  malignant 
disease  of  the  throat,  has  the  incredible 
meanness  to  renew  his  suit.     It  is  fair  to 
add  that  he  subsequently  thinks  better  of 
it ;    but   passion,  miscalled   pity,  in    the 
woman   will    not    be    denied,   and    it    is 
difficult    to    say  whether    the    details   of 
physical   disease    or    of    moral    obliquity 
are  the  more  irritating.      Honour,  faith, 
duty,    are    words    without    meaning    to 
the    wife ;      to    act    upon    the    impulse 
of  the  moment  is  her  only  rule  of  con- 
duct.    The  author,  however,  appears   to 
regard   her   worthless    creation,    pictured 
attractively    in    the    frontispiece,     with 
benign  indulgence,  as  a  naughty,  lovable 
child,  whose  beauty  and  charm  excuse  ■ 
temporary  wilfulness.     Folly's  marvellous 
mother-in-law  represents  this  view  of  the 
case.    The  book  is  written  with  brightness 
and  fluency,  but  it  is  repulsive,  and  we 
altogether  decline  to  believe  in  the  con- 
version of  the  heroine  at  the  close. 


Blanche  Esmead :  a  Story  of  Differ*  nt 
Temperaments.  By  Ella  Fuller  Mait- 
land.  (Methuen  &  Co.) 
It  needed  no  sub-title  to  show  that  in 
this  book  we  are  amid  the  clash  of  tongues 
and  temperaments.  As  the  tale  of  the 
engagement  continues,  it  grows  in  vitality 
and  interest,  whereas  in  the  beginning  it 
seemed  to  hang  fire.  The  opposing  tempera- 
ments are  really  antagonistic  in  essence. 
The  circle  is  small,  so  are  the  issues  ;  but 
they  are  treated  with  some  insight  and 
one  or  two  hints  of  humour.  The  mental 
horizon  (or  absence  of  horizon  in  some 
cases)  has  been  studied  and  understood. 
The  dialogue  improves  as  it  gets  into 
swing  and  the  talkers  begin  to  show  their 
mettle.  The  conclusion  appears  to  par- 
take of  the  nature  of  an  anti-climax, 
although.,;;,  '  designed  to  make  for  the 
heroine's '5r<»pj)iness.  One  is  not  prepared 
for  the  death  of  the  blundering,  healthy 


N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


475 


clergyman,  who,  in  spite  of  everything 
most  distasteful  in  manner  and  address, 
is  rather  a  good  fellow.  Sometimes  his 
portrait  becomes  almost  a  caricature. 
Most  people  have  known  such  a  person, 
though  the  type  is,  perhaps,  disappearing. 


A    Mender    of    Nets.     By    W.    Mackay. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) 

The  title  character,  presumably  of  Italian 
parentage,  has  grown  from  an  orphaned 
morsel  of  flotsam — adopted  by  a  fisherman 
of  an  East  Anglian -port — to  a  tall,  beauti- 
ful girl,  surpassing  in  distinction  and 
refinement  her  English  workfellows,  when 
she  appears  repairing  fishing  nets  in  a 
grimy  loft.  The  sisters  of  a  French 
convent  school,  who  had  settled  near 
the  English  port,  teaeh  her  French  and 
the  use  of  a  singing  voice,  yet  she  prefers 
the  sterling  worth  and  fine  physique  of 
the  young  fisherman  with  whom  she 
"  walks  out  "  to  a  wealthy  and  compara- 
tively refined  suitor.  The  storm  and 
stress  and  pathos  of  her  love  story  are 
artistically  interwoven  with  much  humor- 
ous characterization  and  pungent  satire 
on  municipal  life.  The  alderman  who  is 
first  vain  and  secondly  venal,  the  councillor 
whose  public  service  is  entirely  controlled 
by  his  own  interests,  the  ambitious  and 
capable  citizen  equally  devoted  to  the 
progress  of  his  borough  and  his  own  ad- 
vancement, the  lady  philanthropist  called 
"  the  Parish  Aunt,"  and  the  town-crier  who 
moulds  himself  on  the  vain  alderman,  may 
possibly  five  as  popular  types  of  cha- 
racter. Then  there  is  a  skipper  recalling 
Dirk  Hatteraick  by  rigid  loyalty  to  owners 
contrasted  with  moral  laxity  in  other 
respects,  and  a  parvenu  county-member 
worked  puppet-wise  by  an  aristocratic 
and  tactful  private  secretary.  The  author 
drops  the  curtain  on  a  crisis,  leaving  it  to 
the  reader's  discretion  to  complete  the 
administration  of  poetic  justice  after  the 
heroine  has  passed  out  of  the  harbour  on 
a  trawler  into  the  dark  sea  mists. 


Th c   Triumphs  of  Evgene    Valmont.     By 
Robert  Barr.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

EuoftNB  Valmont  is  an  addition  to  the 
large  number  of  private  detectives  who 
have  betrayed  the  confidence  of  their 
clients  by  recording  their  achievements. 
Dismissed  from  the  responsible  post  of 
"  chief  detective  to  the  Republic  of 
France,"  because  his  excess  of  zeal  con- 
cerning a  diamond  necklace  caused  France 
to  be  laughed  at,  he  places  his  talents  at 
the  disposal  of  the  British  people.  His 
exploits,  especially  when  he  is  engaged 
in  thwarting  the  plans  of  anarchists, 
make  interesting  reading,  though  occa- 
sionally he  displays  a  vast  amount  of 
ingenuity  in  discovering  the  obvious.  If 
Kugene  Valmont'a  "  triumphs  "  (which, 
by  the  way,  include  some  failures)  do  not 
entitle  him  to  rank  with  Sherlock  Holmes, 
his  Gallic  vivacity,  his  fine  manners,  his 
supreme  contempt  for  English  legal 
methods,  and  his  monumental  vanity 
make    hia    personality    distinctive.      The 


creation  of  Eugene  Valmont  may,  indeed, 
be  counted  one  of  Mr.  Barr's  best  achieve- 
ments. 

The     Mistakes     of     Miss     Manisiy.     By 
Ashton  Hilkers.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

This  story  begins  uncommonly  well.  It 
opens  with  a  hunting  scene,  full  of  move- 
ment and  a  delightful  sense  of  the  open 
air.  The  initial  sketch  of  Miss  Manisty 
— who  comes  to  grief  in  jumping  a  ford — 
is  attractive,  and  the  sartorial  difficulty 
which  Mr.  Biddulph  Wright  helps  her  to 
overcome  has:  a  pleasing  touch  of  comedy. 
But  the  promise  of  the  opening  chapters 
is  not  fulfilled.  The  scent  of  the  country 
is  quickly  lost  in  an  atmosphere  of  melo- 
drama. Miss  Manisty  is  foolish  enough 
to  make  a  heavy  bet  with  a  low-bred  Jew 
on  a  horse  race,  and  the  rest  of  the  story 
is  mainly  concerned  with  his  unscrupulous 
use  of  her  folly.  How  such  an  obvious 
cad  as  Ferdinand  Mendel  was  allowed  to 
join  the  Quarrendon  Hunt  is  inexplic- 
able, and  how  such  a  discerning  young 
lady  as  Miss  Manisty  came  to  have  the 
slightest  dealings  with  him  is  equally  hard 
to  understand.  The  story  is  briskly  told, 
but  is  much  too  unconvincing  to  be  inter- 
esting, and  most  of  the  character-drawing 
is  no  better  than  the  plot. 


WELSH    RECORDS. 

The  Itinerary  in  Wales  of  John  Leland  in 
or  about  the  Years  1536-1539.  Extracted 
from  his  MSS.  Arranged  and  edited  by 
Lucy  Toulmin  Smith.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— The 
present  volume  is  the  first  instalment  of  a 
new  edition  of  Leland's  '  Itinerary.'  While 
that  edition  was  being  prepared,  it  was 
suggested  that  the  scattered  portions  relating 
to  Wales  should  be  brought  together  and 
issued  as  a  separate  volume.  It  deserves 
to  be  recorded,  especially  as  it  is  not  men- 
tioned in  Miss  Toulmin  Smith's  preface, 
that  such  a  project  seems  to  have  been  con- 
templated, and  was  in  part  executed,  a 
hundred  years  ago  or  more,  by  Sir  Richard 
Colt  Hoare,  whose  transcript  of  the  Welsh 
portions,  with  an  index  of  his  own,  is  now 
preserved  at  the  Cardiff  Free  Library.  We 
regret  to  say  that  in  the  present  instance 
the  work  of  bringing  together  all  the  Welsh 
material  has  not  been  carried  out  with  any- 
thing like  thoroughness.  Taking  Hearne's 
second  edition  (1744)  of  the  'Itinerary' 
as  our  reference  text,  we  find  that  the 
omissions  from  the  present  volume  include 
Leland's  account  of  Presteign,  of  bridges 
on  the  Wye,  and  of  the  three  Monmouth- 
shire castles  of  Skenfrith,  Grosmont,  and 
Whitocastle  (printed  in  Hearne's  edition  at 
vol.  iv.  pp.  85-6)  ;  his  list  of  castles  on  the 
Wye,  and  minor  notes  on  the  counties  of 
Cardigan,  Carmarthen,  and  Montgomery 
(vol.  vii.  pp.  19  and  138-40)  ;  and  an 
important  fragment  (viii.  90-92)  relating 
mainly  to  a  number  of  ancient  fortified 
sites  in  Carmarthenshire,  such  as  Castell 
Lie  Carreg,  Craig  Dinas,  and  Grongar  (or 
"  Rounghay,"  as  Leland  spells  it),  which 
have  hitherto  been  generally  overlooked  by 
archaeologists. 

Two  extracts  from  the  '  Collectanea  '  aro 
added  by  way  of  appendixes  to  tho  volumn  : 
one  gives  a  brief  account  of  Gower,  while  the 
other,  and  moro  important,  is  a  list  of 
Anglesey  benefices,  "  with  a  list  parallel  to 
it  giving  tho  principal  geographical  features, 


both  written  by  a  copyist  (perhaps  Welsh), 
though  annotated  by  Leland."  Between 
these  two  extracts,  in  Hearne's  edition,  are 
four  pages  of  notes  in  Latin,  mainly  relating 
to  Glamorgan  topography,  and  containing 
pen-and-ink  sketches  of  the  courses  of  the 
chief  rivers  in  that  county.  Though  these 
notes  were  obviously  written  in  connexion 
with  the  '  Itinerary,'  they  are  not  even  men- 
tioned in  the  present  edition.  This  is  much 
to  be  regretted,  as  this  fragment  was  also 
omitted  from  the  reprint  of  the  Glamorgan 
portion  of  the  '  Itinerary  '  in  Mr.  J.  A. 
Corbett's  edition  of  Merrick's  '  Book  of 
Glamorganshire  Antiquities  '  some  twenty 
years  ago. 

We  note  with  pleasure  a  valuable  feature 
of  the  volume,  Dr.  Gwenogvryn  Evans's 
identifications  of  the  more  archaio  and 
corrupt  place  -  names  of  Leland's  text. 
Such  a  task  could  scarcely  be  earned 
out  successfully,  except  with  the  co- 
operation of  a  number  of  scholars  from, 
various  parts  of  Wales,  each  of  them  an 
authority  on  the  place-names  of  his  own 
district.  Dr.  Evans  is  to  be  specially  con- 
gratulated on  the  completeness  and  accuracy 
of  his  identifications  for  the  Snowdon  dis- 
trict, and  West  Wales  generally ;  but  in 
other  parts  he  often  misses  the  mark.  Thus 
he  fails  to  detect  that  Leland  confused 
Llandovery  and  Llanddowror,  which  accounts 
for  his  referring  to  "  Llanandeuery  "  when 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Whitland  (pp.  57, 
115),  near  which  place  Llanddowror  is 
situated.  Leland's  "Euery  brook"  and  its 
identification  by  Dr.  Evans  as  "  Dyfri  " 
are  due  to  false  derivations  of  the  name 
Llandovery,  for  there  is  no  brook  near  that 
town  bearing  any  such  name  ;  "  Abercorran' ' 
is  not  Abercowyn,  but  the  old  name  for 
Laugharne  ;  "  Canterceli  "  is  Cantre-Seli, 
not  -Celli  ;  "  Aberhedon  "  is  Aberedw,  near 
Builth,  not  Aber  Hodni,  which,  by  the  way, 
has  no  existence ;  and  "  St.  Tereudacus 
Chapel  yn  the  Mouth  of  Wy  Ryver "  is 
not  Mathern,  but  an  island  in  the  Wye 
estuary,  now  irreverently  known  to  picnic 
parties  as  Treacle  Chapel  ! 

There  remains  a  small  residuum  of  some- 
what puzzling  names  which  Dr.  Evans  has 
not  attempted  to  identify.  Thus  "  Glyn- 
dama,  a  lordship  within  a  mile  of  the  Hay," 
must  be  the  place  which  Leland  calls  "  Lan- 
damas "  (now  Llanthomas)  in  his  list  of 
Wye  castles,  unfortunately  omitted  from 
this  volume.  To  a  different  category  belongs 
Leland's  quaint  allusion  to  David  flolbeche, 
founder  of  Oswestry  School  :  "  Sum  say 
that  this  David  made  David  Yn  yn  London." 
Surely  it  should  have  been  explained  in  a 
foot-note  that  the  reference  was  to  Thavies 
Inn,  which  long  after  Leland's  time  con- 
tinued to  be  a  haunt  of  Welsh  attorneys. 
We  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  note  (p.  112) 
that  "  '  Soga '  is  used  in  Welsh  as  an  epithet 
towards  old  women." 

As  King's  Antiquary,  Leland  was  at  times 
probably  furnished  with  official  papers,  and 
this  gives  special  value  to  his  account  of 
the  territorial  divisions  of  Wales.  His  list 
of  cantrevs  is  a  copy  of  a  contemporary 
list  now  preserved  among  the  Cotton  MSS.  ; 
but  as  his  copy  varies  somewhat  from  the 
original,  both  have  been  printed  in  this 
work,  and  aro  thus  made  available  for  com- 
parison with  the  two  other  oldest  lists  of 
the  kind,  dating  from  the  same  period,  and 
printed  a  few  years  ago,  in  the  Cymmrodor 
and  the  Oxford  edition  of  the  '  Red  Book  of 
Hergest '  respectively. 

The  volumo  is  supplied  with  separate 
indexes  of  places  and  persons,  neither  of 
them,  however,  being  quite  exhaustive.  A 
map  is  also  added,  on  which  tho  probable 
route    of    Leland's    journey ings    is    traced. 


47« 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


Only  the  chief  points  mentioned  hy  him 
are  marked,  and  some  of  the  routes  are 
admittedly  conjectural.  Still,  as  a  tentative 
sketch,  the  map  will  contribute  something 
to  the  understanding  of  Leland's  scheme 
of  travel.  Despite  the  imperfections  we 
have  named,  the  present  reprint  will  supply 
a  great  need  in  making  Leland's  text  avail- 
able to  all  who  are  not  within  reach  of  the 
larger  libraries,  and  it  will,  in  particular,  be 
a  considerable  boon  to  local  antiquaries. 

Cardiff  Records  :  being  Materials  for  a 
History  of  the  County  Borough  from  the 
Earliest  Times.  Edited  by  John  Hobson 
Matthews.  Prepared  by  Authority  of  the 
Corporation,  under  the  Direction  of  the 
Records  Committee.  Vol.  V.  (Sotheran 
&  Co.) — In  his  preface  to  this  volume  the 
editor  apologetically  remarks  that  "  the 
miscellaneous  character  of  the  '  Cardiff 
Records,'  and  the  lack  of  arrangement  in  the 
manner  of  their  presentation,  are  still  more 
evident  in  this  fifth  volume  than  in  its 
predecessors."  He  explains  that  "  the  ad- 
mitted want  of  chronological  sequence  "  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  scope  of  his  work,  "  at 
first  restricted  within  narrow  limits,  was 
enlarged  by  several  successive  resolutions 
of  the  Council,  at  considerable  intervals  of 
time."  In  order  to  remedy,  as  far  as  possible, 
the  grave  i  iconveniences  of  this  chrono- 
logical chaos,  an  exhaustive  index  to  the 
whole  series  should  unquestionably  have 
been  included  in  this  final  volume.  In 
fact,  "indices  nominum,  locorum,  et  rerum" 
were  specifically  promised  by  the  Town 
Clerk  in  the  prospectus  which  he  issued  in 
1898,  and  which  now  lies  before  us.  We 
trust  that  steps  will  at  once  be  taken  to 
redeem  this  promise  and  to  supply  an 
omission  inexcusable  on  the  part  of  a 
rich  munieipality  such  as  Cardiff.  If 
this  be  done,  we  suggest  that  the  extracts 
from  the  Council  Minutes  which  occupied 
two -thirds  of  the  fourth  volume,  and  fill 
more  than  a  third  of  the  present  one, 
should  have  an  index  of  their  own,  distinct 
from  that  of  the  general  historical  matter 
of  the  series.  We  are,  indeed,  at  a  loss  to 
understand  why  a  separate  volume  was  not 
set  apart  for  these  Minutes,  instead  of 
inserting  portions  of  them  in  the  middle 
of  two  different  volumes  ;  but  that  is  only 
an  illustration  of  the  lack  of  arrangement 
from  which  the  whole  work  unfortunately 
suffers. 

As  to  the  other  contents  of  the  present 
instalment,  the  only  original  documents  of 
interest  are  certain  extracts  from  the  Act 
Books  of  the  Diocese  of  Llandaff  ;  but  as 
most  of  these  relate  to  the  cathedral  church, 
which  is  outside  the  limits  of  Cardiff,  there 
is  no  obvious  reason  for  their  inclusion, 
while  this  fragmentary  treatment  may 
perhaps  frustrate  the  early  publication  of 
the  older  Acts  in  their  entirety.  The  editor 
contributes  translations  of  extracts  relating 
to  Cardiff  from  well-known  Latin  and 
Welsh  records  and  chronicles  already  printed, 
such  as  the  '  Liber  Landavensis,'  Papal 
Registers,  and  the  '  Valor  Ecclesiasticus.' 
He  also  supplies  very  useful  lists  of  all  the 
the  chief  officials  in  the  hundred  and  borough 
of  Cardiff.  No  less  useful  is  his  schedule  of 
some  1,200  place-names  in  the  Cardiff 
district,  with  explanatory  notes,  some  of 
which  are,  however,  wide  of  the  mark. 
These  two  lists  might,  to  a  large  extent, 
have  served  the  purpose  of  an  index,  had 
Mr.  Matthews  added  references  to  the  pages 
of  each  volume  in  which  the  names  of  these 
officials  and  places  appear. 

In  some  respects  the  most  valuable  item 
in  the  whole  work  is  that  supplied  by  Mr. 
J.  Stuart  Corbett.  It  represents  an  attempt 
on   his   part   to   illustrate   by   means   of   a 


coloured  map  and  some  three  pages  of  notes, 
"  the  situation  and  boundaries  of  the  old 
manors  or  lordships  and  estates  of  various 
monasteries  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cardiff." 
We  admire  Mr.  Corbett's  courage  in  attacking 
so  difficult  a  task,  and  also  congratulate 
him  on  the  large  measure  of  success  which 
he  has  achieved  in  its  execution. 

Like  its  predecessors,  the  volume  is  pro- 
fusely and  handsomely  illustrated,  there 
being  views  of  bygone  and  modern  Cardiff, 
portraits  of  a  few  local  celebrities,  and  photo- 
graphs of  the  municipalia  and  corporation 
plate.  The  whole  work  has,  appropriately, 
been  printed  at  Cardiff,  and  its  clear  type 
and  good  paper  (also  of  local  manufacture, 
we  believe)  reflect  credit  on  the  Western 
Mail  Press. 

Cardigan  Priory  in  the  Olden  Days.     By 
Emily  M.  Pritchard  (Olwen  Powys).    (Heine- 
mann.) — Cardigan    Priory    was,    about    the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  home 
of  a  writer  of  some  reputation,  known  as 
"  The    Matchless    Orinda."      Perhaps    Mrs. 
Pritchard,    who    now   lives    at    the    Priory, 
and    who,    like    her    predecessor,    affects    a 
nom    de    guerre,    has    an    ambition    to    re- 
vive the  literary  associations  of  her  home. 
Be  that  as  it  may,  we  cannot  congratulate 
her    on    what     appears     to     be     her     first 
production   in   the   department   of   history. 
She   has  obtained  from  printed   books  and 
unpublished  records  a  number  of  references 
to  the  Priory  of  Cardigan,  and  pieces  together 
these  fragments  in  more  or  less  chronological 
order.     As  a  rule,  there  is  nothing  to  show 
where  one  document  ends  and  another  begins ; 
quotation  marks  are  rarely  used  ;    and  the 
occasional  rough  notes  of  the  author's  corre- 
spondents, obviously  intended  for  her  own 
private  guidance  in  working  up  the  material 
supplied,  are  naively  incorporated  in  the  text 
without   any   distinction   in   type,    and   not 
always  accurately.     Thus  a  friend's  trans- 
lation of  "  per  me  "  is  in  one  instance  repro- 
duced as  "  i.e.  Byrne  " — obviously  a  mistake 
for  "  By  me."     It  is  much  to  be  regretted 
that  Mrs.  Pritchard  did  not  secure  some  one 
to  "  subedit  "  her  work  and  provide  it  with 
an  index,  as  it  contains  valuable  material, 
some  of  it  now  published  for  the  first  time. 
Among  this  new  material  are  abstracts  of 
four  documents  preserved  in  the  muniment 
room   of   Gloucester   Cathedral,    which   tell 
how    the    Abbey    of     Chertsey    (to    which 
Cardigan    Priory   was    attached)    misappro- 
priated,  and  was  later  compelled  to  yield 
up,  a  certain  church  at  Cardigan  which  had 
been  granted  to  Gloucester  by  Gilbert  de 
Clare,   Earl    of   Hertford  (not  Hereford,  as 
given  in  the  text),  previous  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  priory.     The  closing  incident 
in  the  priory's  existence  as  an  ecclesiastical 
foundation — namely,  the  inquiry  as  to  the 
image  of  the  Virgin,  with  a  taper  which  was 
believed  to  have  burnt  for  nine  years — is  told 
without  any  reference  to  Thomas  Wright's 
previous  publication  of  the  reports  on  the 
matter  in  his  '  Letters  relating  to  the  Sup- 
pression   of    Monasteries.'     The    devolution 
of  the  priory  property  after  the  Dissolution, 
including   "  Orinda' s  "   connexion  with  the 
house,     is,     however,     worked      out      with 
satisfactory  fullness   by  means  of    extracts 
from    State    papers    and   other    manuscript 
sources.     The    architectural    matter    is    for 
the   most   part   untrustworthy.     The   work 
is    illustrated    with    some    half-a-dozen   ex- 
cellent photogravures,  the  more  interesting 
of  which  show  the  east  window  of  the  present 
priory  church,  and  a  couple  of  heads  in  the 
chancel.     There  is  also  appended  a  reduced 
facsimile  of  Blaeu's  map  of  Cardiganshire, 
published  at  Amsterdam  in  1646.     This  has 
an  interesting  sketch  of  the  priory  in  the 
margin.  r  . 


SPORTS    AND    PASTIMES. 

President  Roosevelt,  in  the  chapter  of 
his  book  '  Outdoor  Pastimes  of  an  American 
Hunter '  devoted  to  the  bibliography  of 
sport,  remarked  : — 

"But  the  best  recent  book  on  the  wilderness 
is  Herr  CL  <J.  Schillings's  '  Mit  Bhtzlicht  und 
Btichse,'  giving  the  writer's  hunting  adventures, 
and  alxive  all  his  acute  scientific  observations  and 
his  extraordinary  photographic  work  among  the 
teeming  wild  creatures  of  German  East  Africa. 
Mr.  Schillings  is  a  great  field  naturalist,  a  trained 
scientific  observer,  as  well  as  a  mighty  hunter,  and 
no  mere  hunter  can  ever  do  work  even  remotely 

approaching  in  value  that  which  he  has  done 

Every  effort  should  bo  made  to  turn  the  modern 
big-game  hunter  into  the  Schillings  type  of  adven- 
ture-loving field  naturalist  -'^d  observer." 

The  President  further  recommended  that 
an  English  translation  should  at  once  be 
made.  No  time  has  been  lost,  for  Mr. 
Frederic  White  has  produced  an  English 
version,  with  an  introduction  by  Sir  H.  H. 
Johnston,  entitled  With  Flashlight  and  Rifle, 
by  C.  G.  Schillings,  2  vols.  (Hutchinson  & 
Co.),  which  should  meet  with  much  success 
in  this  sport-  and  adventure-loving  country. 
The  illustrations,  302  "  untouched  "  photo- 
graphs by  the  author,  are  in  themselves  a 
great  attraction  ;  for  though  as  mere  speci- 
mens of  landscape  photography  they  are 
not  remarkable,  the  use  of  the  flashlight, 
and  consequent  exhibition  of  wild  animals 
moving  in  the  freedom  of  night — beasts 
of  prey  in  the  act  of  springing  on  their 
victims,  the  more  timid  sort,  such  as  zebras 
or  antelopes,  stealthily  approaching  water 
to  drink — lends  great  distinction  to  this 
book.  Artists  who  illustrate  books  of  sport 
and  travel  may  learn  a  great  deal  from 
many  of  the  rough  photographs  ;  they  will 
be  able  to  see  how  different  animals  appear 
in  the  jungle  or  veldt  from  those  in  a 
menagerie  or  museum,  and  may  profit 
thereby. 

Herr  Schillings  writes  of  himself  as  armed 
with  a  single-barrelled  rifle  of  obsolete  make, 
yet  his  performances  are,  to  say  the  least, 
remarkable.  He  must  be  an  extraordinarily 
fine  rifle-shot,  and  able  to  shoot  steadily 
after  great  bodily  exertion.  Very  few  can  do 
this  beyond  the  closest  range.  Writing  of 
ivory,  he  remarks  that  science  has  yet  to 
discover  a  substitute  for  billiard  balls.  It 
has  gone  far  on  the  way,  for  America  supplies 
bonzoline  balls  of  good  quality  and  great 
durability,  whilst  England  makes  crystalate 
balls  which  in  behaviour  on  the  billiard 
table  closely  approach  those  of  the  best 
ivory.  The  volumes  are  printed  on  loaded 
paper  because  of  the  numerous  illustrations  ; 
this  makes  them  very  heavy  to  hold.  There 
is  no  index,  but  lists  of  mammals  and 
birds  collected  by  the  author  are  added  as 
appendixes. 

An  agreeable  and  pleasant  book  on  a  kind 
of  sport  not  largely  followed  will  be  found 
in  Mr.  T.  R.  Hubback's  Elephant  and  Sela- 
dang  Hunting  in  Malaya  (Rowland  Ward) — 
agreeable  because  of  the  unpretentious  way 
in  which  the  tales  are  told  ;  pleasant  by 
reason  of  the  clear  type,  which  makes  read- 
ing easy,  and  the  illustrations,  which  convey 
an  excellent  idea  of  the  country. 

The  author  justly  remarks  that  the  Malay 
Peninsula  is  little  known  to  the  general 
public,  "  although  it  is  the  greatest  tin- 
producing  country  in  the  world."  It  is  not 
a  big-game  hunter's  country,  for  difficulties 
abound,  whilst  the  bag  is  small  ;  but  sports- 
men whose  duties  take  them  thither,  and 
who  are  sufficiently  keen  to  face  the  nearly 
impenetrable  jungle  and  the  constant  rain, 
will  doubtless  achieve  moderate  success. 
But  what  is  a  seladang  ?     The  name  does 


NMG95,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


477 


not  appear  in  Jerdon's  '  Mammals  of  India,' 
nor  in  Cuvier,  nor  in  '  The  Encyclopaedia  of 
Sport '  ;  there  is,  however,  no  doubt  that 
it  is  closely  allied  to  Oavceus  gaurus,  the  gaur 
or  wild  cattle  of  India  : — 

"  The  selatlang  has  no  dewlap  and  no  hump, 
thus  differing  entirely  from  the  domesticated  cattle 
of  the  East,  but  there  is  a  very  distinctive  dorsal 
ridge  running  backwards  from  the  neck  nearly  to 
the  middle  of  the  back,  where  it  terminates  very 

abruptly The     beauty    of    the    seladang    lies 

•chiefly  in  his  head  and  shoulders,  his  great  length 
of  body  and  somewhat  low  quarters  giving  him 
rather  a  clumsy  appearance  behind  the  shoulders— 
an  appearance  quite  at  variance  with  his  nature, 
as  he  is  anything  but  a  clumsy  animal." 

In  pursuit  of  his  two  sorts  of  animals  the 
author  spent  much  time  and  energy,  chiefly 
in  following  those  which  had  been  wounded. 
Strange  to  say,  he  usually  succeeded  in 
eventually  killing  the  beasts,  and  only  those 
who  know  the  weariness  of  such  pursuit  in 
heavy  jungle,  with  hot  sun  and  rain  alter- 
nately, and  aUve  with  poisonous  insects, 
can  do  justice  to  his  tenacity  and  resolution. 
His  battery  was,  we  think,  in  fault :  a 
charge  of  seven  to  ten  drams  of  black  powder, 
winch  left  in  the  damp  air  a  thick  cloud  of 
smoke,  is  not  suitable  for  the  work,  whilst 
the  number  of  eight-  or  ten-bore  bullets 
required  to  kill  an  animal  or  bring  it  to  a 
halt  contrast  strangely  with  recent  experience 
in  Africa,  where  the  *303  rifle  has  been  used 
for  elephants  with  deadly  effect. 

Chats  on  Angling.  By  Capt.  H.  V.  Hart- 
Davis.  With  Illustrations  by  the  Author. 
{Horace  Cox.) — Why  is  there  a  prejudice 
against  quarto  books  ?  Probably,  for  one 
thing,  because  they  suggest  the  album — that 
refuge  for  the  commonplace.  This  pleasant 
■chat  on  angling  would  have  been  pleasanter 
as  a  thick  octavo  than  as  it  is — a  thin  quarto  : 
both  illustrations  and  text  would  have  gained 
in  dignity  by  reduction  in  size.  Booksellers 
dislike  quartos,  collectors  detest  them,  and 
the  ordinary  reader  does  not  know  what  to 
do  with  them.  Like  the  thick  five -shilling 
piece,  they  are  changed  as  soon  as  possible 
for  handier  issues. 

Although  a  thousand  pounds  (or  a  million, 
for  that  matter)  would  be  offered  in  vain  for 
any  proof  that  Dr.  Johnson  classed  anglers 
with  fools — he  loved  Walton — yet  the  libel, 
like  a  bad  penny,  turns  up  continually.  We 
expect  to  find  it  with  the  perennial  Dame 
Juliana  Berners  in  every  angling  writer's 
preface,  and  Capt.  Hart-Davis  has  not 
distinguished  his  book  by  omitting  it. 
It  may  be  said  that  we  write  in  a  carping 
spirit ;  but  the  angler  who  writes  a  book 
is  fishing  for  readers,  and  should  avoid  the 
well-worn  lures ;  he  should  avoid  giving 
the  impression  at  the  outset  that  he  has 
nothing  to  offer  but  the  old  apologies,  the 
old  arguments,  and  the  old  advice  with 
which  the  angler's  library  groans.  But 
we  must  not  forget  that  to  look  at  a 
new  book  on  fly-fishing  for  trout  and  salmon, 
and  to  compare  it  with  the  great  array  of 
such  books  already  known  to  us,  is  not 
sportsmanlike,  if  we  merely  do  so  in  order 
to  say  there  is  nothing  new  in  it.  Anglers 
are  born  every  day  ;  every  season  sees  new 
enthusiasts  on  the  old  streams  ;  and  they 
will  find,  if  they  are  fortunate  enough  to 
get  '  Chats  on  Angling,'  that  Capt.  Hart- 
Davis's  book  has  the  true  ring  :  it  expresses 
well  that  almost  indefinable  charm  of  fly- 
fishing which  they  feel  \  his  practical  advice 
is  admirable,  and  his  enthusiasm  "  catch- 
ing." The  expert  will  find  his  experiences 
confirmed — always  a  satisfactory  feeling  ; 
and  young  as  well  as  old  anglers  will  get 
pleasure  out  of  the  views  of  lake  and  river, 
which  prove  that  the  captain  can  handle  the 
brush  as  well  as  the  rod 


We  congratulate  the  "  Amateur  Angler  " 

on  the  appearance  of  yet  another  volume, 

Fishing  for  Pleasure,  and  Catching  It  (Werner 

Laurie).     Besides  the  practical  hints  which 

this  accomplished  lover  of  fishing,  in  whom 

old  experience  doth  attain 
To  something  like  prophetic  strain, 

never  fails  to  give  his  readers,  we  are  pleased 
with  the  geniality  and  love  of  the  open  air 
which  shine  throughout  the  book,  and 
recall  the  jolly  wisdom  of  old  Izaak.  The 
author  has  fished  in  the  book  market,  we 
notice,  for  two  of  his  chapters,  so  that  some 
of  his  matter  is  hardly  fresh  to  the  book 
expert ;  but  it  is  at  any  rate  a  catch  that 
pleased  us  well  when  we  first  made  it  our- 
selves. Mr.  R.  B.  Marston  supplies  a  chapter 
on  some  recent  experiences  as  a  fisherman. 
The  book  is  one  to  be  enjoyed  rather  than 
criticized.  We  hope  that  the  author  will 
give  us  more  of  his  visits  to  streams  and 
other  delights,  for  though  he  is  a  grandfather, 
he  has  escaped,  by  means  of  some  happy 
conjuncture  of  stars  (or,  shall  we  say  1  of 
temperament),  the  frailties  and  disabilities 
incident  to  age. 


LOCAL    HISTORY. 


St.  Giles's  of  the  Lepers.  By  Edward 
C.  W.  Grey.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — Between 
1822  and  1892  at  least  four  books  were 
written  on  the  history  and  topography  of 
the  parish  of  St.  Giles  of  the  Lepers — better 
known  as  St.  Giles-in-the-Fields — and  of  its 
offshoot,  the  parish  of  St.  George,  Blooms- 
bury  ;  and  here  is  yet  another.  The  writer 
frankly  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to 
his  predecessors  in  the  field,  but  claims  con- 
sideration, partly  because  he  was  connected 
with  St.  Giles's  parish  for  tliirty-four  years, 
during  which  he  seized  every  opportunity 
of  collecting  facts  about  the  district,  and 
partly  because  his  predecessors  had  never 
attempted  to  look  at  the  subject  "  exactly 
from  the  people's  point  of  view."  The 
book  should  certainly  serve  as  a  popular 
guide,  the  general  dullness  of  such  books 
being  in  this  case  relieved  by  interesting 
biographical  and  topographical  notes,  and 
gossipy  stories  of  historical  and  oftentimes 
eccentric  characters. 

Of  the  hospital  for  lepers  situated  hard  by 
St.  Giles's  Church,  which  thus  acquired  its 
ancient  designation  of  "  St.  Giles's  of  the 
Lepers,"  the  author  tells  us  little  or  nothing 
new.  Few  writers  on  the  subject  seem  to 
be  aware  of  the  close  connexion  that  existed 
between  the  City  of  London  and  tliis  leper 
hospital,  and  of  the  City's  well-established 
right  to  nominate,  and  have  maintained 
within  its  walls,  a  full  complement  of  four- 
teen lepers.  As  far  back  as  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  (not  Edward  III.,  as  inadvertently 
stated  by  Mr.  Grey)  the  hospital  had  been 
transferred  to  the  custody  of  the  Master  of 
the  Hospital  for  Lepers  at  Burton  Lazars,  a 
village  near  Melton  Mowbray,  in  Leicester- 
shire, famous  for  its  sulphur  springs.  This 
gave  rise  to  trouble,  for,  in  course  of 
time,  citizens  of  London  (many  of  whom 
had  been  large  benefactors  to  St.  Giles's 
Hospital)  had  cause  to  complain  of  lepers 
ejected  by  order  of  the  Master  of  Burton 
Lazars,  their  places  having  been  taken  by 
brothers  and  sisters  of  his  order  who  were 
in  perfect  health.  The  charity  continued 
to  be  thus  diverted  from  its  purpose  until 
1354,  when  the  municipal  authorities  of  the 
City  laid  the  matter  beforo  the  king,  and 
their  right  of  presentation  of  fourteen  lopers 
(and  more  in  proportion  to  future  benefac- 
tions to  the  hospital  by  citizens  of  London) 
was  confirmed.  It  is  noteworthy,  too,  that 
the    wardens    and    surveyors    of    lepers    of 


St.  Giles's  and  elsewhere  were  often  dis- 
charged from  municipal  duties,  on  account 
of  their  own  "  unpleasant  and  onerous  occu- 
pation." 

Mr.  Grey  takes  his  readers  for  seven  walks 
through  the  parishes  of  St.  Giles's-in-the- 
Fields  and  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury,  the 
two  parishes  covering  an  area,  we  believe, 
of  nearly  250  acres,  and  rivalling,  if  not  sur- 
passing, any  other  parishes  of  equal  area  in 
interesting  associations.  With  the  ins  and 
outs  of  this  extensive  district  Mr.  Grey  him- 
self was  intimately  acquainted,  having,  as 
already  mentioned,  spent  the  best  years  of 
his  life  there,  engaged  in  public  or  philan- 
thropic work  of  one  kind  or  another,  some 
particulars  of  which  he  gives  in  the  con- 
cluding chapters  of  his  book.  The  com- 
pilation of  notes  from  the  best  sources  was 
evidently  to  him  a  labour  of  love,  and  it  is  a 
sore  grief  to  his  friends  that  he  did  not  live 
to  see  his  book  through  the  press.  Had  Ins 
life  been  spared,  the  few  errors  we  have  come 
across  would  doubtless  have  been  corrected, 
and  his  work,  as  a  book  of  reference,  rendered 
more  valuable  by  the  addition  of  an  index. 

Memorials  of  Old  Hertfordshire.  Edited 
by  P.  C.  Standing.  (Bemrose  &  Sons.) — 
This  book  is  one  of  a  series  of  volumes  issued 
during  recent  years,  wherein  brief  descrip- 
tions of  particular  features  of  a  county  are 
written  by  a  variety  of  authors,  without 
any  kind  of  string  to  tie  them  together. 
One  of  the  first  of  these  volumes — that  on 
Northamptonshire,  edited  by  Miss  Dryden 
— had  certain  distinct  merits  ;  but  others 
have  been  hardly  praiseworthy.  The  illus- 
trations, based  on  photographs,  have  been 
good  throughout,  and  the  publishers  have 
tinned  out  the  series  in  a  very  credit- 
able fashion.  Notably  is  this  the  case  with 
the  present  volume,  which  contains  upwards 
of  a  dozen  superior  illustrations.  The 
pictures  are  certainly  worth  much  more  than 
the  prose.  There  are  only  a  few  men  who 
can  write  brief  essays  on  ancient  themes  in 
such  a  pleasant,  clear  fashion  as  to  make 
them  popular,  and  the  editor  of  this  Hert- 
fordshire book  has  not  had  the  good  fortune 
to  come  across  any  of  these  rarities.  We 
doubt,  indeed,  if  a  really  good  writer  would 
consent  to  put  in  print  such  short  articles 
on  important  subjects  as  appear  between 
these  covers.  Here  172  pages  represent 
20  separate  articles.  We  cannot  find  the 
least  satisfaction  in  reading  or  possessing 
five  pages  about  'The  Franciscan  and  Bene- 
dictine Monasteries  of  Ware,'  particularly 
when  the  gentleman  who  describes  them 
knows  so  little  of  conventual  arrangement 
that  of  a  particular  apartment  he  writes  : 
"  This  may  have  been  either  the  dormitory, 
refectory,  or  common  room."  Concerning 
both  these  houses  there  is  a  good  deal  of  in- 
teresting unprinted  material  to  be  gleaned  by 
any  one  who  thought  it  worth  whilo  to  make 
some  slight  research.  The  four  pages  on 
'  St.  Alban,  Briton  and  Protomartyr,'  like 
the  nine  pages  on  '  The  Church  of  St.  Alban,' 
aro  too  ephemeral  to  be  worth  printing  in 
anything  more  permanent  than  a  parish 
magazine.  Knowing  Hertfordslure  well,  and 
reading  tlirough  this  book  in  the  hopes  of 
finding  something  fresh,  or  at  all  events 
brightly  written,  we  could  discover  only  one 
paper  out  of  twenty  of  any  real  value,  and 
that  is  the  one  by  Mr.  Ditchfield  on  Moor 
Park,  the  home  of  Lord  Ebury. 

Wo  had  noted  tliree  or  four  slips  or  errors 
for  correction,  but  it  seems  scarcely  worth 
whilo  to  set  them  forth.  There  must,  we 
suppose,  be  a  genuine  demand  for  volumes 
such  as  these,  or  they  would  not  bo  issued  ; 
they  remind  us  of  the  old  "  keepsake " 
style  of  books  of  the  later  Georgian  or  early 
Victorian    period,    which    collectors    value 


478 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


Nn  409.1,  April  21,  1906 


chiefly  for  the  good  steel  engravings  which 
they  contain. 

Could  not  the  editor  of  future  volumes  in 
this  scries  be  persuaded  to  look  for  at  least 
one  or  two  writers  who  have  something 
original  to  say  r  There  is  not  a  county  in 
England  that  has  not  an  abundance  of  im- 
printed material  ready  to  reward  the  patient 
searcher  after  historic  truth  or  quaint  topo- 
graphical details. 

The  History  of  Suffolk  :  its  Records  and 
MSS.  By  W.  A.  Copinger,  LL.D.  Vol.  V. 
(Sotheran  &  Co.) — In  the  course  of  the  last 
two  years  we  have  called  attention  to  the 
previous  four  volumes  of  this  great  under- 
taking in  terms  of  warm  commendation. 
With  this  fifth  volume  of  about  500  pages 
Dr.  Copinger  has  completed  his  task,  and 
now  Suffolk  possesses  an  almost  exhaustive 
index  to  the  records  and  MSS.  and  general 
literature  pertaining  to  every  place  and 
family  throughout  the  whole  county.  The 
work  is  a  monument  of  patient  industry, 
and  cannot  fail  to  prove  a  great  boon  to 
every  one  interested  in  topography  or 
genealogy.  It  is  all  the  more  valuable  as 
Suffolk  up  to  the  present  is  destitute  of  any- 
thing that  can  be  called  a  county  history. 
The  two  big  volumes  by  Mr.  Suckling  were 
excellent  of  their  kind,  but  covered  only  a 
.small  portion  of  Suffolk.  We  have  tested 
this  work  severely.  It  is  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  find  an  omission,  but  one  such  instance 
may  be  mentioned  among  references  to 
Westhall  and  the  fine  remnants  of  the  painted 
rood-screen,  namely,  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc. 
Journal,  xxviii.  192-4  ;  the  omission  is  the 
more  curious  as  the  reference  to  another 
volume  of  that  series  duly  appears.  To 
illustrate  the  general  completeness  of  Dr. 
Copinger's  index,  it  may  be  added  that  the 
bibliography  of  Suffolk  writers  is  not 
neglected :  in  the  last  volume,  under 
Strickland,  is  a  list  not  only  of  the  works  of 
Agnes  Strickland,  and  of  her  less-known 
sister  Jane  Margaret  Strickland,  but  also  of 
her  comparatively  unknown  earlier  relatives 
Kate  and  Susannah,  both  of  whom  were 
also  connected  with  Reydon  Hall,  South- 
wold. 

Waverley  Abbey.  By  Harold  Brakspear, 
F.S.A.  (Surrey  Archaeological  Society.) — 
This  book  of  100  and  odd  pages,  with 
numerous  admirable  illustrations  and  plans, 
is  issued  as  the  volume  of  the  Surrey  Archaeo- 
logical Society  for  1904.  In  the  last  few 
years  several  excellent  monographs  have 
been  issued  on  Cistercian  and  other  abbeys, 
notably  by  Mr.  St.  John  Hope,  wherein 
their  conventual  arrangements  and  archi- 
tectural remains  have  been  thoroughly  dis- 
cussed ;  and  this  treatise  is  well  worthy  of 
being  classed  with  the  very  best  of  such 
works.  Several  small  books  have,  with 
more  or  less  accuracy,  dealt  with  the  history 
of  this  early  Cistercian  establishment, 
basing  most  of  their  information  on  the 
'  Annales  Monasterii  de  Waverleia  '  of  the 
Cotton  MSS.,  which  was  printed  at  length 
in  the  Rolls  Series  of  Chronicles  in  1865  ; 
but  this  is  the  first  time  that  the  actual 
abbey  buildings,  which  throw  much  light 
upon  the  Cistercian  system,  have  been 
described.  The  work  of  systematic  excava- 
tion, in  the  beautiful  grounds  of  Mr.  Rupert 
Anderson,  was  begun  in  1898,  and  has 
since  been  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Brak- 
spear. The  great  church,  the  cloisters,  the 
infirmary,  and  the  guest-house  have  all 
been  examined,  and  their  characteristics 
and  details  carefully  portrayed.  The  site 
of  the  abbey,  in  the  valley  of  the  Wey,  was, 
from  its  earliest  days,  subject  to  severe 
floods.  One  of  these,  which  occurred  in 
1233,  is  graphically  described  in  the  '  Annals.' 
s    Tliis  was  followed  by  even  a  greater  flood 


in  1265,  which  forced  itself  to  such  a  depth 
into  the  customary  buildings  that  the 
members  of  the  convent  had  to  pass  the 
night,  some  in  the  church,  some  in  the 
treasury,  and  others  in  the  guest-house. 
The  whole  valley  has  been  gradually  silting 
up  with  flood-carried  gravel  ever  since  the 
abbey  was  first  built.  By  the  end  of  the 
twelfth  century  the  monks  found  it  necessary 
to  raise  the  floor  levels  of  their  buildings 
about  two  feet  ;  and  in  the  fifteenth  century 
the  floors  had  again  to  be  raised  a  like 
amount.  The  original  level  is  now  about 
six  feet  below  the  turf,  and  the  later  levels 
before  the  Dissolution  from  eighteen  inches 
to  two  feet. 

Among  the  more  interesting  details  foimd 
during  the  excavations,  apart  from  innu- 
merable architectural  fragments,  and  founda- 
tions with  several  feet  of  walling,  were  a 
four-wick  cresset  stone,  numerous  early 
tiles,  brown  and  green  glazed  pottery  ware, 
and  an  ornamental  copper  boss  from  a 
book  back.  This  last-named  relic,  of  which 
a  coloured  plate  is  given,  is  of  twelfth- 
century  date,  and  a  good  example  of  early 
enamelling.  The  subject  is  a  half-length 
figure  of  our  Saviour  with  a  cruciform  nimbus, 
the  right  hand  raised  in  benediction  and  the 
left  holding  a  book.  The  background  of 
the  nimbus  is  of  red  enamel,  and  the  rest 
of  the  background  of  green  enamel.  The 
whole  is  surrounded  by  two  narrow  lines  of 
gold  with  a  band  of  white  enamel  between 
them.  The  boss  was  fixed  to  the  book  by 
four  rivets.  In  all  probability  a  boss  of  this 
value  was  originally  affixed  to  the  centre 
of  a  Textus  of  the  Gospels,  which  was  often 
the  chief  ornament  of  early  altars. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

It  is  always  interesting  to  note  the  impres- 
sion which  India  makes  upon  those  who  go 
there  to  write,  without  previous  Indian 
experience.  As  a  rule,  they  see  India  at 
her  best  ;  but  Mr.  G.  F.  Abbott,  in  his 
Through  India  with  the  Prince — the  first  of 
many  such  books,  no  doubt — gives  us  much 
serious  and  creditable  work,  not  marked 
by  cold-weather  complacency.  The  style  is, 
as  the  French  say,  "  tortured,"  or,  in  other 
words,  there  is  some  straining  after  effect. 
We  are,  nevertheless,  able  to  commend  Mr. 
Abbott's  volume  ;  and  his  photographs  are 
among  the  best  of  the  many  good  Indian 
photographs  we  have  seen.  In  his  "  descrip- 
tions "  our  author  is  behind  many  rivals  : 
the  experienced  reviewer  of  Indian  volumes 
knows  the  Golden  Tank  Temple  and  the 
sights  of  Agra  not  only  as  he  has  seen  them, 
but  also  as  they  have  been  seen  by  others, 
and  the  writer  of  these  lines  is  unable  to 
convey  to  the  public  with  politeness  what 
he  thinks  of  Mr.  Abbott  from  this  limited 
point  of  view.  But  his  political  observation, 
though  unpleasant,  is,  we  fear,  sound.  He 
describes  the  Government  of  India  as 
"  failing  to  earn  the  love  of  the  people  on  whose 
behalf  it  works.  Why  ?  I  suppose  for  the  same 
reason  for  which  the  Briton  fails  to  earn  the  love  of 
an}-  one  the  world  over.  It  is  a  cumbrous  kind  of 
machine,   almost  Turkishly  stupid  and  slow  and 

self-complacent.     Yet,  in  the  main,  an  honest 

old  machine." 

Here  is  another  passage  in  which  there  is  a 
great  deal  more  truth  than  would  be  ad- 
mitted by  officials  : — 

"  If  the  influence  of  Europe  over  India  is  to  yield 
anything  more  useful  than  a  frantic  reaction,  it 
must  go  beyond  the  school.  It  must  be  extended 
over  the  broadest  area  of  Indian  life,  and  made  to 
permeate,  through  the  surface,  into  the  deep 
recesses  of  Indian  nature.  This,  however,  though 
I  hold  it  to  be  possible,  cannot  come  to  pass  so  long 


ii-  our  v  ives  and  our  daughters  disdain  tho  society 
cf  Indian  women,  and  so  long  as  we  refuse  to  breathe 
— in  our  clubs,  railway-carriages,  and  houses — the 
Ante  air  m  Indian  men.  Hut,  before  we  give  up 
our  own  aloofness,  the  Indians  must  also  give  up 
their  customs  of  chewing  betel,  of  nursing  their 
toes,  and  of  expectorating  in  our  presence.  Mean- 
while, the  abhorrence  is  mutual.  If  the  European 
scorns  the  native,  the  native — the  genuine,  self- 
respeoting  Hindu— repays  the  debt  with  interest." 
He  goes  on  to  say  that  the 

"barrier  is  daily  growing  higher,  owing  to  the 
Anglo-Indian  Governments  self-contradictory  per- 
sistence in  looking  upon  the  Indian  as  a  curiosity 
belonging  to  another  species,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  it  endeavours  to  train  him  according  to  the 
rules  of  ours.  The  Anglo-Indian  cannot  understand 
that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  educate  the  Indian  on 
Western  ideas,  and  jet  to  treat  him  as  if  he  were 
a  primitive  Oriental.  "This  attitude  is,  perhaps,  due 
to  mere  stupidity.  Another  cause  of  alienation  is 
the  insolence  of  some  Indian  Civil  Servants.  I  have 
seen  young  men  springing  from  the  London  suburbs 
treating  in  public  aged  native  noblemen  in  a  manner 
which  a  gentleman  would  not  have  adopted  towards 
his  valet.  In  any  other  country  these  things  would 
have  begotten  sedition  long  ago.  In  India  they 
beget  a  bitterness  which  is  none  the  less  ominous- 
because  it  is  rarely  expressed  in  action." 
On  the  other  hand,  the  sweet  smile3  and  the 
handshakos  with  which  the  Queen  greeted 
hero,  during  the  festivities  of  the  Corona- 
tion, several  of  the  Indian  princes  may  have 
gone  too  far  in  the  opposite  direction.  The 
perfect  relation  is  that  of  a  courteous  Indian 
officer  of  the  old  school  towards  native 
officers.  But  few  officers  agree  with  Mr* 
Abbott's  conclusion,  which  is  that  of  most 
Britons  : — 

"  The  only  condition  of  success — the  condition  on 
the  observance  of  which  depends  the  very  per- 
manence of  the  British  Empire  in  India — is  sincere 
co-operation  between  the  Englishman  and  the 
native,  and  as  the  native  becomes  more  and  more 
educated  he  is  entitled  to  a  greater  and  yet  greater 
share  in  the  government  of  his  own  country." 

We  are  amused  to  learn  that  the  Maharaja 
Sindhia  of  Gwalior  is  ';  now  importing  from 
Mombasa  lions,  which  he  means  to  turn 
loose  upon  his  dominions,"  so  as  to  improve 
sport. 

Mr.  Abbott  does  not  often  fall  into  the 
common  fault  of  using  in  his  descriptions, 
as  though  special  to  the  country  he  pictures, 
things  which  are  to  be  seen  or  heard  in- 
great  and  varied  portions  of  the  globe. 
"  The  cricket's  chirp. .  .  .melancholy. . .  .like 
all  the  songs  of  the  East,"  is,  however,  much 
the  same  in  a  New  York  July  or  a  Mel- 
bourne January  as  in  "  the  melancholy 
East."  The  pictures  of  "  the  Buddhist 
Hell  "  described  at  Mandalay  are  precisely 
like  those  which  are  still  to  be  found  in 
Japan,  and  which  are  everywhere  in  the 
Chinese  empire,  from  Mukden  to  the  Indian 
frontier.  Mr.  Edward  Arnold  is  Mr. 
Abbott's  publisher. 

The  Librairie  Armand  Colin  publishes- 
Marine  francaise  et  Marines  etrangeres  : 
Politique  navale  des  grandes  Puissances,  les 
Organisations  viaritimes,  et  les  Flottes  actu- 
elles,  by  Capt.  Abeille.  We  have  given  the 
second  as  well  as  the  first  title  of  this  volume 
(which  appears  to  represent  the  opinions  of 
some  of  the  teachers  in  the  French  Superior 
School  of  War)  because  the  first  might 
prove  misleading  to  our  readors.  The  words 
employed  in  it  are  such  as  are  often  used  to 
head  statistics  of  little  value.  The  work 
before  us  is  of  a  very  different  kind,  and, 
although  we  find  serious  defects  in  it,  as  in 
all  French  naval  inquiries,  there  are  large 
parts  of  the  book  which  are  of  great  value, 
though  not  brought  up  to  date. 

It  is  impossible  to  read  the  reports  of  the 
leading  French  politicians  who,  after  pro- 
longed inquiry  and  study,  write  each  year 


N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


479 


two  great  official  essays  on  the  naval  budget, 
■without  discovering  that  the  French  navy 
is  the  most  conservative  service  in  the  world, 
and   that  France  is  still  in  naval   politics 
much    where   we    were    before    the    revival 
which  began  in  this  country  in  the  seventies, 
and  conquered  the  press  in  the  nineties,  and 
Governments  in  the  last  three  years.     It  is 
true  that  Sir  John  Colomb  only  revived  the 
sound   Bi'itish  doctrine  of   the   past,   wliile 
Mr.    Spenser    Wilkinson    applied    to    naval 
strategy  the  eternal  principles  illustrated  by 
Clausewitz ;     but    the    successive    steps    by 
which,  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Thursfield 
and    Sir    George    Sydenham    Clarke,     The 
Times  was  brought  to  take  the  sound  view 
previously  forgotten,  led  to  the  improvement 
of  the  Defence  Committee  of  the  Cabinet. 
After  going  wrong  in  the  old  blind  fashion 
for    some    years,    the    Defence    Committee 
finally    adopted    modern    views,    in    which 
some  think  it  has  recently  shown  rashness. 
In    the    mam,   however,    the    former    grop- 
ing   after  varying   principles,  which  led   to 
lavish  expenditure  and  waste,  has  been  put 
an  end  to  in  this  country,  though  unfor- 
tunately not  in  India,  where  Lord  Kitchener 
pursues  aims  inconsistent  with  those  adopted 
at   home   under  Mr.    Balfour.     France   has 
done  us  the  honour  in  the  last   month  to 
imitate  our  Defence  Committee,  and  in  the 
course   of  time   the   French  navy   may   be 
converted    and    become    modern,    like    its 
rivals — of  whom  Germany  started  with  this 
advantage,  while  we  have  painfully  acquired 
it.     In  the  meantime  Capt.  Abeille  preaches 
the  exact  opposite  of  the  strategic  or  politico- 
naval  doctrine  which  we  praised  a  few  months 
ago    in   the   volume    entitled    '  Quittons   la 
Mediterranee.'     Capt.  Abeille  wishes  to  con- 
centrate the  French  fleets  at  Toulon,  while 
the  sounder  opinion  points  to  concentration 
at  Brest.      Our  author's  reason  is   that  the 
defence  of  the  communications  with  Algeria 
is    "a   vital   necessity."     As,    however,    we 
pointed  out  in  reviewing  the  book  of  "  Capt. 
■Sorb  "  (Athenceum,  August  26th,  1905),  the 
latter  proves  that  the  British  Mediterranean 
squadron  could  at  all  times  have  cut  the 
communications  to  the  maintenance  of  which 
the   whole    French   fleet   would   have   been 
sacrificed.     If  this  would  have  been  the  case 
when  the  United  Kingdom  stood  alone,  how 
much  more  if  our  author  is  right  in  tliinking 
that  Italy  would  join  us  against  France  ? 
Capt.  Abeille  proposes  that  in  the  only  war 
which    he    treats    as    worth   considering    in 
detail,  namely,   war  against  ourselves,   the 
French    fleet    should    operate    against    our 
trade  and  shipping.     It  is  clear,  however, 
that  he  has  not  read  the  report  or  evidence 
lately  published  by  the  Royal  Commission 
in  which  the  supply  of  food  and  raw  material 
in  time  of  war  is  dealt  with.     The  report 
was  reassuring,  and  was  based  upon  a  far 
more   careful  consideration   of   the   subject 
than  Capt.  Abeille  seems  to  have  given  to  it. 
Like  other  French  writers  who  have  discussed 
the  matter,  he  deals  lightly  with  the  obliga- 
tions supposed  to  be  forced  on  belligerents 
by  "  international  law."     He  states  that  the 
French    instructions    contemplate    the    de- 
struction of  prizos,  but  he  has  not  thought 
the  matter  out.     He  maintains  the  principle 
of  "  Free  ships,  free  goods,"  and  that  of  its 
exact  converse.     Now  the  sinking  of  prizes 
objected  to  by  us  witli  regard  to  the  action 
of  Russia  was  that  of  neutral  ships  affected 
by    undue    extension    of    the    principle    of 
contraband.      This   Capt.  Abeille   does   not, 
in  fact,  discuss  ;    neither  does  he  deal  with 
neutral  waters,  which  have  so  close  a  bear- 
ing upon  the  position  of  our  trade  in  time 
of  war.     It  is  shown  by  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion that  the  Mediterranean,  contrary  to  the 


hitherto  received  view,  could  be  used  by  us 
for  transit  in  time  of  war  with  France.  No 
serious  attempt  has  been  made  on  the  side 
of  the  commerce-destroying  school  to  upset 
the  emphatic  evidence  upon  which  this  view 
was  based  by  the  Commission. 

Capt.  Abeille  has  some  happy  incidental 
phrases  about  ourselves :  "A  blind  con- 
fidence in  the  value  of  the  empiric  method 
is  the  most  unfortunate  fault  of  our  neigh- 
bours." On  naval  education  he  recommends 
the  British  view  which  has  prevailed, 
although  apparently  he  bases  his  opinion 
on  American  documents,  without  having 
become  aware  of  the  exact  nature  of  the 
"  Osborne  "  scheme.  Capt.  Abeille  is  inter- 
esting on  coast  defence,  and  uses  the  familiar 
arguments  in  favour  of  the  French  system 
of  giving  to  sailors  the  command  of  the 
batteries  defending  the  approach  to  the 
ports  and  stations  of  the  fleet.  He  considers 
the  avoidance  of  costly  blunders  "  difficult 
for  a  sailor,  and  impossible  for  a  military 
officer."  The  matter  has  importance  for 
us,  even  in  the  opinion  of  those  who  accept 
the  Blue-Water  view.  In  the  event,  for 
instance,  of  strained  relations  with  Germany 
the  vulnerable  point  of  the  Forth  Bridge 
would  find  its  new  batteries  of  the  finest 
modern  guns  maimed  by  militia,  and  com- 
manded by  garrison  artillery  officers.  There 
is  no  sailor  who  can  feel  easy  in  his  mind 
about  the  ability  of  the  defenders  to  dis- 
tinguish between  the  German  destroyers 
and  our  own,  making  use  of  private  war 
signals  and  war  devices. 

The  best  thing  in  the  book — and  it  forms 
nearly  half  its  contents — is  the  careful  com- 
parison of  the  system  of  administration  of 
the  fleets  of  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy, 
and  Germany.  But  our  author's  know- 
ledge strikes  us  as  being  better  with  regard 
to  Italy  than  with  regard  to  the  more  im- 
portant German  system.  The  worst  point 
in  the  volume  is  an  extraordinary  blunder 
for  a  writer  of  Capt.  Abeille's  training,  by 
which  he  repeats — apparently  in  the  name 
of  the  French  official  world,  which  must 
know  better — a  mistake  into  which  many 
have  fallen  in  this  country.  Capt.  Abeille  com- 
plains that  in  recent  arrangements  between 
France  and  England  steps  were  not  taken 
to  "  put  an  end  to  the  out-of-date  article 
of  the  Treaty  of  Paris  forbidding  us  to 
fortify  Saint-Pierre  and  Miquelon,  now  the 
terminal  station  of  our  American  cables." 
It  is  unfortunately  the  case  that  a  single 
sentence  will  sometimes  destroy  the  credit 
of  a  writer.  Capt.  Abeille  seems  not  to  have 
thought  out  the  value  which  the  fortification 
of  these  islands  might  possibly  possess  in  the 
event  of  any  of  the  wars  which  he  discusses 
or  to  which  he  alludes  in  passing.  The 
reasons  which  have  led  us — by  a  decision 
which,  curiously  enough,  he  approves — to 
give  up  fortresses,  such  as  St.  Lucia, 
upon  which,  until  the  moment  when  the 
decision  was  taken,  we  had  been  spending 
great  sums  of  money,  are  infinitely  stronger 
when  applied  to  the  abandonment  as  fortified 
stations  of  the  islands  off  Newfoundland. 
It  is  understood,  moreover,  that  the  French 
Government  has  decided  to  withdraw  the 
garrisons  which  protect  the  costly  French 
fortifications  of  the  island  of  Martinique. 
How  the  French-American  cable  could  be 
protected  and  used,  whether  the  North 
American  islands  were  fortified  or  not, 
Capt.  Abeille  has  not  considered  ;  but  he 
may  rest  assured  that  if  ho  persuades  his 
Government  to  spend  money,  urgently 
required  for  other  places,  on  the  fortification 
of  Saint  -  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  there  is  no 
international  engagement  which  can  be 
invoked  to  prevent  the  expenditure.     The 


French  are  held  by  some  to  be  bound  in 
honour  to  avoid  using  the  islands  as  a  strong- 
hold on  account  of  the  spirit  of  the  French 
"  King's  Declaration."  Tins  view  cannot 
be  taken  by  our  Government,  which  denied 
a  more  natural  interpretation  of  our  own 
"King's  Declaration."  The  islands,  after 
the  date  of  the  treaty  invoked  by  Capt. 
Abeille,  were  again  taken  by  us,  and  again 
ceded.  In  the  Treaty  of  1783  the  words  of 
the  Treaty  of  1763  were  not  repeated,  and 
this  nakedness  of  cession  was  one  of  the 
grounds  on  which  Lord  Shelburne's  Ministry 
was  censured  by  the  House  of  Commons. 
It  is  necessary  to  add,  for  the  information 
of  Frenchmen,  that  the  consent  of  Parlia- 
ment is  not  required  to  treaties,  as  it  is  in 
other  countries,  and  that  the  censure  did 
not  upset,  or  indeed  affect,  the  cession. 

Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stoughton  publish 
Studies  in  American  Trade  Unionism,  edited 
by  Dr.  Hollander  and  Dr.  Barnett,  both  of 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  With  the 
exception  of  the  introduction  by  Dr.  Hol- 
lander and  a  final  chapter  by  Mr.  W.  Knight 
on  '  The  Knights  of  Labour  and  the  American 
Federation  of  Labour,'  the  volume  consists 
of  detached  essays  on  various  unions,  such 
as  the  Typographical  Union,  the  Cigar 
Makers'  Union,  and  the  Railway  Unions. 
There  is  one  chapter  on  'Employers'  Asso- 
ciations.' The  book  contains  a  good  many 
incidental  remarks  upon  the  struggle  for 
the  adoption  of  trade-union  labels,  a  policy 
which  has  been  pushed  much  further  in  the 
United  States  than  in  this  country,  where 
the  unions  are  far  stronger  and  more  healthy 
than  has  hitherto  been  the  case  in  America. 
F.  Anstey  has  collected  several  stories 
and  sketches  under  the  title  of  the  first, 
Salted  Almonds  (Smith  &  Elder),  which 
intimates,  he  points  out,  that  he  is  providing 
trifles  "  to  beguile  the  intervals  between 
the  courses  of  a  substantial  banquet,"  which 
should  be  taken  two  or  three  at  a  time.  All 
the  pieces  have  that  rare  savour  which  is  the 
author's  secret,  and  they  are  varied,  as  he 
includes  the  pure  fantasy  of  impossible 
things,  the  story  of  extravagant  and  mirth- 
compelling  situations  which  he  does  so  well, 
and  the  study  of  manners,  generally  of  the 
lower  orders,  who  are  neatly  shown  off 
against  those  who  conceive  themselves  their 
betters.  We  notice  a  fantastic  account  of 
the  reason  '  Why  I  have  given  up  writing 
Novels,'  but  we  hope  yet  for  more  good 
work  in  that  way  from  F.  Anstey,  in  spite 
of  the  poor  reception  given  to  '  The  Pariah. 
We  are  always  delighted  to  have  these 
shorter  things  from  him,  but  we  think  our 
author  has  a  keen  eye  for  character  as  well 
as  an  extraordinary  gift  for  ingenious  para- 
phrase. Excellent  fun  can  be  made  out  of 
the  latter  aptitude,  but  the  former  suggests 
serious  and  sustained  work.  F.  Anstey 
should  give  an  ungrateful  public  another 
chance.  * 

The  Dictionary  of  Indian  Biography,  by 
C.  E.  Buckland,  C.I.E.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.), 
supplies  a  want  often  felt  by  those  in  any 
way  connected  with  India,  and  they  ot 
themselves  form  a  large  public.  It  does  not 
pretend  to  give  biographies  on  the  scale  ot 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  but 
endeavours  to  supply  "  such  information  ax 
is  sufficient  for  the  ordinary  reader,  regarding 
the  careers  and  doings  of  the  large  number 
of  persona  connected  with  India,  m  history. 
by  their  exploits,  services,  and  writings. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  extreme 
difficulty  of  selection  (for  the  living  as  well 
as  the  dead  are  included),  we  think  the  object 
is  reasonably  attained.  As  the  editor  just  I  v 
remarks,  his  decisions   as   to   omissions  and 


-JS(» 


THE     ATHKN;KUM 


N"  109>.  April  21.  1966 


inclusion!  of  namea  arc  certain  to  I"'  ohai 
Lenged  ;  I'ut  he  hope*,  with  the  assistance  "t 
persons  interest  od,  t"  bs  able  In  future 
editions  to  reined)  defect*.  Thai  i>  a  wise 
position  to  take  in  a  matter  involving  much 
delicacy  of  treatment!  and  m  wish  him 
anooeas.      The    volume     to     oommendablj 

aCOUratO,  will  printed  and  turned  out. 

Morocco  of    To-day,     By   Eugene  Aubin. 

(Dent    oV    Co.)      'This   is    a   book   WB   arc  glad 

to  ase  toaued  in  English  form,  it  nraa  pub- 
liahed  in  Paria  in  L904,  and  reviewed  in  these 
nolnmna  on  August  t>th  of  thai  year.  Whether 
tho  present   translation  to  the  work  of  the 

author  or  not  is  not  stated,  but  as  the  spoiling 
of    Morocco     place-names    and    of     Moorish 

words  is  French  throughout,  we  may  assume 

that     the    translator    is    not    English.      The 

work  has  been  done  intelligently  and  well, 

and  in  its  new  guiso  tho  book  should  find 
many  readers  in  England.  Its  title-page 
announces  that  it  lias  boon  crowned  by  the 
French  Academy,  an  honour  which  was  also 
paid  to  the  author's  '  Los  Anglais  aux  Tndes 
et  en  Egypte.'  We  are  pleased  to  note  that 
tho  crying  need  of  an  index,  which  we  pointed 
out  in  reviewing  tho  original,  has  been 
supplied  in  this  English  issue  ;  but  the 
maps  hero  are  not  nearly  so  well  reproduced 
as  wrere  those  of  the  French  issue,  and  that 
of  the  environs  of  Fez  is  missing  altogether. 
On  the  other  hand,  tho  English  edition  is 
bound  solidly  in  cloth,  and  so  is  better  suited 
for  the  library  than  the  paper  -  covered 
French  issue,  while  little  has  been  lost  in  the 
translation. 

As  for  the  nature  and  scope  of  M.  Aubin's 
work,  we  dealt  with  that  in  1904.  His 
descriptions  are  vivid  ;  the  information  he 
supplies  is  lucidly  set  forth,  and  upon  the 
whole  remarkably  trustworthy.  The  number 
of  equally  informative  English  books  about 
Morocco  is  extremely  small.  Of  the  political 
situation  in  Morocco  during  his  journeying 
there  M.  Aubin  takes  an  essentially  French 
view.  It  is  a  tolerably  sound  one,  too,  but, 
as  was  natural,  the  author  was  not  able 
during  his  visit  to  get  to  the  bottom  of  the 
confused  ramifications  of  Al  Moghreb's 
internal  economy.  This  by  no  means 
detracts,  however,  from  the  solid  value  of 
his  descriptions  of  the  people  and  the  places 
he  saw,  during  a  long  inland  journey,  from 
Mogador  and  Marrakish  up  to  the  north 
coast,  by  way  of  Fez  and  sacred  Wazzan. 
At  the  present  juncture,  when  the  Conference 
at  Algeciras  is  fresh  in  our  minds,  this  book 
should  commend  itself  for  general  reading 
in  England. 

Messrs.  Nelson,  who  were,  we  think, 
the  pioneers  of  the  cheap  pocket  edition  on 
thin  paper,  send  us  in  that  form  Monte 
Cristo,  2  vols.,  and  The  Breakfast  Table 
Series  of  Holmes.  This  "  New  Century 
Library  "  is  now  an  old-established  favourite, 
and  certainly  is  remarkably  handy. 


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DR.  RICHARD  GARXETT. 
By  the  deatli  of  Dr.  Richard  Garnott  on 
Friday  last  week,  at  the  age  of  seventy-one, 
we  lose  one  of  the  most  accomplished  literary 
figures  of  our  time^ — a  man  who  spent  all 
his  life  among  books,  and  had  an  unequalled 
knowledge  of  their  contents.  Richard  CJar- 
nett,  born  at  Lichfield  in  1835.  was  the  eldest 
son  of  a  clergyman  who  was  Assistant 
Keeper  of  Printed  Books  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  entered  the  pamo  service  at 
tho  ago  of  sixteen.  In  1875  he  became 
Superintendent  of  the  Reading  -  Room, 
being  concerned  with  tho  preparation  of 
the  Catalogue  from  1881  to  1890.  From 
1890  till  1899  he  was  Keeper  of  Printed 
Books,  and  retired  in  the  latter  year.  He 
was  made  C.B.  in  1895.  His  knowledge 
of  the  extraordinary  collection  under  his 
care  was  wonderful,  and  his  kJndness  in 
assisting  research  exemplary.  Many  a 
student  owes  to  his  memory  and  reading 
references  on  nbstrtise  stibjeets  and  authors 
which  only  an  HM  vi  lopaxlic  mind  could 
carry.  Such  learning  is  rare  at  any  time, 
rmd  especially  in  the  present  age,  in  which 
tho  hurry  of  competition  and  premature 
specialization  havo  almost  eliminated  the 
all-round  scholar.  Dr.  Garnett  was  an 
occasional  contributor  for  many  years  to 
our  own  columns,  and  a  good  specimen  of 
his  out-of-the-way  erudition  is  provided  by 
his  note  two  years  ago  on  the  invention  of 
gunpowder,    and   another  in    1902   on    the 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


481 


« Astrology  of  Chaucer.'  He  had  considerable 
knowledge  of,  and  b.elief  in  that  science, 
and  calculated  his  own  horoscope.  His 
knowledge  and  enthusiasm  were  at  the 
service  of  all  who  approached  him ;  and 
he  was  singularly  tolerant  of  those  odd 
or  wayward  characters  which  are  an 
occasional  feature  of  the  Reading-Room. 
He  had  a  keen  eye  for  bibliographical 
treasures,  and  his  discovery  of  some  letters 
by  Shelley  will  be  remembered.  His 
paper  on  the  early  history  of  '  Vathek ' 
in  'Essays  of  an  Ex  -  Librarian '  (1901) 
is  a  good  specimen  of  his  bibliographical 
acuteness.  Beginning  with  a  volume  of 
poetry  in  1858,  he  wrote  a  great  many 
books— too  much,  perhaps,  for  his  repu- 
tation, since  several  of  his  contributions 
to  various  series,  reprints,  &c,  represented 
general  competence  rather  than  the  special 
aptitude  or  research  which  ought  to 
justify  such  performances.  His  scholarship 
in  Italian  was  uncommon,  and  led  to  a 
capital  'History  of  Italian  Literature' 
(1898).  He  edited  'Relics  of  Shelley'  in 
1862,  a  publication  which  was  of  im- 
portance as  having  the  sanction  of  Sir  Percy 
Shelley,  but  was  biassed  by  the  evident 
desire  to  put  the  best  construction  on  the 
vagaries  of  the  poet.  His  clear,  easy  style 
and  wonderful  range  were  well  exhibited  in 
the  comprehensive  '  English  Literature  :  an 
Illustrated  Record,'  in  four  volumes,  which 
he  produced  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Gosse 
(1903-4).  He  had  a  kindly  humour  and 
gifts  of  fantasy  which  ought  to  have  made 
a  success  of  his  charming  collection  of 
stories  'The  Twilight  of  the  Gods'  (1888). 
It  failed,  however,  to  secure  due  recog- 
nition, and  was  the  most  desired  of  "  re- 
mainders "  among  the  cognoscenti  until  a 
new  edition  of  it  was  issued  in  1903.  His 
taste  was  generally  equal  to  his  know- 
ledge, and  we  remember  our  surprise  on 
reading  that  he  thought  a  passage  in  Tenny- 
son's ballad  of  'Edward  Gray  '  the  most 
touching  thing  the  poet  had  achieved.  As 
a  critic  he  was  admirably  catholic  and 
judicious  as  a  rule,  though  he  lacked,  perhaps, 
the  Promethean  touch  which  makes  criticism 
creative.  He  ranks  high  as  a  translator 
of  foreign  languages,  especially  of  the 
'Greek  Anthology.'  The  several  volumes 
of  his  original  poetry  include  much  that  is 
both  felicitous  and  finished,  and  in  the 
sonnet  form  he  showed  a  richly  stored  mind 
to  advantage. 

Dr.  Garnett  married  a  daughter  of  West- 
land  Marston,  and  her  loss  three  years  ago 
obviously  affected  his  health  and  spirits. 
His  genial,  rugged  face  was  familiar  in 
literary  circles,  and  was  admirably  rendered 
in  a  portrait  by  the  Hon.  John  Collier 
painted  in  1899.  A  host  of  friends  regret 
one  who  was  widely  beloved  for  the  sweet 
simplicity  of  his  nature. 


THE    MISPLACED    LEAF    OF    'PIERS 
THE    PLOWMAN.' 

Qarandm  Prom,  Oxfoad. 

The  January  number  of  Modern  Philology 
contains  an  article  by  Prof.  J.  M.  Manly, 
entitled  '  The  Lost  Leaf  of  "  Piers  the  Plow- 
man," '  in  which  the  author  endeavours  to 
account  for  certain  strango  incoherences  in 
the  fifth  Passus  of  the  A-text  of  the  poem. 
He  has,  I  think,  shown  beyond  doubt  that 
they  cannot  have  proceeded  from  the  poet 
himself,  but  must  have  been  due  to  accidents 
that  happened  to  an  archetypal  MS.  By 
this  discovery,  which  has  a  very  important 
bearing  on  the  criticism  of  the  later  recen-  | 


sions  of  the  poem,  Prof.  Manly  has  estab- 
lished a  claim  to  the  gratitude  of  scholars, 
although,  as  I  propose  to  show,  the  par- 
ticular hypothesis  by  which  he  has  attempted 
to  account  for  the  phenomena  is  not  the 
correct  one. 

The  Passus  describes  how,  moved  by  the 
eloquent  preaching  of  Conscience,  the  per- 
sonifications of  the  seven  deadly  sins  came 
forward  in  succession  to  confess  their  guilt 
and  promise  amendment.  The  story  is 
admirably  told  on  the  whole,  but  has  two 
surprising  faults.  In  the  first  place,  the 
confession  of  Wrath,  which  ought  to  come 
in  between  those  of  Envy  and  Covetousness, 
is,  in  all  the  MSS.  of  the  A-text,  omitted 
altogether.  In  the  second  place,  the  con- 
fession of  Sloth,  who  comes  last  of  the  seven, 
is  made  to  end  with  six  lines  in  which  he 
irrelevantly  promises  restitution  of  ill-gotten 
gains,  and  is  followed  by  eighteen  lines  in 
which  "  Robert  the  robber  "  bewails  his 
crimes,  and  vows  henceforth  to  lead  an  honest 
life.  The  Passus  consists  of  only  263  lines ;  and 
if  we  are  to  suppose  that  in  this  short  space 
the  poet  managed  to  perpetrate  these  two 
extraordinary  blunders,  we  must  ascribe  to 
him  a  degree  either  of  thoughtlessness  or  of 
stupidity  not  easily  conceivable. 

The  supposition  by  which  Prof.  Manly 
tries  to  relieve  the  poet  from  this  charge  is 
that  a  MS.  from  which  all  the  existing  MSS. 
descend  had  lost  two  leaves — one  between 
lines  106  and  107,  containing  the  confession 
of  Wrath,  and  the  other  between  lines  235 
and  236,  containing  the  conclusion  of  the 
confession  of  Sloth,  and  some  matter  leading 
up  to  the  confession  of  Robert  the  robber. 
As  the  interval  between  the  two  supposed 
lacunae  would  occupy  four  pages  containing 
about  31  lines  each  (which  would  be  a  likely 
size  in  a  MS.  of  the  period),  Prof.  Manly 
concludes  that  the  two  lost  leaves  formed 
the  innermost  fold  but  one  in  a  quire  or 
gathering. 

This  hypothesis  is  undeniably  ingenious  ; 
but  unfortunately  it  does  not  fully  answer 
its  purpose  of  vindicating  the  poet  from 
the  charge  of  bad  workmanship.  It  does, 
no  doubt,  enable  us  to  escape  the  incredible 
conclusion  that  he  forgot  to  mention  one  of 
the  seven  deadly  sins,  and  represented  Sloth 
as  promising  restitution  of  fraudulent  gains. 
But  it  leaves  us  still  under  the  necessity  of 
supposing  that,  after  relating  in  succession 
the  confessions  of  the  personifications  of  the 
seven  sins,  he  introduced  at  the  end  a 
new  penitent,  whose  offences,  according  to 
mediaeval  classification,  belong  to  one  of  the 
branches  of  covetousness.  It  can,  I  think, 
be  shown  that  the  poet  was  not  guilty  of  this 
blunder  of  construction. 

Prof.  Manly  has  failed  to  perceive  that 
the  proper  place  of  lines  236-59  is  after 
line  145,  at  the  end  of  the  confession  of 
Covetousness.  In  this  position  they  not 
only  fit  perfectly,  but  actually  improve 
the  sense.  But  how  are  we  to  account 
for  their  transposition  ?  In  my  opinion, 
the  source  of  all  the  mischief  is  to  be  sought, 
not  in  a  MS.  written  on  parchment  arranged 
in  quires  or  gatherings,  but  in  the  "  copy  " 
(to  use  the  word  in  the  modern  printer's 
sense)  handed  by  the  author  to  the  first 
transcriber.  This  would  no  doubt  be  written 
on  loose  leaves  of  paper.  It  appears  that 
one  (or  more)  of  these  leaves  (containing  the 
confession  of  Wrath  and  the  end  of  the  con- 
fession of  Envy)  got  lost,  and  that  another 
(containing  lines  236-59)  was  misplaced.  It 
is  possible  that  the  transposed  leaf  was  put 
in  the  place  of  a  lost  leaf,  the  last  but  one  of 
tli<>  PaasuB.  But  I  doubt  whether  this  sup- 
position is  really  necessary  ;  the  confession 
of  Sloth  no  doubt  ends  rather  abruptly,  as 


do  some  of  the  other  confessions,  but  I  am 
not  sure  that  anything  Is  wanting. 

Prof.  Manly  states  that  his  study  of  '  Piers 
the  Plowman  '  has  led  him  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  three  recensions  known  as  A,  B, 
and  C  are  the  work  of  three  different  authors. 
The  evidence  in  support  of  this  revolutionary 
theory  is  reserved  for  a  forthcoming  book  ; 
but  Prof.  Manly  points  out  in  his  paper  that 
the  B  revision  of  A.  v.  is  based  on  the  present 
defective  text,  and  that  the  reviser  attempted 
to  remedy  its  faults  in  somewhat  unintel- 
ligent fashion.  The  fact  seems  to  be  un- 
questionable, and  certainly  affords  prima 
facie  a  strong  argument  against  the  received 
theory  of  unity  of  authorship.  My  correc- 
tion of  Prof.  Manly's  hypothesis  only  adds 
force  to  his  argument.  Even  allowing  for 
the  fifteen  years'  interval  which,  according 
to  Prof.  Skeat,  separates  the  dates  of  the 
A  and  B  texts,  it  would  be  surprising  if  a 
poet,  in  revising  his  own  work,  failed  to 
detect  an  accidental  transposition  that 
destroyed  the  symmetry  of  his  plan.  It  is,, 
by  the  way,  a  noteworthy  fact  (whatever 
its  precise  interpretation  may  be)  that  the 
C  revision  restores  the  passage  about 
"  Robert  the  robber  "  to  what  I  consider 
to  be  its  original  place. 

Whether  Prof.  Manly  will  be  successful 
in  establishing  his  new  theories  respecting 
the  history  of  the  text  remains  to  be  seen  ; 
but  he  is  certainly  entitled  to  the  credit  of 
having  initiated  a  new  stage  in  the  progress 
of  Langland  criticism. 

The  rejection  of  the  unity  of  authorship' 
of  the  three  texts  of  '  Piers  the  Plowman  ' 
would  of  course  involve  the  abandonment  of 
Prof.  Skeat's  almost  universally  accepted 
attribution  of  '  Richard  the  Redeless '  to 
Langland.  An  interesting  fact,  hitherto,  so 
far  as  I  know,  unnoticed,  is  that  Bale  ('In- 
dex,' ed.  Poole,  p.  479)  mentions  the  latter 
poem,  on  the  authority  of  Nicholas  Brig- 
ham,  under  the  title  '  Mum,  Soth-segger  '.  ' 
(i.e.  'Hush,  truth  -  teller ! ')  There  can 
be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  piece 
referred  to,  for  Bale  gives  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  the  first  two  lines.  The  title  is 
certainly  appropriate,  and  so  picturesquo 
that  it  may  well  have  proceeded  from  the 
author.  Unluckily,  the  poem  appears  to> 
have  been  anonymous  in  the  copy  seen  by 
Brigham.  Henry  Bradley. 


INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  THE 
PRESS. 

It  has  been  decided  that  there  shall  be  no 
International  Congress  of  the  Press  during 
1906.  The  Central  Committee,  sitting  at 
Munich  by  invitation  of  the  South 
German  Press  Associations,  has  come  to  this 
decision  in  view  of  the  amount  of  work  still 
left  over  from  the  Liege  Congress  of  1905, 
and  the  difficulty  of  meeting  the  ideas  of 
everybody  concerned  as  to  time  and  place. 

Invitations  for  the  Congress  were  not 
wanting.  The  Association  de  la  Presse 
Marseillaise,  the  Association  Lombarde  des 
Journalistes  de  Milan,  the  Schriftstellcr- 
verein  of  Nurnberg,  and  the  Sindicatul 
Ziaristilor  of  Bucharest,  all  offered  the 
warmest  welcomes  and  the  most  tempting 
programmes  of  entertainment  to  their 
colleagues  of  the  federated  International 
iWoHstioiis.  But  since  it  was  impossible 
to  make  any  Congr«*s  arrangements  before 
the  si  n  n  cr  was  tm-11  advanced,  and  holidays 
unencumbered  by  such  duties  had  become 
imperative,  it  was  decided  to  drop  tho 
meeting  for  this  year,  with  thanks  for  the 
courteous  offers  of  hospitality  which  the 
Bureau  Central  had  received. 


482 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N#4O0d.  Aful21.  1906 


The    British    International    Association    <>f 
Journalists  ii arranging ■  short  tn|>  t<>  France 
atlthe  end  n!  May,  for  irhioh  nil  i ■  i«i 1 1 1 >t  i 
will    b6    eligible,    and    which    will    affonl    a 
pleasant  iimi  iiii'm mill  opportunity  of  meeting 

.my  French  ooUeegues.      <i.  B.  Stoabt. 


THE    ASLOAN    MS. 


Louv.iin  CniTtnlty,  April  Bth,  190ti. 

In  reply  t-o  my  inquiry  about  this  MS. 
((■p.  BngtiacJu  Studien,  xxxv.  444)  Prof. 
•(Jregory  Smith  was  kind  enotogh  to  refer 
me  to  liis  '  Specimens  of  Middle  Scots,' 
j).  lxx,  where  he  says  that  the  MS.  in  question 
j mist  be  in  the  possession  of  Lord  Talbot  of 
Mulahide. 

Lord  Talbot,  to  whom  I  applied  early  in 
January,  informed  me  in  a  letter  dated 
Palermo,  February  17th,  that  "he  regrets 
very  much  that  he  cannot  meet  Trof.  Bang's 
wishes  to  deposit  the  book  for  inspection 
at  the  British  Museum." 

As  I  ventured  to  ask  Lord  Talbot  to  be 
so  kind  as  to  tell  me  the  present  owner's 
name  in  case  the  Asloan  MS.  was  no  longer 
at  Malahide  Castle,  this  reply  seems  at  least 
•to  imply  that  it  is  actually  there. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  take  the  liberty  to 
state  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  an 
English  nobleman  would  repeatedly  deny 
access  to  a  MS.  in  his  possession,  merely  for 
"the  pleasure  of  doing  so.  W.  Bang. 


THE    LATE    MR.    G.    E.    LOCK. 

Mr.  George  Ernest  Lock,  managing 
director  of  the  publishing  house  of  Ward, 
Lock  &  Co.,  Limited,  died  at  Hadley  Wood 
on  the  13th  inst.  of  pneumonia,  at  the  early 
age  of  forty-four.  Mr.  Lock,  who  came  of 
an  old  Dorset  family,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  founder  of  the  publishing  business  of 
Messrs.  Ward,  Lock  &  Co.  On  leaving  the 
City  of  London  School  he  entered  the  house 
of  Messrs.  W.  H.  Smith  &  Son,  and  there 
gained  experience  which  proved  of  groat 
value  to  him  when  he  took  up  the  control  of 
the  family  business,  which  had  in  previous 
years  absorbed  the  two  firms  of  Moxon  and 
Tegg,  and  the  various  publications  of  Mr. 
S.  O.  Beeton.  To  tliis  business  Mr.  G.  E. 
Lock  subsequently  added  that  of  Messrs. 
A.  D.  Innes  &  Co.,  with  its  valuable  books 
of  travel,  biography,  and  fiction,  and  his 
management  was  highly  prosperous,  several 
ventures,  including  The  Windsor  Magazine, 
achieving  exceptional  popularity. 

Mr.  Lock  took  special  pride  in'the  enduring 
vitality  of  liis  older  publications,  among 
them  the  famous  "  Moxon  "  editions  of  the 
poets,  the  "  Beeton "  books,  Haydn's 
dictionaries,  and  the  works  of  Victorian 
novelists  such  as  Henry  Kingsley  and 
Whyte-Melville,  whose  books  he  reissued  in 
•  collected  editions  ;  and  but  lately  ho  was 
discussing  new  issues  of  the  novels  of  Trollope 
and  Lever,  many  of  which  are  still  tho  copy- 
right of  the  firm.  Of  several  widely  success- 
ful novelists  of  the  younger  generation  Mr. 
Lock  might  almost  be  called  the  inventor, 
ho  happy  was  he  not  only  in  his  instinct  for 
what  several  different  classes  of  readers 
wanted,  but  also  in  inspiring  clover  writers 
to  explore  new  torritory. 

Yot  with  all  his  instinct  for  popular  success, 
Mr.  Lock's  preferences  in  literature  and  art 
were  scholarly.  His  minute  knowledge  of 
classical  literature,  his  love  of  tho  verbal 
concoits  of  tho  Elizabethans,  and  his  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  best  authors  of  later 
periods,  Jacobean  to  Victorian,  Mould  sud- 


denly astound  some  friend  who  hud  pre- 
viously met  him  only  fas  the  Lenten  truek 
of      business.       For      he      hih      po-i-ssi-d      of 

remarkable  powers  of  memory,  >in<i  oould 
recite  the  bulk  of  Milton  as  readily  as  lie 
oould  correct  a  misquotation  from  a  (iill>ert 
and  Sullivan  libretto. 

To  people  who  eared  nothing  for  books 
In  stood  revealed  either  as  a  shrewd  man  of 
hlininess  or  as  an  ardent  lover  of  country 
life  and  its  hobbies.  "  1  'm  a  much  better 
farmer  than  publisher,"  ho  would  say,  with 
a  laugh,  when  surprised  in  some  country -side 
enthusiasm.  His  topographical  knowledge 
of  the  British  Isles  was  remarkable,  and  he 
took  a  special  interest  in  tho  development 
of  tho  firm's  well-known  series  of  guide-books. 
Superficial  work  ho  did  not  tolerate  easily, 
but  he  created  in  those  who  worked  for  him 
respect  and  enthusiasm  for  his  sway,  which, 
though  autocratic  in  its  way,  was  always 
essentially  considerate  and  humane.  And 
none  who  really  knew  the  man  will  forget 
the  delightful  sense  of  humour  that  would 
flash  out  at  unexpected  moments,  to  the 
encouragement  of  all  who  came  under  its 
spell.  For  his  was  a  genial  cynicism.  He 
would  observe,  with  an  air  of  pessimism 
which  convinced  no  one  less  than  himself, 
"  When  you  know  a  man,  you  know  his 
limitations "  ;  but  liis  own  capacity  for 
appreciating  all  that  was  best  in  other  people 
constantly  modified  the  statement.  Few 
men  at  their  passing  leave  more  of  a  gap  in 
the  lives  of  their  friends.  The  intense 
energy  with  which  he  lived  every  day  of  his 
life,  whether  at  work  or  at  play,  mado  him  a 
vitalizing  influence.  "  We  shall  all  genuinely 
miss  him,"  remarked  a  man  not  given  to 
sentiment.  "  We  liked  him  to  dominate 
us,  because  it  was  not  in  him  to  domineer." 

Throughout  his  busy  life  Mr.  Lock  remained 
a  keen  sportsman,  and  was  for  many  years 
not  only  a  bookman,  but  also  a  hard  football 
player,  a  fearless  horseman,  and  a  reckless 
swimmer.  H. 


To  The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  May  Mr. 
Thomas  Hardy  contributes  a  lyric  entitled 
'  The  Spring  Call.'  In  '  A  Talk  with  my 
Father '  Mr.  Walter  Frith  puts  into 
dialogue  form  many  of  the  artistic  remi- 
niscences of  the  painter  of  '  The  Derby 
Day.'  '  Prehistoric  Man  on  the  Downs ' 
sets  forth  various  discoveries  and  con- 
clusions by  Messrs.  A.  J.  and  G.  Hubbard, 
whose  work  on  '  Neolithic  Dewponds  and 
Cattleways  '  attracted  attention  last  year. 
'  The  Simplon  Pass  and  the  Great  Tunnel ' 
are  discussed  by  Mr.  Francis  Fox.  '  A 
French  Traveller  in  Charles  II. 's  England ' 
is  a  study  by  Mr.  D.  K.  Broster,  based  on 
an  unpublished  MS.  which  was  brought 
to  his  notice  by  Prof.  Firth.  In  '  The 
New  Chemistry,  IV.,'  Mr.  W.  A.  Shen- 
stone  deals  with  carbon  and  the  shapes 
of  atoms  ;  Mr.  Claude  E.  Benson  writes 
on  '  Venomous  Serpents '  ;  and  Mr. 
D.  G.  Hogarth's  description  of  '  Chimera 
and  Phaselis '  is  inspired  by  a  visit  to 
Lycia. 

Sir  Henry  Smith,  ex-Commissioner  of 
the  City  of  London  Police,  has  an  article  in 
the  May  Blackwood  entitled  '  More  about 
the  Streets  of  London.'  The  number 
also  contains  Book  III.  of  '  Drake  :  an 
English  Epic,'  by  Mr.  Noyes  ;   '  The  Early 


Royal     \ ■  .-idemy  ' ;     'Grammar    to    the 
Wolves,1    by    the    Warden    of    Wad). 
College,   Oxford:     'The   Qrowth   of   • 
Capital  Ship.'  in  which  the  development 
Of  the  ship  of  the  line  \g  traeed  J    and  an 

article  on  Mr.  BimlTfl  Evocation  Bill. 

Thk  opening  article  in  the  May  onmbei 
of  T/o  Independent  Review  will  be  on 
'The  New  boom  of  Commons,'  by    Mr. 

C.  F.  (J.  Masternian.  M.I'.  Among  t lie 
other  contribution!  will  be  '  The  Desert.' 
bv  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  ;  '  Rostock  and 
VVismar,'   by  Mr.   E.   If.    Forster;      The 

Poetry  of  Blake,'  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Stracbi 
'Kaffirs    and    Consols'    by    Mr.    P.    W. 
Hirst  ;     and    '  Darwin    and    Mendel,'    bj 
Mr.  L.  Doncaster. 

Our  review  of  '  De  Flagello  Myrteo  I 
was  in  type  when  the  news  of  Dr.  (Jarnett- 
death  came.  We  are  now  at  liberty  to 
mention  that  this  charming  work  is  his. 

Tolstoy's  new  story,  entitled  '  What 
For  ?  '  will,  if  the  Russian  Government 
allows  it,  be  published  on  May  5th. 
Translations  are  to  appear  simultaneously 
in  England,  France,  Italy,  Hungary, 
Holland,  Germany,  Finland,  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Spain,  and  Norway.  By  arrange- 
ment with  Mr.  Heinemann,  the  first  right 
of  publication  for  England  has  been  secured 
by  Mr.  T.  Catling  for  Lloyd's  Ni 
Written  in  the  most  vigorous  vein,  the 
story,  while  dealing  directly  with  the 
Polish  insurrection,  is  applicable  to  present- 
day  Russia. 

The  May  number  of  Macmillan's  Maga- 
zine contains  an  article  by  Mr.  Randolph 
Bedford  on  '  Germany  in  the  Pacific' 
Mr.  Robb  Lawson  has  a  paper  on  '  Reli- 
gious Drama,'  with  special  reference  to 
the  performances  of  *  Everyman,'  *  Ben 
Hur,'  and  '  The  Prodigal  Son,'  while  '  Sense 
and  Sentiment,'  by  Mr.  Frederick  Payler, 
deals  with  the  legal  reforms  proposed  by 
the  new  Lord  Chancellor.  An  article 
of  literary  interest  is  '  Rhythm  and 
Rhyme,'  by  Mr.  George  Bourne ;  and 
a  review  of  the  recently  published  memoir 
of  Henry  Sidgwick  is  contributed  by  Prof. 
Sully. 

Westmoreland,  London,  and  Paris,  the 
art-world  of  thirty  years  ago,  and  the  rise 
and  decline  of  a  painter,  form  the  subject 
of  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  new  novel, 
'  Fenwick's  Career '  which  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  on 
May  3rd.  Fenwick  is  an  artist  who,  like 
Romney,  leaves  his  wife  for  the  sake  of  his 
art.  The  ordinary  edition  of  the  novel 
will  include  four  illustrations  from  draw- 
ings by  Mr.  Albert  Sterner ;  but  there  will 
be  an  edition  de  luxe  in  two  volumes, 
limited  to  250  copies,  signed  by  Mm. 
Humphry  Ward  and  numbered,  which 
will  contain  seven  photogravure  illustra- 
tions on  Japanese  vellum  from  Mr. 
Sterner's  drawings. 

In  The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  the  Last 
twelve  months  the  series  of  articles 
'  From  a  College  Window '  have  attracted 
considerable  attention  by  their  thoughtful 
analysis  of  character  and  wide  range  of 
sympathies.  To  these  twelve  essa3rs  six 
have  been  added  to  form  the  volume 
which  is  to  be  published  by  the  same  firm 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


483 


on  May  3rd.     The  title-page  will  bear  the 
name  of  the  author,  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson. 

A  dramatic  poem  entitled  '  Cranmer,' 
by  Mr.  Ralph  Richardson,  author  of 
'  George  Morland's  Pictures,'  is  announced 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  to  be  published  imme- 
diately. 

We  are  very  sorry  to  notice  the  death 
from  heart  failure  of  Mrs.  W.  H.  Chesson. 
Before  her  marriage,  she  had,  as  Nora 
Hopper,  made  a  name  for  herself  as 
one  of  the  two  or  three  women  poets  of 
the  day  whose  work  is  likely  to  survive. 
Her  poetry,  of  which  she  published  several 
volumes,  had  a  delightful  freshness 
and  simplicity,  and  an  unrestrained  air 
which  befitted  a  close  and  real  lover  of 
nature.  Mrs.  Chesson  was  also  an  accom- 
plished critic  and  reviewer,  with  a  special 
interest  in  fairy-  and  folk-lore,  and  a  year 
ago  published  a  novel  of  great  promise 
which  was  a  considerable  performance, 
'  The  Bell  and  the  Arrow.'  A  wide  circle 
of  friends  will  regret  the  loss  of  a  per- 
sonality of  great  charm. 

Mr.  Bliss  Perry,  the  editor  of  The 
Atlantic  Monthly,  has  been  appointed  to 
the  Professorship  of  English  Literature  in 
Harvard  University.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  Lowell  and  Longfellow  in  turn 
held  the  Smith  Professorship  of  French  and 
Spanish  to  which  this  chair  is  attached. 

Temple  Bar  for  May  will  contain  a 
paper  on  '  Honore  de  Balzac  '  by  Miss 
Mary  F.  Sandars,  followed  by  a  newly 
translated  letter  from  Balzac  himself  to 
Madame  Hanska,  containing  a  condensed 
autobiography.  Mr.  Desmond  F.  T. 
Coke  rebukes  "  Woman  "  for  her  "  In- 
civility to  Man,"  especially  as  manifested 
in  the  "  teatime  tube." 

A  descriptive  book  on  the  famous 
country  around  Harrogate,  by  Mr.  James 
Baker,  will  shortly  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.  The 
work  deals  not  only  with  the  abbeys  of 
the  district,  but  also  with  the  wild  scenery 
of  Gordale  Scar  and  Brimham  Rocks, 
and  such  historic  villages  as  Ripley  and 
Coxwold,  and  is  fully  illustrated  by 
photographs. 

The  death  of  Mr.  Charles  H.  Grinling 
on  Wednesday  week  last  removes  an  able 
writer  on  railway  affairs.  He  edited 
News  of  the  Week  (1897-8)  and  Transport 
(1898-1900),  and  of  recent  years  was  a 
contributor  to  The  Railway  News  and  to 
The  Times.  His  '  History  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  '  has  reached  a  second 
edition. 

Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  and  Mr.  Arnold 
Hknnett  have  collaborated  in  a  romance 
of  London  and  the  sea,  which  they  have 
named  '  The  Sinews  of  War.'  The  book 
opens  with  a  murder  in  a  workman's 
tread)  at  Kingsway.  The  story  will  be 
issued  by  Mr.  Werner  Laurie  in  the  autumn. 
A  small  volume  entitled  '  School  Garden- 
ing for  Little  Children,'  by  Miss  Lucy  R. 
Latter,  with  an  introduction  by  Prof. 
Patrick  Geddes,  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Sonneaschein.  It  aims  at  showing  the 
place  of  nature  teaching  in  schools.  The 
work  described  has  been  going  on  for  six 


years,  and  has  successfully  stood  the  test 
of  Government  inspection. 

A  work  entitled  '  Man  ;  or,  Problems 
Ancient  and  Modern  relating  to  Man, 
with  Guesses  at  Solutions,'  is  about  to 
be  issued  by  the  same  firm.  It  is 
from  the  pen  of  the  Rev.  William  T. 
Nicholson,  vicar  of  Egham.  Part  I. 
treats  of  '  Man  in  his  Relation  with  God 
or  Religion  '  ;  Part  II.  is  entitled  '  Human 
Nature  Solitarily  and  Socially  Considered'; 
and  Part  III.,  '  Man  Nationally  and 
Ecclesiastically  Considered.' 

J.  M.  C.  writes  : — 

"  The  practice  of  spitting  having  been 
happily  suppressed  by  the  exhibition  of 
public  notices,  let  us  hope  that  the  authorities 
will  turn  their  attention  to  a — for  many 
reasons — still  more  objectionable  habit  of 
many  frequenters  of  our  public  libraries, 
namely,  that  of  turning  over  the  leaves  of 
books  with  the  wetted  finger.  The  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum  are  respectfully  urged 
to  take  steps  to  protect  from  the  progressive 
contamination  and  deterioration  hence  aris- 
ing the  vast  and  priceless  literary  treasures 
committed  to  their  charge." 

Mr.  Morlev  Roberts's  new  novel, 
entitled  '  The  Prey  of  the  Strongest,'  will 
be  published  by  Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett 
on  Monday. 

The  progress  of  Prof.  Liebermann's 
monumental  work  on  the  Anglo-Saxon 
laws  is  a  matter  of  general  interest  to 
English  mediaeval  scholars.  We  are  glad 
to  note  the  publication  of  a  further  instal- 
ment of  the  '  Gesetze  der  Angelsachsen  ' 
on  behalf  of  the  Savigny-Stiftung,  being 
Part  I.  of  the  second  volume  of  the  work. 
This  contains  the  elaborate  '  Glossarial 
Index  '  which  is  a  special  feature  of  the 
undertaking.  This  important  edition  will 
be  noticed  in  our  columns  in  due  course. 

At  a  meeting  on  Wednesday  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Society  of  Writers  to  the 
Signet,  Edinburgh,  Mr.  John  Minto, 
formerly  of  Aberdeen,  was  appointed  to 
the  vacant  post  of  librarian  to  the  Signet 
Library.  Mr.  Minto,  who  is  a  brother  of 
the  late  Prof.  Minto,  is  at  present  Chief 
Librarian  and  Curator  of  the  Brighton 
Public  Library. 

The  number  of  candidates  who  apply 
for  the  professional  certificates  of  the 
Library  Association  continues  to  increase. 
For  the  examination  in  May  there  are 
already  108  entries  for  170  subjects. 
The  candidates  come  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  one  from  South 
Africa.  About  70  will  sit  for  the  exam- 
ination at  the  London  School  of  Economics 
in  Clare  Market,  and  the  remainder  at 
various  provincial  centres.  Last  year 
51  presented  themselves  for  86  subjects  ; 
and  there  were  only  31  entries  in  1903. 
The  subjects  dealt  with  at  the  examination 
include  literary  history,  bibliographj', 
classification,  cataloguing,  library  history 
and  organization,  and  practical  library 
administration. 

The  Italian  senator  Fedele  Lampertico, 
whose  death  at  the  age  of  seventy-three 
is  announced,  was  Professor  of  Law  at 
the  University  of  Padua  when,  in  1859, 
he  published  '  Relazione  d'  uno  Statista 


Veneto,'  for  which  he  was  found^  guilty 
of  high  treason  by  the  Austrian 
authorities.  He  was  born  at  Vicenza  on 
June  13th,  1833,  and  for  over  half  a 
century  was  regarded  as  one  of  Italy's- 
most  distinguished  economists. 

We  note  the  recent  appearance  of^the- 
following  Parliamentary  Papers  :  Educa- 
tion, Scotland,  Southern  Division,  General- 
Report,  1905  (2hd.) ;  Annual  Statistical 
Report  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen  for 
the  Year  1904-5  (l|rt.)  ;  Final  Report  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Science,  &c,  Vol.  I.r 
with  Appendix  I.  (3d.)  ;  and  Report  of 
the  Meteorological  Council  for  the  Year 
ending  31  March,  1905  (Is.  5d.). 

SCIENCE 


The  Cult  of  the  Heavenly  Twins.  By  J. 
Rendel  Harris.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) 

The  greater  part  of  '  The  Cult  of  the 
Heavenly  Twins  '  is  devoted  to  showing 
that  pairs  of  saints  are  usually  mere  sub- 
stitutes for  the  Dioscuri,  or  other  twin 
heroes  of  classical  religion.  The  opinion 
is  highly  probable,  but  we  leave  the 
criticism  of  this  portion  of  Dr.  Rendel 
Harris's  work  to  hagiographers.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  know  whether  he  thinks 
that  the  legend  of  the  origin  of  the  Hays,, 
at  the  battle  of  Luncarty,  is  a  Heavenly- 
Twin  myth  :  it  is  as  like  one  as  some 
that  he  cites.  We  turn  here  to  the 
evidences  of  early  cult  which  the  mytlx 
presents. 

What  is  the  origin  of   Heavenly  Twin 
worship  ?      Our   author    looks   for   it   in 
the  anthropological  field,   and  we   think 
that  his  argument  is  neither  based  on  a 
sufficient    collection    of    examples,     nor 
logically    successful.     He    says    that    in. 
seeking   the   beginning   of   twin   worship- 
"  we   are   at   an   earlier  date   in   human 
history  than  star-gazing  and  star-naming  " 
(p.  7).     This  is  certainly  erroneous.     The 
most  primitive  tribes  known  to  us — those 
of   Australia — are   star-gazers    and   star- 
namers,  and  are  as  rich  in  stellar  mytho- 
logy  as   the  ancient  Greeks.       But,   far 
from  worshipping  twins,   they  were  apt 
to  put  one  or  both  of  them   to  death. 
Dr.  Rendel   Harris    writes  (p.  31),  "The 
worship  of  the  Twins  has  been  shown  to' 
belong  to  the  very  earliest  times  "  ;    but 
we  do  not  see  that  he  has  shown  anything 
of   the   sort.     He   begins    (pp.    4,    5)    by 
quoting,  vaguely  and  uncritically,  Greek 
legends    of    the    shared    immortality    of 
Castor    and    Poly  deuces,    "  the    lads    of. 
Zeus."     But  the   reference  in    the    Iliad 
(iii.  236-44)  to  these  brothers  of    Helen 
speaks  of  them  as  mortal  men,  dead  and 
buried  in    Laceda>mon.      Though,    in     a 
probably  "  late  "  passage  of  the  Odyssey 
(book  xi.  300-4),  they  have  divine  honours, 
neither  they  nor  any  heroes  are  so  privi- 
leged   in  the    Iliad  ;    while,  even  in    the 
Odyssey,  the  brothers   do   not  appear  in 
the  Olympian  consistory. 

Dr.    Rendel    Harris    very    ingeniously, 
and,  for  all  that  we  know,  correctly  argue- 
from  the  explanation  by  certain  Indian^ 


484 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


£1*4095,  Apkil21,  1906 


of    British  Guiana  or,  at  all  event*,  by  a 

i.iin    medicine    man    then'     tliat    the 

twms  an-  one  tin-  child  <>f  ■  nonnal,  the 
-other  of  a  supernormal  father,  and  that 
flu-  Qrookn  wen-  at  MM  time  of  the  Hame 
OpinkML.  Thus  Castor  would  be  the  son  of 
Tyndareus,  liu.sband  of  Led*  ;  l'olydcuccs 
WOOld  be  the  son  of  Zeus,  and  immortal. 
Hut  Zeus  had  any  number  of  sons,  not 
twiot,  by  mortal  women.  Were  these 
■sons  numl>ered  among  the  heavenly 
immortals  1  and  if  not,  why  not  I  Again, 
one  twin,  in  the  ease  of  British  Guiana, 
was  burnt  alive,  as  was  the  mother,  to 
propitiate  a  pestilence  then  raging.  The 
medicine  man  denounced  them  to  death  ; 
we  are  not  told  that  in  ordinary  circum- 
stances they  would  have  suffered.  How- 
ever, the  unexplained  objection  to  twins 
is  found,  for  example,  among  the  Euahlayi 
of  South-East  Australia,  and  we  regret 
that  the  author  does  not  touch  on 
any  Australian  evidence,  and  gives  very 
few  cases.  So  far,  we  have  seen  nothing 
like  twin  worship,  nor  do  we  remember 
anv  twins  among  the  offspring  of  Aus- 
tralian "  All  Fathers."  What  Dr.  Rendel 
Harris  means  by  calling  the  incident  in 
British  Guiana  a  form  of  the  "  cult  "  of 
twins  (p.  9),  we  do  not  know.  In  West 
Africa  he  finds  no  theory  of  the  "  dual 
paternity "  or  "  spirit  parentage "  of 
twins.  He  does  not  notice,  anywhere, 
instances  in  which  the  opinion  seems  to 
be  that  twins  suggest  doubts  of  the  fidelity 
•of  the  mother  to  her  husband  :  of  this, 
we  think,  he  will  find  examples.  In  parts 
of  West  Africa  twins,  and  their  mother, 
are  killed  (not  a  form  of  worship,  we  think); 
and  there  is  an  island  sanctuary  for  mother 
and  twins  in  the  Cross  River,  Niger  Delta 
{p.  10).  Miss  Kingsley  found  in  this  re- 
gion an  unexplained  horror  of  twins  and 
their  mother.  Mr.  Goldie,  in  Calabar, 
found  the  mothers  banished  to  a  "  twin 
mothers'  village,"  and  cases  of  twin- 
killing.  The  Fangs  used  to  kill  both 
twins,  but  now  keep  one.  "  I  'd  keep 
ihat  one,"  said  a  little  British  boy,  on 
being  shown  both  his  twin  brothers.  He 
had  no  idea  of  "  cult."  Other  tribes,  as 
the  Ekoi,  think  twins  lucky.  In  some 
tribes  the  father  is  involved  in  the  scrape, 
and  is  "  allowed  to  return  to  society  on 
paying  a  fine,  and  catching  a  certain 
animal  without  wounding  it."  But  this 
is  no  twin-worship.  For  such  worship 
we  find  no  evidence,  except  a  statement 
quoted  by  Dr.  Nassau  from  an  unnamed, 
undated,  and  unlocalized  West  African 
newspaper  (p.  16  ;  repeated  p.  60,  note  3) : 

"  It  is  also  said  that  there  is  a  temple  near 
Lagos,  where  twins  are  worshipped  (Ellis, 
i  Yoruba,'  p.  81),  but  on  these  points  we 
need  further  information." 

We  do,  indeed;  but  these  on  dits  are  the 
■only  evidence  we  observe  for  extant  twin- 
worship,  not  counting  pairs  of  saints. 
Yet  Dr.  Rendel  Harris  writes  (p.  31)  : — 

'"  The  worship  of  the  Twins  has  been 
shown  to  belong  to  the  very  earliest  tunes." 

He  says  that  the  Dioscuri  gave  rain. 
Perhaps  they  did,  but  he  quotes  no  evi- 
dence except  for  the  Acvins  in  the 
Rig  •  Veda,   who  are  not    the    Dioscuri. 


DoSI    he    know    many    gods   of   the    Veda 

who  are  not  asked  to  give  rain  ?     He  says  : 

"We  find  all  over  the  world  thut  irben 

ruin  is  needed  for  the  OTOpS,  the  natural 
rainmaker  is  ■  woman  who  i-,  the  mother  of 

t  1  ins." 

Does  she  rive  rain  after  she  is  put  to 
death  I  Now  there  be  rainmakers  many, 
hut,  in  the  three  instances  cited  by  our 
author  (from  '  The  Golden  Bough,'  i.  83, 
90,  91),  the  twins  themselves  are  the  rain- 
makers, which  hardly  proves  that  the 
mother  of  twins  is  "  the  natural  rain- 
maker "  "  all  over  the  world."  Among 
the  Baronga  (Delagoa  Bay)  twins  are 
called  Bana  ba  Tilo,  "  children  of  the 
sky,"  and,  with  their  mother,  are  sprinkled 
with  water,  to  bring  rain.  This  appears 
to  be  an  experiment  in  magic,  not  worship, 
for  the  children  and  mother  are  boycotted  ; 
ashes  are  thrown  at  them  ;  and  a  naughty 
child  is  told  that  it  is  "  as  bad  as  a  twin." 
The  Malayans  endeavour  to  procure  rain 
by  drenching  a  cat  with  water.  Is  this 
a  "cult"?  Though  Bana  ba  Tilo  is 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  Dioscuri — if  we 
take  Zeus  as  equivalent  to  sky — we  do 
not  know  that  Tilo  is  a  god  like  Zeus. 

We  note  no  evidence  beyond  what  "we 
have  cited  to  prove  that  "  the  Twins 
belong  to  the  very  earliest  deposits  of 
polytheism,"  because  we  find  here 
no  cases  of  twin-worship  among  early 
polytheists,  and  the  Dioscuri  twins  are 
not  worshipped  in  the  civilized  poly- 
theism of  the  Iliad.  Certain  Red  Indian 
cases  of  twins,  good  and  bad,  as  agents 
of  the  dualistic  philosophy,  are  not  cited. 
Among  the  African  tribes  where  twins 
are  welcomed,  we  hear  nothing  of  their 
worship.  Among  the  Baronga  they  are 
"of  evil  omen"  (p.  20).  Among"  the 
Yoruba  twins  have  "  a  tutelary  deity  " 
called  Ibeji  :  "  Here  Ibeji=twins."  But 
there  are  not  said  to  be  two  Ibeji  gods. 
"  There  is  also  a  small  black  monkey, 
sacred  to  Ibeji,  a  kind  of  twin  totem  " 
(p.  17,  note  1).  Why  is  the  monkey 
called  a  totem  ?  To  make  this  puzzle 
more  incomprehensible,  we  are  told  that 
"  among  the  Yorubas  the  totem  name 
appears  to  be  given  to  one  of  the  two 
children"  (p.  18,  note  2).  What  totem 
name  ?  Finally,  "  sometimes,  as  among 
the  Yorubas,  the  twins  are  named  after 
a  totem  god  "  (p.  60).  What  is  "  a  totem 
god  "  ?  Totems  we  know,  gods  we  know  ; 
"  totem  gods  "  we  know  not.  On  p.  18, 
note  2,  "  the  totem  name "  (whatever 
that  name  may  be)  "  appears  to  be  given 
to  one  of  the  two  children."  On  p.  60 
"  the  twins  are  named  after  a  totem  god." 
Are  the  Yoruba  totemists  ?  We  do  not 
pretend  to  understand  our  author's  ideas 
of  totems.  First,  the  black  monkey  was 
"  a  kind  of  twin  totem  "  (whatever  "  twin 
totem  "  may  mean)  ;  then  Ibeji  (appa- 
rently) was  "  a  totem  god  "  ;  and  some- 
times one,  and  again  both,  twins  have 
"  the  totem  name,'  or  "  are  named  after  a 
totem  god." 

The  terminology  is  not  lucid,  and  no 
account  of  the  cult  of  the  god  Ibeji  is 
given.  From  all  this  evidence,  such  as  it 
is — and  there  is  not  much — the  process  of 
evolution  towards  the  worship — to  judge 


from  the  Iliad,  late  — of  the  brother- 
Helen  is  not  easily  to  be  traced.  If  it 
were  proved  that  twin*,  jxr  *p,  are  wor- 
shipped, and  next  that  idealized  twins, 
"i  -pint-  of  actual  twins,  are  worshipped 
in  the  earliest  polytheisms,  the  >U-\>  to 
their  worship  in  the  polytheism  of  civilized 
Greeks  would  \»-,  easy.     But  we  do  not 

obsei  \  e  that  these  things  are  demonstrated. 
Consequently  we  do  not  understand  the 
origin  of  the  cult  of  the  Dioscuri,  and 
we  think  that  the  subject  requires  more 
systematic  study,  while  We  recognize  the 
ingenuity  and  interest  of  Dr.^Reodd 
Harris's  monograph. 


Xoteuxjrthy  Families  (Modern  Science),  by 
Francis  Galton  and  Edgar  Schuster,  is  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  John  Murray,  and  is  the  first 
volume  of  the  "  Publications  of  the  Eugenics 
Record  Office  of  the  University  of  London." 
It  represents  an  enterprise  of  the  highest 
interest  and  importance.  Brief  notices  of 
sixty-six  distinguished  families  are  here 
printed  as  the  result  of  an  inquiry  addressed 
by  Dr.  Galton  in  1904  to  all  living  Fellows 
of  the  Royal  Society.  We  have  before  us 
some  striking  records  of  family  ability  passing 
tlirough  more  than  one  generation,  and 
appearing  in  collateral  branches.  But  the 
practical  prohibition  "  De  vivis  nil  nisi 
bonum  "  robs  the  inquiry  of  much  of  its 
value.  "  Proneness  to  grave  constitutional 
disease  "  cannot,  as  Mr.  Schuster  says,  be 
published  with  propriety  ;  and  other  signs 
of  degeneracy  will  readily  occur  to  the 
reader,  to  mention  which  would  probably 
involve  an  action  for  libel.  Mr.  Schuster 
has  had  further  difficulties.  Not  one-half 
of  those  addressed  cared  to  answer  the 
inquiries  made,  and  "  the  isolation  of  some 
few  from  even  their  nearest  relatives  was 
occasionally  so  complete  that  the  number 
of  their  brothers  was  unknown."  It  looks 
as  if  the  Royal  Society  needed  another 
Barnes  Xewcome  to  deliver  to  its  members 
a  Lecture  on  the  Domestic  Affections. 

The  Preface,  which  embodies  the  con- 
clusions to  be  derived  from  the  data,  is  full 
of  interesting  points.  It  is  stated,  for  in- 
stance, that 

"the  most  important  reason  why  the  children  of 
very  distinguished  persons  fall  sometimes  lament - 
ahly  short  of  their  parents  in  ability  is  that  the 
highest  order  of  mind  results  from  a  fortunate 
mixture  of  incongruous  constituents,  and  not  of 
such  as  naturally  harmonize.  Those  constituents 
are  negatively  correlated,  and  therefore  the  com- 
pound is  unstable  in  heredity." 

Another  reason  is  that 

"the  highest  imaginative  power  is  dangerously 
near  lunacy.  If  one  of  the  sanest  of  poets,  Words- 
worth, had,  as  he  said,  m>t  unfrequently  to  exert 
strength,  M  by  slinking  a  gatepost,  to  gain  assur- 
ance that  the  world  around  him  was  a  reality,  his 
mind  could  not  at  those  times  have  been  wholly 
sane." 

The  writer  concludes,  then,  that  it  is  not 
in  the  highest  examples  of  human  genius 
that  heredity  can  bo  most  profitably 
studied,  men  of  high  ability  being  more 
suitable  subjects.  We  noticed  recently  a 
statement  by  a  careful  observer  that  most 
men  of  science  are  devoid  of  a  faculty 
which  is  common  to  the  highest  examples 
of  genius  in  literature,  the  power  of 
visualizing.  Such  a  gift  must  take  its  pos- 
sessor out  of  the  real  world  to  an  extent  which, 
to  the  ordinary  man,  spells  eccentricity. 

The  whole  of  the  Preface  is  a  model  of 
lucidity  and  brevity,  and  fairly  states 
the  numerous  difficulties  which  surround 
the  subject,  e.g.,  that  women  of  exceptional 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


485 


ability  often  have  had  no  particular  chance 
of  showing  it  in  a  way  which  would  entitle 
them  to  be  generally  called  notable,  or 
marked  as  such  by  "  the  world's  coarse 
thumb."  We  think  it  a  pity  that  the 
scholastic  successes  of  gifted  sons  are  not 
included  ;  for  though  they  do  not  amount 
to  "  solid  evidence,"  they  show,  at  any  rate, 
an  exceptional  promise  which  is  surely  of 
interest  when  it  is  derived  from  an  able 
father  The  continuity  of  some  family 
names  in  special-  lines  of  scholarship  is 
remarkable.  . 

It  would  be  very  interesting  to  have 
records  on  the  physical  side  of  peculiar 
features  which  are  persistent  enough  to 
seem  inherited,  or,  say,  of  athletic  distinction. 
At  present,  the  notable  one  in  a  hundred 
seems  to  be  what  is  termed  in  scientific 
language  a  "  sport  "  as  often  as  not.  But 
we  hope  that  Dr.  Gal  ton's  new  science  of 
eugenics  will  lead  to  the  gathering  of  exten- 
sive data  on  which  secure  conclusions  can 
be  founded.  He  has  the  greatest  of  subjects, 
and  is  himself  a  happy  exemplification  of 
inherited  powers. 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 


Inquiry  into  the  Alpha  rays  or  streams 
of    positivelv    charged    particles    still    con- 
tinues,   and"  Dr.    Fuchtbauer    publishes    in 
the    Physikalisclie    Zeilschrift    some    experi- 
ments  which   lead   him   to    the   conclusion 
that   the  behaviour   of   different  metals   m 
presence  of  them  varies  considerably.     He 
arranged  movable  sectors  of  platinum,  silver, 
copper,  and  aluminium  behind  the  pierced 
cathode  of  a  Crookes  tube,  and  found  that 
all  metals  give  off  negative  electrons  when 
struck  by  the  rays,  but  that  silver  and  copper 
reflect  ten  per  cent,  of  them  unaltered.     Of 
the  others,   platinum   appears  to  emit  the 
fewest  electrons,  and  aluminium  the  most, 
the  other  metals  giving  them  off  in  the  same 
order  as  Volta's  series.     Hence,  in  all  future 
experiments  with  the  positive  rays,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  see  that  no  metal  comes  in 
thoir    path,    else    the    experimenter  will  be 
liable  to  be  balked  by  finding  that  his  source 
is  apparentlv  emitting  positive  and  negative 
electrons  at  the  same  time.     The  voltage, 
however,  employed  by  Dr.  Fuchtbauer  was 
high,   sometimes   attaining   to  as  much   as 
30,000   volts,    and   this   doubtless    had    its 
effect  on  the  rate  of  emission.     It  would  be 
interesting   to  repeat   the  experiment  with 
the  slow  Alpha    rays    coming    from    spon- 
taneously radio-active  substances. 

Prof.  Stark's  theory  that  the  positive 
rays  are  the  carriers  of  the  line  spectrum 
has  before  been  alluded  to  in  these  Notes 
(see  Athennum,  No.  4085),  and  he  now  puts 
forward  the  conclusion  that  a  stream  of 
positivo  ions  should  show  the  Doppler  effect, 
the  lines  of  the  spectrum  produced  by  light 
received  in  the  direction  of  the  stream  being 
displaced  towards  the  violet  or  the  rod,  as 
the  stream  flows  towards  or  away  from  the 
spectroscope.  Frof.  Gehreke,  however,  in  the 
journal  above  referred  to,  asserts  that  the 
canal-rays,  or  streams  of  positivo  particles 
produced  within  a  vacuum  tube,  consist 
originally  of  fragmonts  of  metal  liberated 
by  the  disintegration  of  the  cathode,  and 
expelled  in  the  first  instance  with  a  negative 
charge.  He  also  considers  that  they  lose 
one  or  more  negative  electrons  under  the 
influence  of  ultra-violet  light,  and  thus 
acquire  a  positive  chargo  which  leads  to 
their  being  hurled  back  on  the  cathode. 
This,  he  says,  accounts  for  the  magnetic 
spectrum  of  Wien,  and  also  for  the  fact  that 
the    mass    of    tho    canal-ray    particlo    may 


exceed  the  whole  gaseous  contents  of  the 
tube,  and  amount  to  650  times  that  of  the 
hydrogen  atom  ;  while  their  slow  motion  is 
due  to  their  having  to  proceed  against  the 
electric  force,  and  the  Doppler  effect  of 
Stark  is  only  exhibited  when  they  have  got 
out  of  reach  of  this  behind  the  cathode.  It 
is  evident  that,  to  control  this,  recourse 
must  be  had  to  electrodeless  tubes  ;  but 
the  suggestion  that  these  particles  should 
be  visible  by  the  ultra-microscopic  methods 
of  Siedentopf  and  Szigmondy  is  extremely 
interesting,  and  one  may  hope  to  hear  soon 
that  it  has  been  put  to  the  test. 

The  statement  has  been  repeatedly  made 
of  late  that  the  radio-activity  (i.e.,  the  power 
of    emitting    Beta    and    Gamma    rays)    of 
radium  and  such-like  substances  could  not 
be    affected    by    temperature.     MM.    Curie 
and  Danne,  indeed,  showed,  more  than  two 
years  ago,  that  the  rate  of  decay  in  that  part 
of  the  active  deposit  left  by  the  ex  radio 
emanation  and   called  by  Prof.  Rutherford 
Radium  C  could  be  increased,  though  irre- 
gularly, by  heating  it  to  temperatures  above 
650°  C.     This  was,  however,  denied  by  Mr. 
H.    L.    Bronson,   who  suggested  that   MM. 
Curie  and  Danne's  results  might  be  due  to 
Radium    C    having    a    shorter,    and    not    a 
longer,  life  than  its  predecessor  Radium  B, 
and  that  the  last  named  may  be  the  more 
volatile.     Mr.  Walter  Makower  has  under- 
taken some  experiments  at  Manchester  to 
decide  the  question,   and  the  results  pub- 
lished  in   the   Royal    Society's   Proceedings 
show  clearly  that  the  emission  of  Beta  and 
Gamma  rays  is  increased  at  temperatures 
ranging  from  1000°  to  2000°  C,  and  possibly, 
as    he    thinks,    beyond    that    figure.     The 
increase,  however,  is  not  regular,  and  although 
he  does  not  consider  his  experiments  con- 
clusive on  the  point,  they  do  not  confirm 
MM.  Curie  and  Danne's  suggestion  that  the 
maximum   change   of   activity   takes   place 
at  1 100°  C.     After  about  an  hour,  the  heat- 
ing ceases  to  have  any  effect,  and  one  is  glad 
to  learn  that  the  experiments  are  being  con- 
tinued and  that  the  further  results  will  be 
published. 

In  this  connexion  Dr.   H.  W.   Schmidt's 
experiments    with    a    sheet    of    aluminium 
made  radio-active  by  a  solution  of  radium 
salt,  and  then  surrounded  by  screens  of  the 
same   metal    in   its    normal   condition,    are 
interesting.     The  results  led  him  to  conclude 
that  a  radiation  existed  during  the  passage 
of  the  deposit  from  Radium   B  to  Radium  C 
which  was  more  penetrating  than  the  Alpha 
rays,  but  less  so  than  the  Beta.     This  is,  of 
course,  contrary  to  Prof.  Rutherford's  con- 
clusion that  the  change  from  B  to  C  is  rayless. 
Dr.  C.  G.  Barkla,  of  Liverpool  University, 
has  for  some  time  past  been  investigating 
the    secondary    rays    produced    when    the 
Rontgen  or  X  rays  strike  metals  and  other 
substances,  and  finds  that  those  emitted  by 
carbon  can  be  polarized.     According  to  him, 
this  effect  should  be  noticeable  in  all  sub- 
stances of  low  atomic  weight,  the  lower  the 
weight  the  greater  being  the  energy  of  the 
primary   beam   which   is    transformed    into 
energy  of  secondary  radiation.     He  thinks 
that  only  a  very  thin  layer  of  the  carbon  is 
penetrated   by   the   original  radiation,   and 
much  care  seems  to    have    been    taken  to 
control  the  experiment  and    guard   against 
error.     If    his    conclusions    remain    unim- 
peached,  they  may  cast  some  doubt  on  the 
current  theory  as  to  the  origin  of  the  X  rays  ; 
and  it  will  bo  remombered  that,  when  tho 
latter  wore  first  announced,  M.  Honii  Bec- 
querol  asserted  that  they  could  bo  polarized, 
refracted,  and  reflected  like  light,  and  per- 
sisted in  this  view  for  several  years. 


Prof.  McClelland  has  also  investigated  the 
secondary  radiation  emitted  by  substances 
struck  by  the  Beta  and  Gamma  rays  from 
radium,  the  law  here  being,  according  to 
him,  that  secondary  radiation  increases  with 
the  atomic  weight  of  the  substance  struck. 
In  a  paper  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society  he  estimates 
the  amount  of  energy  thus  liberated,  and 
concludes  that  in  the  case  of  lead  nearly 
88£  per  cent,  of  the  energy  absorbed  is  given 
out  again  as  secondary  radiation,  89  per 
cent,  in  the  case  of  uranium,  and  only  45  in 
that  of  carbon.  He  considers  that  these 
secondary  rays  are  in  every  way  similar  to 
the  Beta  rays  which  produce  them,  and  that 
these  last  are,  in  a  great  measure  at  any  rate, 
homogeneous.  It  is  evident,  however,  that 
if  the  Gamma  rays  are,  as  is  generally  sup- 
posed, similar  in  nature  to  the  X  rays,  Frol. 
McClelland  ought,  on  Dr.  Barkla  s  hypo- 
thesis, to  have  obtained  secondary  X  rays 
as  well,  and  this  discrepancy  is  still  to  be 
explained.  ,    '    ,   - 

Some  curious  experiments  on  what  no 
calls  chemico-luminescence  are  recorded  by 
Prof.  Trautz.  He  found  that  most  brilliant 
luminescence  was  caused  by  the  mixture  at 
a  low  temperature  of  peroxide  of  hydrogen 
with  pyrogallol  and  formaldehyde,  and  that 
it  gave  a  continuous  spectrum  from  the  rea 
to  the  blue-green,  with  the  maximum  effect 
in  the  orange-red.  Raising  the  temperature 
of  the  mixture  seemed  to  increase  the  ligut, 
but  the  rays  were  cut  off  by  the  interposition 
of  a  sheet  of  aluminium  of  2  mm.  in  thickness 
A  mixture  of  chloride  of  calcium  finely 
powdered  with  hot  chloric  acid  also  gave  a 
brilliant  effect.  One  would  be  curious  to 
know  if  either  of  these  mixtures  proved 
itself  capable  of  ionizing  the  surrounding  an, 
and,  if  so,  whether  it  was  in  circumstances 
which  support  Prof.  Rutherford's  theory 
that  ionization  is  in  many  case*  the  ettect 
of  phosphorescence.  Prof.  McClung  in  Ihe 
Philosophical  Magazine  thinks  that  f roi. 
Bragy  and  Mr.  Kleeman's  late  experiments 
in  radio-activity  confirm  this. 

Prof.  Giesel  in  the  Benchte  gives  reasons 
for  supposing  that  Madame  Curie's  polonium, 
when  freshly  prepared,  emits  Beta  rays  as 
well  as  Alpha,  though  it  soon  loses  this  powei 
He  is  clearly  of  opinion  that  it  is  the  same 
substance  as  Prof.  Marckwald  s  radio- 
tellurium,  but  points  out  that  the  time- 
constants  given  by  Prof.  R**^0"1  *° 
not  include  that  of  fresh  polonium,  and  tliat 
further  evidence  is  therefore  necessary  tor 
determining  its  place  among  the  decay- 
products "  of  radium.  .      , 

The  last  news  about  the  N  rays  is  that 
■MM.  Cotton  and  Raveau  paid  a  visit  to 
M.  Blondlot's  laboratory  at  Nancy  to  witness 
the  new  experiments  establishing,  as  tney 
supposed,  the  reality  of  the  phenomena. 
At  first  all  went  beautifully,  and  they  con- 
sidered the  results  as  conclusive^  witmn 
the  range  of  experimental  error.  men, 
all  of  a  sudden,  it  was  found  that  they  could 
not  be  repeated,  and  the  control  experiments 
that  they  suggested,  gave  a  negative  result. 
Evidently  there  is  a  mystery  here,  and  it  is 
not  yet  solved.  *  ■     * 


PROF.    WELDON,    F.R.S. 

Thk  University  of  Oxford  generally  and 
the  Natural  Science  School  especially  have 
suffered  a  severe  loss  by  tho  sudden  death 
of  Prof.  W.  F.  H.  Weldon  at  tho  .early  age 
of  forty-six.  The  son  of  a  distinguished 
chemist,  and  never  hampered  by  want 
of     moans,    Weldon    began     his    zoological 


IMU 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N°400:>,  April  21,  1906 


Mudiea    at    Kind's    CoflOflT).     London,    witd.r 

A.  H.  CJarrcxl.  Proceeding  to  s<-  John** 
College,  Cambridge,  !><•  toon  f«-l I  andei  the 
inflaanoe  of  F.  M.  BeJfour,  and  became  <>n" 
of  the  hrilluuit  band  oi  biologiste  which  that 
grent  natarahel  created.  Hi^  early  etodiee 
wiT.«  umlnjrc  logical  On  the  death  of  w.  A. 
Forbec  in  1HK3  Weldon  *»s  for  a  time 
prueoolui  to  the  Zoologioal  Bociety,  and  did 
come  excellent  work  on  vertebrate  anatomy  ; 
it  wan  not  beeaoee  he  had  nol  abown  aptitude 
or  Baal  that  he  wee  not  confirmed  in  that 
post.  After  a  visit  to  the  West  Indioa  and 
BOme  time  at  Cambridge,  Weldon  proceeded 
to  study  at  the  then  newly  erected  Labora- 
tory at  Plymouth,  where  he  displayed  hi* 
characteristic  energy  not  only  in  the  study 
of  crustaceans,  but  also  in  the  affairs  of  the 
Laboratory  and  of  the  Marine  Biological 
Association.  He  was  in  1890  called  to 
succeed  Prof.  Ray  Lankester  as  Jodrell 
Professor  in  University  College,  London, 
and  in  1899  to  take  his  place  as  Linacre 
Professor  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 
While  devoting  himself  to  his  professorial 
duties,  he  took,  when  in  London,  a  very 
large  share  in  one  of  the  associations  which 
were  trying  to  establish  a  teaching  University. 

Both  in  London  and  at  Oxford  he  did  not 
spare  his  strength  in  those  biometrical 
studies  with  which  his  name  will  always  be 
closely  associated.  Dr.  Francis  Galton  was, 
we  think,  the  pioneer  in  applying  precise 
measurement  to  biological  phenomena.  His 
researches,  however,  were  confined  to  the 
subject  of  man.  But  Dr.  Weldon,  in  associa- 
tion with  Prof.  Karl  Pearson,  was  for  sub- 
duing the  whole  field  of  biology  by  the  aid 
of  the  biometrical  method.  His  ideal  was 
to  give  an  exact  quantitative  expression  to 
biological  observations,  in  particular  to  those 
relating  to  variation  and  heredity.  In  this 
way  he  hoped  to  provide  a  mass  of  data 
that  should  constitute  a  basis  for  what  he 
was  fond  of  calling  a  "  rational  "  theory  of 
evolution — rational  because,  like  chemistry 
or  physics,  numerical.  The  movement  is 
still  new.  Only  recently,  for  instance,  can 
it  be  said  to  have  captured  the  attention  of 
Germany.  Hence  as  yet  it  is  hard  to  be 
sure  whether  Weldon's  great  idea  came  to 
him  through  the  horn  or  the  ivory  gate  of 
dreams.  This  at  least,  however,  may  be 
said,  that  he  was  not  one  to  dally  with  mere 
ideas,  but  a  practical  man  of  science  at  once 
resolved  and  competent  to  bring  his  theories 
to  the  touchstone  of  rigid  fact. 

His  seven  years'  residence  in  Oxford 
brought  him  great  reputation  there.  His 
fine,  frank  bearing  and  keen  interest  in  all 
things  intellectual  endeared  him  to  a  wide 
circle,  amongst  whom  his  pupils  must 
certainly  be  reckoned.  Married  young,  he 
was  singularly  happy  in  his  home.  A  genial 
host,  an  entertaining  companion,  and  a 
trusty  friend,  he  will  long  remain  in  the 
memory  of  many. 


SOCIETIES. 


Astronomical—  April  11.— Mr.  W.  H.  Maw, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  P.  H.  Cowell  read  a 
paper  on  an  explanation  of  the  apparent  secular 
acceleration  of  the  earth's  orbital  motion.  Certain 
assumptions  with  regard  to  the  sun  and  moon  satis- 
fied the  conditions  of  six  ancient  solar  eclipses,  and 
it  seemed  impossible  that  this  should  be  mere 
coincidence.  It  was  entirely  wrong  to  make 
arbitrary  assumptions  with  regard  to  the  moon's 
motion  that  did  not  also  refer  to  the  sun,  and  ex- 
plain them  as  the  results  of  tidal  friction.  The 
author  concluded  that  the  day  increases  in  length 
at  the  rate  of  O005  per  century — an  estimate  ten 
times  greater  than  those  previously  put  forward. — 
Mr.  F.  J.  M.  Stratton  read  a  paper  on  planetary 


inverMnii.  Tin-  iiutiiiii  bed  been  led  to  make  tail 
liineUaition  i>v  EYof.  Pickering's  suggo«ted  ex- 
planet ion  of  th<-  retrograde  motion  "t  spurn's 
ninth  satellite,  Phmbe.  It  wca  assumed  taat  thin 
IHte  had  been  weired  from  He  prhearr'whm 

tin-  fetter*!  motion  <>f  rotation  was  retrograde,  and 
there  had  )>cvn  subsequently  an  inversion  ol  the 
planet's  aus.  The  author  concluded  that,  while 
this   remains  ■   h\pothe-is   only,   there  is   nothing 

Improbable    in    the    ■oggeetkm,   and    it    is    in 

accordance  with  the  known  effect!  of  tidal  action. 
— Prof.  R.  A.  Sampson  gave  an  account  of  his 
discussion  of  the  Hurvard  observations  of  tho 
eclipses  of  Jupiter*!  satellites,  187H-1901,  which 
would    }»■  published  in  the  A  mail El  of  the  Harvard 

<  Ibeet  tatory. 

Ckoj.ook  ai.. — April  4. — Mr.  K.  S.  Hemes, 
VI'.,  in  the  chair.  — Mr.  Simeon  Priest  was  elected 
a  Fellow  ;  and  Prof.  J.  M.  Clarke,  Director  of  the 
New  York  State  Museum,  and  Dr.  J.  J.  Seder- 
holm.  Director  of  the  ideological  Survey  of  Finland, 
were  elected  Foreign  Correspondents.  The  follow- 
ing communications  were  read :  '  On  a  Case  of 
Unconformity  and  Thrust  in  the  Coal-Measurcs  of 
Northumberland,'  by  Prof.  G.  A.  L.  Lebour  and 
Dr.  J.  A.  Smythe, — and  '  The  Carboniferous  Suc- 
cession l>elow  the  C)al-Measures  in  North  Shrop- 
shire, Denbighshire,  and  Flintshire,'  by  Dr.  W. 
Hind  and  Mr.  J.  T.  Stobbs. 


LiNNEAN. — April  5. — Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward, 
V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — Miss  C.  A.  Raisin  was  elected 
a  Fellow. — Dr.  Horace  T.  Brown  and  Mr.  Frank 
Crisp  were  elected  Auditors  on  behalf  of  the 
Council,  and  the  Rev.  R.  Ashington  Bullen  and 
Mr.  J.  Hopkinson  on  behalf  of  the  Fellows. — Mr. 
Clement  Reid  exhibited  nearly  fifty  photographs, 
entitled  '  Some  Plants  new  to  the  Preglacial  Flora 
of  Great  Britain.'  These  were  derived  from 
material  procured  at  Pakefield,  near  Lowestoft. 
— A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Count  Solms- 
Laubach,  Mr.  H.  WT.  Monckton,  Dr.  H.  Wood- 
ward, and  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing  engaged. — 
Mr.  Spencer  Moore  contributed  a  paper,  '  A  Second 
Contribution  to  the  Flora  of  Africa  :  Rubiacere 
and  Composite,  Part  II. ,'  which  was  read  by  Dr. 
A.  B.  Rendle. — A  discussion  followed,  Dr.  Stapf, 
Mr.  E.  G.  Baker,  and  the  General  Secretary  taking 
part.  —  The  second  paper  was  by  Mr.  E.  J. 
Schwartz,  on  '  The  Structure  of  the  Stem  and 
Leaf  of  Niiytxia  floribunda,  R.  Br.,'  which  was 
illustrated  by  lantern  slides. — Dr.  I).  H.  Scott, 
Mr.  W.  C.  Worsdell,  and  Dr.  Stapf  contributed 
remarks. — The  last  paper  was  by  Mr.  B.  Hayata, 
'  On  Taiwanites,  a  New  Genus  of  Coniferte  from 
the  Island  of  Formosa.' 


Meteorological. — April  18. — Mr.  R.  Bentley, 
President,  in  the  chair. — -Mr.  Alfred  Hands  read 
a  paper  on  '  Some  so-called  Vagaries  of  Lightning 
reproduced  Experimentally.'  He  said  that  light- 
ning, as  an  electric  discharge,  should  act  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  known  to  govern  the 
subject ;  and  if  an  occurrence  does  not  appear  to 
accord  with  our  knowledge  we  should  try  to  fathom 
the  mystery,  and  not  dismiss  it  as  a  vagary.  The 
author,  in  the  course  of  an  extended  investigation 
into  the  effects  of  lightning,  has  come  across  many 
cases  which  have  been  called  vagaries,  but  which  on 
a  close  inspection  have  proved  to  be  extraordinary 
only  in  the  erroneous  way  in  which  they  were 
described,  and  had  they  been  correctly  reported 
they  would  have  appeared  perfectly  consistent  with 
preconceived  ideas.  He  reproduced  experimentally 
several  so-called  vagaries  of  lightning,  showing  bj- 
means  of  rough  models  the  conditions  under  which 
they  occurred. — Miss  C.  O.  Stevens  read  a  paper  on 
'The  Value  of  a  Projected  Image  of  the  Sun  for 
Meteorological  Study.'  She  pointed  out  that  by 
this  method  it  has  been  ascertained  that  where 
the  direction  of  movement  of  the  atmosphere  is 
tangential  to  the  limb  of  the  sun  the  phenomenon 
of  "boiling"  displays  a  coursing  or  rippling 
character,  and  that  where  it  is  perpendicular  to 
the  limb  of  the  sun  the  character  of  the  move- 
ments of  distortion  is  that  of  springing  in  and  out 
of  the  area  of  the  sun's  image.  Both  theso 
elements  of  movement  are  continuous,  even  in  the 
absence  of  all  visible  cloud,  and  it  is  possible  not 
only  to  detect,  but  also  to  distinguish  between 
overlying  invisiblo  atmospheric  strata. 


I'hii .oi  ooe  m      A/Til  6.     Prof.  Gouanex  in  the 

<  hair.      Dr.   H.    Bnuile}   made   hia   yearly  | 
his    work   on    the   M   words    he  is  editing  for  the 
1  Oxford    I*    '  Beside*  hih  part  o I 

II  alr<-ndy  iomed,  b>  had  144  peWM  '"  type  »»>d 
eepj  reenj  tor  24  more.  His  proof*  had  been  rwwj 
by  Lord  Ald«ii),arn,    Mr.   W.    H. 

fowler,  atr.  Wileond  DoOer.  fte.,  wirik  Mr.  H  I 

Hart   had   belped  with  Klizabet)  quo- 

tations,  and   Mr.  Jas.  Piatt,  jun..  with  hard  w 
from  far  otl  bade.      Dr.  Bradley  s*id  h<-  liad  read 
a    paper    on     tin-     Dictionary   at    th<-    l*b 

ing  of  <  iermen  phflologi  rl     it  Bamborg,  and  it  waa 

most '-onlially  n< 'i\i-d.  Prof.  Kluge  had  praised 
the  English  work  in  glowing  terms,  and  had  ex- 
pressed the  hops  that  it  would  be  taken  as  a 
pattern  for  the  great  thesaurus  of  the  German 
language  which  would  be  '  irted  as  soon  a* 
Grimm's  dictionary  of  it-  Teutonio  word-  was. 
finished.  Dr.  Bradley  brought  with  him  forty 
pages  of  proof  of  his  next  part  of  M.  He  had 
hoped  for  a  good  time  when  h<-  started  at  them, 
but  he  had  had  a  bad  one,  for  he  came  on  most 
terrible  clusters  of  words  under  the  Grei  k  prefixes 
mexo-,  rntt'i-,  and  micro-,  that  would  horrify  any 
classical  scholar,  and  that  no  <  rreek  would  acknow- 
ledge. What  did  they  think  of  metasplenomegalie. 
metaparapteral,  metascutellar,  metaphyton,  meso- 
xiphisternal,  metastibenite,  metacoumerate,  meta- 
nitrobromobenzene,  Ac.  !  It  was  impossible  to 
cheerful  among  such  a  mongrel  lot ;  and  if  some 
chemical  friends  and  Mr.  Ruckman,  the  geologist, 
had  not  come  to  his  help,  he  would  not  have  been 
able  to  get  out  of  his  troubles.  Under  mt"0-  there- 
were  120  entries  in  9  J  "columns,  besides  2]  columns  of 
compounds  treated  in  a  lump.  The  chief  use  of  meia  - 
in  English  words  was  illegitimate,  and  not  strictly 
in  accordance  with  Greek  analogies.  It  started  from 
Aristotle's  ■  Metaphysics '  (books  following  the 
'  Phusike '),  misapprehended  as  meaning  "  the. 
science  of  that  which  transcends  the  physical,'r 
so  that  :  1.  Mtta-  was  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a 
science  to  designate  a  higher  one  of  the  same? 
nature,  but  dealing  with  ulterior  problems,  as 
"  metachemistry,"  the  chemistry  of  the  super- 
sensible; "  metatheology,"  a  profounder  theology 
than  that  of  divines.  2.  At  eta-  was  applied  to 
adjectives  for  diseases  following  those  indicated  in 
the  body  of  the  word,  as  "  raeta-arthritic,"  "  meta- 
pneumonic," consequent  on  gont  or  pneumonia.  3.  It 
was  used  for  something  behind  another,  as  "  meta- 
bronchial,"  applied  to  a  division  of  the  carapace 
of  a  crab  situated  behind  and  to  one  side  of  the 
mesobronchial  lobe.  4.  In  botany  and  zoology 
mtta-  was  used  with  the  sense  of  "  later,  more 
developed":  "the  higher  animals  and  plants  we 
term  Meta/.oa  and  Metaphytcs  "  (Hartog).  B,  In 
geology  it  forms  words  referring  to  certain  varieties* 
of  metamorphie  processes,  as  "  metachemic," 
"  metatropy,  or  changes  in  the  physical  character 
of  rock-masses"  (Irving).  6.  In  chemistry  the 
prefix  was  introduced  in  1833  by  Graham,  who. 
called  the  acid  of  the  fused  biphosphate  of  soda 
"  metaphosphoric  acid,"  and  the  fused  salt  itself 
"  metaphosphate  of  soda."  In  18o9  Odling  dis- 
tinguished the  mtta-  acids  from  the  ortho-  acid- 
containing  one,  two,  or  three  molecules  of  water 
less  than  the  ortho-  ones.  Huxley  puzzled  people 
in  his  classification  of  races,  c.  1870,  by  calling, 
pale  folk  with  dark  hair  "  melano-chroi,"  which 
meant  "  dark-skinned."  "Metal"  and  "mettle" 
are  the  same  word.  The  metal  of  a  sword  or  beam 
is  transferred  to  the  stuff  of  which  a  man  is  made. 
Pettie,  in  1581,  writes.  "It  dulleth  their  wittes 
and  reprosseth  their  natural  vigour  in  such  sorte- 
that  there  is  no  mettell  left  in  them  "  ;  Dekker,  ir» 
16i>4,  "  If  the  Duke  had  but  so  much  mettle  in  hin* 
as  [is]  in  a  eoblers  awle"  :  Lyly,  in  1584,  "Swear- 
ing commeth  of  a  hot  mettal."  "  Method  '"  in 
Greek  and  Latin  was  the  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
mode  of  investigation,  doctrine,  and  was  also  used 
as  a  term  in  medicine.  From  it  the  modern  sense 
of  systematic  arrangement,  i  rder,  was  developed1 
in  the  sixteenth  century.  In  natural  history,. 
Kirhv  and  Spenoe  considered  in  ls2t>  that  "a 
'  Method "  should  signify  an  Artificial,  and  a 
'System'  a  Natural  arrangement  of  objects." 
"Mess,"  the  Lite  Latin  MMnwn,  a  thing  put  on 
the  table,  was,  1,  a,  a  serving  of  food,  a  course  of 
dishes,  a  prepared  dish  ;  b,  worms'  mess,  food  for 
worms  (1300)  :  r,  a  quantity  of  strawberries  (1513), 
milk  (a.  1833),  vinegar  ("l">97).  salt  beef  (1621), 
green  peas  (1670) ;  d,  a  take  of  fish  (1854)  ;  2.  a 
made  dish  :  a  "mess  of  pottage"  is  not  in  the 
Bible  of  1611,  though  it  occurs  in  '  The  Pylgrimage 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


487 


of  Perfection'  in  1526.  Of  mess  as  food  for  a  dog  or 
horse  Pope  was  the  first  user ;  while  Marryat  in  1834 
starts  the  muddle  notion  with  "Here's  a  pretty 
•mess  ! "  As  a  company  of  persons  eating  together 
"  mess  "  is  used  by  Lydgate,  or  rather  the  unknown 
■writer  of  '  The  Assembly  of  Gods,'  c.  1420 ;  and 
-the  "mess  "of  the  navy  appears  in  1599.  For  a 
group  of  four  persons  or  things,  Skelton  is  the  first 
authority  in  1526;  and  as  short  for  "  mess-beef " 
in  the  United  States  Tfte  New  York  Herald  has 
the  earliest  quotation  for  "mess"  in  1859. 


Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. — April  10. — 
"Sir  Alexander  R.  Binnie,  President,  in  the  chair. 
— The  paper  read  was  '  On  the  Resistance  of  Iron 
and  Steel  to  Reversals  of  Direct  Stress,'  by  Dr. 
T.  E.  Stanton  and  Mr.  L.  Bairstow. — It  was 
announced  that  one  Associate  Member  had  been 
transferred  to  the  class  of  Member,  and  that  six 
•candidates  had  been  admitted  as  Students.  The 
monthly  ballot  resulted  in  the  election  of  one 
Member  and  six  Associate  Members. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Mos. 


Tck«. 


Surreyors'  Institution,  4.— 'The  Effect  of  the  Education  Act, 
1902,  on  Rural  Districts.'  Mr.  J.  W.  Willis  Bund. 

Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Ivory,'  Lecture  I.,  Mr.  A.  Maskcll.  ICantor 
Lecture.  I 

Royal  Institution.  5.— 'Greek  Classical  Dress  in  Life  and  in 
Art,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof.  G.  B.  Brown. 

—  Institution  of  Civil  Enirineere,  8.— Annual  Meeting. 

—  Anthropological  Institute,  8.15. —  ' Pottery  -  Making  in    New 

Guinea  and  some  Adjacent  Islands,'  Mr.  A.  H.  Dunning. 
Weo.     British  Numismatic,  8.—'  The  Busts  of  James  I.  on  his  Silver 
Coinage,'  Lieut. -Col.  II.  W.  Morrieson  ;  '"  Popular  "  Numis- 
matics.' Mr.  3.  B.  Caldeoott. 

—  Folk-lore.  8.— 'Spanish  Amulets.'  Mr.  W.  L.  Hildhurgh  ;  'The 

Scapegoat  in  Europe.'  Mr.  N.  W.  Thomas. 

—  Geological,  8.— 'Trilobites  from  Bolivia,  collected  by  Dr.  I.  W. 

Evans  in  1901-2.'  Mr.  P.  Lake :   'Grantolites  from  Bolivia, 
collected  by  Dr.  Evans."  Miss  K.  M.  R.  Wood;  'The  Phos- 

Shatic  Chalks  of  Winterhourne    and    Boxford,   Berkshire,' 
[ossTfl.  H.  J.  Osborne  Whit«  and  Llewellyn  Treacher. 
Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'The  Production  and  Collection  of  Picture 
Postcards.'  Mr.  F.  T.  Corkett. 
TncRS.  Society  of  Arts,  4.30.— '  Seistan,  Past  and  Present,'  Col.  A.  H. 
McMnhon. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.  —  'The  Digestive  Tract  in  Birds   and 

Mammals,'  Lecture  I.,  Dr.  P.  C.  Mitchell. 

—  Institution  of    Electrical    Engineers,  8.  —  '  Long  -  Flame   Arc 
Lamps.'  Mr.  L.  Andrews. 

Physical,  5. — 'Some  Simple  Questions  on  the  Images  of  Micro- 
s<x>i>es  and  Telescopes.'  Mr.  W.  B.  Croft;  'A  Gas  Calorimeter,' 
Mr.  C.  V.  Boys  ;  '  On  the  Lateral  Vibration  of  Bars  subjected 
to  Forces  in  the  Direction  of  their  Axes,'  Mr.  ,T.  Morrow. 

Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  8.— 'Petroleum  Fuel  in 
Locomotives  on  the  Tehuantepec  National  Railroad  of 
Mexico,'  Mr.  L.  Greaven. 

Royal  Institution,  9.— 'Ore  Deposits  and  their  Distribution  in 
Denth.'  Prof.  .1.  W.  Gregory. 

Royal  Institution,  3.—'  English  Furniture  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  Lecture  I.,  Prof.  C.  Waldstein. 


Far. 


«AT. 


%titntt  (gossip. 

Our  special  series  of  scientific  papers  will 
be  continued  next  week  by  a  paper  on  the 
new  conceptions  of  the  internal  structure 
of  the  molecule  of  a  chemical  element  involved 
in  the  recent  development  of  stereo-chemistry. 
It  will  be  by  Dr.  J.  Norman  Collie,  Professor 
of  Organic  Chemistry  at  University  College, 
London. 

A  Sibthorpiax  Professor  of  Rural 
Economy  will  be  elected  at  Oxford  on 
June  9th.  The  present  stipend  of  the 
professorship  is  about  700/.  a  year,  and  the 
holder  has  to  lecture  and  give  instruction  on 
the  scientific  principles  of  agriculture  and 
forestry,  including  the  pathology  of  plants. 

Dr.  Rambaut,  F.R.S.,  Radcliffe  Observer 
At  Oxford,  publishes  a  new  catalogue  of 
1,772  stars  observed  there  during  tho  years 
1894  to  1903,  and  reduced  to  the  epoch 
1900.  It  gives  the  position  of  every  star 
down  to  the  seventh  magnitudo  containod 
in  the  zone  85°  to  90°  N.P.D.  with  very  few 
exceptions,  which  occur  only  in  tho  cases 
of  double  and  multiple  systems.  Or.  Ram- 
baut was  appointed  in  July,  1897,  about 
two  months  after  the  death  of  his  lament ad 
predecessor,  Mr.  Stone,  and  began  his 
directorship  by  effecting  some  alterations 
and  improvements  in  the  instrumental 
equipment,  particularly  with  regard  to  tho 
< ,'arrington  transit  circle.  To  this,  which 
had  become  the  principal  meridian  instru- 
ment whilst  Main  was  RadHiffo  Observer, 
a  new  electric  chronograph  of  Sir  Howard 
Orubb's  latest  pattern  has  now  been  attached. 


The  last  Radcliffe  Catalogue  was  published 
by  Stone  in  1894,  containing  the  places  of 
6,424  stars  for  the  epoch  1890.  Mr.  W. 
Wickham,  F.R.A.S.,  has  filled  the  office  of 
First  Assistant  since  November,  1880. 

Int  the  number  of  Popular  Astronomy  for 
the  present  month  Mr.  Metcalf  gives  an 
interesting  description,  with  illustrations, 
of  the  observatory  recently  erected  by 
him  at  Taunton,  Mass.  He  has  already 
discovered  a  considerable  number  of  small 
planets  there  ;  one  of  these,  which  was 
detected  on  the  5th  of  December  last,  and 
has  not  yet  received  its  definitive  number 
in  the  long  and  ever-growing  list,  he  has 
named  Tauntonia. 

We  have  received  the  Report  of  the 
Director  (Mr.  C.  Michie  Smith,  F.R.S.)  of 
the  Kodaikanal  and  Madras  Observatories 
for  1905,  together  with  Bulletin  No.  iv.  of 
the  former,  giving  the  results  of  the  observa- 
tions (continued  from  those  in  No.  i.)  of 
the  widened  lines  in  sunspot  spectra. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  year,  the  Govern- 
ment, at  the  request  of  the  Director,  sanc- 
tioned the  addition  to  the  staff  of  a  permanent 
photographic  assistant,  which  was  a  great 
benefit  in  the  work  with  the  spectro-helio- 
graph.  Photographs  of  the  sun  were  ob- 
tained on  327  days,  as  against  264  in  1904. 
Mr.  R.  LI.  Jones  has,  as  before,  occupied 
the  post  of  Deputy-Director  of  the  Madras 
Observatory ;  and  the  Report  concludes 
with  summaries  of  the  meteorological  results, 
and  of  the  seismological  observations  at 
Kodaikanal. 

We  have  received  the  third  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  della  Societd 
degll  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  containing 
papers  by  Signor  Cerulli,  of  Teramo,  on 
the  integrals  of  extinction,  and  by  Dr. 
Puccianti,  of  Florence,  giving  the  results 
of  experiments  on  the  anomalous  dispersion 
of  metallic  vapours.  Signor  Cerulli  points 
out  the  close  agreement  between  the  results 
of  his  investigation  and  those  obtained  by 
Prof.  Bemporad,  following  a  different  method. 
The  number  also  contains  diagrams  of  the 
spectroscopic  images  of  the  sun's  limb  as 
formed  from  observations  at  Catania, 
Kalocsa,  Odessa,  Rome,  and  Zurich,  during 
the  first  quarter  of  the  year  1904. 

Four  new  small  planets  were  discovered 
photographically  at  the  Konigstuhl  Obser- 
vatory, Heidelberg,  on  the  27th  ult.  :  three 
by  Prof.  Max  Wolf,  and  one  by  Herr  Kopff . 
Prof.  Wolf  also  announces  that  he  recently 
detected  a  small  planet  on  two  plates  of  the 
Andromeda  nebula  taken  by  Herr  Gotz  on 
August  12th,  1904  ;  and  that  one  observed 
by  him  on  the  21st  of  last  February,  and 
at  first  supposed  to  be  identical  with  Hero- 
dias,  No.  546,  is  really  new. 

The  next  meeting  of  the  Astronomische 
Gesellschaft  will  be  held  at  Jena  from  the 
12th  to  the  15th  of  September,  under  the 
presidency  of  Prof.  Soeligor,  of  Munich. 


FINE    ARTS 


OUR   LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Seven  Angels  of  tlie  Renascence  :  the  Story 
of  Art  from  Cimabue  to  Claude.  By  Sir 
Wyko  Bayliss.  (Pitman  &  Sons.) — This 
work,  although  with  a  different  title,  appoars 
to  be  a  companion  volume  in  somo  respects 
to  '  Rex  Begum,'  which  wo  noticed  at  tho 
time  of  its  appoaranco.  Sir  Wyko  Bayliss 
has  lost  none  of  the  charm  of  stylo,  tho  easy 
flow  of  words,  and  tho  vein  of  droamy 
metaphor    which    characterized    that    work. 


Indeed,  these  traits  reappear  here  in  even 
stronger  form.  A  wonderful  blending  of 
fact  and  sentiment,  history  and  allegory, 
records  his  views  regarding  the  influence 
which  the  seven  selected  great  masters — 
angels,  he  calls  them — exercised  upon  the 
art  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  upon  those  who, 
consciously  or  unconsciously,  swayed  the 
methods  of  expressing  it  to  the  world.  Who 
are  these  seven  ?  Cimabue,  Leonardo  da 
Vinci,  Michael  Angelo,  Titian,  Raphael, 
Correggio,  and  Claude  Lorraine.  The 
author  records  the  main  points  in  the 
life  of  each  of  these,  and  sets  them,  like 
so  many  precious  jewels,  in  a  wealth  of 
verbal  imagery,  proving  his  right  to  be 
enrolled  among  the  rare  band  who  have 
been  artists  in  two  different  ways. 

By  the  term  "  Renascenoe "  the  writer 
means  that  revival  of  art  which  had  its 
rise  in  the  thirteenth  century,  culminated 
in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth,  and  fell  away 
altogether  in  the  seventeenth.  His  middle 
five  names  were  the  great  painters  who, 
living  and  working  together,  bore  the  stress 
and  the  strain  of  the  day,  each  of  them 
bringing  to  the  service  of  art  his  own  par- 
ticular gift.  Da  Vinci,  he  says,  illumines 
the  studio  with  intellectual  light  ;  Michael 
Angelo ^brings  the  direct  message  from  on 
high  that  men  should  be  as  the  gods  ;  Titian 
reveals  from  Olympus  that  the  gods  are  as 
men  ;  Raphael"  trims  the  flickering  lamps 
of  flagging  art,  and  enables  us  to  see  with 
clearer  eyes  ;  "  last  of  all,  Correggio  dis- 
covered how  not  until  the  sixth  day  was  the 
world  finished,  when  God  brought  Eve  into 
Paradise." 

The  first  chapter — illustrated  with  a 
vignette  of  the  Basilica  of  St.  Prassede  at 
Rome,  and  reproductions  of  Raphael  s 
'  St.  Cecilia,'  S.  Memmi's  portrait  in  fresco 
of  Cimabue,  the  fresco  portrait  of  Christ 
in  the  Catacomb  of  St.  Callisto,  Raphael's 
Vatican  fresco  of  Dante,  the  Christ  of  the 
Veronicas  and  of  the  Basilicas,  and  Fra 
Angelico's  painting  in  St.  Mark's,  Florence, 
of  the  Christ  of  the  Awakening — is  devoted 
to  a  consideration  of  the  sleep  of  Art  during 
the  darkness  which  fell  upon  the  civilized 
world  after  the  third  century  of  our  era ; 
the  rise  of  mosaic  work  in  the  fourth  century  ; 
and,  after  centuries,  the  awakening  of  Art 
whom  he  likens  to  the  Princess  in  the  fairy 
book — in  the  thirteenth  century  by  the 
Prince  who  then  came,  and  whom  we  call 
Cimabue  : — 

"  Whether  it  was  Cimabue  or  Margaritone  who 
first  discovered  the  Princess  I  am  not  sure.  It 
was  Margaritone  who  cut  away  the  tangled  briar 
— the  growth  of  a  thousand  years — with  its  ornel 
thorns,  which  hedged  her  round.  But  it  was 
Cimabue  who  claimed  the  Princess  as  his  bride. 
There  she  lay,  asleep,  in  her  wonderful  beauty,  as 
if  she  had  just  closed  her  eyes.  Trembling  he 
approached,  and  knelt  beside  her.  Somo  say  he 
kissed  her,  but  as  nobody  saw  it,  and  she  never 
told,  we  cannot  be  quite  sure  of  tho  fact.  How- 
ever, as  the  end  of  the  enchantment  hAd  come,  the 
Princess  awakened  at  once,  and,  looking  at  him 
with  eyes  of  the  tenderest  regard,  said  drowsily, 
'Is  that  you,  my  Cimabue  ?  I  have  waited  for  you 
very  long.'" 

And  so  wo  learn  the  boy  of  noble  birth  finds 
a  place  with  Margaritone,  the  mosaic-worker, 
who  had  so  far  brokon  through  tho  tradition 
of  his  craft  as  to  begin  {minting  on  canvas, 
and  completes  his  master's  unfinished  teach- 
ing by  first  using  tho  art  of  painting  as  a 
living  language;  and  this  too — curious  to 
say — at  tho  very  timo  that  Dante  was  doing 
tho  same  thing  with  tho  Italian  dialect 
Thetl  comes  B  thought  for  Giotto,  whom  in 
1277Cimabuo  found — a  ten-year-old  child — 
drawing  a  sketch  of  one  of  the  sheep  hflJwM 
minding  in   the  fields,  but  destined,  in  spite 


IX. s 


THE     ATIIKNjEUM 


X"  409.1,  Ai-kii.  21,  1906 


of  the  defects  of  bis  body  »"<l  his  humble 
birth,  t.>  become  H  kmn  m  the  realms,  of  Art, 
where  Cimebue  himself  «u  i>ut  ■  prince. 

Another  spell  of  darkness  succeeds,  lighted 
only  •'}  Oreagna  end  Bpinello,  until  there 
mi  i  i hut  >t mi-  of  ilir  first  magnitude,  Leo- 
nardo da  Vinci,  in  the  constellation  of  the  five 
already  mentioned  luminaries,  whose  lives 
lie  in  parallel  lines,  ami  cover  a  period  of  a 

little    above    B   century,    that    is,    from    1  152, 

the  birth-year  <>f  Da  Vinci,  to  l  -~> T * > .  tln< 
passing  of  Titian.     The  salient   features  of 

Dn  Vinci's  lite  are  summed  up  in  a  few  short 

paragraphs,  which  describe  him  as  a  child 
without   a  mother-  an  apprentice  teaching 

his    famous    artist-master    how    to    paint  — 

the  leader  of  the  most  advanced  school  of 

art,  while  others  were  scarcely  emancipated 
from  fresco  and  mosaic  restraints  and  tradi- 
tions—  an  engineer,  architect,  sculptor,  poet, 
painter,  musician,  philosopher,  writer,  and 
founder  of  a  great  academy-  and  "  a  man 
of  whom  there  is  no  record  that  he  ever 
loved  a  woman."  Tho  illustrations  hero 
include  the  portrait  in  tho  Gallery  of  the 
I'ltizi,  Florence  ;  the  charming  '  Two  Angels' 
in  the  Accademia  there  ;  the  head  of  Christ 
in  the  Accademia,  Milan  ;  and  the  '  Last 
Supper  '  and  the  '  Virgin  and  her  Mother  ' 
in  the  Royal  Academy.  All  that  the  author 
says  is  very  appropriate  : — 

"I  am  half  inclined  to  drop  the  'Da  Vinci' 
altt  get  her — f<  r  after  all  that  was  his  name  (  nly  l>y 
sch  ptaon — and  knew  him  for  the  future  simply  as 
Apollo.  No  doubt  Vein  cehio  felt  that  he  had  a 
yc  «rg  gtd  amongst  his  disciples,  and  rejoiced 
act  ''idingly." 

Next  comes  Michael  Angelo,  in  his  versa- 
tility resembling  his  precursor.  His  principal 
works  are  passed  in  review,  tho  author 
specially  drawing  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  painter  did  not  reject  the  commonly 
received  likeness  of  Christ,  but  followed  it, 
as  is  seen  in  his  '  Entombment,'  now  in  the 
National  Gallery,  inspired  not  by  the 
"  splendid  visions  of  his  imagination,"  but 
by  the  work  of  an  unknown  limner  on  a 
face-cloth  found  in  an  early  martyr's  grave. 
The  glory  of  imagination,  says  our  author, 
came  to  art  through  Michael  Angelo,  just 
as  it  came  to  poetry  through  Dante.  And 
so  we  pass  on  to  a  rapturous  chapter  about 
Titian,  and  the  treasures  of  his  art  which 
Venice,  Florence,  Rome,  and  other  cities 
held  or  still  hold.  With  Titian,  says  the 
author,  the  glory  of  Venetian  art  waned, 
and  with  tho  death  of  Paul  Veronese  twelve 
years  later,  followed  by  that  of  Tintoretto 
after  six  years  more,  died  out  into  tho  dark- 
ness of  a  night  which  the  pale  starlight  of 
Salviati,  Giovane,  Padovanino,  Canaletto, 
and  Tiepolo  could  not  illuminate. 

Of  Raphael  and  tho  Sistino  Madonna 
much  is  said  that  is  striking  and  impressive. 
Tho  '  School  of  Athens '  according  to  our 
author,  places  Raphael  in  scholarship  on  a 
level  with  Leonardo,  and  in  imagination  on 
a  level  with  Michael  Angelo. 

Closely  following  comes  Correggio,  and 
Sir  Wyke  has  much  that  is  thoughtful  and 
sympathetic  to  tell  us  of  the  '  Holy  Family  ' 
and  the  '  Ecce  Homo  '  in  tho  National 
Gallery,  the  '  Amoretti  '  in  a  fresco,  and  the 
'  Holy  Night  '  in  tho  Royal  Gallery  of 
1  )resden,  of  all  of  which  he  gives  illustra- 
tions. Of  the  work  of  this  painter,  who  has 
been  the  subject  of  some  depreciation,  wo 
read  : — 

"Correggio  was  an  artist— pure  and  simple; 
and  he  rainhd  that  which  was  dear  to  his  eyes. 
Correggie  had  no  laboratory  attached  to  his 
studio;  he  had  no  world  of  scienc©  or  physios  to 
conquer;  the  learning  which  fan  mated  Da  Vinci 
did  not  fascinate  him.  Correggio  was  not  a 
dreamer  like  Michael  Angelo  ;  ho  knew  nothing  of 


heaven  or  hell  asve  what  the  prieata  told  him ;  In- 
did    not    si^h   for   th'e   regeneration   <>f    t J i « - 

■  l,'K'"  did  not  we  'In-  jewellery  of  light  and 
ooloor  ■ i  Titian  did-  nnr  had  he  the  complete 
vi-inii  .it  Raphael.  But  lie  <lnl  we  women,  and 
ili  oovered  that  they  l'«>k  \.-ry  beeatifnl — in 
piotun 

In   the   olosing  chapter,   entitled    'Anno 
Domini,'    Claude,    Ariosto,    Taaao,    Gkndo 

Keni,  and  others  BTC  dealt  with. 

Throughout  the  author's  enthusiaam  and 
love  of  beauty  are  seen  on  every  page,  and 

he  is  full  of  hope  for  the  future  of  art . 

]ii nut i Jul  Women  in  History  and  Art. 
By  Mrs.  Steuart  Erskine.  (Hell  &  Sons.) — 
This  is  a  handsome;  quarto  volume,  mOTC 
suitable  for  the  boudoir  or  drawing  room 
than  for  the  library.  Mrs.  Erskine  writes 
pleasantly  enough  (and  with  an  attractive 
disregard  for  dates)  about  some  of  the 
beautiful  women  who  have  played  their 
parts  in  history  ;  whilst  Mr.  Hallett  Hyatt's 
plates  are  perfect  in  their  way.  There  is, 
indeed,  just  a  faint  suspicion  about  this 
volume  that  Mrs.  Erskine  has  had  to  adapt 
her  text  to  the  exigencies  of  Mr.  Hyatt's 
stock  of  plates.  Perhaps  this  is  fortunate, 
otherwise  the  author  would  not  have  ex- 
hausted her  subject  even  in  a  dozen  volumes. 
It  will  be  conceded  by  most  people  that 
types  of  female  beauty  are  infinite,  and  a 
glance  at  the  numerous  illustrations  in  this 
book  helps  one  to  realize  this  fact.  But 
some  of  the  faces  appeal  to  one's  sense  of 
the  beautiful  more  than  do  others  ;  some, 
indeed,  hardly  appeal  at  all.  It  is  difficult 
to  realize,  for  instance,  that  Nell  Gwyn, 
whose  portrait  by  Sir  Peter  Lely  faces 
p.  195,  was  ever  beautiful.  And  yet  there 
are  other  and  equally  authentic  portraits  of 
her  which  permit  of  no  doubt  on  the  subject 
of  her  persuasive  charms — at  all  events,  at 
one  period  of  her  life.  The  sharp,  hard  faces 
of  Elizabeth,  Countess  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
Mary,  Countess  of  Pembroke,  as  shown  in 
the  plate  which  faces  p.  44 — in  both  cases 
the  original  portraits  are  in  the  National 
Portrait  Gallery — are  certainly  not  sug- 
gestive of  beauty  as  it  is  generally  under- 
stood :  the  former  was  married  four  times, 
and  looks  in  this  portrait  as  if  she  had  just 
succeeded  in  bringing  a  prospective  No.  5 
to  his  knees.  Van  Dyck's  portrait  of  Rachel 
de  Ruvigny,  Countess  of  Southampton,  may 
have  lost  something  in  McArdell's  mezzotint, 
which  is  reproduced  facing  p.  86  ;  but,  at 
any  rate,  the  type  of  beauty  is  of  a  very 
unintellectual  sort.  In  justice  to  the 
memory  of  many  of  the  ladies  of  Tudor  and 
Stuart  times  in  this  country,  we  must  take 
into  account  the  severely  realistic  notions 
of  the  portrait  painters  of  the  period.  We 
do  not  remember  ever  to  have  seen  from  the 
pencil  or  brush  of  Holbein  a  portrait  of 
a  woman  that  could  frankly  be  called 
beautiful.  Lely's  shepherdesses  are  for  the 
most  part  either  inane  or  wooden,  all  roughly 
hewn  out  of  the  samo  block  of  wood,  with 
just  a  little  manipulation  of  the  general 
scheme.  Kneller,  too — to  come  down  to  a 
much  later  period — had  the  gift  of  portraying 
beautiful  women  in  an  unattractive  guise. 

It  is  not  until  we  come  to  the  French  and 
English  artists  of  the  eighteenth  century 
that  we  have  beautiful  pictures  of  beautiful 
women  :  many  aro  probably  not  a  little 
idealized,  but  this  is  an  amiable  fault.  Thero 
is  here  a  very  generous  assortment  of  portraits 
by  artists  of  the  French  and  English  schools 
— Nattier,  La  Tour,  Vigee  Le  Brun,  Law- 
rence, Romney,  Gainsborough,  and  Reynolds. 
While  no  fault  can  be  found  with  the  way 
in  which  the  pictures  or  engravings  are  repro- 
duced, there  is  a  good  deal  of  room  for 
improvement  in  other  respects.  Sometimes 
tho  name  of  the  artist  and  the  name  of  the 


owner  »r.    both  given,  and  sometimes  are 

omitted.  Al  B  matter  of  fact,  very  nearly 
all  the  original  portraits  are  well  known  I. ..tit 

d   owners,   and   the) 
no  •  r  slipshod  work  such  a*  we 

in   this  hook.      The  portrait   of  Miss    Far 

afterwards  Countess  of  Derby,  of  which  a 

reproduction  from  BartolOfXl's  -tipple  en- 
graving is  given  opposite  p.  '211,  is  one  of 

Lawrence's  most   imium-   v.  •  1 1.    .       A   nuiiiW 
of  pictures  are  reproduced  "  from  engrav: 
after  contemporary  portrait","  and  yet  t 
is  no  indication  of  either  ai  t  l-t  -  or  engravers, 
whilst  a  morning  in  the  Plint-Room  of  the 
British  Ifneeum  would  have  been  sufii. 

to  settle  both  points  ;  the  engravings  are 
so  familiar  that  almost  any  collector  could 
at  once  name  nine  out  of  ten.  Dora  Jordan 
(facing  p.  201)  is  from  Bartolozzi's  print  after 
Romney  ;  Madame  du  Harry  (facing  p.  13*2) 
is  after  Drouais  ;  and  tho  whole-page  plate 
(facing  p.  94)  of  Flora  Macdonald  is  simply 
described  as  "  from  a  mezzotint  after  a  con- 
temporary portrait."  Nothing  could  have 
been  easier  than  to  obtain  the  names  of 
both  artist  and  engraver.  The  picture  was 
painted  in  1747  by  Thomas  Hudson,  and 
engraved  in  mezzotint  by  John  Faber,  jun. 

The  First  Century  of  English  Porcelain, 
by  W.  Moore  Binns  (Hurst  &  Blackett), 
narrates  the  rise  and  progress  of  the  various 
English  potteries  producing  porcelain  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  and 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth.  The  book 
is  arranged  on  the  same  lines,  and  tells  pretty 
much  the  same  story,  as  the  other  works 
treating  the  subject  which  have  appeared 
during  the  past  few  years — a  repetition 
which  is  now  probably  unavoidable,  as 
everything  of  interest  connected  with  the 
subject  has  long  since  been  discovered. 
Mr.  Binns  gives  the  usual  complement  of 
mechanical  translations  of  specimens  of  the 
different  wares  on  the  usual  glossy^paper  ; 
and  he  adds  (what  seems  now  to  be  expected) 
the  usual  preliminary  technical  chapter  on 
glazes,  pastes,  and  colours.  After  the  success 
of  Mr.  Solon's  'History  of  Old  English 
Porcelain  '  and  Mr.  Burton's  work  on  the 
same  subject — both  written  with  the  autho- 
rity of  practical  knowledge  of  the  art — it 
was  inevitable  that  their  example  would  be 
followed  by  others  also  claiming  practical 
acquaintance  with  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain.  Thus  Mr.  Binns  states  that  he 
too  is  a  "  practical  potter,"  a  phrase  savour- 
ing rather  of  terminological  superfluity  ;  for 
although  we  are  all  aware  from  sad  experi- 
ence that  the  theoretical  plumber  is  nowise  a 
figure  of  speech,  yet  it  is  difficult  to  conceive 
the  existence  of  a  theoretical  potter.  Mr. 
Binns  furthir  says  that  he  is  possessed  of 
"  artistic  inclinations."  On  this  point  it  is 
possible  that  ceramic  students  may  not 
always  be  wholly  in  agreement  with  him. 
Indeed,  few,  we  imagine,  in  these  days  will 
accept  his  estimate  of  colour-printing  on 
china  as  a  method  of  "  artistic  "  ornamenta- 
tion. And  there  are  many  to  whom  "  the 
lavish  licliness,  the  gorgeous  gilding,  and  the 
luscious  glazes  "  of  certain  eighteenth-century 
wares  are  not  admirable,  but  rather  the  signs 
of  a  debased  art.  The  objects  thus  decorated 
may  be  sought  after  by  persons  "  infected," 
as  Mr.  Binns  puts  it,  with  the  fashion  of 
collecting  porcelain,  but  they  are  things  from 
which  the  tme  connoisseur  will  turn  awav. 


GEORGIAN  ENGLAND  AT  WHITE- 
CHAPEL. 

It  would  bo  interesting  to  compare  the 
show  now  at  Whitechapel  with  the  first 
attempts  at  art  exhibitions  held  in  the  East 


N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


489 


End  of  London.  Honour  is  still  due  to  their 
originators  for  having  attempted  such  a 
thing  at  all,  but  they  linger  in  the  memory 
as  perverted  attempts  to  catch  the  attention 
of  an  uneducated  public  by  descending  to 
its  level.  They  presented  to  it  a  variety 
show  of  incongruous  elements,  wherein 
canvases  of  wide,  if  not  always  well-deserved 
celebrity  jostled  the  most  catchpenny  of 
story-telling  pictures,  and  piety  shared  the 
stage  with  popular  dog  pictures :  any 
indifferent  work  seemed  welcome  if  it  but 
afforded  a  peg  for  the  staler  class  of  copy- 
book maxim,  with  which  the  catalogue 
bristled,  and  the  flabby  sentiment  which 
always  finds  a  large  public.  From  the  failure 
to  recognize  that  this  public,  while  it  may 
everywhere  form  a  majority  of  the  popula- 
tion, is  yet  the  element  least  worth  culti- 
vating, these  early  shows,  in  spite  of  the 
presence  of  a  proportion  of  good  pictures 
in  them,  could  hardly  be  described  as  in  any 
constructive  sense  educational.  The  visitor 
might  be  educated  or  demoralized,  as  he 
pleased. 

The  present  exhibition  is  varied  enough, 
in  all  conscience,  in  the  character  of  its 
-exhibits,  but  it  is  the  very  reverse  of  a 
hotchpotch  of  unrelated  sensations ;  and 
when  the  reader  studies  his  twopenny  cata- 
logue, he  may  well  rub  his  eyes.  He  finds 
that  while  there  is  nothing  here  but  what  is 
•elementary  and  comprehensible  to  the 
average  man,  yet  the  whole  is  co-ordinated 
into  a  large  scheme,  so  that  by  its  light  this 
musty  museum  of  lifeless  "  things  "  becomes 
transfigured  into  a  living,  entertaining 
picture  of  the  arts  of  a  period,  gazing  at 
which  the  spectator  is  shown,  with  admirable 
brevity  and  some  literary  charm,  how  much 
more  beautiful  is  life  thus  adorned  with  the 
graces  of  art,  how  in  the  eighteenth  century 
it  was  the  natural  outcome  of  healthy 
national  existence.  Nothing  could  be  more 
admirable  than  the  page  concerning  "Geor- 
gian England,"  wliich  traces  the  sources  of 
the  charm  of  life  summed  up  in  the  phrase, 
and  the  causes  that  so  unfortunately 
destroyed  it.  Admirable,  too,  is  the  clear- 
headedness with  which  the  writer,  while  in 
love  with  old  English  rural  life,  yet  discerns 
that  salvation  is  not  to  be  found  in  artificial 
efforts  to  preserve  it :  "  Our  agricultural 
districts  are  the  hobbies  of  millionaires,  and 
have  lost  the  savour  they  once  had,  a  savour 
which  the  far  tamer  country-side  of  France 
still  retains."  Nor  could  anything  be  more 
lucid  and  admirable  than  F.  D.'s  technical 
notes  on  the  pictures,  showing  their  relations 
with  present-day  work,  and  touching  on  the 
causes  of  modern  disaster.  In  a  word,  we 
see  here  artistic  education  in  the  hands  of 
men  of  broad  mind,  who  handle  their  subject 
from  a  liberal  point  of  view,  who  regard  art 
as  a  living  thing,  not  an  affair  of  pedantry ; 
and  the  phenomenon  is  so  rare  in  East  or 
West,  in  Europe  or  America,  that  we  cannot 
welcome  too  warmly  such  an  excursion  of 
the  ideal  into  the  domain  of  fact.  To 
see  such  a  thing,  even  on  so  small  a  scale, 
achieved  in  concrete  form,  tempts  one  to 
further  speculations  in  the  domain  of  fantasy. 
What  would  we  not  give  to  see  Earl's  Court 
id  the  hands  of  a  similar  directorate,  and  to 
have  the  business  of  amusing  the  people 
■ i  bandied  as  to  become  a  work  of  art  ! 

In  tho  meantime  there  is  in  the  place 
which  the  artistic  spirit  has  seloctod  for  its 
descent  among  us  a  certain  suitability.  It 
has  always  boon  questionable  whether  there 
was  not  more  hope  of  artistic  revival  among 
the  actual  toilers  of  tho  East  End  than  among, 
we  will  not  say  the  idleness,  but  tho  more 
iilntiM-,   less   tangiblo   activities   of   tho 


West  End,  and  much  is  to  be  hoped  for  from 
the  present  directorate  of  the  Whitechapel 
Gallery  abandoning  the  old  idea  that  the 
entire  population  in  their  district  are  in  an 
intellectual  infancy,  and  to  be  fed  accordingly 
on  gruel.  Of  the  majority  of  people  in  any 
part  of  the  world  that  is  true,  but,  man  for 
man,  your  intellectual  is  at  least  as  common 
here  as  in  Mayfair.  He  may  sometimes 
outrage  the  traditions  of  the  English  lan- 
guage, but  this  is  often  less  from  ignorance 
than  from  a  kind  of  indifference  born  of 
despair  in  struggling  against  ugly  externals. 
Beauty  is  for  him  very  much  an  abstract 
thing,  and  he  cherishes  for  it  an  inner  devo- 
tion none  the  less  intense  because  he  is  so 
little  accustomed  to  look  for  it  in  his  sur- 
roundings as  to  wear  a  certain  defiant  air 
of  being  well  able  to  do  without  it. 

Of  just  this  independent  temper — none 
the  less  critical  because  of  a  certain  scornful 
tolerance — Hogarth  might  almost  in  his 
essential  character  spring  from  the  East 
End  of  to-day,  his  grasp  of  actual  fact  is  so 
much  in  evidence,  his  sense  of  beauty  so 
jealously  hidden.  His  Green-Room  at  Drury 
Lane  is  perhaps  the  only  picture  here  that 
shows  him  quite  at  his  best,  with  its  creamy 
perfection  of  paint,  its  weird  subtlety  of 
suggestion,  and  that  best  is  only  his  best 
from  the  purely  painter's  point  of  view, 
with  little  hint  of  his  peculiar  value  as  a 
moral  force.  His  personality  found  its 
true  expression  in  a  glorification  of  the  more 
masculine  vices,  in  expressing  the  zest  and 
attraction  of  certain  kinds  of  sordid  adven- 
ture in  those  lower  strata  of  society  where 
life  is  in  closest  touch  with  material  reality, 
and  this  was  none  the  less  eloquent  or  less 
effective  for  being  cast  into  the  form  of  a 
series  of  painted  sermons  supposed  to  be  in 
support  of  conventional  morality.  Nowhere 
are  these  "  scathing  denunciations  "  appre- 
ciated in  so  lively  fashion  as  among  the 
reprobate  class  who  are  supposed  to  wince, 
and  qualms  may  be  forgiven  to  the  most 
liberal  of  canonical  minds  before  the  work 
of  this  man,  for  whom,  patently  in  every 
line,  the  blackguard  was  ever  a  glorious 
and  the  prig  a  despicable  creature.  Hogarth 
represents  the  English  ideal  of  coarse  frank- 
ness resisting  in  vain  that  foreign  invasion 
of  elegant  make-believe  which  ultimately, 
by  alliance  with  British  puritanism,  gave 
birth  to  modern  respectability.  Except  in 
a  few  engravings — too  coarse  to  be  effective 
(Hogarth  was  never  quite  at  his  best  except 
with  a  brush) — we  do  not  see  him  here  at 
his  full  power  as  a  social  force,  but  rather 
as  a  painter  only.  As  such,  it  is  interesting  to 
notice  in  his  Inn  Yard  how  much  technically 
he  owed  to  the  detested  foreigner  :  nothing 
could  be  more  evidently  of  the  family  of  the 
great  combination  pictures  of  Canale  and 
Tiepolo.  Mr.  Robinson's  Pantomime  Ballet 
would  show  the  same  foreign  influence  if  it 
were  indeed  indisputably  Hogarth's :  it 
bears  much  more  the  look  of  being  painted 
by  some  follower  of  Longhi. 

In  spite  of  the  fine  quality  of  the  '  Green- 
Room,'  the  painter  whose  occasional  great- 
ness is  most  thrown  into  prominence  by 
this  collection  of  pictures  is  not  Hogarth, 
but  Zoffany.  Wo  seo  hints  of  it  downstairs, 
where,  among  much  commonplace  if  capable 
painting,  the  pictvire  of  (larrirk  and  Mrs. 
(Jibber  in  *  Venice  Preserved '  shines  as  a  per- 
formance of  great  restraint  and  distinction. 
In  the  upper  room  his  portrait  of  Mrs.  de  la 
Vaux  is  striking  in  its  likenoss  to  certain 
portraits  of  .Jewesses  that  Mr.  Sargent  has 
given  us  ;  and  in  many  of  the  other  groups 
there  are  fragments  of  drapery  executed 
With    a   deftness   yet   solidity    that   suggests 


the  same  comparison.  The  vigorous  truth- 
fulness of  the  family  of  John  Peyto  and  the 
filmy  mystery  of  the  Minuet  do  but  lead 
up  to  the  absolute  mastery  of  the  principal 
figure  in  Mr.  Alexander's  Family  Group. 

The  '  Minuet '  is  signalled  out  for  special 
praise  by  the  writer  of  the  catalogue  on 
the  ground  of  its  "almost  Whistlerian  treat- 
ment." It  is  Whistlerian,  but  it  has  the 
faults  as  well  as  the  qualities  of  much  of  the 
finest  modern  painting  :  there  is  even  the 
mannered  treatment  of  the  boy's  white- 
stockinged  legs  and  black  shoes  that  we 
fondly  fancied  was  the  special  trade  mark  of 
Whistler — and  Velasquez  ;  and  he  were  a 
brave  man  that  should  assert  of  the  much- 
travelled  Zoffany  that  he  did  not  pick  it  up 
from  the  same  source  as  the  modern  master. 
We  see  the  painter  of  this  picture  getting, 
like  any  modern,  his  mysterious  shimmer  a 
little  at  the  expense  of  solidity,  mystery  at 
the  cost  of  reality  ;  and  in  the  feeble 
draughtsmanship  of  the  girl's  extended  arm, 
the  sudden  transparency  that  besets  tho 
lower  part  of  the  figure  of  the  mother,  wo 
see  the  beginnings  of  the  structural  flimsiness 
that  has  often  accompanied  the  more 
emotional  modern  manner  of  approaching 
painting.  This  is  not  to  say  that  the 
'  Minuet '  is  not  a  fine  picture  in  its  balancing 
of  lyricism  and  realism ;  yet  compare  it 
with  tho  figure  of  the  lady  in  Mr.  Alexander's 
picture  (the  figure  of  the  man  is  admittedly 
a  jarring  note),  and  see  how  the  actual 
appearance  of  things  offers  a  profounder 
mystery  than  the  shifting  mirage  of  fancy. 
The  lady's  dress  is  of  a  curious  green — the 
green  that  moonlight  casts  through  clear 
water  on  to  marble  steps  ;  the  grey  coiffure, 
the  varied  wlxites  of  the  costume,  are  a 
revelation  of  the  possibilities  of  white  paint, 
yet  as  far  removed  as  can  be  from  being  a 
"  clever  study  in  whites."  Everything  is 
sober,  solid,  executed  with  the  perfect  cer- 
tainty and  Tightness  that  come  of  absolute 
sincerity.  The  presentment  of  this  stately 
old  lady  owes  no  whit  of  its  dignity  to  any 
tampering  with  facts.  The  graded  white 
and  darkened  gold  of  her  costume  ;  the  pink 
on  the  petticoat  of  the  young  girl  at  her  side, 
with  its  crisp  frills  of  muslin  trimming  ; 
the  slipper  encrusted  with  old  silver — how 
broadly  and  solidly  and  naturally  it  is  done, 
in  paint  of  what  firm  consistency,  tending 
not  at  all  to  the  slipperiness  of  happy 
accident  !  If  the  Belgian  painter  Alfred 
Stevens  could  have  been  endowed  with 
something  of  the  outlook  of  Manet,  he  might 
have  left  behind  painting  that  would  have 
paralleled  this  :  until  one  sees  it,  one  hardly 
realizes  with  what  extraordinary  beauty 
the  mere  act  of  painting  may  endow  a 
thorouglily  artificial  portrait  group  in  ela- 
borate costume. 

Let  it  not  be  disputed  that  in  the  two 
scenes  from  The  Harlot's  Progress  Hogarth 
tackled  a  more  difficult  problem  ;  but  let 
not  reverence  for  his  great  namo  blind  the 
student  to  the  fact  that  as  painting  they  are 
much  inferior  to  the  work  we  have  been 
examining.  Perhaps  the  whites  have  be- 
come more  transparent  with  time  (as  is 
often  the  case  with  work  of  this  swift  exeeu 
tion),  so  leaving  them  a  little  glassy  and 
thin  as  the  positive  ridges  of  paint  emerge 
in  consequence  more  obtrusively.  Dealing 
with  a  more  complex  subject,  they  repre- 
sent it  more  conventionally  than  Zoffany  in 
his  minor  masterpiece — are  more  enter- 
prising and  less  satisfactory.  The  amazingly 
capable  Fjansdmrn  Fair,  by  Barker,  deals 
with  similar  difficulties,  hut  in  colder  fashion  : 
De  LoutherboUTg's  Wesley  Preaching  more 
Coldly  still,  but  with  a  saving  interest   in  the 


V.H) 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°409.">,  April  21,  1906 


beautiful  landscape  ilistsnno  Bogarth'i 
■nail  painted  sketches  for  iimiibms  en 
iatereraag  si  fuHsAaihieim  ,;")h- 

The  small  room  of  draw  noteworthy, 

u  .uily  for  the  greet  sketch  of  Sir  Joshuas, 

Hf}>i'ick<r.-,  mi  Milking  in  its  line  can! 
DM*,    so    astonishing    M    OOming    from    that 

most  methodical  of  painters,  so  impressive 
m  a-  power  of  suggesting  ■  mysterious 
personality  by  means  of  ■  large  pool  of 
shadow  under  I  hat     It  in  extraordinarily 

loose,  indefensible  in  its]  scale,  bat  very 
i:\  igorating  to  look  at  for  all  that.     Among 

the  drawing!  there  are  so  many  of  interest 
that  the  most  important  stand  out  the  less. 
Ilowlamlson  is  represented  by  some  charm- 
ing sketches,  almost  as  conventional  and 
beautiful  as  the  best  Japanese  work,  but 
winning  you  more  by  their  mannered  grace 
than  the  laboured  productions  of  Hogarth 
alongside,  which  have  the  quality  usual  with 
over-modelled  drawings  of  looking  better 
in  red  than  in  black.  In  the  French  elegance 
of  draughtsmanship  of  Hayman's  Interior 
we  see  a  formative  influence  that  may  well 
have  been  of  immense  value  to  his  great 
pupil  Gainsborough,  who  is  himself  repre- 
sented by  drawings  of  his  usual  wild  grace- 
fulness, like  the  work  of  a  child  of  genius. 
Two  odd  drawings  by  Fuseli  are  what  one 
v  <  mid  imagine  would  have  resulted  had  Blake 
done  fashion  plates  ;  while  some  drawings 
by  that  strange  genius  show  his  usual  large- 
nese  of  imagination,  marred  by  an  arbitrary 
"  trimming "  of  imaginary  and  rather 
foolish  anatomy. 

With  the  composite  riches  of  the  lower 
gallery  the  end  of  an  article  is  scarcely  ade- 
quate to  deal  :  mention  may  be  made, 
however,  of  certain  Chelsea  china|contributed 
by  Mr.  Steer,  which  he  seems  to  have  selected 
with  something  of  that  love  of  dainty  sensa- 
tionalism in  colour  that  marks  his  own 
painting. 


THE     BRITISH     SCHOOL     AT     ROME. 

The  fourth  meeting  of  the  British  School 
at  Rome  for  the  present  season  was  held  on 
the  4th  inst.  in  the  library  of  the  School. 
The  first  paper  was  by  the  ex-Director,  Mr. 
H.  Stuart  Jones,  on  the  liistorical  interpre- 
tation of  the  reliefs  of  Trajan's  Column. 
He  stated  that  the  recent  discussion  of  these 
reliefs  by  Cichorius  and  Petersen  had  left 
room  for  doubt  on  several  points  of  consider- 
able importance,  with  some  of  which  he 
proceeded  to  deal.  After  explaining  the 
strategical  situation  with  the  aid  of  a  map, 
he  referred  to  the  artistic  conventions 
observed  by  the  sculptor,  and  pointed  out 
that  the  "  continuous  "  style  seen  by  Wick- 
hoff  in  the  reliefs  was  in  strict  parlance  not 
the  only  method  of  narration  employed  by 
the  artist  ;  some  portions  of  the  frieze  were 
composed  in  the  "  successive "  style  by 
means  of  a  series  of  individual  scenes  ;  while 
in  a  few  cases  a  band  of  relief  might  be 
described  as  "  panoramic,"  and  was  to  bo 
interpreted  as  a  whole.  He  then  endeavoured 
to  prove  that  there  was  no  adequate  reason 
for  supposing  that  in  Trajan's  first  campaign 
a  converging  march  of  two  armies  was 
represented.  In  the  passage  of  the  Danube 
there  was  no  clear  distinction  of  two  forces, 
although  a  double  bridge  of  boats  was  shown  : 
Trajan's  march  was  then  depicted  in  a  series 
of  individual  tableaux,  which  led  up  to  a 
"  continuous  "  passage  culminating  in  an 
indecisive  engagement,  after  which  Trajan's 
advance  was  oheoked  by  a  fortified  position, 
riglrtly  identified  with  the  Iron  Gate  pass. 
Mr.  Stuart  Jones  criticized  the  arguments 
by  which  Petersen  sought  to  show  that  a 


junction  of  two  armies  was  indicated  before 
the  battle,  as  well  as   the  view  of   Cichorius 

that  the  junction  took  place  after  the  engp 

litent.    and    maintained    that    Trajan,    undcr- 

rttimating  the  strength  of  the  Iranian  posi- 
tions, led  lu^  army  rgninel  them  by  ■  angle 

route.       He   then   culled   attention   to  certain 

s. lanei  in  the  later  portions  of  the  Bret  series 
of  reliefs  in  which  Petersen  recognised  the 

town  of  Pontes,  and  contended  that  the 
jyiuvicijiium  of  Drobctie,  which  stood  on  the 
left  bank  of  tho  Danube  at  the  point  where. 
Trajan's  bridge  was  afterwards  built  was 
represented  in  the  town  with  an  amphitheatre 
&c,  seen  in  tho  reliefs. 

Proceeding  further  to  deal  with  the  second 
series  of  reliefs,  he  showed  that  a  passage  of 
"  continuous "  narrative  represented  the 
journey  of  Trajan  to  a  point  where  friendly 
Dacians  were  settled,  having  doubtless  been 
transferred  by  the  emperors  orders  to  tho 
Roman  province  of  Mcesia  Superior.  A 
scene  of  sacrifice  at  six  altars,  at  which  both 
Dacians  and  Romans  were  present,  was 
interpreted  as  taking  place  at  a  centre  (as 
yet  unidentified)  of  the  Imperial  worship 
in  the  province,  the  number  of  the  altars 
corresponding  with  that  of  the  divi.  This 
was  followed  by  a  "  panoramic  "  scene,  com- 
posed in  strict  symmetry  about  a  centre, 
the  wings  being  terminated  by  groups  of 
classiarii  engaged  in  road-making.  The 
subject  was  the  relief  of  Roman  positions 
threatened  by  the  Dacians,  who  had  built  a 
wall  in  order  to  blockade  the  Roman  troops. 
This  panorama  was  followed  by  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  stone  bridge  over  the  Danube 
on  the  south  side  of  which  Trajan  was 
sacrificing,  while  on  the  north  he  received 
embassies  from  barbarian  tribes.  These 
scenes  had  no  connexion  with  those  which 
preceded,  and  formed  a  point  of  rest  fol- 
lowed by  the  commencement  of  an  offensive 
campaign.  Mr.  Stuart  Jones,  while  agreeing 
with  Petersen  that  Cichorius  was  in  error 
in  believing  that  at  tho  outset  of  the 
second  war  the  Romans  were  in  occupa- 
tion of  Sarmizegetusa  and  Southern  Dacia, 
could  not  admit  that  the  "  panoramic " 
scene  represented  events  which  took  place 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  nor  that  the 
scenes  at  the  bridge  could  be  included  in  the 
panorama,  nor  that  the  town  with  the  amphi- 
theatre could  accordingly  be  identified  with 
Pontes  (which  was  a  mere  castellum)  rather 
than  with  Drobetse  (which  was  a  flourishing 
munici pium)  :  he  therefore  concluded  that 
in  the  first  year  of  the  second  war  Decebalus 
carried  offensive  operations  into  the  province 
of  Mo?sia,  and  quoted  a  statement  of  Dio 
Cassius  in  support  of  this  view. 

The  second  paper  was  read  by  the  Assistant 
Director,  Dr.  T.  Ashby,  jun.,  upon  an  un- 
published panorama  of  Rome  preserved  in 
the  Bodleian  Library.  It  is  the  fourth  of  a 
series,  of  which  three  have  been  already 
published.  A  drawing  virtually  identical 
with  the  third  of  these — either  the  original 
or,  just  possibly,  a  better  copy — came  into 
the  possession  of  Mr.  St.  Clair  Baddeley  in 
the  course  of  last  year  (Athena  um,  August  5, 
p.  187),  but  not  in  such  a  way  as  to  givo  any 
clue  to  its  provenance  or  to  lead  one  to 
search  for  the  missing  originals  of  the  other 
three  with  any  reasonable  prospect  of 
success.  The  Bodleian  series  may  indeed 
have  been  copies  made  by  the  author  himself 
from  his  own  original  drawings,  and  in  the 
one  case  where  comparison  is  possible,  the 
copying  seems  to  have  been  accurately  done. 
Tho  author  is,  no  doubt,  as  Prof.  Lanciani, 
tho  discoverer  of  tho  panoramas,  noticed, 
Anton  van  don  Wyngaerde,  an  artist  of  the 
Low  Countries  ;    and  tho  date  of  execution 


of  the  present  \nw,  which  i«  taken  from  a 
pomt  some  |60  yard*  east  of  the  church  of 
S.   Sabina  on  the  Aventine,   must  \>a  placed 

before  September  27th,    1667(  the  day  on 

which  the  Toils  .Timlin-  was  curri<*l  away 
for  the  third  time  by  a  flood,  remaining  in 
ruins  until  Gregory  XIII.  repaired  it  for  the 
jubilee  of    1575.       The  re] indent ation  of  the 

buildings  of  the  portion  of  th<<  city  near  the 
Tiber,  of  the  Capitol,  and  especially  of  the 
Palatine,  which  OOCUpies  the  central  section 

of  the  panorama,  i-.  of  very  considerable 
inter* 

The  third  paper  was  also  read  by  Dr. 
Ashby.  It  wa.^  a  description,  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Ashby,  sen.,  of  some  Italian 
silver  charms,  more  especially  rimartUe, 
sirens,  and  sea-horses,  in  bin  own  collection. 
These    <  I  i    charms    appear    to    ha\  <• 

passed  out  of  use  only  within  the  last  thirt\ 
years,  but  are  now  not  easy  to  procure. 
The  cimaruta,  or  sprig  of  rue,  has  been  fully 
dealt  with  by  Giinther  in  a  pajK-r  in  Folk-Ioref 
vol.  xvi.  No.  2  (June  24th,  1905),  p.  132  ; 
while  the  siren  and  sea-horse  are  discussed 
by  Mr.  Elworthy  in  his  '  Evil  Eye.'  They 
are  all,  there  is  little  doubt,  of  pagan  origin. 
The  cimaruta  is  as  a  rule  a  compound 
charm,  with  several  additional  elements 
attached  to  the  original  sprig  of  rue,  which 
is  much  modified  in  some  specimens  ;  while 
the  siren  and  sea-horse  are  less  liable  to» 
combination  with  other  elements,  though 
specimens  of  a  double  sea-horse,  with  a 
siren  between,  are  known.  All  tliree  papers- 
were  illustrated  by  lantern-slides. 


3Fiiu-^.rt  (Bossip. 

The  private  view  at  tho  New  Gallery 
takes  place  to-day. 

Yesterday  there  was  a  private  view  at 
the  Dore  Gallery  of  colour  woodcuts,  water- 
colours,  portraits,  and  landscapes  by  Mr. 
T.  Austen  Brown,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Austen  Brown. 
Mrs.  Martin  White,  and  Mr.  Carl  Lindin,  and 
at  I^eighton  House  there  was  a  private  view 
of  a  collection  of  drawings  and  studies  by 
English  artists.  It  is  suggested  that  there  i- 
not  at  present  any  centre  for  a  representative 
show  of  such  work. 

To-day  at  the  Baillie  Gallery  there  is  a 
private  view  of  pictures  by  living  Scottish 
painters,  and  water-colours  of  Venice  and 
elsewhere. 

To-day  also,  at  the  Ryder  Gallery,  then- 
i-  a  private  view  of  oil  paintings  and  studi- •- 
in  chalk  of  '  Cat  and  Dog  Life,'  by  Mi- 
Fanny  Moody. 

In  Silver  Street,  Kensington,  Mr.  Bowleg 
has    open    from    to-day    till    May    12th    ai 
exhibition    of    oil    paintings,    water-colour.-, 
pastels,    drawings,     and     etchings     by     Mi- 
Maxwell    Armlield,    and    sculpture    by    Mi 
Gaston  Lachaise. 

The  members  of  the  Twelve  Club  have 
opened  their  exhibition  of  pictures  and 
sketches  at  the  hall  of  the  Alpine  Club_ 
Mill  Street.  W.,  and  it  will  Im«  on  view  until 
the  86th  mst.  The  pictures  consist  chiefH 
of  landscapes  in  oil  and  water  colour. 

Next  Tuesday  we  are  invited  to  view 
drawings  and  sketches  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Shepherd 
at  the  Rembrandt  Gallery  ;  and  at  the 
Fine-Art  Society's  rooms  '  Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  l\iblic  Schools,'  in  old  engrav- 
ings and  modern  water-colours. 

Messiis.  D.  Hkinkmans,  of  Munich,  intend 
to  hold  an  Exhibition  of  German  Art  duringr 
the  season  in  the  Grafton  Galleries.  It  will 
be  opened  on  May  2nd,  and  virtually  all  the 


N°  4095,  April  21,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


491 


artists  belonging  to  the  different  Munich 
schools  will  be  represented.  Meanwhile,  at 
the]  same  galleries,  there  is  a  Handicrafts 
Exhibition,  with  demonstrations  of  various 
forms  of  work,  under  the  direction  of  Mrs. 
•Charles  Muller. 

The    death    is    announced    of    Auguste 

Roubaud,  the  sculptor,  in  his  seventy-eighth 

year.     He  was   a  native   of  Cerdon   (Ain), 

studied    under    Duret    and    Flandrin,    and 

won  medals  at  the  Salons  of  1865,  1866,  and 

1875.      He  was  a  prolific  and  conscientious 

artist,  and  the  lists  of  his  works,  both  busts 

and   purely   imaginative   creations,    is   very 

long.     Many   have   been  erected   in   public 

places,  or  are  in  other  ways  well  known — his 

monument  to  Pope  Urban  IV.,  for  instance, 

at    Chatillon-sur-Marne,    his    '  Tragedie    et 

Comedie  '   at  the  Theatre  des  Celestins  at 

Lyons,   his  portrait  of  M.    Beaumont,   and 

■especially  his  '  Joueur  de  Triangle,'  which 

figured    at    the    Exposition    Centennale    de 

I'Art  Franeais  of  1900.     He  was  a  constant 

•exhibitor  at  the  Salon  up  to  and  including 

last  year. 

Messrs.  Christie  sold  on  the  11th  inst. 
Le  Brun's  picture  of  a  lady,  in  blue  dress 
with  powdered  hair,  for  1001.  ;  and  a  River 
'Scene,  with  a  village,  boats,  and  figures,  by 
Van  Goyen,  for  105/. 

We  have  on  more  than  one  occasion 
referred  to  a  famous  retabh  which,  after 
being  exhibited  at  the  Exposition  des 
Primitifs  held  in  Paris  in  1904,  has  now 
passed  into  the  Louvre.  A  curious  discovery 
as  announced  in  connexion  with  this  work, 
which  was  painted  for  the  "  Collegiale  de 
Saint- Agricol "  at  Avignon,  about  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  M.  de 
Mely  has  found  on  a  miniature  of  a  manu- 
script at  Aix  -  en  -  Provence  the  author's 
mark  which  appears  on  the  retable,  the 
figure  of  a  little  stork.  In  old  French  a 
*cignone-  is  equivalent  to  the  proper  name  of 
Chugoniot. 


MUSIC 


IKnstral  (Bossip. 


Mr.  Frowde  will  publish  shortly  before 
Whitsuntide  '  The  English  Hymnal,'  in  one 
niusic  edition  and  two  editions  with  words 
only.  There  will  be  a  revision  of  tunes,  and 
many  modern  writers  whose  work  is  com- 
paratively unfamiliar  to  churchgoers  con- 
tribute new  hymns. 

The  programme  of  the  Joachim  Quartet 
■concert  on  Monday  includes  three  quartets  : 
Haydn  in  a,  Op.  77,  No.  1  ;  Mozart  in  B  flat 
{Kochel,  No.  589)  ;  and  Schumann  in  a  major. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  New  Bach 
Society  a  committee  has  been  formed  in 
Germany  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
purchase  of  the  house  at  Eisenach  in  which 
-Johann  Sebastian  Bach  was  born,  and  the 
■creation  of  a  Bach  Museum  therein.  Among 
the  members  of  this  committee  are  Dr. 
Joachim  and  Generalmusikdirector  Fritz 
Steinbach.  A  Bach  concert  in  aid  of  the 
purchase  fund  will  be  given  at  the  vEolian 
Hall  on  May  1st  at  9  p.m.,  when  the  pro- 
gramme will  include  the  '  Brandenburg  ' 
Concerto,  No.  2  ;  the  Suite  in  b  minor  for 
flute  (Mr.  Albert  Fransella)  and  strings  ; 
the  Chaconne  for  violin  alone  (Mrs.  Edgar 
Speyer)  ;  the  cantata  "  Schlage  doch, 
gewiinschte  Stunde,"  for  contralto  (Miss  M. 
Philippi)  ;  the  recitative  and  aria  "  Ich 
•ende  behende  mein  irdisches  Leben  "  (Mrs. 
Henry  Wood)  ;  and  the  humorous  cantata 
*  Phoebus  and  Pan.'     Mr.   Henry  J.   Wood 


will  be  the  conductor.  Contributions  to  the 
fund,  from  any  unable  to  attend  the  concert, 
will  be  received  by  Messrs.  Speyer  Brothers, 
7,  Lothbury,  E.C. 

A  festival  devoted  to  Beethoven  and 
Berlioz  was  announced  to  begin  in  Paris 
yesterday,  the  remaining  dates  being 
April  23rd,  25th,  27th,  29th,  and  May  1st. 
Most  of  the  concerts  are  to  be  given  at  the 
Chatelet  Theatre,  the  others  at  the  Opera. 
The  choir  of  the  Amsterdam  Oratorio  Society, 
which  is  to  take  part  in  the  '  Choral '  Sym- 
phony and  in  Berlioz's  '  Faust,'  as  well  as  the 
Lamoureux  Orchestra,  will  be  under  the 
direction  of  Herr  Felix  Weingartner. 

There  is  to  be  a  Hugo  Wolf  Festival  at 
Stuttgart  from  the  4th  to  the  8th  of  October. 
The  comprehensive  scheme  includes  choral 
and  orchestral  works,  chamber  music,  songs, 
and  the  opera  '  Der  Corregidor.' 

Dr.  Friedrich  Hegar,  who  went  to 
Zurich  in  1863,  and  who  from  that  time 
onwards  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
musical  life  of  that  city,  has  resigned  the 
post  of  conductor  of  the  Tonhalle  Concerts, 
which  he  held  (and  with  marked  success) 
for  about  forty  years.  His  last  appearance 
was  on  the  3rd  inst.,  and  after  the  concert 
a  farewell  banquet  was  given  in  his  honour. 
Dr.  Hegar  has  been  director  of  the  Zurich 
School  of  Music  since  1876,  a  post  which  he 
still  retains. 

The  Russian  composer  A.  C.  Glazounoff 
has  been  appointed  director  of  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Conservatoire. 

Signor  Leoncavallo,  accompanied  by 
the  orchestra  of  La  Scala,  will  give  perform- 
ances of  his  operas  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  during  October  and  November. 

Messrs.  Breitkopf  &  Hartel  have  just 
published  the  second  volume  of  Berthold 
Litzmann's  '  Clara  Schumann.'  The  first 
volume,  reviewed  in  these  columns,  was 
interesting,  and  the  new  one,  beginning 
with  the  wedded  life  of  Robert  and  Clara 
Schumann,  is  certain  to  be  of  equal,  if  not 
greater  interest. 

For  the  first  time  a  musical  festival  is  to 
be  held  at  Baden-Baden,  from  June  9th  to 
11th.  One  of  the  tliree  programmes  will  be 
entirely  devoted  to  Beethoven  ;  while  the 
others  will  include  works  by  Weber,  Liszt, 
Wagner,  Brahms,  Strauss,  and  Humper- 
dinck.  The  conductors  named  are  the 
municipal  capellmeister  Paul  Hein  and  the 
music  director  Beines,  while  Herr  Strauss, 
as  guest,  will  probably  conduct  only  his  own 
music. 

The  Mozart  festival  performances  will  be 
given  at  the  Residenz  Theater,  Munich,  as 
follows  :  '  Don  Giovanni,'  August  2nd  and 
8th  ;  '  Figaro,'  August  4th  and  10th  ;  and 
'  Cosi  fan  tutte,'  August  6th  and  12th. 

The  dates  of  the  Wagner  festival  plays 
at  the  Prinzregonten  Theater  will  be  :  '  Die 
Meistersinger,'  August  13th,  16th,  25th, 
28th,  and  September  6th  ;  '  Tannhiiuser,' 
August  14th,  26th,  and  September  7th  ; 
and  the  two  cycles  of  the  '  Ring,'  August  18th, 
19th,  21st,  and  22nd,  and  August  31st, 
September  1st,  3rd,  and  4th.  The  conductors 
will  be  MM.  Felix  Mottl  and  Franz  Fischer. 
It  was  through  the  influence  of  Princess 
Metternich,  whose  death  is  announced,  that 
1  Tannhauser '  was  produced  at  Paris  in 
1861.  In  a  letter  addressed  to  her,  dated 
Paris,  November  12th,  1860,  Wagner  speaks 
of  looking  forward,  thanks  to  her  patronage, 
to  a  performance,  in  many  points  ideal,  of 
his  opera. 

The   Revue   Muaicale   recently   published 
for    the    first    time    two    letters    of    Berliog 


written  soon  after  his  arrival  in  Italy.  In 
one  he  describes  Naples.  "  There  is  not," 
he  says, 

"  that  phantom  of  greatness  which  darkens  the 
face  of  Rome,  and  which  covers,  as  with  a  veil, 
the  desolate  plains  which  surround  it.  Here  are 
no  arid,  ruin-crowned  hills,  on  which  the  dreamer 
rests  in  order  to  hear  from  afar  the  solemn  song  of 
the  bells  of  St.  Peter;  here  there  is  no  interminable 
campagna  without  either  tree  or  building ;  but 
here  there  are  Vesuvius,  a  grand  sea,  bewitching 
islands,  a  bay  with  memories  of  Virgil,  and  these 
at  any  rate,  please  me  quite  as  muoh  as  the  dust 
of  graves  and  ashes  of  emperors." 

The  first  April  numb?r  of  Die  Musik  is  a 
Liszt-Heft.  La  Mara  contributes  an  inter- 
esting letter  from  Adam  Liszt  to  Czerny, 
with  whom  his  son  had  studied.  The  letter, 
dated  Paris,  March  20th,  1824,  gives  a 
detailed  account  of  young  Liszt's  wonderful 
triumphs  in  Paris.  There  are  also  letters 
from  Czerny  to  the  father.  In  one  he  remarks 
that  the  gifted  boy  should  appear  at  Vienna  ; 
a  favourable  verdict  there  would,  he  says, 
be  recognized  all  over  the  world.  And  then 
he  mentions  what  Herr  von  Zmeskall — 
Beethoven's  old  friend — recently  declared, 
viz.,  that  "  the  spirit  of  Mozart,  Haydn,  and 
Beethoven,  and  of  many  others,  who  dwelt 
within  our  walls,  had  so  refined  public  taste 
for  the  art,  that  not  even  the  most  stubborn 
'  Rossinismus  '  could  spoil  it." 

M.  Herold,  says  Le  Menestrel  of  the  15th 
inst.,  has  been  appointed  viola  player  in 
the  Bohemian  Quartet  in  place  of  M.  Oskar 
Nedbal,  who  appears  suddenly  to  have- 
left  the  city  of  Prague  without  any  inten- 
tion of  returning.  In  addition  to  being  a 
member  of  the  above-mentioned  quartet, 
he  was  director  of  the  Prague  Philharmonic 
Societv. 


FERKORMAXCKS  NEXT  WEFJC. 

Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  7.  Queen'i  Hall. 

Joachim  Committee  Concert,  s,  Bochstein  Hall. 

I^mdun  Symphony  Orchestra,  C.  Queen's  Hall 

Subscription  Concert,  8.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Mr.  Bratetzou  l»wther's  Vocal  Recital.  S,  Beclistein  Hall 

Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  9,  Queen's  Hall. 

Misses  Hook's  Concert,  3,  Steinway  Hall. 
Tuih«.  Joachim  Committee  Concert,  H.  Bechsteln  Hall. 
Fiu.        Miss  Alice  Clifton's  First  VocU  Recital.  S.  Bechstein  Hall 
Sat.       Joiichini  Committee  Concert,  3.  Queen'B  Hall. 


Six. 
Mox. 

Ti-es. 
W»n 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Garrick. — The  Merchant  of  Venice. 
Amidst  a  list  of  novelties  which  Easter- 
tide brings  with  it  at  the  theatres,  the 
Garrick  contents  itself  with  a  revival  of 
the  famous  Shakspearean  production  of 
'  The  Merchant  of  Venice.'     Still  fresh  in 
public  memory  is  that  brilliant  representa- 
tion,   the   final   previous   performance   of 
which  dates  back  to  last  October,  when 
it   was   given   witli   a  cast   virtually   the 
same  as  it  now  again  receives.     From  the 
first    the    rendering,    which    is    bv    Mr. 
Bourchicr  himself,  extorted  commendation. 
The  reading  of  the  central  character  by 
Mr.  Bourchier  was  intelligent  and  effective. 
Its  chief  defect  was  excess  of  deliberation, 
and  consequently  an  impression  of  length. 
That  impression  disappears  now  that  less 
time  is  wasted  on  spectacular  or  rhetorical 
pauses.     The    general    treatment    of    the 
subject  is  discreet  and   reverent.     It  is 
free  from  Daly-like  suggestions  of  equeam- 
ishness  and  prudery  such  as  marred  some 
otherwise  excellent  American  representa- 
tions.    Separate  conceptions  were  defen- 
sible, and  some  of  them  were  fine.  Shylock 


492 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


NM095,  April  21,  1906 


is  servile  and  malignant  ;  but  can  he  well 
be  anything  else  ?  No  attempt  is  made 
to  win  for  him  our  sympathy,  nor  is  there 
any  point  at  which,  according  to  modern 
heresy,  the  character  deepens  into  tragedy. 
Sympathy  is  accorded  him  as  we  should 
bestow  it  upon  a  wild  animal  caught  in  a 
trap.  Another  fine  and  judicious  per- 
formance is  the  Portia  of  Mies  Violet 
Vanbrugh,  which  to  its  inherent  charm 
adds  a  full  measure  of  romance.  Miss 
Elfrida  Clement  repeats  an  excellent  and 
poetical  rendering  of  Jessica.  Mr.  Nor- 
man Forbes  reappears  as  Launcelot  Gobbo, 
a  part  which,  like  other  Shakspearean 
clowns,  he  has  made  wholly  his  own. 
Most  of  the  characters  are  well  played. 
There  is  room,  however,  for  more  inspired 
utterance. 

Lyric. — Markheim  :  a  Play  in  One  Act. 
By  W.  L.  Courtney  from  a  Story  by 
R.  L.  Stevenson. 

'  Markheim,'  a  gruesome  story  by  Steven- 
son, provides,  in  a  dramatic  rendering 
by  Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney  at  the  Lyric 
Theatre,  a  lever  de  rideau  which  has  all 
claims  to  rank  as  a  satisfactory  accom- 
plishment. The  tale  is  one  of  the  half 
dozen  grim  works  included  under  the 
strangely  selected,  and  in  a  conventional 
sense  inappropriate,  title  of  '  The  Merry 
Men.'  detached  stories  of  which  the  best 
known  and  the  most  appalling  is  '  Thrawn 
Janet.'  Each  of  them  has  its  separate 
horror,  and  '  Markheim '  need  vail  its 
bonnet  to  few.  It  depicts  the  murder, 
on  a  peaceful  holiday  afternoon,  of  a 
dealer  in  curiosities.  In  itself  the  crime 
is  abject  and  sordid.  It  is  committed  by 
one,  however,  not  wholly  base  ;  witness 
his  action  in  presence  of  the  "  affable 
familiar  "  Death,  who  in  this,  as  in  other 
of  the  stories  of  the  same  collection,  plays 
the  part  at  once  of  chorus  and  of  conscience, 
and  in  a  way  lightens  a  denouement  neces- 
sarily fatal.  Mr.  Courtney's  treatment  of 
this  curious  piece  is  skilful,  and  the  whole 
supplies  Mr.  Irving  with  a  powerful  and 
original  subject. 


Bramatir  dosstp. 

Enough  of  romance  attaches  to  the 
legend  that  brings,  as  the  result  of  an  elope- 
ment between  Dorothy  Vernon,  the  subject  of 
the  fine  monument  in  the  Vernon  Chapel  at 
Bakewell,  and  Sir  John  Manners,  the  union 
between  the  family  estates,  to  render  the 
whole  a  pleasing  love  story  which  contains 
no  inherent  improbability.  With  the  action 
of  this,  which  now  passes  between  Mr.  Fred 
Terry  and  Miss  Julia  Neilson,  Messrs.  Paul 
Kester  and  diaries  Major  have  in  '  Dorothy 
o'  the  Hall,'  produced  last  Saturday  at  the 
New  Theatre,  mingled — injudiciously  and 
superfluously,  it  may  be  held — a  quasi- 
historic  interest  which  brings  on  the  scene 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots, 
converting  thus  into  an  improbable  romanco 
a  delightful  emanation  of  young  love.  As 
Sir  John  Manners  Mr.  Terry  plays  with  the 
buoyant  humour  in  which  he  is  unsurpassed. 
When  she  forgets  her  airs  of  babyish  sim- 
plicity and  is  natural,  Miss  Neilson  acluoves 
her  customary  triumph. 


'  The  Second  in  Command,'  by  Capt. 
Marshall,  was  duly  produced  at  the  Waldorf 
on  Saturday,  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  reappearing 
in  his  groat  part  of  Major  Bingham,  while 
Mr.  Eille  Norwood  is  seen  aa  Col.  Anstruthcr. 
The  revival  has  much  interest,  and  is  re- 
ceived with  great  and  well-earned  favour. 

The  idea  of  reviving  at  the  Garrick 
'  Monsieur  de  Paris,'  once  or  twice  postponed, 
has  been  definitely  abandoned. 

'  Capt.  Bbassbound's  Conversion  '  was 
transferred  to  the  evening  bill  on  Monday 
night  at  the  Court  Theatre. 

The  "  Commemoration  Programme  "  of 
the  London  Shakespeare  League  promises 
an  interesting  series  of  gatherings.  On 
Monday  (Shakspeare  Day)  the  members 
meet  for  "  Shakspeare  Songs,"  and  on 
May  9th  there  is  to  be  a  reception  by  the 
Lord  Mayor  ;  while  the  intervening  fixtures 
include  performances  of  '  Love's  Labour  's 
Lost '  by  the  English  Drama  Society,  a 
recital  of  '  Richard  II.,'  and  an  address  by 
John  Oliver  Hobbes.  On  May  5th  an 
"  Educational  Conference  "  will  be  held  at 
University  College.  A  ramble  to  "  places 
of  Shakspearean  interest  in  London "  is 
planned  ;  and  there  is  to  be  an  "  exhibition 
of  Shakspeareana  "  at  the  British  Museum. 

A  performance  of  Mr.;.  Swinburne's 
*  Atalanta  in  Calydon '  is  being  organized  by 
Miss  Elsie  Fogerty  for  the  benefit  of  the  fund 
to  procure  a  new  site  and  building  for  the 
Bedford  College  for  Women.  The  perform- 
ance will  take  place  on  June  11th  at  the 
Scala  Theatre,  Charlotte  Street,  Tottenham 
Court  Road,  and  will  be  the  first  presenta- 
tion of  the  '  Atalanta  '  in  public. 


To  Correspondents.— D.  M.— K.— W.  R.  M.—  Received. 
M.  D. — Next  week. 
A.  H. — Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


HE  ATHENAEUM, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE, 

Is  |mbll»hed  every  FRIDAY  in  time  for  the  Afternoon  Malls.  Terms 
of  8nl>scril>tion,  free  lij  lout  to  nil  |>:irtR  of  the  United  Kinitiloin  :  Fin 
Six  .Months.  7*.  tkl. ;  for  Tw.-lve  Month*.  13*.  2d.  For  the  Continent 
sn.l  all  nlnceg  within  the  1'ostal  Union:  For  Six  Months.  !>*. ;  tor 
Twelve  MontliB,  18*.,  commencing  from  iiny  ilate,  jHtvable  in  advance  t<" 

JOHN  C  FRANCIS, 
Athen:eum  Office.  Firenm'g  Buildings.  Ch-incery  Lane.  I  on  don.  E.G. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Page 

Authors'  Agents       4% 

Autotype  Co. 466 

Bagster  &  Sons        494 

Bell  &  Sons 492 

Cambridge  University  Press 467 

Cassell  &  Co 468 

Catalogues        466 

Dent  &  Co 470 

Duckworth  &  Co 493 

Educational 466 

Exhibitions       465 

Financial  Review 405 

Hurst  &  Blackett 470 

Lectures 465 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  A  Co ..       ..494 

Macmillan  &  Co 470 

Magazines,  &c 495 

Miscellaneous 466 

Newspaper  Agents 466 

Notes  and  Queribs 494 

Oxford  University  Press          469 

Putnam 496 

Sales  by  Auction      466 

Situations  Vacant 465 

Situations  Wanted 466 

Societies 465 

Surgical  Aid  Society        404 

Tyve-writers 466 

Wells  Gardner        495 


MESSRS.  BELLS 

B  O  O  K  8. 


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HENRY  m.  AND  THE  CHURCH : 

a  Study  of  his  Ecclesiastical  Policy  and  of  the  Relations 
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such  at  considerable  length,  and  traces  their  influence  through  their  followers.     Wilkie's  contemporaries  an  considered  separately  ;  and  the  rise  and  development  of  Northern  Land- 
scape.   The  young  men  of  tho  forties  are  dealt  with  later  on  ;  and  the  last  part  of  the  book  i«  devoted  to  a  survey  of  later  development**. 

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45)4 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL   INDEXE8. 


THE  FOLLOWING  A  UK  STILL  / \ 

STOCK  :— 

ii      e.     d. 
GENERAL  INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES      ..330 

•GENERAL  INDEX, 

SIXTH  SERIES         ..060 

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N°4095,  April  21,  1906 


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490 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°409o,  April  21,  1906 


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THE  ATHEN^UM 


No.  4096. 


SATURDAY,   APRIL    28,    1906. 


PRICE  "^Sfc^fr* 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


-4. 


Obituary. 


EBSWORTH.  —  April  18,  at  the  Priory,  13, 
Wellesley  Villas,  Ashford.  MARGARET  EBSWURTH.  of  York, 
for  forty  years  the  beloved  wifeof  the  Rev.  Joseph  Woodfall  Ebsworth, 
M.A.Cantab.  F.S.A.,  late  Vicar  of  Molash,  Kent.  1871-94.  and  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  Blow.  M.A..  deceased,  rector  of  Good- 
nianham,  Yorkshire,  aged  34  years.  Interred  at  Ashford  Cemetery  on 
April  23. 


N 


0  T  I  C  E 


0  F 


REMOVAL. 


EDW.  G.  ALLEN  &  SON'S  LIBRARY  AGENCY,  on  and  after 
MAY  9,  will  be  REMOVED  from  28,  Henrietta  Street.  Covent  Garden, 
to  KING  EDWARD  MANSIONS.  212a.  SHAFTESBURY  AVENUE, 
where  all  communications  after  that  date  should  be  addressed. 

EDW.  G.  ALLEN  &  SON,  Ltd. 


^otittuz. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION, 
3-2.    SaekviUe    Street.    W.-ANNUAL  GENERAL    MEETING, 
4.30  p.m.,  MAY  2.  1906.  GEO.  PATRICK  Hon.  Sec. 


1C*rtims. 


ON  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  THE  HIBBERT 
TRUST.— Prof.  FRANZ  CUMONT.  of  the  University  of  Gand. 
will  give  THREE  PUBLIC  LECTURES  in  MANCHESTER 
COLLEGE.  OXFORD,  on  'THE  RELIGIONS  OF  THE  EAST  IN 
ROMAN  PAGANISM.'  MONDAY,  April  30.  WEDNESDAY.  May  2, 
FRIDAY,  May  4,  at  S  p.m.     The  Lectures  will  be  delivered  in  French. 

ROYAL        LITERARY         FUND 
(For  the  Assistance  of  Authors  and  their  Families'. 
His  Excellency  the  Hon.  WHITELAW  REID,  American  Ambassador, 
Will  take  the  Chair 
At  the  116th  ANNIVERSARY. 
At  the  WHITEHALL  ROOMS,  HOTEL  METROPOLE, 
On  THURSDAY,  May  10,  at  7  for  7.30  p.m.  precisely. 
This  is  the  only  occasion  in  the  year  when  an  appeal  is  made  to  the 
Public,  and  the  Committee  earnestly  invite  donations  in  aid  of  the 
work  of  the  Fund. 

Replies  before  MONDAY,  the  30th  inst.,  are  respectfully  requested 
from  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  invited  to  be  Stewards,  a  list  of  whose 
names  will  be  published  in  the  Times  of  May  S.  Donations  will  be 
gratefully  acknowledged  by  the  Secretary, 

6  A.  LLEWELYN  ROBERTS. 

40,  Denison  House,  Vauxhall  Bridge  Road.  S.W. 


<JfeIjibiti0!ts. 


PAINTINGS  by  REPRESENTATIVE 
SCOTTISH  ARTISTS  of  to-dav.  and  WATER  COLOURS  by 
O.  WYNNE  APPERLEY  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  WALTER  ST.  JOHN 
MILDMAY.  NOW  OPEN,  the  BAILLIE  GALLERY,  54,  Baker 
Street,  W.,  10  to  6. 

OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING  EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

8HEPHERDS  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

1VTEW    DUDLEY    GALLERY,     169,    PICCA- 

JJN  DILLY.  W.  (opposite  the  end  of  Bond  Street  I.  Top  lighted. 
On  Ground  Floor.  Dates  for  this  year  AT  PRESENT  VACANT  are 
July  7  to  31,  September  15  to  October  30.— Terms  for  these  dates,  and 
for  an  Arts  anil  Crafts  Exhibition,  which  will  be  held  here  from 
December  1  to  23.  will  be  sent  on  application  to  the  SECRETARY, 
New  Dudley  Gallery,  169,  Piccadilly,  W. 

VTATIONAL     ART    COLLECTIONS    FUND. 

IX  Chairman-LORD  BALCARRES,  M.P.,  F.S.A. 

Object :  The  Acquisition  of  Works  of  Art  for  the  National  Collections. 

Minimum  Annual  Subscription.  One  Guinea. 
Address  THE  HON.  SECRETARIES.  National  Art-Collections 

Fund,  47,  Victoria  Street,  Westminster,  S.W. 


jh-olribent  Institutions. 


PROVIDENT 


THE    BOOKSELLERS' 
INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1837. 
Patron-HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 
Invested  Capital,  30,0001. 
A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
OffcTed  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty  five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guineas  ior  its  equivalent  hv  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  In  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
exist*, 
si  <  OND.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

Til  1 R  I*    Medical  advice  by  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
l'ii  i:TH     \  Cottage  In  the  country  [Abbots  Langley.  Hertford- 
shire) for  aged   Members,   with   garden  produce,  coal,  and   medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  t<»  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  famished  bouse  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  langley 

for  tb.-  use  of    Members  and  their  families  for    holidays  or    during 

cencc. 

SI  X'iil.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed, 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  no!  (or  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  <>r  »  idowa  and  young  i  hildron. 

EIGHTH.    The  i  tymenl   of  tl  tions  confers  an  absolute 

right  to  these  benefits  in  all  o at  need, 

further  Information  apply  to   the   Secretary    Mr.   GEORGE 
LARNER,  28,  Paternoster  ltow,  E.C 


NEWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT    AND 
PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 
Founded  1839. 
Funds  exceed  25,000?. 
Office :  Memorial  Hall  Buildings,  16,  Farringdon  Btreet.  London,  E.O. 
Patron : 
The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  K.G.  K.T. 
President : 
The   LORD   GLENESK. 
Treasurer : 
THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 
A  Donation  of  Ten  Guineas  constitutes  a  Vice-President  and  gives 
three  votes  for  life  at  all  elections.    Each  Donation  of  Three  Guineas 
gives  a   vote  at  all  elections  for  life.     Every  Annual  Subscriber  is 
entitled  to  one  vote  at  all  elections  in  respect  of  each  Five  Shillings 
so  paid. 

MEMBERSHIP— Every  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler,  Retailer,  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
enjoy  its  benefits  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Guineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
Newspapers,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Destitution. 
PENSIONS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  men 
receiving  351.  and  the  Women  201.  per  annum  each,  and  they  include  : — 
The  "  Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund.''  which  was  established  in  1887 
and  enlarged  in  1897,  1901,  and  1902.  perpetually  commemorates  the 
great  advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  Pensions  of  201.  a  year  each  for  Six 
Widows  of  Newsvendors. 

The  "Francis  Fund"  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25/..  and  One 
Woman  20L,  ami  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  6,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Athemeum.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  ]>art 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge."  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "  Horaoe  Marshall  Pension  Fund  "  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employes  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits,  but  this  privilege  not  having  been 
exercised  until  1904,  the  General  Pensions  of  the  Institution  have  had 
the  full  benefit  arising  from  the  interest  on  this  investment  from  1887 
to  1903. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  25!.  per  annum  for 
one  man ;  and  was  established  in  1903  in  perpetual  and  grateful 
memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Llovd.  who  was  a  generous  benefactor  of 
this  Institution,  and  who  died  May  12, 1899. 

The  "Hospital  Pensions"  consist  of  an  annual  contribution, 
whereby  Sir  Henry  Charles  Burdett  and  his  co-directors  generously 
enable  the  Committee  to  grant  20!.  for  One  Year  to  a  Man,  under 
conditions  laid  down  in  Rule  8c. 

W.  WILKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


(Educational. 


ROYAL  HOLLO  WAY  COLLEGE  for  WOMEN. 
University  of  London. 
ENTRANCE  SCHOLARSHIPS. -TEN  ENTRANCE  SCHOLAR- 
SHIPS from  50!.  to  60!.,  and  several  BURSARIES  of  30!.,  tenable  for 
Three  Years  at  the  College,  will  be  awarded  on  the  results  of  an 
EXAMINATION  to  be  held  from  JULY  2  to  JULY  7, 1906.  Names 
must  be  entered  before  JUNE  1.  The  College  prepares  Students  for 
London  Degrees  and  also  for  Oxford  Honour  Examinations.  Inclusive 
fee.  90/.  a  year.— For  forms  of  entry  and  further  particulars  apply  to 
the  SECRETARY,  Royal  Holloway  College,  Englefield  Green,  Surrey. 

PRIVATE  TUITION.— Rev.  J.  F.  RICHARDS, 
M.A.Balliol,  First-Class  Classical  Mods,  and  Greats,  PREPARES 
PUPILS  for  the  UNIVERSITIES  and  other  HIGHER  EXAMINA- 
TIONS.   Seaside.— The  Manor,  Bishopstone,  near  Lewes. 

DRESDEN  COLLEGE,  EASTBOURNE.— 
High  -class  modem  Education  for  GENTLEMEN  S  DAUGH- 
TERS. Unique  advantages  for  Languages,  Music,  Art.  Special 
arrangements  to  include  some  time  in  DRESDEN  or  FLORENCE.— 
Apply  PRINCIPALS. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  MA.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwoldi.  References :  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  Loudon  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse.  Cambridge. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal.  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froetiel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  HOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  t>>  call  ui«>n  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  UABBITA8,  TURING  A  CO 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  In-cn  closely  in  touch  with  the 
.  Bducatii  nal  Establishments 
A. nice,  tree  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  ol  Uppingham.  ::•;.  Sackvillc  street.  London,  W. 


B 


Situations   Vacant. 

RITISH     SCHOOL     AT     ROM  E. 


The  COMMITTEE  are  about  to  appoint  a  DIRECTOR,  who  will  be 
required  to  take  up  bis  duties  in  Some  at  the  beginning  of  OCTOBER. 
Salary  4001  per  annum.  Rooms,  Rent  Free,  sail  Oei  ilea,  Length  of 
Session,  Eiglit  Months. 

For  further  particulars  apply  to  THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE 
BRITISH  SCHOOL  AT  ROMS.  22,  Albemarle  Street,  V> , 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHEKEUM  can  be 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ,  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA.  GOLFE-JUAN.  HAVRE,  HYERES.  JUANLES-PINS, 
LILLE,  LYONS.  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO.  MONTE 
CARLO,  NANTES,  NICE,  PARIS  ,Est,  Nord,  Lyon).  PAU.  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  k  SON,  24S.  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  th« 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

\_v  i  A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.  I 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  CHAIR  of  EDUCATION,  now 
vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council  will  elect  on  JUNE  30.  The 
Professor  will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of 
next  Session.— For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
April  26,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE.  CARDIFF. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post  of 
LECTURER  in  POLITICAL  and  COMMERCIAL  SCIENCE,  at   I 
Salary  of  200J. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  should  l>e  sent  on  or  before 
THURSDAY".  May  31.  1906.  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  further 
liarticulars  may  lie  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS.  B.A.,  Registrar. 
University  College.  Cardiff. 
April  21,  1906. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post 

\sslSTANT  LECTURER  in  WELSH. 
Further  particulars  niay  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom 
applications,  with  Testimonials  (which  need  not  be  printed!,  must  be 
Bent  on  or  before  FRIDAY,  May  25,  1906. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff. 
April  21,  1906. 


C 


WELSH  INTERMEDIATE  EDUCATION  ACT,  1889. 

E  N  T  R  A  L      WELSH      BOARD. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  EXAMINERS. 
The  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  of  the  BOARD  will  shortly  pro- 
ceed to  the  appointment  of  TWO  ORAL  EXAMINERS  in  FRENCH. 
Particulars  relating  to  the  appointments  may  l>e  obtained  from  tue 
undersigned  not  later  than  WEDNESDAY,  May  2,  1906. 

OWEN  OWEN.  Chief  Inspector, 
Central  Welsh  Board.  Cardiff,  April  23,  1906. 


c 


0    U    N    T    Y 


of 


LONDON. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  HEAD  MISTRESS. 

The  LONDON  COUNTY  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for  the 
appointment  of  HEAD  MISTRESS  of  the  L.C.C.  ELTHAM 
[WOOLWICH)  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  to  be  opened  in 
SEPTEMBER   NEXT. 

Candidates  must  have  had  experience  of  Teaching  in  Secondary 
Schools. 

The  commencing  salary  has  been  fixed  at  .ton;,  a  year. 

Applications  should  lie  made  on  the  official  form,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  Clerk  of  the  Don. Ion  County  Council.  Education  Offices, 
Victoria  Embankment,  W.C,  to  whom  they  must  Vie  returned,  not 
later  than  Pi  am.  on  SATURDAY,  May  19.  1906.  accompanied  by 
copies  of  Three  Testimonials  of  recent  date. 

It  is  probable  that  a  few  other  similar  posts  will  be  established 
shortly  m  other  districts  of  London. 

Candidates  applying  through  the  post  for  the  Form  of  Application 
should  enclose  a  stamped  and  addressed  envelope. 

Candidates,  other  than  successful  Candidates,  invited  to  attend  the 
Committee  will  lie  allowed  third-class  return  railway  fare,  but  no 
other  expenses. 

Canvassing,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  will  lie  considered  I  dis- 
qualification. 

O.  L.  GOMME.  Clerk  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Education  Offices.  Victoria  Embankment,  W.C. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London1, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET.  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about    to  appoint  a  LADY  as  SECRETARY. 
tlons.    with    Testimonials,   to   be   sent    by   MAY   4  to  the 
SECRETARY,  from  whom  particulars  can  In-  obtained. 

pOUNTY     BOROUGH    OF    BRIGHTON. 

PUBLIC  LIBRARY".  MUSEUMS.   AND  ART  GALLERIES. 
The  COUNCIL  oi  the  OOTJNTt  BOROUGH  of  BRIGHTON  invite 

applications  for  the  appointment  of  CHIEF  LIBRARIAN   ol  the 

PI   I  lie    LIBRARY    and    SUPERINTENDENT    of     the    PUBLH 
Ml  SE1  Ms  and  ART  GALLERIES     Salary  3O0J.  per  annum. 

Particulars  of  the  qualifications  reouired.  the  duties  to  he  performed, 
and  the  condition!  ii|*>n  « bleb  the  appointment  will  be  made, 
together  with  printed  Forms  of  Application,  may  be  obtained  at  my 
Offii  e  at  the  Town  Hall.  Brighton. 

Applications,  made  on  the  Forms  supplied,  must  reach  me  at  my 
Office  liefore  12 o'clock  on  s  vTl'RC  lY/W 

111  GO  TALBOT,  Town  Clerk. 

Town  Hall.  Brighton.  April  23.  190.V 


408 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N*4096,  April  28,  1906 


TANCA8HIBE     COUNTY     COUNCIL. 

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PUPIL  TEAcllEH  CENTRE. 

WANTED  mi  ASSISTANT  MASTER,  with  mcU  qualification! 
in  lli-t„i\  .iti.I  Qeogrnphj  Graduate  proferred.  8aUu-y  according  to 
Oountj  Sou  Formed  application  maj  bo obtained from,  and  mast 
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Education  Offices,  Ulverston. 


T 


INSTALL    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE. 


ASSISTANT  AKT  U ASTER. 

The  above  COMMITTEE  require  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT 
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^iiitationa   ^Eanteb. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
MSS.  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling,  Indexing, 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum.  Ac  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature.  —  ERNEST  A. 
Y17.ETELLY,  4.".,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  w  .0. 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL  MAN,  31,  travelled,  Pro- 
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A  S     SECRETARY    or     FOREIGN     CORRE- 

A  SPONDENT  -LADY  desires  AFTERNOON  EMPLOYMENT, 
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Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

FRENCH  LADY,  35,  desires  to  enter  an 
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references— Address  Mile.  P1NEAU,  VJ,  Rue  St.  Joseph.  Angers, 
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AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
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ADVERTISER  seeks  RE-ENGAGEMENT  as 
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Highest  references.  —  Reply  S.  B.,  Fanlight  Glen,  Avenue  Road, 
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THE  DIRECTOR  of  the  WHITECHAPEL 
ART  GALLERY  would  be  pleased  to  RECOMMEND  F.  KNAPP 
as  CURATOR,  HALL  PORTER,  Ac,  age  3S,  Single.  —  AddreeS 
F.  KNAPP.  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery.  London,  E. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing.  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship.  Classics,  French.  German,  Italian, 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects:  Mythology  and  Literature, 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— M  iss  SELISY'.  53,  Talbot  Road,  W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
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flttscfUamaus. 


MSS.— MESSRS.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  JACK, 
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Editor  ;  extent  40,000  to  ,",0.0"(i  words.      All  MSS.  (which  should  be  sent 

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T 


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PUBLISHING     BU8INES8    FOR    SALE, 

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t)       MONTHLY    LIST   OP   SECOND  HAND    BOOKS  for   APRIL. 

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XJl.     GERMANY.  WANTS  to  BUY  :— 
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SMYTH,  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  ft  HODGE 
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Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  ROOKS  and  M  A  NT  SCRIPTS,  including: 
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Esq.,  of  Sheffield  :  the  PROPERTY  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  SKEFFINGTON 
SMYTH.  Busbridge  Hall, Godalming ;  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY 
removed  from  " The  Salterns."  Park-tone.  Dorset  Isold  by  Order  of 
the  Executrix  of  the  late  CAPTAIN  BUTTS),  comprising  a  Fine 
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cations—Tracts— Book-  Illustrated  by  Cruikshank,  "Phil,"  and  others 
— scarce  and  valuable  Theological  Works.  Ac. 

May  be  » iewed.     Catalogues  may  l>e  had. 

The  valuable  Collection  o/Cofrw  of  LADY  BCCKLEY. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
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and  Pattern  Five-Pound  Piece,  by  PistrnecL  1*J0— George  IV.  Pnttern 
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May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  luuL 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


499 


M 


THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTION. 
The  Collection  of  the  Work*  of  George  Cruikshank. 
ESSRS  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SKLL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 

<KUIKSHANK,  the  Property  of  the  lateEDVv  IN  IKUMA.N,  r,sq., 
JI  B  C.S.,  The  Home  Field.  Putney  Hill,  S.W . 

Mav  he  viewed  two  days  prior.  Catalogue?,  price  IS.  each,  may  be 
Imd  AlniXninil.er  of  large  and  fine  paper  illustrated  Copies  will 
be  published,  price  half-a-guinea  each. ^ 

The  valuable  Collection  of  English  Coins,  the  Property  of  the 
I       vaiuavi      u^  c  e  MACKERELL,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House   No   13,  Wellington 
.vet    StaSiWC    on  MONDAY.  May  14.  and  Following  1  ay  at 
f  o'.  lock^r^i'selV    the    COLLECTION    of    ENGLISH    COINS     the 
Property  ot ;  the  late  C.  E.  G.  MACKERELL.  Esq.,  F.R.N.S.  .sold  by 
onler  of  the  Executors). 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Hlustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  important  Series  of  Roman  Bronze  Coins,  the  Property 
of  the  late  C.  E.  MACKERELL,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  IS,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C..  on  WEDNESDAY.  May  %g*^*&S%8 
Days  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  important  ShKIKS  of  WOMAN 
BRONZE  COINS,  and  a  few  GREEK  SILVER  COINS,  collected  by 
the  late  cV E.  MACKERELL,  Esq.,  F.R.N.S.  (sold  by  order  of  the 
Executors). 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had. 


Modern  Publications  and  Remainders. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane  London.  W.C., 
,  THURSI)  VY.  May ::.  and  Following  Day,  MODERN  PUBLICA- 
TIONS AND  REMAINDERS,  chiefly  New.  in  cloth,  comprising 
K.uKnighU  Old  England.  Coloured  Fiates.  |  .vols,  folio-*.  fctet  s 
FullV.m  Old  and  New.  3  vols.  4to.-230  Thorpe  s  Children  s  London- 
-rtWiles  Ballad  of  Reading  Gaol -Sets  of  Scott.  Matthew  Arnold. 
<  onan  Dovle.  and  other  Modem  Authors-Popular  Novels  Juvenile 
Books,  4c.'— also  Miscellaneous  Books  in  all  Classes  of  Literature. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had.     

Rare  and  Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Booms  115.  Chancery  Lane,  London.  W.O. 
•on  WEDNESDAY.  May  9,  and  Two  Following  Days.  RARE  AND 
VALUABLE  ROOKS,  including  a  Selection,  the  Property  of  the  late 
V B  FA1LTON  Esq  .  comprising  Audsley  and  Bowes  s  Ornamental 
Arts' of  Japan  Artist's  Proof  Copy-Goupils  Illustrated  Historical 
Monona  hs.  "Vols  and  other  handsome  Fine-Art  Books-Warners 
11  iiiniiaW  Manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum,  the  rourScnes- 

's  " "the  MbuSSrical  Society's  Publications  fr<,n,  1HS  toW- 
Type  Facsimile  Society.  1900  to  I90.i-Early  Printed  and  Black-Lettei 
Hoiks  from  the  Italian  and  German  Presses-Bu  kens  Annates  de  a 
Maison  delLvnden.  with  the  Coats  of  Anns  coloured  by  hand-Old 
Books  of  Travel,  many  relating  to  America-Blume  s  Flora  Java,  with 
^Supplement  4vols.-Hev,itson  '«  Illustrations  of  Exotic  Butterflies, 
vols  and  other  Botanical.  Entomological,  and  Natural  History 
Books-Calevs  Mathematical  Papers.  1:1  vols -an  Extra-Illustrated 
Biogravhicai    Dictionary,   enlarged    to   20  vols,  -First    Editions    of 

Esteemed  Authors-Thackeray's  :Novels.  Original  Library  Edition 
J :  vol™- The  Border  Edition  of  Scott.  48  vols.- Book-plates  and 

Catalogues  on  application. 


Early  Printed  Books  and  rare  First  Editions,  including  a 

Library  consigned  from  Abroad. 

1VTESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will   SELL 

i\JL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C-  on 
MONDAY  April  30,  at  ten  minutes  last  1  o'clock  precisely,  A  ALU- 
ABLE  BOOKS,  including  Leo  Magnus.  Scrmones,  1470— Albertus 
Trottu's  De  Perfecto  Clerico,  1475-Braithwait  iR.i,  Times  Curtaine 
Drawne  lfi->l— Ctesar  I  J. I.  Commentarii,  1477— Cbwperjs  Olney  Hymns, 
First  Edition-Estienne.  La  Maison  Rustique,  1579-Gay  s  1  ablcs, 
■vols..  First  Editions-Goldsmiths  Vicar  of  Wakefield  Ftat  Edition. 
in  original  calf-White's  Natural  History  of  Selborne.  First  Edition- 
Oui.lo  de  Monte  Rocharii,  Manipules  Cnratorum  U.S-Lackiiitius 
Venice  147-2-  Lilly's  Sixe  Court  Comedies,  1832—  Malton  s  Views  ot 
Dublin.  Coloured  Plates-Milton  (J.l,  Colasterion.  lM^-Nuremberg 
Chronicle  1498— Orceins  Historic.  1471— Pascal.  Les  Provinciales  I  list 
Edition  1657-Record'a  Castle  of  Knowledge  1536- Saxtons  Maps, 
1645  — ScaiTons  Comical  Romance.  1076  -Shakcs]>eare  s  Works  by 
Rowe  Tvols  old  morocco  gilt-Shepherd  s  Kalendar.  1631-W  i  her  s 
Emblcmes  ieS6— fine  illuminated  MSS.  on  A  ellum.  with  Miniatures, 
a  uni.pie  Early  English  MS.,  rare  early  printed  Tracts  and  Pamphlets, 
i,nd  many  other  interesting  items. 


M 


ESSRS.   CHRISTIE,    MANSON  &   WOODS 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce  that 
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all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
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BATH.— EXCEPTIONAL  OFFER  for  remainder 
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thoroughly  well  decorated  throughout,  all  modern  appliances.  Three 
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^taga^ttus,    &r. 


rpHE       QUARTERLY        REVIEW. 

JL  No.  407.    APRIL  1906.    6s. 

THE  OLD  AND  THE  NEW  WHIGS. 
SHAKESPEARE S    'ANTONY    AND    CLEOPATRA.'      By   A.   C. 

Bradley. 
THE  PRE-RAPHAELITE  BROTHERHOOD. 
THE  GOVERNMENT  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA. 
SOME  LETTER-WRITERS,  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 
ROBERT  CANDLISH  AND  THE  DISRUPTION  OF  lfM3. 
THE    LITERATURE    OF    THE    FRENCH    RENAISSANCE.      By 

P.  F.  Willert. 
THE  ART  OF  GAMBLING. 
TRADE  UNIONS  AND  THE  LAW. 
A  PLEA  for  CAMBRIDGE. 
PASCAL'S  APOLOGIA.    By  Bev.  M.  Kaufmann. 
AN  INDIAN  RENAISSANCE.     By  T.    Morison.  late  Principal   of 

Aligarh. 
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THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine 
Street.  London,  W.C.,  April  2S,  contains  :- 
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mati.A  Data  for  Architects  (Student's  Column  :  City  Hal  .  Colorado 
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Q    C   I   E   N   C   E;        THE       MIND 

REVELATION  ;  THE  HEART  OF  GOD. 

By  J.  W.  BAR  WELL. 

A  Business  Han's  Ideas  of  a  Common  Belief. 

Pamphlet,  Is.  post  free. 

JACOBS    &    HOLMES,    Publishers, 

1C7,  East  Adam  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


L  respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street.  St.  James  s 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  April  30,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  DRAWINGS  of  the  late  MYLES  ARIEL  (LARK,   Esq.,  and 
others. 

On  TUESDAY.  May  1,  the  COLLECTION  of 

ETCHINGS  and  ENGRAVINGS  of  LAURENCE  W.  HODSON.  Esq. 

On  TUESDAY,  May  1,  OLD  CHINESE  POR- 

<  ELAIN   of  Miss  K.  H.  BETTS,  deceased,  and  the  Proi>erty  of  a 
GENTLEMAN. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  May  '2,  Important  JEWELS, 

the  Property  of  the  late  LADY  CURRIE.  the  late  Mrs.  REUBEN 
BASSOON]  Mrs.  A.  H.  GREAVES,  and  others. 

On  THURSDAY,  May  3,  fine  EARLY  ENG- 
LISH and  FOREIGN  SILVER  "and  SILVER-GILT  PLATE  the 
P  .(.ertvof  a  LADY:  and  OLD  ENGLISH  SILVER  PLATE  of  the 
late  Miss  K.  11.  BETTS.  the  late  FREDERICK  TO WH BEND,  Esq.. 
anil  others. 

On    FRIDAY,   May  4.   the  COLLECTION  of 

OLD  ENGLISH  and  other  PORCELAIN  of  the  laic  JAMES  COCK- 
SI  U'T,  Esq. 

On  SATURDAY,  Mav  5,  important  MODERN 

PICTURES   t'e  PropertTof  Sir  FREDERICK  T    MAPPTN,  Bart.; 

Choice  MODERN  PICTURES.  WATER  t'OLoIR  DRAWINGS,  the 
Propert]  of  Mrs  It  AY  ALL  deceased,  Miss  LEE,  deceased,  and  from 
various  Private  Sources. 

British  and  Exotic  Lepidoptera. 
TUESDA  V  and  WEDNESDA  V  NBXT,  at  1  o'clock, 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  SELL  by  AUCTION, 
at  his  Rooms.  ::s,  Kim:  Street.  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.O., 
EPIDOPTERA,  Including  the  British  Collection  formed  by  the  late 
Rev     DOBREE-FOX,   and   sereral   Smaller  Collections;  also    the 

.  is  in  which  they  are  contained. 
On  view   Monday  1  to  j  and   mornings   of   Sale.     Catalogues   on 
application. 


JUST  PUBLISHED. 

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trs'-,,N",'!',. .-'■'is  a  clever  piece  of  writing. . ,  .The  illustrations  add  to 
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\l  h  .lit  1 1,"  •,(„•.-"  Contains  some  strains  of  cx-ceeding  sweetness, 
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\  short  delightful  story  in  prose  of  self-sacrifice  gives  the  title  to 
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THE  MOST  HUMOROUS  BOOK  OF  THE  YEAR. 
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BARDELYS  THE  MAGNIFICENT. 

BV  RAFAEL  SABATINI. 

Author  o!  'The  Tavern  Knight,'  to. 

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MrStaiwev   Wevnian.   and    it    is   doubtful   il    even    that 

tnmniou.  and  spirited  writer  COUld  have  contrived  a  more 

Inmtntmis  and  spirited  yarn. 

JTaILV  Thf  UtiliA  I'll.-"  The  author  has  woven   an 
cnc  iting  story  of  love  and  adventure." 

London:  EVELEIGB  NASH, 32, Bedford  Btwet. 


oOO 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4090,  April  28,  1906 


BLACKWOOD 

FOR  MAY  CONTAINS  :- 

The  Growth  of  the  Capital  Ship. 

A  Journey  to  Sanaa. 

The  Early  Royal  Academy. 

The   Story  of  its  Foundation  and   the    Roumnces  of 
some  Original  Members. 

The  Peregrinations  of  a  Cockney. 

Drake :  an  English  Epic— Book  III. 

By  ALFRED  NOYES. 

Grammar  to  the  Wolves. 

By  P.  A.  WRIGHT  HENDERSON. 

Count  Bunker.    Chaps.  24-28. 

By  J.  8.  CLOUSTON. 

More  About  the  Streets  of  London. 

By  Lieut. -Colonel  Sir  HENRY  SMITH,  K.C.B., 

Ex-Commissioner  City  of  London  Police. 

Musings  without  Method. 
The  Moral  of  the  Army. 
The  Education  Bill. 

BLACKWOODS'  BEST  BOOKS 


THE  FIRST  LARGE  EDITION  HAS  BEEN  SOLD  OUT, 
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PORT    ARTHUR: 

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By  ELLIS  ASHMEAD-BARTLETT. 

Fully  illustrated,  and  with  Maps  and  Plans,  21s.  net. 

"  A  great  history  of  a  great  siege." 

Beljast  News  Letter. 
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CHARLES     LEVER: 

His  Life  in  His  Letters. 

By     EDMUND     DOWNEY. 

Demy  8vo,  2  vols.  21s.  net. 

"A  revelation  of  the  man,  a  first-hand  record  of 

Charles  Lever,  and  a  first-hand  picture  of  the  man 

in  his  habit  as  he  lived." — World. 

3. 

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By  ADAM  LORIMER.     5s.  net. 
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Scotsman. 
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WILLIAM  PITT. 

By  CHARLES  WHIBLEY.  Illustrated,  6s.  net. 
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N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


505 


SATUEDAY,  APRIL  28,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
505 
506 
507 

508 


The  Poems  of  Cowper       

Three  Dorset  Sea-Captains       

A  Friend  of  Marie  Antoinette 
An  Anthology  of  French  Lyrics 
New  Novels  (Kid  McGhie ;  A  Millionaire's  Court- 
ship ;  A  Simple  Gentleman  ;  A  Son  of  Arvon  ;  The 
Lady  of  the  Decoration  ;  A  Maid  of  Normandy ; 
Thurtell's  Crime ;  The  Adventures  of  a  Super- 
cargo ;  George's  Whims)  . .         . .         . .  509 — 510 

Short  Stories 510 

Reminiscences 511 

Our  Library  Table  (Lord  Curzon  in  India  ;  British 
Citizenship  ;  The  French  Army  in  1906 ;  Disestab- 
lishment in  France  ;  Dearlove  ;  Kakemono  ;  The 
Brighton  Road  ;  The  Library  ;  A  New  Edition  of 

Lytton  ;  Everyman's  Library) 511 — 514 

List  of  New  Books 514 

The  Butterfly;  "That  Two-handed  Engine  at 
the  Door  "  ;  Hunting  the  "  seladang  "  ;  The 
Family  of  William  Blake;  Julius  Beerbohm  ; 
The  Asloan   MS. ;    The    Spring    Publishing 

Season         515—516 

Literary  Gossip        517 

science— Our  Library  Table  (The  Founders  of 
Geology ;  Darwin  on  Climbing  Plants ;  Modern 
Cosmogonies ;  Experimental  Electrochemistry) ; 
Stereo  -  Isomerism  ;  M.  Pierre  Curie; 
Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  week  ;  Gossip  518—521 
Fine  Arts— The  New  Gallery  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip  521—522 
Music  —  Joachim  Quartet  Concert  ;  Violin 
Recitals  ;      Gossip  ;       Performances     Next 

Week 523 

Drama— Gossip 524 

Index  to  Advertisers       524 


LITERATURE 


The  Poems  of  William  Cowper.  Edited, 
with  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by 
J.  C.  Bailey.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

The  Poetical  Works  of  William  Cowper. 
Edited  by  H.  S.  Milford.  "Oxford 
Poets."     (Frowde.) 

After  thirty-six  years  of  neglect  Cowper's 
verse  has,  by  a  happy  coincidence,  found, 
almost  at  the  same  instant,  two  inde- 
pendent and  equally  earnest  editors. 
Mr.  Bailey,  indeed,  is  a  frank  enthusiast ; 
and,  if  fidelity  and  thoroughness  indicate 
devotion,  his  friendly  rival  does  not  come 
behind  in  that  respect.  The  Oxford 
editor's  work,  as  conditioned  by  the 
general  scheme  of  the  series  to  which  his 
book  belongs,  is  mainly  textual  and 
chronological  ;  within  these  limits,  how- 
ever, it  is  of  first-rate  quality.  Mr.  Bailey's 
library  edition,  on  the  other  hand,  is  on 
a  more  comprehensive  scale,  and  includes 
a  critical  Introduction,  written  with  sym- 
pathy, insight,  and  abundant  knowledge  ; 
a  full  textual  and  exegetical  commentary  ; 
and  a  series  of  illustrations,  including  two 
novel  designs  by  Blake — with  a  sheaf  of 
thirty-five  new  letters  thrown  in  as  an 
addamus  luero.  In  short,  the  book  would 
leave  nothing  to  be  desired,  were  the 
editor's  judgment  but  as  sound  on  textual 
as  it  undoubtedly  is  on  biographical  and 
aesthetic  questions.  Unfortunately,  it  is 
just  here — in  his  dealings  with  the  text — 
that  Mr.  Bailey  lies  open  to  criticism. 

The  bulk  of  Cowper's  poetry  is  con- 
tained in  the  '  Poems  '  of  1782  and  '  The 
Task,'  published  in  1785.  Besides  these, 
eight  editions  appeared  in  the  poet's  life- 
time, between  the  years  1786  and  1799 
inclusive.  That  Cowper  carefully  corrected 
the  volumes  of  1782  and  1785  is  certain, 


but  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  he  saw 
the  proofs  of  any  other  edition ;  the 
evidence,  such  as  there  is,  points  the  other 
way.  Cowper  had  given  away  the  copy- 
rights to  his  publisher,  Johnson  of  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard,  and  doubtless  John- 
son, as  Mr.  Milford  observes,  "  produced 
editions  as  they  were  wanted,  on  his  own 
responsibility."  Errors  of  the  press 
already  intrude  in  1786  ;  they  are  rife  in 
the  editions  from  1793  to  1799.  The 
sheets  of  the  second  collective  edition 
(1787)  were  passed  by  some  pragmatical 
mar-all  who  seems  to  have  spent  his  spare 
time  in  conning  Addison's  '  Humble 
Petition  of  "  Who "  and  "  Which,"  ' 
since  he  has  installed  these  forms  in 
every  place  where,  in  Cowper's  own 
volumes,  "  the  Jack  Sprat  That  had 
supplanted  them."  To  the  same  purist 
we  owe  a  group  of  entirely  gratuitous 
verbal  "  corrections,"  which  in  too  many 
instances  have  been  perpetuated  by  editors 
of  a  later  day.  Thus,  where  ('  The  Task,' 
hi.  131)  Cowper  speaks  of  "  the  remainder 
half,"  this  wiseacre  prints  "  remaining  " 
— oblivious  or,  more  likely,  ignorant  of 
the  Shakspearean  "  remainder  biscuit." 
Again,  he  alters  Cowper's  phrase  "  in 
heathen  heaven"  ('The  Task,'  ii.  660) 
to  "in  Juno's  heaven "  ;  and  where 
(ibid.,  436-7)  the  text  of  1785  runs, 

To  me  as  odious  as  the  nasal  twang 
At  conventicle  heard, 

he  takes  upon  him  to  change  the  order  of 
the  words  to  "  Heard  at  conventicle," 
because,  forsooth,  the  historical  accentua- 
tion, sanctioned  by  Shakspeare,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  Daniel,  Butler, 
and  Dryden,  offends  his  modern  ear  ! 
In  the  last  two  alterations,  one  regrets 
to  find,  he  is  followed  by  Mr.  Bailey  ; 
and  this  brings  us  to  the  weakness  which 
underlies  Mr.  Bailey's  text.  It  was  open 
to  him  to  reprint  the  volumes  of  1782  and 
1785,  correcting  obvious  errors  of  the 
press,  and  giving  in  his  notes  the  variants 
exhibited  in  the  later  editions.  In  that 
case  the  reader  would  have  had  Cowper's 
own  text — the  editio  prineeps — before  him, 
and,  with  the  help  of  the  notes,  might, 
in  every  difficult  or  disputed  place,  have 
formed  his  own  conclusions  as  to  what 
Cowper  actually  wrote  or  meant  to  write. 
But  Mr.  Bailey  has  preferred  to  print  an 
eclectic  text  of  his  own,  and  although  in 
most  cases  his  choice  justifies  itself,  in 
others  his  judgment  is  at  fault.  He 
rightly  prefers  the  earlier  to  the  later 
editions,  but  occasionally,  as  in  the  in- 
stances given  above,  he  falls  into  strange 
mistakes.  In  '  The  Task,'  i.  527,  Cowper 
describes  the  gorse  as  "  shapeless  and 
deform."  That  meddlesome  pedant,  the 
press  reader  of  1787,  alters  this  to  "  shape- 
less and  deformed  " — and  this  imperti- 
nence is  actually  adopted,  and  justified  as 
a  "  legitimate  correction,"  by  Mr.  Bailey  ! 
"  The  change,"  he  observes,  "  is,  in  fact, 
simply  the  adoption  of  a  modern  form  of 
the  word."  A  harsh  critic  would  say  that, 
in  hazarding  such  a  statement,  Mr.  Bailey 
betrays  his  unfitness  for  the  office  he  has 
undertaken.  "  Deform  "  and  "  deformed" 
are  two  words,  distinct  in  provenance, 
which  have  coexisted  independently  in  our 


language  since  the  close  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  Nor  is  it  easy  to  see  how  a  word 
found  in  '  Fifine  at  the  Fair  '  comes  to  be 
discarded,  as  already  obsolete,  from  a 
poem  of  the  year  1785.  The  truth  is  that 
Cowper  borrows  "  deform  "  from  Milton  : 

Sight  so  deform  what  heart  of  rock  could  long 
Dry-ey'd  behold  ? 

Again,  Mr.  Bailey  is  surely  in  error  when 
he  rejects  "  fomentation,"  as  a  "  manifest 
mistake,"  from  the  following  passage 
('  The  Task,'  iii.  508-10)  :— 

The  auspicious  moment,  when  the  tempered  heat, 
Friendly  to  vital  motion,  may  afford 
Soft  fomentation,  and  invite  the  seed. 

All  the  editions  from  1785  to  1795,  he 
tells  us,  have  "  fomentation."  Here  also 
he  seems  to  be  astrav,  for,  according  to 
Mr.  Milford,  the  text  of  1786  reads  ""fer- 
mentation," a  word  which  occurs  in  the 
context  (1.  519),  and  is  here  substituted 
by  Mr.  Bailey  for  "  fomentation."  But 
a'  careful  perusal  of  the  whole  passage 
(11.  463-525)  confirms  the  reading  of  1785. 
In  the  first  place,  the  sense  requires 
"  fomentation  "  ;  and,  secondly,  Cowper 
would  not,  in  1.  510,  have  described  as 
"  soft  "  the  "  fermentation  "  which,  in 
1.  519,  he  describes  as  "  raging."  Mr. 
Bailey,  again,  would  have  done  well 
to  apply  his  principle  of  reverting  to 
the  early  texts  to  the  translations  from 
Horace.  In  the  '  Journey  to  Brundu- 
sium '  he  reprints  Hayley's  tinkered 
version,  which  (says  Mr.  Milford)  "  has 
descended  through  Sou  they  to  almost 
all  modern  editors,"  instead  of  the  editio 
prineeps  in  John  Duncombe's  '  Works 
of  Horace  in  English  Verse.'  Hayley 
ingeniously  perverts  the  sense  by  punctuat- 
ing 11.  84-5  as  follows  : — 

Tir'd,  at  Munena's  we  repose  ; 
At  Formia  sup  at  Capito's. 

The  original  runs  : — 

In  Mamurrarum  lassi  deinde  urbe  manemus, 
Murena  prrebente  domum,  Capitone  culinam, 

— words  correctly  paraphrased  in  Cowper's 
couplet  when  punctuated  as  it  appears 
in  Duncombe  and  in  Mr.  Milford's  text  : — 

Tir'd,  at  Mura?na's  we  repose 
At  Formia,  sup  at  Capito's. 

These  instances  of  editorial  fallibility 
are  cited  here,  not  with  a  view  of  dis- 
paraging Mr.  Bailey's  work,  which,  on 
the  whole,  displays  sound  judgment  and 
exemplary  care,  but  to  illustrate  the  dis- 
advantages of  an  eclectic  text,  which  leaves 
the  reader  uncertain  as  to  what  is  before 
him,  and  is  foredoomed  to  suffer  through 
such  occasional  lapses  as  those  above 
indicated.  It  is  only  fair  to  add  that  Mr. 
Bailey  has  in  many  cases  restored 
Cowper's  text  where  'Hayley.  Southey, 
Bell,  and  Benham  have,  some  or  all  of 
them,  substituted  an  unauthorized  and 
inferior  reading.  It  is  pleasant  to  find  the 
opening  lines  of  '  The  Winter  Evening  » 
printed  —  save  for  the  comma  after 
"  bridge  " — just  as  they  appear  in  Cowper's 
own  text  of  1785  : — 

Hark  !  'tis  the  twanging  horn  !  o'er  yonder  bridge, 
That  with  its  wearisome  but  needful  length 
Bestrides  the  wintry  flood,  in  which  the  moon 
Sees  her  unwrinkled  face  reflected  bright, 
He  comes,  the  herald  of  a  noisy  world,  &c. 


500 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


The  ordinary  pointing,  which  perverts 
the    sense    ("  Hark  !      'tis    the    twanging 

horn     o'er    yonder     bridge reflected 

bright  ;  "),  dates  from  1793.  Mrs.  Oli- 
phant  ('  Selections  from  the  Poems  of 
Cowper,'  BCacmillan,  1883)  restored  the 
original  punctuation,  to  which  Mr.  Bailey, 
who  professes  to  follow  the  first  edition, 
lias  unwittingly  added  a  supererogatory 
comma  at  the  close  of  the  first  line. 
In  the  following  passage,  again,  Mr. 
Bailey  reverts  to  the  text  of  1785  : — 

Here  Ouse,  slow  winding  through  a  level  plain 

Conducts  the  eye  along  his  sinuous  course 
Delighted.     There,  fast  rooted  in  his  bank, 
Stand,  never  overlooked,  our  favourite  elms,  &c. 

The  penultimate  line  becomes  "  fast 
rooted  in  their  bank  "  in  the  edition  of 
1787,  and  this  stupid  blunder  has 
been  followed  by  Bell,  Bruce,  and 
Benham.  Amongst  the  few  changes 
adopted  on  conjecture  bv  Mr.  Bailey, 
that  of  "  E'en  "  for  "  E'er,"  in  the  last 
tone  of  the  stanzas  beginning  "  William 
was  once  a  bashful  youth,"  may  be  men- 
tioned as  almost  certain.  Here,  how- 
ever, he  has  been  anticipated  by  Mrs. 
Oliphant.  While  on  the  subject  of  con- 
jectures we  may  point  out  a  happy  guess 
admitted  by  Mr.  Milford — his  single 
venture  in  this  kind — in  the  third  stanza 
of  the  ode  beginning  "  Say,  ye  apostate 
and^profane  "  : — 

To  arm  against  repeated  ill 

The  patient  heart  too  brave  to  feel 

The  tortures  of  despair  ; 
Nor  suffer  yet  high-crested  Pride, 
When  wealth  flows  in  with  ey'ry  tide, 

To  gain  admittance  there  ; 

— where,  in  the  fourth  line,  all  other 
editions  but  Mr.  Milford's  read,  "  Nor 
safer  yet,"  &c. 

Mr.  Bailey's  researches  amongst  the 
Wei  borne  papers  have  elicited  some  inter- 
esting particulars  relating  to  the  life  of 
Cowper.  Everybody  knows  that  in  their 
early  days  an  attachment  existed  between 
Cowper  and  his  cousin  Theodora,  whose 
father,  Ashley  Cowper,  refused  to  sanction 
an  engagement,  on  the  ground  of  their 
close  relationship.  "  Among  the  MSS. 
of  the  poet  preserved  at  Welborne  Rec- 
tory," writes  Mr.  Bailey  (Introduction, 
p.xii), 

"is  a  curious  relic  of  this  disappointment. 
It  is  a  Latin  assay,  arguing  that  marriage 
between  cousins  is  lawful.  The  handwriting, 
it  is  true,  is ...  .  that  of  John  Johnson.  That 
fact,  however,  is  far  from  disproving  the 
poet's  authorship,  for  the  box  in  which  it 
has  long  been  preserved  is  full  of  copies  by 
Johnson  of  his  cousin's  poems  and  letters. 
Moreover  I  found  it  in  close  company  with 
another  Latin  essay  [philosophical],  which 
is  in  the  hand  of  Cowper ....  and  is  appa- 
rently written  as  an  exercise  for  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Both  treatises  are  cast 
in  the  form  of  a  speecli  to  a*  learned  company 
....  but  the  defence  of  the  marriago  of  cousins 
contains  no  diroct  reference  to  the  Bachelor's 
degree.  Cowper  was  not  at  a  university.  He 
must  therefore  havo  either  written  the  philo- 
sophical treatise  on  behalf  of  a  univorsity 
friend,  or  merely  have  chosen  this  form  as  a 
convenient  one  for  the  purpose  of  his  essay. 
The  thesis  on  marriage,  if  his  work,  may 
have  been  cast  in  the  same  form  for  the  same 
reason.  In  any  case,  whether  he  wrote  it 
or  not,  here  it  is  among  his  papers,  and  it  is 


difficult  not  to  connoct  it  with  this  episode 
in  his  life.  We  cannot  but  bo  touched  as 
we  picture  him,  drawing  up  himself,  or 
copying  out  from  some  ono  else,  this  learned 
Latin  dissertation,  full  of  classical  and 
biblical  lore,  and  hoping  so  to  move  his 
recalcitrant  uncle  and  gain  his  Theodora." 

Mr.  Bailey  has  unearthed  two  interesting 
letters  bearing  on  the  subject  of  Cowper's 
relations  with  Mrs.  Unwin.  The  Rev. 
Josiah  Bull,  in  his  biography  of  John 
Newton,  relates  that  his  grandfather 
William  Bull  was  informed  by  Mrs. 
Unwin  herself  that  her  marriage  with  the 
poet  had  been  arranged,  and  was  actually 
pending  when  his  second  attack  of 
insanity  (1773)  intervened.  Southey,  in 
his  life  of  Cowper,  denies  that  an  en- 
gagement existed.  But  Mr.  Bailey  quotes 
an  unpublished  letter  from  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Greatheed,  Cowper's  neighbour 
and  friend,  to  John  Johnson,  his  cousin, 
which 

"  shows  that  among  those  who  were  nearest 
to  Cowper  there  was  no  doubt  whatever  as 
to  the  fact  [of  the  engagement],  but  only  as 
to  the  propriety  of  mentioning  it.  It  seems 
to  have  been  withheld  deliberately,  even 
details  pointing  to  it  being  struck  out  [of 
Cowper's  letters].  .  .  .The  object  of  the  con- 
cealment appears  to  have  been  to  spare  the 
feelings  of  Theodora  Cowper,  who,  as  Lady 
Hesketh  knew,  had  not  only  never  forgotten 
her  love  for  the  poet,  but  had  thought  of  him 
as  feeling  much  more  than  a  cousin's  affection 
for  her  to  the  end.  Of  this  I  have  come  across 
a  curious  proof.  A  year  after  Cowper's 
death,  Hayley,  writing  to  John  Johnson, 
sends  him  a  copy  of  '  a  very  interesting 
mysterious  poem,  supposed  by  the  tender 
Theodora  to  bo  written  by  our  beloved  Bard 
and  intended  for  her  private  intelligence  as 
addressed  to  her self. ,'  The  verses  appeared 
in  the  St.  James's  Chronicle,  addressed  '  To 
a  Friend  and  Relation,'  in  June,  1793. 
[Mr.  Bailey  quotes  the  stanzas,  and  adds  :] 
The  closing  lines  are  much  in  Cowper's 
manner,  and  the  improbability  of  the  piece 
being  his  lies  not  so  much  in  the  style,  as  in 
the  fact  of  there  being  no  evidence  in  his 
letters  to  Lady  Hesketh  that  he  ever  thought 
of  Theodora,  or  dreamed  she  thought  of  him, 
at  this  time.  Anyhow,  it  is  touching  to 
think  of  her  sending  her  anonymous  gifts 
through  Lady  Hosketli  to  the  unforgotten 
lover  of  her  youth,  and  fancying  she  read 
his  anonymous  reply  when  she  took  up  her 
St.  James's  Chronicle  !  But  it  is  obvious 
that,  so  long  as  she  lived,  Lady  Hesketh, 
and  those  whom  Lady  Hesketh  had  influ- 
enced, would  wish  to  spare  her  the  knowledge 
that  Cowper  had  even  contemplated  marriage 
with  another  woman." 

Mr.  Milford's  volume,  which  we  have 
already  mentioned  briefly,  is  a  miracle 
of  cheapness,  handiness,  and  legibility. 
The  type  is  large,  clear,  and  handsome. 
For  the  text  of  the  poems  included  in  the 
volumes  of  1782  and  1785  the  editor  has 
followed  the  royal  8vo  edition  dated  1800. 
It  would,  we  hold,  have  been  better  to 
reprint  the  editio  princeps  :  but  this  would 
have  added  considerably  to  the  diffi- 
culties of  an  arduous  task,  and,  after  all, 
it  matters  comparatively  little  which  of 
the  early  editions  is  followed,  so  long  as 
it  is  followed  consistently  throughout,  the 
misprints  rectified,  and  the  variants  fully 
and  accurately  recorded  at  the  foot  of 
the  page.     This  tedious  work  Mr.  Milford 


has  executed  with  careful  diligence.  Where 
two  versions  of  a  posthumous  poem  are 
extant,  one  version  has  been  reprinted 
throughout,  the  variants  of  the  other 
being  given  in  the  notes.  Mr.  Milford's 
researches  amongst  the  journals  of  the  day 
have  enabled  him  to  assign  earlier  dates 
than  have  hitherto  been  given  for  the  first 
appearance  of  several  of  the  miscellaneous 
poems.  About  thirty  pages  of  notes  are 
printed  at  the  end,  in  which  textual 
questions  are  treated  at  greater  length 
than  the  foot-notes  allowed.  A  '  List  of  the 
Chief  Editions  Consulted,'  and  a  useful 
'  Chronological  Table,'  containing  the 
leading  events  of  the  poet's  life,  and  some 
important  points  in  the  lives  of  contem- 
porary writers,  complete  the  contents  of 
this  excellent  edition. 


The  Three  Dorset  Captains  at  Trafalgar  : 
Thomas  Masterman  Hardy,  Charles 
Batten,  Henry  Digby.  By  A.  M. 
Broadley  and  R.  G.  Bartelot.  (John 
Murray.) 

The  authors  of  this  book,  which  is  vir- 
tually a  life  of  Sir  Thomas  Masterman 
Hardy — Nelson's  Hardy — have  exercised 
a  sound  judgment  in  withholding  it  till 
the  flood  of  ephemeral  literature  belonging 
to  the  centenary  of  Trafalgar  had  subsided. 
It  would  otherwise  have  run  considerable 
risk  of  being  overwhelmed  by  it  ;  for  the 
title  seems  directly  to  associate  it  with 
the  memory  of  that  great  victory.  In 
truth,  it  has  very  little  to  do  with  it  ; 
and  though  in  a  life  of  Hardy  Nelson 
must  be  a  dominant  name,  the  main 
interest  of  the  story  here  is  rather  Hardy 
as  a  man  than  Hard}'  as  an  officer.  We 
have  him,  in  fact,  very  much  in  undress, 
from  his  schooldays  to  his  grave.  The 
incidents  of  his  service,  essential  as  they 
are,  are  kept  rather  in  the  background  ; 
and  this  is  just  as  it  should  be.  We  have 
had  enough  and  to  spare  about  Nelson 
the  hero  ;  about  the  Nile,  Copenhagen, 
and  Trafalgar,  in  all  of  which  Hardy  had 
a  part — in  the  last  a  very  big  part.  But 
his  intimacy  with  Nelson  has  been  often 
described  ;  his  last  interviews  have  been 
portrayed  in  painful  detail  :  and  we  turn 
with  relief  in  the  pages  of  this  volume 
to  the  life  of  Hardy  as  Hardy,  to  the 
account  of  his  family,  his  relations  and 
friends,  and  to  his  private  letters,  here 
printed  with  what  we  cannot  but  consider 
a  needless  and  certainly  unavailing 
attempt  at  literal  accuracy — unavailing, 
for  sundry  misspellings  are,  perhaps 
automatically,  corrected,  and  in  some 
instances — to  judge  from  the  facsimile  of 
the  letter  after  Trafalgar — words  have 
been  misread  :  a  pardonable  error,  for 
the  writing  is  justly  described  by  Hardy 
himself  as  a  "  scrall." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  points 
which  the  authors — Dorset  men,  and  bent 
on  the  glorification  of  their  count}7 — aim 
at  establishing  is  the  family  bond  between 
Hardy  and  his  namesakes  of  the  eighteenth 
century — Thomas  Hardy,  who  has  a  monu- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  two 
Charles   Hardys,    the   younger   of   whom 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


507 


was  second  in  command  at  the  battle  of 
Quiberon  Bay,  "  when  Hawke  came 
swooping  from  the  West."  Nor,  in  The 
Athenceum,  is  it  out  of  place  to  note  also 
his  relationship — if  this  bond  exists — to 
the  late  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Rolls,  Sir 
Thomas  Duffus  Hardy.  The  pedigree, 
however,  is  based  mainly  on  the  assump- 
tion that  a  younger  son  of  the  Jersey 
family  migrated  to  Dorset  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  A  genealogist  cannot  accept 
this  as  matter  of  fact ;  a  correspondent  of 
Notes  and  Queries  (March  31st)  has  shown 
that  it  is,  at  best,  very  doubtful,  and  that 
all  that  can  certainly  be  said  on  the 
subject  is  that  there  were  Hardys  in 
Jersey  and  Hardys  in  Dorsetshire.  Of 
these  last  was  Thomas  Masterman  Hardy, 
who  was  born  in  1769.  Such  schooling 
as  he  had  was  at  Crev/kerne,  but  his  oppor- 
tunities were  limited,  and  it  may  be  sup- 
posed that  he  did  not  make  the  best  of 
them,  for  to  the  last,  even  as  a  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  he  seems  to  have  found  it 
difficult  to  express  his  meaning  in  written 
words.  If  we  bear  this  in  mind,  and  also 
that  a  plain  man  is  very  apt  to  take  his 
surroundings  for  granted,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  Hardy's  letters  contain  singu- 
larly little  news.  They  are  filled  for  the 
most  part  with  inquiries  after  friends,  with 
references  to  kindnesses  done  or  intended  ; 
but  of  the  great  war  that  he  went  through 
there  is  next  to  nothing.  The  war,  in 
fact,  was  so  entirely  a  component  of  the 
atmosphere  in  which  Hardy  lived,  that 
it  had  become  a  matter  of  routine,  to  be 
mentioned  only  when  it  blazed  out  in  a 
great  battle,  or  when  the  interesting 
question  of  prize  money  came  on  the  board. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  dwell  at  length  on 
the  characteristics  which  are  here  dis- 
closed. Hardy  appears  as  the  very  per- 
sonification of  valour  and  devotion,  of 
integrity,  tact,  and  kindliness  ;  just  such 
a  man,  in  fact,  as  we  love  to  picture  to 
ourselves  as  the  ideal  sailor  of  the  Platonic 
heaven,  but  not  a  genius.  And  it  would 
seem  that  he  struck  his  contemporaries 
in  the  same  way.  His  hero-worship  of 
Nelson  never  led  him  to  countenance 
the  liaison  with  Lady  Hamilton,  and  it  is 
to  Nelson's  credit  as  well  as  to  Hardy's 
that  his  espousal  of  Lady  Nelson's  part 
in  the  inevitable  domestic  breach  did  not 
lead  to  any  estrangement  between  the 
friends. 

Although  Hardy  was  with  Nelson  in 
all  his  actions,  and  although  there  is  a 
controversy  resulting  from  each  of  them, 
it  is  only  in  the  case  of  Copenhagen 
that  Hardy  so  much  as  touches  the  fringe 
of  the  matter.  At  Copenhagen  he  was 
not  actually  engaged  ;  his  ship  by  reason 
of  her  draught  was  compelled  to  remain 
with  the  Commander-in-Chief.  But  he 
was  in  a  position  to  know  what  was  being 
said  in  the  fleet,  and  his  account  of  the 
celebrated  negotiations  for  the  truce, 
written  three  days  after  the  battle,  is 
as  follows  : — 

"  His  Lordship  finding  his  littlo  squadron 
very  hard  pressed  by  the  Batterys  after  the 
ships  had  struck,  the  wind  not  sufficient  to 
take  off  his  prizes  and  crippled  ships,  he 
very  deliberately  sent  a  Flag  of  Truce  on 


shore  to  say  that  his  orders  were  not  to 
destroy  the  City  of  Copenhagen,  therefore, 
to  save  more  efusion  of  blood  he  would  grant 
them  a  trace  and  land  their  wounded  as  soon 
as  possible.  The  Prince  thanked  him  for 
his  great  humanity,  and  entered  into  a 
negotiation  that  moment  which  allowed 
him  to  get  off  all  the  Prizes  that  was  not 
sunk  or  burnt,  and  his  own  ships,  five  of 
which  at  this  time  were  on  shore  within 
gunshot  of  the  Batteries." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Nelson 
always  indignantly  denied  the  truth  of 
this  view,  insisting  on  the  purity  of  his 
motives,  and  it  is  agreed  nowadays  that, 
though  there  may  have  been  an  arriere- 
pensee,  there  was  nothing  that  amounted 
to  deceit.  That  Hardy  should  have 
thought  otherwise  illustrates  merely  the 
simplicity  of  his  view  ;  he  had  heard  it 
said  that  it  was  so,  and  in  the  fitness  of 
things  he  could  see  no  objection,  for  all 
is  fair  in  war. 

We  feel  ourselves  specially  indebted  to 
the  authors  for  the  elaborate  and  careful 
pedigrees  which  they  have  given — pedi- 
grees which  will  prove  of  particular 
interest  to  Dorset  men ;  for  even  a 
doubtful  link  may  still  be  suggestive.  The 
muster-roll  of  the  Victory  is  also  interesting, 
and  the  scarcity  of  foreign  names — which, 
however,  cannot  be  trusted  implicitly — 
suggests  that  a  statement  recently  made 
in  the  House  of  Commons  by  a  Cabinet 
minister,  that  in  Nelson's  day  twenty 
per  cent,  of  the  seamen  in  the  royal  navy 
were  foreigners,  was  not  strictly  accurate. 
Foreigners  there  were,  and  always  had 
been,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  anything  like 
twenty  per  cent. 

We  should  have  nothing  but  praise  to 
offer  in  respect  of  the  volume,  were  it  not 
that  the  press  has  been  inadequately 
corrected  ;  there  are  too  many  misprints, 
though  whether  the  mention  of  "  a  ship 
between  seven  and  eight  thousand  tons  " 
(p.  2G5)  is  to  be  so  called  may  seem 
doubtful.  In  any  case,  a  very  careful 
revision  will  be  necessary  when  the  book 
goes,  as  we  hope  it  speedily  will,  to  a 
second  edition.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
illustrations  are  numerous,  well  executed, 
and  in  many  instances  but  little,  if  at  all 
known.  Special  mention  must  be  made 
of  the  frontispiece,  the  portrait  of  Hardy 
from  a  miniature,  which,  though  different, 
is  in  perfect  correspondence  with  the 
familiar  portrait  at  Greenwich.  The  por- 
traits of  Bullen  and  Digby  are  also  most 
interesting ;  so,  too,  is  that  of  Nelson 
"  by  an  unknown  Italian  artist,"  if  only 
as  an  escape  from  the  exaggerated  softness 
which  is  such  a  marked  feature  in  the 
portraits  by  Abbott.  It  is  strongly 
Italian  in  style,  and  the  expression  is  so 
decidedly  unpleasing  that  it  is  hard  to 
resist  the  impression  that  tho  artist  was 
a  strong  sympathizer  with  Caracciolo. 


A  Friend  of  Marie  Antoinette  (Lady 
Atkyns).  Translated  from  the  French 
of  Frederic  Barbey.  With  a  Preface 
by  Victorien  Sardou.  (Chapman  & 
Hall.) 
If  M.  Barbey,  in  his  'Une  Amie  de  Marie 
Antoinette,'    published   last  year,   by   no 


means  solved  the  mystery  connected  with 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI. 's  son — "  La 
Question  Louis  XVII.,"  as  it  is  called  in 
France — he  at  least  did  something  to 
discredit  the  official  version,  according 
to  which  the  Dauphin  died  in  the  Temple 
Prison  in  June.  1795.  The  multitude  of 
"  faux  dauphins  "  (some  fifteen,  we  believe) 
and  the  zeal  which  the  Restoration  Govern- 
ment showed  in  exposing  and  punishing 
their  pretensions,  contributed  towards  the 
acceptance  of  this  story  ;  but  there  were 
always  some  who  held  that  there  could 
not  have  been  smoke  without  fire,  and  who 
gave  credit  to  the  statement  of  the  jailer 
Simon's  widow  that  she  had  herself  seen 
the  child  carried  off.  And  now  the  dis- 
covery of  the  Atkyns  correspondence, 
and  researches  made  by  M.  Barbey  which 
confirm  some  of  the  statements  supposed 
to  have  been  officially  proved  false,  make 
it  seem  extremely  probable  that  there  was 
an  escape  from  the  Temple,  effected  by 
means  of  a  substitution.  Since  an  English 
lady  was  the  inspirer,  and  in  seme  sort 
director,  of  this  attempt  (for  at  some  point 
or  other  it  ultimately  failed),  it  is  fitting 
enough  that  the  English  public  should 
have  an  account  of  the  matter  in  their 
own  language. 

There  are  some  points  about  this 
English  heroine  concerning  which  M. 
Barbey  and  his  translator  have  not 
satisfied  us.  In  the  first  place,  she  has 
certainly  no  right  to  the  title  of  "  Lady." 
M.  Sardou  in  his  introduction  makes  her 
marry  a  peer  ;  and  in  the  body  of  the 
work  a  baronetage  is  spoken  of.  But  on 
referring  to  the  entries  in  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  which  record  her  marriage  and 
her  husband's  death,  we  find  the  "  Sir 
Edward  Atkyns  "  of  the  text  to  be  plain 
Edward  Atkyns,  Esq.,  of  Ketteringham, 
Norfolk.  Then,  again,  we  cannot  allow 
as  sufficient  M.  Barbey's  reason  for  a 
gentleman's  daughter  going  on  the  stage 
in  the  eighteenth  century — the  effect  of 
the  Norfolk  scenery  upon  a  very  enthu- 
siastic temperament  and  "  a  most  original 
mind."  His  fortnight's  stay  in  England 
was  not  enough  to  enable  him  to  ascertain 
whether  "  pretty  Miss  Walpole  "  was  or 
was  not  a  direct  descendant  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole  (whom  he  calls  "  Earl  of  Oxford"); 
but  surely  a  little  )nore  research  might 
have  done  it.  Again,  the  reason  given 
by  the  Countess  McNamara  for  the  young 
couple  going  to  live  on  the  Continent — 
because  they  had  not  many  friends  in 
England — which  M.  Barbey  finds  "  not  a 
very  plausible  "  explanation,  may  become 
so,  if  we  suppose  the  match  between  a  young 
squire  and  a  Drury  Lane  actress  to  have 
been  displeasing  to  the  society  of  a  some- 
what conservative  county.  Moreover, 
there  seems  to  us  some  ground  for  thinking 
that  Charlotte  Walpole  came  not  from 
Norfolk,  but  from  Ireland— a  supposition 
which  would  help  to  explain  both  her 
success  upon  the  stage  and  her  extravagant 
devotion  to  the  Bourbon  cause. 

However,  we  may  fairly  say  that  the 
author  has  gone  far  towards  convincing  us 
of  what  he  sets  out  to  show,  viz.,  that 

"  Lady  [fie]  Atkyns  was  the  leading  spirit 
of  a  royalist  committeo  formed  for  the  pur- 


>08 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


pose  <>f  Beoaring  the  Daaphin'i  escape,  and 

thut  not  only  his  escape  was  practicable, 
thanks  to  the  intervention  of  people  high 
in  authority— probably  of  Barras — but  that 
it  uius  in  fact  oarried  out." 

Whether  the  contents  of  the  Atkyns 
letters,  read  in  connexion  with  those  of 
Laurent,  the  later  jailer  of  the  Due  de 
Xonnandie,  whose  authenticity  appears 
to  he  confirmed  by  them,  amount  to 
"  absolute  disproof  "  of  the  official  writers, 
i-  another  question.  It  is  admitted  that, 
if  the  Dauphin  did  escape  he  disappeared 
again  for  ever ;  and  it  seems  not  im- 
probable that  the  English  lady's  agents 
were  the  dupes  of  those  "people  high  in 
authority  "  who  had  objects  of  their  own, 
and  that  she  ruined  herself  —  she  is 
supposed  to  have  expended  some  80,000/. 
in  the  affair — all  in  vain. 

Even  the  interview,  or  interviews, 
between  Madame  Atkyns  (as  the  original 
has  the  name)  and  Marie  Antoinette  in 
prison  which  M.  Barbey  accepts  as  proved 
on  the  testimony  of  the  Chevalier  de 
Frotte  and  the  Countess  McNamara,  he 
admits  to  be  "  enveloped  in  mystery." 
The  author  is  probably  right  in  deciding 
for  the  Conciergerie  and  the  later  date. 
According  to  the  version  he  follows,  the 
former  actress  was  disguised  in  the  uniform 
of  the  National  Guard,  was  turned  out 
of  the  prison  for  endeavouring  to  convey 
a  note  in  a  bouquet,  and  swallowed  the 
note  ;  and,  having  procured  a  subsequent 
interview  by  the  bribe  of  a  thousand 
louis,  failed  to  persuade  the  Queen  to 
change  clothes  with  her,  but  received 
letters  for  royalist  friends  in  England. 
Before  their  parting  Marie  Antoinette 
had  commended  the  Dauphin  to  "  her 
friend's  tender  solicitude "  ;  and  from 
that  moment  the  latter  resolved  to  "do 
for  the  son  what  she  had  not  been  able  to 
do  for  the  mother." 

Probability  points  to  August,  1793,  as 
the  time  of  these  meetings  ;  in  September 
a  note  among  the  Atkyns  papers  refers 
to  plans  of  rescue  both  from  the  Temple 
and  the  Conciergerie  ;  but  in  the  following 
month  Marie  Antoinette  was  guillotined. 
Her  would-be  deliverer  was  now  persuaded 
that  she  would  better  serve  the  cause  she 
had  at  heart  by  directing  operations  from 
England  than  by  further  personal  enter- 
prises. During  the  next  two  years  she 
constantly  left  her  country  house  and 
came  to  London,  staying  "  either  at  the 
Royal  Hotel  or  else  with  friends  at  17, 
Park  Lane,"  to  consult  with  her  chief 
assistants,  the  journalist  Jean  Gabriel 
Peltier  and  M.  Cormier,  a  Breton  magistrate 
and  owner  of  estates  in  San  Domingo. 
She  also  frequently  saw  the  Chevalier  de 
Frotte,  but  the  gallant  Chouan  leader, 
though  an  admirer  of  long  standing,  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  fully  trusted. 

Cormier's  house  in  Paris,  in  the  Rue 
Basse  du  Rempart,  was  the  focus  of 
operations,  his  wife  (who,  to  avoid  sus- 
picion, obtained  a  divorce  from  him  as  an 
emigre)  remaining  on  the  spot.  Three 
sailing  vessels  were  hired  to  ply  between 
different  points  on  the  French  coast,  and 
hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  take  away 
the  Dauphin,  if  he  could  be  got  out  of  the 


Temple  ;  and  an  elaborate  system  of 
signals  and  correspondence  wa8  organized 
between  the  directors  of  the  plan  in 
England  and  their  agents  in  France. 
LTnfortunately,  as  M.  Barbey  remarks, 
most  of  the  last-named  it  is  impossible 
to  identify,  owing  to  the  careful 
measures  taken  to  conceal  their  names. 
More  unfortunately  still,  the  two  state- 
ments drawn  up  by  Cormier  on 
August  1st,  1794,  "  in  which  Lady 
Atkyns  recorded  all  that  she  had 
achieved  down  to  that  date  for  the  safety 
of  those  who  were  so  dear  to  her,"are  not 
forthcoming. 

The  most  important  letter  in  the  corre- 
spondence is  that  of  Cormier  to  Mrs. 
Atkyns,  dated  October  8th,  1794.  In 
this  he  writes  : — 

"  I  must  just  send  you  this  brief  note  in 
haste  (for  it  is  just  post  time)  to  bid  you  not 
merely  be  at  rest,  but  to  rejoice  !  I  am 
able  to  assure  you  positively  that  the  Master 
and  his  belongings  are  saved  !  There  is  no 
doubt  about  it.  But  say  nothing  of  this, 
keep  it  absolutely  secret,  do  not  let  it  be 
suspected  even  by  your  bearing.  Moreover, 
nothing  will  happen  to-day,  or  to-morrow, 
or  the  day  after,  nor  for  more  than  a  month  ; 
but  I  am  quite  sure  of  what  I  say,  and  I  was 
never  more  at  ease  in  my  own  mind.  I  can 
give  you  no  details  now,  and  can  only  tell 
you  all  when  we  meet." 

Laurent's  letter  giving  tidings  to 
"  General  "  of  the  substitution  of  the  mute 
for  the  Dauphin  accords,  as  the  author 
says,  "  in  a  remarkable  way,"  with 
Cormier's  communication.  On  Novem- 
ber 5th  Barras  had  become  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  In 
the  following  March  his  employe  informs 
him  that  "  the  best  and  safest  steps  have 
been  taken  to  ensure  the  Dauphin's 
safety  "  by  means  of  the  transference  of 
the  mute  to  the  palace  of  the  Temple,  to 
be  passed  off,  if  necessary,  as  "  the  true 
prince,"  and  the  substitution  for  him  of 
another. 

Meanwhile  Cormier  has  gone  to  the 
Continent,  and  a  letter  comes  from  him 
from  Hamburg  stating  that 
"  our  agents  have  not  kept  to  their  plans, 
but  they  have  done  wisely.  .  .  .Things  are 
in  such  a  condition  that  they  can  be  neither 
hastened  nor  delayed." 

Within  a  week  of  this  arrives  the  report 
of  Louis  XVII. 's  death  in  prison  (June  8th, 
1795).  Then,  finally,  Cormier  writes  to 
Mrs.  Atkyns  in  October  that  "  we  have 
been  taken  in  totally  and  completely." 
He  speaks  of  a  diary  by  which  he  meant 
to  trace  the  sequence  of  events  : — 

"  The  entries  for  the  first  two  months  are 
missing  for  the  present — the  least  interesting 
period  certainly,  since  down  to  that  time, 
and  for  several  months  afterwards,  only  the 
project  of  carrying  off  the  Dauphin  was  being 
kept  in  view,  the  project  which  had  to  be 
abandoned  afterwards  in  favour  of  another 
which  seemed  simpler  and  more  feasible,  as 
well  as  less  perilous." 

Yet  it  was  long  before  Mrs.  Atkyns 
herself  gave  up  hope,  and  though  she  had 
lost  her  former  helpers,  she  made  various 
vain  efforts  to  interest  Louis  XVIII.  and 
his  brother,  both  before  and  after  their 
restoration,  in  her  "  speculations  "  ;    and 


she  even  M-ems  to  have  herself  in- 
vestigated the  eases  of  more  than  one  of 
the  pretenders.  So  far  from  succeeding, 
she  was  destined  to  test  the  value  of  the 
adjuration,  "  Put  not  your  trust  in  princes." 
She  had  ruined  herself,  and  was  obliged 
to  mortgage  her  property,  yet  obtained 
very  trifling  compensation  and  scant 
gratitude.  Going  to  live  in  Paris  on  her 
mother's  death,  she  died  somewhat 
obscurely  in  the  Rue  de  Lille  ten  years 
later. 

Much  of  M.  Barbey's  book  which  has 
no  immediate  connexion  with  the  Dauphin 
or  his  mother's  friend  is  not  without 
interest  of  its  own,  especially  the 
chapter  recounting  the  subsequent  career 
of  the  Baron  d'Auerweck,  Peltier's  friend 
and  collaborator.  This  man,  who  played 
a  not  unimportant  secondary  role  in 
"  the  plan,"  suffered  seven  years'  imprison- 
ment under  the  Napoleonic  regime,  merely 
because  he  had  once  been  in  the  employ 
of  the  British  Government.  Some  of  the 
letters  from  the  Atkyns  Papers,  which  are 
printed  in  the  appendix,  will  also  repay 
perusal. 

The  translation  is,  as  a  whole,  very 
tolerably  executed.  Now  and  then,  howr- 
ever,  the  sense  is  missed,  as  in  a  letter  of 
Peltier's,  where  the  words  rendered  "before 
you  can  get  into  Court  "  surely  refer  to 
the  court  of  the  prison.  Cure  does  not, 
of  course,  correspond  to  our  "  curate." 
"  Pandering  with  the  enemy "  (p.  28) 
and  "  run  every  conceivable  kind  of 
evils  "  (p.  220)  are  passages  which  require 
revision  ;  and  "  pretendant  "  appears 
frequently  for  pretender.  "  Varsovie " 
will  not  be  recognized  by  every  English 
reader  as  Warsaw.  "  From  the  time 
when  Louis  XVI. 's  reign  was  projected 
(p.  226)  reads  oddly;  "overthrown"  we 
imagine  to  be  the  true  sense.  We  dis- 
like, too,  the  expression  "  happenings," 
which  is  encountered  several  times  in 
these  pages,  and  does  not  fill  a  gap  in  the 
English  language,  as  do  other  novelties. 
There  are  also  one  or  two  misprints  : 
"  pot  "  for  plot  (p.  26)  ;  "  root  idea  on 
the  form  "  (p.  52)  ;  "  Toux  "  for  Joux 
(p.  215)  ;  "  Puisage  "  and  "  Dr.  Theil  " 
for  Puisaye  and  Du  Theil  (pp.  236  and 
239)  ;  as  well  as  several  wrong  dates, 
notably  one  in  the  Preface.  "  Revolution 
of  Italy  "  (p.  225)  presumably  represents 
"  Revolution  of  July."  The  four  illus- 
trations are  attractive,  and  the  book  is 
well  got  up.  But  why  are  we  deprived 
of  the  index  attached  to  the  original  work  ? 


Les  Cent  Meilleurs  Poemes  (Lyriques) 
de  la  Langue  Francaisc.  Choisis  par 
Auguste  Dorchain.     (Gowans  &  Gray.) 

M.  Auguste  Dorchain,  who  has  made 
this  selection  from  French  poetry,  is 
himself  both  a  writer  of  verse  and  a  writer 
about  verse.  Last  year  he  published  an 
elaborate  treatise  on  '  L'Art  des  Vers,' 
partly  technical  and  partly  a  study  in  the 
sentiment  of  composition.  It  was  careful 
and  sympathetic,  but  gave  no  suggestion, 
any  more  than  his  verse,  of  being  the  work 
of   a   man   of  genius.     His   anthology  is 


NM096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


509 


made  with  care,  and  with  a  sense  of  what 
is  generally  considered  best  in  French 
poetry.  We  get  all  the  traditional  favour- 
ites :  '  Le  Lac  '  of  Lamartine,  '  La  Nuit 
de  Mai '  of  Musset,  the  sonnet  of  Felix 
Arvers,  and  even  the  pieces,  often  mediocre, 
which  happen  to  contain  a  line  or  couplet 
which  has  achieved  a  separate  fame  of  its 
own,  like  the  dull  poem  of  Malherbe 
which  blossoms  suddenly  into  the  acci- 
dental glory  of 

Et  rose  elle  a  vecu  ee  que  vivent  les  roses, 
L  'espace  d'un  matin. 

There  is,  no  doubt,  a  certain  interest  in 
having  these  favourite  "  beauties,"  for 
they  show  at  least  something  of  the 
quality  of  public  taste,  and  thus  something 
of  the*  degree  of  success  attained  by  the 
poet.  It  often  happens  that  they  are 
also  really  characteristic  of  the  poet,  and 
even  of  the  poet  at  his  best,  as  in  the  case 
of  '  Booz  endormi '  of  Hugo  or  '  Le  Cor  ' 
of  Vigny.  But  to  choose  only,  as  M. 
Dorchain  seems  to  have  chosen,  "  les 
poemes  consacres  par  l'universelle  admira- 
tion," or  those  which  he  thinks  deserve 
to  be  so,  is  hardly  to  do  more  than  any 
capable  scholar  who  knows  the  traditions 
of  his  literature  might  have  done.  From 
a  poet  we  expect  a  poet's  choice,  which 
can  never  be  that  of  the  multitude. 

It  is  not  without  a  certain  surprise  that 
we  find  M.  Dorchain  declaring  that  if  he 
had  chosen  his  hundred  poems  for  their 
absolute  rather  than  their  relative  beauty, 
he  would  have  had  to  choose  them  almost 
entirely  out  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
When  we  learn  that  he  finds  in  the  works 
off, Villon  "la  perfection  relative,  non 
absolue,  d'un  art  qui  s'essaie  encore," 
our  surprise  ceases.  For  Villon  he  finds 
a  page  and  a  quarter  enough,  and  the 
Ballade  which  he  made  for  his  mother 
sufficient  to  represent  the  "  relative " 
perfection  of  his  art ;  while  in  the  nineteenth 
century  we  find  Victor  de  Laprade  with 
a  tedious  poem  of  six  pages,  and  even, 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  more  than  two 
pages,  containing  three  poems,  of  the 
frigid  and  mannered  Desportes,  whose 
only  claim  to  attention  is  that  he  inspired 
Lodge  and  other  genuine  poets  to  imitate 
and  surpass  him  in  English.  The  great 
name  of  Moliere  is  not  honoured  by 
absence  from  a  region  in  which  he  was  but 
an  intruder  ;  it  is  dishonoured  by  the 
inclusion  of  a  painful  sonnet  which  crawls 
conscientiously  to  the  limit  of  its  four- 
teenth milestone.  Thirty-four  pages  out 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine  bring  us  to 
the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Out 
of  these  thirty-four  pages  how  many  are 
truly,  as  the  editor  says,  of  only  the  most 
"  relative "  merit  as  poetry  !  yet  how 
many  lovely  songs  and  sonnets  of  the 
Pleiade  might  have  found  their  place  there, 
along  with  at  least  a  few  of  the  incom- 
parable ballades  of  Villon  ! 

In  a  few  of  his  selections  from  the  poetry 
of  the  nineteenth  century  M.  Dorchain 
has  neglected  the  obvious  choice  for  some 
particular  fancy  of  his  own,  and  not  always 
with  success.  To  have  chosen,  from  the 
severe  and  splendid  work  of  Leconte  de 
Lisle,  an  attempt  like  '  Les  Elfes,'  which 
could  only  be  admired  by  one  who  had 


never  read  '  La  Belle  Dame  sans  Merci,' 
is  a  singular  error  of  judgment.  'L'Horloge' 
may  be  a  poem  characteristic  of  Baudelaire, 
but  it  is  characteristic  of  what  was  ob- 
vious and  rhetorical  rather  than  wrhat  was 
subtle  and  personal  in  his  genius.  And 
the  three  pieces  from  three  of  the  earliest 
books  of  Verlaine,  though  excellent 
in  themselves,  should  have  been  supple- 
mented by  at  least  one  of  the  later  poems 
— from  '  Sagesse,'  for  instance.  It  is  like 
M.  Dorchain  to  give  no  extract  from 
Mallarme,  though  Mallarme  died  as  long 
ago  as  1898,  and  is,  in  the  strict  sense,  in 
all  his  earlier  work,  a  "  classical  "  writer. 
Judged  as  the  work  of  a  poet,  and  of  a 
critic  of  poetry,  this  anthology  is  without 
rarity  or  distinction.  It  is  not  for  a 
moment  to  be  compared  with  the  delicate 
and  sensitive  choice  of  M.  Bonnier  in  his 
'  Lignee  de  la  Poesie  Franoaise,'  published 
by  the  Clarendon  Press  in  1902,  though 
in  that  book  the  extracts,  apparently 
through  restrictions  of  copyright,  were 
somewhat  tantalizingly  curtailed.  But  it 
has  some  of  the  merits  which  it  claims  ;  it 
presents  from  a  French  point  of  view  the 
poetry  which  most  generally  appeals  to 
the  French  public.  To  the  English  reader 
the  admirable  extracts  from  such  poets 
as  Marceline  Desbordes-Valmore,  Andre 
Chcnier,  Alfred  de  Vigny — poets  typically 
French,  and  never  really  naturalized 
among  us — will  be  full  of  use  and  delight. 
The  mere  inclusion  of  such  a  book  by 
an  English  publisher  in  a  cheap  series 
shows  both  good  sense  and  genuine  enter- 
prise. It  can  be  had  in  paper,  in  cloth 
and  a  pretty  leather  binding,  and  has, 
we  are  glad  to  see,  already  reached  a 
second  edition. 


NEW   NOVELS. 


Kid  McChie.     By  S.  R.  Crockett.    (Clarke 

&Co.) 
Mr.  Crockett's  latest  book  is  full  of  his 
good  qualities.  It  is  in  the  manner  of  '  Cleg 
Kelly,'  though  not,  to  our  thinking,  equal 
to  that  popular  specimen  of  his  work.  But 
he  has  still  the  gift  of  story-telling,  the 
same  strong  lights  and  shades  ;  still  the 
old  turns  of  pathos  and  humour,  both 
broad  rather  than  deep  ;  still  the  keen 
knowledge  of  his  countrymen,  especially 
of  the  humbler  sort.  His  healthy,  "sonsie" 
lasses  are  brave  and  helpful,  if  a  trifle 
rough.  He  supplies  wealth  of  incident 
and  a  multiplicity  of  characters.  But  the 
criminal  element,  in  spite  of  the  spark  of 
humanity  even  in  such  as  Mad  Meg  and 
the  Knifer,  will  repel  many  readers  ;  and 
there  are  some  jarring  notes  which  mar 
our  pleasure.  To  place  a  forger  of  genea- 
logies in  his  galaxy  of  villains  is  not  unjust, 
but  his  attitude  to  the  legitimate  study  is 
only  worthy  of  the  "  historical  "  novelist 
who  married  the  Fair  Maid  of  Galloway 
to  a  blacksmith.  He  adopts  such  novel 
graces  as  the  American  "  hello  !  "  (did  any 
Briton  ever  use  that  form  ?)  and  the 
French  "  effectively  "  ;  and  is  generally 
rather  "  down  "  than  '*  up  "  to  date. 
Yet  he  is  often  stirring  and  suggestive. 


We  like  the  "  Kid,"  the  loyal-hearted  lad 
who,  '-  chief  "  as  he  is  by  birth,  is  by 
adoption  a  gutter-snipe  and  companion 
of  thieves,  though  his  fortunes  are  hardly 
the  main  subject  of  the  story  ;  and  the 
saintly  little  missionary  of  the  police- 
court,  and  Marthe  the  married  (who 
would  have  made  such  "  an  auld  maid  "), 
have  antiseptic  qualities  wrhich  might 
sweeten  a  more  imperfect  narrative.  The 
Scotch  is  sound  and  not  overdone. 


A  Millionaire's  Courtship.  By  Mrs.  Archi- 
bald Little.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Mrs.  Little  is  in  the  enviable  position  of 
having  made  a  sphere  of  her  own,  and 
raising  hopes  of  good  work  in  her  peculiar 
province.  Her  latest  book  will  confirm 
her  admirers  in  their  expectation  of  wade 
range  and  observation,  graphic  incidents, 
and  humorous  touches  of  character.  To 
our  thinking,  this  story  is  indebted  for  its 
success  to"  the  "long-legged  girl"  of 
fifteen,  Betty  Formby,  who  talks  like  a 
book,  but  is  inspired  by  a  life  of  action  in 
unusual  surroundings,  enthusiastic  with 
the  enthusiasms  of  a  practical  father 
who  is  also  an  idealist,  sympathizing 
like  him  with  the  ancient  race  to 
whom  he  feels  a  duty  as  imperative 
as  that  he  loyally  pays  to  the  country 
he  serves  beyond  the  seas.  To  this 
lonely  couple,  parent  and  child,  enters 
a  young  man  whose  boundless  wealth  is 
also  balanced  by  the  idea  of  duty.  The 
process  by  which  the  millionaire  and  the 
consul's  daughter  become  ideal  lovers  is 
happy  in  its  inception,  and  natural  in  its 
conclusion  ;  and  the  local  colour,  notably 
the  relations  between  the  mandarins  and 
the  engineer,  is  excellently  Chinese.  The 
Great  South  Asian  Railway  "  arrives," 
and  promises  worldwide  blessings,  though 
the  attitude  of  the  Oriental  is  sceptical, 
and  the  Occidental,  in  the  role  of  the 
electioneering  Briton,  denounces  its  author 
and  his  work  as  "  a  monster  devouring  the 
British  working-men's  hard- won  earnings." 
Of  minor  characters,  the  hysterically  self- 
conscious  Lady  Lilian  and  her  irreverent 
nephews  please  us  most. 


A  Simple  Gentleman.     By  John  Strange 

Winter.  (W7hite  &  Co.) 
It  is  characteristic  of  the  author's  con- 
ventionality in  a  certain  groove  that  she 
makes  her  "  well  -  groomed  "  men  and 
women  talk  of  "  Johnnies,"  and  "  fright- 
ened of"  and  a  German  prince  "  of  sorts." 
The  last  is  represented  as  a  loathsome 
brute.  Have  none  of  our  modern  writers 
met  a  German  gentleman  ?  In  the  present 
case  the  Teuton  is  responsible  for  the 
shy  attitude  towards  society  held  by  a 
charming  girl  who  lives  in  an  ancient 
cathedral  city  which  is  enlivened  by  a 
cavalry  garrison.  Lettice  Charteris  for 
some  time  mystifies  the  good  "plunger" 
L'Estrange  ;  but  when  he  recollects  the 
circumstances  of  their  first  meeting,  he 
feels  bound  to  insist  upon  her  breaking 
off  her  marriage  with  his  brother-officer, 
"  the  simple  gentleman."  John  Valentin.' 
is  heartily  in  love,  and  when,  after  much 


510 


Til  K     ATIIKN^UM 


N°40(m;.  Ai-iml28,  1906 


trouble,  be  finds  bis  fugitive  sweetheart, 
be  hardrj  traits  to  bee*  bar  really  "  pitiful 

story,"     but     marries     her    out     of     hand. 

Wealth  of  couree  makes  all  thinga  eaay  in 
the  oircnmatanoea,  but  there  is  a  sound 

moral  in  the  staunch  loyalty  of  this  good 
ESnglish    hoy.      Then    IS    much    nature    iii 
the   oharactere ;     much    variety    is    hardly 
ible  ill  the  class  depicted. 


.1    Son    of    Arron.       By    (iweiidolen    Pi  \  I  e. 

( Fisher  Unwin.) 

Wi:  have  UOthing  hut  praise  for  Miss 
Pryce'a  new  story.  The  material  of  the 
plot  is  sufficiently  fresh,  the  management 
of  it  is  skilful,  and  all  the  characters  are 
lifelike,  the  Welsh  ones  irresistibly  so. 
The  young  Welsh  yeoman,  with  his 
splendid  voice,  melancholy  eyes,  and 
passionate  pride  in  the  little  farm  which  is 
his  own  all  the  time,  though  he  does  not 
know  it.  and  the  miserly  uncle,  who  per- 
sonates his  dead  father  in  order  to  obtain 
the  farm  with  the  treasure  buried  in  it, 
well  illustrate — each  in  his  different  waj^ — 
the  strength  and  weakness  of  the  Celt, 
without  sacrificing  anything  of  their 
individuality.  But  the  gem  of  the 
eollection  is  the  sunny,  simple,  tender, 
dependent  "daughter  of  Arvon,"  the  hero's 
foster-sister,  and  ultimately  his  bride. 
The  English  characters  are  also  good, 
but  it  is  obvious  that  Miss  Pryce  writes 
of  the  Saxon  with  her  head,  and  of 
the  Welsh  from  the  heart.  Her  style 
is  good,  though  it  is  curious  to  find 
in  a  description  of  a  rustic  concert  the 
chairman  called  the  conductor.  Of  several 
strong  and  moving  scenes  none  is  conceived 
and  described  more  finely  than  the  open- 
ing one  of  the  dying  man,  his  infant  son, 
and  the  miser  with  his  secret  hoard  in  the 
lonely,  dilapidated  cottage  among  the 
Carnarvonshire  hills. 


The  Lady  of  the  Decoration.     (Hodder  & 
Stoughton.) 

Thts  purports  to  be  a  collection  of  letters 
written  to  a  friend  at  home  by  a  young 
American  widow  who  is  doing  kinder- 
garten work  in  Japan,  and  at  the  end  of 
four  years  marries  a  gentleman  who,  like 
a  deus  ex  machina,  appears  on  the  scene 
for  this  special  purpose.  The  descriptive 
portions  of  the  book  produce  on  the  whole 
a  strong  effect  of  reality  ;  and  though  we 
are  not  exactly  fascinated  either  by  the 
heroine's  persistent  facetiousness  or  by 
her  beauty  of  form  (the  latter  impresses 
the  innocent  wearers  of  the  kimono 
with  the  idea  that  she  has  had  "  pieces 
cut  out  of  her  sides  "),  we  feel  a  warm 
admiration  for  her  courage  and  good 
nature.  Her  attitude  also  towards  Japan 
and  the  Japanese,  though  sympathetic 
and  appreciative,  is  not  blindly  uncritical. 


A  Maid  of  Normandy.     By  Dora  M.  Jones. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
Tins  is  a  rather  pale  romance  of  the  period 
when  Madame  de  Maintenon  was  the  idol 
of    self-seeking    courtiers    at    Versailles. 


Uc  have  .»  gUmpee  of  the  royal  exiles  of 
St.  Germain  ;    are  Listen  to  Penelon  in  his 

most  saintly  mood  ;  we  incur  a  mild  shock 

when  the  brother  of  ■  Jacobite  maid  of 

honour  turns  his  coat  to  the  OnUDgC  tide, 
and  a  shock  less  mild  when  the  berOUM  Mi 

accused  of  sorcery.    One  is  inclined  to  be 

sympathetic  with  romance  that  is  not 
full*  bodied,     an    adjective    which    almost 

invariably  means  violent  or  reeking  ;   but 

it  cannot  he  said  that  the  reader  is  ever 
absorbed  in  this  narrative,  or  that  the 
historical  beings  who  talk  and  move  in  it 

have  returned  to  life  in  compliment  to 
its  careful  workmanship. 


ThiirtcWs     Crime.     By     Dick     Donovan. 

(Werner  Laurie.) 
An  unfortunate  choice  of  subject  almost 
inevitably  committed  the  author  to  a  dull 
recital  of  dismal  incidents,  some  of  which 
are  ghastly  ;  for  in  thirty  chapters  there 
are  only  two  prominent  characters  in 
whom  any  interest  can  be  felt  by  persons 
unable  to  sympathize  with  "habitues"  (sic) 
of  gambling  dens  and  a  disreputable  shrew ; 
and  these  two — a  pair  of  lovers — are  not 
very  fascinating  to  readers,  who,  more- 
over, can  hardly  get  up  thrills  over  their 
perils  and  sorrows,  since  it  seems  certain 
that  a  conventional  ending  depends  on 
their  well-being.  This  inference  might 
have  been  upset,  as  a  second  lady  turns 
up  eventually.  Her  introduction,  how- 
ever, is  necessitated  by  the  reformation 
of  one  of  the  gamblers.  Neither  the  con- 
struction of  the  fictitious  portion  of  the 
narrative  nor  the  literary  style  of  the 
work  justifies  the  resuscitation  of  a  revolt- 
ing episode  in  the  annals  of  crime  which 
horrified  the  subjects  of  George  IV. 


The    Adventures    of    a    Supercargo.     By 

Louis  Becke.  (Fisher  Unwin.) 
Given  a  setting  which  includes  a  man  or 
two,  a  ship,  and  a  stretch  of  the  Pacific, 
Mr.  Louis  Becke  may  be  relied  upon  to 
reel  off  yarns  of  adventure  to  any  extent. 
The  workmanship  is  apt  to  be  slipshod, 
and  the  reader  must  look  for  little  charm 
of  style  or  analysis  of  character.  But  of 
picturesque  adventure,  afloat  and  ashore, 
there  would  seem  to  be  positively  no  end 
in  the  storehouse  of  this  author's  experi- 
ence and  imagination.  The  opening  part 
of  the  present  book  inclines  to  dullness, 
as  does  most  of  Mr.  Becke's  work  in 
conventional  surroundings.  As  soon  as 
the  young  hero  is  caught  by  a  "  southerly 
buster  "  while  sailing  in  Sydney  Harbour, 
and  driven  out  between  the  towering 
ironbound  Heads  which  guard  the  entrance 
to  that  famous  haven,  we  settle  down 
with  confidence  to  the  perusal  of  a  string 
of  adventures  in  which  no  break  is 
likely  to  occur.  And  this  confidence  is 
perfectly  justified.  The  critic  may  quarrel 
with  such  books  for  their  lack  of  any 
artistic  scheme  of  construction,  and  upon 
many  other  grounds.  But  it  is  a  fact 
that  the  adventures  do  not  halt ;  they  flow 
on  from  Mr.  Becke's  pen,  as  yarns  from 
the  lips  of  a  garrulous  salt  in  a  fine-weather 
dog-watch,    until    almost    three    hundred 


...      been     tilled.      Then    comes    a 

ludden  oheck,  as  though  the  Bpinnei 
the  yarn  bad  been  called  sharply  to  duty 
elsewhere  and  we  have  arrived  at  the  end 
of  yet  another  of  Mr.  Becke's  advent 
-tone-    one  that  should  find  much  favour 
among  hoy  readi 


rge's    Whims.     By    Philip    WhithanL 
(George  Allen.) 
By    some    readers,    perhaps,    this     hook 
may   be    pronounced   the   very  thing  for 
the  holidays,   but    the  review 
sound  reason  for  supposing  that  banality 
is  more  acceptable  during  a  holiday  than 
at  any  other  time.      A  dedicatory  quota- 
tion from  Schopenhauer  Buggesta  that  I 
author  holds  himself  indebted  to  his  father 
for  liberty  to  embark  upon  the  cai 
which    he    believes    himself    best    suited. 
The    present    volume,    however,    betr 
no    gift    for    fiction.      Its    laborio- 
crude   facetiousness   is    a    far    cry  ind 
from  humour,  and  as  knockabout  fan 
is  not  nearly  funny  enough  to  pass  muster. 


SHORT    STORM-: <. 


Loaves  and   Fishes.     By   Bernard  ( 
(Methuen   &   Co.)— Mr.    Bernard  Capes   has 
won  his  way  into  the  front  rank  of  cont 
porary  novelists.     He  is  always  individual, 
and     always    contemptuous    of    traditions. 
He    is    a    law    unto    himself,    and    pure 
his  own  way  regardless  of  popularity.     Hi^ 
work    is    always    of    interest    to    the 
cerning,  and  these  stories  are  character 
"Capes."       They     are     bizarre,     vigor 
reckless,     horrific,     and     rollicking.       The 
combination   of   a   farcical    temper   with    a 
singular  attraction   to  the  horrible  is  almost 
peculiar     to     Mr.     Capes.     Stevenson     was 
allured  by  the  awful,  and  he  occasionally 
invested   it   with   extravaganza,    as   in   the 
'New  Arabian  Nights.'     But  his  perform- 
ances  were   measured   comedies,    while  Mr. 
Capes's  are  melodramatic  farces.   He  startles 
you,  and  sets  your   hair  on  end,  and  then 
grins  at  you  with  unction.     Objection   may 
be  taken  by  certain  readers  to  his  frankn 
and  to  his  choice  of  subjects,  but  no  one  can 
deny  the  Btrength  of    his   narrative  or 
authority  of  his  style.     On  every   page   he 
discovers  a   vividness  of  language  which  is 
unusual  in  current  fiction.     Indeed,  in  pure 
command  of  English,  outside  certain  crude 
asperities  which  seem  almost  wilful,  we  douht 
if  he  has  a  superior  living.      Here  is  a  des- 
cription taken  at  random-  illuminative  and 
arresting  : — 

•■  Bex  eves,  as  they  regarded  our  pissing,  w 
something  to  haunt  a  dream  :   so  great  in  tragedy 
—not    fathomless,    but   all   in   motion   near   then 
surfaces,     it     seemed,     with     grave     and     tooted 
sorrows." 

The  richness  and  force  of  that  phrasing  are 
by  no  means  singular  in  these  pages.  For 
sheer  brutal  vigour  the  first  story.  '  A 
Callows  Bird.'  might  go  far  for  a  rival;  for 
essential  tenderness  of  treatment  '  The  Ghost 
Child  '  would  be  difficult  to  beat  ;  and?  for 
mere  extravagance,  the  humour  and  devilry 
of  the  '  Breeches  Bishop.' 

Wild  Justice.  By  Lloyd  Osbourne. 
(Heinemann.)— Mr.  Osbourne  had  the  unique 
advantage  of  being  the  pupil,  and  to  some 
extent  the  collaborator,  of  R.  L.  Steven.-",,. 
But  this  advantage  carries  with  it  a  heavy 
handicap.       The     story  -  reading     public     is 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


511 


fiure  to  insist  that  Mr.  Osbourne  must  live 
up  to  his  teacher's  standard,  and  write  as 
well  as  Stevenson  himself.  Of  course  this 
is  unreasonable,  but  it  is  inevitable.  Mr. 
Osbourne  should  be  judged  by  what  he  does, 
not  by  what  it  may  be  thought  that  a  pupil 
•of  Stevenson  ought  to  do.  The  volume 
to  which  he  has  given  the  title  of  '  Wild 
Justice  ' — a  title  which  is  by  no  means 
applicable  to  all  of  its  contents — includes 
ten  stories,  all  of  them  of  the  South  Sea 
islands — a  region  in  which  Mr.  Osbourne 
has  no  competitor,  unless  it  be  Mr.  Louis 
Becke.  They  are  all  good,  but  of  no  one 
of  them  can  it  be  said  that  it  is  strikingly 
and  exceptionally  good.  Perhaps  the  best 
is  that  entitled  '  Old  Dibs,'  which  is  not  only 
interesting,  but  also  a  bit  of  thoroughly 
artistic  workmanship.  In  '  Mr.  Bob  '  the 
author  comes  dangerously  near  to  reflecting 
the  mannerisms  of  Bret  Harte  ;  and  in  '  The 
Renegade  '  a  certain  unnecessary  coarse- 
ness of  expression  may  be  noted.  How- 
ever, we  may  be  grateful  to  Mr.  Osbourne 
for  his  new  volume  taken  as  a  whole.  It 
certainly  presents  the  atmosphere  of  the 
Pacific,  and  both  its  pathos  and  humour  are 
genuine. 

Old  Mr.  Lovelace.  By  Christian  Tearle. 
{ Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— This  "  sketch  in  four 
parts  "  illustrates,  with  as  many  short  stories, 
the  gracious  figure  of  a  retired  equity 
barrister,  "  as  innercent  as  a  dove  and  as 
artful  as  sin,"  as  a  humble  admirer  describes 
him.  Members  of  the  profession  play  many 
parts,  martial,  financial,  and  artistic  :  we 
once  met  an  aged  conveyancer,  in  frock-coat 
and  the  sort  of  high  hat  that  flourishes  in 
legal  London,  refreshing  himself  with  old 
Marsala  on  the  top  of  a  peak  in  Switzerland. 
But  few  of  the  emeriti  are  more  beneficent 
in  their  retirement  than  the  kindly  grandsire 
of  the  text.  The  stories  are  pleasantly 
written,  though  there  is  a  slightly  polemical 
flavour  in  the  description  of  the  Mildmay 
matron  in  '  P'leg  Doney's  Father.'  On  the 
whole,  however,  charity  prevails.  The  style 
in  which  Mr.  Lovelace  routs  "  Miss  Kesteven's 
solicitor  "  (who  is  "  what  the  penny-a-liners 
call  a  human  document  ")  and  "  Miss  Juxon's 
trustee  "  is  professionally  refreshing.  The 
author  is  at  home  on  such  points ;  but  we 
deplore  his  (?)  taste  in  poetical  quotation, 
and  doubt  whether  a  man  who  knew  the 
"Simeon  set"  at  Cambridge  could  also 
have  been  a  contemporary  of  Bowen. 

In  Out  of  Gloucester  (Hodder  &  Stoughton) 
Mr.  J.  B.  Connolly  presents  another  batch 
of  stories  of  the  lives  of  American  deep-sea 
fisher-folk  on  the  schooners  which  sail  from 
'Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  and  its  neighbour- 
hood. He  knows  his  subject  well,  is  saturated 
in  the  briny  atmosphere  of  the  life  these 
Atlantic  fishermen  lead,  and  conveys  forcibly 
and  plausibly  the  impression  of  reckless 
daring  and  skilled  seamanship  which  lie,  has 
found  to  be  its  dominant  note.     According 

Mr.  Connolly's  pictures,  these  fisher-folk 
of  his  go  beyond  good  and  brave  tactics, 
lor  their  doctrine  seems  to  be  that  the  best 
sailor  is  the  man  who  makes  a  point  of 
"  carrying  on "  till  his  canvas  "  carries 
away."  The  higher  ideal  is  surely  that  of 
tliesejunanwhocalculates  matters soshrewdly 

bo  Ik;  able  to  shorten  sail  just  before  it 

hee  that  point  at  which  the  gale  stows  it 

for  him — out  of  its  bolt-ropes.      At  the,  same 

time    tin'    vfylc    affected    by    Mr.  Connolly's 

"  ilia's  "  of  seamen  is  the  better  suited  to  the 
purpose  of  the  short-story  writer.  This 
bravado  is  the  essence  of  these  talcs  (with, 
perhaps,  the  single  exception   of  the  story 

-ailed  '  A  Fisherman  of  Costla,'  a  fine 
picture  of  unswaggering  bravery).    It  makes  I 


stirring  reading,  and  shows  rare  physical 
courage.  But  it  does  not  necessarily  argue 
the  possession  of  much  sailorly  skill,  or  of 
any  consideration  for  the  well-being  of  others. 
As  pen  pictures  of  a  certain  aspect  of  sea  life, 
these  stories  deserve  high  praise. 


REMINISCENCES. 


The  republication  of  the  late  Lord  Lam- 
ington's  reminiscences,  In  the  Days  of  the 
Dandies  (Eveleigh  Nash),  should  be  welcome 
to  all  who  can  appreciate  good  stories,  and 
contributions  to  social  history  none  the  less 
valuable  because  they  are  easily  conveyed. 
The  papers  were  widely  quoted  when  they 
appeared  in  Blackwood's  Magazine  some  six 
years  ago.  Collected  in  a  volume,  they 
emphasize  the  general  regret,  to  which  Sir 
Herbert  Maxwell  alludes  in  the  Introduction, 
that  their  amiable  author  did  not  live  to 
finish  them.  '  In  the  Days  of  the  Dandies  ' 
covers  much  the  same  ground  as  the  well- 
known  recollections  of  Capt.  Gronow. 
"  Crocky's,"  Count  d'Orsay,  Lady  Jersey, 
Louis  Napoleon  as  a  guest  at  Gore  House, 
and  many  other  institutions  and  personages 
are  reproduced  with  lively  fidelity.  But, 
whereas  Gronow  frequently  conveys  the 
impression  of  relating  at  second-hand,  Lord 
Lamington  knew  intimately  those  whose 
witticisms  and  foibles  he  describes.  He  has 
been  anticipated  in  some  of  his  anecdotes, 
such,  for  example,  as  Lady  Blessington's 
famous  reply  to  Louis  Napoleon,  become 
Emperor  of  the  French,  when  she  was  asked 
if  she  intended  to  stay  long  in  Paris,  "  Et 
vous,  Monseigneur  ?  "  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, his  reminiscences  are  surprisingly 
fresh,  when  we  consider  the  multitude  of 
people  before  him  who  have  tried  to  per- 
petuate the  social  features  of  the  late 
Georgian  and  early  Victorian  age.  Lord 
Lamington  gives,  for  instance,  a  most 
ludicrous  account  of  the  Oriental  magnifi- 
cence in  which  Palmerston's  enemy,  Urqu- 
hart,  lived  at  Watford,  and  of  his  sending  an 
unfortunate  deputation  from  one  of  the 
Foreign  Affairs  Committees  to  stew  in  his 
Turkish  bath  at  160°.  We  hear  much  that 
is  entertaining,  too,  about  the  Eglinton 
tournament,  which  was  to  have  cost  2,000?., 
but  ended  in  an  expenditure  of  between 
30,000?.  and  40,000?.  In  the  dandy  days 
the  inner  circle  of  society  never  exceeded 
six  hundred,  and  Lord  Lamington  indulges 
in  some  pointed  reflections  on  the  hurry  and 
rattle  of  more  democratic  times.  Changed, 
too,  are  the  habits  of  the  House  of 
Commons  from  the  times  when  the 
rooms  of  the  Sergeant  -  at  -  Arms  were 
the  only  place  in  which  members  could 
smoke.  Lord  Lamington's  political  retro- 
spect is  mainly  concerned  with  the  Young 
England  party,  and  it  corrects  the  popular 
misconception  that  Disraeli  led  that  brilliant, 
if  fantastic  group  from  the  beginning.  Geortre 
Smythe,  afterwards  Lord  Strangford,  the 
present  Duke  of  Rutland,  and  other  Eton 
and  Cambridge  friends  had  already  become 
an  influence;  when  Disraeli  attached  himself 
to  them,  and  made  his  house  at  Grosvenor 
Gate  their  centre.  Lord  Lamington,  as 
Mr.  Baillie-Cochrane,  was  identified  with  the 

Sir  Charles  Buckhurst  of  '  Coningsby  '  when 
that  novel  was  published,  and  he  seems 
to    have    accepted    the    compliment.      Sir 

Herbert     Maxwell     gives     a    well-considered 

account  of  his  career,  which,  besides  a  pro- 
longed membership  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
included  active,  if  hardly  vital  contributions 
to  literature  and  journalism  ;  while  his 
daughter,   Lady  Do  la  Warr,  supplies  some 


interesting    details    of    his    management    of 
his  estates  in  Scotland. 

Passages  of  interest  are  to  be  discovered 
after  some  search  in  Mr.  John  A.  Bridges's 
Reminiscences  of  a  Country  Politician  (Werner 
Laurie).  He  gives  a  lively  account  of  his 
experiences  as  a  militia  officer  at  Malta 
towards  the  end  of  the  Crimean  War,  when 
the  quays  were  littered  with  stores  which 
had  been  to  Balaklava,  and,  for  reasons 
unknown,  had  arrived  that  far  on  their 
return  journey.  He  tells  some  racy  stories 
of  bygone  elections  in  which  bullocks'  liver 
and  rabbit-skins  figured  as  missiles,  and 
prizefighters  as  champions  of  party  causes. 
Mr.  Bridges  illustrates  agricultural  ways  of 
thought,  too,  by  various  apt  anecdotes, 
such  as  that  of  a  rustic  who  declined  a 
William  IV.  sovereign  because  "  there 
worn't  never  a  Gullimus  King  of  England 
as  I  've  heerd  on."  His  recollections  are, 
unfortunately,  overlaid  with  much  common- 
place reflection  on  the  results  of  the  Ballot 
and  Education  Acts,  the  relations  between 
Church  and  State,  and  so  forth.  As  chair- 
man of  Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain's  election 
committee,  and  as  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  National  Union  of  Con- 
servative Associations  he  has  taken  no  incon- 
siderable part  in  political  organization,  and 
he  discusses  its  moves  and  agents  with 
astonishing  frankness.  Thus  of  the  ex- 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  we  read  that 
"  he  is  not  naturally  humorous,  but  arti- 
ficially so  on  occasions,  as  is  the  way  of 
politicians  ;  and  who  can  say  what  pangs 
these  occasions  cause  them  to  undergo  ?  " 
Sir  Howard  Vincent  is  given  to  understand 
that  "as  a  politician  he  appears  to  take 
himself  far  too  seriously."  We  cannot 
pretend,  of  course,  to  judge  between  Mr. 
Bridges  and  the  unlucky  wights  with 
whom  he  deals  thus  plainly.  He  has  but  a 
poor  opinion  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  pere,  and 
looks  to  Lord  Curzon  to  regenerate  the 
Unionist  party.  His  volume,  though  there 
is  too  much  of  it,  carries  a  certain  value  as 
a  revelation  of  what'Conservative  politicians 
of  the  old  school  have  had  to  endure. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  publish  Lord 
Curzon  in  India,  a  selection  of  extracts 
from  speeches  arranged  under  subjects, 
with  sufficient  notes  and  an  excellent  Intro- 
duction by  Sir  Thomas  Raleigh. 

Most  Viceroys  of  Indiahave  been  unpopular 
either  with  the  native  newspapers  or  with 
the  Anglo-Indian  world.  Lord  Lytton  may 
stand  as  a  representative  of  the  one  type, 
and  Lord  Ripon  of  the  other.  That  Lord 
Curzon  should  have  been  disliked  by  both 
is  no  ground  for  blame.  The  fact  might  but 
prove,  impartiality.  The  anger  that  was 
manifested  at  his'  interference  with  regard 
to  the  bullying  of  natives  is  to  his  honour. 
We  are  not  disposed  to  acquit  Lord  Curzon 
of  some  unnecessary  offence  to  native  opinion. 
Sir  Thomas  Raleigh,  in  the  Introduction, 
makes  a  good  defence  of  the  Calcutta  Uni- 
versity Convocation  Address  on  truthfulness, 
but  few  can  read  it  without  recognizing  that 
the  caso  was  hardly  well  put.  After  all.  a 
great  deal  of  "Oriental  deception"  is  only 
a  form  of  politeness,  and  is  as  much  con- 
ventional as  the  British  butler's  "  not  at 
home."  Perjury  prevails  widely  throughout 
India,   but    unfort unut ely   our   native   police. 

who  alone  represent  the  Government  to  the 

vast     majority    of    the    population,    are    the 

greatest  of  the  Burners.     We  shall   always 
remember    to    Lord     CuTZOn's    credit    that, 


512 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


with  the  exception  of  bhe  Tibet  expedition, 
he  kepi  the  peace  upon  the  Indian  frontier, 
and  also  that,  in  Sir  Thomas  Raleigh's  nerds, 
"he  \\  as  determined  to  exact...  n  high 
standard  of  behaviour  and  a  due  regard  for 

the  rights  of  Indian  fellow-subjects." 

The  volume  contains  an  extract  from  a 
Budget  speech,  which,  with  the  notes  bring- 
ing the  information  up  to  the  present  moment, 
forms  the  best  account  in  existence  of  the 
Frontier  Province,  of  its  military  stations, 
of  their  garrisons,  and  of  the  militia  and 
tribal  forces  upon  the  North- West  frontier. 
It  would  have  been  well  to  reprint  with  it 
the  map  of  the  Frontier  Province,  and  of 
the  territories  lying  between  this  and  the 
Durand  line,  which  was  laid  before  Parlia- 
ment. Other  maps  fail  to  show  several 
places  which  are  named  as  important 
military  stations,  or  in  connexion  with  the 
new  strategic  railways.  We  gather  from  an 
article  which  appeared  in  The  Times  of  the 
19th  inst.  that  the  proposed  expedition 
against  the  Mahsud  Waziris,  which  was 
being  talked  of  for  next  November,  has  been 
vetoed,  either  by  the  present  Viceroy  or  by 
the  Home  Government.  Should  further 
trouble  tak°  place  in  this,  the  most  disturbed 
portion  of  the  frontier,  there  are  many  pas- 
sages in  the  book  which  will  explain  our 
difficulties.  ■  Lord  Curzon's  boast  is  justified 
that,  whereas  in  the  five  years  1894-9  the 
Indian  taxpayer  had  to  find  four  and  a  half 
millions  sterling  for  frontier  warfare,  the 
total  cost  of  military  operations  on  the 
North-West  frontier  in  his  long  tenure  of 
office  was  under  a  quarter  of  a  million  sterling, 
and  this  for  small  expeditions  in  connexion 
with  the  enforcement  of  the  Mahsud  blockade. 
On  the  other  hand,  Tibet  was  a  costly 
business,  and  there  has  been  a  very  great 
increase  of  military  expenditure  at  the  end 
of  Lord  Curzon's  term — much  of  it  for  ill- 
considered  and  hasty  plans,  the  responsibility 
for  which  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  borne  by 
Lord  Kitchener. 

The  struggle  between  Lord  Curzon  and 
Lord  Kitchener,  as  to  the  relative  positions 
of  the  Military  Member  of  Council  and  of  the 
Commander-in-Chief,  is  hardly  mentioned 
in  the  volume.  Lord  Kitchener  had  the 
support  of  the  Home  Government,  as  Lord 
Curzon  had  that  of  his  own  Council.  It  is 
probable  that,  being  forced  by  their  sense 
of  duty  to  fight  the  powerful  Commander- 
in-Chief  upon  one  subject,  the  Viceroy  and 
liis  Council  yielded  too  ready  an  assent  to 
plans  for  frontier  railways  and  for  frontier 
military  stations  which  were  costly,  unpopular 
with  the  army,  and  unnecessary,  and  that 
these  will  now  be  abandoned,  or  at  all  events 
greatly  modified.  Before  we  leave  this 
portion  of  the  volume  we  ought  to  protest 
against  the  statement  in  the  Introduction 
that  troops  lent  by  India  "  recovered  Somali- 
land  from  the  Mullah."  It  is  not  possible, 
in  face  of  our  present  full  knowledge  of  the 
facts,  to  maintain  that  Somaliland  was  ever 
at  any  time  "  recovered  from  the  Mullah." 
The  net  result  of  the  operations,  of  course, 
now  is  that  the  Mullah  possesses  a  castle 
and  port  upon  the  coast,  virtually  guaran- 
teed by  Italy  on  our  behalf — a  position 
which  it  was  the  supposed  object  of  our 
policy  to  prevent. 

The  excellent  Introduction  maybe  criticized 
for  one  criticism  which  it  contains,  namely, 
blame  of  the  Indian  National  Congress  for 
identifying  itself  with  "  one  political  party  in 
England."  It  is  perhaps  a  pity  that  since 
the  death  of  Sir  William  Hunter  few  Unionists 
have  extended  to  the  Congress  that  amount 
of  interest  and  attention  which  it  is  admitted 
in  the  Introduction  to  deserve.     The  con- 


tention of  Lord  Curzon  and  of  his  editor, 
that  the  taxation  of  India  is  the  lightest  in 
the  world,  is  hardly  scientific,  unless  accom- 
panied by  the  equally  true  statement  that 
India,  from  the  point  of  view  of  taxation, 
is  about  the  poorest  country  in  the  world. 

Lord  Curzon  does  not  possess  a  good 
literary  style,  and  we  find  elaborate  speeches 
marred,  for  example,  by  such  phrases  as 
"  paid  up  "  for  paid. 

Mr.  F.  Pkaker  has  written  a  little  book 
called  British  Citizenship,  which  is  published 
by  Messrs.  Ralph,  Holland  &  Co.  It  is 
simple,  and  appears  to  be  addressed  to  those 
who  have  not  much  previous  knowledge. 
From  this  point  of  view  it  may  be  praised  as 
giving  in  small  compass  much  of  what  is  to 
be  learnt  from  Blackstone,  De  Lolme,  and 
such  writers.  The  main  criticisms  which 
might  be  offered  would  be  in  the  direction 
of  a  complaint  that  the  modern  side  of  our 
development  is  less  well  dealt  with  than  are 
the  time-honoured  principles.  In  the  ac- 
count, for  example,  of  the  Factory  Acts, 
they  are  based  upon  "  England's  position 
as  a  manufacturing  nation,"  whereas  the 
universality  of  such  acts  is  more  striking 
than  is  their  existence  in  Great  Britain.  We 
notice  also  the  repetition  of  the  well-known 
assertion  that  "  there  is  no  such  office  known 
to  the  Constitution  as  Prime  Minister." 
Even  if,  for  many  years,  this  has  been  more 
than  a  fiction,  it  has  now  ceased  to  be  even 
technically  true.  But  the  Constitution  of 
this  country  is  only  custom,  and  the  mode 
of  selection  of  the  Prime  Minister  and  his 
powers  when  selected  have  so  long  been 
recognized  in  practice  that  it  could  hardly 
be  said,  even  before  recent  changes,  that  the 
Prime  Minister  was  not  "  known  to  the 
Constitution  "  of  the  United  Kingdom.  The 
instructions  to  the  Governors  of  self-govern- 
ing colonies  were  based  upon  British  practice 
in  respect  of  the  choice  of  Prime  Ministers 
and  the  powers  to  be  accorded  to  them.  In 
the  time  of  Mr.  Balfour  the  position  of  the 
Prime  Minister  in  reference  to  the  Committee 
of  Defence  became  formally  known  to  Parlia- 
ment ;  and  on  the  formation  of  the  present 
Ministry  precedence  was  conferred  upon  the 
Prime  Minister  as  such.  There  are  not 
many  downright  errors  in  the  little  book,  but 
the  statement  that,  by  the  franchise  changes 
of  1885,  "  a  caretaker  of  premises  where  the 
owner  does  not  reside  was  given  a  vote  under 
the  service  franchise  "  is  not  accurate.  There 
are  few  people,  not  revising  barristers  or 
registration  agents,  who  understand  the 
service  franchise.  Even  these  do  not  in- 
variably show  acquaintance  with  its  legal 
nature,  or  the  late  Lord  Ritchie,  when 
Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  would  not 
have  been  accorded  the  service  franchise 
in  respect  of  his  official  residence  in  Downing 
Street. 

We  cannot  recommend  to  our  readers — 
unless  to  Mr.  Haldane,  who,  now  that  he  is 
in  Pall  Mall,  may  or  may  not  be  one — 
UArmee  en  1906.  Its  point  lies  in  the 
demonstration  by  M.  Ivlotz,  the  author, 
"  reporter  on  the  War  Budget,"  and  by 
General  Langlois  in  his  preface,  that  the 
stock  of  shell  for  the  field  artillery  is  not 
sufficient.  General  Langlois  is  the  highest 
authority  in  the  world  on  the  French  and 
German  armies,  and  his  recent  articles  in 
Le  Temps  might  with  advantage  have  been 
included  in  this  volume  on  the  French  Army 
Estimates  and  preparations  by  land.  The 
book  deals,  however,  only  with  deficiencies, 
of  which  the  obvious  cause  is  the  extrava- 
gance of  the  French  Parliament  in  continuing 
every  old  charge  while  continually  creating 
new    ones.     Even    in    military    and    naval 


matters,  it  is  not  possible  to  "  defend  Indo- 
china against  China  and  Japan,"  fortify 
Bizerta  and  hold  the  Mediterranean  against 
Italy  and  Great  Britain,  and  surpass  the 
German  Beet  in  the  Channel,  and  the  German 
army  on  the  Mouse,  at  one  and  the  same 
time.  France  will  have  to  make  her  choice, 
and_  let  her  settled  policy  depend  upon 
that  choice — or,  better,  to  settle  her  policy, 
and  then  let  her  armaments  follow  upon  her 
policy.  The  expenditure  of  France  on  coast 
defence  in  1900  is  an  example  of  sheer  waste  : 
she  had  declined  to  join  Germany  against 
us  in  the  Boer  War,  and,  after  "  preparing 
Fashoda,"  spent  money  she  could  ill  afford 
on  effacing  "  the  F'ashoda  scare."  A  point 
of  value  in  the  volume  is  a  close  comparison 
of  the  armies  and  of  their  cost  in  France  and 
Germany  :  the  tables  show  that  in  the  number 
of  horses  France  exactly  follows  Germany, 
and  keeps  pace  with  every  change.  The 
French  gun  "  of  1898  " — still  the  best — was, 
it  seems,  settled  in  1894.  The  proportion  of 
full  colonels  in  the  French  army  who  have 
risen  from  the  ranks  is  declining  in  the 
infantry,  and  stationary  in  the  cavalry, 
where  it  is  highest.  In  the  artillery  and 
engineers  there  are  none.  M.  Henri  Charles- 
Lavauzelle  is  the  publisher. 

Disestablishment     in     France,     by     Paul 
Sabatier  (Fisher  Unwin),  is  not  an  important 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  the  eccle- 
siastical controversy  in  France.     Indeed,  if 
it   were    a    serious   literary   work   it   would 
hardly  have  been  adorned  with  the  author's 
photograph  as  a  frontispiece.     It  is  in  reality 
only   a   pamphlet   of   eighty   minute   pages, 
many  of  which  are  filled  with  long  foot-notes 
by  the  translator  ;   and  it  is  swelled  into  the 
size  of  a  small  volume  by  the  addition  of  no 
fewer    than    three    prefaces :     one    by    the 
translator,  and  a  Preface  and  an  Introduc- 
tion by  the  author.     The  longest  of  these 
preliminary  excursions  is  by  the  translator, 
and    gives    his    opinions    on  M.    Sabatier's 
talents  ;    on  "  the  fetters  of  establishment  " 
of  the  Church  of  England,  which  he  describes 
as     "  galling     and     degrading "  ;      on     the 
clericalism  of  English  Nonconformists  ;    and 
on  Dr.   Clifford's   "  quasi-apostolic  benedic- 
tions    to     Liberal     candidates  "  —  opinions 
which,    however    interesting,    are    not   very 
informing  to  those  who  buy  the  book  in  the 
hope  of  acquainting  themselves  with  what 
is  going  on  in  France.     M.  Sabatier's  con- 
tribution to  the  volume  seems  to  consist  of 
two    or    tliree    hastily    written   and    hastily 
translated  newspaper  articles,  and  the  tone 
of  the  author  is  as  polemical  as  the  style  of 
the  translator  is  journalistic.     M.   Sabatier 
is  a  writer  of  fluent  ability,  whose  name  has 
more  authority  in  England  than  in  his  own 
country.     He  is  less  vague  in  these  pages 
than  in  some  of  his  utterances  which  have 
been   published   in    English    journals.     But 
his  pamphlet  is  a  one-sided  defence  of  the 
Separation  Law  of  last  December,  and  he  is 
rather  too  shrill  in  defending  it.     He  says 
that    "  the    French    Parliament    desired    to 
make  a  law  of  liberty  and  independence  "  ; 
but   this   highly   controversial   statement   is 
at   variance   with   the  sentiments  delivered 
in  the  Chamber  by  some  of  the  most  pro- 
minent members  of  the  anti -clerical  majority, 
such  as  M.  Maurice  Allard,  deputy  for  the 
Var,  or  M.  Camille  Pelletan,  a  member  of 
the  Combes  Ministry.     He   proceeds:    "The 
fact   that  it   has  succeeded   in   doing  so   is 
proved  by  the  calm  and  often  enthusiastic 
reception  given  to  the  law  by  the  Protestants 
and  the  Jews  "  ;   to  which  the  obvious  retort 
is,    "  Vous    etes    orfevre,   Monsieur  Josse." 
Ho  goes  on  :    "A  revolt  of  Catholics  against 
the  law  would  lead  to  only  one  conclusion, 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


513 


namely,  that  the  Church  cannot  be  con- 
tented with  the  same  treatment  as  other 
religious  bodies."  But  for  the  benefit  of  his 
English  readers  M.  Sabatier  should  have 
here  given  a  few  statistics  to  indicate  that 
the  non-Catholic  religious  bodies  which  have 
been  established  are  infinitesimal  in  their 
numbers  compared  with  the  nominal  ad- 
herents of  the  Roman  Church,  so  that  no 
comparison  can  be  instituted  between  their 
respective  situations. 

M.  Sabatier  says  that  in  France 
"the  spectre  of  delation  pursues  the  priest  without 

respite In  almost  every  parish  there  is    some 

good  soul  to  supply  the  bishop's  palace  with  infor- 
mation as  to  the  books  that  the  cure  reads  and  the 
company  that  he  keeps  "  ; 

and  on  another  page  he  recurs  to  the  subject 
in  stronger  language.  But  his  suggestion 
that  in  France  delation  is  peculiar  to  the 
Church  is  disingenuous,  especially  as  the 
most  flagrant  instances  brought  to  light 
during  the  present  religious  trouble  have 
been  those  of  military  officers  secretly 
denounced  to  the  War  Office  by  Masonic 
agents  for  the  offence  of  going  to  Mass.  In 
his  whole  treatment  of  French  Freemasonry 
M.  Sabatier  exercises  an  economy  of  truth. 
He  rightly  pours  contempt  on  the  ridiculous 
attitude  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
towards  Freemasonry,  which  compromised 
it  in  the  amazing  fumisterie  of  Leo  Taxil. 
But  he  refrains  from  informing  his  English 
readers,  to  whom  he  specially  presents  this 
volume,  that  Freemasonry  in  France  has 
nothing  in  common  with  the  innocuous 
society  which  has  its  head-quarters  in  Queen 
Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  but  is  an  aggres- 
sive, anti-clerical  organization,  exercising 
great  influence  in  Parliament,  and  directing 
the  policy  of  the  bloc.  The  Athenaeum  takes 
no  part  in  political  controversies  at  home  or 
abroad,  and  in  this  case  we  wish  merely  to 
indicate  that  the  book  before  us  makes  no 
attempt  to  give  the  two  sides  of  the  ques- 
tions now  agitating  France. 

Another  criticism  we  have  to  make  of 
M.  Sabatier's  methods  is  that,  though  he  is 
a  Frenchman  living  in  France,  he  seems  to 
evolve  ideas  on  the  ways  and  deeds  of  his 
fellow-countrymen  out  of  his  inner  con- 
sciousness, instead  of  descending  into  the 
street  to  talk  to  the  average  man.  We 
are  sure  that  he  is  as  incapable  of  going  to 
smoke  his  pipe  at  an  anti-clerical  cafe  as  he 
is  of  assisting  at  High  Mass.  Such  philo- 
sophic detachment  produces  picturesque 
theories  which  have  little  relation  to  the 
realities  of  modern  life,  as  when  he  says  : — 

"  The  citizen,  as  the  modern  Frenchman  con- 
ceives him,  is  not  the  elector,  not  even  the  soldier 
ready  to  shed  his  blood  for  his  country.  Some- 
thing   deeper is    required   to   make    a   citizen 

worthy  of  the  name :  namely,  a  manful  personal 
effort  to  see  clearly,  to  acquire  a  conviction,  and 
having  acquired  it,  to  act  upon  it." 
This  may  be  a  picture  of  M.  Sabatier's  own 
mental  attitude,  but  the  average  contem- 
porary Frenchman  who  will  go  to  the  poll 
on  May  6th  is  of  less  subtle  composition. 
The  worst  of  theorizing  in  a  library  is  that 
the  theorist  is  apt  to  fall  into  little  inaccuracies 
which  irritate  the  commonplace  observer. 
Thus  M.  Sabatier  tells  us  that  after  Leo  XVI.'s 
Encyclical  of  February,  1892  (not  of  1893, 
as  he  suggests),  "the  cures.  ..  .were  seen 
....singing  Mass  for  the  Republic."  We 
venture  to  doubt  if  at  any  date  "  Mass  for 
the  Republic  "  was  ever  sung.  Perhaps 
the  author  was  thinking  of  the  "  Domino, 
salvam  fac  Rempublicam,"  sung  at  the  end 
of  Mass  ever  since  the  Republic  was  founded, 
which  was  of  course  prescribed  by  Article  8 
of  the  Concordat,  though  its  original  form, 
which  was  used  under  the  Second  and  Third 


Republics,  was  changed  under  monarchical 
regimes,  being  "  Domine,  salvum  fac  Ludo- 
vicum,"  &c,  under  Louis  Napoleon. 

The  style  of  the  translator,  Mr.  R.  Dell, 
is  not  only  journalistic,  but  also  at  times 
obscure  ;  for  instance,  "  My  dear  fellow, 
don't  try  to  humbug  me ....  for  goodness' 
sake  own  up ...  .  We  know  that  the  Lodges 
and  Secret  Lodges  have  their  schemes."  We 
cannot  conceive  what  the  French  is  for 
"Lodges  and  Secret  Lodges,"  as  all  Lodges 
are  secret.  Nor  in  another  place  is  "  sheriff's 
officer "  an  accurate  equivalent  for  the 
French  designation  of  any  official. 

Dearlove,  by  Frances  Campbell  (Hodder 
&  Stoughton),  will  not  be  entirely  new  to 
newspaper  readers.  Dearlove  had  an  ex- 
cellent heart,  and,  according  to  the  frontis- 
piece, a  charming  face  ;  but  apart  from 
these  two  admirable  characteristics  we  fear 
there  is  little  to  be  said  in  her  favour.  Her 
broken  prattle  and  infantile  innocence  seem 
to  us  neither  natural  nor  desirable  in  a  girl 
of  eleven,  and  we  devoutly  hope  that  her 
maddening  habit  of  clipping  the  final  g's 
will  not  become  a  general  feature  in  the 
child-literature  of  the  period.  None  of  her 
grown-up  friends  specially  appeals  to  us, 
and  their  game  of  "  makebelieve  "  is  but  a 
clumsy  and  dreary  business.  The  story  of 
the  little  deformed  boy  is  pathetic,  but 
scarcely  true  to  life,  since  Nature,  kinder 
than  the  novelist's  imagination,  seldom  lays 
the  additional  burden  of  unusual  sensitive- 
ness on  children  thus  afflicted.  The  author 
can  do  better  work  than  this,  but  her  gifts 
appear  to  us  to  lie  in  the  direction  rather  of 
pure  fantasy  than  fiction. 

In  Kakemono :  Japanese  Sketches,  by 
A.  H.  Edwards  (Heinemann),  we  have  a 
series  of  pleasantly  written  sketches  of 
an  impressionist  kind,  narrating  various 
experiences  in  the  much  bewritten  land 
of  Dai  Nippon.  If  they  are  a  little 
gushing,  that  is  almost  inevitable  in 
writing  about  Japan.  On  the  whole,  these 
pictures  are  drawn  with  restraint  of  colour 
and  line,  and  display  no  little  insight  into 
Japanese  life — the  more  real  Japanese  life 
of  the  province,  showing  its  curious  mixture 
of  qualities  that  make  social  life  a  chain  of 
trivialities,  while  the  national  outcome  is 
so  considerable.  The  most  interesting 
chapters  are  those  which  narrate  an  ascent 
of  Fujisan,  and  a  visit  to  the  province  of 
Izumo,  bordered  by  the  now  famous  Sea 
of  Japan,  and,  "  ever  since  earth  and  heaven 
were  parted,"  celebrated  as  the  land  to 
which  the  gods  retired  for  their  month's 
holiday  each  year,  when  they  kindly  em- 
ployed their  leisure  in  settling  the  fortunes  of 
land  and  people  for  the  ensuing  twelvemonth. 
It  is  odd  that  in  relation  to  Fuji  no  mention 
is  made  of  Hokusai's  wonderful  '  Fugaku 
Hyakkei,'  of  which  an  English  translation 
was  published  some  twenty  years  ago.  In 
these  '  Hundred  Sketches  of  Mount  Fuji ' 
the  sleeping  volcano  is  delineated  under  a 
variety  of  aspects,  as  visible  from  Yedo 
(Tokyo)  or  its  neighbourhood — in  storm, 
snow,  rain,  at  dawn,  at  dusk,  in  moonlight, 
from  bridge  or  street,  from  seashore,  temple 
roof,  villa  garden,  &c. — a  marvel  of  pic- 
turesque and  interesting  portraiture,  com- 
bining the  mountain  with  the  scenes  of 
daily  life  in  the  capital  of  the  Tycoon.  Mr. 
Edwards  saw  Kidzuki  and  the  great  temples 
of  Izumo,  and  stopped  for  some  timo  at  the 
famous  seaside  town  of  Matsuye,  where, 
better  perhaps  than  in  any  other  nook 
within  the  island  empire,  the  life  of  old 
Japan,  in  most  social  essentials,  is  still 
lived.  An  exhibition  of  local  industries, 
&c,  was  being  held  there  at  the  time  of 


Mr.  Edwards's  visit,  and  of  it  Jie  supplies 
an  interesting  account,  together  with  a  very 
amusing  one  of  his  reception  by  the  officials 
in  charge  of  the  exhibition,  and  of  the 
flattering  manner  in  which  the  honour  of 
his  visit  was  noticed  in  the  local  newspaper. 
The  volume  is  not  illustrated,  and  this 
is  almost  a  relief,  for  photographic  repro- 
ductions give  but  a  poor  idea  of  Japanese 
scenery.  It  would  be  far  better  to  diversify 
the  pages  of  travellers'  reminiscences  with 
reductions  of  woodcuts,  taken  from  the 
meisho  (or  old  itineraries),  most  of  which 
are  still  accessible. 

Some  fourteen  years  ago  Mr.  Charles 
Harper  brought  out  a  casual  itinerary  of 
the  Brighton  road,  which  was  the  source  of 
numerous  sequela;,  dealing  with  the  main 
roads  in  England.  But  the  early  book  was 
tentative,  and  somewhat  formless  ;  it  cer- 
tainly did  not  attain  to  the  symmetry  of  the 
scheme  which  the  author  applied  to  his  later 
books.  He  has  now  turned  back  and 
recast  The  Brighton  Road  (Chapman  &  Hall). 
In  his  preface  he  frankly  confesses  that  his 
original  work  had  no  "  settled  method  "  ; 
and  a  second  reason  for  revision  he  finds 
in  the  continuous  changes  to  which  the  road 
is  subject.  Certainly  the  advent  of  the 
motor-car  might  sufficiently  justify  this  plea. 
A  reference  to  the  older  work  shows  how 
greatly  Mr.  Harper  has  altered  it.  This  is 
to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  new  book. 
The  former  was  thrown  into  the  form  of  a 
daily  itinerary  ;  this  is  more  an  historical 
thesis.  But  in  a  way  we  miss  the  freshness 
of  the  pedestrian  point  of  view,  with  all 
its  vagaries,  banalities,  and  inconsequences. 
It  was  at  least  "  seen."  The  new  volume 
is  more  scientific,  contains  more  information, 
more  statistics,  but  is  perhaps  a  little  dull. 
It  resolves  itself  largely  into  a  treatise  on 
coaches  and  coaching  and  the  like,  and  we 
get  tired  of  times  and  names  associated  with 
bygone  records.  Mr.  Harper,  by  the  way, 
states  that  the  prophecy  attributed  to- 
Mother  Shipton — "  carriages  without  horses 
shall  go  " — was  "  the  ex  post  facto  forgery 
of  Charles  Hindley,  the  second-hand  book- 
seller, in  1862" — a  statement  which  the  re- 
viewer does  not  remember  to  have  seen  be- 
fore. Mr.  Harper's  book  is  brought  up  to 
date  conscientiously,  and  includes  an  account 
of  the  Stock  Exchange  walk  to  Brighton  in 
1903,  illustrated  from  photographs.  It  is 
not  until  we  get  to  p.  197  that  we  really 
make  a  start  on  our  journey — "  somewhat 
belatedly,"  as  the  author  acknowledges  ; 
and  thereafter  we  jog  along  comfortably 
over  an  old  road  with  familiar  landmarks. 
Many  of  Mr.  Harper's  illustrative  landmarks 
also  are  familiar,  and  we  are  pleased  to  have 
shaken  off  the  garish  crowd  with  its  perform- 
ances and  "  records."  No  doubt  statistics 
please  some  minds,  but  we  are  of  opinion 
that  the  purpose  of  this  book  has  been  rather 
overloaded  by  them. 

The  Library  (Moring)  for  April  is  a  Shak- 
speare  number  of  much  more  than  passing 
interest.  Mr.  Lee's  '  Notes  and  Additions 
to  the  Census  of  Copies  of  the  First  Folio  ' 
would  alono  raise  it  almost  to  the  level  of  a 
reference  book,  and  all  purchasers  of  the 
facsimiles  should  have  a  spare  copy  to  supple- 
ment their  preface.      Since  1902  Mr.  I has 

learnt  of  14  additional  examples  of  the  First 
Folio,  making  tho  total  172.  Of  the  new 
copies  the  most  noteworthy  are  Lady  Want- 
age's, the  Duke  of  Norfolk's  (with  the  un- 
revised  '  Hamlet  '  leaf),  and  the  copy  now 
happily  returned  to  the  Bodleian.  Tho 
article  is  altogether  most  interesting.  Mr. 
Barwick  contributes  a  note  on  '  Impresas,' 
prompted  by  the  recent  discovery  at  Belvoir 


514 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


that  Shakspoaro  had  been  engaged  to  devise 
•one  for  the  Earl  of  Rutland,  and  removes 
■any  idoa  that  the  work  was  considered  easy, 
•or  beneath  the  powers  of  a  great  poet.  Mr. 
Ploiner  brings  together  a  great  deal  of  infor- 
mation as  to  '  The  Printers  of  Shakspeare's 
Plays  and  Poems,'  in  which  he  demonstrates 
the  printers  of  the  '  Hamlet  '  first  quarto, 
the  '  King  Lear,'  and  the  '  Pericles.'  We 
do  not  agree  with  him  in  the  theory  that  the 
bad  work  of  these  printers  was  a  result  of 
the  monopoly  of  the  best  copyrights.  At 
this  time  many  of  these  had  been  sur- 
rendered to  the  Company  for  the  benefit  of 
poor  members.  It  was  much  more  probably 
due  to  the  enormous  quantity  of  work 
required  from  the  workers  of  the  press — a 
quantity  approaching  the  yield  of  a  modern 
macliine.  Mr.  Esdaile  is  responsible  for 
a  valuable  survey  of  '  Shakspeare  Litera- 
ture, 1901-1905.'  Mr.  Hughes's  '  Praise  of 
Shakspeare  '  might  have  been  included  in 
his  list  to  advantage.  Mr.  Ballinger,  in  an 
article  on  '  Shakspoare  and  the  Municipal 
Libraries,'  furnishes  a  useful  list  of  works 
indispensable  to  a  public  library.  Mr.  Greg 
renews  the  Cambridge  edition  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  with  some  severity,  and  even 
Mr.  Lee  does  not  escape  unscathed. 

Messrs.  G.  J.  Howell  &  Co.  have  sent  us 
-an  elaborate  edition  of  The  Last  Days  of 
Pompeii,  strongly  and  handsomely  bound 
and  well  printed.  The  six  illustrations 
by  Mr.  E.  F.  Sherie  are  striking  and  excel- 
lently engraved  on  Japanese  vellum.  This  is 
Vol.  I.  of  what  will  be  a  fine  library  edition 
of  Lytton,  for  which  we  think  there  is  room. 
•One  or  two  of  his  novels  only  figure  in  the 
popular  "  libraries  "  of  the  day,  but  most  of 
them  are  well  worth  reading,  for,  with  all 
his  affectations,  Lytton  had  a  much  better 
equipment  than  the  average  novelist  of 
to-day.  We  shall  look  for  the  rest  of  the 
edition,  which  will  be  complete  in  twenty- 
jiine  volumes,  with  interest  and  pleasure. 

A  second  fifty  volumes  of  "  Everyman's 
Library  "  (Dent)  are  now  to  be  had,  and  the 
scheme  will  secure  that  fixity  of  reputation 
which  the  first  part  of  the  venture  made 
almost  certain.  We  can  select  only  a  few 
of  the  volumes  available,  but  we  may 
reiterate  our  satisfaction  as  to  the  general 
conduct  of  the  Library.  Robinson  Crusoe 
appears  among  the  "  Children's  Books," 
and  it  is,  perhaps,  as  well  that  the  young 
should  not  be  told  in  the  Introduction  that 
Defoe  was  that  ugly  thing,  a  Government 
spy,  or  realize  that  the  story,  as  Dickens 
said,  is  great  without  pathos.  "  Cet  age 
-est  sans  pitie."  The  illustrations  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Symington  are  sure  to  be  liked.  The 
New  Testament  :  a  Chronological  Arrange- 
ment, by  Principal  Lindsay,  is,  we  think, 
the  most  interesting  of  all  the  new  volumes. 
It  attempts  to  give  the  various  books  as  they 
reached  the  earliest  age  of  the  Church,  an 
arrangement  which,  of  course,  involves 
some  conjecture.  "  The  text  is  that  of 
King  James's  version,  with  a  few  slight 
changes  which  seemed  necessary  to  make 
the  meaning  of  one  or  two  passages  clearer." 
After  reading  this  announcement  we  are 
surprised  to  see  that  Agrippa's  "  Almost 
thou  persuadest  me  to  be  a  Christian  "  is 
allowed  to  stand.  In  1  Cor.  xiii.,  however, 
"  love  "  appears  throughout.  A  "  Prologue" 
taken  from  St.  Mark  is  prefixed  ;  and  other 
features  of  practical  arrangement  are  satis- 
factory. The  Mabinogion,  translated  by  Lady 
■Charlotte  Guest,  with  an  Introduction  by 
the  Rev.  W.  Williams,  is  a  most  interesting 
cellection  of  legendary  lore,  little  known 
to  the  general  public.  LockharCs  Life  of 
.IScott  in  his  abridgment  should  also  secure 


wide  attention  ;  the  editor  does  not  mention 
(what  is  surely  worthy  of  note)  that  Lockhart 
was  an  Oxford  man  and  got  a  First  there 
in  1813.  We  are  pleased  with  the  Intro- 
duction to  Butler's  Analogy  of  Religion  by 
tho  Rev.  Ronald  Bayne,  which  may  lead 
people  on  to  road  what  is  unjustly  regarded 
as  a  dull  book  which  does  not  matter  nowa- 
days. Blackie's  Lyrical  Dramas  of  Aeschylus 
is  probably  as  good  as  any  of  the  older 
translations,  but  we  think  his  numerous 
notas  might  have  been  revised.  The  Biblio- 
graphy misses  out  the  best  of  modern  render- 
ings of  ^Eschylus,  Mr.  E.  D.  A.  Morshead's 
'  The  House  of  Atreus,'  which  was  recently  re- 
published in  the  "  Golden  Treasury  Series  "  ; 
while  Wecklein's  textual  work  should 
certainly  have  been  mentioned.  Euripides 
having  reached  something  like  popularity, 
on  the  stage  at  any  rate,  his  Plays,  vol.  i., 
in  versions  by  Shelley,  Potter,  and  others, 
will  probably  be  sought  after.  The  Intro- 
duction indicates  briefly  the  light  that  of 
recent  years  has  been  thrown  on  his  purpose 
and  meaning,  though  nothing  is  said  of  his 
style,  which  offers  so  great  a  contrast  to 
that  both  of  ^Eschylus  and  Sophocles.  We 
can  hardly,  however,  expect  every  man  to 
go  into  the  technique  of  drama.  Has  not 
Mr.  Galton  expressed  the  opinion,  which  an 
eminent  philosophic  peer  is  "  not  prepared 
to  question,"  that  "  the  population  of 
Athens,  taken  as  a  whole,  was  as  superior 
to  us  as  we  are  to  Austrahan  savages  "  ? 
It  is,  at  any  rate,  an  excellent  thing  to  put 
some  idea  of  these  masterpieces  of  the 
supreme  Greek  mind  within  reach  of  all. 
Fiction  in  the  Library  is  well  represented  by 
The  Three  Musketeers  and  three  of  Cooper's 
Indian  stories. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theslogy. 

Century  Bible:  Minor  Prophets,  Vol.  IL,  edited  by  S.  R. 
Driver,  2/6  net. 

Clover  (R.),  The  Comforts  of  God,  2/6  net. 

Henson  (H.  H.),  Religion  in  the  Schools,  2/6  net. 

Johnson  (F.),  Faith  and  Vision,  2/ net. 

Mackinnon  (A.  G.),  Spiritually  Fit :  a  Young  Man's  Equip- 
ment, 2/6  net. 

Mochler  (J.   A.),    Symbolism ;    or,    Doctrinal    Differences, 
translated  by  J.  B.  Robertson,  Fifth  Edition,  6/  net. 

Stanley  (A.    P.),   The   Bible  in    the   Holy    Land,    Popular 
Edition,  1/  net. 

Tyrrell  (G.),  Lex  Credendi,  6/  net. 

Whitworth  (\V.   A.),   Christian    Thought    on    Present-Day 
Questions,  4/6  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaology. 

Babelon  (E.),  Manual  of  Oriental  Antiquities,  New  Edition, 
7/6  net. 

Birch  (Mrs.  L.),  Stanhope  A.  Forbes  and  Elizabeth  Stan- 
hope Forbes,  5/  net. 

Frantz  (IL),  French  Pottery  and  Porcelain,  7/6  net. 

Moffatt  (IL  C),  Old  Oxford  Plate,  84/  net. 

Naftel  (M.),  Flowers  and  How  to  Paint  Them,  New  Edition, 
2/6 

National  Gallery  :  The  Flemish  School,  3/6  net. 

Northern  Notes  and  Queries,  Vol.  I.  No.  2,  1/6 

Ruskin,  Library  Edition,  Vol.  XXIII.  ;  Sesame  and  Lilies, 
6/  net. 

Poetry  and  Drama. 

Byron's  Poems,  3  vols. ,  10/6  net. 

(ioad  (II.  E.),  Ninirod  the  Builder,  an  Allegory,  3/6  net. 

Herbert  (\V.  V.),  The  Corsair,  Libretto  for  Grand  Opera, 
2/6  net. 

Lewis  (A.),  A  Pompeian  Episode  ;  Thirty  Rhymes,  1/  net 
each. 

New  Shakespeareana,  Vol.  V.  No.  2,  3/ 

Rymour  Club,  Edinburgh  :  Miscellanea,  Part  I. 

Sacred  Poets  of  the  Nineteenth   Century :  James  Mont- 
gomery to  Anna  Lfetitia  Waring,  1/6 

Vaughan  (H),  Sacred  Poems,  2/6  net. 
Mtinc 

Gladstone   (F.    E.),    A    Treatise    on    Strict    Counterpoint, 
Part  I.,  2/ 

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Portrait  Catalogue  of  the  Books  published  by  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co. 

Philosophy. 

Colerus  (J.J,  The  Life  of  Benedict  de  Spinosa,  Reprint  of 

1706  Edition.  . 

Hodgson  (S.  IL),  Inter-relation  of  the  Academical  Sciences, 
1/  net. 

Joachim  (H.  IL),  The  Nature  of  Truth,  6/  net. 
Nicholson  (W.  T.),  Ess.iv  on  Man,  3/6 
Start  (H.),  Idola  Theatri,  10/  net. 


Political  Economy. 
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1/  net. 
Smith  (J.  C),  Inter-Temporary  Values,  7/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Boxall  (fi.  E.),  The  Anglo-Saxon  :  a  Study  in  Evolution,  6/ 
Brown  (P.  II.),  George  Buchanan  and  his  Times,  1/  net. 
English  Historical  Review,  Vol.  XXI.  No,  82,  5/ 
Evelyn  (John),  Diary,  edited  bv  W.  Brav,  5/ net. 
Kaempfer  (E.),  The  History  of  Japan, 'translated  by  J.  G. 

Scheuchzer,  37/6  net. 
Kennedy  (J.),  The  Manor  and  Parish  Church  of  Hampstead 

and  its  Vicars,  4/  net. 
Merriam  (G.  S.),  The  Negro  and  the  Nation. 
Morris  (H.),  The  Life  of  John  Murdoch,  LL.D.,  3/6  net. 
Raalte(C.  van),  Brownsea  Island,  12/ net 
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Fifth  Edition,  0/ 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Carmichael  (M.),  In  Tuscany,  Third  Edition,  6/  net. 
Hardy    (O.    IL),   Red-Letter   Days  in  Greece   and  Egypt, 

3/6  net. 
Lorimer  (N.),  By  the  Waters  of  Carthage,  12/  net. 
Morris  (M.),  Tales  of  the  Spanish  Main,  New  Edition,  6/ 
Rolfe  (W.  J.),  A  Satchel  Guide  for  the  Vacation  Tourist  in 

Europe,  1906,  6/  net. 
Smith  (A.),  A  Summer  in  Skye,  New  Impression,  2/  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Dewar  (O.),  Bombay  Ducks,  16/  net. 
Hindlip  (Lord),   Sport  and  Travel :  Abyssinia  and  British 

East  Africa,  21/  net. 
Holder  (C.  F.),  Life  in  the  Open,  15/  net. 

Education. 
Richmond  (E.),  In  Youth,  2/6  net. 

Ph  ilology. 
Magnusson   (E.),    Notes    on    Shipbuilding    and    Nautical 

Terms  of  Old  in  the  North,  1/  net. 
Statius,  Thebais  et  Achilleis,  edited  by  H.  W.  Garrod,  5/ 

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Barton  (P.  E.),  Some  Questions  on  Banking,  with  Answers 

thereto,  2/6  net. 
Campan  (Madame),  Memoirs,  1785-92,  2/6  net. 
Dixon  (F.  N.),  Main  Landmarks  of  European  History,  2/ 
Fiedler  (H.   G.)  and   Sandbach  (F.    E.),   A  First  German 

Course  for  Science  Students,  2/6  net. 
Flaubert  (G.),  Salammbo,  3/6  net. 
Gautier  (T.),  Trois  Grotesques,  2/  net. 
Hugo  (V.),  Notre  Dame,  3/6  net. 
Ideal  Junior  Poetry  Book,  6d. 
Lamartine  (A.  de),Jocelyn.  3/  net. 
Stael  (Madame  de),  De  l'Allemagne,  2/6  net. 
Workman  (W.  P.)  and  Cracknell  (A.  G.),  Geometry,  Pre- 
liminary Certificate  Edition,  for  Course  A,  3,6 
Science. 
Hyslop  (J.  H),  Enigmas  of  Psychical  Research,  6/ 
Illustrated  Guide  to  the  London  Zoological  Gardens,  Fourth 

Edition,  6rf. 
Mathematical   Questions  and  Solutions,   edited    by  C.   L 

Marks,  Vol.  IX.,  6/6 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Annual  Report  to  June  30,  1904. 
Studies  in  Anatomy  from  the  Anatomical  Department  of 

the  University  of  Manchester,  Vol.  III.,  edited  by  A.  H. 

Young,  10/  net. 
Veitch  (J.  H),  Hortus  Veitchii,  Special  Edition. 

Juvenile  Books. 
Cragin   (L.    E.),    Kindergarten   Bible   Stories:     The   Old 

Testament,  3/6  net. 
Lang  (A.),  The  Story  of  Joan  of  Arc,  1/6  net. 
Lang  (J.),  The  Story  of  Capt.  Cook,  1/6  net. 

General  Literature. 
Addison,  Essays,  edited  by  R.  D.  Gillman,  3/6  net. 
B.rr  (A.  E),  Cecilia's  Lovers,  6/ 
Benson  (G.  R.),  Tracks  in  the  Snow,  6/ 
Diehl  (A.  M.),  Love— with  Variations,  6/ 
Dougherty  (J.  H),  The  Electoral  System   of  the  United 

States,  9/  net. 
Edinburgh  Review.  No.  416,  6/ 
Fears  of  a  Child,  (id.  net. 
Forestier- Walker  (C),  The  Cuckoo's  Egg,  6/ 
Free  Church  Year-Book,  1906,  2/6  net 
Gilliat(Rev.  E.),  God  save  Kins;  Alfred.  New  Edition,  6/ 
Guide  to  Promotion  in  the  Infantry,  New  Edition,  3/6  net 
Jokai  (M.),  The  Green  Book  ;  or,  Freedom  under  the  Snow, 

Ninth  Edition.  3/6  net. 
Kennedy  (R),  A  Tramp  Camp,  6/ 
Le  Queux  (W.),  Whatsoever  a  Man  Soweth,  6/ 
Low  (S.),  The  Governance  of  England,  Second  Impression, 

3/6  net. 
Lytton  (Lord),  The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii. 
Marabell  (W.),  The  Heart  of  a  Rose,  4/ 
Marshall  (A.),  Richard  Baldock,  6/ 
Miller  (A.  Logan),  Chats  on  Literature  with  mv  Children, 

1/  net. 
Progress,  No.  2,  1/  net 

Roberts  (M.),  The  Prey  of  the  Strongest,  6/ 
Routledge's  Universal  Library  :  Aristotle's  Ethics  ;  Borrow's 

Romany   Rye,   and    Bible    in    Spain ;    The    Spectator, 

Vol.  III.;  Peacock's  Crotchet  Castle,  The  Misfortunes 

of  Elphin,  and  Gryll  Grange  (in  one  vol.).  1 '  net  each. 
Smith  (A.),   Dreamthorp,  Introduction  by  C.  K.  Burrow, 

2/  net :  Introduction  by  J.  Hogben,  2/  net 
Victorian  Year-Book,  1904," Twenty-fifth  Issue. 
Willinott  (R.  A.),  Pleasures  of  Literature,  2/  net 
White  (S.  E.),  Blazed  Trail  Stories,  6/ 
Whiteing  (R.),  Ring  in  the  New,  6/ 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Nater   (A.),    L'Eglise    catholique,    sa    Constitution,    son 

Administration,  5fr. 
Wohlenberg  (G.),  l>ie  Pastoralbriefe  ausgelegt,  6m.  80. 

Fine  Art. 
Fontainas  (A.),  Histoire  de  la  Peinture  francaise  au  XIX. 
Steele,  3fr.  5a 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


515 


History  and  Biography. 
Cestre  (C),  La  Revolution  francaise  et  les  Pontes  anglais, 

17S9-1809,  7fr.  50. 
Eudel  (P.),  La  Hollande  et  les  Hollandais,  4fr. 
Hauser  (K.),  L.  Bosshart  v.  Winterthur,  Chromk,  HS5-la32, 

hrsg.,  Sm.  , 

Kariuin  (O.),  La  Legge  del  Catasto  Fiorentino  del  1427,  31. 
Bocquain  (F,),  Notes  et  Fragments  d'Histoire,  7fr.  50. 

Science. 
Poincare'  (L.),  La  Physique  moderne  :  son  Evolution,  3fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Aubert  (L.),  Paix  .Taponaise,  3fr.  50. 
Brada,  Disparu,  3fr.  50. 
Chabrol(A.),  LOffensive,  3fr.  50. 
Dall  (G.),  Malvenu,  3fr.  50. 
Qlades  (A.),  Florence  Monneroy,  3fr.  50. 
Jassy  (G.),  Realites  et  I'topies  :  Les  Idees  jaunes,  3fr.  50. 
Revue  Slave,  Vol.  I.  No.  1,  2fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be,  included  in  this  LUt  vnless  previously 
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sending  Books. 


THE    BUTTERFLY. 

GARDEN    SCANDAL. 

By  the  scent  of  their  breath  when  evening  closes, 
By  the  pain  of  their  thorns  that  sting, 

I  will  play  no  more  with  the  treacherous  roses  ; 
They  have  done  me  an  evil  thing  ! 

They  have  whispered  a  story  of  gossiping  tattle 

In  the  listening  lilac's  ear, 
Who  already  have  rustled  their  venomous  prattle 

Through  the  garden,  afar  and  near. 

They  have  vowed,  as  I  basked   in  the   cup  of  a 
flower, 

In  the  heat  of  the  noonda)'  sun, 
That  my  blue  little  cousin  alit  on  my  bower, 

That  he  wooed  me,  and — shame  ! — that  he  won. 

Now  my  own  white  lover's  dear  heart  is  aching  ; 

He  has  heard  and  believed  the  lie  ; 
And  mine  with  sorrow  is  burdened  to  breaking, 

And  I  think  that  I  wish  to  die  ! 

B3'  the  scent  of  their  breath  when  evening  closes, 
By  the  pain  of  their  thorns  that  sting, 

I  have  vowed  deep  vengeance  against  the  roses  ; 
They  have  done  me  an  evil  thing  ! 

Julius  Beerbohm. 


"THAT    TWO-HANDED     ENGINE     AT 
THE    DOOR." 

In  his  '  Life  of  Shelley  '  Hogg  relates  how 
the  old  snake  that  frequented  the  garden  at 
Field  Place  was  ultimately  killed  by  the 
carelessness  of  the  gardener  in  mowing  the 
grass  :  "  killed,"  he  goes  on  to  say,  "  by  the 
same  fatal  instrument  with  which  the 
universal  destroyer  Time  kills  everything 
beside,  by  that  two-handed  engine,  the 
scythe."  Doubtless  this  was  a  conscious 
allusion  on  the  part  of  Hogg  to  the  much- 
canvassed  passage  in  '  Lycidas.'  Whether 
or  not  he  himself  identified  the  "  two-handed 
engine  "  of  Milton  with  the  scythe  of  Time 
one  cannot  say  ;  but,  in  any  case,  the  sug- 
gestion has  simplicity  and  appositeness  to 
commend  it,  and  obviates  the  difficulty  of 
attributing  to  Milton  the  discredited  gift  of 
foretelling  events  with  the  literalism  which 
other  interpretations  demand. 

It  is,  I  take  it,  in  the  singularity  of  the 
epithet  "  two-handed  "  that  the  clue  to 
Milton's  meaning  should  be  sought,  and  to  no 
other  engine  of  destruction  does  the  term 
so  fitly  and  so  obviously  apply  as  to  the 
scythe  of  the  mower. 

Earlier  in  the  elegy  Milton  had  laid  un- 
timely death  to  the  charge  of  Atropos,  "  the 
blind  Fury  with  the  abhorred  shears  "  ; 
here  the  "  blind  mouths  "  are  to  be  struck 
down,  and  struck  down  effectually  and 
speedily,  by  the  scythe  of  the  avenger,  Time. 
The  affinity  between  thought  and  thought 
is  palpable. 

An  implicit  reference  may  also  be  discerned 
to  the  "  angel  with  the  sharp  sickle  "  and 


"  the  winepress  of  the  wrath  of  God  "  in  the 
great  passage  of  the  Book  of  Revelation,  a 
scythe  and  a  sickle  being  often  interchange- 
able terms. 

I  may  add  that  a  crest  which  once  came 
under  my  notice  in  which  Death  was  repre- 
sented as  wielding  a  scythe,  and  which  had 
for  motto  the  arresting  words  "  Now  thus, 
now  thus,"  brought  to  my  mind  at  a  flash 
the  "  two-handed  engine  "  of  Milton's 
'Lycidas.'  M.  D. 


HUNTING    THE    "  SELADANG." 

In  the  notice  of  Mr.  T.  R.  Hubback's 
'  Elephant  and  Seladang  Hunting  '  which 
appeared  in  your  last  issue  (p.  476)  the 
reviewer  not  unnaturally  inquires,  "  What  is 
a  seladang  ?  "  adding  that  the  name  does 
not  appear  in  Jerdon's  '  Mammals  of  India,' 
nor  in  two  other  works  consulted  by  him, 
though  he  might  have  found  it  with  the 
proper  spelling  in  Sterndale's  '  Mammalia  of 
India'  (1884),  p.  481.  He  makes  a  very 
good  guess,  however,  in  surmising  that  "  it 
is  closely  allied  to  Gavceus  gaums,  the  gaur 
or  wild  cattle  of  India."  Saktndang  is  the 
Malay  name  for  that  species,  and  Mr. 
Hubback's  rendering  "  seladang  "  must  be 
regarded  as  incorrect. 

Blyth,  in  his  admirable  '  Catalogue  of  the 
Mammals  and  Birds  of  Burma,'  published  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal, 
1875,  remarks,  under  the  head  of  gaur,  or 
bison  of  Indian  sportsmen  : — 

"In  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  where  it  is  known 
as  the  '  Salandang,'  this  animal  would  appear  to 
be  becoming  extremely  rare,  at  least  to  the  south- 
ward, and  we  need  information  respecting  its 
distribution  in  other  parts  of  Indo-China." 

As  it  inhabits  all  the  large  forests  of  India, 
where  it  is  familiarly  known  to  Anglo-Indian 
sportsmen  as  the  gaur  (Hindi  gaor),  Mr. 
Hubback  would  have  done  well  to  retain 
this  name  (or  preferably  bison)  instead  of 
that  which  he  has  selected.  It  is  true  that 
the  title  of  his  book  is  '  Elephant  and  Sela- 
dang Hunting  in  Malaya ' ;  but  if  the  Malayan 
name  for  the  wild  ox  is  preferred,  why  not 
give  the  Malayan  name  for  the  elephant, 
which  is  gadjah  ?  J.  E.  Harting. 


THE    FAMILY^ OF    WILLIAM    BLAKE. 

The  origin  of  the  family  of  William  Blako 
has  not  yet  been  found  ;  and  I  can  claim 
no  more  for  the  evidence  that  I  have  been 
able  to  gather  than  that  it  settles  us  more 
firmly  in  our  ignorance.  But  the  names  of 
his  brothers  and  sister,  their  dates  and  order 
of  birth,  and  tho  date  of  his  wife's  birth,  have 
never,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  correctly 
given.  Even  the  date  of  his  own  birth  has 
been  contested  by  Mr.  Swinburne  "  on  good 
MS.  authority,"  which  we  know  from  Mr. 
W.  M.  Rossetti's  memoir  to  be  that  of 
Frederick  Tatham,  who  further  asserts, 
wrongly,  that  James  was  younger  than 
William,  and  that  "  the  eldest  son  was  John." 
Gilchrist  makes  no  reference  to  John,  but 
says,  wrongly,  that  James  was  "  a  year  and 
a  half  William's  senior,"  and  that  William 
had  a  sister  "  nearly  seven  years  younger 
than  himself  "  ;  of  whom,  says  Mr.  Yeats, 
"  we  hear  little,  and  among  that  little  not 
even  her  name."  Most  of  these  problems 
can  be  settled  by  the  entries  in  parish 
registers,  and  I  havo  begun  with  the  registers 
of  the  church  of  St.  James,  Westminster.* 

I  find  by  these  entries  that  Jamos  Blake, 


*  My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  John  Sampson,  the  last  and 
best  editor  of  Blake,  for  starting  me  on  the  track. 


the  son  of  James  and  Catherine  Blake,  was 
born  July  10th,  and  christened  July  15th,.. 
1753  ;  John  Blake  ("  son  of  John  and 
Catherine,"  says  the  register,  by  what  is 
probably  a  slip  of  the  pen)  was  born  May  12th r 
and  christened  June  1st,  1755  ;  William 
Blake  was  born  November  28th,  and 
christened  December  11th,  1757  ;  another 
John  Blake  was  born  March  20th,  and 
christened  March  30th,  1760  ;  Richard 
Blake  was  born  June  19th,  and  christened. 
July  11th,  1762;  and  Catherine  Elizabeth 
Blake  was  born  January  7th,  and  christened 
January  28th,  1764.  Here,  where  we  find 
the  daughter's  name  and  the  due  order  of 
births,  we  find  one  perplexity  in  the  name 
of  Richard,  whose  date  of  birth  fits  the  date 
given  by  Gilclvrist  and  others  to  Robert, 
William's  favourite  brother,  whose  name 
he  has  engraved  on  a  design  of  his  "  spiritual 
form  "  in  '  Jerusalem,'  whom  he  refers  to 
continually  as  Robert,  and  whom  J.  T. 
Smith  recalls  not  only  as  Robert,  but  as 
"  Bob,  as  he  was  familiarly  called."  In  the 
entry  of  "  John,  son  of  John  and  Catherine 
Blake,"  I  can  easily  imagine  the  clerk 
repeating  by  accident  the  name  of  the  son 
for  the  name  of  the  father  ;  and  I  am  inclined 
to  suppose  that  there  was  a  John  who  died 
before  the  age  of  five,  and  that  his  name 
was  given  to  the  son  next  born.  Precisely 
the  same  repetition  of  name  is  found  in  the 
case  of  Lamb's  two  sisters  christened  Eliza- 
beth, and  Shelley's  two  sisters  christened 
Helen.  "  My  brother  John,  the  evil  one, 
would  therefore  be  younger  than  William  ; 
but  Tatham,  in  saying  that  he  was  older, 
may  have  been  misled  by  there  having  been 
two  sons  christened  John. 

There  are  two  theories  as  to  the  origin  of 
Blake's  family  :  but  neither  of  them  has  yet 
been  confirmed  by  the  slightest  documentary 
evidence.     Both  of  these  theories  were  put 
forth  in  the  same    year,   1893,  one    by  Mr. 
Alfred  T.  Story  in  his  '  William  Blake,    the 
other  by  Messrs.   Ellis  and  Yeats  in  their 
'Works   of  William  Blake.'     According   to 
Mr.    Story,    Blake's   family   was    connected 
with  the  Somerset  family  of  the  Admiral, 
through  a  Wiltshire  family  of  Blakes  ;    but 
for  this  theory  he  gives  merely  the  report 
of  "two  ladies,  daughters  of  William  John 
Blake,    of   Southampton,    who   claim   to    be 
second  cousins  of  William  Blake."     Accord- 
ing to  Messrs.  Ellis  and  Yeats,  Blake  s  lather 
was  Irish,  and  was  originally  called  O  Neil. 
His  father,  John  O'Neil,  is  supposed  to  nave 
changed  his  name,  on  marrying  Ellen  Blake, 
from   O'Neil  to   Blake,   and  James  O  Neil, 
his  son  by  a  previous  union,  to  have  taken 
the  same  name,  and  to  have  settled  in  London . 
while  a  younger  son,  the  actual  son  of  Ellen 
Blake,  went  to  Malaga.     This  statement  rests- 
entirely  on  the  assertion  of  Dr.  Carter  Blake, 
who  claimed  descent  from  the  latter;    and 
it  has  never  beon  supported  by  any  docu- 
mentary evidence. 

Mr.  Sampson  points  out  that  Blake'* 
father  was  certainly  a  Protestant.  He  is 
sometimes  described  as  a  Swedenborgian, 
always  as  a  Dissenter,  and  it  is  curious  that 
about  half  of  the  Blakes  recorded  in  the 
4  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  '  were 
also  conspicuous  as  Puritans  ox  Dissenters. 
Mr.  Sampson  further  points  out  that  Blako 
in  one  of  his  poems  speaks  of  himselt  as 
"  English  Blake."  It  is  true  that  he  is 
contrasting  himself  with  tho  German  Klop- 
stock  ;  yet  I  scarcely  think  an  Irishman 
would  have  used  the  expression,  even  for 
Contrast.  Blake  is  nowhere  referred  to  as 
having  been  in  any  way  Irish,  and  the  only 
apparent  exception  to  this  is  one  whioh  I  am 
obliged  to  Bet  up  with  one  hand  and  knock. 


16 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


down  with  bhe  other,  in  the  hides  to  Crabb 
Robinson's  '  Diary  '  one  of  tho  refereaeei  to 
Blake  shows  ua  Mr.  Sheil  Bpeaking  at  the 
loademicaJ  Boeiety  while  "  Blake,  his 
countryman,  kept  watching  him  to  keep 
him  in  order."  That  this  docs  not  refer  to 
William  Blake  1  have  found  by  tracking 
through  the  unpublished  portions  of  the 
'Diary'  in  the  original  manuscript  the 
numerous  references  to  "  a  Mr.  Blake  "  who 
was  accustomed  to  speak  at  the  meetings 
of  the  Academical  Society.  He  is  described 
^s  "  a  Mr.  Blake  who  spoke  with  good  sense 
OH  the  Irish  side,  and  argued  from  the  Irish 
Bistory  and  the  circumstances  which  at- 
tended the  passing  of  tho  bills."  He  after- 
wards speaks  '"sharply  and  coarsely,"  and 
answers  Mr.  Robinson's  hour-long  conten- 
tion that  i he  House  of  Commons  should,  or 
should  not,  "  possess  the  power  of  imprison- 
ing for  a  breach  of  privilege,"  by  "  opposing 
the  facts  of  Lord  Melville's  prosecution,  the 
Reversion  Bill,  &c,  &c,  and  Burke's  Reform 
bill  "  ;  returning,  in  short,  "  my  civility  by 
incivility."  This  was  not  the  learning,  nor 
were  these  the  manners,  of  William  Blake. 

I  would  again  appeal  to  the  evidence  of 
the  parish  register.  I  find  Blakes  in  the 
parish  of  St.  James,  Westminster,  from 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
first  being  a  WTilliam  Blake,  the  son  of 
Richard  and  Elizabeth,  who  was  born 
March  19th,  1700.  Between  the  years  1750 
and  1767  (the  time  exactly  parallel  with  the 
births  of  the  family  of  James  and  Catherine 
Blake)  I  find  among  the  baptisms  the  names 
of  Frances,  Daniel,  Reuben,  John  Cartwright, 
and  William  (anothor  William)  Blake  ;  and 
I  find  among  the  marriages,  between  1728 
and  1747,  a  Robert,  a  Thomas,  a  James,  and 
a  Richard  Blake.  The  wife  of  James,  who 
was  married  on  April  15th,  1738,  is  called 
Elizabeth,  a  name  which  we  have  already 
found  as  the  name  of  a  Mis.  Blake,  and 
which  we  find  again  as  the  second  name  of 
Catherine  Elizabeth  Blake  (the  sister  of 
WTilliam  Blake),  who  was  born  in  1764. 
I  find  two  WTilliams,  two  Richards,  and  a 
John  among  the  early  entries,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century.  It  is  im- 
possible to  say  positively  that  any  of  these 
families,  not  less  than  nine  in  number,  all 
bearing  the  name  of  Blake,  all  living  in  the 
same  parish,  within  a  space  of  less  than  forty 
years,  were  related  to  one  another  ;  but  it  is 
easier  to  suppose  so  than  to  suppose  that  one 
only  out  of  the  number,  and  one  which 
had  assumed  the  name,  should  have  found 
itself  accidentally  in  the  midst  of  all  the 
others,  to  which  the  name  may  be  supposed 
to  have  more  definitely  belonged. 

Gilchrist,  in  his  life  of  Blake,  says  that  he 
has  traced  relatives  of  Blake  to  have  been 
living  atBattersea  at  the  time  of  his  marriage. 
Of  this  he  gives  no  evidence  ;  but  I  think  I 
have  found  traces,  in  Blake's  own  parish,  of 
rolatives  of  the  Catherine  Boucher  whom 
he  married  at  Battersea.  Tatham,  as 
reported  by  Messrs.  Ellis  and  Yeats,  says 
that  she  was  the  daughter  of  a  market- 
gardener  at  Richmond  called  Boucher,  to 
whose  house  Blake  was  sent  for  change  of 
Air.  Allan  Cunningham  says  that  "  she 
lived  near  his  father's  house."  I  think  I 
have  found  the  reason  for  Cunningham's 
mistake,  and  the  probable  occasion  of 
Blake's  visit  to  the  Bouchers  of  Battersea. 
I  find  by  the  birth  register  in  St.  Mary's, 
Battersea,  that  Catherine  Sophia,  daughter 
of  William  and  Ann  Boucher,  was  born 
April  25th,  and  christened  May  16th,  1762. 
Four  years  after  this,  another  Catherine 
Boucher,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Betty, 
born    March     28th,     1766,    was    christened 


March  31st,  1766,  in  the  parish  church  of 
St.  James,  Westminster  ;  and  in  the  same 
register  I  find  the  birth  of  Gabriel,  son  of  the 
same  parents,  born  September  1st,  and 
christened  September  20th,  1707  ;  and  of 
Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Ann  Boucher, 
born  June  12th,  and  christened  June  29th, 
1761.  Is  it  not,  therefore,  probable  that 
there  were  Bouchers,  related  to  one  another, 
living  in  both  parishes,  and  that  Blake's 
acquaintance  with  the  family  living  near 
him  led  to  his  going  to  stay  with  the  family 
living  at  Battersea  ? 

The  entry  of  Blake's  marriage,  in  the 
register  of  St.  Mary's,  Battersea.  gives  the 
name  as  Butcher,  and  also  describes  Blake 
as  "  of  the  parish  of  Battersea,"  by  a 
common  enough  error.     It  is  as  follows  : — 

1782. 
Banns  of  Marriage. 
No.  281  William  Blake  of  the  Parish  of  Batter- 
sea Batchelor  and  Catherine  Butcher  of  the  same 
Parish  Spinster  were  Married  in  this  Church  by 
License  this  Eighteenth  Day  of  August  in  the 
Year  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Eighty 
two  by  me  J.  Gardnor  Vicar.  This  Marriage  was 
solemnized  between  Us 

William  Blake 

The  mark  of  X  Catherine  Butcher 
In  the  presence  of  Thomas  Monger  Butcher 
Jas  Blake 
Robt.  Munday  Parish  Clerk. 

I  imagine  that  Thomas  Monger  Butcher 
was  probably  Catherine's  brother  ;  there 
are  other  Mongers  not  far  off  in  the  register, 
as  if  the  name  were  a  family  name.  His 
handwriting  is  mean  and  untidy,  James 
Blake's  vague  but  fluent  ;  Catherine  makes 
her  mark  somewhat  faintly.  As  the  register 
lies  open  there  are  entries  of  seven  marriages  ; 
out  of  these,  no  fewer  than  three  of  the  brides 
have  signed  by  making  their  mark.  The 
name  William  Blake  stands  out  from  these 
"  blotted  and  blurred  "  signatures  ;  the  ink 
is  very  black,  as  if  he  had  pressed  hard  on 
the  pen  ;  and  the  name  has  a  "  firm  and 
determinate  outline."        Arthur  Symons. 


JULIUS    BEERBOHM. 

The  death  of  Mr.  Julius  Beerbohm,  which 
occurred  on  Saturday  last  after  a  brief  illness, 
will  be  widely  and  deeply  mourned  outside  the 
immediate  circle  of  his  family.  A  traveller 
in  many  lands,  an  ardent  sportsman,  a  facile 
linguist,  a  born  poet,  a  passionate  lover  of 
all  beautiful  things  in  nature  and  art — 
Julius  Beerbohm  had,  by  his  buoyant  gaiety 
of  temper  and  his  manifold  gifts  and  accom- 
plishments, won  the  admiring  and  affec- 
tionate regard  of  a  whole  host  of  friends. 
Born  in  London  in  1854,  and  educated  first 
at  an  English  school,  later  at  Schnepfenthal 
(Thuringia)  and  Le  Havre,  he  was  but  twenty- 
one  when,  returning  from  a  tour  over  the 
South  American  continent,  he  described  his 
impressions  with  pen  and  pencil  in  a  volume 
entitled  '  Wanderings  in  Patagonia  '  (Chatto 
&  Windus).  His  subsequent  roamings  ex- 
tended to  India,  Australia,  North  America, 
and  the  West  Indies  ;  while,  in  company 
with  Sir  Beaumont  and  Lady  Florence  Dixie, 
he  for  a  second  time  explored  Patagonia, 
renewing  his  early  impressions  of  that  "  lean 
gray  land  of  lone  ravine  and  plain."  Of  late 
his  travels  had  been  confined  to  Southern 
Europe.  He  knew  the  fair  features  of  France 
and  Spain,  as  he  knew  their  literatures, 
from  long  and  loving  study  ;  and  to  hear 
him  describe  his  experiences  and  adventures 
was  a  pleasure  which  few  who  have  enjoyed 
it  are  likely  to  forget. 

Julius  Beerbohm's  lyrical  gift  was  spon- 
taneous, natural,  and  unforced.     His  gentle 


flame  provoked  itself,  and  he  sang  where  and 
when  and  how  the  spirit  within  him  listed. 
Of  the  technicalities  and  the  pedantries  of 
the  prosodists  he  knew  little,  and  reeked,  if 
possible,  still  less  ;  lie  wrote  by  the  guidance 
of  an  exquisite  metrical  ear,  and  was 
justified  by  the  result.  He  set  too  little 
store  by  his  own  verses,  and  shrank  from 
publication.  One  or  two  juvenile  pieces — 
bright,  humorous,  fanciful  things — were 
printed  in  Temple  Bar  in  1878  ;  and  lately 
a  few  of  his  sonnets — a  metrical  form  which 
he  chiefly  loved,  and  in  which  above  all  other 
he  excelled — adorned  the  columns  of  The 
English  Review  ;  but  as  yet  there  has  not 
appeared  any  collected  edition  of  his  poems, 
though  some  months  since  such  a  volume 
was  announced.  Its  success,  whenever  it 
shall  appear,  may  be  safely  predicted — 
though,  to  such  as  had  the  happiness  to  catch 
them  as  they  fell  from  his  lips,  Julius  Beer- 
bohm's verses  must  ever  seem  to  lose  in  the 
printing,  for  lack  of  the  musical  voice  that 
once  set  them  off  so  deftly.  This  week  we 
give  our  readers  a  specimen  of  his  lighter 
Muse. 

Julius  Beerbohm  married,  in  1883,  Evelyn, 
relict  of  Capt.  Reginald  Younghusband,  of 
the  24th  Regiment.  He  leaves  a  widow  and 
three  children  to  deplore  his  untimely  loss. 


THE    ASLOAN    MS. 

Prof.  Bang,  in  his  letter  on  the  Asloan  MS. 
in  last  week's  Athenceum,  says,  inadvertently, 
that  I  have  stated  in  my  '  Specimens  of 
Middle  Scots  '  that  the  MS.  must  be  in  the 
possession  of  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide.  I 
said  that  it  was  in  his  possession  when  I  had 
the  opportunity  of  consulting  it  in  the 
British  Museum  about  fifteen  years  ago.  His 
lordship's  reply  to  a  request  made  by  me  in 
1901,  on  behalf  of  the  Scottish  Text  Society, 
neither  admitted  nor  denied  ownership.  In 
the  circumstances,  therefore,  I  could  not 
venture  to  say  that  the  MS.  must  be  in  his 
possession.  There  is,  as  far  as  I  am  aware, 
no  evidence  to  warrant  this  statement,  or  its 
contrary,  that  the  volume,  like  another 
Auchinleck  treasure,  the  Wyntoun  MS.,  has 
found  a  new  guardian. 

I  hope  the  correspondence  will  be  the 
means  of  removing  the  mystery.  The  denial 
of  access  is  a  serious  embarrassment  to  the 
Scottish  Text  Society,  which  has  undertaken 
to  print  this  important  MS.,  the  earliest  of 
the  greater  Scots  collections.  I  have  delayed 
the  publication  of  my  edition  of  Henryson 
for  the  Society  in  the  hope  that  the  oldest 
version  of  the  '  Orpheus  '  and  of  one  of  the 
'  Fables '  might  be  forthcoming  ;  and  I 
know  that  there  are  others  engaged  in  pro- 
blems of  M.Sc.  and  M.E.  scholarship,  for 
the  solution  of  which  a  knowledge  of  the 
Asloan  text  is  indispensable.  It  will  be  a 
very  serious  misfortune  if  a  MS.  which  is  in 
the  truest  sense  a  national  one  should  be 
withheld  from  a  national  society,  or  from 
independent  students  of  our  literature  and 
language.  G.  Gregory  Smith. 


THE  SPRING  PUBLISHING  SEASON. 

THE    SOCIETY    FOR    PROMOTING    CHRISTIAN 
KNOWLEDGE 

are  publishing  Sermons  for  the  People,  by  various 
contributors  :  Vol.  V.,  Trinity  Sunday  until  Eightli 
Sunday  after  Trinity, — Early  Church  Classics : 
The  Apostolical  Constitutions  and  Cognate  Docu- 
ments, by  the  Rev.  De  Lacy  O'Leary, — The  Great 
Commandment :  and  the  Second  like  unto  It,  six 
sermons  by  the  Right  Rev.  J.  Mitchinson, — The 
Old  Testament  in  Modern  Light,  by  the  late  Canon 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


517 


W.  A.  Moberly, — The  Story  of  the  Apocrjrpha,  by 
the  Rev.  S.  N.  Sedgwick,— The  Sacraments  of  the 
Gospel,  lecture  addresses  by  the  Rev.  W.  Beck, — 
The  Higher  Criticism,  notes  by  Bishop  R.  S. 
Coplestone, — Sweeps  and  Bridge,  two  sermons  by 
the  Bishop  of  Lahore, — Christian  Evidence  Sermons, 
by  various  authors,  including  Dr.  St.  Clair  Tisdall, 
the  Rev.  W.  C.  Allen,  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Inge,  the 
Rev.  V.  F.  Storr,  and  Canon  Masterman, — Read- 
ings with  my  Children,  by  the  Rev.  E.  V.  Hall, — 
Questions  for  Self- Examination  on  the  Ten  Com- 
mandments, by  the  Right  Rev.  J.  Mitehinson — a 
Series  of  Scripture  Picture  Books  printed  in 
Colours, — various  Offices  for  Gloucester  Diocese, — 
Portfolio  of  English  Cathedrals,  with  historical 
and  architectural  Notes  by  A.  Fairbairns,  No.  18, 
— Readings  for  Mothers'  Meetings,  from  Easter  to 
Trinity,  by  the  Lady  Laura  Hampton — The  Dis- 
establishment Question  at  the  Present  Time, — 
Tibet  and  the  Tibetans,  by  the  Rev.  Graham 
Sandberg, — How  We  got  our  Bible,  by  Dr.  Pater- 
son  Smyth,  a  cheap  reprint — "  Sunday  "  (National 
Observance)  Advisory  Committee, — A  Memorial  of 
Confirmation,  and  other  brief  papers. 


lEitmmj  (Snssip. 

In  '  A  Sovereign  Remedy,'  which  Mr. 
Heinemann  is  publishing,  Mrs.  F.  A.  Steel 
appeals,  not,  as  before,  to  the  mystery 
and  imagination  of  Eastern  life,  but  to 
the  mystery  and  imagination  which 
underlie  life  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
The  book  treats  of  a  life  which  lies  about 
each  one  of  us,  but  in  which  our  so-called 
civilization  has  no  place  or  part  whatever. 
It  also  in  the  course  of  a  love  story  tells 
a  tale  of  a  life  that  lies  even  beyond  love. 
The  style  is  very  light,  and  the  whole  is 
more  of  a  romance  than  a  novel  of  real 
life. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Fitchett's  life  of  John 
Wesley  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  on  May  8th,  under  the  title 
'  Wesley  and  his  Century  :  a  Study  in 
Spiritual  Forces.'  A  special  Canadian 
edition  will  be  issued  on  the  same  date 
by  the  Methodist  Book  and  Publishing 
House  of  Toronto,  and  editions  will  also 
be  published  in  the  United  States  and  in  the 
colonies.  The  work  gives  Wesley's  life 
set  in  historical  perspective,  and  shows 
its  relations  not  merely  to  the  eighteenth 
century,  but  also  to  the  twentieth.  The 
volume  includes  a  portrait  in  photogravure 
of  Wesley  from  the  painting  by  Romney, 
and  facsimiles  of  two  hitherto  unpublished 
letters  from  Wesley  to  Miss  Bolton,  of 
Witney,  and  of  pages  from  Wesley's 
journal  in  Georgia. 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  before  long  a 
book  by  Major-General  Seymour  entitled 
'  Saunterings  in  Spain — Barcelona,  Madrid, 
Toledo,  Cordova,  Seville,  Granada.'  It 
gives  a  traveller's  impressions  of  the  cities, 
the  scenery,  and  the  art  of  Spain,  and  will 
be  illustrated  with  photographs. 

Mr.  John  Murray  is  publishing  '  Im- 
perial Strategy,'  by  the  Military  Corre- 
spondent of  The  Times,  and  '  Brittany,' 
by  Mr.  H.  A.  Vachell,  whose  new  novel 
'  The  Face  of  Clay '  deals  largely  with  the 
fascinations  of  that  region.  '  Truth  and 
Falsehood  in  Religion,'  by  Dr.  W.  R. 
Inge,  six  lectures  delivered  to  Cambridge 
undergraduates  this  year,  is  sure  to  be 
of  deep  interest ;   and  '  Poems'  by  Mr.  W. 


De  La  Mare  should  attract  the  readers  of 
his  clever  work  '  Henry  Brocken.' 

An  important  addition  to  "  The  World's 
Classics  "  will  be  the  publication  in  the 
autumn  of  the  works  of  Shakspeare  in 
about  seven  volumes,  edited,  with  critical 
introductions  and  notes  to  all  the  plays, 
by  Mr.  Theodore  Watts-Dunton.  The 
issue  will  be  prefaced  by  a  long  essay 
written  expressly  for  it  by  Mr.  Swinburne, 
in  which  will  be  found  his  latest  and  ripest 
views  upon  Shakspeare  and  his  art.  A 
limited  large-paper  issue  of  the  edition 
will  appear  at  the  same  time.  The  fact 
that  the  text  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton,  who  has  for  many  years  made 
Shakspeare  a  special  study,  will  interest 
the  scholar  as  well  as  the  pampered 
purchaser. 

In  about  a  fortnight  a  batch  of  new 
volumes  will  be  added  to  this  popular 
series,  including  Thoreau's  'Walden,' 
with  an  introductory  essay  by  Mr.  Watts- 
Dunton,  called  '  Thoreau  and  the  Children 
of  the  Open  Air  '  ;  Anne  Bronte's  '  Tenant 
of  Wildfell  Hall '  ;  Gibbon's  l  Roman 
Empire,'  vol.  vi.  ;  '  Twenty  -  three  Tales 
by  Tolstoy  '  ;  and  Chaucer's  '  Works,' 
vol.  hi.,  containing  the  whole  of  '  The 
Canterbury  Tales.'  These  will  be  at  once 
followed  by  a  large  number  of  the  English 
classics,  several  of  them  edited  by  well- 
known  scholars.  Pocket  editions  of  the 
volumes  are  also  in  preparation,  printed 
on  thin  rag-made  paper.  The  publisher, 
Mr.  Frowde,  has  determined  to  make  the 
series  worthy  of  the  Oxford  University 
Press,  and  is  having  all  the  volumes 
already  issued  revised  with  the  greatest 
care,  in  order  that  the  text  in  each  case 
may  be  as  confidently  used  as  that  of  the 
best  editions.  The  vogue  of  "  The  World's 
Classics  "  seems  to  be  increasing,  the  sales 
now  amounting  to  a  million  and  a  half 
copies. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  have  arranged 
for  the  publication  of  an  octavo  volume 
on  '  Costume  :  Fanciful,  Historical,  and 
Theatrical,'  which  has  been  compiled  by 
Mrs.  Aria,  and  is  illustrated  by  Mr.  Percy 
Anderson  with  sixteen  full-page  plates  in 
colour  and  about  eighty  pictures  in  the 
text. 

An  interesting  article  in  the  April 
number  of  The  Edinburgh  Review  mentions 
The  Athenaeum  in  connexion  with  Canning: 
and  the  various  stories  commonly  described 
under  the  title  '  The  Secret  Articles  of  the 
Treaty  of  Tilsit.'  An  incidental  reference 
to  the  tampering  of  Governments  with 
dispatches  is  somewhat  startling.  The 
writer  in  The  Edinburgh  attacks  Mr. 
Temperley  for  the  assertion  that  dis- 
patches "  were  at  this  time  usually  opened 
and  deciphered."  The  practice  is  still 
common  on  the  Continent,  and  all  Powers 
send  their  dispatches  which  are  in  the 
least  confidential  either  by -Foreign  Office 
messengers  or  diplomatic  attaches,  or, 
at  the  worst,  "  by  safe  hand  " — in  other 
words,  by  a  well-known  and  responsible 
person  of  their  own  nationality.  As 
regards  our  own  Post  Office,  letters  in 
this  country  can  only  be  opened  on  the 
warrant  of  a  Secretary  of  State,   which 


would  in  time  of  peace  not  be  accorded 
for  the  opening  of  diplomatic  documents. 
Foreign  telegrams  are  invariably  read  for 
Governments  in  foreign  countries,  and  the 
best  mode  of  bringing  a  "  secret  "  to  the 
knowledge  of  such  Governments  is  to 
telegraph  it  "  en  clair."  This  practice 
is  often  resorted  to  for  the  purpose. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  announces  a  new 
nature  book,  '  The  Opal  Sea,'  by  Prof. 
John  C.  Van  Dyke.  It  is  an  interpretation 
of  the  sea  in  its  various  aspects  and  beauties, 
but  is  based  on  scientific  discovery  and 
research. 

At  University  College,  London,  the 
Jevons  Memorial  Lectures  will  be  delivered 
by  Mr.  Phihp  H.  Wicksteed  on  "The 
Application  of  the  Principle  of  Margins 
to  the  Problems  of  Wage- Earning,  Un- 
employment, Foreign  Trade,  and  Finance,' 
on  Monday  evenings,  beginning  on  May  7th. 
The  lectures  are  open  to  the  public  without 
payment  or  ticket. 

Dr.  Richard  Garnett's  wife  was  not, 
as  we  stated,  a  daughter  of  Westland 
Marston,  but  the  only  daughter  of  Edward 
Singleton,  of  co.  Clare,  and  a  niece  by 
marriage  of  Marston. 

A  little  volume  of  verse  by  Miss  Hester 
Bancroft,  a  granddaughter  of  the  historian 
of  the  United  States,  will  be  published 
almost  immediately — in  England  by  Mr. 
Elkin  Mathews,  and  in  New  York  by 
Messrs.  C.  Scribner  &  Sons. 

Dr.  B.  P.  Grenfell  and  Dr.  A.  S. 
Hunt  have  returned  to  England  from 
Oxyrhynchus,  where  their  fifth  season's 
excavations  proved  very  successful,  par- 
ticularly in  the  discovery  of  literary  papyri, 
several  of  which  promise  to  be  of  excep- 
tional interest.  It  was  not  possible  to 
decipher  these  while  the  excavations  were 
in  progress  ;  but  the  papyri  are  now  on 
their  way  to  England,  and  soon  after 
their  arrival  a  detailed  announcement  may 
be  expected. 

The  Eragny  Press  will  issue  in  a  few 
days  '  Songs  from  Ben  Jonson,'  with  the 
original  music,  overseen  by  Mr.  Barclay 
Squire,  and  a  woodcut  in  colours  by  Mr. 
Lucien  Pissarro. 

Messrs.  Blades,  East  &  Blades  will 
shortly  issue  for  Mrs.  Emily  M.  Pritchard 
a  reproduction  by  photo-lithography  of  the 
original  manuscript  (now  in  the  Phillipps 
Collection  at  the  Cardiff  Free  Library)  of 
1  The  Taylor's  Cushion,'  being  the  common- 
place book  of  George  Owen,  the  Eliza- 
bethan historian  of  Pembrokeshire.  The 
work  until  recently  was  known  only  in  a 
transcript  made  by  Fenton.  Mrs.  Prit- 
chard will  contribute  a  short  biography  of 
the  author,  and  the  issue  will  be  limited 
to  300  copies. 

Among  those  who  have  promised  to 
support  the  American  Ambassador  at  the 
Royal  Literary  Fund  Dinner  on  May  10th 
are  Dr.  Nansen,  Lord  Kelvin,  the  President 
of  the  Royal  Academy,  the  Presidents  of 
the  Royal  Colleges  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  and  of  the  Institutions  of  Civil 
and  Mechanical  Engineers,  Prof.  Herkomer, 
R.A.,  and  the  Bishops  of  Bristol,  Ripon, 
and  Winchester. 


f)18 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


A  new  limited  edition  of  the  complete 
books  of  R.  L.  Stevenson  will  be  shortly 
published  hy  Messrs.  Cassrll  &  Co.,  on 
behalf  of  the  various  publishers  of  his 
works.  The  edition  will  contain  intro- 
ductions to  the  different  works  written 
by  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse.  It  will  bear  the 
title  of  "  The  Pentland  Edition,"  and  it  is 
hoped  to  issue  the  first  four  volumes  during 
the  autumn  of  the  present  year. 

The  Early  English  Drama  Society  have 
now  started  on  the  first  year's  publications 
of  the  "  Facsimile  Series."  The  repro- 
duction will  be  of  the  most  exact  kind  ;  no 
touching  up  of  blemishes,  restoration  of 
blurred  words,  or  other  mechanical  mani- 
pulation of  the  original  text  will  be  allowed ; 
and  all  such  details  will  be  dealt  with  only 
in  the  Note-Book  and  Word-List.  The 
first  issue,  Massinger's  '  Believe  as  You 
List,'  edited  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen,  will  be 
ready  shortly. 

A  committee  is  being  formed  with  the 
object  of  raising  a  fund  to  be  invested  for 
the  benefit  of  the  late  Mrs.  Chesson's 
three  young  children,  for  whom  there  is 
very  inadequate  provision.  Subscriptions 
and  any  inquiries  or  suggestions  will  be 
acknowledged  by  Mrs.  Ernestine  Mills,  the 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Committee,  at 
21,  St.  Mary  Abbott's  Terrace,  Kensington. 

The  preliminaries  for  the  establishment 
of  a  Hindu  University,  to  which  we 
referred  on  February  3rd,  are  making 
rapid  progress.  Offers  of  service  are 
coming  in  from  the  principals  and  pro- 
fessors of  the  leading  colleges  of  India, 
and  the  Munshi  Madho  Lai,  who  gave 
20,000Z.  (three  lakhs)  to  the  endowment, 
has  been  conferring  on  the  details  of  the 
foundation  with  Pundit  Madan  Mohan 
Malaviya.  The  latest  decision  taken  was 
to  send  an  influential  deputation  to  collect 
subscriptions  throughout  India. 

Moin-ud-Din,  General  Superintendent 
of  Muttra  Collectorate,  has  prepared  and 
issued  a  '  History '  of  the  famous  Taj 
Mahal  and  the  buildings  in  its  vicinity. 
The  writer  gives  an  interesting  account 
of  the  artists  who  were  employed  in  its 
construction. 

Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  hand 
work  employed  in  the  bindings  of  Messrs. 
Sisley's  new  series  of  classics  de  luxe,  "  The 
Panel-Books,"  the  first  eight  volumes  have 
been  somewhat  delayed. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  death  of 
M.  Louis  Gustave  Vapereau  in  the  eighty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age.  Vapereau's 
'  Dictionnaire  Universel  des  Contempo- 
rains  '  was  first  published  in  1858,  and 
new  editions  and  supplements  continued 
to  appear  up  to  a  few  years  ago.  It  has 
long  since  taken  first  rank  as  a  trustworthy 
book  of  reference  all  over  the  globe,  and 
its  general  accuracy  is  no  less  remarkable 
than  the  exhaustive  character  of  its  bio- 
graphical and  other  details.  It  has  had 
several  rivals  both  in  France  and  other 
countries,  but  has  not  yet  been  superseded. 
In  1876-7  Vapereau  published  a  companion 
volume  of  a  more  restricted  interest,  the 
'  Dictionnaire  Universel  des  Litteratures.' 
Vapereau  was  born  at  Orleans  on  April  4th, 


1819,  and  on  leaving  the  Ecole  Normale 
became  secretary  to  Victor  Cousin,  whom 
he  assisted  in  his  work  on  the  '  Pensees  '  of 
Pascal. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Book- 
sellers' Provident  Institution  held  on 
Thursday  week  last  the  sum  of  107/.  was 
voted  for  the  relief  of  56  members  and 
widows  of  members  ;  6  new  members 
were  elected,  and  10  applications  for 
membership  were  received. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  are  Inter- 
mediate Education,  Ireland,  Rules  and 
Programme  for  1906  (Id.)  ;  Irish  Teachers' 
Pensions  Rules,  1906  [\d.)  ;  Annual  Sta- 
tistical Report  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1904-5  (2{d.)  ;  Annual  Report  on 
the  Finances  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, 1904-5  (l£d.)  ;  University  of 
Edinburgh,  two  Ordinances  (\d.  and  Id.)  ; 
and  Ordinance  No.  XIII.  of  the  Uni- 
versities of  St.  Andrews,  Glasgow,  Aber- 
deen, and  Edinburgh  (\d.). 

SCIENCE 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  Founders  of  Geology.  By  Sir  Archi- 
bald Geikie.  Second  Edition.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — This  work  was  originally  based  on 
a  short  course  of  lectures  delivered  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  University.  In  the  new 
edition  so  much  fresh  matter  has  been  intro- 
duced that  instead  of  being  confined,  as  the 
lectures  were,  to  the  lives  of  a  few  geologists 
belonging  to  what  has  been  called  the  Heroic 
Age  of  geology,  the  expanded  work  deals 
with  a  long  succession  of  illustrious  men 
who  have  contributed,  age  after  age,  to  the 
foundation  of  geological  science.  A  notable 
feature  in  the  new  edition  is  a  sketch  of  the 
crude  attempts  of  the  philosophei's  of  Greece 
and  Rome  to  interpret  phenomena  of  the 
earth.  Again,  the  growth  of  geological 
ideas  in  the  Middle  Ages  is  treated  at  greater 
length  than  in  the  former  edition,  which 
began  virtually  with  the  rise  of  the  French 
school,  led  by  Buffon  and  Guettard.  Sir 
Archibald  Geikie's  volume  is  not  a  systematic 
history  of  geology,  like  the  well-known 
work  of  Zittel,  but  it  is  an  admirable  outline 
of  the  development  of  the  science,  as  revealed 
by  the  life  and  labours  of  a  representative 
selection  of  its  more  distinguished  fathers. 

Mr.  John  Murray  has  added  to  his 
"  Popular  Edition  "  of  Darwin's  works 
The  Movements  and  Habits  of  Climbing 
Plants.  This  issue  is  the  only  one  at  a  cheap 
price  that  can  be  commended,  as  it  includes 
in  each  case  Darwin's  latest  corrections  and 
annotations.  He  was  in  touch  with  many 
foreign  men  of  science,  and  we  think  it 
unfair  to  him  as  well  as  to  the  advance  of 
science  to  republish  his  works  without  such 
modifications. 

Modern  Cosmogonies.  By  Agnes  M. Gierke. 
(A.  &  C.  Black.) — An  extended  review  of 
this  very  interesting  book  is  not  necessary, 
as,  of  the  sixteen  chapters  composing  it, 
thirteen  have  already  appeared  as  articles 
in  Knowledge  and  its  continuation,  Know- 
ledge and  Illustrated  Scientific  News.  The 
other  three  render  the  scheme  complete,  and 
the  whole  forms  an  able  discussion  of  the 
course  of  modern  inquiries  regarding  the 
origin  of  the  universe.  The  various  specula- 
tions concerning  tho  so-called  nebular  hypo- 
thesis or  theory  are,  of  course,  fully 
discussed.     Probably   the   last   chapter,    on 


'  Life  as  the  Outcome,'  will  be  read  with  the 
greatest  interest.  A  notable  characteristic 
of  Miss  Gierke's  books  is  the  thoroughness, 
with  which  she  goes  into  all  the  questions- 
connected  with  tho  points  she  is  discussing. 
Tho  present  work  does  not  fail  in  this  respect; 
and  as  it  is  adapted  to  a  larger  circle  of 
readers  than  most  of  her  previous  produc- 
tions, the  larger  type  will  be  an  additional 
attraction. 

Experimental  Electrochemistry.  By  Munro 
Hopkins,  Ph.D.  (Constable  &  Co.)— The 
modern  developments  of  electrochemistry 
have  been  so  rapid  and  varied  that  one  could 
only  have  welcomed  a  text-book  giving  a 
clear  and  connected  account  oi  the  present 
position  of  the  subject  ;  but  unfortunately 
Prof.  Hopkins's  book  does  not  fulfil  this 
function.  The  subject  is  throughout  treated 
from  the  point  of  view  oi  the  electrolytic 
dissociation  theory,  of  which  the  author 
seems  to  be  a  strong  supporter,  and  which, 
to  quote  his  own  words,  "  has  the  most 
excellent  experimental  evidence  in  its 
favour  "  ;  but  we  cannot  agree  with  his 
attitude  when  he  says  that  "  the  arguments 
against  the  theory  will  not  be  introduced 
for  fear  of  confusing  the  student  "  (chap.  ii. 
p.  17).  The  book  is  admittedly  written  for 
the  advanced  student,  and  we  hold  that  all 
the  arguments  against  the  theory,  as  well 
as  those  in  favour  of  it,  should  be  introduced 
to  the  reader  ;  we  think,  moreover,  that 
greater  harm  is  done  by  an  over-zealous- 
partisan  who  refuses  to  discuss  the  difficulties,, 
and  to  point  out  the  limitations  of  his  theory,, 
than  by  the  most  vehement  attack  of  an 
opponent. 

In  a  short  note  at  the  beginning  of  the 
book  the  author  gives  some  "  suggestions  to> 
students  and  research-workers  in  electro- 
chemistry," in  which  we  find  the  following 
statement : — 

"  Chemists,  until  very  lately,  have  shown  a; 
pathetic  need  of  electrochemical  knowledge,  a 
failure  only  rivalled,  it  may  he  said,  by  the  lack 
of  chemical  knowledge  exhihited  by  electricians." 

Ite  has  been  our  good  fortune  to  enjoy  the 
acquaintance  of  several  chemists  well  versed 
in  physics,  and  electricians  with  no  mean 
knowledge  of  chemistry  ;  but  after  reading- 
the  present  volume  one  is  tempted  to  think 
that  the  above-mentioned  type  of  chemist 
is  not  altogether  extinct,  as  will  be  realized 
from  the  following  quotations,  taken  at 
random  from  Prof.  Hopkins's  book.  Regard- 
ing the  pressure  due  to  a  perfect  gas,  we  are 
told  on  p.  21  that 

"  there  will  be  repellent  forces  between  the  mole- 
miles  of  the  gas,  driving  them  to  the  remotest 
recesses  of  the  containing  vessel,  and  consequent  1\ 
there  will  be  a  pressure  against  the  walls  of  the 
same." 

At  the  beginning  of  chap.  iii.  we  are  told 
that 

"it  is  well  known  that  water  freezes  constantly 
at  0°  G,  and  that  this  fact  has  been  made  the 
basis  for  the  several  thermometric  scales  for 
scientific  purposes  throughout  tho  world." 

Then  on  p.  55  we  learn  that  "  the  electricity 
from  a  frictional  machine  is  almost  all 
potential  difference  "  (the  italics  are  in  the 
original)  ;  and  again  we  are  told,  with 
regard  to  the  heating  of  iron  when  the 
direction  of  magnetization  is  repeatedly 
reversed,  that  "  this  heating  of  iron  by  an 
alternating  current  under  such  cii  cumstances 
is  called  '  hysteresis  '  "  (p.  63). 

These  are  only  a  few  examples  of  inaccuracy, 
which  might  be  multiplied  did  space  permit. 
We  note  that  much  care  has  been  taken  over 
the  illustrations,  of  which  there  are  a  hundred 
and  thirty.  It  is  disappointing  to  find  that 
this  standard  of  excellence  has  not  beer* 
maintained  in  the  text. 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


519 


STEREOISOMERISM.  * 

It  is^now  more  than  one  hundred  years 
,since  Dalton  revived  the  atomic  hypothesis, 
or  the  idea  that  all  matter  is  composed  of 
small  particles.  Since  Dalton's  time  the 
whole  fabric  of  chemistry  has  been  built  up 
•on  this  idea  as  a  foundation.  It  has  always 
been  one  of  the  chief  aims  of  chemists  to 
"find  out  how  these  atoms  are  linked  together 
in  every  substance.  Chemical  formulas  are 
•expressions  of  this  idea,  and  have  been 
•developed  step  by  step  since  Dalton  first 
proposed  their  use  ;  so  that  now  the  formula 
of  any  given  compound  should  represent  all 
the  more  important  chemical  facts  known 
about  it. 

An  example  can  be  given  in  lactic  acid,  the 
acid  present  in  sour  milk.  By  analysis  it  is 
found  to  consist,  of  the  elements  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  oxygen  ;  moreover,  these 
elements  are  always  present  in  the  same 
proportions.  If  the  Daltonian  idea  of  atoms 
is  correct,  then  the  smallest  particle,  or 
molecule,  of  lactic  acid,  should  be  built  up 
of  these  three  elements,  and  we  can  write 
the  formula  for  lactic  acid  as  follows : 
C3H(!0.,.  This  means  that  there  are  three 
atoms  of  carbon,  six  of  hydrogen,  and  three 
of  oxygen  in  the  molecule  of  lactic  acid. 
By  further  experiments  on  lactic  acid,  the 
chemist  can  prove  that  these  atoms  are 
arranged  in  certain  groups,  or,  in  other 
words,  one  of  these  carbon  atoms  is  linked 
to  four  different  groups  composed  of  the 
remaining  atoms  :  (1)  a  group  of  one  carbon 
and  three  hydrogen  atoms  ;  (2)  a  group  of 
one  carbon,  one  hydrogen,  and  two  oxygen 
atoms  ;  (3)  a  group  of  one  hydrogen  and 
one  oxygen  atom ;  (4)  a  hydrogen  atom. 
The  chemical  formula  was  expanded  accord- 
ingly to  C(CH,)  (CO,H)  (OH)  (H). 

In  the  year  1873  Wislicenus  pointed  out 
that  there  were  at  least  two  lactic  acids  with 
identical  components,  i.e.,  they  were  isomeric: 
one  was  found  in  sour  milk,  the  other  in 
flesh.  He  contended  that  the  chemical 
formulas  then  in  use  were  inadequate,  and 
did  not  account  for  the  facts.  At  once  the 
atomic  hypothesis  was  called  upon  for  an 
explanation.  The  difficulty  was  soon  sur- 
mounted, and,  as  often  happens,  two 
chemists,  independently  of  each  other, 
•brought  forward  the  same  solution  of  it 
oluring  the  next  year,  1 874. 

The  new  idea  was  excessively  simple, 
namely,  that  instead  of  expressing  these 
formulas  by  writing  them  in  one  plane  on  a 
sheet  of  paper,  the  various  groups  in  the 
molecule  should  be  represented  as  arranged 
in  space  ;  space  formulas,  or  stereo-cite  niical 
formulas,  should  be  used  instead.  This 
done,  theory  and  fact  would  once  more  be- 
in  accord. 

These  two  chemists,  Van't  Hoff  and  Le 
Bel,  pointed  out  that  if  round  a  central  atom 
four  different  atoms  or  groups  of  atoms  were 
symmetrically  arranged,  there  were  two 
different  ways  in  which  this  could  be  done  ; 
moreover,  the  one  configuration  was  tho 
optical  image  of  the  other.  If  a  man  has  only- 
one  eye,  and  that  is  the  right  eye,  his  reflec- 
tion in  a  glass  shows  also  a  man  with  only 
one  eye,  but  that  one  is  the  left.  The 
reflection  of  the  face  of  a  watch,  a  spiral 
shell,  or  a  screw  shows  tho  same  state  of 
things.  Further,  if  tho  mirror  image  of  the 
man  could  walk  out  of  the  mirror,  it  would 
be  idontical  with  the  real  man  except  that 
he  had  been  turned  round  :    it  would  have 

*  The  earlier  art  Idea  in  this  Series  nppeared  as  follows' 
M,  I'oincare  on  'La  Fin  de  la  Matiere,'  February  17th 
Sir  William  Ramsay  on  'Helium  and  the  Trnjism'utatinn 
■«.f  Blemente,'  March  lOth  ;  and  Dr.  A.  II.  Hnrherer  on 
"The  shape  of  Electrons  and  the  klaxwellian  Theory' 
Jklarch  24th.  " 


one  eye,  and  that  the  left  eye,  and  no  amount 
of  turning  in  any  direction  could  make  it 
identical  with  the  real  man.  The  one  can 
be  said  to  be  right-eyed,  and  the  other  loft- 
eyed. 

This  asymmetry,  or  enantiomorphism, 
can  only  exist  where  there  are  four  different 
groups.  In  the  man's  face  we  can  take  the 
forehead,  the  eyes,  and  the  nose  as  repre- 
senting the  four  different  groups.  But 
should  two  be  the  same,  then  the  asymmetry 
at  once  disappears.  If  the  man  were  blind 
with  both  eyes,  then,  as  far  as  the  face  was 
concerned,  the  mirror  image  of  the  man 
would  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  real  man. 

This  explanation  therefore,  was  brought 
forward  to  account  for  the  existence  of  the 
two  different  lactic  acids  :  they  are  supposed 
to  be  stereo-isomers  of  one  another.  The 
differences  between  the  two  lactic  acids  that 
Wislicenus  investigated  were  the  following  : 
the  one  from  sour  milk  was  without  action 
on  a  beam  of  plane-polarized  light  ;  the 
one  from  flesh  was  dextro-rotatory,  or 
turned  the  plane  of  the  polarized  light  to 
the  right.  Several  other  differences  were 
observed,  all  of  a  physical  nature,  such  as 
solubility  of  the  salts,  crystalline  form,  &c. 
But  it  is  this  property  of  action  on  polarized 
light  that  is  most  interesting,  because  a 
very  large  number  of  substances  that  are 
of  the  greatest  value  possess  this  property — 
starches,  sugars,  albumens,  and  many  natural 
medicinal  compounds,  such  as  quinine,  cam- 
phor, and  tartaric  acid.  Some  are  dextro- 
rotatory, others  laevo-rotatory.  This  property 
of  acting  on  polarized  light  was  discovered 
by  Arago  in  1811.  He  noticed  it  in  quartz, 
calcspar,  and  some  other  minerals.  But  it 
was  Biot  in  1815  who  made  the  great  dis- 
covery that  many  of  the  natural  organic 
compounds  rotate  the  plane  of  polarized 
light.  It  remained  for  Pasteur  (1848-58) 
to  produce  the  most  splendid  and  classical 
work  on  the  subject,  namely,  on  tartaric 
acid  :  '  The  Relations  between  Composition, 
Optical  Activity,  and  Crystalline  Form.' 
On  looking  back  with  the  added  knowledge 
of  fifty  years,  one  marvels  to  see  how  com- 
plete the  work  was.  Pasteur  showed  that 
the  atoms  in  these  organic  compounds  must 
be  asymmetrically  grouped  to  explain  their 
optical  activity.  He  thus  opened  a  new 
and  wholly  surprising  chapter  in  chemistry 
— one  which  has  already  grown  to  fill  books, 
and  in  the  future  must  be  more  and  more 
important,  especially  in  connexion  with 
physiological  chemistry. 

Briefly  stated,  his  work  on  tartaric  acid 
was  as  follows.  He  proved  the  existence 
of  four  different  tartaric  acids,  differing  only 
slightly  in  properties  :  the  ordinary  dextro- 
tartaric  acid,  a  laevo-acid,  and  two  optically 
inactive  acids — racemic  acid  and  meso- 
tartaric  acid  (these  last  two  made  from  the 
ordinary  acid  by  heat).  He  proved  that  the 
optically  inactive  racemic  acid  was  a  mixture 
of  equal  quantities  of  the  dextro-  and  laevo- 
acids,  and  discovered  the  following  methods 
by  which  the  racemic  acid  could  be  resolved 
into  its  two  active  constituents  : — 

( 1 )  Spontaneous  separation  by  crystalliza- 
tion.— When  the  sodium  ammonium  race- 
mate  is  allowed  to  crystallize  slowly,  right- 
and  left  handed  crystals  separate.  These 
may  be  picked  out  by  hand,  and  on  regene- 
rating the  acid  from  them,  in  the  one  case  a 
dextro-acid  is  produced,  in  tho  other  a 
]  ivo-ncid.  It  was  this  experiment  that  so 
delighted  M.  Biot,  for  when  Pasteur  showed 
it  to  him,  he,  seizing  Pasteur's  hand, 
exclaimed  :  "  My  dear  child,  I  have  all  my 
life  so  loved  this  science  that  I  can  hear  my 
heart  beat  with  joy." 


(2)  Separation  by  means  of  other  optically 
active  substances. — For  instance,  cinchonine 
is  an  optically  active  base.  If  the  cin- 
chonine racemate  be  fractionally  crystallized, 
a  more  and  a  less  soluble  salt  result.  From 
these  the  regenerated  acids  are  found  to  be 
optically  active. 

(3)  Separation  by  the  action  of  living 
organisms. — If  ordinary  blue  mould,  or 
Penicillium  glaueum,  be  allowed  to  grow  in 
an  optically  inactive  solution  of  ammonium 
racemate,  it  destroys  only  one  of  the  tartaric 
acids  present,  the  dextro-acid  ;  the  solution 
therefore  becomes  laevo-rotatory.  This  last 
method  is  of  supreme  physiological  im- 
portance. 

Since  Pasteur's  time  no  further  methods 
of  any  importance  have  been  discovered 
for  the  separation  of  these  mixtures  of  two 
oppositely  active  substances. 

It  was  not  till  1874  that  the  stereochemical 
explanation  accounted  for  the  existence  of 
these  four  different  tartaric  acids.  In 
tartaric  acid  there  are  two  asymmetric 
carbon  atoms  :  in  the  ordinary  acid  both 
these  are  dextro-rotatory,  in  the  laevo-acid 
they  are  both  laevo-rotatory  ;  in  the  racemic 
acid  we  have  an  equal  mixture  of  these  two  ; 
and  in  mesotartaric  acid,  which  Pasteur 
could  not  separate  by  any  of  the  methods 
already  mentioned,  one  of  the  carbon  atoms 
is  dextro-  and  the  other  laevo-rotatory. 
Racemic  acid  is  said  to  be  externally 
compensated,  mesotartaric  internally  com- 
pensated. In  lactic  acid  there  is  only  one 
asymmetric  carbon  atom,  therefore  we 
cannot  have  an  internally  compensated  acid. 

Although  such  substances  as  tartaric  and 
lactic  acids,  when  obtained  from  natural 
sources,  are  optically  active,  yet  when  pro- 
duced synthetically  in  the  laboratory  they 
are  always  optically  inactive.  This,  of 
course,  is  only  natural,  for  just  as  much  of 
the  dextro-  as  the  laevo-compound  is  pro- 
duced. Why  i«  it  that  in  Nature's  labora- 
tory a  selective  influence  should  be  at  work  ? 
To  this  question  there  is  at  present  no 
satisfactory  answer.  We  do  know  this, 
however,  that  various  living  organisms,  also 
ferments  and  enzymes,  are  capable  of  acting 
on  one  only  of  these  optical  isomers,  and  it 
is  the  one  which  occurs  naturally.  Yeast 
will  ferment  grape  sugar  and  fruit  sugar, 
but  not  their  optical  isomers.  This  fact  is 
of  great  interest.  All  our  foods  nearly — 
starches,  sugars,  albumens,  &c. — aro  optically 
active  substances,  and  the  process  of  diges- 
tion is  largely  effected  by  enzymes  or  ferments. 
Each  ferment  can  be  compared  to  a  screw  or 
key  :  a  right-hand  screw  will  not  go  into  a 
left-hand  nut  ;  a  right-handed  ferment  will 
not  xmlock  a  left-handod  sugar,  and  by 
hydrolysis  convert  it  into  food  that  can  be 
assimilated.  Some  readers  may  remember 
the  man  in  '  The  Plattner  Story,'  by  Mr. 
H.  G.  Wells,  who,  by  being  turned  round  in 
four-dimensional  space,  came  back  to  this 
earth  as  his  optical  isomer.  If  such  a  thing 
coidd  happen,  almost  certainly  that  man 
would  starve,  for  all  his  food  would  be  like 
right-hand  screws,  incapable  of  fitting  into 
the  molecularly  left-handed  nuts  of  tho 
tissue  of  his  body. 

J.  Norman  Collie. 


M.    PIERRE    CURIE. 

The  tragic  death  on  Thursday  week  of 
M.  Pierre  Curie  removes  one  who  may  be 
regarded  as  tho  most  widely  known 
BCientific  man  of  the  day—  the  discoverer 
of  radium.  This  distinguished  savant  was 
the  victim  of  his  own  imprudence  in  crossing 


;V2<> 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4090,  April  28,  1906 


the  Hue  Dauphine,  Paris,  whilst  that 
thoroughfare  waa,  apparently,  crowded  with 

vehicles.  The  result  is  tlu-  loss  to  science 
of  one  who,  in  a  comparatively  short  life 
and  with  nothing  like  the  resources  of  well- 
equipped     laboratories,    had     accomplished 

much,  and  from  whom  many  more  im- 
portant discoveries  wore  reasonably  ex- 
pected. 

M.    Curie    was    one    of    the    few    typical 

"  plodders  "  who  have  arrived  at  fame  during 
life.  He  was  a  native  of  Paris,  where  he 
was  born  on  May  15th,  1859,  the  son  of  a 
medical  man.  Science  appears  to  have  had 
a  singular  fascination  for  him  in  early  youth, 
and  in  this  his  tastes  were  shared  by  his 
brother  Paul.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Sorbonne,  and  after  taking  various  degrees, 
was  appointed  Chef  des  Travaux  at  the 
£cole  de  Physique  et  de  Chimie  of  the  City 
of  Paris,  and  in  1895  professor  at  the  same 
school.  Soon  after  the  discovery  in  1896,  by 
M.  Henri  Becquerel,  of  the  principle  of  radio- 
activity, the  joint  investigations  of  M.  Curie 
and  his  wife — the  latter  had  taken  radio- 
activity as  the  subject  of  the  thesis  for  her 
doctorate — resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the 
new  substance  now  universally  known  by  the 
name  of  radium.  This  discovery  was  com- 
municated by  M.  Curie  to  the  French 
Academic  des  Sciences  in  March,  1903,  and 
on  the  following  June  19th  a  demonstration 
of  it  was  given  by  him  at  the  Royal 
Institution  in  London. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  enter  into  details 
concerning  this  great  discovery,  the  far- 
reaching  importance  of  which  has  not 
yet  been  grasped  by  the  lay  mind.  The 
announcement  at  any  rate  did  not  meet 
with  the  usual  fate  of  discoveries,  for  its 
magnitude  was  immediately  recognized 
by  scientific  men  all  over  the  world. 
Both  M.  Curie  and  his  wife  (a  daughter 
of  Prof.  Sklodowski,  of  Warsaw)  have 
been  the  recipients  of  various  honours  in 
connexion  with  radium.  In  1903  they 
were  awarded  the  Davy  Medal  by  the 
Royal  Society,  and  in  the  same  year  they 
shared  with  M.  Henri  Becquerel  the 
Nobel  Prize  ;  and  on  July  31st  of  last  year 
M.  Curie  was  elected  to  the  French  Academie 
des  Sciences  in  the  place  of  the  engineer 
Potier. 

M.  Curie's  death  at  a  comparatively  early 
stage  of  his  scientific  researches  is  a  calamity, 
for  he  announced  to  one  of  his  friends  only 
a  few  weeks  ago  that  he  was  in  the  way  of 
discovering  the  "  production  plus  pratique 
et  plus  abondante  du  radium,  qu'il  avait  deja 
retrouve  en  minimes  quantites  dans  certaines 
eaux  de  source."  But  the  investigations  of 
M.  and  Madame  Curie  will  doubtless  be 
continued  by  the  surviving  partner  in  the 
work.  M.  Curie  was  of  a  singularly 
retiring  nature,  and  the  Parisian  inter- 
viewers found  him  a  poor  victim  for 
"  copy  "  :  reticent  on  most  subjects,  he 
could  scarcely  be  persuaded  to  say  a 
word  respecting  the  great  discovery 
which  will  always  be  associated  with  his 
name.  His  scientific  writings  have  been 
entirely  confined  to  articles  in  the  Comptes 
Rendus  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences,  to  the 
Journal  de  Physique,  and  to  the  Annales  de 
Physique  et  Chimie.  W.  R. 


SOCIETIES. 


Society  of  Antiquaries.  —  April  5. —  Lord 
Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair.— Mr.  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope  read  a  note  on  the  brass  of  Sir 
Hugh  Hastings  in  Elsing  Church,  Norfolk,  in 
which  he  demonstrated  that  the  small  shields, 
now   lost,  belonging  to  some  of  the  side  figures, 


and  hitherto conjectured  to  have  been  of  enamelled 

OOpper,  had  actually  been  of  coloured  glass.  He 
also  showed  that  the  tracery  of  the  canopy,  and 
the  places  for  the  missing  shields  referred  to,  and 
for  four  other  shields  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
memorial,  were  yet  tilled  with  the  white  plaster  or 
gesso  cement  for  attaching  the  glass,  and  that  in 
one  of  the  openings  of  the  canopy  the;  glass  decora- 
tion actually  remained  in  place.  No  other  brass 
was  at  present  known  which  had  been  so  orna- 
mented, but  Mr.  Hope  thought  it  not  improbable 
that  the  shields  that  once  adorned  the  dress  of 
Margaret  de  OamoTS  on  her  brass  at  Trotton, 
Sussex,  were  also  originally  of  glass,  and  not 
enamel. — Mi.  F.  G.  Hilton  Price  exhibited  a  two- 
handed  sword  of  the  sixteenth  century  lately  found 
in  Kingsway,  and  a  Viking  sword  recovered  from 
the  Thames  at  Wandsworth. — Mr.  J.  W.  Garnham 
exhibited  a  finer  and  more  perfect  example  of  a 
Viking  sword  found  in  the  Thames  at  Vauxhall. — 
Mr.  Worthington  G.  Smith  communicated  a  note 
on  the  illuminated  title-pages  of  the  earliest 
Dunstable  parish  register,  executed  about  1600, 
facsimiles  of  which  he  also  exhibited. — Mr.  Hamon 
le  Strange  exhibited  a  flint  implement  of  the 
Neolithic  period,  probably  a  pick,  found  at 
Heacham,  Norfolk,  during  the  building  of  a  new 
schoolhouse. — Mr.  John  Acland  exhibited  a  Roman 
ivory  sword-hilt  of  unusual  form,  lately  discovered 
at  Dorchester,  Dorset. 

April  23  (St.  George's  Day). — Annual  Meeting. — 
Viscount  Dillon,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  R. 
Garraway  Rice  and  Herbert  Jones  were  appointed 
scrutators  of  the  ballot. — Owing  to  the  unavoidable 
absence  abroad  of  the  President,  the  Secretary 
read  for  him  his  annual  address,  which  contained 
the  usual  notices  of  deceased  Fellows,  and  passed 
in  review  the  chief  incidents  connected  with  the 
Society,  and  the  more  important  archaeological 
investigations  and  discoveries  during  the  year. — 
On  the  motion  of  Sir  E.  W.  Brabrook,  seconded 
by  Sir  Richard  Holmes,  it  was  unanimously  re- 
solved :  ' '  That  the  best  thanks  of  the  meeting  be 
given  to  the  President  for  his  address,  and  that  he 
be  requested  to  allow  it  to  be  printed." — The 
following  were  declared  duly  elected  President, 
Council,  and  officers  of  the  Society  for  the  ensuing 
year  :  President,  Lord  Avebury  ;  Vice-Presidents, 
Viscount  Dillon,  Sir  Henry  H.  Howorth,  and  Sir 
Edward  M.  Thompson  ;  Treasurer,  Mr.  Philip 
Norman ;  Director,  Mr.  F.  G.  Hilton  Price ; 
Secretary,  Mr.  C.  H.  Read  ;  Lord  Balcarres,  Sir 
Edward  W.  Brabrook,  Sir  Owen  Roberts,  and 
Messrs.  J.  Willis  Clark,  H.  L.  Cust,  J.  W. 
Willis-Bund,  W.  Dale,  G.  E.  Fox,  Everard  Green, 
Hubert  Hall,  A.  G.  Hill,  C.  R.  Peers,  A.  B. 
Skinner,  and  H.  R.  Tedder. 


British  Archaeological  Association.  — April 
18.— Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  V.P.,  in  the  chair.— An 
exhibition  of  Samian  ware  and  a  flint  arrowhead, 
discovered  in  a  wood  near  Chislehurst,  was  made 
by  Mr.  Nichols.  —  Mr.  R.  H.  Forster,  Hon. 
Treasurer,  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Tenth  Iter  of 
Antoninus  and  the  Roman  Stations  in  the  North 
of  England.'  He  said  that  the  course  of  the  Tenth 
Iter,  from  Mediolanum,  through  Manchester  and 
Ribchester,  as  far  as  Overborough,  has  been 
generally  agreed  upon  ;  but  the  positions  of  the 
intervening  stations  have  been  the  subjects  of  much 
speculation.  Mr.  Watkins  ('Roman  Lancashire') 
continues  the  route  northwards,  making  Borrow 
Bridge,  Alone  ;  Kirby  Thore,  Galava  ;  and 
Whitley  Castle,  Glanoventa,  the  terminus  of  the 
iter;  but  this  is  not  satisfactory,  as  Whitley  Castle 
is  not  a  likely  terminus,  and  a  comparison  of  the 
distances  given  in  Iter  II.  and  Iter  V.  shows  that 
Kirby  Thore  was  Bravonacaa — probably  the  same 
as  the  Braboniacum  of  the  'Notitia.'  Old  Carlisle, 
near  Wigton,  has  been  suggested  ;  but  it  is  hard  to 
fit  the  intervening  stations  to  known  Roman  sites. 
A  more  likely  place  is  Ravenglass,  which  was  an 
important  post  up  to  mediaeval  times :  and  if 
Ravenglass  be  Glanoventa,  Ambleside  will  be 
Galava ;  Watercrook,  near  Kendal,  Alio ;  and 
Overborough,  Galacum,  the  respective  distances 
corresponding  with  fair  accuracy,  if  the  route  from 
Overborough  be  taken  due  west  till  the  road  from 
Lancaster  to  Watercrook  is  joined.  Assuming 
that  the  Glanoventa,  Alio,  and  Bremetonacum  of 
the  '  Itinerary '  are  the  Glannibanta,  Alone,  and 
Bremetenracum  of  the  '  Notitia,'  we  get  three  of 
the  stations  per  lineam  rulli  in  a  definite  order  ; 
and    it    is    possible   to  connect  this    linea    with 


the  linea  from  Segedimum  to  Amboglanna,  if  we 
take  into  account  the  duties  of  the  garrison  of  the 
north  of  England,  which,  at  the  date  of  the 
'  Notitia,'  had  been  largely  reduced.  The  wall 
across  South  Northumberland  was  fully  garrisoned, 
but  North  Cumberland  seems  to  have  been  strongly 
held — in  fact,  rather  policed  than  garrisoned.  The 
prime  necessity  in  the  West  was  the  protection  of 
the  Cumberland  coast  from  raids  by  the  Picts  and 
Scots,  and  most  of  the  intervening  stations  must  l>e 
sought  for  here.  Possibly  Petriana  was  Stanwix, 
l>eside  Carlisle,  and  the  Ala  Petriana  may  also  have 
garrisoned  Old  Carlisle.  Aballaba  is  identified 
with  Papcastle,  and  the  four  remaining  stations 
probably  lie  on  the  coast,  viz.,  Congavata  at  Mall- 
ray  ;  Axelodunum  at  Maryport ;  (iabrosentis  at 
Burrow  Walls,  near  Workington  ;  and  Tunnocelum 
at  Moresby,  near  Whitehaven,  where  a  small 
natural  harbour  formerly  existed.  Olenacum  and 
Virosidum  remain,  and  these,  if  the  linea  is  con- 
tinued, should  be  south  of  Ribchester — possibly  at 
Wilderspool,  near  Warrington,  and  Brough,  near 
Buxton.  This  arrangement  suggests  that  a  large 
part  of  the  reduced  garrison  of  Britain  was  em- 
ployed in  watching  the  hill  tribes  of  the  central 
mountain  chain,  and  that  the  troops  included  in 
the  second  section  of  the  'Notitia'  list  guarded 
the  eastern  and  northern  valleys,  especially  as  we 
get  a  linea  of  Lavatrse  (Bowes),  Vertera;  (Brough), 
and  Braboniacum  (Kirby  Thore).  Presidium  may 
have  been  Brough  on  the  Humber ;  Danum  has 
been  identified  with  Doncaster  ;  and  Morbium  may 
be  placed  at  Templeborough.  Placing  Arbeia  at 
Almondbury,  Dictis  at  Ilkley,  and  Concangium 
at  Bainbridge,  near  Askrigg,  we  come  to  the  linea 
mentioned.  Longovicum  seems  to  be  Lanchester, 
in  Durham  ;  and  the  intervening  stations  of  Maglova 
and  Magae  may  possibly  be  found  at  Whitley 
Castle,  near  Alston,  and  Old  Town,  in  Allendale. 
If  the  last  station,  Derventio,  were  Ebchester,  the 
linea  would  end  only  fifteen  miles  from  Segedunum, 
where  the  iter  per  lineam  valli  section  begins  ;  but 
this  would  involve  a  change  of  name,  and  perhaps 
Derventio  is  an  outlying  station  on  the  Yorkshire 
Derwent.  The  paper  was  accompanied  by  maps 
and  other  illustrations. — An  interesting  discussion 
followed,  in  which  the  Chairman,  Mr.  Emanuel 
Green,  Mr.  Edmonds,  Mr.  C.  J.  Williams,  and 
others  took  part. 


Royal  Numismatic — April  19. — l^r-  Codrington 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  Hilton  Price  exhibited  a  noble 
of  Henry  V.  of  his  last  coinage,  having  for  mint- 
mark  a  perforated  cross.  Above  the  king's  wrist 
is  an  annulet,  and  below  it  a  mullet  ;  and  on  the 
reverse  a  quatrefoil  in  the  first  quarter  ef  the  cross, 
and  a  trefoil  in  the  last. — Dr.  J.  Keer  showed  a 
plated  clipped  half-crown  of  Charles  I.  struck  at 
the  Tower  Mint. — Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  exhibited  a 
large  brass  of  Antoninus  Pius  with  reverse  type 
"Lretitia,"  and  a  second  brass  of  the  same 
emperor  with  a  seated  figure  of  Britannia.  These 
coins,  with  others  of  the  same  period,  were  found 
recently  near  London.  Mr.  Walters  also  read  a 
paper  on  the  coinage  of  Henry  V.,  in  which,  after 
stating  that  the  new  coinage  of  the  last  year  of 
Henry  IV.  was  probably  still  in  progress  at  his 
death,  he  suggested  that,  in  order  to  avoid  delay, 
his  dies  wrere  made  available  for  his  successor  by 
the  simple  process  of  punching  them  with  a 
mullet  (one  of  the  marks  of  Henry  V. ).  The  paper 
dealt  with  the  several  issues  of  this  reign,  which 
were  classified  in  their  chronological  order  on  fairly 
certain  internal  evidence.  The  adoption  of  special 
marks,  such  as  the  mullet,  the  broken  annulet,  and 
the  complete  annulet,  was  dealt  with  at  some 
length,  and  a  particular  significance,  not  hitherto 
attached  to  them,  was  proposed  for  their  occur- 
rence. 

Statistical. — April  24. — A  paper  on  '  Dealings 
in  Futures  in  the  Cotton  Market,'  by  Prof.  S.  J. 
Chapman  and  Mr.  Douglas  Knoop,  was  read. 


Zoological. — April  10. — Mr.  Herbert  Druce, 
V. P.,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  exhibited 
a  partially  dissected  specimen  of  the  scincoid 
lizard,  Trachysaurus  rugosus,  to  show  the  existence 
in  that  species  of  abdominal  ribs.  —  Mr.  R.  I. 
Pocock  exhibited  the  skull  of  a  horse  showing  pre- 
orbital  pits. — Mr.  C.  Tate  Regan  read  a  paper 
dealing  with  the  freshwater  fishes  of  the  island  of 
Trinidad,  chiefly  based  on  a  collection  made  by  Mr. 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


521 


Lechmere  Guppy,  jun.,  and  presented  by  him  to 
the  British  Museum. — The  Secretary  read  a  com- 
munication from  Prof.  J.  A.  Thomson  and  Mr. 
W.  D.  Henderson,  which  contained  an  account  of 
the  collection  of  Alcyonarians  made  by  Mr.  Cyril 
Crossland  at  Zanzibar  in  1901-2.— A  paper  from 
Dr.  J.  F.  Gemmill  treated  of  '  Cyclopia  in  Osseous 
Fishes,'  as  observed  by  him  in  several  advanced 
trout  embryos. — A  second  paper  by  Dr.  Gemmill 
contained  descriptions  of  cases  of  supernumerary 
eyes,  and  local  deficiency  and  reduplication  of  the 
notochord,  in  trout  embryos. — A  communication 
from  Mr.  P.  I.  Lathy  contained  descriptions  of 
three  new  varieties  of  butterflies  of  the  genus 
Helicon  ius. 

Institution  or  Civil  Engineers. — April  2-4. — 
Annual  Meeting. — Sir  Alexander  Binnie,  President, 
in  the  chair.  — The  ballot  for  the  election  of  officers 
was  declared  as  follows  :  President,  Sir  Alexander 
B.  W.  Kennedy ;  Vice  -  Presidents,  Mr.  W.  R. 
Galbraith,  Mr.  W.  Matthews,  Sir  E.  Leader 
Williams,  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Inglis  ;  Other  Members  of 
Council,  Lieut. -Col.  W.  P.  Anderson,  Mr.  B.  Hall 
Blyth,  Mr.  J.  Benton,  Mr.  C.  A.  Brereton,  Mr.  R. 
Elliot-Cooper,  Col.  R.  E.  B.  Crompton,  Mr.  J. 
Davis,  Dr.  G.  F.  Deacon,  Dr.  Francis  Elgar,  Mr. 
M.  Fitzmaurice,  Mr.  R.  A.  Hadfield,  Mr.  G.  H. 
Hill,  Mr.  Walter  Hunter,  Mr.  J.  H.  Johns,  Mr. 
G.  R.  Jebb,  Sir  William  T.  Lewis,  Sir  George 
Livesey,  Mr.  A.  G.  Lyster,  Sir  Andrew  Noble, 
The  Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons,  Mr.  A.  Ross,  Mr.  A. 
Siemens,  Mr.  J.  Strain,  Sir  John  I.  Thornycroft, 
Prof.  W.  C.  Unwin,  and  Mr.  A.  F.  Yarrow. 


Faraday. — April  10. — Prof.  A.  K.  Huntington 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  F.  W.  Harbord  communi- 
cated papers  by  Messrs.  Keller,  Stassano,  and 
Gin.  The  paper  by  M.  C.  A.  Keller  was 
entitled  '  Electrothermics  of  Iron  and  Steel '  ;  that 
by  Cav.  M.  E.  Stassano,  '  Note  on  the  Rotating 
Electric  Steel  Furnace  in  the  Artillery  Construc- 
tion Works,  Turin '  ;  and  that  by  M.  Gustave 
Gin,  '  Note  on  Recent  Developments  in  the  Gin 
Electric  Steel  Furnace.' — A  paper  by  Mr.  H.  S. 
Coleman,  entitled  '  Notes  on  the  Cleaning  of  Work 
by  means  of  the  Electric  Current,'  was  communi- 
cated by  Dr.  F.  Mollwo  Perkin. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Mox. 


Tces. 


Institute  of  Actuaries.  5.—'  Reversionary  Securities  as  Invest- 
ments.' Mr.  C.  R.  V.  Coutts. 

Society  of  Arts.  8.—'  Ivory,'  Lecture  II.,  Mr.  A.  Maskell. 
(Cantor  Lecture.  I 

Royal  Institution.  ."..—'Greek  Classical  Dress  in  Life  and  in 
Art.'  Lecture  II..  Prof.  G.  Baldwin  Brown. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  4.30. — '  Social  Conditions  in  Australia,'  Hon. 

J.  G.  Jenkins. 

—  Royal  Institution.  5.— Annual  Meeting. 

—  Zoological,    8.30.— '  Additional    Notes   on    Anthropoid    Apes,' 

Hon.  Walter  Rothschild  ;  'On  Mammals  collected  in  South- 
west Australia '  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Balston.  Mr.  Oldfield 
Thomas;  'On  the  Lepidoptera  collected  during  the  Recent 
Expedition  to  Tibet.'  Mr.  H.  .l.Elwes  and  Sir  G.  Hampson. 
Wed.  Archaeological  Institute.  4.— 'Notes  on  Fonts.'  Mr.  A.  Fryer  ; 
'  Excavations  in  Hayling  Island,'  Mr.  Talfourd  Ely. 

—  Entomological,  8. 

—  Institution  of   Civil    Engineers,    8.—'  Unsolved    Problems   in 

Metallurgy.'  Mr.  H.  A.  Hadfield.     IJames  Forrest  Lecture.) 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Submarine  Signalling,'  Mr.  J.  B.  Millet. 
TncRS.  Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal  Institution,    s.— 'The    Digestive    Tract    in    Birds   and 

Mammals,'  Lecture  II.,  Mr.  P.  C.  Mitchell. 

—  Linnean.  8.— Adjourned  discussion  on  '  Origin  of  Gymnosperms.' 

—  Chemical,   8.30.— 'The  Relation  between  Absorption  Spectra 

and  Chemical  Constitution  :  Part  V.  The  Isonitroso  Com- 
pounds,' Messrs.  E.  0.  C.  Baly,  E.  G.  Marsden,  and  A.  W. 
Stewart;  'The  Action  of  Tribromopropane  on  the  Sodium 
Derivative  of  Ethyl  Malonate.  Part  II..'  Messrs.  \\".  H. 
Perkin,  jun.,  and  ,J.  L  Simonsen  ;  '  Braiilin  and  Hematoxy- 
lin :  Part  VII.  'Some  Derivatives  of  Braiilein,'  Messrs.  P. 
Engels  and  W.  H.  Perkin,  jun.;  'Pipitzahoic  Acid,'  Mr. 
J.  M.  Sanders  ;  and  other  Papers. 

—  Society   of  Antiquaries,   8.30.—'  An   Alabaster  Figure    of    St. 

George  and  the  Dragon.'  Mr.  C.  H.  Vowell ;  '  Excavations  at 

Kirklees  Priory.  Yorks,'  Sir  G.  .1.  Armytage. 
Philological,  8.—' Notes  on  English    Etymology,'    Rev.    Prof. 

Skcat. 
Royal  Institution,  9.— 'The  Steam  Turbine  on  Land  and  at 

Sea.'  Hon.  0.  A.  Parsons. 


Fni. 


Sat. 


Royai  Institution.  3.— 'English  Furniture  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century,'  Lecture  II.,  Prof.  C.  Waldstein. 


%titxitt  (gossip. 

The  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  have  made  the  following  awards 
for  papers  read  and  discussed  before  the 
Institution  during  the  past  session  :  a  Telford 
Gold  Medal  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Saner,  a  Watt  Gold 
Medal  to  Mr.  G.  G.  Stoney,  and  a  George 
Stephenson  Gold  Modal  to  Dr.  T.  E.  Stanton  ; 
Telford  Premiums  to  Mr.  Leonard  Bairstow, 
Mr.  H.  S.  Bidwell,  Mr.  J.  J.  Webster,  Mr. 
Cathcart  W.  Mothven,  Mr.  H.  A.  Mavor,  and 


Sir  Frederick  R.  Upcott  ;  and  a  Manby 
Premium  to  Mr.  D.  E.  Lloyd-Davies.  The 
presentation  of  these  awards,  together  with 
those  for  papers  which  have  not  been  subject 
to  discussion,  will  take  place  at  the  inaugural 
meeting  of  next  session. 

The  distinguished  physician  Dr.  Ludwig 
Kleinwachter,  whose  death  is  announced 
from  Vienna,  was  born  in  1839,  in  Prague, 
where  he  studied,  and  subsequently  was 
appointed  lecturer  at  the  University.  He 
accepted  a  call  to  Innsbruck  in  1878,  but 
his  liberal  views  brought  him  into  conflict 
with  the  clericals  ;  he  resigned  in  1881,  and 
was  never  able  to  obtain  another  academic 
post,  owing  to  the  charges  of  free  thought 
brought  against  him.  He  therefore  took  a 
medical  practice  at  Czernowitz,  in  Austrian 
Galicia,  where  he  died.  He  was  a  contributor 
of  valuable  articles  to  various  encyclopaedias, 
and  the  author  of  some  important  medical 
works,  among  them  '  Grundriss  der 
Geburtshulfe '  and  a  '  Lehrbuch  der 
Hebammenkunst. ' 

Prof.  J.  G.  Hagen,  S.J.,  Director  of  the 
Georgetown  College  Observatory,  Wash- 
ington, has  been  appointed  to  the  Director- 
ship of  the  Vatican  Observatory  at  Rome. 

The  moon  will  be  full  at  2h.  10m.  (Green- 
wich time)  on  the  afternoon  of  the  8th  prox., 
and  new  at  8h.  lm.  on  the  morning  of  the 
23rd.  She  will  be  in  perigee  on  the  evening 
of  the  8th.  The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at 
greatest  western  elongation  from  the  sun  on 
the  3rd,  and  be  visible  in  the  morning  during 
the  first  half  of  the  month,  situated  in  the 
constellation  Pisces.  Venus  moves  during 
May  from  Taurus  into  Gemini,  and  sets  later 
each  evening  ;  she  will  be  near  (3  Tauri  on 
the  18th  and  19th,  and  in  conjunction  with 
the  moon  on  the  25th.  Mars  (now  a  faint 
object)  will  be  in  conjunction  with  Venus 
on  the  6th,  and  very  near  ft  Tauri  on  the 
29th  and  30th.  Jupiter  is  also  in  the  con- 
stellation Taurus — to  the  east  of  Venus 
until  the  11th,  and  to  the  west  of  her  after- 
wards. Saturn  is  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Aquarius,  and  rises  earlier  each  morning. 

Ross's  comet  (c,  1906)  is  now  very  near 
the  Pleiades,  and  still  moving  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  ;  but  its  brightness  is 
only  about  the  seventh  part  of  what  it  was 
at  the  time  of  discovery. 

Madame  Ceraski,  in  her  examination  of 
photographic  plates  taken  by  M.  Blajko  at 
the  Moscow  Observatory,  has  detected  two 
new  variable  stars,  which  will  be  reckoned  as 
var.  34,  1906,  Camelopardalis  and  var.  35, 
1906,  Persei  respectively.  The  first  of  these 
when  brightest  exceeds  the  tenth  magnitude, 
the  second  only  the  eleventh  ;  both  sink 
below  \2\  when  faintest. 


FINE   ARTS 


THE    NEW    GALLERY. 

More  completely  than  the  Academy, 
which  has  ever  maintained  a  close  touch 
with  the  outside  public,  the  New  Gallery  is 
the  typical  West-End  exhibition,  and  by  it 
the  average  aristocrat's  taste  in  art  may 
reasonably  be  judged.  Show  me  the  pic- 
tures you  like,  and  I  will  tell  you  what  you 
arc.  The  present  exhibition  displays  more 
markedly  than  its  predecessors  that  the 
result  of  this  relative  exclusiveness  is  a 
show  which  is  less  amusing  than  the  Academy 
on  other  than  artistic  grounds,  and  offers 
much  less  display  of  downright  philistine 
capacity,  but  hardly  anything  in  the  way  of 
more  refined  beauty  or  more  subtle  qualify  to 


compensate  for  these  deficiencies.  A  watered- 
down  Academy  is  what  the  New  Gallery  has 
become,  and  one  is  tempted  to  describe 
aristocratic  taste  in  art  as  the  same  as  that 
of  the  large  public,  but  in  more  languid 
degree. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Edward  Stott  in  what 
was  probably  his  best  period  used  to  offer, 
a  few  years  back,  some  excuse  for  the  bring- 
ing together  of  a  collection  of  pictures  in 
other  respects  nearly  a  duplicate  of  the 
larger  show  at  Burlington  House  ;  and  in  one 
exhibition  the  inclusion  of  several  first-rate 
pictures  by  the  sturdiest  of  painters  of  out- 
door rustic  subjects  inspired  the  hope  that 
the  directors  had  recognized  in  Mr.  James 
Charles  a  more  than  adequate  successor  to 
Mr.  Stott.  Neither  of  these  excuses  now 
remains,  for  Mr.  Stott  has  been  picked  off 
by  the  Royal  Academy,  and  Mr.  Charles 
apparently  dropped  as  not  attractive  to  the 
fastidious  New  Gallery  public.  There  re- 
mains, indeed,  little  here  that  is  not  likely 
to  be  found  better  in  the  Academy,  save  the 
very  real  technical  beauty  of  Mr.  Southall's 
ill-conceived  and  unconvincing  picture  of 
The  Daughter  of  Herodias.  For  some  pur- 
poses Mr.  Southall  has  an  admirable  under- 
standing of  the  art  of  putting  on  paint. 
Certain  passages  in  the  drapery  of  the 
principal  figure  and  in  the  still  life  in  the 
foreground  could  hardly  be  bettered  ;  but 
he  has  used  these  great  executive  gifts  to 
make  a  mere  simulacrum  of  a  picture, 
without  dramatic  sense  or  real  attempt  at 
characterization. 

Among  the  sculpture,  it  is  true,  there  are 
three  works  by  Mr.  Tweed,  and  two  of  them 
are  probably  as  good  as  he  has  yet  shown — 
the  Mrs.  Gervase  Beckett  by  means  of  a  certain 
refinement  of  modelling  and  nice  observance 
of  values,  while  the  Latona,  an  ugly  type  of 
flabby  humanity,  is  saved  by  a  rather 
sculpturesque  and  simple  pose.  These, 
however,  stand  out  mainly  because  of  the 
commonplaceness  of  the  other  exhibits,  or 
rather  would  so  stand  out  but  for  the  tran- 
scendent superiority  of  one  work,  by  com- 
parison with  which  all  the  other  sculpture 
seems  much  on  a  level.  Mr.  Alexander 
Fisher's  little  mirror-frame  is  a  gem  of  beauty. 
The  figure,  good  as  it  is,  is  perhaps  hardly 
sufficiently  fine  for  its  setting,  if  one  may 
make  a  word  French  by  putting  it  into 
italics  ;  but  with  this  reservation  the  whole 
is  delightful,  nor  can  one  praise  enough  the 
sanity  of  taste  that  offers  us  in  a  work  of 
this  severity  a  passage  so  "  pretty  "  (there 
is  no  other  word  for  it)  as  the  pierced  spray 
at  the  top.  By  it  the  work  seems  to  fall 
into  line  with  the  frankly  festive  manner  of 
nature's  own  ornament,  and  is  saved  from 
the  pedantic  bareness  that  attacks  modern 
efforts  at  purity  of  style.  The  pious  thing 
to  do  with  a  work  of  art  so  daintily  classic 
woidd  be  solemnly  to  bury  it,  say  at  Bosco 
Trecase,  as  some  set-off  to  the  obligations 
the  soil  has  laid  us  under  in  preserving  the 
beauties  of  Pompeii. 

It  would  be  well  before  leaving  the  Central 
Hall  to  expross,  in  the  public  interest,  the 
hope  that  there  are  no  heads  of  departments 
so  simple  as  to  take  seriously  Mr.  Natorp's 
projects  for  damaging  Hyde  Park  Corner  : 
if  that  be  clearly  understood,  there  is  no 
harm  in  them.  In  view  of  the  fact  that 
miniature  painting  is  an  art  that  is  exten- 
sively patronized,  we  may  also  point  out 
that  Mr.  Charles  Cere  is  an  artist  on  another 
plane  from  its  ordinary  practitioners.  A 
large  collection  of  typical  Parisian  exhibition 
jewellery  is  shown  by  M.  Gaillard.  Similar 
to,  but  not  quite  so  good  as,  the  best  work 
of  Lahque,  it  tells  the  same  story  of  a  flavour 


522 


THE    ATIIKNJKUM 


N*4096.  Apml28.  1906 


of    artistry     hanging    nlMiiit     thfl    urn  Uimiui'm 

ezeoution  when  the  designer  ia  entire!) 
innooent  of  art. 

Than  ii  not  much  that  need  detain  the 
visitor  when,  to  insped  the  oil  paintings  he 
begins  %%  1 1 1 1  the  small  South  Room.  One 
**•<*<  Mr.  Tuke  dealing  with  a  nude  female 
figure,  end  forcing  it  to  aaauma  the  character- 

i   tica  of  thf  bony,  angular  anatomies  he  has 

been  studying  bo  long  in  his  pioturea  of  hoys 
bathing.  Mr.  Thorne-Waite  has  a  Land- 
scape in  imitation  of  the  Barry  Rngiiah 
School  which  looks  very  thin  beside  the 
sturdy  sincerity  of  a  moderate  example  of 
Mr.  James  Aumonier'a  art.  Mr.  John  Eteid 
would  ho  ono  of  the  best  painters  hero  if 
only  he  would  forgo  his  ill-designed  fore- 
ground figures  ;  while  there  is  some  accom- 
plishment in  the  Francesco  of  Mr.  Arthur 
Backer,  an  unfortunate*  painter  who  has 
been  unreasonably  reviled  for  his  worst 
pictures  by  a  generation  of  critics  old  enough 
to  remember  his  very  serious  and  painter- 
like '  Death  of  Pelagia.' 

About  the  blazing  sunlight  of  Mr.  Sargent's 
sandpit  full  of  goats,  in  the  West  Room, 
hangs  something  of  the  hot,  rank  smell 
which  must  have  assailed  the  painter  when 
he  sketched  it,  and  which  is  perhaps  the 
real  excuse  for  its  summary  execution.  If 
he  would  push  such  works  to  the  pitch  of 
intensity  of  his  best  portraits,  here  is  a 
branch  of  art  in  which  he  might  do  great 
things.  There  is  a  temptation  to  approach 
Buch  travel-subjects  in  the  unattractive 
spirit  of  the  globe-trotter,  as  in  the  Geth- 
semane  on  the  opposite  wall,  which  might 
almost  be  used,  title  and  all,  as  an  advertise- 
ment for  "  Cook's."  His  other  works  here 
are  somewhat  photographic,  save  for  a 
rather  more  intimate  touch  in  the  head  of 
Padre,  Albera. 

It  would  ill  become  a  reviewer  of  London 
picture  galleries  to  be  other  than  grateful 
to  Mr.  George  Henry  for  his  efforts  at  brighten- 
ing up,  as  a  place  of  artistic  entertainment, 
almost  every  exhibition  held  here  in  the 
last  few  years.  His  success  does  not  mark 
his  talent  out  as  pre-eminently  that  of  the 
portrait-painter,  for  the  more  serious  walks 
of  whose  profession  less  immediate  attrac- 
tiveness of  pigment  is  required,  with  an  art 
that  bears  longer  acquaintance.  But  the 
studies  (mostly  of  the  same  rather  attractive 
lady)  with  which  he  glibly  adorns  our 
exhibitions  tell  of  the  natural  decorator, 
and  it  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that  between 
whiles  he  will  give  himself  that  practice  in 
more  constructive  design  that  world  qualify 
him  to  seize  the  occasion  (if  occasion  should 
arise)  of  painting  the  foyers  and  banqueting 
halls  of  the  future  with  the  simplo  gaiety  of 
colour  of  his  Summer  Morn.  Mr.  Austen 
Brown's  Meadow  Flowers  is  in  a  similar 
vein  by  a  man  of  much  ability  who  has  never 
really  found  his  genre.  (How  can  they  find 
it,  these  poor  decorators,  if  there  is  no  decora- 
tion to  do  ?)  Among  his  figure  subjects  it 
is  a  more  than  usually  charming  example  of 
a  man  whose  besetting  sin  is  an  occasional 
relapse  into  Barbizonics  such  as  his  Hay- 
maker. Mr.  Max  Bohm  is  apparently  a 
follower  of  Mr.  Auston  Brown. 

Mr.  Brangwyn  has  more  completely  than 
any  of  these  men  that  faculty  of  seeing  his 
subject  in  terms  of  his  material  which  is  at 
the  root  of  modern  facility  in  painting.  Mr. 
Edgar  Barclay  is  interesting  as  a  contrast 
belonging  to  a  generation  of  painters  whom 
the  Btangwyns  and  Henrys  are  to  replace. 
When  such  a  stylo  is  oxtinct  we  shall  see 
that  its  exponents  possessed  qualities  it  was 
folly  to  let  slip.  Mr.  Barclay's  picture  Phyllis 
in  the  Hazels  is  slightly,  but  jarringly  out  of 


harmony  in  odour,  hut  has  s  poetical  inten- 
tion modestly  Bubordinated  to  natural  truth, 
and  one  the  full  limits  of  which  are  not 
exhaustively  comprehended  at  the  first 
glance.  In  a  word,  H  Hates  from  a  time 
when  a  painting  waa  intended  to  he  a  pos- 
session, not  a  paasing  sensation.  This  is 
not    to    deny    that    in    the    complex,    though 

immediate  relation  of  part  with  pari  of  Mr. 
Brangwyn's  picture  there  is  a  good  deal  to 

interest  the  beholder;  but  there  is  much 
also  which  is  haphazard  and  sloppy,  and 
which,  in  a  picture  where  every  object 
appears  a  good  deal  more  than  the  size  of 
life,  is  not  a  little  offensive,  as  though  it 
were  an  intentional  insult  to  the  art  of 
delicate  delineation  that  was  formerly  con- 
sidered necessary  to  a  fine  painting.  It  wa- 
in an  art  milieu  where  this  delineation  had 
become  a  thing  of  science  rather  than  of 
beauty,  and  where  pursuit  of  the  thing  painted 
had  produced  disregard  of  the  materials  with 
which  painting  was  done,  that  this  art  was 
bred.  Any  painting  founded  on  right  use  of 
the  pigments  seems  beautiful  by  comparison 
with  the  scientific  realism  that  in  various 
forms  has  encumbered  our  painting  so  long  ; 
but  the  acceptance,  by  a  man  with  the  ambi- 
tion of  beautiful  paint,  of  such  coarse  work 
as  this  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  be  impossible 
in  another  ten  years,  when  artists  begin  to 
realize  their  whereabouts.  Such  a  picture 
as  this  of  Mr.  Brangwyn,  which  in  its  way 
displays  the  hand  of  a  master,  will  then  date 
itself  with  absolute  certainty.  Mr.  East  in 
his  balancing  of  qualities  seems  nearer  the 
notion  of  where  good  painting  lies,  but  his 
very  moderation  and  many-sidedness  seem 
to  stand  in  his  way.  We  have  the  feeling 
with  him  that  lie  is  not  being  unreservedly 
himself  ;  and  the  want  of  a  certain  hearty 
abandonment  to  his  convictions  robs  his 
clear-sightedness  of  its  full  effect.  Very 
generally  in  English  exhibitions  the  same 
phenomenon  is  to  be  observed.  The  tradi- 
tion of  good  painting — somewhat  stale, 
perhaps — was  broken  some  time  back  by  a 
mania  for  realistic  impressionist  inquiry 
into  the  truth  of  natural  appearances,  almost 
without  any  consideration  of  the  means 
w  hereby  these  might  be  realized  in  a  manner 
harmonious  with  the  essential  nature  of  pig- 
ments. This  fashion  has  been  broken 
largely  by  sensational  painters — men  ab- 
sorbed not  in  the  beauty  of  their  material, 
but  in  the  attempt,  by  conventionally  exploit- 
ing its  possibilities,  to  outshine  the  impres- 
sionist with  all  his  science.  Now  that  these, 
certainly  the  more  workmanlike  class  of 
painter,  have  won  their  battle,  we  may  hope 
the  more  intelligent  of  them  will  devote  them- 
selves to  the  culture  of  a  more  complete  and 
perfect  art.  In  landscape  an  admirable  sample 
of  such  sensationalism  is  Mr.  Peppercorn,  who 
is  particularly  well  represented  here.  Literal 
truthfulness  without  a  feeling  for  the 
structure  of  paint  cannot  stand  beside  this 
sort  of  thing  ;  but  to  say  that  sound  structure 
in  paint  cannot  stand  the  burden  of  greater 
truthfulness  than  this  wero  to  deny  all  the 
masterpieces  of  art. 

It  is  always  the  duty  of  the  critic  to  cast 
about  for  modest  merit  in  obscure  corners. 
Three  examples  of  this  sort,  at  any  rate, 
reward  the  diligent.  In  the  balcony  a  little 
portrait,  Mrs.  Falcon,  by  Mrs.  Gertrude 
Massey,  is  not  so  technically  accomplished 
as  at  first  sight  it  appears,  but  is  woll-directed, 
sound  work.  Ridiculously  skied,  Mr.  Duff's 
sheep  picture,  The  Hillside,  shows  him  at 
that  charming  moment  when  hard  study  of 
his  special  subject  is  just  about  to  bring  him 
its  reward  of  easy,  confident  handling,  in  an 
imaginative   way,  of   material   all   his   own. 


The    iheep   in    full    fleece,    like   the   hoUSUlgB   of 

mediaival  chargera,  are  vastly  different  in 
nharanterizstiou  from  those  of  the  ordinary 
painter,  and  the  picture  altogether  in  worth 

a  dosen  of  the  pretentious  nullities  tliat 
an  -umber  moat  of  the  hoe.     Demis  Bindtm 

dynt,  /.'■■'/.,  bj  Mr.  ESdwin  Smith,  ia  a  g 

bust,  intimately  observed  and  confidently 
handled. 


SALES 

Mkssis>.  (jimstik  sold  on  the  21st  inst.  the 
following  pictures:  Sam  Bough,  Newbaven,  893/. 
T.    s.    Cooper,   Canterbury   Meadows,   Cows   ami 

|.     near     a     Stream,     Even  294  Early 

Morning,   Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Goat*  in  a   i 
162/.;    Two  Cowl  and   Four   Sheep   in   a  Pasture, 
120/.;  J.  P.  Herring,   A    Farmyard,    Winter,    with 
horses,    nigs,    duck,    and    pigeons,    1067.       B.    W. 
Leader,  The  Haymakers,  110?.   W*.  Midler,  Ath< 
IIS.      Drawing    by  Birket    Foster,    A  La 
with  cattle  in  a  i>o  1.  .">•>/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  tho  23rd  inst.  the  fol- 
lowing Drawings:  Bnrne-Jnnes,  Lucre tia,  X'~tl. 
Milieu,  The  Town  Crier.  68/.  Picture  by  H. 
Fantin-Latonr,  Portrait  of  the  Artist,  in  dark 
dress,  282/. 


Jfrtu-^rt  (Bossip. 

The  private  view  at  the  Royal  Academy- 
is  fixed  for  next  Friday. 

At  Messrs.  Graves  &  Co.'s  Galleries  Mr. 
Baragwanath  King  has  a  private  view  to-day 
of  water-colour  drawings  of  Ireland.  lb- 
has  traversed  the  ground  covered  by  the- 
King  on  his  last  trip. 

At  the  Mendoza  Gallery  water-colour 
drawings  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Britten  are  on  view. 

At  Clifford's  Gallery,  21,  Haymarket. 
there  is  an  exhibition  of  water-colom-. 
pastels,  and  etchings  by  Mrs.  F.  M.  Uhwin 
and  Miss  A.  M.  Bauerle,  entitled  '  Drearrr 
Children  and  Real  Children.' 

The  Viking  Club  have  on  view  to-day  an 
exhibition  of  water-colour  drawings  and 
sketches  of  scenery  and  antiquities  in  Orkney. 
Shetland,  Scotland,  and  Sweden,  by  the  lute 
Sir  Henry  Dryden,  in  the  Kings  Weigh 
House  Rooms,  Thomas  Street,  Grosvenor 
Square. 

The  Annual  Report  as  to  the  National 
Caller j%  School  of  Art,  Museum  of  Anti- 
quities, &c,  in  Scotland  has  just  been  pub- 
lished as  a  Parliamentary  Paper  (price  2d.). 

The  daily  press  has  already  extracted 
from  the  Second  Report  of  the  National 
Art-Collections  Fund  the  details  of  the 
purchase  of  the  "  Rokeby  "  Velasquez.  The 
Report  publishes  an  admirable  article  on  the 
picture  by  Mr.  Claude  Phillips,  and  a  repro- 
duction of  it  from  The  Burlington  Magazine. 
It  was  sold,  it  appears,  under  order  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery,  for  30,500/.,  and  eventu- 
ally passed  into  the  hands  of  Messrs.  T.  Agnew 
&  Sons,  from  whom  it  was  purchased  for 
45,000/.,  and  handed  over  to  the  Trustees  of 
the  National  Gallery  on  March  14th  last. 
The  Committee  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  price  asked  was  justified,  depending  on 
information  voluntarily  furnished  by  Messrs. 
Agnew,  which  is  described  as  "of  a  con- 
tidential  nature." 

Wohks  secured  for  the  nation  in  1905  by 
tho  Fund  (which  we  heartily  congratulate  on 
the  effective  part  it  already  has  taken  in 
preserving  art  treasures  for  this  country)  are- 
Whistler's  '  Nocturne  in  Blue  and  Silvor  '  of 
old  Battersea  Bridge,  now  at  the  Tate  Gal- 
lery, and  the  subject  of  attack  by  Ruskin  in 
1  Fots  Clavigera ';  an  oil  painting  by  J.  S. 
Cotman,  presented  to  the  National  Gallery 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


523 


of  Scotland  in  August  last ;  and  drawings 
by  Jacopo  Francia  and  Timoteo  Viti,  Anglo- 
Saxon  jewellery,  glass,  pottery,  &c,  all  pre- 
sented to  the  British  Museum.  The  Fund 
also  contributed  towards  the  purchase  of  a 
Rhodian- ware  jug  for  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum.  The  total  membership  was  605  at 
the  end  of  last  year. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  May  number  of 
The  Burlington  Magazine  is  a  photogravure 
of  the  picture  called  '  The  Lovers  '  at  Buck- 
ingham Palace  ;  Mr.  Lionel  Cust  and  Mr. 
Herbert  Cook  contribute  articles  about  the 
picture,  the  former  supporting  its  attribution 
to  Titian,  and  the  latter  ascribing  it  to  Paris 
Bordone.  Mr.  H.  Yates  Thompson  con- 
tributes, under  the  title  of  '  The  Romance 
of  a  Book,'  a  short  account  of  the  second 
volume  of  Josephus  lately  presented  to  the 
National  Library  of  France.  Prof.  C.  J. 
Holmes  begins  a  series  of  articles  on  '  The 
Development  of  Rembrandt  as  an  Etcher,' 
dealing  this  month  with  the  etchings  of 
1628-30.  Under  the  title  of  'Art  in 
Georgian  England  '  the  exhibition  of  eigh- 
teenth-century portraits  at  Oxford  is  dealt 
with  by  Sir  Walter  Armstrong  ;  and  the 
exhibition  at  the  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery 
is  also  reviewed.  Sir  Richard  Holmes's 
fourth  article  on  the  English  miniature 
painters  deals  with  Peter  Oliver  and  John 
Hoskins.  Mr.  Lawrence  Weaver  writes  on 
4  Lead  Portrait  Statues,'  and  Mr.  H.  P. 
Mitchell  on  an  altar  cross  and  candlesticks 
which  are  said  to  have  been  made  by  Valerio 
Belli  for  Francis  I.  Mr.  Roger  Fry  publishes 
pictures  by  Goya,  Nicholas  Maes,  and 
Lorenzo  Lotto  recently  acquired  by  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  New  York.  An 
article  on  the  forthcoming  sales  of  engravings 
in  Germany  shows  that  they  will  this  year 
■be  of  unusual  importance. 

The  death,  in  his  seventy-third  year,  is 
announced  from  Berlin  of  Prof.  Fritz  Sturm, 
the  well-known  landscape  and  marine  painter. 
He  began  life  as  a  house  painter,  and  was  a 
sailor  before  he  took  to  his  artistic  career. 

M.  Paul  Chevallier  will  sell  by  auction 
at  the  Galerie  Georges  Petit,  on  Friday  next, 
the  remarkably  fine  collection  of  modern 
pictures  of  M.  Ch.  Viguier,  among  which  are 
choice  examples  of  such  artists  as  Besnard, 
■Corot,  Fantin-Latour,  Harpignies,  Henner, 
Jongkind,  Meissonier,  Monet,  Pissarro, 
Renoir,  Roybet,  Sisley  (of  whom  there  are 
ten  examples),  Vollon,  and  Ziem.  A  few 
of  the  works  have  passed  through  other  sales, 
but  M.  Viguier  appears  to  have  obtained  the 
major  portion  of  his  collection  from  the 
artists  themselves.  With  the  drawings, 
pastels,  and  sketches,  there  are  94  lots.  The 
single  example  of  Meissonier  is  the  portrait 
•of  Madame  Lebon,  which  was  No.  21  in  the 
artist's  sale. 

Rodin's  famous  statue  '  Le  Penseur  '  was 
officially  inaugurated  on  Sunday  last  in  front 
of  the  Pantheon,  Paris.  Its  purchase  and 
•erection  by  public  subscription  have  been 
largely  due  to  the  initiative  of  M.  Gabriol 
Mourey,  who,  with  M.  Dujardin-Beaumetz, 
made  a  speech  at  the  ceremony. 

The  Committee  of  the  British  School  at 
Rome  are  about  to  appoint  a  Director  at 
4001.  a  year,  who  will  also  have  the  use  of 
rooms,  rent  and  service  free,  on  the  premises 
<>f  the  School  in  the  Odescalchi  Palace. 
Applications,  which  may  be  accompanied 
bj  testimonials,  should  bo  addressed  to  the 
Secretary  <>f  the  School,  at  22,  Albemarle 
Street,  not  later  than  May  15th. 

At  the  Society  of  Arts  the  Cantor  Lectures 
are  being  delivered  by  Mr.   Alfred  Maskcll 


on  '  Ivory  in  Commerce  and  in  the  Arts.' 
His  excellent  book  on  '  Ivories '  may  be 
remembered.  The  second  lecture,  which 
deals  with  the  artistic  use  of  ivory,  is  to  be 
delivered  next  Monday,  and  the  third  on 
May  7th.  Tickets  of  admission  may  be 
obtained  through  the  members  of  the  Society 
of  Arts. 

Tlie  Antiquary  for  May  will  contain, 
among  others,  the  following  articles :  '  The 
Carvings  at  Barfreston  Church  '  (illustrated), 
by  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Collins  ;  '  Picts  and  Pets,' 
by  Mr.  W.  C.  Mackenzie  ;  '  An  Illustrated 
Account  of  Recent  Action  by  the  Hertford- 
shire County  Council  under  the  Ancient 
Monuments  Protection  Acts,  1882  and  1900,' 
by  the  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  East 
Hertfordshire  Archaeological  Society  ;  '  The 
Ornaments  of  a  Bishop's  Chapel,'  by  Dr. 
James  Wilson  ;  '  The  London  Signs  and  their 
Associations,'  by  Mr.  MacMichael  ;  '  Illus- 
trated Notes  on  the  Arms  of  Roscarrock 
impaling  Thynne,'  by  Mr.  Tavenor-Perry  ; 
and  'St.  William's  College,  York,'  by  the 
Rev.  C.  N.  Gray. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Bechstein  Hall. — Joachim  Quartet  Con- 
cert. 

The  firetfof  the  Joachim  Quartet  Concerts 
was  given  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Monday 
evening.  The  statement  that  Dr.  Joachim 
had  decided  to  retire  into  private  life 
would  not  cause  any  surprise,  for  he  has 
reached  an  age  which  would  fully  justify 
such  a  step.  But  he  has  come  again 
amongst  us,  and  at  this  concert  he  was  in 
splendid  form  ;  the  renderings  were  indeed 
remarkable  for  life,  feeling,  and  the  way 
in  which  Dr.  Joachim  and  his  worthy 
associates  entered  into  the  spirit  of  the 
three  composers  represented  ;  in  listening 
to  them  one's  thoughts  are  of  the 
music,  not  of  the  performers.  First  came 
Mozart's  Quartet  in  B  flat,  one  of  the  three 
written  in  1785  which  caused  Haydn  to 
say  to  Mozart's  father  that  he  considered 
his  son  the  greatest  living  composer. 
Next  came  Beethoven's  c  sharp  minor 
(Op.  131),  and  finally  Haydn's  in  f  (Op.  77, 
No.  2).  Mozart  in  his  later  works  fore- 
shadowed Beethoven,  and  so  also  did 
Haydn.  In  the  quartet  in  question  the 
Menuetto,  with  its  striking  variety  of 
rhythm,  and  melange  of  lights  and  shades, 
reminds  one  forcibly  of  his  successor. 

This  afternoon  the  first  of  the  two  addi- 
tional concerts  will  take  place  at  Queen's 
Hall.  The  attractive  programme  con- 
sists of  Brahms's  Clarinet  Quintet,  Men- 
delssohn's now  rarely  heard  Octet,  and 
Mozart's  Serenade  in  E  flat  for  wind  instru- 
ments. In  addition  to  the  Joachim 
Quartet,  the  following  artists  will  take 
part  in  the  performances  :  MM.  Maurice 
Sons,  Thomas  F.  Morris,  A.  Gibson,  and 
Percy  Such  ;  and  oboes,  MM.  W.  M. 
Malsch  and  E.  Davies  ;  clarinets,  Prof. 
Miihlfeld  and  Mr.  M.  Gomez  ;  horns,  MM. 
A.  Borsdorf  and  H.  Vandermeorsrhcn  ; 
and  bassoons,  MM.  E.  F.  James  and  Wilfred 
James. 


Violin  Recitals. 

During  the  past  week  three  notable 
violinists  have  been  heard.  On  Saturday 
Mischa  Elman  gave  a  concert  at  Queen's 
Hall,  and  in  Paganini's  Concerto  in  d  and 
in  two  movements  of  Bach's  Suite  in 
G  minor  proved  once  again  that,  though 
young  in  years,  he  is  already  a  great  artist. 
Dr.  Joachim,  though  advanced  in  years, 
is  still,  and  rightly,  regarded  as  the  finest 
leader  of  chamber  music. 

On  Tuesday  afternoon,  at  the  Symphony 
Concert  at  Queen's  Hall,  Herr  Kreisler 
performed  the  Tschaikowsky  Concerto 
with  extraordinary  boldness  and  entrain. 
Mischa  Elman  recently,  though  not  actu- 
ally within  the  past  week,  played  the  same 
work.  Herr  Kreisler's  intellectual  grasp 
of  the  music  is  stronger,  but  as  regards 
technique  and  emotional  power  the  lad 
is  already  a  formidable  rival. 


jittiGiral  (Bossip. 

At  Dr.  Edvard  Grieg's  orchestral  concert 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  May  17th  the  programme 
will  include  Bjornson's  '  Bergliot,'  recitation 
(Miss  Tita  Brand)  with  orchestral  accom- 
paniment, the  Pianoforte  Concerto  (Miss 
Johanne  Stockmarr),  the  first  '  Peer  Gynt  ' 
Suite,  and  three  of  the  composer's  finest 
songs  with  orchestral  accompaniment.  At 
his  chamber  concert  on  May  24th  will  be 
performed  the  Sonata  in  A  minor  for  'cello 
(Prof.  Hugo  Becker)  and  pianoforte,  and  the 
Sonata  in  c  minor  (M.  Johannes  Wolff)  for 
violin  and  pianoforte.  Madame  Emma 
Holmstrand  will  be  the  vocalist. 

April  23rd  was  fixed  for  the  first  of  the 
series  of  historical  recitals  which  M.  Alex- 
andre Guilmant  gives  every  year  on  the 
fine  organ  of  the  Salle  des  Fetes  of  the 
Trocadero  Palace.  Composers  of  various 
nationalities  will,  as  usual,  be  represented 
in  the  programmes,  special  attention  being 
paid  to  the  works  of  Boely,  Buxtehude,  and 
Frescobaldi.  In  a  brief  notice  of  the  first 
named  in  the  new  edition  of  Grove's  '  Dic- 
tionary,' his  organ  pieces  are  said  to  be 
"  remarkable  for  their  depth  of  thought  and 
sincerity  of  intention."  A  correspondence 
between  Boely  and  Gossec  on  the  subject 
of  Catel's  treatise  on  harmony  was  published 
by  the  former  in  1806,  but  Fetis  says  that 
"  the  book  in  the  matter  of  style  was  un- 
intelligible, and  no  one  read  it." 

On  Thursday,  May  17th,  La  Soeiete  des 
Grandes  Auditions  Musicales  do  France,  of 
which  Countess  Greffuhle  is  president,  will 
give  at  the  Palais  du  Trocadero  the  first 
performance  in  Paris  of  Sir  Edward  Elgar's 
'  Dream  of  Gerontius  '  ('  Songe  de  Geron- 
tius  ').  M.  Chevillard  will  conduct  tho 
work. 

E.  Poldini's  one-act  opera  '  Der  Vagabund 
und  der  Prinzessin  '  was  produced  for  tho 
first  time  (at  any  rate  in  German)  at  Prague 
on  March  29th.  The  work,  together  with 
Cornelius's  '  Barber  of  Bagdad,'  will  be 
given  at  Covent  Garden  on  Tuesday  week. 


PBRFORMANCBS  NKXT  wkkk 

Si  \.      Sum. lay  Society  Ooneert,  :i  .io.  Qnaen'i  Hall. 

Sun. lay  League  Concert  ".  Queen  *  Hall. 
Hot.     Mi**  Klw<  Ri«m'«  Bona  Recital,  3  18,  Aollan  Rail. 

—  Joachim  Committee  Concert,  8.  Rcchitein  Hall. 

Ti  is,    Hum  Florence  MonteiUi'a  Vocal  Recital,  3.  Rechitein  Mall. 

—  »lr.  Jan  Mnltler'a  Concert  s  so,  Ball*  Eraid. 

—  llach  Concert,  ".  .i^ilian  Hall. 


52  l 


THE     ATI!  KNjEUM 


N    1006.  Am:il28,  1906 


Tin  • 


„,..,., 


rinllimi  rt,  -    Uurrti  .  Hill 

lun  llmrji  \.-»llt..it»l.  -  «>   llorluleln  11.11. 

Vur.l.  •   11.11  III  ,"i"l"  Mi.ll 

Jjllr    \|  I   .  <u*l.  :i  V,  II..  1. »l.lll  Mull 

I..,,  i,,,     >  I,. l.  iii  IU1I 

I        111  .11 

ii  t  Mall 
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M  .1  "■  'it  Ml"  "  Mi" 

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n  nt  liml.-n 


DRAMA 


Srnmntic  (Sossip. 


It  is  boo  early  aa  yet  t<>  judge  oonoeming 

tin-    future    of    '  Tim    Bund    of    Ninon,'    the 

oomedy  oi  Miaa  do  Qtavee  with  which  Miss 
Lena  Ashwell  lias  opened  the  Savoy.  The 
experiment  is  in  a  sense  commendable,  and 
the  accompanying  omens  may  be  regarded 
as  propitious.  Indulgence  is  as  a  rule  to  be 
anticipated  in  the  ease  of  a  debut  in  manage- 
ment by  a  popular  actress,  and  also  in  the 
effort  to  establish  an  ambitious  form  of 
entertainment.  Before,  however,  the  at- 
tempt to  establish  a  class  of  Dumas  comedy 
can  succeed,  it  is  necessary  to  obtain  a  school 
of  acting  which  for  a  century  has  been  want- 
ing. Ninon  de  l'Enclos  is  a  tempting 
heroine,  and  her  epoch,  in  the  best  days  of 
her  long  life,  is  picturesque  and  splendid. 
In  the  piece  in  which  she  now  appears  she 
is  in  the  midst  of  what  is  most  brilliant 
in  the  Court  of  Louis  XIV.  Her  ad- 
ventures are  but  commonplace,  however, 
and  her  environment  is  without  distinction. 
Ninon  is  provided  with  a  stuttering 
lover,  an  innovation  of  doubtful  ex- 
pediency and  value.  Her  flirtation  with 
him  ends  in  her  tranquil  surrender  of 
him  to  a  lover  in  his  own  world  —  an 
incident  which  recalls  the  conduct  of  Peg 
YVoffington  in  '  Masks  and  Faces.'  Not 
without  talent  is  the  whole,  but  as  drama 
it  is  inexpert  and  artificial. 

The  run  of  '  Nero  '  has  been  suspended 
at  His  Majesty's  to  permit  of  the  Shak- 
spearean  performances  which,  during  the 
present  as  the  previous  season,  constitute  a 
deeply  interesting  feature  of  Mr.  Tree's 
management.  In  the  light  of  these  the 
rebuke  that  London  does  not  possess  a 
theatre  with  a  Shakspearean  repertory 
cannot  be  passed.  On  Monday  Mr.  Tree 
appeared  as  Caliban  in  '  The  Tempest,'  on 
Tuesday  and  Wednesday  morning  as  Falstaff 
in  the  first  part  of  '  King  Henry  IV.,'  and 
on  Wednesday  evening  as  Malvolio  in 
'  Twelfth  Night.' 

A  performance  by  the  Mermaid  Society 
on  Monday  afternoon  of  '  The  Bezsemenovs  ' 
of  Maxim  Corky  attracted  to  Terry's  Theatre 
a  small  but  appreciative  world.  As  a  picture 
of  Russian  life  among  operatives  the  piece 
is  impressive,  but  as  drama  it  is  verbose  and 
ineffective  as  well  as  depressing. 

'Raffles,'  a  four-act  drama  by  Messrs. 
E.  W.  Hornung  and  E.  Presbrey,  which  has 
enjoyed  much  success  in  the  United  States, 
will  in  a  few  days  bo  produced  at  the  Comedy, 
Mr.  Barrio's  triple  bill  having  been  with- 
drawn. 

'  The  Silver  Box  '  is  the  title  of  a  play 
by  Mr.  John  Galsworthy  which  has  been 
secured  for  the  Court  by  the  Vedrenne- 
Barker  management. 

At  the  revival  of  '  Prunella  '  at  the  Court 
Theatre  on  Monday  the  serenade  in  the 
second  act  was  sung  instead  of  being  spoken, 
and  other  alterations  were  perceptible. 

'  The  Flower  of  France,'  a  play  by 
Mr.  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy  on  the  subject 
of  Joan  of  Arc,  has  been  given  for  copyright 
purposes  at  the  Scala  Theatre. 


The  Shak  ipeare  Commemoration  at  Strat- 

ford-on-Avnii   has  secured   ii   very 
tory  attendance  tins  year,  though  the  first 
week    began    with    the    stock    favourites, 
'  Much  Ado  alum!    Nothing,'  '  The  Taming 

■  ■I  the  Shrew,'  'Hamlet,'  'Julius  C;isar,' 
'Macbeth,'     and     'As     You     Like     It,'     With 

'The  Rivals'  as  a  Saturday  night  variety. 
The  tour  (It  force  is  expected  during  I  h<-  second 
week,  when  the  Knglish  Historical  Cycli 
to  be  presented.  In  spite  of  the  colder 
weather,  the  proverbial  nightingale  sang  on 
the  poet's  birthday,  and  the  town  was  in 
gala.  The  decoration  of  the  tomb  in  the 
pariah  church  assumes  greater  proportions 

year  by  yeur,  and  the  luncheons  and  dinners 
wire  more  than  usually  enthusiastic. 

'  For  Life,  and  Aktkr,'  an  adaptation 
by  Mr.  Ceorge  K.  Sims  of  his  novel  of  tin- 
same  title,  has  been  given  at  Heading. 

M.  Henry.  Marcel",  Administrates  of  the 
Bibliotheque  Nationale,  has  inaugurated  at 
the  great  French  library  an  interesting  exhibi- 
tion in  connexion  with  the  tercentenary  of 
Pierre  Corneille's  birth.  This  exhibition  is 
disposed  in  three  rooms,  and  is  based  on  a 
similar  one  arranged  in  1884  to  celebrate 
the  second  centenary  of  the  dramatist's 
death.  There  are  about  forty  engraved 
portraits  of  Corneille,  arrayed  in  the  Print 
Department  ;  whilst  in  the  Galerie  Mazarine 
is  exhibited  a  unique  series  of  first  and  other 
editions  of  his  various  works,  as  well  as  auto- 
graph letters  addressed  by  the  poet  to  Pere 
Boulard  and  to  Colbert.  In  the  Depart- 
ment of  Medals  all  the  medals  struck  in 
Corneille's  honour  during  the  eighteenth  and 
nineteenth  centuries  are  on  view.  The  ex- 
hibition is  open  to  the  public  on  Mondays 
and  Thursdays. 

'  The  Spider  and  the  Fly,'  a  four-act 
drama  by  Messrs.  Arthur  Shirley  and  Sutton 
Vane,  has  been  successfully  produced  at  the 
Grand  Theatre,  Brighton. 

'  Arms  and  the  Man,'  the  first  of  Mr. 
G.  B.  Shaw's  works  to  be  acted  in  Scandi- 
navia, had  an  enthusiastic  reception  last 
Sunday  at  the  Theatre  Royal,  Copenhagen. 
Dr.  Mantzius,  the  translator,  played  the  part 
of  Bluntschli. 


To  Correspondents.— H.  H.  J.— A.  C— J.  M.  C— K.  M. 

— Received. 

W.  de  G.  B.— Too  late  for  this  week. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

• 

Paof. 

Authors'  Agents       49S 

Belt.  &  Sons 524 

Blackwood       r>oo 

Business  for  Disposal      498 

Catalogues        498 

Constable  A  Co 504 

Early  English  Drama  Society 502 

ElU'CATIONAI 497 

Exhibitions      497 

Harper  a  Brothers         527 

Hurst  a  Buckett 504 

Hutchinson  A  Co ESS 

Insurance  Companies        526 

Jarrolo  &  Sons       520 

Laurie 527 

Lectures 497 

Longmans  a  Co.        500 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  A  Co 520 

Macmillan  A  Co 5M  and  688 

Magazines,  Ac 499 

Miscellaneous 498 

Morton 626 

Nash           49S1 

Newspaper  agents 49s 

Notes  and  Qi  ekiks 526 

Obituary 497 

Provident  Institutions 497 

SALES  BY   AUCTION         MB 

Situations  vacant 497 

situations  Wanted 498 

smith,  Elder  A  Co 602 

Societies 497 

sonnenschein  a  co 503 

stanford 626 

type-writers 498 

Ward,  Lock  A  Co 501 


THE  YORK  LIBRARY 


A    NEW    SERIES    OF    REPRINTS    ON 
THIN    PAPER. 

Tin-  volumes  are  printed  in  a  handy  by 

4J  in.),  on  tliin   ml  i  paqne  paper,  and  are  simply 

and  attractively  bound. 

Price,  in  'l"tii.  El.  net ;  in  leather,  '■'>-.  n 

"These   lymki-   should   find   tln-ir  way   to 
bone  that  owns  any  cultivation." 

•  and  Queries. 


The  following  Volumes  are  now  ready :  — 
BURNEY'S    EYELINA.      Edited,    with 

an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  ANNIE  HUM    I  1.I.J-. 

BURNEY'S  CECILIA.    Edited  by  Annie 

uaim:  BLUB.    I  rob 

BURTON'S     ANATOMY     OF     MELAN- 

CHOLY.     Edited  by  the  Rev.  A.  B   SHTLLETO   M 

with  Introduction  by  A.   H.  Bl'LLEN.     3  voU. 

CERYANTES'    DON    QUIXOTE. 

MOTTEUX'S  Translation,  Revised.  With  LOCK' 
HART'S  Life  and  Note*     iv 

COLERIDGE'S  AIDS  TO  REFLECTION, 

and  THK  CONFESSIONS  OF  AX  INQUIRING 
SPIRIT. 

COLERIDGE'S    FRIEND     A    Series   of 

Essays  on  Morals,  Politics,  and  Religion. 

COLERIDGE'S     TABLE     TALK      AND 

OMXIANA.      Arranged  and  Edited  by  T.  ASHE,  B  \. 

DRAPER'S    HISTORY    OF  THE 

INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  EUROPE. 
2  vols. 

EMERSON'S  WORKS.     A  New  Edition 

in  5  vols.,  with  the  Text  Edited  and  Collated  by 
GEORGE  SAMPSON. 

FIELDING'S  TOM  JONES.    2  vols. 
GESTA  R0MAN0RUM;  or,  Entertaining 

Moral  Stories  invented  hv  the  Hooka.  Translated 
from  the  Latin  hv  the  "Rev.  CHARLES  SWAN. 
Revised  Edition,  hy  WYNNARD  HOOFER.  MA. 

GOETHE'S    FAUST.       Translated     by 

ANNA  SWANWICK.  LL.T).  Revised  Edition.  With 
an  Introduction  and  Bibliography  by  KARL  BREUL, 
Litt.D.  Ph.D. 

HAWTHORNE'S      TRANSFORMATION 

(The  Marble  Faiin). 

JAMESON'S        SHAKESPEARE'S 

HEROINES.  Characteristics  of  Women:  Moral, 
Poetical,  and  Historical. 

LAMB'S    ESSAYS.      Including    the 

Essays  of  Elia,  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  and  Hiaaa. 

MARCUS   AURELIUS   ANTONINUS. 

THE  THOUGHTS  OF.  Translated  by  GEORGE 
LONG,  MA.  with  an  Essay  on  Marcus  Amelias  by 
MATTHEW  ARNOLD. 

MONTAIGNE'S    ESSAYS.      Cotton's 

Translation.     Revised  by  W.  c.  HAZLITT.     3  vols. 

MOTLEYS    RISE     OF     THE     DUTCH 

REPUBLIC  With  s  Biographical  Introduction  by 
MONCURE  D.  CONWAY.    3  vols. 

PASCAL'S     THOUGHTS.       Translated 

from  the  Text  of  M.  AUGUSTS  MOLINIER  bv  t". 
KF.GAN  PAUL.     Third  Edition. 

PLUTARCH'S  LIYES.  Translated,  with 

Notes  and  a  Life,  by  AUBREY  STEWART,  M.A.,  and 
GEORGE  LONG,  M.A.     Vol.  I. 

SWIFTS       GULLIYERS      TRAYELS. 

Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  G.  R 
DENNIS,  with  Facsimiles  of  the  original  Illustrations. 

SWIFTS   JOURNAL  TO   STELLA. 

Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  bv  E.  RYL  VND. 
MA. 

ARTHUR  YOUNGS  TRAYELS   IN 

FRANCE  DURING  THE  YEARS  1787,  1788,  and 
17-n.  Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  M. 
BF.THAM   EDWARDS. 


London  : 

GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS,  Portugal  Street, 

Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


525 


MESSRS.    HUTCHINSON    &    CO.'S    NEW    BOOKS 


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526 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4096,  April  28,  1906 


GEO.    A.    MORTON'S 

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JUST  PUBLISHED. 
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N°  4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


)27 


WERNER  LAURIE'S    LIST. 


NEW    WORK    BY 
"THE   AMATEUR    ANGLER." 

NOW  READY. 
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2T.B. — A  few  copies  may  be  had  in  limp  leather, 
gilt  edges,  price  os.  net. 

FISHING     FOR 
PLEASURE 

AND 

CATCHING  IT. 

Being  an  Account  of   various  Holiday  and  other 

Angling  Excursions  in  1903,  1904,  and  1905, 

described  in  Fourteen  Chapters. 

By  E.  MARSTON,  F.R.G.S. 

AND  TWO  CHAPTERS  ON 

SALMON  AND  TROUT  FISHING  IN 
NORTH  WALES. 

By    R.    B.    MARSTON. 

"  Complete  content — the  day  has  brought  it — 
He  tished  for  pleasure — and  he  caught  it." 

Optimist. 

BRIEF    NOTES    FROM    PRESS    APPRECIATIONS. 

From  the  SPECTATOR— "It  it  does  not  hinder  the 
pleasure  of  'The  Amateur  Angler'  that  he  comes  home 
with  basket  light  or  even  empty,  still  less  does  it  hinder 
the  pleasure  of  his  readers. ..  .Readers  who  know  how 
pleasantly  Mr.  Marston  can  write  need  not  have  his  new 
volume  any  further  commended." 

Front  the  ATIIES.ElTM.—"\\e  are  pleased  with  the 
geniality  and  love  of  the  open  air  which  shine  throughout 
the  book  .and  recall  the  jolly  wisdom  of  Old  Izaak." 

From  the  TIMES. — "Another  of  Mr.  Marston's  pleasant 
little  books." 

From  the  TRIBlrXE.—"^lr.  Marston  has  the  rare  gift 
of  being  able  to  convey  to  the  non-angling  reader  the  charm 
of  the  sport. . .  .He  writes  unpretentiously  and  well." 

From  the  MORNING  POST. — "There  is  much  humour 
in  the  book.... The  book  is  balm  to  those  who  know  the 
peace  of  the  country,  the  healing  there  is  in  green  fields, 
the  restfulnesa  that  is  compelled  by  the  murmur  of  the 
stream." 

From  the  IRISH  TIMES.— "Will  be  read  •with  pleasure 
by  all  who  have  angled,  and  indeed  those  who  have  never 
handled  a  rod  will  find  matter  of  interest,  set  forth  in  such 
a  readable  manner." 

From  the  DAILY  C/IROXICLE.—"lleTe  is  Mr.  Marston 
describing  May-fly  days,  not  basketless,  mind  you,  on 
water  that  he  first  knew  seventy  years  ago,  and  we  wish 
no  prettier  pages  than  those  which  picture  his  Hereford- 
shire village  then  and  now." 

From  the  FIELD. — "It  is  a  good  title,  for  it  contains  a 
confession  of  that  faith  which  finds  happiness  in  the 
delights  of  the  country. ..  .that  faith  which  is  attested  by 
the  pleasure  which  his  charming  books  have  given  to  so 
many  of  his  fellow-men.  The  new  book,  we  doubt  not,  will 
be  received  as  heartily  as  any  of  its  predecessors,  for  the 
pen  that  wrote  it  has  not  lost  its  cunning." 

From  the  COUNTY  GENTLEMAN.— "Mr.  Marston  has 
added  to  his  list  of  eleven  books  a  twelfth,  which  is  full  of 
just  the  same  cheerful,  pleasant  chronicling  of  Fishermen's 
Holidays." 

From  the  SCOTSMAN.—"  His  sketches  are  of  the  kind 
that  make  the  weary  winter  months  endurable." 

From  the  MORNING  LEADER.— "Master  of  literary 
charm  of  a  high  order. .  .  Mr.  Marston  conveys  not  a  little 
(of  the  angler's  ecstasy)  into  these  delightful  pages." 

From  the  LEEDS'  MERCURY.—" In  the  legion  of 
angling  writers  none  has  caught  more  faithfully  the  true 
Waltonian  spirit  than  'The  Amateur  Angler."' 

From  the  BOOKSELLER,— "A  most  attractive  book, 
which  we  hope  will  not  prove  quite  the  hist  of  a  most 
delightful  series." 

From  the  GRA  PI1IC-"  His  writing  is  alwaysdelightful." 
From  Pl'SCII.—"  Mr.  E.  Marston  is  thenearest  approach 
the  tventieth  century  provides  to  Izaak  Walton. ..  Ono 
need  not  l>e  a  fisherman  to  take  pleasure  in  the  charming 
vignettes  of  hillside,  moorland,  and  streamlet  to  be  found 
on  every  page." 

From  the  Ol'TLOOK.— "  Very  pleasant  sketches  by  a 
writer  who  has  delighted  many  readers  for  a  great  number 
of  year.-." 


One  of  the  most  interesting  and 
amusing  Political  Books  of  re- 
cent   years    is    R  E  M  I  N  I  S- 

CENCES  OF  A  COUNTRY 
POLITICIAN,  by  JOHN  A. 
BRIDGES,  J.P.,  8s.  6d.  net, 
just  ready. 

The  present  seems  a  fitting  time  to  remind  the  numerous 
people  who  imagine  that  Political  Parties  are  kept  together 
by  Members  of  Parliament  or  the  Right  Honourables  on 
the  two  front  benches,  that  much  of  the  work  is  done  by 
men  whose  names  seldom  come  before  the  public.  Mr. 
Bridges  was  an  adherent  of  the  Conservative  Party  in  the 
days  before  the  ballot,  and  the  book  describes  the  effect 
of  the  many  changes  that  have  occurred  in  the  last  fifty 
years.  The  author  was  for  many  years  Conservative  Chair- 
man of  the  Eastern  Division  of  Worcestershire,  which  first 
returned  Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain  to  Parliament,  and  which 
has  recently  reaffirmed  its  verdict  by  an  enormous  majority. 
The  book  treats  of  the  Liberal  Unionist  Alliance,  of  the 
National  Union  of  Conservative  Associations— on  which 
the  author  sat  for  some  years— of  Church  and  State,  County 
Councils,  and  contains  an  interesting  sidelight  on  Mr. 
Chamberlain's  early  career  when  his  views  were  other  than 
he  now  holds. 

LIFE  IN  THE  LAW. 

Reminiscences  of  the  Bench,  Bar,  and  Circuit. 

By  GEORGE  WITT,  K.C. 

(Bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  formerly  Senior  Fellow 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge). 

With  Portrait.     Crown  8vo,  6s.  net. 

Mr.  Witt's  tragic  death  in  a  London  omnibus  recently 
is  probably  fresh  in  the  memory  of  most  people.  He  was 
a  general  favourite,  and  this  very  pleasant  and  readable 
volume  of  his  reminiscences  during  the  last  forty  years  will 
be  welcomed  by  many.  The  work  is  full  of  personal 
anecdotes  of  well-known  legal  luminaries. 


THE  MUSIC  LOVER'S  LIBRARY.-Vol.  II. 

STORIES  FROM  THE 
OPERAS. 

By  GLADYS  DAVIDSON. 

Illustrated.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt, 
3s.  Qd.  net. 

A  charming  series  of  tales  arranged  from  the  Grand 
Operas.  Few  people  seem  to  know  the  actual  stories  con- 
tained in  the  great  music  dramas  of  Wagner  and  others. 

Most  of  them  are  very  beautiful  and  interesting,  and  this 
volume  contains  twenty  of  the  more  popular  Tales,  simply 
written,  and  in  accordance  with  the  libretto. 

Vol.1.  CHATS  ON  VIOLINS.  BvOicaRacstek. 

NEW  AND   RECENT  FICT!ON-6s. 

R0WENA. 

Agxes  Giberne. 

THURTELL'S  CKIME. 

Dick  Donovan. 

THE  POISON  DEALER. 

Georges  Ohnet. 

THE  MUMMY  AND  MISS 

NITR0CIS.  George  Griffiths. 

SIX  WOMEN  (10th  Thousand.) 

Victoria  Cross. 

I  THE    BEAUTY   SHOP. 

(Third  Edition.)     Daniel  Woodroffe. 


HARPER'S 

FOR    MAY   NOW  READY. 

Henry  James's  Article, 

NEW  YORK  REVISITED. 

Margaret  Deland's 
Great  Serial, 

THE   AWAKENING  OF   HELENA 
RITCHIE.     Illustrated. 

Is  the  Human  Race 
Mortal  ? 

By  Dr.  C.  W.  SALEEBY. 

Justus  Miles  Forman's 
New  Story, 

THE  VULTURE.     Illustrated. 

An  Article  by  the  late 
Lewis  Carroll, 

HITHERTO   UNPUBLISHED. 

Alice  Brown's  New 
Story, 

THE  ADVOCATE.     Illustrated. 

Mrs.  Hubbard's  Explora- 
tions in  Labrador. 

Complete    Stories,    Articles,    Poems,    <kc, 
illustrated  by  the  work  of  prominent  Artists. 

A  NEW  BOOK  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF 
'THE  MOST  ILLUSTRIOUS  LADIES 
OF    THE    ITALIAN    RENAISSANCE.' 

A   QUEEN   OF   QUEENS 

AND 

THE  MAKING   OF   SPAIN. 

By  CHRISTOPHER  HARE. 
Profusely  illustrated.      Demy  Svo,    10s.   6rf. 

{Immediately. 
A  graphic  picture  of  Spain  in  its  grandeur  under  the 
great  Queen  Isabella  ;  the  book  deals  also  with  the  period 
of  the  Moorish  dominion  and  the  events  which  led  up  to 
the  union  of  the  Provinces  and  the  rise  of  Spain  as  a 
Christian  Power.  This  account  of  the  land  and  the  period 
of  romance  and  chivalry  is  fascinating  a-s  it  is  important. 

THE  SAGE  BRUSH  PARSON. 

By  A.  B.  WARD.     6s. 

[.Voir  ready. 
A  stirring  romance  of  the  Nevada  camps,  in  which   the 
hero  is  a  well-known  preacher  and  author  of  some  twenty 
years  ago.     The  part   he  plays   in  the  rough  life  of  the 
district  affords  exciting  reading. 


NEW  SPRING  AND  SUMMER  LIST  FREE  ON  APPLICATION. 


WERNER    LAURIE,  Clifford's  Inn,  London. 


THE  PRINCESS  0LGA. 

By  ERVIN  WARDMAN. 

Crown  8vo,  6*.  [Immediately. 

A  spirited  story  of  a  resourceful  young  engineer  ami  \ 
beautiful  woman  who  takes  part  in  a  plot  to  thwart  his 
undertaking. 

HARPER  k  BROTHERS, 
45,    Albemarle    Street,    London,    YV. 


w.s 


THE    athenjkum 


N»4096,  April  28,  1906 


THE   EVERSLEY   SERIES. 


(!lol>e  8vo,   cloth,   48.   not  per  Volume. 


Matthew   Arnold's  Works. 

POEMS.     S 

B88AYB   IN    CRITICISM      First  Set 

KSSAYS    IN   CRITICISM.    Second » 

AMERICAN    DISCOURSES. 

LETTERS,  1848  1888.    Coll,.,  l.-.l  and  Arranged  liy  (;.  W.  K.  1M  98KLL.     Bvatft 

A    Memoir   of    Jane    Austen.      I5y  her   Nephew,  J.  E.  Austen 
i.kich     To  which  is  added  LADY  SI  BAN,  and  Eragmenta  of  two  other  I'nftiii  ihed 

TslM  bj   Mi-  AUSTEN. 

The  Eversley  Bible.  Arranged  in  Paragraphs,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion l.v.l.  W.  .MACK.UL.  M.A.  Ins  vols. 
Vol.11.  DEUTERONOMY- 2  SAMUEL.  Vol.  HI.  1  KINGS-ESTHER. 
Vol.  IV.  JOB  SONG  OF  SOLOMON.  Vol.  V.  ISAIAH-LAMENTA- 
TIONS. Vol.  VI.  EZEKIEI.  MALACHI.  Vol  VII.  MATTHEW- 
JOHN.     Vol.  \  HI.  ACTS    REVELATION. 

.•  Tin-  Text  la  that  of  tiic  Authorised  Version. 

Essays  by  George  Brimley.    Third  Edition. 

Calderon's  Plays.     By  Edward  Fitzgerald. 

Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.    Edited  by  A.  W.  Pollard.    2  vols. 

Dean   Churchs    Miscellaneous    Writings.      Collected   Edition- 

9  vols. 
MISCELLANEOUS  ESSAYS.  I         DANTE,  and  other  Essays. 

ST.  ANSELM.  BACON.  I  SPENSER. 

THE   OXFORD    MOVEMENT.      Twelve  Years,  1833-1845. 
THE    BEGINNING  OP   THE   MIDDLE   AGES.    (Included  in  this  Series 

by  permission  of  Messrs.  Longmans  &  Co.) 
OCCASIONAL    PAPERS.      Selected  from   the  Guardian,   the  Tinm,  and  the 

Sattndatf  Review,  1846-1890.     2  vols. 

Life  and  Letters  of  Dean  Church.      Edited  by  his  Daughter, 

MARY  Q  CHURCH. 

Lectures   and   Essays   by  the   late   W.  K.   Clifford,  F.R.S. 

Edited  by   the  late  Sir  LESLIE   STEPHEN  and  Sir  FREDERICK    POLLOCK. 
Third  Edition.     In  2  vols. 

Emerson's    Collected    Works.      6  vols.     With  Introduction  by 

JOHN  MORLEY. 
MISCELLANIES.  I  ESSAYS.  |  POEMS. 

ENGLISH  TRAITS   AND   REPRESENTATIVE   MEN. 
THE    CONDUCT   OF    LIFE,  and    SOCIETY    AND    SOLITUDE. 
LETTERS   AND   SOCIAL   AIMS. 

Letters  of  Edward  Fitzgerald.    Edited  by  "W.  Aldis  Wright. 

2  vols.     New  Edition. 

Letters  of  Edward  Fitzgerald  to  Fanny  Kemble,  1871-1883. 

Edited  by  W.  A.  WRIGHT. 

More    Letters  of  Edward   Fitzgerald.      Edited  by  W.  Aldis 

WRIGHT. 

Pausanias  and  other  Greek  Sketches.    By  J.  G.  Frazer,  D.C.L. 

Goethe's  Maxims  and  Reflections.    Translated,  with  Introduc- 
tions, by  T.  BAILEY  SAUNDERS. 
*.*  The  Scientific  and   Artistic  Maxims  were  Selected  by  Prof.   Huxley  and  Lord 
Leighton  respectively. 

Thomas  Gray's  Collected  Works  in  Prose  and  Yerse.    Edited 

bv  EDMUND  GOSSE.     4  vols. 
POEMS,    JOURNALS,  AND   ESSAYS. 
LETTERS.     2  vols. 
NOTES   ON  ARISTOPHANES    AND   PLATO. 

Green's  History  of  the  English  People.    8  vols. 

The  Making  of  England.     By  J.  R.  Green,  M.A.  LL.D.     With 

Maps.     In  2  vols. 

The  Conquest  of  England.     By  J.  R.  Green,  M.A.  LL.D.   With 

Maps.     In  2  vols. 

Oxford    Studies.      By  John  Richard   Green.      Edited   by  Mrs. 

J.  R.  GREEN  and  Miss  K.  NORGATE. 

Stray  Studies   from  England  and  Italy.      By  John  Richard 

<;REEN. 

Stray  Studies.     Second  Series.     By  J.  R.  Green. 

Historical  Studies.    By  J.  R.  Green. 

Guesses  at  Truth.     By  Two  Brothers. 

Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany.    Being  Impressions  and  Translations 

of  MAURICE  HEWLETT,  Author  of  "Hie  Forest  Lovers.'    Third  Edition,  Revised. 

R.  H.  Hutton's  Collected  Essays. 

LITERARY   ESSAYS. 

ESSAYS    ON    SOME   OF   THE   MODERN   GUIDES   OF    ENGLISH 

THOUGHT   IN    MATTERS   OF   FAITH. 
THEOLOGICAL   ESSAYS. 
CRITICISMS  ON  CONTEMPORARY  THOUGHT  AND  THINKERS. 

2  vols. 
ASPECTS  OF  RELIGIOUS  AND  SCIENTIFIC  THOUGHT.    Edited  by 

his  Niece,  ELIZABETH  M.  ROSCOE. 
BRIEF    LITERARY    CRITICISMS.    Edited  by  his  Niece,  ELIZABETH  M. 

ROSCOE. 


Poems   of   Thomas    Hood.     Edited,  with  Prefatory  Memoir,  by 
tin  lata  Chaos  aim.i.i:     i„ 
Vol.  I.  SERIOUS  POEMS.    Vol.  II    POEMS  OF  WIT  AND  HUMOUR. 
with  Vajaattwaaal  Portr 
Thomas  Henry  Huxley  s  Collected  Works. 

METHOD  AND  RE8ULT8.  DARWINLANA 

SCIENCE  AND  EDUCATION. 

SCIENCE  AND  HEBREW  TRADITION. 

SCIENCE  AND   CHRISTIAN  TRADITION. 

HUME.    With  Halpa  to  the  study  of  Baafceii •>■. 

MAN'S  PLACE  IN   NATURE,  and  other  Anthropological  Essays. 

DISCOURSES:  BIOLOGICAL  AND  GEOLOGICAL. 

EVOLUTION  AND  ETHICS,  and  other  Essays. 

LIFE  AND   LETTERS.    lYota. 

The    Choice    of    Books,    and 

FREDERIC  HARRISON. 

French  Poets  and  Novelists.     By  Henry  James. 

Partial  Portraits.     By  Henry  James. 

Modern  Greece.     Two  Lectures  delivered  before  the  Philosophical 

Institution  of  Edinburgh,  with  Papers  on  "The  Progress  of  Greece'  and  '  Bvron  in 
( I  recce.'    By  Sir  RICHARD  C.  JEBB,  Litt.D.  D.C.L.  LL.D.     Second  Edition." 

Letters  of  John  Keats  to  his  Family  and  Friends.    Edited 

by  SIDNEY  COLVIN. 

Charles  Kingsley's  Novels  and  Poems. 

WESTWARD  HO !    2  vols.  YEAST.     1  voL 


other  Literary  Pieces.   By 


ALTON  LOCKE.    2  vols. 
TWO   YEARS  AGO.    2  vols. 


HYPATLA.    2  vols. 
POEMS.    8  vols. 


HEREWARD  THE  WAKE.     2  vols. 

Charles  Lamb's    Collected    Works.     Edited,  with  Introduction 

and  Notes,  by  the  late  Rev.  Canon  AINGER,  M.A.     6  vols. 
THE  ESSAYS  OF  ELIA. 

POEMS,  PLAYS.  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  ESSAYS. 
MRS.  LEICESTER'S  SCHOOL,  and  other  Writings. 
TALES  FROM  SHAKESPEARE.    By  Chari.es  and  Marv  Lamii. 

THE  LETTERS   OF   CHARLES  LAMB.    Newly  arranged,  with  Additions 
1904.     2  vols. 

Life  of  Charles  Lamb.     By  the  late  Canon  Ainger,  M.A. 
Historical  Essays.     By  the  late  J.  B.  Lightfoot,  D.D.  D.C.L. 

LLD. 

The   Poetical   Works   of  John   Milton.    Edited,  with  Memoir, 

Introduction,  and  Notes,  by  DAVID  MASSON,  M.A.  LLD.    3  vols. 

John  Morley's  Collected  Works.     11  vols. 

VOLTAIRE.    1  toL  |  ROUSSEAU.    2  vols. 

DIDEROT  AND  THE  ENCYCLOPAEDISTS.    2  vols. 
ON  COMPROMISE.   1  vol.  |  BURKE.    1  vol. 

OLIVER  CROMWELL.    1  voL      |  MISCELLANIES.    3  vols. 

STUDIES  IN  LITERATURE.    1  vol. 

Science  and  a  Future  Life,  and  other  Essays.    By  F.  W.  H. 

MYERS,  M.A. 

Classical  Essays.    By  F.  W.  H.  Myers. 

Modern  Essays.    By  F.  W.  H.  Myers. 

Records   of   Tennyson,    Ruskin,    and    Browning.    By  Anne 

THACKERAY  RITCHIE. 

Works  by  Sir  John  R.  Seeley,  Litt.D.  K.C.M.G. 

THE  EXPANSION  OF  ENGLAND.    Two  Courses  of  Lectures. 
LECTURES  AND  ESSAYS. 

ECCE  HOMO.  I  NATURAL  RELIGION. 

INTRODUCTION  TO  POLITICAL  SCIENCE.    Two  Series  of  Lectures. 

The    Works    of    Shakespeare.     With   short   Introduction   and 

Footnotes  by  Prof.  C.  H.  HERl-'ORD.     In  10  vols. 
*»*  The  Plays  may  also  be  had  in  separate  Volumes,  cloth,  1*.  each ;  roan,  gilt  tops, 
2s.  each. 

Works  by  James  Smetham. 

LETTERS.      With    an  Introductory   Memoir.      Edited    by  Sarah    SMKTHAM  and 

WILLIAM  DAVIES.     With  a  Portrait. 
LITERARY   WORKS.    Edited  by  William  Davies. 

Life  of  Swift.     By  Sir  Henry  Craik,  K.C.B.  M.P.     2  vols.    New 

Edition. 

Selections  from  the  Writings  of  Thoreau. 

Essays  in  the  History  of   Religious   Thought  in  the  West. 

By  BROOKE  l'oss  whsivott,  D.D.  n.c.l...  Lord  Bishop  of  Durham. 

The    Works    of    Wordsworth.     Edited    by  Professor   Knight. 
In  12  vols.    Bach  Volume  contains  a  Portrait  and  Vignette  Etched  by  H.  MAKESBK 
POETICAL  WORKS.    8  vols.  |  PROSE  WORKS.    2  voK 

JOURNALS  OF  DOROTHY  WORDSWORTH,    i  vols. 


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at  7. IS  o'clock. 
The  LORD  CLAUD  J.  HAMILTON  in  the  Chair. 
Dinner  Tickets,  including  Wines,  One  Guinea. 
Donations  will  be  received  and  thankfullv  acknowledged  by 

SIR  ASTON  WEBB,  R.A..  Treasurer. 
ARTHUR  S.  COPE.  A.R.A.,  Hon.  Sec 
DOUGLAS  G.  H.  GORDON,  Secretary. 

41,  Jermyn  Street,  S.W. 


Wtttmtz. 


ROYAL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 
ALBEMARLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY.  W. 

TUESDAY  NEXT.  May  8,  at  5  o'clock.  Prof.  WILLIAM 
STIRLING.  M.D.  LL.D.  D.Sc,  FIRST  of  THREE  LECTURES  on 
'GLANDS  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS.-    Haifa-Guinea  the  Course. 

THURSDAY,  May  10,  at  5  o'clock,  the  Rev.  J.  P.  MAHAFFY, 
C.T.O.  D.D.  D.C.L..  FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES:  111  'THE 
EXPANSION  OF  OLD  GREEK  LITERATURE  BY  RECENT 
DISCOVERIES';  (21  'THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PTOLEMAIC 
EGYPT  ON  GR.ECO-ROMAN  CIVILIZATION.'    Haifa-Guinea. 

QIR     FREDERICK     BRIDGE'S     GRESHAM 

O  COLLEGE  LECTURES  will  he  delivered  on  MAY  8  I' THE 
FIRST  ORATORIO  |,  MAY  '.)  I'THE  GRESHAM  LECTURES  OF 
R.  .1.  S.  STEVENS.  lsOl-PUS'l,  MAY  10  CMU/.IO  CLEMENTI'l. 
MAY  11  CANTON  STEPANOVITCH  ARENSKY) ;  the  last  Three  in 
the  City  of  London  School,  at  6  p.m. 


(Exhibitions. 


N 


E  W  DUDLEY  GALLERY, 

169,      PICCADILL  Y. 
Exhibition  of 

NEW  EFFECTS  IN  POTTERY, 

From  the 

ROYAL  DOULTON  POTTERIES, 

MAY  5  to  MAY  :tn. 

Tii  kets  on  application  to  the  MANAGER,  New  Dudley  Gallery  ;  or 

to  DOULTON  4  CO.,  Lti».,  Lambeth,  S.E. 

PAINTINGS  l.y  REPRESENTATIVE 
SCOTTISH  ARTISTS  of  today,  and  WATER  COLOURS  by 
0.  WYNNE  APPEltLEY  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  WALTER  ST.  JOHN 
MILDMAY  NOW  OPEN,  the  BAILLIE  GALLERY,  64,  Baker 
Street.  W.,  10  to  8. 

OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING    EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
trait* bv  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERD  S  GALLERY.  27.  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 


u 


(Educational. 

NIVERSITY       OF       DURHAM. 


An     EXAMINATION     for      ENTRANCE     SCHOLARSHIPS     in 
.NEOLOGY   will   be  held   in  JUNE,   commencing 
WEDNESDAY,  20th,  :.t  '.<  <  m      Intending  Candidates  should  apply  to 
Mil;  MASTER  "i    I  NIVERSITY  COLLEGE; 
THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  BISHOP  HATFIELD'S  HALL;  or 
THE  i  EN80R  ok  UNATTACHED  STUDENTS, 
I  l  UB8ICAL  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  OPEN  TO  WOMEN     Intending 
Candidates  should  apply  to  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
JloSTEL,  Palace  Gen.  Durham. 


pIVIL    SERVICE    COMMISSION.  —  FORTH- 

\J  COMING  EXAMINATION.— SECOND  CLASS  ASSISTANT 
ACCOUNTANTS  in  the  ARMY  ACCOUNTS  DEPARTMENT,  and 
EXAMINERS  in  the  EXCHEQUER  and  AUDIT  DEPARTMENT 
(18-20).  MAY24.  The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications 
can  be  received.  They  must  be  made  on  forms,  to  be  obtained,  with 
particulars,  from  the  SECRETARY',  Civil  Service  Commission,  Bur- 
lington Gardens,  London,  W. 


u 


NIVERSITY     OF     MANCHESTER, 


GARTSIDE  SCHOLARSHIPS  OF  COMMERCE  AND 
INDUSTRIES. 
Candidates  must  be  of  British  nationality,  and  over  the  age  of 
Eighteen  and  under  the  age  of  Twenty-three  at  the  date  of  Election. 
The  Scholarships,  Three  of  which  may  be  awarded  in  JUNE,  will  be 
tenable  for  Two  Years,  and  of  the  value  of  80!.  the  First  Year  (which 
must  be  spent  at  the  Universityl.  and  from  150?.  to  250?.  the  Second 
Year  (which  must  lie  spent  in  the  study  of  Subjects  bearing  on 
Commerce  in  the  United  States,  Germany,  or  other  country  or 
countries  approved  by  the  Electors).  Candidates  must  send  in  their 
applications,  together  with  Testimonials  of  good  character  and  record 
of  previous  training,  on  or  before  JUNE  1,  to  the  REGISTRAR,  from 
whom  further  particulars  can  be  obtained. 


MISS  DREWRY'S  EVENING  MEETINGS 
for  the  STUDY  of  BROWNING'S  POEMS  will  BEGIN  on 
WEDNESDAY',  May  Hi.  at  7.4S  p.m.  Miss  Drewry  gives  Lectures, 
Readings,  and  Lessons  in  English  Language  and  Literature  and 
kindred  subjects.  Examines.  Reads  with  Private  Pupils,  and  helps 
Students  by  Letter  and  in  her  Reading  Society.— 143,  King  Henry's 
Road,  London,  N.W. 

pHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

J  EDUCATION, 
-i    Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESS  US.  GABBITA-S,  THRLNG  4  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THR1NG,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  3(i.  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 


^ituati0ns  Vacant 

T  TNIVERSIT  Y  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

\J  (A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.) 
Applications  are  invited  for  the  CHAIR  OF  EDUCATION,  now 
vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council  will  elect  on  JUNE  20.  Forty 
copies  of  the  Application  and  Testimonials  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  THURSDAY',  May  31.  The  Professor 
will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of  next 
Session.— For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M. A.,  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  April  25,  1906. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  i>ost  of 
LECTURER  in  POLITICAL  and   COMMERCIAL   SCIENCE,  at  a 
Salary  of  2001. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  on  or  before 
THURSDAY,  May  31,  luoii,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  furthor 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff, 
April  21,  190ft. 

TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 

^  AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE.  CARDIFF. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post 
of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  WELSH. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom 
applications,  with  Testimonials  (which  need  not  be  printed),  must  be 
seut  on  or  before  FRIDAY,  May  28,  1006, 

J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff. 
April  21,  1908. 

TTNIVERSITY    COLLEGE,    LONDON. 
vJ  (University  of  London.) 

JODBELL  PROFESSORSHIP  OP  /.oology  AND 

COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY, 

The  COUNCIL  will  shortly  proceed   to   till   the   vacancy   in   the 

JODRELI,  CHAIR  of  ZOOLOGY  and  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY 

caused  by  (lie  appointment  of  Prof.  E.  A.  Mlnchin  to  the  new  chair  of 

Pioto  Zoology  in  the  University  of  London. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  su<  b  Testimonials  and  other  evidence 
of  fitness  for  the  post  as  Candidates  may  wish  to  submit,  should  reacta 
tin  Secretary  (from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained)  not 
later  than  SATURDAY.  June  9,  1806 

WALTER  w.  BETON,  Secretary. 

AN  ASSISTANT  TUTOR  for  tin-  BRISTOL 
DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  POR  MEN  will  be  REQUIRED 
in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT.  Salary  14"'.  pei  annum,  non-resident 
Main  subjects  required,  Geography  and  Natuial  History.  Graduate 
preferred.-  Applications,  togethei  with  thirty  copies  of  not  more 
than  four  recent  Testimonials,  t..  be  sent  to  THE  REGISTRAR, 
University  College,  Bristol,  before  MAY  24. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


/GLOUCESTER. 


—  CRYPT 

SCHOOL. 


GRAMMAR 


HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

He  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University  in  the  United  Kingdom 
or  Rritish  Possessions. 

He  need  not  be  in  Holy  Orders.  He  may  not  undertake  any  other 
office  or  employment. 

The  School  will  be  conducted  under  the  Regulations  for  Secondary 
Schools. 

Salary  300?.  per  annum  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of  2?.  per  Pupil. 
Number  of  Pupils  at  present  on  register  132. 

Applications,  stating  age,  &c.  and  accompanied  by  Printed  Copies  of 
Testimonials,  must  be  sent  under  cover,  sealed  up,  and  marked 
"Head  Master,  Crypt  Grammar  School."  to,  and  received  not  later 
than  MAY  lit,  1900,  by,        A.  RALLINGER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Technical  School,  Gloucester. 


p  LOUCESTER. 


SIR      THOMAS 

SCHOOL. 


RICH'S 


HEAD  MASTER  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

He  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some  University  in  the  United  Kingdom 
or  British  Possessions. 

He  need  not  be  in  Holy  Orders.  He  may  not  undertake  any  other 
office  or  employment. 

The  School  will  be  conducted  under  the  Regulations  for  Secondary 
Schools,  and  is  intended  for  Boys  not  exceeding  17  years  of  age. 

Salary  '200?.  per  annum  and  a  Capitation  Fee  of  10s.  per  Pupil. 
Number  of  Pupils  at  present  on  reg  ster  277. 

Applications,  statins  age,  dec.,  and  accomitanied  by  Printed  Copies 
of  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  under  cover,  sealed  up,  and  marked 
"Head  Master,  Sir  Thomas  Rich's  School."  to,  and  received  not  later 
than  MAY  19,  1900.  by,        A.  BALLINGER,  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

Technical  School,  Gloucester. 


K 


ENT   EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


TUNBRIDGE  WELLS  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  TUNBRIDGE  WELLS. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  alwve-named  School  to  teach  French  throughout  the  School, 

and  also  some  Geography  and  other  Form  subjects. 

Initial  Salary  1051.  to  110?.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee  s  Scale,  by 
annual  increments  of  7?.  10s.,  for  the  first  two  years,  then  of  SL,  to  a 
maximum  of  140?.  or  150?.  (according  to  academic  qualifications!. 

Application  Forms  will  lie  supplied  by  Mr.  H.  W.  COOK.  Technical 
Institute,  Tunbridge  Wells,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned. 
By  Order  of  the  Committee. 

FRAS.  W.  CROOK,  Secretary. 
44,  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C.,  April  18,  1906. 

T? AST    HAM     PUPIL  -  TEACHER    CENTRE. 

WANTED,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  for  the  above  CENTRE. 
Applicants  must  possess  a  Degree  in  Arts  or  its  equivalent,  and  should 
be  specially  qualified  to  teach  Latin  and  History.  Preference  will  be 
given  to  applicants  with  successful  Secondary  School  experience. 
Commencing  Salary  120?.,  rising  by  5?.  yearly  to  140?.— Applications, 
written  on  the  printed  Forms,  to  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned, 
must  be  sent  in  on  or  before  THURSDAY,  May  17,  to 

W.  II.  BARKER,   B.Sc, 

Technical  College,  East  Ham,  E. 


PITY     OF      COVENTRY      EDUCATION 

\J  COMMITTEE. 

MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  HEAD 
MASTER  of  the  COVENTRY  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 

The  Salary  offered  is  .'too?,  per  annum,  a  portion  of  which  is  for  work 
in  connexion  with  a  Non-Municipal  Secondary  School. 

The  Gentleman  appointed  must  have  had  a  good  artistic  training. 
be  experienced  in  the  work  of  a  Bchoo]  of  Art,  and  lie  prepared  to 
assume  the  duties  of  his  office  not  later  than  AUGUST  1,  1900. 

Particulars  of  the  duties  and  conditions  of  appointment  may  be 
obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  Applications,  on  the  special 
Forms  provided  for  the  purpose,  must  be  returned  not  later  than 
SATURDAY',  May  26,  lflflfi.  Canvassing,  directly  or  indirectly,  will  he 
considered  a  disqualification.  FREDK.  HORNER.  Secretary. 

Education  Offices,  Coventry. 


/BOUNTY 


BOROUGH    OF 

POOL. 


WEST   HARTLE- 


SECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL. 
WANTED  for  the  above  School  an  assistant  MASTER  to  take 

Mathematics,    Latin,    French    loral),   and   general    English   Sub 
Graduate  preferred.    Salary,  140?.  per  annum. 

ASSISTANT  MISTRESS. 

Also  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  take  Botany.  Hygiene,  and 
General  Class  Work,  preference  given  to  one  of  good  academic 
standing.    Salary.  12»?.  per  annum. 

Duties  to  commence  in  SEPTEMBER. 

Applications,  stating  age,  experience,  and  qualifications,  with  three 

recent  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  me  before  1st  June, 

J.G.TAYLOR,  Secretary. 

Town  Clerk's  Offices.  West  Haitlcissd. 


PUBLISHING.  —  REQUIRED  by  a  FIRM  of 
X  PUBLISHERS,  a  thoroughly  experienced  BUSINESS 
MANAGER  capable  of  taking  sole  charge  if  necessary.  Preference 
given  to  one  willing  to  make  Investment  Reply  by  letter  only,  giving 
full  particulars  [strictly  in   confidence],   to   PUBLISHER,   can    ol 

Moult  on  A.  Dean.  ':7,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C 


^itunttons   $9tsnie&, 

0  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY. 

VENT    WANTED    in    any   Literary  or  Journalistic    rapacity, 
M8S.  read  and  prepared   i"i    Press,    Editing,  Compiling,  indexing, 
Researches  al  the  British   Museum,  &c.    Foreign   Languages 
knowledge   of   Continental    Affairs   and    Literature. —ERNEST   A. 
Vl/ETELLY.  4A,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  \\  I 


T 


530 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


CULTURED  N  OUNG  I. ADV.  knowing  English. 
cncta    .l.-ii.-  HALF  DAYS    KNti  »il 
Lady  has  exporter,  rk  ;  would  also  do  Translations 

for  Lilciun  or  other  |Hirpo«e«.  would  t.  ■•■  1>  Uenuan  mid  Elciiicntar) 
i  !,  or  would  assist  by  the  Study  <>f  Urroian  Scientific  works.     .\  . 

\  Molton  Street,  v< . 

SECRETARY.        LAD?        QB  \!>i'  LTE, 
exneri.  thand   Typist,  desire*  RE-ENGAGEMENT 

l  Breams  Building*.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


L\DV,  with  several  years'  experience  in  Publish- 
i,,.-  .  rt., . .  desires  poet  ai  PRIVATE  SECRETARY.  or  any 
if) pe-  Writing.  Correspondence,   Account*,  Proof 
Sul>  E.lttnir.       Highest    reference*.— F.     W.,    Box     mi, 
Athenwum  I  un'i  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


AN    active    YOUNG     MAX    (23)    requires 
BTTDATION  aa  I'l  RLIMIKR'S   or    BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT.   Can  supply  good  reference*.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athenanun  Proa*, 
M.  -  Building*,  <  bancery  Lane,  K  G 

\^      FINK-ART     DEALER'8      ASSISTANT. 

x\.  Experienced.  Highest  references.  Eight  yean  with  the  late 
Rudolph  Ackermann.— Reply  J.  W.,  Hope  Villi,  Chajmock  Road, 
Clapton. 

TRANSLATK  >N,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing. 
'Indexing.  Enayriopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Ron-Resident  Secretaryship,  Classic*.  French,  German,  Italian. 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon.    Special  subject*:  Mythology  and  Literature, 

Moderate  terms.— M  is-.SF.LRY.  53,  Talbot  Road,  W. 

LITERARY  RESEARCH  undertaken  at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.  B.,  Box  lo..-'.  Athemeum  Pre-.-,  IS,  Bream'*  Build- 
ings, Chancer}  Lane.  E.C. 


jKtsrdlanrans. 

MSS.— MESSRS.  T.  C.  &  E.  C.  JACK, 
U  Henrietta  Strut.  Covent  Garden,  London,  invite 
WRITERS  to  send  them  MSS.  of  ORIGINAL  STORIES  a)  for 
Bon  of  l"  u.  addressed  to  Mr.  JOHN  LANG,  Boy*"  Editor;  12)  For 
Girls  of  10-U  addressed  to  Mr*.  JOHN  TANG.  Girl*' Editor ;  SI  For 
Children  of  MO,  addressed  to  Mrs.  LOUEY  CHISHOLM,  Children* 
Editor  ■  extent  4"  000  toSO.0/10  words,  All  MSS.  Iwhich  should  he  sent 
in  any  time  before  SEPTEMBER  SO— Type-written  preferred)  will  be 
acknowledged,  and  returned  it  not  suitable. 

TO    WRITERS    OF   FICTION.— NUMEROUS 
OPENINGS  present  them  elves  ins  well-krown  PUBLISHING 
FIRM  for  ORIGINAL  and  STRONG  DRAMATIC  LOVE  STORIES, 

with  a  Bound  moial  tone.    Thev  must  be  of  n.uoo.  ls.ono.  and 
wo  ■'.-.  and  thoroughly  gool  Writer*   will  he  will  reminerated  tor 
their  work.— MSP.  and  inquiries  should  be  addreseed  to  "  Sigma,''  care 
of  JOHN  H.  LILE.  Advertising  Agent.  4.  Ludgate  Circus,  E.G. 

SPLENDID  CHANCE  FOR  INVESTMENT.— 
PUBLISHING.  10.00(1.,  with  Occup:  tior,  (Vntio!  of  Financial 
Department.— Address  PUBLISHER,  care  of  F.  P.  Baxter.  Es.;., 
F.C.I.S..  Mansion  House  Chambers,  13,  Sise  Lane,  E.C. 

FRENCH  LADY",  35,  desires  to  enter  an 
ENGLISH  FAMILY  au  pair,  May  to  September.  Highest 
references— Address  Mile.  PINEAL',  13,  Rue  St.  Joseph.  Angers, 
Maine  et  Loire. 


HUGUENOT  and  FRENCH  -  CANADIAN 
PEDIGREES  in  ENGLAND,  and  prior  to  Emigration  from 
France.  lO.noo  Pedigrees,  mostly  MS.  Unpublished  and  Private 
Sources.— C.  LART,  Charmouth,  Dorset ;  and  London. 

TRAINING     for    PRIVATE     SECRETARIAL 
WORK  and  INDEXING.— Apply  Miss  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat. 
Sci.  Tripos),  BSa,  Conduit  Street.  Bond  Street,  London,  W. 

ARTISTIC       BOOKBINDING.  — Miss 

x\_    WINIFRED  STOPES.  II,  Gavton  Road,  Hempstead,  BINDS, 

HALF-BINDS,  or  REPAIRS  BOOKS.     Pupils  received.     Terms  on 
application.    Bindery'  oi>en  to  Visitors  10  to  5,  Saturdays  excepted. 


W]j$t-WLviUTS. 


TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  [Shorthand  or  Type-Writing). 
Usual  terms.— Misses  E.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Donington  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street.  Strand,  London. 


TYPEWRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  [Classical  Trii*is;  Cambridge  Higher  Loral;  Modern 
Languages),  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
TDK  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Idelphi,  W.c. 


TYPE- WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kind*  of  MSS..  .STORIES,  PLAYS.  4c.  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons  Stf.  i»r  1,000,  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

AUTHORS' MSS.,  NOVELS,  S  TORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  W.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  Reference*  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank,  Roxborough  Road.  Harrow 


TYPEWRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS,.  Translations,  fee.  Legal  and  General 
Copying.  Circulars,  4e..  duplicated.  Usual  Terms.  References, 
Established   thirteen   years.— sikf.s   k   SIXES.  229.  Hammersmith 

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J^alrs  by  Junction. 

THE  TRUMAN  COLLECTION. 

The  CoUeeUon  nf  the  Work*  o/Gtorgt  CrvHcthani. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No,  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  May  7.  and  Fire  Following  Dai-. 
at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  „f  the  WORKS  of  GKORGK 
(fltUIKSHANK.  the  Property  of  the  late  EDWIN  TRUMAN,  Esq., 
MR. IS.  The  Home  Field.  Putney  Hill.  S.W, 

May  lie  viewed.    Catalogue*,  price  1*.  each,  may  be  had. 


Tht  <  '  '  En  f  the 

-■  /:.  MACKERBLL,  K-i. 

\\  E8SR8.  BOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  >v  HODGE 

jS\     aril)  BELL        AUCTION,  at  Iheii   Doom    Ko.  13.  Wellington 

MONDAY,   M  f'..ll, Miii^   I) 

l   o'clock   precisely     the   COLLECTION    ..f    ENGLISH    COINS,    tho 
Property  of  the  late  C.  E   G.  MACKERBLL,  Esq.,  F.R.N.S.  Isold  by 
order  of  the  Execute 
May  be  riewed  two  .lavs  prior,    niustrated  Catalogue*  may  be  bad. 

Valuable  Engraving*. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  sell  by  AUCTION,  at  tleir  II No   u,  Wellington 

Sti.-.t.   Strand,    W.c.  on  MONDAY,  May  14,  at  1  o'clock  pi. 

valuable    ENGRAVINGS,    Including    Mezzotint    I 

Joshua     Reynold*,     and    Others— Line     Emiiavinga    by    and 

Ron, n. -v.  .1.  M.  W.  Turner,  W    I  Wille.  Greuxe.  Van  l>\ck, 

Boi  ■  her,  tc  .  In.  1  a.iii.  •  a   Port  ..n  of  the  COLLEI  TION  of  the  i 

Hon    the   BARL   of    LOVELACE,    and    s    small    COL] 

ENGRAVINGS,    tl  of   a   GENTLEMAN   liring   r 

Country,   including    Brilliant     Impressions,   in    ('..lours,   of    L<>ui-a 

Mildmay— The  Countess  of   Harrington  and  Children— Miss 

phila    Gwatkln— Master     I..n.-t  r     Stanhope— Mrs.     Fitxherbert— 

Delia  in  the  Country— end  ■  fine  Set  of  The  Cries  of  London 

Wheatley. 

May  \k  \  tewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  importii,it  Series  "f  Ho mnn  llr",>ze  Coins,  the  Property 
o/thelaUC.  E.  MACEEXELL,  Etq. 

MESSRS  BOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY,  Msj  16.  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at   l  o'clock  precisely,   the   important    SERIES   oi    ROMAN 
BRONZE  coins,  and  a  few  GREEK  SILVER  COINS,  colled 
the  late  C  E.  MACKEREL!,.  Esq.,  F.R.N.8.  Isold  by  order  - 
Executors). 
May  be  riewed  two  .'.ays  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  lie  had. 

A  utograph  Letters. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON*  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  i:;.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C,  on  SATURDAY,   May  19,  at!  o'ciocl 
AUTOGRAPH    LETTERS  and   HISTORICAL   DOCUMENTS 
prisins  a  Complete  Si  ries  of  Royal  .-'km  Manuals  of  English  Sovereigns 
from  Henry  vll.  to  Queen  Victoria,  including  a  tine  Specimen  of  the 
yery  rare  Signal  ure  o:  Edward  VI.— Letter*  from  the  Earl  of  Lei. 
trite  of  Queen  Elizabeth!,  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  IComn 
against  the  Spanish  Armada'.  Cromwell,  Bradshaw— Specimen*  of  o. 

..  Sir  J.   Reynolds.  W.  M.  Thackeray,  Lord  Tennyson    - 
Verses),  <i.  Washington,  fcc — Musical  Scores  and  Autoirraplis— a  fine 
i'nima.  Lady  Hamilton. 
May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 

The  valuable  Library  of  R.  C.  FISHER,  Etq.,  of  UiV 
Midhvrst. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  hy  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.  on  MONDAY,  May  -l\.  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  valuable  and  interesting  LIBB  >U\ 
of  R.  C.  FISHER.  Esq.  lof  Hill  Top.  Midhnr-t.  Sussex),  consU 
chiefly  of  early  and  extremely  rare  Italian.  German,  and  Fi 
Wooilcut  Book-,  ineludiii^  a  fine  series  of  Books  of  Hours  and  some 
fine  Binding?. 

May  be  riewed  two  days  prior.     Catalogues  ruiy  be  had;  if  with 
facsimiles  of  bindings,  price  half-a-crown  each. 


The  Collection  of  Books  in  Fine  Binding*  of  the  inte 
ARTHUR  RAM,  Esq.,  ami  the  Library  of  the  late  J.  Ii. 
LORES  T,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  1:!.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C  .  on  FRIDAY,  Mac  25,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the 
COLLECTION  of  Books  in  FINE  BINDINGS,  the  Pro]>ertv  of  the 
late  ARTHUR  RAM.  Esq.;  a  PORTION  of  the  LIBRARY  of  a 
NOBLEMAN  :  and  the  LIBRARY  of  J.  R.  LORENT,  Es.p,  deoeased. 
in  fine  Modern  Bindings  by  Bedford.  Riviere.  4c. 

May  lie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  bad. 

Valuable  Book*  anJ  Illuminated  and  other  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.!*,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C.  on  SATURDAY.  May  38.  at   l  o'clock  precisely, 
valuable  BOOKS  and  ILLUMINATED  and  other  MANUSCRIPTS— 
tine  Royal  and  Hi.-t..ii.-  Bindings— First  and  Early  Quarto  Editii 
Shakespeare's  Playi — First  Editions  of  Modem  Poet.-,  some  Presenta- 
tion Copies— Document*  relating  to  Louis  XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette. 
the  "  Reign  of  Terror.'  and  Napoleon  I.— a  large  and  important  - 
of  Letters  in  the  Autograph  of  and  Addressed  to  Dorothy  .Ionian. 
May  lie  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Book  Plates  (ex-Libris)  of  the  late 
JULIAN  MARSHALL.  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  iby  order  of  tic  Executors),  at  their 
lb .u-e.  No.  13,  Wellington  street,  strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY, 
May  28  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  well- 
known  extensive  and  valuable  COLLECTION  of  BOOK-PLATES 
lex-Libris)  of  the  late  JULIAN  MARSHALL.  Esq.,  Bebnsc  Avenue, 
N.W. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  [price  is.  each'  may  be  had. 


?iy>  Lot*  of  Curiosities. 

TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDA  Y.  Mao  ■iand  9,  at 
halfjiost  tS  o'clock. 

R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER  for  SALE, 
at  his  It.s.m..  SS,  King  street.  Covent  (iar.lcn.  London,  W.I   ,  ■ 


M 


large  Assortment  of  CURIOSITIES  from  all  jiarts.  comprising  rare 
Bronze*  from  Borneo— Old  Wooden  Idol*  and  other  Curios  from  New 
Guinea    s  Copper-coated  Mummy  in  wonderful  condition- Old  China 

—  Death  Mask- of  Cromwell  and  Napoleon— a  FURTHER  PORTION 
ol  the  COLLECTION  of  SAMPLERS  formed  by  the  late  W.  W. 
ROBINSON.  Esq.  Roman.  Etruscan.  Peruvian,  and  other  Pottery— 
Natii  c  Weapons,  Dresses,  fee. — Fnpanese,  Chinese,  and  other  Cm 

On  vi.-w  Monday  prior  10  to  4  and  mornings  of  Sal.-.     Catalogues  on 
application. 

\'alnable  Xatnral  History  and  other  Book*. 
WXDNESDA  V.  Mo;/  .'!,  at  half  past  i>  o'clock. 

MR,  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms,  38,  Ring  Street,  Covent  Garden,  I^mdon.  W.c.  com. 
PLETE  SETS  of  the  ENTOMOLOGICAL  TRANS  ACTIONS,  1836  1804, 
51  vols,  half -calf ;  Zoologist.'*)  vols— Entomologist's  Monthly  Uagadnc, 

aa  rola  half  calf— many  valuable  Botanies'  Works— Ray  Society  Works 

-  Natural  History  Pamphlets,  many  rare. 

on   view    day   prior  3  to  4  and   morning  of  Sale.      Catalogues    ora 

appUcation. 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


531 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR     T    fl     STEVENS   begs  to  announce   that 

On  view  Thursday  S  to  5  and  lno.-nmg  of  Sale 


Hare  and  Valuable  Boqka-Bandsome  Mahogany 
Bookcases,  <t  c 

MESSRS.    HOTXiSON   &  CO.   will    SELL    by 

srfh&  HIS  SI  iifil  /a  ie  eat 

Millaiss  British.  Deer  and  then  H  "'%>  i\-\  ".inil  Hooker's  Genera 

;;!l:r:V,,;!1V2;;,In^?.e;^nT^tI,^y  Furniture. 

To  be  viewed,  ami  Cata'ojues  had. 


DAY,  •>>/.".  tf  '>'"   '•'"•'"   °/  />rt"  lf-  S<m'  LithWraPher°  ' 
and  other  Private  Properties. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  wiU  SELL 
I       vi  f'TION    at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  \TX   . 
mox >\V    M.v   U    ai      Vol.  vin?    1'av.   at    ten    minutes    past 
on  MONDAY.  .™avATTTABLW  BOOKS,  including  Burtons  Arabian 

^tf>^^^ 

hv    Riviere   nn.l    /.a.  hns  flan-     ri£3w«nilerhil  Magazine,  5  Tola.— 

Swedenborftfcc  Catalo?ncs  0n  application.  


M 


ESSRR.  CHRISTIE,   MANSON  *  WOODS 


Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :- 

On  MONDAY.  Mav  7  (by  order  of    the    High 

Un    f^^Vf*-^'     ,^4    '      ,   "MODERN    PICTURES    and 

On  TUESDAY,  May  8,  and   WEDNESDAY' 
On    THURSDAY,    May    10,    and    FRIDAY, 

Mav  11  the  C'orj.KOTION  of  OBJECTS  of  ART  of  the  Right  Hon. 
i,(')Rn'GlUMTHORPE. 

On  SATURDAY,  May  12,  important  ANCIENT 

n~A  IttYTVERN  PICTURES  the  Property  of  the  Right  Hon.  LORD 
m  ixrTlVoRPP  also  PKTl-RES  by  OLD  MASTERS,  the  Property 
of  a  OCTTl!r!si\y  and  from  numerous  Private  Collections  and 
different  Sources. 


jHaga$htfs,   &t. 


By  Sidney 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND  AFTER 
No.  351.    MAY. 
FOR  AND  AGAINST  THE  EDUCATION  BILL: 
1    By  Dr.  T.  J.  Macnainar.i.  M.P. 
f  BvKst'R1"':  ''.Archbishop  of  Westminster. 
4    B'v  the  Right  Hon   Viscount  Halifax. 

5.  By  the  Rev   Dr.  .1.  Guinness  Rogers. 

6.  By  D.  0.  Lathlinrv. 
THE  FUTURE  OF  SHAKESPEAREAN  RESEARCH. 

Lee. 

EUGENICS  AND  ST.  YALENTINE.    By  Harelock  Ellis. 
THE  VOCATION  OF  THE  JOURNALIST.    By  D.  C.  Banks. 
THE    LIBERAL    GOVERNMENT    AND    THE    COLONIAL    CON- 
FERENCE.    By  Russell  Rea,  MP. 
THE  TEACHING  OF  COOKERY.    By  Colonel  Kenney  Herbert. 
THE  PHYSIQUE  OF  GIRLS.     By  Miss  K.  Bathurst,  late  Inspector 

under  the  Board  of  Education. 
THE    CANTINES    SCOLAIRE9    OF    PARTS.     By    Sir    Charles    A. 

Elliott    KC.SI.  LED.  Chairman  of  the  Joint  Committee  for 

Underfed  Children  in  London. 
THE  LIGHTER  SIDE  OF  HANNAH  MORE.    By  Norman  Pearson. 
THE    INDIVIDUAL    VKKSVS    THE    CROWD.      By    Sir    Martin 

Conwav. 
PARLIAMENT  AND  THE  ARMY.    By  Colonel  the  Earl  of  Erroll. 
\\  IIY  LIFT  TRADES  ONIONS  ABOVE  THE  LAW?    By  the  Right 

Hon.  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell,  Bart. 

London  •  SPOTTISWOODK  *  CO.,  Ltd.,  5,  New  Street  Square. 


CAMBRIDGE    UNIVERSITY   PRESS 

NAPOLEON.     Volume  IX.  of  the  Cambridge  Modern  History. 

Planned  by  the  late  Lord  Acton.     Edited  by  A.  W.  Ward,  Litt.D.,  G.  W.  Prothero, 
Litt.D.,  and  Stanley  Leathes,  M.A. 

The  period  with  which  this  volume  of  the  Cambridge  Modern  History  is  con- 
cernediJTrXted  by  its  title  Napoleon.  The  writers  are  Ge^Parttet-  lessor 
of  Modem  History  in  the  University  of  Nancy:  J.  .\w»if}wK 
4nton  Guilland,  Professor  of  History  at  Zurich;  H.  A.  L.  Fisher ,  L.  O.  WiCMBin 
Ye-  Colonel  B  M.  Llovd  ;  J.  Holland  Rose  ;  Major-General  August  Keim,  of 
the  German  An  v;  C.  \V.  Oman,  Chichele  Professor  of  Modern  History  in  he 
Univei ™  of  s ford  Kugen  Stechepkin,  Professor  of  Universal  Hist.. ry  in  the 
rmnerill  University  of  Odessa;  J.  von  l-rtugk-Harttung,  formerly  Professor  of 
IH 'or  in  te  University  of  Basel ;  A.  W.  Ward  i  G.  P.  Gooch  ;  W.  H  Button;  and 
H  E.  EKerton,  Beit  Professor  of  Colonial  History  m  the  University  of .Oxford. 
"\,  oneiuu"  labour  could  produce  the  same  effect  on  the  reader  s  mind,  for  the 
•■«,  it?  of  one  mi  V "thought  makes  a  weaker  impression  than  the  unity  revealed 
"when  many  men's  labours,  each  approaching  the  subject  from  a  special  side, 
"are  seen  to  "tell  the  same  tale  "— Morning  Post 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine 
Street,  I/.n.lnn.  W.C..  May  ,1th,  contains  :- 
The  New  ReientV  Quft.lrunt  (full  Illustrations' ;  Proposed I  Plan  for 
Re -m<xlrUin»  Pirm.lillv  Cir.  us  .  Architecture  at  the  Royal  Academy ; 
The  Trade  Disimt.s  Bill  ;  Fenestration  ,Anhit;.  tura  Assor.afonl ; 
Jtefnfirced  OoScrete-Report  ot  the  tnrtltute  of  Architect.;  Mathe- 
matical Data  for  Architecti  (Students  Oolomnl  j  fcc-FrOUl  Ofisaai 
above  <*/..  by  i>ost  4i<M,  or  through  any  Newsagent. 

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BEAUMONT  AND   FLETCHER.    Complete  Plays  and  Poems. 

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PHOTOGRAVURE   FACSIMILES   OF  RARE  BOOKS  printed 

in  England  in  the  Fifteenth  Century  ^  v 

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128  6d  net  Caxton  about  the  year  147.. 

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T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N^UM  N-  4097,  May  5,  1906 


FROM 

THE    DE    LA    MORE    PRESS    LIST. 

TO  BB  PUBLISHED  OS  MAY  /?. 

THE  ROMANTIC  DI8C0YERY  OF  A  LONG-L08T  AND  VALUABLE  MANUSCRIPT. 

'BUCK"  WHALEY'S  MEMOIRS.    Written  by  Himself.    Edited,  with  Notes,  Introduction,  and 

mum  Illustrations  in   Photognmire,  by  sir  kdwARD  SULLIVAN,  Bartk     RoysJ  Bro,  21a  uDL     Nov  pabliihed  far  tin-  first  tuna  I 
Original  Miinisciipt  after  i toUatkn  witfi  its  Duplioata. 

Hill  i^  a  enriou  and  piquant  autobiography,  containing  an  aocount  of  tin-  Lite,  TraTala,  and  Adventures  of  'i  bonaa  wh.-i.icy,  eosnaoaljf  known  .-i»  "  itui  k "  or  "  Jerusalem" 
Wh  .1,  v,  hi  extraordinary  Irishman,  who  died  in  the  year  LSOOat  the  early  in  of  thirl  y-foui ,  aftei  patlon,  PunbUng,  and  (tot  those  days)  extraordinary  feats  of  trai 

Owing  to  bis  gnat  wealth,  hi*  .striking  panonaJ  appearance,  ana  hit  befog  ;i  iimiiiiihi  of  the  Iri^h  Parliament,  whalejr  had  the  entrie  to  the  ntries 

throogfa  which  be  travelled,  and  the  Memoirs,  which  are  very  owtapofcan,  contain  uiauy  racy  anecdotae  and  iiwiioiahla  facta  about  well-known  pssnoaagsa  who  lived  at  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

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Revolution  and  the  execution  of  the  King,  Whaley  htm— h  having  been  one  of  the  »j>ect.\tors  who  saw  the  unfortunate  monarch  oa  the  scaffold,  and  heard  the  la*v  word*  that 
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THE    HEART    OF   A   GARDEN.     By  Rosamund  Marriott  Watson.    Royal  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 

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.■ally  exquisite  cycle  of  garden  word-pictures."—  World.  "  1 

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DRUITT. 
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LITTLE  FLOWERS  OF  A  CHILDHOOD :  the  Story  of  a  Young  Child's  Life.    Edited  by  Grace 

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POE'S  POEMS.    With  Introduction  and  Notes  by  Edward  Hutton.    Frontispiece.    Is.  6d.  net; 

quarter-velluni,  i«.  6d.  net. 

Loudon:  ALEXANDER  MORING,  Limited,  82,  George  Street,  Hanover  Square,  W. 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 THE    ATHEN^UM 533_ 

BOOKS  APPEALING  TO  EVERYBODY. 

A   SELECTION    FROM    THE    LIST   OF    E.   GRANT    RICHARDS. 


•TO    BIRD    LOVERS.- 


fPHE  one  book  ivhich  is  indispensable  to  every  lover  of  birds,  and  of  which  I  am  about  to  publish  the  First 
Part,  is  THE  BIRDS  OF  TUB  BRITISH  IS  BANDS,  by  Charles  Stonham,  G.M.G.  F.R.C.S.  F.Z.S. 
I  believe  this  production  is  far  in  advance  of  anything  of  the  kind  that  has  so  far  been  attempted.  The  author 
has  for  many  years  actively  studied  his  subject,  and  his  name  is  a  guarantee  of  the  accuracy  and  comprehen- 
siveness of  the  text.  The  work  is  to  have  over  three  hundred  Illustrations  in  Photogravure  by  B.  M.  Medland, 
the  majority  of  ivhich  will  be  life  size,  and  are  far  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  yet  produced  in  this  country. 
The  whole  ivill  be  completed  in  Twenty  Parts,  price  7s.  6d.  net  each,  or  by  paying  in  advance  the  Subscription 
can  be  obtained  at  a  reduced  rate.  A  Bist  of  Subscribers  will  be  included  in  the  last  part.  Send  for  a  Prospectus 
with  Specimen  Illustration  to  any  Bookseller,  or  direct  to  the  Publisher. 

Of  a  different  character  is  the  Second  Book  I  would  recommend,  entitled  THE  BIRD  IN  SONGy 
ivhich  has  been  compiled  by  Robert  Sickert.  It  gives  you  in  a  small  space  a  collection  of  the  finest  poems, 
and  the  finest  only,  on  birds.     It  has  a  Photogravure  Frontispiece,   and  its  p-ice  is  2s.  6d.  net. 


TO     TRAVELLERS. 


A   BOOK  which  should  appeal  to  every  one  fond  of  the  open  air  is  an  anthology  of  poems  and  prose  of  the  country 
side,  entitled   TRA  VEBBER'S  JOY,  which  has    been  collected    by    W.  G.   Waters.     It  is  decorated   with   end 
papers  designed    in  colour    by    William    Hyde,    and    daintily  bound    in    green    and   gold,  and   is   quite   an   ideal 
companion  to  every  lover  of  the  open  road.     Bound  in  lambskin,  price  5s.  net ;  or  in  cloth,  JfS.  net. 

And  let  me  remind  those  who  are  the  fortunate  possessors  of  a  motor  car  that  Mr.  Filson  Young's 
THE  HAPPY  MOTORIST  shoidd,  says  the  World,  "  be  read  by  every  motorist  seeking  for  sweetness  and 
light."     It   tells  you  all  you  want  to  know  about   the    buying  and   running   of  a  motor   car.     Price  3s.   6d.  net. 

To   those  who   contemplate  visiting  Florence  I  would  point  out  that   I  have  just  published  a  new  edition  of 
the   late    Mr.  Grant    Allen's   FBORENCE,    which   has    been   revised  and   brought    up   to   date.     It   is,    as  Punch 
says,  "  a  most  useful  companion  to  the  traveller."     3s.  6d.  net. 


■TO     LOVERS    OF     MUSIC- 


\[R-    Filson   Young's  volume  of  essays  of  music  and    mtisicians,    entitled    MASTERSINGERS,    cannot    fail 
to    delight   all   those    who   make   its   acquaintance.      "  These   musical   essays    may   be   unhesitatingly   ranked 
among    the     very    best    things    of  their   kind    as  judged     by    any    standard,"    says    the    Westminster  Gazette. 
Price  5s.  net. 

TO    SOCIALISTS. 

WO   all   those   who   seek   to    alleviate   the   hard   lot   of  the   lower   classes   I  recommend   two  books.       The  first  is 
ESSAYS    IN    SOCIABISM,     by    E.    Bel  fort    Box,    who   will    be     remembered    as    the    author    of    many 
books  on  Socialism,   and  who  has  devoted    the   greater  part  of  his  life  to  the  Socialist  cause.     Price  5s.  net. 

The  second  is  Mr.  Cope  Cornford's  THE  CANKER  AT  THE  HEART,  a  collection  of  studies 
of  the  life  of  the  poor  drawn  from  the  actual  experience  of  the  writer.  "  To  such  of  our  readers  as 
really   desire   to    know   how   the  poor    live,    we    recommend   this    book,"   says   the   Spectator.     Price   3s.    6d.    net. 


TO    LOVERS    OF    FICTION. 


TpINAELY,  to  the  great  company  of  those  v)ho  read  novels,  here  are  some  which  yon  will  agree  are  well 
worth  reading.  Firstly  there  is  PARSON  BRAND,  by  B.  Cope  Cornford,  which  I  have  just  published. 
The  central  character  of  the  slave  -  trading  divine  will  live  in  your  memory  long  after  you  have  read  the 
book.  The  second  is  THE  BBACK  MOTOR  CAR,  by  Harris  Burland,  an  exciting  story  in  which 
mystery,  a'ime,  and  adventure  play  equally  important  parts.  It  is  illustrated  by  Stanley  B.  Wood,  and 
will  be  ready  early  next  week.  Thirdly,  there  is  Mr.  Bouis  J.  Vance's  romantic  story,  TERENCE 
O'ROURKE,  GENTBEM 'AN  ADVENTURER-"  a  man  after  the  romancist's  own  heart,"  says  the  Scotsman. 
Fourthly,  Mr.  James  Blyth's  new  novel,  THE  SAME  CBAY,  dealing  with  East  Anglian  village  life  in 
the  author's  masterly  style,  is  a  novel  which  will  interest  you.  Fifthly,  comes  IGDRASIB,  by  Mrs. 
Trafford  Taunton,  a  book  which  takes  the  reader  well  out  of  the  beaten  track  of  the  modern  novel,  and 
last,  but  by  no  means  least,  is  Mr.  Filson  Young's  famous  novel,  THE  SANDS  OF  PBEASURE,  which  has 
gone   into    its  fourth    edition,   and   is    :till    in   great   demand   everywhere.     Order   these   six   to-day,   all   6s.    each. 

E.  GRANT  RICHARDS,  7,  Carlton  Street,  London,  S.W. 


534 


T II  E    A  T  II  E N^UM 


X  4097,  Max  5,  1006 


KIIOM 

MESSRS.  T.&  T.CLARK'S  LIST. 


A   HISTORY  OF  THE  REFORMATION. 

i.     prim  Ipal    I    M    LINDSAY,  D.D  .  Oliuurow.     Vol    1. 

I :.  i.. i  in .iijmi  in  Germany,   from  it-  Beginning  lo 

tin'   Keliglou*   Peace    "i    Augsburg,      Just    published, 

...      i  .     .■  / 


post  Bvo,  I 


■•  Principal  i. i i hi- .i>  i-  onrarpaaaed  ai  an  authority  on  the 
history  ol  tin-  Reformation."    Britith  Weekly. 


By 


THE    AUTHORITY    OF    CHRIST. 

DAVID    w.    FORREST,   D.D.    Bdintmrgh.  Autli 

•  I  in-  Christ  of  lii-imy  iitnl  of  Experience.     Jnat  pub- 

li-li.-il.  post  «ii,  Bf. 

■    \  permanent  addition  to  theological  actonoe,  competent 

in  it-  knowledge,  thorough  In  Its  reasoning,  lucid   in  it* 

.-i\li',  and  everywhere  Inspired  by  the  highest  and  moat 

spiritual  i  teals,    it  « ill  be  In  the  preeent  hour  a  timely  and 

iuiiiiiiii..t  •  reinforcement  t<>  the  library  of  every  thinking 

Christian  and  citizen." 

Rev.  John  WATSON,  D.D.,  in  the  British  Widely. 

THE    NEW    REFORMATION.      Recent 

Evangelical  Movement*  in  the  Rflwwi  Catholic  Church. 
By  Rev.  JOHN  A.  BAIN,  M.  A.  Post  8vo,  4#.  6d.  net 
"A  remarkable  book.  It  should  be  read  even  by  those 
who  usually  look  ;it  no  print  but  what  they  rind  In  the 
newspaper*.  It  discloses  a  state  of  matters  in  the  preeent 
world  in which  we  live,  which  few  have  any  idea  of, and 
which  it  concerns  every  one  to  know."— Brituh  Weekly. 

JAMES,  THE  LORD'S  BROTHER.     By 

Principal   WM.    PATRICK,    D.D.,    Winnipeg.      Just 

published,  post  Bvo,  6*.  net. 
••  We  welcome  this  volume  as  a  scholarly  and  reasonable 
contribution  to  a  clearer  understanding  of  the  forces  at 
work  during  the  Apostolic  age.... We  know  of  no  English 
work  which  takes  the  persona]  history  of  St.  James  and 
analyzes  it  in  the  same  complete  way." — 2'imes. 

THE  GIFT  OF  TONGUES.    By  Dawson 

WALKER,  D.D.,  Durham.     Post  8vo,  1&  (id.  net. 

A  GRAMMAR   OF   NEW   TESTAMENT 

GREEK.     By  Dr.  JAMES  HOPE  MOULTON,  Did* 

bury  College,  Manchester.     Part  L  PROLEGOMENA. 

Bvo,  8s.  net. 

No   other   Grammar  tikes  adequate  account    of    those 

wonderful  discoveries  of  CJreek  papyri  which  within  the 

last  few  years  have  altered  the  entire  basis  of  the  study  of 

New  Testament  Greek. 

Special  Prospectus  free  on  application. 

THE    RELIGION    AND    PHILOSOPHY 

OF   INDIA  :     THE   UPANISHADS.      By   Prof.    P. 

DEUSSBN,  University  of  Kiel.     Translated  by  Prof. 

A.  S.  GEDEN,  M.A.     8vo,  10«.  6d. 
"Prof.  Deussen's  work  is  a  masterpiece.     Reading  with 
some  of  the  first   Pandits   of  South   India,  1   have   found 
ample  reason   to  endorse  almost  every  one  ef  his  state- 
ments."—Prof.  G.  U.  POPE,  Oxford. 

THE  EYE   FOR   SPIRITUAL  THINGS, 

and  other  Sermons.     By  Prof.  EL  M.  GWATKIN,  D.D., 

Cambridge.  (New  Volume  of  "The  Scholar  as  Preacher" 
Series.)    Post  Mo,  is.  6d.  net 

Volumes  Previously  Published  in  this  Series. 

FAITH  AND  KNOWLEDGE.  By  W.  R.  INGE, 
D.D.,  Oxford.    4«.  6d.  net.    Second  Edition. 

CHRISTUS  IN  ECCLE3IA.  By  HASTINGS  RASH 
DALL,  D.C.L.,  Oxford.     4s.  6rf.  net. 

BREAD  AND  SALT  FROM  THE  -WORD  OP 
GOD.     By  Prof.  TH.  ZAUN.     is.  Crf.  net. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  CHRISTIAN  FAITH. 

By  QBORGE  FERRIES,  D.D.    8vo,  7s.  6d.  net 

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THE  KNOWLEDGE  OF  GOD.    By  Prof. 

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CHRISTIAN      THEISM      AND      A 

SPIRITUAL  MONISM.  God,  Freedom,  and  Im- 
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W.  L,  WALKER,  Author  of  'The  Spirit  and  the 
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[Heady  in  Stay. 

Edinburgh  :  T.  &  T.  CLARK,  38,  George  Street. 

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Law.     With  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  14*-.  net. 
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IF    YOUTH    BUT    KNEW.     By  Agnes   and  Egerton   Castle.     With  20 

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SALTED  ALMONDS.    By  F.  Anstey,  Author  of  'Vice  Versa,'  &c.   6s. 

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London:    SMITH,  ELDER  k  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


535 


MESSRS.    METHUEN'S    NEW    BOOKS 


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536 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 


SECOND  EDITION. 

MEMORIALS  OF 
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N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHENilUM 


537 


SATURDAY,  MAY  5,  1906. 


539 
540 


-542 


CONTMNT8. 

PAGE 

Mrs.  Montagu,  the  Queen  or  the  Blue-Stockings    537 

A  History  ok  Modern  Liberty  538 

The    Victoria    Histories    of    Lancashire    and 

Worcestershire  

Lever's  Life  in  his  Letters 

New  Novels  (Mr.  John  Strooil  ;  The  Face  of  Clay ; 
Out  of  Due  Time ;  The  Sphinx's  Lawyer ;  The 
Light ;  Rouge  ;  The  Count  at  Harvard)        . .      541- 

Two  Books  on  Spain  542 

Our  LIBRARY  Table  (Studies  in  Socialism;  Paix 
Japonaise  ;  Wordsworth's  Guide  to  the  Lakes ; 
The  Great  Forest  of  Brecknock ;  The  Story  of 
Cambridge  ;  Pocket  Tennyson  ;  New  Editions  and 
Reprints ;  Whisperings  from  the  Great ;  The 
Clergv  List  ;  The  May  Bee  ;  The  Yachting- 
Monthly)        543—544 

List  of  New  Books 544 

Notes  from  Dublin  ;  some  Unpublished  Letters 
of  Charles  Lamb  ;  Commander  J.  F.  Hodgetts  ; 
The  study  of  English;  Hunting  the  "Sela- 
dang";  "That  Two-handed  Engine  at  the 
Door;"  A  Life  of  Eclipse;  Sale  ..      545—547 

Literary  Gossip        547 

Science— The  Transition  in  Agriculture  ;  The 
Dissociation  of  a  Personality  ;  Exposition 
de  la  Societe  Franchise  de  Physique  ; 
Societies;  Meetings  Next  Week;  Gossip  548—550 
Fine  Arts— Medi.eval  Rhodesia  ;  Impressions  of 
Japanese  Architecture  ;  The  Royal  Academy  ; 
The  Rokeby  Velazquez  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip  551—554 
Music— Joachim  Concerts  ;  Bach  Memorial  Con- 
cert ;  Philharmonic  Concert;  Gossip;  Per- 
formances Next  Week         554—555 

Drama— Gossip 555 

Index  to  Advertisers       556 


LITERATURE 


Elizabeth  Montagu,  the  Queen  of  the  Blue- 
Stockings  :  her  Correspondence  from 
1720  to  1761.  By  her  Great-great- 
niece,  Emily  J.  Climenson.  2  vols. 
Illustrated.     (John  Murray.) 

In  1899  Mrs.  Climenson  came  into  posses- 
sion of  sixty-eight  cases  (each  holding 
from  a  hundred  to  a  hundred  and  fifty 
letters)  of  Mrs.  Montagu's  manuscripts. 
"  An  enormous  quantity  "  of  these  docu- 
ments were  undated,  and  one  entire  winter 
was  devoted  to  chronological  arrangement 
alone.  Some  of  them  had  been  dealt 
with  by  Lord  Rokeby  (Mrs.  Montagu's 
nephew,  and  the  present  editor's  grand- 
father), who  printed  four  volumes  in  1810 
and  1813  ;  but  some  mistakes,  which  are 
here  rectified,  seem  to  have  been  made 
by  him  in  the  dating.  In  the  present 
publication  very  few  letters  of  Mrs. 
Montagu  are  printed  entire  ;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  portions  of  her  correspond- 
ents' communications  are  included,  and 
in  a  few  cases  complete  letters  to  her  are 
printed.  Dr.  Doran  drew  upon  a  little  of 
the  published  correspondence  in  a  book 
which  appeared  upwards  of  thirty  years 
ago  ;  but  the  main  part  of  his  work  dealt 
with  Mrs.  Montagu's  later  Life,  whilst  the 
two  volumes  before  us  conclude  at  a  date 
nearly  forty  years  before  her  death. 

So  far  as  the  chronological  arrangement 
is  concerned  we  have  found  no  reason  to 
question  the  results  of  the  editor's  labours, 
although  we  must  confess  to  having  been 
puzzled  by  one  thing.  A  letter  addressed 
to  Swift's  friend  "  Mrs."  Anne  Donnellan 
is  dated  (and  apparently  correctly)  "Jan.  1, 
1742,"  and  the  date  is  treated  as  that  of 
the  first  day  of  the  year,  although  the 
Parliamentary  alteration  of  the  calendar 


was  still  ten  years  distant.  This  looks 
as  if  not  only  her  editor,  but  also  Mrs. 
Montagu  herself,  had  already  adopted 
the  New  Style  ;  for  August  5th,  1742, 
was  the  undoubted  date  when  the  writer 
of  the  letter  (then  Elizabeth  Robinson) 
was  married  to  Edward  Montagu. 

Elizabeth  Robinson  was  the  fourth  of 
a  large  family,  no  fewer  than  four  of  whom 
besides  herself  have  obtained  places  in 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography.' 
Her  eldest  brother,  who  succeeded  to  the 
Irish  barony  of  Rokeby,  and  died  in  the 
same  year  as  herself,  was  a  man  of  some 
ability,  and  excited  the  curiosity  of  his 
contemporaries  by  his  devotion  to  the 
cult  of  natural  living.  Rokeby  had  been 
sold  to  the  Morritts  before  he  succeeded 
his  cousin,  the  proud  Archbishop  of 
Armagh,  in  the  title.  As  to  Thomas, 
the  second  brother,  who  wrote  a  treatise 
upon  the  '  Common  Law  of  Kent,'  Mrs. 
Climenson  appears  to  have  ample  ground 
for  correcting  the  statement  in  the  standard 
book  of  reference  above  quoted  that  he 
was  never  called  to  the  Bar.  The  third 
brother  whose  name  occurs  in  the  national 
record,  Gray's  friend  "  the  Reverend 
Billy,"  seems  to  have  been  something  of 
a  hypochrondriac.  A  sister,  Sarah,  who 
made  an  unhappy  marriage  with  George 
Lewis  Scott,  sometime  sub-preceptor  to 
George  III.  when  Prince  of  Wales,  besides 
writing  a  life  of  Agrippa  d'Aubigne,  was 
one  of  the  early  novelists.  Her  '  Mil- 
lenium Hall,  by  a  Gentleman  on  his 
Travels,'  appeared  as  early  as  1762,  two 
years  before  '  The  Castle  of  Otranto.' 
A  pedigree  of  the  Robinson  family  is 
provided  for  those  interested. 

Before  quitting  family  matters,  we 
would  express  a  doubt  as  to  there  being 
any  authority  for  calling  the  first  Lord 
Grantham  (Thomas  Robinson)  "  Short 
Sir  Thomas,"  as  does  our  editor.  His 
namesake,  Sir  Thomas  of  Rokeby,  the 
best  anecdotes  about  whom  are  collected 
in  an  appendix  to  the  present  work,  was 
generally  known  as  "  The  Long,"  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  his  contemporary. 

Mrs.  Montagu  had  both  wit  and 
beauty,  and  combined  with  them  good 
sense  and  amiability.  She  was  religious, 
but  no  bigot ;  chaste,  but  no  prude. 
Much  sought  after  for  her  social 
qualities,  she  was  no  despiser  of  domes- 
ticity ;  her  letters  to  her  husband — an 
excellent  but  somewhat  uninteresting 
member  of  Parliament,  many  years  her 
senior — are  almost  comically  submissive. 
He  was  a  connexion  of  the  Sandwich 
family,  and  very  well-to-do.  She  had 
preferred  him  to  younger  admirers  and 
he  never  seems  to  have  manifested  the 
faintest  jealousy  of  the  attentions  shown  to 
his  wife  by  the  old  Lord  Bath  (Pulteney) 
the  elderly  physician  Dr.  Messenger 
Monsey,  and  the  middle-aged  orator- 
author  Lord  Lyttelton,  a  trio  who  pro- 
fessed to  carry  on  a  sort  of  innocent 
rivalry  for  her  favour,  addressing  her  as 
"  Madonna." 

As  an  author  Mrs.  Montagu,  except  as 
the  anonymous  composer  of  three  of 
Lyttelton's  '  Dialogues  of  the  Dead,'  does 
not  as  yet  appear  ;  but  she  had  already 


begun  to  shine  as  conversationalist,  and 
critic  (in  manuscript)  both  of  books  and 
manners.  She  expresses  her  indignation 
to  her  friend  "  Mrs."  Carter  at  the  way 
in  which  Ladies  crowded  to  the  House  of 
Lords  in  1760  to  see  Lord  Ferrers  receive 
his  death  sentence.  In  giving  her  sister 
an  account  of  the  celebrated  Ranelagh 
masquerade  (nine  years  earlier),  in  which 
she  herself  figured  as  Henrietta  Maria, 
she  contents  herself  with  terming  Miss 
Chudleigh's  Iphigeneia  costume  "  remark- 
able "  and  affording  facilities  for  the  High 
Priest  to  "  inspect  the  entrails  of  the 
victim  "  ;  though  she  adds  :  "  The  Maids 
of  Honour,  not  of  maids  the  strictest,  were 
so  offended  they  would  not  speak  to  her." 

Mrs.  Montagu  was  an  enthusiastic 
dancer  up  to  middle  life  ;  but  she  had 
strong  objections  to  cards,  and  invented 
"  rational  conversation  "  to  escape  from 
them.  In  a  letter  at  the  end  of  1739 
she  writes  bitterly  of  people  who  prefer 
the  company  of  Spadille  (then  a  fashion- 
able game  of  cards)  to  that  of  their  best 
friends  ;  and  a  year  later  laments,  half- 
humorously,  to  her  sister  "that  sentences, 
systems,  and  definitions  should  give  way 
to  cribbage."  But  in  these  early  days 
the  future  Queen  of  the  Blue-Stockings 
was  sometimes  constrained  to  play  the 
latter  game  with  exigent  duchesses. 

Her  literary  criticisms  usually  show 
the  full  measure  of  eighteenth-century 
sobriety,  but  are  sometimes  rather  caustic. 
"  I  never  knew  anything  of  Thomson's 
that  seemed  to  be  wrote,  or  could  be  read, 
without  great  labour  of  the  brain,"  is  a 
stupidly  severe  judgment  upon  the  poet  of 
'The  Seasons.'  On  the  other  hand,  many 
readers  of  to-day  will  concur  with  her  in 
thinking  '  Sir  Charles  Grandison  '  "  too 
fine  spun,"  and  its  author's  "  great  fault  " 
that  "  there  is  too  much  of  everything." 
However,  Mrs.  Montagu  found  in  the 
work  of  Richardson  just  mentioned  a 
"  tediousness "  which  gave  her  "  an 
eagerness  to  go  on,"  and  "  a  lovesick 
madness  "  that  she  thought  "  extremely 
fine  and  touching." 

She  had  a  great  regard  for  the  author 
of  '  Night  Thoughts,'  several  of  whose 
letters  figure  in  Mrs.  Climenson's  volumes. 
A  description  of  a  ride  in  Young's  company 
to  Tunbridge  in  1745,  to  see  the  ruins  of 
the  Castle,  is  probably  the  best  thing  con- 
tained in  them  : — 

"  First  rode  the  Doctor  on  a  tall  steed, 
decently  caparizoned  in  grey  ;  next  ambled 
Mrs.  Rolt  on  a  hackney  horse  lean  as  the 
famed  Rosinante,  but  in  shape  much  resem- 
bling Sancho's  ass  ;  then  followed  your 
humble  servant  on  a  milk-white  Palfrey, 
whose  reverence  for  the  human  kind  indueed 
him  to  be  governed  by  a  creature  half  aa 
strong  and  I  fear  scarce  thrice  as  wise  aa 
himself.  Of  the  two  figures  that  brought  up 
the  rear,  the  first  was  my  servant  valiantly 
armed  with  two  uncharged  pistols,  whose 
holsters  wore  covered  with  two  civil  harmless 
monsters  that  signified  the  valour  and 
courtesy  of  our  ancestors.  The  last  was 
the  Doctor's  man,  whose  uncombed  hair  so 
resembled  the  mane  of  the  horse  he  rode  on, 
one  could  not  help  imagining  they  wero  of 
him.  .  .  .On  his  head  was  a  velvet  cap  much 
resembling  a  saucepan,  and  on  his  side  hung 
a  littlo  basket." 


538 


Til  E     ATH  KX/KUM 


X"4097,  May  :,,  UK>6 


Then-  is  imi -li  more  in  tin-  tame  style, 
including  ■  telling  portrait  of  the  Parson 
of  Tunbridge,  who  entertained  tin-  party 
and  showed  them  his  ohuroh;  also  an 
..urit  ef  the  ride  back,  w  hen  "  night 
silenced  all  but  our  1  >i \  in-  Doctor,"  with 
this  quaint  result  : — 

"  I  followed  gathering  wisdom  as  I  «.ni, 
till  1  found  l>y  my  horse's  stumbling  that  I 

was    in   a    l>a<l    road    and    that    the    blind    was 

leading  the  blind:  so  I  placed  my  servant 
between  the  Doctor  and  myself,  whioh  he 
not  perceiving  went  on  in  a  most  philosophical 
strain  to  the  great  amazement  of  my  poor 

tlown  of  a  servant,   who  not  being  brought 

\i I >  to  any  pitch  of  enthusiasm,  nor  making 
answer  t<>  any  of  the  fine  things  lie  heard, 
thi>    Doctor    wondering    1    was   dumb   and 

grieving  I  was  BO  stupid,  looked  round, 
declare  1  his  surprise,  and  desired  the  man 
to  trot  On  before." 

A  still  more  famous  Doctor,  as  readers  of 
Boswell's  masterpiece  will  recollect,  ap- 
preciated the  talents  of  Mrs.  Montagu. 
She  quarrelled  with  Johnson  on  account 
of  his  '  Life  of  Lord  Lyttelton,'  and  he 
complained  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  that 
'Mrs.  Montagu  has  dropped  me." 

Mrs.  Montagu  saw  much  of  Pitt  in  the 
years  when  he  was  making  his  name  as  a 
commoner  ;  and  he  seems  to  have  esteemed 
her  highly.  He  bought  her  house  at  Hayes. 
Latterly  their  relations  must  have  been 
less  intimate,  on  account  of  the  estrange- 
ment between  him  and  his  cousin  Lord 
Lyttelton,  who  wrote  to  Mrs.  Montagu 
a  very  bitter  letter  concerning  Pitt's 
resignation  in  1761. 

A  long  letter  from  Mrs.  Montagu  to 
Lyttelton's  son,  then  an  undergraduate 
at  Oxford,  contains  some  good  things  ; 
but  this,  and  other  similar  effusions,  did  not 
prevent  his  becoming  known  to  fame  as 
"  the  wicked  Lord." 

Besides     communications     upon    Mac- 
pherson's   Ossian   (in  whose  authenticity 
Mrs.    Montagu    was    at   first   inclined   to 
believe)  from  the  "  good  "  Lord  Lyttelton, 
and  on   various  subjects  from   the  aged 
and  moribund  Bishop  Sherlock,  there  are 
printed   in    these    volumes   some   curious 
notes  from  Sterne  and  his  wife  (a  connexion 
by  marriage  of  Mrs.  Montagu)  ;   an  epistle 
from  Chesterfield  to  Lyttelton,  denouncing 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  ("  I  would  fain 
have    homicide    no    longer    reckoned    as 
hitherto  it  has  been,  a  title  to  Heroism  ")  ; 
an  appeal  for  charity  from  Johnson  ;   and 
an  interesting  letter  from  Burke  (whose 
early  works  Mrs.  Montagu  criticizes  favour- 
ably), in  which  he  asks  her  advice  (in  1759) 
about    applying    for    the    consulship    at 
Madrid,  and  solicits  a  letter  from  her  to 
Pitt's  sister.    Burke  states  that  his  interest 
is  weak  :    "  I  have  not  at  all  the  honour 
of  being  known  to  Mr.  Pitt,  nor  much  to 
any     of     his     close     connections."     Mrs. 
Montagu  seems  to  have  been  unable  to 
help  him  :   another  note  acquiesces  in  her 
decision. 

Perhaps  the  most  notable  testimony  to 
Mrs.  Montagu's  character  is  a  memorandum 
left  with  her  (two  teardrops  mark  the  paper) 
by  Sterne,  when  he  went  south  for  his 
health  in  1761.  This  document  (now 
printed,  we  believe,  for  the  first  time) 
states  that  he  had  made  his  will,  and  gives 


its  purport, espe  iall}  regarding  bis  literary 
property.  I  leave  tin-  in  the  hand-  ..f 
our  <  '"-in  Mrs.  Montagu     not  I  the 

is  inn  Cosin  hut  beoau  e  I  am  sure  the 
has  a  good  heart,"  writes  the  prince  of 

sent  inientah 

Mrs.   ClimenSOD    has   annotated    hei 

with  great  diligence,  and  generally  with 
accuracy.    So  careful   a  student   of  the 

peerage  should,  however,   haw  mentioned 

that    Horace   W'alpole  (once  called   "Sir 

Horace")   died    Marl   of   Orford,    and    that 
Miss    Chudleigh'fl     first     husband     was    an 
earl,  not  a  viscount.      Duke  of  "  Queens- 
borOUgh,"        San    Grado,"    and    "A.    Alli- 
son" are  obvious  slips;    "St.   Evremont 
and  "  Ceorge  Stevens  "  (the  Shakspearean 
commentator)      are     unusual     Bpellii 
Some  of  the  notes  are  too  vague  (e.g.,  Bishop 
Berkeley — "celebrated divine  and  author") 
to  be  useful  ;    others,  like  that  on  L< 
(i.  231),  are  so  loosely  worded  as  to  mislead. 
Two    notable    omissions    concern    Made- 
moiselle Stuart  ("  la  belle  Stuart  ")  and 
Joe  Miller,  who  has  no  real  title  to  his 
jests.     Two  of  the  editor's  conjectures  are 
far  from   happy.     There  is  certainly  no 
'  Lion  Song  '  in  '  The  Messiah  '  :  the  opera 
referred  to  as  "  new  "  is  probably  a  revival 
of    '  Ariadne,'   in   which    an   aria    4i  Qual 
Leon  "  occurs.     What  led  Mrs.  Climenson 
to    conjecture    that    Churchill    was    the 
"  scholar  of  St.  John's  who  has  admitted 
himself  of  the  playhouse,"  and  '*  does  not 
regret  his  being  expelled  the  University  " 
(1753),    we    cannot    tell.      The  book  has 
handsome   covers,   and    some    admirably 
reproduced    illustrations.      Though    con- 
taining  a  variety  of  readable  matter,  we 
think  it  might  with  advantage  have  been 
shortened  bj'  the  excision  of  much  domestic 
detail  which  is  not  of  general  interest. 


A  History  of  Modem  Liberty.  By  James 
Mackinnon.     2  vols.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

"  By  liberty  I  mean,"  said  the  late  Lord 
Acton,   "  the  assurance  that  every  man 
shall  be  protected  in  doing  what  he  believes 
to  be  his  duty  against  the  influence  of 
authority    and    majorities,    custom    and 
opinion."     The  historian  of  liberty  thus 
defined  need  not  be  encumbered  by  the 
mass  of  his  material,  for  look  where  he 
may,  he  will  not  find  it.     It  was  the  history 
of  liberty  as  "  an  idea  with  two  hundred 
definitions,"  with  a  wealth  of  interpreta- 
tion which  "  has  caused  more  bloodshed 
than    anything     except    theology,"    that 
overwhelmed   Acton.       Even  he  admitted 
that  if  we  confine  inquiry  to  a  freedom 
"  sought    deliberately  "     we    may     begin 
with  recent  times.     A  history  of  slavery, 
of  conscience,  of  religion,  heresy,  tolerance. 
of  morality,   law,   philosophy,   reason,    of 
economics,  of  public  opinion  and  public 
expression   of   private   opinion,   of   resist- 
ance, passive  and  active,  of  the  doctrine  of 
majorities  and  of  representation,  of  corpo- 
rations and  of  organized  groups  of  men. 
of  the  relations  of  men  and  women,  and 
countless  other  histories  were  included  in 
the  all-embracing  arms  of  his  ''  Madonna 
of  the  Future." 


Dr.  Mackinnon  ex]  .         I 

!"  •  :,  .ii    \,  ■  D  !.   f<  .i    i     .-.  | 

upon  hi-     II    tory  of  Liberty,1  and  had 

dy    completed    t he    -••  sond    volui 
when     he     learnt      ti  .  ton      had 

cherished  a  scheme  foi    writii 

iry    under   that    tith-.     He   modestly 
declares    that    he    cannot    hope  I 

Acton's  erudition  "in  tin-  special  field," 
and    courageously    adheres  .to    his    title. 

Thai   the  title  j-  good    none  will  deny, 
if    titles     may    be     judged     apart    from 
the    question    of    their    appropriateni 
The    appropriate    word    i-    not    specially 

characteristic   of   tie  for   amoi 

the  writer's  flowers  of  Bpeech  we  find  "  I 
fact  of  social  comatose,"  a  "seethe"  of 
anarchy,  and  the  "  thralls  "  of  tradition, 
and  we  are  in  consequence  un<  ertain  on 
the  question  whether  the  "  aegis  of  chaos  " 
is  a  misprint  or  not.  It  would  be  hyper- 
critical, then,  to  quarrel  with  the  title, 
and  indeed  the  discursive  and  scheme!' 
character  of  the  book  must  have  made  it 
hard  to  find  one  that  was  suitable. 

The  first  volume  con-i-N  of  chapters 
chiefly  on  the  governmental  institutions  of 
the  countries  that  once  formed  the  Western 
Roman  Empire  ;  the  second  consists  of 
chapters  on  the  course  of  the  Reformation 
in  England  and  Scotland,  France  and 
Germany,  with  a  brief  chapter  of  twelve 
pages  on  Spain  in  the  fifteenth  and  six- 
teenth centuries.  A  single  chapter  on 
mediaeval  political  thought  "  in  relation 
to  liberty,"  which  closes  the  first  volume, 
is  balanced  in  the  second  by  one  on  the 
writers  on  political  theory  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  For  the  rest,  the  strict  adher- 
ence to  geographical  divisions  forbids  an 
international  and  comparative  treatment, 
and  no  continuity  of  subject  or  idea  is 
maintained. 

The  second   volume  is  strangely  silent 
on   the   changes  that   took   place  in   the 
character  of  the  political  assemblies  and 
municipal  institutions  to  which  the  first 
i*  devoted.     The    first    is    as    strangely 
silent  on  the  various  forms  of  heresy  in 
the  early  Middle  Ages,  and  on  the  begin- 
nings of  the  Inquisition— subjects  which 
call  for  some  inquiry,   regard   being  had 
to  the  place  they   occupy  in   the  second 
volume.     None     of    those    guiding    clues 
are    offered    which    persuade    the     reader 
that  the  facts  presented  are  relevant  to  a 
main   theme,    and    not    brought    together 
as    a    merely    haphazard    and    arbitrary 
selection  from  the  subjects  of  the  author's 
reading.     His  reading  has  been  extensive, 
and  his  range  commands  respect  in  these 
days,   when   the  number  of   English   his- 
torians   who    read    widely    is    not    large. 
Curiously  enough,   his   English  history   ■ 
not  his  strongest  point.     It  is  grievous  to 
find  that  one  who  numbers  Prof.  Maitland 
among  his  authorities  values  no  less  highly 
the  opinion  of  Travels  Twiss  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  law.  and  quotes  him  to  prove  that 
the  Anglo-Saxons  "  paid   tribute  more  or 
le~;s  "     to    the    jurisprudence    of    Rome. 
St.    Aldhelm's    letter    addressed   to   "the 
Venerable    Bede  "    (Twiss   meant    Hedda) 
is  the  proof,  and  a  reference  to  the  study 
of  Roman  law  at   York  substantiates  it. 
This   second   piece   of   evidence    resolves 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


539 


itself  upon  inspection  into  what  is  possibly 
an  allusion  to  the  study  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment : — 

Maxime  scripturaj  pandens  raysteria  sacrne, 
Nam  rudis  et  veteris  legi3  patefecit  abyssum. 

But  after  all  the  Anglo-Saxon  laws  are 
still  extant,  and  it  is  to  them  rather  than 
to  the  literary  studies  of  the  time  that  we 
look  for  proof.  On  "  folk  or  public  land  " 
Dr.  Mackinnon's  teaching  is  that  of  the 
past  generation,  though  authorities  are 
cited  who  might  have  warned  him  that 
the  old  view  is  now  rejected.  If  Stubbs 
caused  the  error  here,  it  was  not  Stubbs 
who  wrote  of  the  Witenagemot  : — 

"  It  declares  war  or  peace.  It  disposes  of 
the  army  and  fleet.  It  fills  all  high  offices 
in  Church  and  State." 

The  use  of  the  historic  present  is  cha- 
racteristic. 

An  historian  of  liberty  needs  not  so 
much  the  knowledge  that  would  enable 
him  to  avoid  the  sort  of  commonplace 
which  is,  perhaps,  unassailable,  but  seems 
charged  with  erroneous  suggestion,  as  the 
instinctive  sound  judgment  which  would 
make  such  sentences  impossible.  It  seems 
scarcely  necessary  to  be  armed  with  refer- 
ences to  Wilda,  Von  Maurer,  Arnold, 
Heusler,  Nitzsch,  Hegel,  Sohm,  Gierke, 
Pirenne,  Von  Below,  to  produce  sentences 
thoughtful  as  the  following  : — 

"  It  is  therefore  futile  to  grope  about  in 
tho  earlier  Middle  Ages  for  the  origins  of 
municipal  institutions  in  Germany  as  else- 
where. Its  [sic]  conditions  are  not  there. 
There  is  no  spirit  of  self-assertion  in  these 
serfish  centuries." 

Feudal  society  is  regarded  by  the  author  as 
composed   of   a    "  mass "    almost   wholly 
"  serfish  "  (a  favourite  word)  and  a  "caste" 
so   despotic   that    the    "  mass   "  had    no 
liberty   and    no    rights — an    arrangement 
which  had  the  merit,  at  least,  of  extreme 
simplicity.    As  the  organization  of  society 
in  the  sixteenth  century  is  not  discussed 
as    a    whole,    the   reader    may  be    at    a 
loss  to  understand  the  absence  of  allusion 
to   "  serfishness  "   in  the  second  volume. 
Attention    is    concentrated   here   on    the 
progress  of  the  Protestant   Reformation, 
especially    in    Scotland ;    and    the    same 
want  of  a  well-considered  scheme  is  be- 
trayed in  the  topics  chosen  for  omission 
or  detailed    narrative.     The  existence  of 
a   "  Counter-Reformation  "   and  the  dis- 
cussions   at    the    Council    of    Trent    pass 
without    notice  ;     Italy,    admitted    to    a 
place    in    the    first    volume,    is    omitted 
(Machiavelli  excepted)   from   the  second, 
whilst  the  facts  of  Knox's  biography  are 
traced  out  with  considerable  circumstance. 
The  whole  book   strikes  us  as  a  work 
of  hasty  compilation  ;   but    the  facts  are 
derived    from    a    large    number    of    good 
sources,  and  are  such  as  have  not  before 
been  brought  together  within  the  covers 
of  a  work  issued  by  a  single  writer.     The 
rough    vigour   of    the    style    has    power 
to   carry    the    reader    along.     The    hum- 
blest counterfeit   Madonna  ha3   her  uses, 
and  we   would    fain  treat  with  respect  the 
thing  that  purports  to  be  great.    We  have 
read  this  history  with  a  growing  sense  of  dis- 
appointment, not  so  much  on  the  ground 


of  its  failure  to  fulfil  high  pretensions — 
and  to  call  a  history  of  liberty  inadequate 
would  be  the  praise  of  the  faintest  of 
damns  —as  because  it  is  obvious  that  had 
the  writer  been  willing  to  use  more  care 
and  restraint,  he  could  have  produced  a 
better  book,  for  he  has  zeal  and  industry, 
a  wide  range  of  interest  and  knowledge, 
ambition  and  ability.  His  materials 
would  have  sufficed  if  he  had  mixed  with 
his  work  of  collection  a  larger  measure  of 
thought,  and  had  realized  that  there  is 
more  dignity  in  resolved  limitation  than 
in  a  purposeless  comprehensiveness.  Dr. 
Mackinnon's  two  volumes  form,  we  ima- 
gine, the  first  instalment  of  a  history  of 
liberty  in  many  volumes.  The  present 
work  ends  at  the  close  of  the  sixteenth 
century  without  summary  and  without 
farewell. 


THE  VICTORIA  COUNTY  HISTORIES. 

Lancashire.        Vol.      I.  —  Worcestershire. 
Vol.  II.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

The  pace  at  which  these  volumes  are  being 
issued  is  now  being  much  accelerated. 
The  last  two  that  have  reached  us  are  the 
first  of  the  seven  volumes  assigned  to 
Lancashire,  and  the  second  of  the  four 
to  treat  of  Worcestershire. 

The  Lancashire  volumes  are  under  the 
editorship  of  Mr.  William  Farrer  and  Mr. 
J.  Brownbill.  Mr.  Farrer  has  long  been 
known  as  an  assiduous  and  scholarly 
collector  of  all  that  pertains  to  the 
history  of  the  County  Palatine,  To  this 
volume  he  contributes  substantial  material 
of  primary  importance  in  the  shape  of 
treatises  on  the  Domesday  Survey  and 
the  '  Feudal  Baronage.'  Lancashire  as  a 
county  has  no  place  in  the  Domesday 
Book  ;  but  the  component  parts  occur 
in  the  returns  of  two  other  counties. 
When  the  surveywas  compiled,  the  southern 
half  of  what  is  now  known  as  Lancashire 
was  included  under  Cheshire,  whilst  the 
northern  portion  appears  under  Yorkshire. 
These  disconnected  returns  are  far  briefer 
and  less  detailed  than  those  for  the  greater 
part  of  England  ;  but  in  Mr.  Farrer's 
competent  hands  they  are  made  to  yield 
an  interesting  general  picture  of  the  state 
of  those  regions  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest: 

"  One  important  feature  which  presents 
itself  at  the  outset  of  our  examination  of 
this  record  is  that  we  have  to  deal  with 
regions  upon  the  borderland  of  the  ancient 
kingdoms  of  Mercia,  Northumbria,  and 
Cumbria,  possessing  all  tho  unstablo  cha- 
racteristics of  debatable  lands  subject  to 
conquest  and  colonization  by  the  ruler  of 
any  ono  of  these  three  principalities,  followed 
by  reconquost  and  recolonization,  perhaps 
often  repeated.  This  position  of  insecurity 
and  instability  was  further  accentuated  by 
tho  opportunity  for  foreign  invasion  afforded 
by  the  long,  irregular  coastline  with  its  bays 
and  estuaries,  extending  from  tho  1  hidden 
to  the  Mersey  :  opportunity  which  the 
occurrence  of  many  old  place-names  along 
the  coast,  and  even  inland,  shows  was 
abundantly  seized  by  tho  roving  bands  of 
Danes  and  Norsemen  who  infested  the 
liish  sea  during  the  century  preceding  the 
Norman  invasion." 


The  section  of  about  a  hundred  pages 
on  '  Feudal  Baronage '  is  an  admirable 
piece  of  work,  thorough  and  masterly. 
It  is  prefaced  by  a  brief,  but  graphic 
account  of  the  Domesday  fief  of  Roger  of 
Poitou  becoming  the  main  constituent  of 
the  honour  of  Lancaster,  which  extended 
into  eight  counties,  as  well  as  embracing 
the  whole  of  what  is  now  Lancashire. 
A  coloured  map  showing  the  different 
baronies  into  which  the  county  was 
divided  is  a  great  help.  This  chapter  forms  a 
striking  introduction  to  the  due  under- 
standing of  a  complex  history. 

Two  other  well-illustrated  articles,  both 
b}'  Mr.  Gars  tang,  deal  appropriately  with 
'  Early    Man  '    and    with    '  Anglo-Saxon 
Remains.'     The    rest    of    the    volume    is 
devoted  to  natural  history.     Space  pro- 
hibits more  than  a  brief  reference  to  the 
sections   on   birds   and  mammals,    which 
are  the  work  of  Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes.     In 
bird   life   Lancashire,   with   its   extensive 
seaboard  indented  with  estuaries,  and  its 
great   diversity   of   mountain   and   plain, 
as  well  as  of   wood,   river,   and  lake,   is 
naturally  rich.     Among  the  rare  visitors 
to   Walney   Island,   Duddon   Sands,    and 
Morecambe  occur  the  barnacle  goose,  the 
scaup,   the   red -breasted   merganser,    the 
avocet,  the  whimbrel,  and  the  eared  grebe. 
At  times  of  migration  and  in  severe  winter 
weather  these  sands  form  an  inexhaustible 
feeding-ground    for    thousands    of    ducks, 
geese,  swans,  curlews,  and  dunlins.     The 
total  list  of  Lancashire  birds  is  269,  whilst 
the  total  of  British  species  is  only  -103. 
Out  of  the  Lancashire  total,  136  nest  in  the 
county  as  residents  or  as  summer  visitors. 
An  excellent  feature  of  Dr.  Forbes's  brief 
comments  on  the  birds  of  the  county  is 
the  inclusion   of  local   names,   a  feature 
which   is  omitted  by  several  contributors 
to  the  opening  volumes  of  other  counties 
of  this  series.     About  seventy  of  the  species 
have  local  names  assigned  to  them.  Among 
the    more    interesting    and    unusual    are 
aberdevine  for  the  siskin,  devil-skirler  for 
the  swift,  heyhough  for  the  green  wood- 
pecker, heather-bleat  for  the  snipe,  and 
coulterneb  for  the  puffin.     To  these  might 
have  been  added  wet-me-feet  for  the  quail, 
which  is  common  in  some  parts  of  Lanca- 
shire.    Sea-pie  is  given  as  a  local  name  for 
the    oyster-catcher  ;     but    should    it    not 
have  been  seapyat  ?     It  would  have  been 
interesting  to  have  the  origin  of  these  bird 
nicknames  explained. 

In  the  account  of  the  mammals  there 
is  one  unexpected  and  somewhat  melan- 
choly bit  of  information,  "  The  charming 
diminutive  harvest  -  mouse,"  says  Dr. 
Forbes,  "whose  grass-ball  nest  filled  with 
tiny  young  was  ever  the  delight  of  the 
old-timo  scythe-man,  has  been  all  but 
exterminated  by  the  modern  reaping 
machine."  A  great  deal  of  interesting 
and  novel  Information  as  to  the  red  and 
fallow  deer  of  the  county  in  old  days  is 
to  be  found  in  the  stores  of  the  Record 
Office  ;  but  use  will  probably  be  made  of 
this  in  another  volume  under  forestry. 
One  piece  of  information  in  this  section 
is  startling.  We  scarcely  like  to  throw 
discredit  on  it,  as  Dr.  Forbes  wovdd 
hardly    have    inserted    it    without    somo 


540 


THE     AT  II  EN.EUH 


NMii!*;.  May  5,  L9O0 


trustworthy  authority  ;    hut  in  such  I  I 
the  authority  oui'lit  certainly  to  have  been 
given.      It   [fl  stated  t  hut  "'  tin-  wolf,  whose 

lair  iraa  among  the  craga  of  tin-  Pennine* 

and  the  Fells,  was  only  finally  exterminated 

in  the  seventeenth  century. "  The  l.i  i 
wolf  «;h  hilled  in  Scotland  in  174S,  and 
the  last  in  Ireland  in  1  7 7 < »  :  hut  the  be  I 
authorities  (such  as  Mr.  Halting  and 
Lydekker)   consider   that    the    last    wolves 

seen  anywhere  in  England  were  in 
Henry  VII. 's  reign,  and  even  that  date 
LB    thought    tOO    late    by    other   competent 

Eoologists. 

The  second  volume  of  the  history  of  the 
county  of  Worcester  treats  at  length  of 
the  general  ecclesiastical  history  and  of 
the  particular  religious  houses,  of  early 
Christian  art  (excellently  explained  and 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Romilly  Allen),  of 
political  and  military  history,  of  industries 
{the  respective  subjects  being  admirable 
pieces  of  condensed  information)  and 
agriculture,  of  forestry  (which  is  somewhat 
insufficient),  and  of  sports  ancient  and 
modern.  In  addition  to  all  this,  the 
last  hundred  pages  are  devoted  to  topo- 
graphy, the  Blaekenhurst  Hundred  having 
been  chosen  for  a  beginning. 

The  story  of  the  religious  houses  is  told 
by  two  ladies — Miss  M.  M.  C.  Calthrop,  and 
Miss  A.  A.  Locke  of  the  Oxford  Honours 
School  of  Modern  History ;  and  both 
show  that  they  are  well  qualified  for 
the  work  they  have  undertaken.  Although 
the  Cluniacs,  the  Cistercians,  and  the 
Premonstratensians  had  each  a  house 
in  this  comparatively  small  county,  the 
Benedictines  were  the  dominant  factor 
in  its  monastic  life.  They  had  important 
houses  at  Worcester,  Pershore,  Great  and 
Little  Malvern,  and  above  all  at  Evesham. 
A  remarkable  feature  of  this  survey  of  the 
conventual  life  of  Worcestershire  is  the 
absence  of  even  a  single  house  of  Austin 
Canons,  which  is  hardly  the  case  with  any 
other  English  county.  The  ecclesiastical 
map  and  the  accompanying  list  do  not 
show  any  example  of  this  widespread 
rule.  There  was,  however,  one  small 
house  of  Black  Canons  founded  at  Dodford 
in  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  which  was  incor- 
porated with  the  abbey  of  the  White 
Canons  of  Hales  Owen  in  1332.  A  para- 
graph about  it  is  given  in  the  account  of 
Hales  Owen  ;  but  even  if  it  was  not  con- 
sidered sufficiently  important  to  have  a 
sub-heading,  it  certainly  ought  to  have 
been  marked  on  the  map. 

The  accounts  of  the  Cathedral  Priory 
of  Worcester  and  of  the  Abbey  of  Evesham 
are  excellent,  and  the  amount  of  fresh 
information  supplied  is  in  both  cases 
remarkable.  The  story  of  the  great  Abbey 
of  Evesham — one  of  the  most  noteworthy 
foundations  in  all  England — is  told  so  well 
in  fifteen  double-columned  folio  pages  by 
Miss  Locke,  that  we  wish  she  had  had 
double  the  space.  Fact  after  fact  is 
set  forth  as  to  the  abbey's  struggles  to 
maintain  its  proud  pre  -  eminence  ;  and 
so  many  touches  are  supplied,  in  aptly 
chosen  phrases,  of  its  inner  life  and  ad- 
ministration, that  the  article  may  be 
regarded  as  a  model  for  future  writers  on 
important  houses,  where  the  materials  (as 


in  this  ea-c:  arc  considerable.  It  is 
>  <  i  tainly  the    best    notice   of   any   r * ■  1  i l' i 

house  thai  hai  \ct  appeared  in  the    Vic« 

toiia  ( 'ounty  llistor\  ." 

Another    lady   has    to    he     thanked     for 
the     excellent      beginning     that      has   been 

made  frith  the  topography  of  Worcester* 

shire,  for  the  contents  h-t  Btatei  that  the 
general  descript  ions  and  manorial  descents 
have  been  prepared  by  Mrs.  M.  .1.  Curtis. 
Mr.  C.  B.  Peers  has  written  the  archi- 
tectural descriptions  of  the  chinches  and 
of  the  remains  of  ESveeham  Abbey  with 
much  care  and  clearness.  The  Hundred 
of  BLackenhurst  includes  twelve  parishes, 
in  addition  to  the  parish  and  borough  of 
Evesham.  Thoroughness  is  the  par- 
ticular mark  of  all  of  this  parochial 
history,  as  is  shown  by  the  remarkable 
number  of  foot-notes.  The  research  in- 
volved in  the  manorial  descent  must  have 
been  prodigious  ;  it  can  only  be  appre- 
ciated by  the  few  who  have  made  similar 
attempts  for  a  single  parish.  The  illus- 
trations, too,  both  in  letterpress  and  on 
separate  plates,  are  as  numerous  as  they 
are  good. 


Charles  Lever  :  his  Life  in  hie  Letters.  By 
Edmund  Dowrney.  With  Portraits. 
2  vols.     (Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

Readers  of  '  Harry  Lorrequer '  and 
'  Charles  O'Malley  '  naturally  wish  to 
know  if  the  author  of  these  delightful 
stories  was  at  all  like  his  dashing  heroes 
— if  he  was  as  gay  in  his  life  and  talk  as 
he  was  in  his  books.  At  his  best,  he  might 
have  been  taken  for  one  of  his  handsome, 
adventurous,  happy-go-lucky  gentlemen. 
He  did  not  drink  the  extraordinary  amount 
that  they  did,  but  he  leapt  his  horse  over 
an  interposed  cart,  like  Charles  O'Malley, 
and  rivalled  the  feats  of  Frank  Webber 
in  Dublin  as  an  itinerant  singer  of  ballads, 
once  making  thirty  shillings  in  coppers  ; 
he  talked  well  and  gaily,  even  took  opium 
to  make  the  gaiety  more  marked  ;  and 
he  held  convivial  revels  like  the  Monks 
of  the  Screw.  But  advancing  years,  in 
which  the  hero  of  fiction  is  left  with  the 
bride  of  his  choice — presumably  to  "  five 
happy  ever  afterwards  "  —  hardly  bear 
out  these  smooth  presages  for  the  actual 
man.  The  payment  of  bills — a  pastime 
to  which  authors  are  often  indifferent — 
becomes  of  importance.  Lever,  as  we 
said  when  reviewing  Dr.  Fitzpatrick's 
'  Life  '  of  him  in  1879,  existed  only  to 
bewilder  and  dazzle.  His  vanity  was  a 
part  of  his  being  ;  he  was  hopelessly  ready 
to  live  in  the  present  and  forget  the  future. 
Some  autobiographical  prefaces  to  his 
earlier  stories  (which  are  reprinted  at  the 
end  of  this  book,  though  by  no  means  novel) 
include  the  assurance,  which  we  can  well 
believe,  that  when  Lever  wrote  '  Charles 
O'Malley  '  he  had 

"  an  amount  of  spring  in  my  temperament, 
and  a  power  of  enjoying  lifo,  which  I  can 
honestly  say  I  never  found  surpassed.  The 
world  had  for  me  all  the  interest  of  an  admir- 
able comedy,  in  which  the  part  allotted  to 
myself,  if  not  a  high  or  a  foreground  one, 
was  eminently  suited  to  my  taste,  and 
brought  me,  besides,  sufficiently  often  on  the 


enable  me  to  follow  all  the  fortune* 
of   tin-   piece.     Brunw4s   ( \s li«-r<-    I    waH  t 
living)  was  adorned  al  tin-  period  with  most 
sable   English  society.     Some  header*  of 
tin-  fashionable  world  of  London  had  < 

then-   to  refit  and  recruit,   both   in  body  and 
•  ■state." 

Thi-  passage  sufficiently  indicates  !.<••.. 
deeiret     and     ta~t<-^.     Hi-     residence    in 
Brussek   (1x40-42;   with    his   work   as  a 
doctor  afforded  him  the  happieei   period 
of    trie    life    because     it    provided    boom 
disciphn<       II  -  return  t<»  Ireland  to  edit 
The    Dublin     University    Magazine    gave 
him    ample    society;    but    he    mint    hfl 
been  one  of  the  wildest  of  editoi         Ol 
"  he  wishod   to   get   some   contribution*   for 
the  Magazine  from  the  Rev.  JMuard  Johnson, 
and  in  writing  to  him  he  not  only  asked  lum 
for  contributions,  but  lie  invited  him  to  pay 
a  visit  to  Templeogue.     He  addressed  t 
letter  to  G.  P.  R.  James,  and  James  answered 
to  the  call.      Lever  saw  no  way  out  of  the 
difficulty  except   to   arrange   with   the   pro- 
digious romancist  for  a  serial  story." 

Lever  spent  here  3,000/.  a  year,  though  he 
had  less  than  half  that  sum  to  spend.  H< 
was  a  good  husband  and  father  ;  he  was 
honest  (though  his  sincerity  was  some- 
times under  suspicion  from  the  rapidity 
of  his  conclusions)  ;  he  was  kind  ;  but 
he  always  got  through  more  than  he  earned, 
and  the  result  is  a  record  of  perpetual 
struggle  to  meet  the  claims  upon  him. 
There  was  a  good  deal  of  the  theatrical 
in  his  nature  (a  trait  he  shared  with 
Dickens) ;  he  loved  high  play  at  cards  and 
good  wines  ;  and  he  felt  in  early  d. 
that  he  had  an  exhaustless  fund  of  stories 
at  his  command.  But  his  extravagance 
led  to  a  growing  discontent,  which  reached 
unreasonable  proportions.  He  was  in- 
capable alike  of  correcting  his  proof- 
sheets  and  his  indulgences,  and  grew 
embittered,  unable  to  keep  friends  with 
himself,  as  the  "  good  fellow  "  is  expected 
to  do. 

His  political  services,  which  seem  to  us 
rather  visionary  (he  offered  to  edit  an 
inspired  Tory  journal  in  1852),  were 
rewarded  by  a  vice-consulship  at  Spezzia, 
a  post  created  for  him  by  special  privilege, 
and  later  by  a  consulship  at  Trieste  which 
brought  him  700/.  a  year.  But  we  find 
him  proclaiming  it  a  hardship  that  he 
had  occasionally  to  put  in  an  official 
appearance  at  Spezzia,  as  he  lived  some- 
where else  ;  and  when  he  got  to  Trieste, 
he  grumbled  at  the  lack  of  society.  He 
had  great  shrewdness  and  an  eye  for 
character,  but  it  is  pretty  clear  that  he 
had  not  sufficient  self-control  to  rival  the 
diplomatists  whose  abilities  he  freely 
despised.  It  is  a  depressing  story  with 
bright  momenta  :  the  sense  of  wasted 
opportunities  came  heavily  on  the  man 
who  could  and  did  do  much  for  the  gaiety 
of  others. 

Lever's  'Life'  by  Fitzpatrick,  referred 
to  above,  is  the  only  one  that  has  been 
hitherto  attempted.  It  was  an  unsatis- 
factory affair,  unpleasing  both  to  Lever's 
relatives  and  competent  critics.  In  dis- 
cussing it  we  pointed  out  that  Dr.  Fitz- 
patrick had  not  used  any  letters  of  Lever. 
But,  confronted  with  the  correspondence 
in  this  book,  we  cannot  say  that  it  amounts 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


541 


to  a  satisfactory  biography,  an  intimate 
revelation  of  Lever's  humours  and  habits. 
Mr.  Downey's  opening  narrative,  and  his 
notes  at  the  bottom  of  the  page  are 
excellent  reading ;  but  the  elaborate 
details  of  bargains  with  editors  and 
publishers  in  the  letters  are  of  little 
interest  to  the  ordinary  public,  even  if 
they  are  intelligible.  Twenty  such  pas- 
sages throw  no  more  light  on  Lever's 
character  than  one  would.  As  it  is,  they 
give  an  unfair  view  of  him,  and  recall 
Byron's  tirade  : — 

One  hates  an  author  that 's  all  author — fellows 
In  foolscap  uniforms  turned  up  with  ink, 

So  very  anxious,  clever,  fine,  and  jealous, 
One  don't  know  what  to  say  to  them,  or  think. 

Lever,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  loved  the 
social  side  of  life  much  better  than  the 
literary.  We  have  not  before  us  the 
replies  to  his  complaints  about  bargains, 
or  any  estimate  of  the  justice  of  his  claims  ; 
and  the  endless  machinations  of  M'Glashan, 
the  publisher  of  The  Dublin  University 
Magazine,  make  wearisome  reading.  We 
dare  say  that  Mr.  Downey  has  hardly 
thought  it  fair  to  reproduce  many  of  Dr. 
Fitzpatrick's  facts  and  stories.  That  is  a 
laudable  attitude,  but  the  result  is  that 
things  remain  obscure  or  unexplained. 
It  does  not  appear  clearly,  for  instance, 
from  the  text  of  the  correspondence 
that,  while  Lever  was  writing  '  Roland 
Cashel '  under  his  own  name  in  the  day- 
time, he  was  busy  at  night  on  a  much 
better  anonymous  book,  '  The  Confessions 
of  Con  Cregan,'  though  the  autobiogra- 
phical prefaces  at  the  end  of  the  second 
volume  make  this  evident. 

In  that  volume  there  is  a  considerable 
figure,  and  that  is  John  Blackwood.  He 
was  not  long  in  winning  Lever's  warm 
regard,  and  he  deserved  it  to  the  full. 
Some  of  the  men  of  old  Maga  have 
dwindled  in  public  estimation,  notably 
the  blustering  Christopher  North,  whose 
animal  spirits  led  him  occasionally  to  do 
extraordinary  things  ;  but  John  Black- 
wood stands  out  (as,  indeed,  we  knew 
him  from  many  other  sources)  as  the  most 
considerate  and  thoughtful  of  publishers, 
a  model  friend  and  man  of  business. 
Lever  writes  to  his  intimate,  Alexander 
Spencer  in  1839  : — 

"  I  fear  if  my  letters  to  you  were  to  rise 
up  in  evidence  against  me,  that  my  cry, 
like  that  of  the  horse-leech,  would  be  found 
to  be  one  '  Give  !   Give.'  " 

This  exhibits  the  distasteful  side  of 
most  of  the  correspondence  here  printed. 
Blackwood  was  equal  to  such  occasions, 
and  gave  before  the  due  time  ;  while  his 
refusal  was  so  well  worded  that  it  did  not 
hurt.  To  his  good  offices  Lever  owed 
much  of  the  comfort  of  his  declining  years. 
The  vanity  of  authors,  as  of  mothers,  is 
venial,  but  Lever's  insatiable  eagerness 
for  commendation  must  have  been  weari- 
some to  the  most  long-suffering  of  corre- 
spondents. He  wanted  to  write  humorous 
papers  on  everything  and  everybody  ; 
In-  was  even  ready  to  translate  Terence, 
though  we  hope  his  reference  to  the 
'  Adrian  '  of  that  author  is  due  to  the 
printer  only. 


With  all  his  talents  for  social  life,  Lever 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  happy  for 
long  in  any  place  ;  nor  can  we  wonder, 
knowing  the  carelessness  of  his  ways. 
It  was  all  very  well  in  a  corner  of  Ireland 
to  take  a  party  to  a  fancy  dress  ball  in  a 
furniture  van,  a  hearse,  and  a  mourning 
coach  ;  but  on  the  Continent  etiquette 
is  strict,  and  departure  from  rules  and 
customs  a  misdemeanour.  A  friendly 
witness  said  that  he  was  not  surprised 

"  at  Lever  having  been  suspected  of  any- 
thing, travelling,  as  he  did,  with  piebald 
ponies,  and  wife  and  children  with  long 
flowing  hair.  The  police  could  not  make 
out  what  he  was  or  might  not  be  ;  and  then 
he  had  that  peculiar  way  of  treating  officials 
that  seems  to  belong  to  many  Irish  persons 
whom  I  have  known." 

He  had  from  an  early  age  wonderful 
gifts  of  improvising  and  great  powers  of 
persuasion,  but  he  seldom  resisted  the 
temptation  to  say  a  smart  thing.  A 
tailor  once  presented  a  monstrous  bill  at 
his  Florentine  house,  and  in  the  excite- 
ment of  argument  fell  headlong  down  the 
flight  of  steps  in  front  of  it.  Lever  was 
summoned,  and  accused  of  causing  the 
accident  by  his  threatening  manner. 

"  Lever  denied  that  he  had  done  or  said 
anything  which  would  indicate  a  possible 
assault.  The  court  inquired  how  could  the 
defendant  account  for  the  panic-stricken 
condition  of  the  man.  '  On  two  grounds,' 
replied  Lever,  flippantly  ;  'he  is  a  tailor 
and  a  Tuscan.'  Needless  to  say,  the  Tuscan 
court  awarded  the  plaintiff  ample  damages." 

Though  there  are  several  amusing 
things  in  the  two  volumes,  including  a 
good  deal  of  shrewd  comment  on  Italian 
politics,  they  are  certainly  too  long.  Mr. 
Downey  should  have  cut  out  many  of  the 
uninteresting  letters,  and  attempted  more 
narrative  of  his  own,  reducing  the  whole 
to  one  volume.  He  writes  with  sense 
and  good  humour,  though  he  ventures 
on  such  odd  words  as  "  bibacious " 
and  "  Hiberniose."  His  additions  in 
brackets  to  the  text  of  the  letters  seem 
occasionally  unnecessary.  He  has  made 
some  important  corrections  of  Dr.  Fitz- 
patrick's statements,  and  if  he  had  only 
given  us  a  critical  estimate  of  Lever's 
work  in  place  of  the  '  Rrefaces  '  comprised 
in  the  chapter  '  Looking  Backward,'  and 
other  reprinted  matter,  we  should  have 
been  glad  to  recognize  the  book  as  a  sub- 
stantial addition  to  the  biography  of  Lever. 
As  it  is,  it  consists  of  materials  for  such  a 
biography,  but  needs,  as  we  have  insisted, 
rigorous  selection.  There  is  a  fair  index, 
but  the  proof-reading  has  not  been  well 
done. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


Mr.     John     Strood.     By     Percy     White. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

The  self-complacent  and  sententious  auto- 
biographer  who  personates  the  author  on 
this  occasion  poses  as  the  biographer  of  a 
young  visionary  with  "  one  of  the  most 
original  minds  of  our  time;"  founder  of  a 
"  League  of  the  Higher  Citizenship," 
who  might  have  "  become  a  vital  force  " 
if  he  had,  says  the  narrator,  "enjoyed  the 


support  of  my  practical  mind."  In  spite 
of  the  unconscious  humour  with  which 
Mr.  Strood  reveals  his  little  weaknesses, 
and  confesses  his  errors  and  failures,  the 
story  does  not  come  up  to  Mr.  White's 
happiest  inspirations.  There  is  too  much 
apology  for  the  autobiographical  element, 
though  there  may  be  a  humorous  intent 
in  the  passages  which  seem  superfluous, 
as  we  find  the  would-be  Boswell  much 
more  interesting  than  his  hero.  Nothing 
that  the  latter  is  represented  as  saying 
or  doing  suggests  much  originality  or 
vital  force,  but  we  are  led  to  believe  that 
his  aim  was  to  enliven  the  dullness,  and 
remove  the  incapacity,  of  the  British 
democracy.  Four  female  characters  of 
the  social  stratum  classed  as  "  higher 
middle  "  or  "  professional  "  are  cleverly 
portrayed,  but  are  too  strong-minded  to 
captivate  the  average  reader  ;  and  a 
soupcon  of  ingenuous  youth,  by  throwing 
into  higher  relief  the  hero's  two  Egerias  and 
the  narrator's  stepmother  and  the  widow 
whom  he  marries,  would  have  freshened 
up  the  whole  work.  An  unbroken  flow 
even  of  witty  and  humorous  satire  slightly 
tinged  with  political  and  social  pessimism 
is  likely  to  become  wearisome.  The  hero's 
equivocal  attitude  towards  "  the  estab- 
lished order  of  sex- relationship,"  exem- 
plified by  his  youthful  devotion  to  a 
separated  wife  eight  years  his  senior,  is 
handled  with  tact  and  delicacy. 


The  Face  of  Clay.     By   H.   A.    Vachell. 

(John  Murray.) 
Mr.  Vachell's  new  novel  is  saturated  with 
the  Breton  atmosphere  and  traditions.  His 
heroine  is  a  girl  with  an  English  father 
and  Breton  mother,  who  leaves  her  French 
home  at  fifteen,  in  love  with  a  Cornish 
artist  who  is  strong,  reticent,  and  somewhat 
dark-humoured.  She  returns  ten  years 
later  as  a  famous  singer,  ostensibly  to 
cure  a  breakdown  in  her  voice,  but  really 
to  look  for  her  artist.  He  meanwhile  has 
gone  wrong  in  some  obscure  way,  shuns 
and  is  shunned  by  his  neighbours,  and 
makes  nothing  of  talents  acknowledged 
to  be  supreme.  He  wins,  however,  his 
old  love  in  the  end.  A  Californian  artist, 
his  rival,  is  not  quite  a  success  as  a  figure 
and  is  accompanied  by  a  laudatory 
companion  and  Boswell  of  the  same 
nation.  The  minor  characters  are 
sharply  and  neatly  sketched.  The 
mystery  of  the  hero  is  skilfully  con- 
nected with  a  death-mask,  "  the  Face  of 
Clay  "  ;  and  though  the  main  part  of  it 
is  clear  to  the  experienced  reviewer,  Mr. 
Vachell  has  a  surprise  at  the  end.  The 
whole  is  admirably  proportioned,  and  the 
writing  is  effective  and  finished.  The 
author's  skill  makes  us  believe  in  the 
rather  wild  Celtic  hero,  and  the  modern 
innovation  of  the  woman  virtually  pro- 
posing to  the  man.  Mr.  Vachell  shows  an 
occasional  tendency  to  stand  outside  his 
puppets,  as  if  they  were  not  real,  which  is 
disconcerting  ;  but  lus  local  colour  is 
excellent,  and  does  not  need  the  corrobora- 
tion of  the  foot-note.  Altogether  it  is  a 
noteworthy  novel  by  one  of  our  most  pro- 
mising writers. 


542 


THE    ATIIENjEUM 


N°4007,  May  5,  1906 


OvtofDw  Tim*.     B3  Mrs.  Wilfrid  Ward. 
(Longman    k  Co.) 

Novbls  based  on  religioua  conl rov< 
are  -till  with  as.  En  bet  new  story  .Mrs. 
W'ilfiirl  Ward  offera  ber  readers  a  careful 
combination  of  fiction  and  theological 
matter.  The  interplay  of  character  and 
the  development  oi  situations  arc  secondary 
considerations.  That  the  exigencies  of 
the  religious  aspect  to  be  brief,  the  pro- 
posal by  modern  Roman  Catholics  to  limit 
or  control  clerical  authority  in  matters  of 
thought— form  the  real  motive  is  obvious. 
Hence,  in  spite  of  some  well-drawn  people. 
there  is  a  lack  of  the  feeling  of  the  "in- 
evitable "  which  good  work  in  fiction  gives 
us.  Detailed  criticism  is  here  impossible  ; 
besides,  of  varieties  in  taste  nothing  much 
can  be  said  with  advantage.  There  are 
people  who  like  to  take  their  wine  and 
tonic  at  a  draught.  Others — perhaps 
better  advised — prefer  to  keep  these  (and 
certain  other  things)  separate.  Religion, 
in  some  aspect  and  in  some  measure, 
generally  creeps  of  itself  into  the  atmo- 
sphere of  any  complete  picture  of  human 
existence.  But  when  its  presence  is  the 
deliberate  cause  of  the  picture  the  picture 
is  apt  to  lack  essential  qualities. 


By  Frank  Danby. 


The  Sphinx's  Lawyer. 
(Heinemann.) 

It  appears  from  the  author's  dedication 
of  this  book  to  her  brother  that  he  "  hates 
and  loathes  "  it  and  its  subject.  There 
will,  we  think,  be  many  readers  who  will 
fully  share  his  sentiments.  There  is  little 
that  need  be  said  concerning  it,  except 
that  it  is  a  pity  that  a  WTiter  of  "  Frank 
Danby's  "  cleverness  should  have  made 
the  mistake  of  writing  it.  The  object  of 
the  book — so  far  as  any  object  can  be 
found — is  to  defend  Oscar  Wilde,  on  the 
ground  that  a  man  of  genius,  with  an  un- 
fortunate hereditary  taint,  ought  not  to  be 
punished  for  anything.  The  author  intro- 
duces a  most  unsavoury  company.  With 
the  solitary  exception  of  the  wife  of  the 
Sphinx's  lawyer,  there  is  not  a  man  nor  a 
woman  in  the  book  whom  decent  people 
would  care  to  meet.  The  hero  is  an 
offensive  cad,  and  the  ostensible  heroine, 
known  to  her  acquaintances  as  the  Sphinx, 
is  both  repulsive  and  unintelligible.  If  the 
author  ever  had  any  clear  conception  of 
the  true  nature  of  the  Sphinx,  she  has 
failed  to  impart  it  to  the  present  reviewer. 
The  book  is  devoid  of  plot,  and  chiefly 
concerned  with  recording  the  success  of 
the  hero  in  making  love  to  other  men's 
wives.  In  fact,  we  think  '  The  Sphinx's 
Lawyer  '  a  mistake  both  in  its  motive  and 
its  manner. 

The  Light.     By  Mrs.  Harold  Gorst.  (Cassell 
&  Co.) 

As  a  title  '  The  Light  '  does  not  seem  par- 
ticularly illuminating,  though  a  case  of 
physical,  and  another  of  spiritual  blindness 
do  occur.  Mrs.  Gorst 's  new  story  is  not  an 
advance  on  '  This  our  Sister.'  The  sense 
of  form  and  proportion  is  even  less  con- 
spicuous, and  a  certain  crude  and  rather 


brutal    outlook,    suggestive    of    force 
ii.  •ut.     [netead  «••  find  more  diffuseni 

and  a  fainter  show  of  purpose  and  indi- 
vidual vision.  Yet  the  theme  and  the 
people  an-  much  on  the  same  line-  as  in 
the  former  book.      It  t  real-  of  po\  ei  t y  and 

trial,  and  suggests  rather  a  of  snap- 

shots   than    a    real    narrative    of   evolving 

character,  circumstance,  and  progressive 

thought.  Such  Occupations  IS  dome-tie 
service,    letting  of  lodgings,   and   laundry - 

work  are  sometimes  graphically  portrayed. 
There  is  a  great  deal  of  dialogue  (almost 

of  dialect),  mostly  of  a  strange  kind,  in 
which  Cockneys  and  people  "  somewheo- 
not  far  from  London  "  make  an  unnatural 
and  tedious  blend.  "  You'm,"  "  he'm," 
"  she'm,"  and  other  variations  on  the 
parts  of  speech  are  constantly  reiterated. 
Those  who  use  them  fall  short  of  being 
interesting  either  in  conversation  or 
action. 

Rouge.  By  Haldane  Macfall  and  Dion 
Clayton  Calthrop.  (Brown,  Langham 
&  Co.) 

These  adventures  in  London  are  a  frank 
imitation  of  Stevenson's  '  New  Arabian 
Nights.'  We  are  introduced  to  an  Im- 
portant Personage,  whose  safety  is  always 
a  matter  of  anxiety,  and  a  Capt.  Purse, 
who  is  a  resourceful  man  of  the  world, 
as  protagonists.  These  two,  in  search  of 
adventure,  blunder  into  the  machinations 
of  a  Finnish  secret  societ}'  which  is  at 
war  with  Russian  secret-service  men. 
Rouge,  a  somewhat  melodramatic,  red- 
haired  heroine,  provides  the  love  interest. 
Much  of  the  book  is  vieux  jeu,  but  it 
affords  several  excellent  thrills,  which 
amply  justify  its  publication.  The  writing 
is  vivid,  too,  and  not,  we  are  glad  to  say, 
so  affected  as  '  The  Personal  Note  '  which 
stands  for  preface.  That  note  explains 
the  weakness  of  the  book.  Mr.  Calthiop 
supplied  a  sheaf  of  adventures,  which 
were  written  "  into  a  sequence  by  the  two 
authors."  The  "  sequence  "  is  defective, 
even  for  a  fantastic  affair  ;  and  the  whole 
is  not  sufficiently  coherent.  At  the  height 
of  the  story,  when  we  are  in  the  full  glow 
of  adventure,  we  are  put  off  with  a  group 
of  unnecessary  artists  who  talk  the  smart 
slang  of  studio  high  spirits.  What  we 
wanted  was  more  of  that  elusive  tracker, 
the  Honourable  John  ;  and  why  was 
(apt.  Purse's  brother,  the  big  Guardsman, 
introduced  to  do  nothing  at  all  ?  Our 
mention  of  these  details  shows  that  the 
book  has  interested  us  more  than  usual. 


The  Count  at  Harvard  :  being  an  Account 
of  the  Adventures  of  a  Young  Gentieman 
of  Fashion  at  Harvard  University.     By 

Rupert  Sargent  Holland.    (Boston,  U.S., 

Page  &  Co.) 
The  publishers  assure  us  that  this  book 
is  •"  the  most  natural  and  the  most  truthful 
exposition  of  average  student  life  yet 
written."  This  may  be  strictly  true,  so 
far  as  life  at  Harvard  is  concerned  :  but 
the  reader  will  be  inclined  to  think  that 
Mr.  Holland's  students  are  not  in  all 
respects  truthful  portraits  of  the  average 


American    undergraduate.      They    n< 
Study.      They    pass    their    time    in    eat 
drinking,  smoking,  and  playing  practical 
jok<--  :     and    t I'M    1  onvei sation 
exclusively    of    persiflage       Surely    I 
Cannoi     he    true    of    the    majority    of    • 

students  of  American  colleges.  The  book 
i-  written  in  good  English,  and  with  a 
ful  avoidance  of  Americanisms.  \\  ab- 
out doubt  it  will  interest  and  an 
Harvard  men.  for  it  ha-  the  high  spirits 
of    youth,    and    many    of    it-  are 

vividly  described.     The  author's  <  on-' 
efforts  at  brilliancy  of  conversation  o 
sionally    become    tiresome,    but    thei 
probably  not  an  author  living  who  could 
write  over  three   hundred   pages  of  ] 
siftage  without  tiring  bis  readers. 


TWO    BOOKS    ON    SPAIX. 

Granada  :  Memoirs,  Adventures,  Studies, 
and  Impressions.  By  Leonard  Williai 
(Heinemann.) — The  chapters  which  make 
up  this  volume  are  much  too  disconne< 
in  subject,  and  the  author  has  not  the  art 
of  interesting  us  in  sucli  commonplace 
experiences  as  an  encounter  with  a  bully 
in  the  Albaycin,  or  a  gossip  with  Chorro  e 
Jumo,  the  chief  of  the  Alhambra  _ 
he  is  more  successful  in  his  account  of  the 
Sacro  Monte  forgeries  dug  up  at  Granada 
between  1588  and  l.">97.  The  mere  inventory 
of  the  finds  is  amusing  :  a  prophecy  ascribed 
to  St.  John  and  taken  down  in  Spanish  by 
one  of  his  disciples  was  the  first  discovery, 
and  this  was  followed  by  the  nineteen 
notorious  "  leaden  books,"  some  written  in 
bad  Latin,  others  in  bad  Arabic,  and  all 
purporting  to  date  from  the  earliest  Christian 
times.  The  story  has  been  admirably  told 
in  '  Los  falsos  Cronicones,'  an  authority  of 
which  Mr.  Williams  makes  good  use  ;  but 
he  lacks  Godoy  Alcantara's  light  touch,  and 
adds  nothing  to  the  information  published 
nearly  forty  years  ago.  Yet  research  lias 
not  stood  still  meanwhile.  It  is  now  estab- 
lished that  Juan  Bautista  Perez,  either 
under  his  own  name  or  under  the  pseudonym 
of  Gonzalo  do  Valcarcel,  was  the  first  to 
expose  the  Granada  impostures,  and  it  has 
apparently  escaped  Mr.  Williams's  notice 
that  a  summary  of  Yalcarcel's  damaging 
'  Discurso '  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 
There  is  ground  for  suspecting  that  Luna 
and  Castillo  were  concerned  in  these  fraud-  ; 
it  is  an  over-statement  to  say  that  "  there 
is  now  no  room  for  doubt  "  as  to  their  guilt. 
The  description  of  the  '  Historia  verdadem 
del  rev  Rodrigo  '  as  a  "  singular  and  men- 
dacious work  ""  takes  no  account  of  the  fact 
that  similar  literary  hoaxes  were  frequent 
in  Spain  during  the  sixteenth  century ;  even 
so  serious  an  historian  as  (Vampo  invented 
imaginary  authorities,  and  Guevara's  fabri- 
cations were  still  more  daring.  There  is 
Sorely  something  to  be  said  for  the  fictitious 
chronicle  which  influenced  Lope  de  Vega  in 
writing  '  El  postrer  Godo  de  K-paria.'  and 
which  has  been  utilized  by  such  writers  as 
Scott,  Southey.  Washington  Irving.  RivaS, 
Espronceda,  and  Zorrilla.  But.  though 
Mr.  Williams  quotes  recent  authors  liko 
Bartrina  and  Qanivet,  he  is  evidently  un- 
familiar with  the  earlier  periods  of  Spanish 
literature;  otherwise  he  would  see  nothing 
Btrange  in  such  expressions  as  "Don"  Ceeilio 
or  "  Don  "  Hiscio.  A  far  more  remarkable 
example  of  this  usage  occurs  in  Beroeo. 
However,  apart  from  occasional  omissions 
and  inaccuracies,  the  historical  digreSBU  D 
on  the  Sacro  Monte  episode  is  not  inadequate, 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


543 


and  is  a  pleasin'g  novelty  in  a  book  of  this 
kind. 

We  share  Mr.  Albert  F.  Calvert's  opinion 
that  the  illustrations  in  his  Moorish  Remains 
in  Spain  (John  Lane)  are  more  important 
than  the  copious  text.     The  coloured  plates 
reproduce    admirably    the    delicate    devices 
characteristic  of  Moorish  workmanship  at  its 
best,  and  the  views  of  historic  monuments 
at    Cordova,    Seville,    and    Toledo    are    dis- 
tinctly   interesting.     Had    as    much    pains 
been   spent   on  the   commentary,   the  work 
would  be  of  permanent  value  ;    but,  though 
Mr.  Calvert  speaks  of  being  "  immersed  in 
authorities,"  the  immersion  has  been  partial, 
and  the  result  is  unsatisfactory.     Except  on 
the  supposition  that  the  author  wrote  his 
first  draft  in  French,  or  that  he  is  unfamiliar 
with  Spanish,  it  is  not  easy  to  explain  why 
the    title    of    Contreras's    '  Estudio    de    los 
monumentos  arabes  en  Sevilla  y  Cordoba  ' 
is  given  as   '  Monuments  Arabes  '   (p.   258), 
nor    why    Alburquerque    becomes     "  Albu- 
querque "    (p.    360),    nor    why    Charles    V. 
appears  as   "  Charles  Quint  "   (p.   426).     In 
other  respects   the   information   supplied   is 
antiquated   and   misleading.     Julian    is   de- 
scribed as  a  member  of  "  the  Gothic  nobility"  ; 
his  Gothic  descent  is  mentioned  by  no  writer 
earlier  than  Jimenez  de  Rada,  and  his  patent 
of    nobility    is    a    genial    invention    of    the 
Moorish  chronicler  Rasis.     Again,  Roderick 
is  said  to  have  fallen  on  the  banks  of  the 
Guadalete   in   711.       It    is   doubtful   if   any 
battle  took  place  near  the  Guadalete  in  711  ; 
modern    historians    date    Roderick's    death 
two  years  later,   and  they  fix  the  scene  at 
Segoyuela.     It    is    a    strange    genealogical 
freak  which  makes  Peter  the  Cruel  the  son 
•of  Alfonso  the  Learned   (p.    360)  ;     Alfonso 
died  some  twenty  years  before  Peter  was  born. 
The  reference  to  Calderon  on  p.  421  is  pro- 
bably   due   to    a   confused   reminiscence    of 
Lope    de    Vega's    play    '  Los    Palacios    de 
Galiana.'     Mr.  Calvert  habitually  confounds 
legend   with   fact,    and   fails   to    distinguish 
between  the  random  assertions  of  a  tourist 
and  the  statements  of  a  scholar  like  Dozy 
(who,   by  the  way,  was  not   "of  Leipsic," 
but  of  Leyden). 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Independent  Labour  Party  publish, 
in  "  The  Socialist  Library,"  edited  by  Mr. 
Ramsay  Macdonald,  Studies  in  Socialism, 
by  Jean  Jaures,  translated  by  Mildred 
Minturn.  The  essays  are  mostly  taken 
from  a  large  volume  reviewed  by  us  some 
years  ago,  and  had  previously  appeared, 
one  by  one,  in  French  newspapers.  The 
last  in  this  book  is  remarkable  for  its  poetic 
beauty,  upon  which  we  dwelt  in  our  review  : 
it  is  called  here  '  Moonlight,'  and,  considering 
the  extraordinary  difficulty  of  translation 
in  such  a  case,  we  are  able  to  congratulate 
those  concerned  upon  the  result.  The  chief 
value  of  the  volume  lies  not  in  the  Intro- 
duction named  upon  the  title-page,  but  in 
Mr.  Macdonald's  short  '  Editorial  Note,'  the 
five  pages  of  which  contain  an  interesting 
onal  pronouncement  upon  the  future  of 
tli.'  Labour  Party  in  this  country.  In  the 
translator's  Introduction  M.  Jaures  is  named 
"probably  the  most  conspicuous  and 
weighty  personality  in  French  political  life." 
rhere  «ms  a  moment  when  this  might  have 
lid  with  truth.  We  know  not  what 
force  i  attached  to  the  word  "  probably," 
I >ut  in  any  rase  the  Statement  is  now  oxccs- 
\Tr.  Macdonald  has  more  justification 
for    Ins    phrase    "the    most     powerful    figure 

amongst  French  Socialists."     M.  Jaures  has 
not   taken   office;     M.    Mill  rand,    with    his 


support,  has.  M.  Millerand  was  driven,  by 
the  abuse  of  those  who,  for  a  time,  were  his 
brother  Socialists,  back  into  the  Nationalist 
Party,  whence  he  came.  Mr.  Burns,  in  this 
country,  has  received  something  of  the  treat- 
ment accorded  to  M.  Millerand,  happily,  as 
yet,  without  similar  results. 

M.  Louis  Aubert  publishes,  through  the 
Librairie  Armand  Colin,  Paix  Japonaise,  a 
collection  of  chapters  most  of  which  have 
appeared  in  the  Revue  de  Paris.  Half  the 
volume  is  on  the  expansion  of  Japan,  and  the 
other  half  on  certain  impressions  of  Japan 
itself.  The  somewhat  dull  beginning  may 
repel  readers,  but  the  book  improves  greatly 
as  it  goes  on,  and  may  be  highly  commended. 
The  author  shows  his  detachment  from 
ordinary  French  views  when  he  relates  the 
evil  consequences  for  Russia  of  the  action 
taken  by  Russia,  Germany,  and  France  in 
1895  in  forcing  Japan  to  evacuate  Port 
Arthur  and  its  neighbourhood.  He  uses 
strong  language  with  regard  to  the  fashion 
in  which  Japan  was  dealt  with  on  that 
occasion.  He  also  adopts  our  view,  rather 
than  that  popular  on  the  Continent,  in 
declaring  that  the  Japanese  alliance  with 
Great  Britain  "  secures  to  France  "  and  to 
Germany  their  possessions  in  Indo-China 
and  at  Kiaou-Chiaou.  A  most  interesting 
study  of  the  commercial  and  political  position 
of  Japan  in  China  follows.  It  is  largely 
based  upon  the  monthly  consular  reports 
published  at  Washington,  the  great  value 
of  which,  as  well  as  their  superiority  to  the 
consular  reports  of  other  countries,  is  appa- 
rent to  the  author.  The  second  part  of  the 
volume  reveals  M.  Aubert  as  a  master  of  a 
wholly  different  style.  The  chapters  on 
landscape  in  Japan  will  be  interesting  to  all 
artists  as  well  as  to  those  who  are  specially 
concerned  with  the  Far  East,  and  some 
passages  are  written  with  admirable  feeling 
and  in  perfect  form.  A  chapter  on  the 
roads  of  Japan  is  really  on  the  famous  high- 
way from  the  former  capital  of  the  Tycoon 
to  the  ancient  capital  where  the  Mikado 
dwelt  in  seclusion,  and  has  much  of  the 
charm  of  Mr.  Kipling's  '  Kim,'  which  deals 
in  similar  fashion  with  the  great  road  of 
India. 

We  can  hardly  find  a  fault  with  M.  Aubert's 
book.  On  a  former  occasion  we  alluded  to 
the  curious  fact,  best  brought  out  by 
another  modern  French  author,  that  the 
Empire  of  Rome,  claiming  to  be  the  world, 
and  the  Empire  of  China,  making  a  similar 
claim,  never  met,  and  officially  ignored 
each  other's  existence.  M.  Aubert  in  his 
preface  describes  the  separation  of  the 
Chinese  and  of  the  Christian  worlds  as  though 
it  were  a  phenomenon  which  began  only  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  when  Islam  inter- 
posed and  broke  "  land  communications 
previously  in  full  working  order  between 
Europe  and  Oriental  Asia."  Ignoring  the 
earlier  separation,  to  which  we  have  referred, 
he  adds  :  "  Thus  separated,  the  two  worlds 
for  centuries  knew  nothing  the  one  of  the 
other."  This  seems  to  be  somewhat  of  an 
exaggeration,  in  face  of  many  records  of 
travel  which  concern  the  period  affected  by 
the  phrase  "  centuries.  ..  .since  the  thir- 
teenth century."  We  think,  however,  that 
the  history  of  the  Christian  churches  of 
India  and  of  China  is  singularly  little  known, 
considering  the  numbers  to  which  their 
adherents  must  have  attained. 

Wordsworth'*  Guide  to  the  Lakes.  Edited 
by  Ernest  de  Selincourt.  (Frowde.) — Mr. 
do  Selincourt  has  done  well  to  #ivo  us  an 
exact  reprint  of  the  183.1  (fifth)  edition  of 
William  Wordsworth's  famous  'Guide.'  It 
is   not  only  a   book   which   every   visitor  to 

tho  Lak<*  District   and   Lover  of  the  poet 
should  have  read,  but  also  one  which  every 


architect  who  proposes  to  build  a  villa  at 
Keswick  or  Windermere  should  have  in- 
wardly digested.  One  need  not  agree  with 
all  Wordsworth's  opinions  :  one  maj7  pc  rccive 
in  the  -winter  and  in  the  spring  beauties  in 
the  larch  to  which,  in  his  generous  pleading 
for  the  native  timber  trees,  he  was  blind, 
but  none  over  knew  and  loved  that  country 
better  than  he,  and  his  description  of  it  L 
not  only  the  product  of  prolonged,  felicitous, 
and  loving  observation,  but  also  furnishes  in 
itself  an  invaluable  commentary  on  much  of 
the  author's  poetical  work.  Again  and 
again,  in  reading  this  appreciation  of  lake 
and  mountain  scenery,  we  are  struck  by 
the  essential  justice  of  the  poet's  remarks. 
In  the  course  of  many  years  we  may  have 
formed  certain  aesthetic  conclusions  from  our 
own  observations  of  the  district — may  have 
fancied  even  that  they  were  new  ;  but  we 
discover  them  all  here,  and  many  more,  in 
the  effective  prose  of  the  poet.  In  one  point 
only  does  he  fail  :  in  his  appreciation  of 
the  mountain  tarns  and  becks  he  makes  no 
allusion  to  one  of  the  most  lasting  and 
delicious  sensations  they  afford— the  joy  of 
a  bath  after  a  long  day's  walk  over  the  fells. 
This  is  a  book  over  which  one  is  tempted 
to  linger,  to  moralize  and  to  argue,  and  we 
doubt  not  it  will  furnish  many  a  student  in 
the  vacations  with  the  guide,  philosopher 
and  friend  he  needs  of  an  evening  in  Lis  inn. 
Mr.  de  Selincourt  has  done  his  part  with 
meticulous  and  loving  care  :  he  has  furnished 
an  excellent  preface  and  bibliographical 
notes,  and  added  the  letters  to  Sir  G.  Beau- 
mont and  on  the  Kendal  and  Windermere 
Railway  ;  he  has  reproduced  eight  illustra- 
tions from  books  that  appeared  in  Words- 
worth's lifetime,  and  also  all  the  unnecessary 
commas  of  the  original  edition.  A  bibliophile 
can  ask  no  more. 

The  Great  Forest  of  Brecknock.     By  John 
Lloyd.      (Bedford  Press,   Bedfordbury. ) — In 
this  well-produced   and  handsomely   bound 
volume  Mr.  Lloyd  has  printed  a  considerable 
variety  of  information  as  to  the  Great  Forest 
of  Brecknock,  pertinent  to  the  question  of 
the  legal  position  of  the  allotment  owners, 
who  became  the  successors  of  the  old  com- 
moners by  the  Inclosure  Act  of  1815.     Much 
of   the   matter   is   of    general   interest   witli 
regard  to  a  large  tract  of  ancient  forest  land, 
outside    the    merits    of    the    legal    disputes 
between    the     allotment     owners     and     the 
Crown,  or  the  same  and  Lord  Tredegar.   Mr. 
Lloyd  is  himself  one  of  the  allotment  owners, 
but  he  seems  to  have  written  in  a  candid, 
straightforward  way,  and  not  to  have  kept 
back  a  singlo  sci'ap  of   trustworthy  or  im- 
portant   information    that    came    into    his 
hands.     Most    of    the    old    documents    here 
cited  were  searched  for  and  copied  by  Mr. 
Ulingworth,   of  the  Record  Office,   in   1813, 
for  the  purposes  of  a  trial  with  tho  Crown. 
The  present  volume  is  not  at  all  well  arranged 
from  a  literary  point  of  view,  and  contains 
a  good  deal  of  matter  that    seems  scarcely 
worth    printing    from    any    point    of    view  ; 
nevertheless,  there  is  much  that  is  of  value 
to  both  the  local  and  the  general  historian, 
particularly  to  those   who   take   an   interest 
in  the  story  of  our  old   forests  or  hunting 
districts.     There   can    he    little    doubt    thai 
a   thorough   search   at    the    Public    Record 
Office  into   the  early   history   of   this    forest 
tract  would   nowadays,  when  calendars  and 
general  arrangement  are  so  much  improved, 

he  rewarded  with  far  more  success  than  that 

achieved  by  Mr.  Ulingworth  in  1813. 
The  Great    Forest    of   Brecknock,   as  the 

district  is  still  called,  contained  about  40,000 
acres,  or  an  area  ten  miles  square.  Like  all 
the   big    forests   of    England,    it    embraced    a 

considerable  variety  or  land  ;   it  lay  mainly 

,n    (he  south   side  of  the   Usk   Valley,   whoso 


.11 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N    1097,  M.w  5.  1906 


■lopei  were  w * -l  1  n led  end  iheltered,  but 

extended  over  the  Beeoon  range  <  >l  mountains 
em  bracing  much  lnnd  that  was  bleak  and 
wild,  and  over  2,000  ft.  high.  When  Bernard 
Newmoroh,  the  (Gorman  chieftain,  conquered 
Breconshire,  towards  tin-  end  "t  William's 
r>  i  a,  he  reserved  t<>  himself  this  great  un- 
enclosed tract  on  the  lulls  and  mountains 
of  the  Usk  Valley,  within  easy  reach  of  his 
castle  of   Brecknock.     This  forest   did   not 

Come  int.>  the  hands  of  the  Crown  until  late 
in    the   fifteenth   century,   and    Mr.    Lloyd    is 
wrong  in  Btating  that  it  was  "governed  by 
the  strict    Norman   forestal   laws   of   ti 
times."     This  could  not  have  happened  with 

the  lands  of  a  subject,  however  powerful. 
Forest  law  prevailed  only  in  royal  forests, 
and  there  is  not  an  atom  of  evidence  in  these 
pages  of  genuine  forest  law  or  of  forest  pleas 
being  held.  The  chief  value  of  the  forest 
to  the  district  lay  in  the  old  custom  of  allow- 
ing agistment,  or  pasturage  for  cattle,  un- 
stinted in  number,  to  all  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Brecon  lordship. 

This  pasturage  right  went  by  the  old  name 
of  "'  t'vfiyve."  an  ancient  British  word 
signifying  reckoning  or  computation.  The 
Qyfryve  was  originally  threepence  a  head 
annually  to  the  forest  lord,  but  was  reduced 
to  a  penny  in  the  days  of  Richard  III.  There 
is  no  trace  of  a  close  month  for  deer-breeding 
purposes  or  any  of  the  usual  accompaniments 
of  a  royal  forest.  In  several  respects  we 
are  reminded  of  the  Forest  of  Dartmoor. 

There  are  some  excellent  photographic 
views  of  the  scenery  and  antiquities  of  the 
district,  and  a  large-scale  map  from  a  survey 
made  in  1819. 

The  Story  of  Cambridge.  By  Charles  W. 
Stubbs,  D.D.  Illustrated  by  Herbert  Rail- 
ton.  (Dent  &  Co.) — Most  of  the  letterpress 
of  this  handy  volume  has  appeared  in  a 
larger  work  by  the  Dean  of  Ely,  with  coloured 
illustrations  by  Mr.  Railton.  The  present 
work  is  far  more  convenient  in  form,  and 
really  an  extremely  attractive  little  volume. 
Two  valuable  features  are  the  maps  (of  which 
there  are  three,  including  one  of  Cambridge 
made  in  1574  by  order  of  Archbishop  Parker) 
and  a  list  of  pictures  in  colleges,  halls,  and 
combination  rooms. 

We  have  before  us  Juvenilia  and  English 
Idyls,  the  first  section  of  Messrs.  Macmillan's 
new  "  Pocket  Tennyson  "  in  five  volumes,  a 
most  attractive  edition  on  thin  paper,  which 
offers '.' excellent  print,  and,  of  course,  the 
final  text  of  the  poet.  This  early  work  of 
Tennyson  is  full  of  the  charm  of  the  English 
spring  and  summer,  but  little  known  in  com- 
parison with  the  Arthurian  '  Idylls.'  Who 
could  say  off-hand  where  these  lines  occur  '! 

How  fresh  the  meadows  look 
Above  the  river,  and,  but  a  month  ago, 
The  whole  hill-side  was  redder  than  a  fox. 

There  are  many  other  touches  as  happy,  and 

this  slim  volume  ought  to  make  a  good  deal 

of  leisure  into  pleasure  this  season. 

The  "  Popular  Edition  "  of  The  Bible  in 
the  Holy  Land,  which  Mr.  John  Murray  sends 
us,  is  very  cheap  at  a  shilling,  and  we  hope 
that  Stanley's  work  will,  as  it  deserves,  go 
far  and  wido. 

Messrs.  Newnes  send  us  in  their 
excellent  "  Thin  Paper  Classics  "  three 
volumes  containing  respectively  The  Satires 
and  Dramas,  The  Shorter  Poems,  and  The 
Longer  Poems  of  Byron.  Mr.  E.  J.  Sullivan 
supplies  a  clever,  but  rather  fantastic  portrait 
to  each  volume.  Wo  have  also  in  the  some 
series  Essays  of  Addison,  odited  by  R.  I). 
Gillman,  whose  selection  and  arrangement 
are  of  merit ;  and  in  Messrs.  Newnes's 
"  Devotional  Series,"  The  Sacred  Poems  of 
Henry  Vauglian,  to  which  a  '  Virgin  adoring 
the   Infant   Christ,'   by   Perugino,   forms   a 


suitable   frontispiece.     All  these   books   ate 

well  bound  and  attractive  m  appeano 

Mi  mbs.  Sisi.i.v  in  the  "Panel  Books" 
have  invented  s  form  winch  is  likely  to  win 

popular  favour.  The  books  are  IihihIv  in 
shape     and      dainty      in      design.       We     have 

before  a  Don  Juan,  Tht  Devil  m,  Two 
Sticks,  and  Grommont's  Memoirs,  which  are 

to  be  had  in  art  vellum,  halt'  lent  her,  lamb- 
skin, and  real  persian  at  various  priot 

VVE  are  glad  to  see  that  several  important 
books     have     reached      new     edition-:       Mr. 

Si< lin\  Low's  'I'ln  Governance  of  England 
(Fisher  Ohwin),  Mr.  Carmichael's  In  Tuscany 
(Burns  &  Oates),  and  Jokai's  vivid  novel 
The  Ore* a  Hook  (Jarrold). 

Whisperings  from  the  Great,  sent  to  us  by 
Mr.  Frowde,  is  further  described  as  '  An 
Autograph  Album,  Birthday  and  Gui 
Book.'  It  is  compiled  by  Constance  A. 
Meredyth,  and  is  the  most  elaborate  book 
of  the  kind  we  have  ever  seen,  being  a  large, 
beautifully  printed  volume  of  royal  octavo 
size,  bound  in  leather,  and  offering  numerous 
quotations  for  every  day.  The  compiler 
has  made  an  agreeable  divagation  from  the 
ordinary  birthday  book  by  including  many 
excellent  lines  from  the  French.  She  shows 
also  a  wide  range  of  reading  among  English 
bards,  classic  and  modern.  Occasionally  a 
quotation  seems  to  us  incomplete,  as 

My  love  in  her  attire  doth  show  her  wit  ; 
It  doth  as  well  become  her  ; 

which  is  described  as  '  Old  Song.'     All  tastes 

in  verse  are  probably  consulted,  for  we  find 

on  one  page  excerpts  from  A.   A.   Procter, 

Coventry    Patmorc,    Lord    Lytton,     Rowe, 

Mellin   de    Saint-Gelais,    Cardinal   Manning, 

Clifton     Bingham,     Spenser,     Shelley,     and 

Victor  Hugo. 

The  Clergy  List  for  1906  (Kelly's  Direc- 
tories) appears  a  little  late  in  the  year,  but 
buyers  cannot  grumble  at  this  when  they 
notice  its  extent — 1,700  pages — and  realize 
the  admirable  thoroughness  and  accuracy 
with  which  the  work  has  been  carried  out. 
The  gross  and  net  values  of  benefices  are 
both  given,  the  difference  between  the  two 
being  in  several  cases  more  than  1007.  We 
regret  to  see  that  clerical  incomes  continue 
to  decline,  especially  in  the  case  of  country 
livings.  Another  very  useful  feature  is  the 
inclusion  of  the  post  town  and  railway 
station,  with  their  distance  from  each 
benefice.  The  firm  who  issue  this  excellent 
book  of  reference  deserve  the  highest  credit 
for  the  organization  and  care  which  all  their 
publications  imply. 

We  have  received  from  Messrs.  Fabb  & 
Tyler,  of  Caiubridge,  a  reprint  with  additions 
of  The  May  Bee  (1884)  and  other  ephemerides, 
The  Meteor  (1882),  and  Friends  in  Pencil, 
a  Cambridge  sketch-book  of  the  nineties. 
These  ebullitions  of  Cambridge  wit  are  con- 
stantly asked  for,  and,  fortified  by  various 
up-to-date  additions,  form  a  decidedly 
amusing  volume.  We  note  excellent  por- 
traits of  Dr.  Butler,  Dr.  Verrall,  and  Dr. 
Waldstein.  The  popular  and  commanding 
officer  of  the  C.U.R.V.  in  the  frontispiece 
bestrides  his  steed  with  resolute  confidence, 
and  other  notabilities  are  figured,  while  the 
mere  visitor  will  find  "  mems  "  for  his  benefit, 
and  pictures  of  some  of  the  best  Cambridge 
buildings. 

We  have  received  the  first  number  of  The 
Yachting  Monthly,  which  is  published  by 
The  Field.  It  is  well  illustrated,  and  offers 
practical Jadvice  as  to  designing  and  sailing, 
as  well  as  a  suitablo  leaven  in  lighter  vein. 
There  are  reviews  of  books,  and  the  whole 
for  a  first  number  is  admirably  comprehen- 
sive.    , 


um  ot  raw  book& 

I  N  QLItH, 

•■:/."■ 
:.  (.1  /.  Bishop  M  ■ 

>f   Short   Reading!   f..i    l  -    bj    i  l-..ple 

Ad»<  ll«'t. 

Edmnnd»  (A.  J  A  Bnddhirt  and  Chris!  -,7/Bnet. 

(Jam.  i  \    K.X  Ht  llgiou    KducaUon,  1 

n       low(ProL  U.\  ii..  Hpiritoal  re*  Ung  at  <  hrist's  Life, 

i  um  { \v.),  'i  in-  Communion  of  th<  I  irithGod, 

tr.iii-l.it.-. I  i>>  .1.  k.  Kt&nyon,  Kecond  BdiUoi 

Maclaren  (A.),  Trie  lioapel  a"  ordfng  t«.  st.  Mark,  i.  uL,  7/8 

.Molt 'I    I:       \  Short  Unitarian  History,  1    net. 

North,         ii     (  iii'i-ti.imty  and  Hex  Probli 

old  Teittament  in  Creek,  edited  by  A.  K.  Biooke  and 
N.  Mi  bean  :  Part  L  (  ■  net, 

on  (J.  t.  Hi-  Probli  in  of  the  Old  Testament,  10  net. 

Benan  ( K .),  I  be  Life  ■■(  Jems,  U  net. 

Robertson  (P.  W.),  Twelve  Herman 

Tisdall  (Bev.  W.  st.  Clair),  The  Beligion  of  the  Creeo 
Sh    oncl  Edition 

Tynan  (K.),  A  Book  of  .Memory  :  the  Birthday  Book  of  the 

Welsh  (K.  i;.),  The  Challenge  to  Christian  Missions,  Third 

Edition,  iyi. 

I. 
Allen   (K.    K.),    The    Law    of    Corporate    Kxecutors  and 

Trn 
Handbook   <>f    Executorship   Law,  by  l).   P.   de  L  Hosts 

Ruiking,  K.  Eras  Spioer,  and  K.  C.  Pegler,  U  (i  net. 

Fine  Art  and  A rchaology. 

OaldiOOtt  (-».   W.),  The  Values  of   Old  English  Silver   and 

Sheffield  Plate,  edited  by  J.  s.  Gardner,  42  net. 
Porrer  (L),  Benedetto  Pistrucci,  2  o  net. 
Hancock  (!■'.),  Dnnater  Church  and  Pri« 
Hobeon   (K.    L.),    Porcelain,    Oriental,   Continental,    and 

British,  12  0  net, 
Mortimer  (F.  J.),  Magnesium  Light  pby.J   net. 

National  Gallery  :  Dutch  School,  by  (i.  Geffrey;  I  he  Karly 
British  School  ;  The  letter  British  School,  S  0  net  each. 

Prideaux  (S.  T.),  .Modem  Bookbindings,  their  Design  and 
Decoration,  io  o  net. 

Rembrandt,  Part  IV.,  2  0  net. 

'  Studio  '  fear-Book  of  Decorative  Art,  B   net. 

Van  Dyck  :  Etchings,  7  a  net, 

Wedmore  (F.),  Whistler  and  others,  6/  net. 

Poetry  a,i<l  Drama. 
Churchill  (Winston),  The  Title-Mart,  3  6  net. 
Dunn   (S.  ii.),  The  Treasure  of  the  Sea,  and  other  Verses, 

3  0  net. 
Kehle  (J.),  The  Christian  War;  Lyra  Innocentium,  2/ net 

each. 
Moutrie  (S.),  Judas,  a  Tragedy. 

Rawlings  (B.  B.),  A  Story  of  Unrest,  a  Drama  of  Dreams,  4/8 
Saintshury  (G.),  A  History  of  English  Prosody,  VoL  L, 

10/  net. 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night,  edited  by  M.  Luce,  2,6  net. 
Shaw  (li.  B.),  Captain  Brassbound's  Conversion,  2   net, 
Sinton  (Rev.  T.),  The  Poetry  of  Badenoch,  21, 
Tennyson,  Juvenilia  and  Knglish  Idyls,  2  net. 
Yaughan(lL),  Devotional  Poems,  2   net. 

J/t(«ia 
Jonson  (Ben),  Songs,  with  the  Earliest  Known  Settings  of 

Certain  Numbers,  40,  net. 

Bibliography. 
Portico  Lists :  List  of  Works  in  the  Portico  Library  relating 

to  Architecture. 

Philosophic 
Benn  (A.  W.),  The  History  of  English  Rationalism  in  the 

Nineteenth  Century,  2  vols.,  21/  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Bax  (K.  15.),  Essays  in  Socialism,  New  and  Old,  ft/  net. 
Meyer  (H.   R.),   Municipal   Ownership    in    Great    Britain, 

G/6  net. 

History  ami  Biography. 
American  Historical  Review,  April,  3  6  net. 
Calendar  of  state  Papers,  Domestic   Scries,  16t>4-.r>,  edited 

by  W.  J.  Hardy,  15/ 
Charrier  (Capt   P.  A.).  Cromwell,  Campaigns  of  Edge  Hill, 

Marston  Moor.  Nasebv,  6  net. 
Evelyn  (John),   Diary,  edited  by  w.   Bray,  with  Life  by 

EL  B.  Wheat  lev.  4  vols.  42    net. 
Harvev  (A.).  Bristol,  4  6  net. 

Ilassail  (A.),  A  Brief  Survey  of  European  History,  4/6 
Hume    (M.  A.    S.),    Sir  Walter  Kalegh,    Popular   Edition, 

2  0  net. 
.lanssen  (J.),  History  of  the  German  People  at  the  Cli 

tin-  Mi. l.ll. •  Ages,  translated  by  A.  M.  Christie,  Vols.  IX. 

and  X.,  2  vols.,  26 
Lamb  (('.),  Letters,  3    net 

Lord  (W.  F.),  The  Mirror  of  the  Century,  .r>   net. 
Macmillan  (D.),  George  Buchanan,  S/B  net. 
Morley  (J.),  Tnje  Life  of  William  Kwart  Gladstone,  VoL  L, 

5/ net. 
Morris  (.1.),  Makers  of  Japan,  12  0  net. 
•Pope"   Crne)   of  Holland  House,   W3-40,  edited  by  Lady 

Seymour,  10  o  net. 
Bothscbild  (A.I.  Lincoln,  Master  of  Men,  12  0  net. 

Geography  ami  Travel. 
Masefield  (J.),  On  the  Spanish  Main,  10  0  net. 

Spoilt:  ami  Past' 
Grandiere (Maurice),  Ho*  to  Fence,  2  0 
Holder  (C.  F.),  The  Log  of  a  Sea  Angler,  8/  net. 
Standing  (P.  C),  The  Hon.  F.  s.  .l.u  kson,  i/6 

Philology. 
Clarkfl   (Q.    EL)  and    Murray   (C.    .!.),   A   Orammar  of  the 

German  Language,  8  net. 
Kara  ka  M.ilen  ka  ata  Temne  (Hymns  in  Temne),  ediu-<l  by 

.1.  Mankaand  .1.  A.  Alley,  l  s 
Longinus  on  the  Sublime,  translated  by  A.   O.   Prickard, 
net. 

Magww  Hanaa  (Haaaa  stories  and  Fables),  collected  by 
.1.  F.  Sclion,  edited  by  C.  H.  Robinson 


N°  4097,  May  o,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


545 


Pope  (Rev.  G.  U.),  A  Handbook  of  the  Tamil  Language : 
Part  IV.  An  English  -  Tamil  Dictionary,  Seventh 
Edition,  5/  net. 

School-Books. 

Arnold's  Gateways  to  History :    Book    I.    Heroes  of   the 

Homeland,   10d.',  II.  Heroes  of  Many  Lands,  1/;  III. 
Men   of    England,    1/3 ;    IIIa.     Men    of  Britain ;    IV. 

Wardens  of  Empire  ;  V.  Briton  as  Part  of  Europe  ;  \  I. 

The  Pageant  of  the  Empires,  1/6  each. 
Blackie's    English    School    Texts:    Capt.    Cook's    Second 

Voyage;    Holinshed's  Description  of  England  in  the 

Sixteenth  Century;    Walton's  The    Complete  Angler, 

6d.  each. 
Blackie's  Latin  Texts:  Virgil,  yEneid,  V.,  VII.,  VIII.,  and 

IX.,  6d.  net  each. 
Blackie's  Model  Readers,  Book  IV.,  1/4 
Deakin's  Euclid,  Books  I.-III.,  2/6 
Hall  (H.  R.  W.),  Our  English  Towns  and  Villages.  1/6 
Hooton  (W.),  Junior  Experimental  Science,  2/6 
Hoskyns-Abrahall  (W.),  The  Health  Reader,  1/0 
Merimee  (P.),  Tamango  Jose  Maria,  le  Brigand,  edited  by 

A.  Barrere,  1/6 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  Books  I.  and  II.,  edited  by  A.  F. 

Watt,  1/6 
Raymond  (W.),  A  School  History  of  Somerset,  1/6 
savory  (D.  L.),  A  First  German  Reader,  1/6 
Tillyard  (A.  C.  W.),  Le  Livre  des  Jeux,  1/ 
Winbolt  (S.    E.),   The  Latin  Hexameter,   Hints  for  Sixth 

Forms,  2/ 
Wright  (\V.  P.),  School  and  Garden,  6rf. 
Vates  (M.  T.),  Animal  Life,  1/6  ;  Stories  of  Animals,  1/ 

Science. 

Adams  (A.   D.),  Electric   Transmission  of   Water   Power, 
12/6  net. 

(assell's  Dictionary  of  Gardening,  Part  I.,  Id.  net. 

Caven  (R.   ML)  and  Lander  (G.  D.),  Systematic  Inorganic 
Chemistry,  6/  net. 

Collett  (A.),  A  Handbook  of  British  Inland  Birds,  6/ 

Eccles  (R.  G.),  Food  Preservatives,  5/  net. 

Fabre  (J.  H.),  Insect  Life,  New  Edition,  2/6 

Fitzgerald   (H.    P.),    A    Concise    Handbook  of    Climbers, 
Twiners,  and  Wall  Shrubs,  3/6  net. 

Fleming   (J.   A.),   The  Principles  of  Electric  Wave  Tele- 
graphy, 24/  net. 

Gerhardi  (C.  H.  \V.),  Electricity  Meters :  their  Construction 
and  .Management,  9/  net. 

Hasluck  (P.    N.),   Boot  and  Shoe  Cutting  and  Clicking ; 
Practical  Painters'  Work,  2/  each. 

High-Tension  Power  Transmission,  Vol.  I.,  12/6  net ;  Vol.  II., 
10/6  net. 

Lockwood  (C.  B.),  Appendicitis:  its  Pathology, &c,  10/ net. 

Park  (J.),  A  Text-Book  of  Mining  Geology,  6/ 

Pair  (G.   D.   A.),    Electrical   Engineering    in    Theory  and 
Practice,  12/  net. 

Peck  (C.  L.),  Profitable  Dairying,  4/  net. 

Richards   (J.    W.),    Metallurgical    Calculations,    Part    I., 
8/6  net. 

Royal  Scottish  Arboricultural  Society,  Transactions,  5/ 

Sothern  (J.  W.),  The  Marine  Steam  Turbine,  2/6  net. 

Stoneman  (B.),  Plants  and  their  Ways  in  South  Africa,  3/6 

Wallace  (J.  S.),  Supplementary  Essays  on  the  Cause  and 
Prevention  of  Dental  Caries,  3/6  net. 

Wvthes  (G.)  and  Roberts  (H.),  The  Book  of  Rarer  Vege- 
tables, 2/6  net. 

Juvenile  Literature. 

Hawthorne's  Tanglewood  Tales,  told  by  C.  E.  Smith,  1/  net. 

Jacberns  (R.),  Three  Rascals,  New  Edition,  2/6 

Macgregor  (M.),  Tales  from  Hans  Andersen,  1/  net. 

General  Literature. 
Benson  (A.  C),  From  a  College  Window,  7/6  net. 
Brockington  (A.  A.),  The  Wayfarer,  6d.  net. 
Brooks  (M.),  The  Newell  fortune,  6/ 
Champion  de  Crespigny  (Mrs.  P.),  The  Grey  Domino,  6/ 
Cornford  (L.  C),  Parson  Brand,  and  other  Voyagers' Tales, 

6/ 
Cromartie (Countess  of),  Sons  of  the  Milesians,  0/ 
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swan  (A.  H.),  A  Ma^k  of  Gold,  3/6 

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FOR  E IC  N. 

Km  Ait  and  Anhaottgy, 
Doigneau  (A.),  Nos  Ancetres  primitifs,  Mr. 
JonTn  (II.),  Jean  Qoujon.  8fr.  fO. 
Reymond  (M.),  VerrocchlO,  :'.fr.  60. 

Vofl  (K.),  Die  altniederlandische  Bfalerai  ron  Jan  van  Byck 
hi-  Memling,  18m. 


History  and  Biography. 
Brucelle  (E.)  et  Lefevre  (J.),  Histoire  de  Chalandry  (Aisne) 

et  de  ses  Environs,  5fr. 
Boutry  (M.),  Autour  de  Marie  Antoinette,  Bfr, 
Debidour    (A.),    L'Eglise    Catholique    et    l'Etat    sous    la 

troisieme  Repubhque  (1870-1906),  A*ol.  I.,  7fr. 
Langlois(C.    V.),  Questions  d'Histoire  et  d'Enseignement, 

Nouvelle  Serie,  3fr.  50. 
Mater  (A.),    L'Eglise    Catholique :    sa    Constitution,    son 

Administration,  5fr. 
Peslouan  (L  de),  N.  H.  Abel,  sa  Vie  et  son  (Euvre,  5  fr. 
Salone  (E.),  Guillaume  Raynal,  Historien  du  Canada,  3fr. 
Wiilker  (R.),  Geschichte  der  Englischen  Literatur,  zweite 
Auflage,  Part  I.,  lm. 

Philology. 
Boer  (R.   C),   Untersuchungen    lib.    den   Ursprung  u.   die 

Entwieklung  der  Nibelungensage,  Vol.  I.,  8m. 
Hoceyne-Azad,  La  Roseraie  du  Savoir :    Texte,  5fr.  ;  Tra- 
duction, Bfr. 
Wetzstein  (J.   G.),  Die  Liebenden   v.    Amasia,   iibers.  u. 
erkliirt,  5m. 

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Pierret  (E.),  Tentatrice,  3fr.  50. 
Rictus  (J.),  Fils  de  Fer,  3fr.  50. 
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sending  Books. 


NOTES    FROM    DUBLIN. 

The  appearance  of  some  eighty  ladies 
from  Girton,  Newnham,  and  their  Oxford 
sister  to  take  degrees  at  the  recent  Commence- 
ments in  Trinity  College  has  naturally  sug- 
gested the  question,  How  long  is  this  whole- 
sale conferring  of  degrees  on  people  who  have 
obtained  no  part  of  their  education  in  Dublin 
to  continue  ?  The  printed  documents  on 
the  subject  fix  as  a  limit  "up  to  1907  "  ; 
but  as  the  Provost,  in  a  speech  made  to 
the  ladies  after  the  ceremony,  said  he  saw 
no  reason  why  it  should  not  continue,  it  is 
high  time  that  the  policy  of  the  college  should 
be  clearly  defined  and  understood.  In 
answer  to  the  critics  who  say  that  Trinity 
College  has  started  a  monopoly  among  the 
old  universities,  and  is  now  driving  a 
lucrative  trade  by  selling  degrees  to  strangers, 
the  following  explanation  may  be  desirable. 
For  some  time  after  the  Senate  of  the 
Dublin  University  had  declared  by  a  large 
majority  that  they  would  confer  degrees 
on  women,  there  were  legal  and  technical 
delays,  which  prevented  many  expectant 
candidates  from  profiting  by  the  declaration. 
It  was  thought  a  hardship  that  such  persons 
should  miss  the  benefit  of  a  degree,  merely 
owing  to  opposition  and  delay  in  carrying 
out  the  vote  of  the  Senate. 

It  was  therefore  thought  reasonable  that 
as  men  keeping  their  terms  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  can  get  credit  for  them  and  be 
presented  ad  eundem  qradum  in  Dublin,  so 
those  women  who  had  performed  the  same 
exercises,  and  would  have  been  entitled, 
but  for  their  sex,  to  the  same  privilege  at 
Oxford  or  Cambridge,  should  be  treated  as 
men,  and  admitted  to  quasi  ad  eundem 
degrees.  But  it  was  a  mere  policy  of  transi- 
tion, intended  to  include  only  a  few  hard 
cases  of  women  who  had  just  missed  the 
time  when  they  might  have  kept  terms  and 
got  degrees  in  Dublin.  And  if  the  giving  of 
ad  eundem  degrees  to  men  from  Oxford  or 
Cambridge  increased  to  more  than  occasional 
and  exceptional  cases  ;  if  eighty  mon  asked 
for  that  privilege  to-morrow,  the  University 
would  surely  roconsider  its  position  and  say 
that  it  was  not  reasonable  to  give  crowds  of 
degrees  to  men  who  were  strangers  within  its 
walls.  This  is,  however,  what  has  happened 
in  regard  to  women.  Some  who  woro  a  little 
senior  to  the  transitional  period  thought  it 
hard  that  they  should  be  excluded,  though 
they  had  completed  their  studies  without 
any  hope  of  a  degree.  The  majority  of  the 
Board,  in  spito  of  protosts,  saw  no  logical 
reason  to  pause.  The  evil  then  grew  apaoe, 
and  women  of  twonty  yoars'  standing,  and 
even   some    residing    in    tho   colonios,    were 


admitted  to  the  degree.  As  the  matter  now 
stands,  it  is  difficult  to  avoid  the  imputation 
of  selling  degrees  to  strangers  broadcast  on 
easy  terms.  And  yet  the  Tutors,  and  other 
officers  who  have  profited  by  this  policy, 
are  very  far  from  approving  of  it.  Whatever 
may  be  said  in  favour  of  the  policy  of  a 
transitional  period,  the  strict  adherence  to 
the  limit  stated  in  all  the  documents,  viz., 
up  to  the  end  of  the  present  year,  will  be 
demanded  by  all  those  who  value  the  antique 
dignity  of  the  University  of  Dublin.  It  is, 
indeed,  not  certain  that  its  degrees  will  not 
lose  in  prestige  permanently,  owing  to  the 
events  of  the  last  three  years. 

But  quite  apart  from  this  influx  of  strange 
ladies  is  the  gratifying  fact  that  some  sixty 
honest  undergraduates  of  the  sex  are  attend- 
ing lectures,  obtaining  high  honours,  and 
otherwise  profiting  by  the  education  of 
Trinity  College.  These  girls  are  working 
for  genuine  degrees,  and  gaining  great 
prizes  in  competition  with  men.  So  far  the 
experiment  of  admitting  women  to  the  educa- 
tion of  the  College  has  proved  both  satis- 
factory and  successful.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  many  who  now  go  to  Girton  will,  when 
the  Dublin  degree  is  restricted  to  Dublin 
undergraduates,  find  it  their  interest  to 
be  educated  there,  and  then  the  memory  of 
this  cloud  of  strangers  crowding  the  Theatre 
on  Commencement  days  will  pass  away  like 
an  evil  dream.  M. 


SOME  UNPUBLISHED  LETTERS  OF 
CHARLES  LAMB. 

[These  letters  are  copyright  in  England  and  the  United 
States,  being  published  also  to-day  by  The  Evening  Past 
(Saturday  Supplement)  in  New  York.'] 

I  purchased  some  four  or  five  years  ago 
the  remaining  manuscripts  of  Thomas  Man- 
ning, the  friend  of  Charles  Lamb.  The 
collection  included,  besides  numerous  letters 
from  Charles  and  Robert  Lloyd,  and  others 
addressed  to  Manning,  many  written  to 
Manning's  father  and  other  relatives,  and  a 
number  of  his  epistles  to  Charles  Lamb. 
These  letters  and  the  other  papers  in  the 
collection  would  be  very  useful  to  any  one 
who  might  attempt  to  write  the  biography 
of  the  gifted,  but  somewhat  enigmatic  writer 
or  receiver  of  them.  But  of  course  the  most 
interesting  things  in  the  collection  were  the 
documents  by,  or  relating  to,  Charles  Lamb 
which  it  contained.  Of  these  the  most  valu- 
able was  a  beautifully  wTitten  copy  of  the 
'  Farewell  to  Tobacco.'  This  was  inscribed 
to  Capt.  Burney  and  another  of  his  familiar 
friends  ;  and  at  the  end  of  it  was  a  drawing 
of  a  broken  pipe — the  only  drawing  (or  the 
only  one  worthy  of  the  name)  which  Lamb 
is  known  to  have  executed.  There  wras  also 
a  manuscript  copy  of  his  '  Three  Graves,'  a 
facsimile  of  which  forms  the  frontispiece  of 
my  '  Sidelights  on  Charles  Lamb.'  In  addi- 
tion to  these  there  were  in  the  collection  the 
letters  and  fragments  of  letters  (excepting 
tho  last)  which  are  hereunder  printed.  I 
must  first  state,  however,  that  these  letters 
are  no  longer  in  my  possession,  they  having 
been  disposed  of  to  a  gentleman  who  has 
most  kindly  given  me  leave  to  publish  them. 
The  first  letter  was  addressed,  as  will  be 
seen,  to  Charles  Lloyd,  during  the  period 
when  he  was  residing  at  Cambridge  It  is 
worth  noting  that  of  all  tho  numerous  letters 
which  were  written  to  Charles  Lloyd  by  Lamb, 
this  is  the  only  ono  which  escaped  the  flames 
to  which  the}-  were  committed  by  one  of 
Lloyd's  sons,  upon  whoso  momory  it  is 
difficult  to  refrain  from  bestowing  a  male- 
diction. Of  course  the  play  to  which  the 
Letter  refers  is  '  Jolui  Woodvil.'     The  story 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N   1097.  Mav  5,  1906 


im  attempt  - 1"  gel  hii  pla\  acted 
10  w.  II  know ii  to  oeed  to  be  retold  h<  re, 
l».  \u  1. 1. .yd.     |  inik,- it  in\  |> ii 1 1.  iilu  request, 
yon  will  immediate!}  transmit   me  your  oopy 

■  i   im\    Play,     I    promise  religiously  to  restore    ii 

ii  |iai  i  ioularly,  as  I  am 
liable  even  day  to  be  called  upon  for  a  oopy. 
Sophia  will  paoi  it  up]  know  ii  yon  wdl  ask  bar. 
1  have  presented  raj  oopy  to  Kemble.  I  Left  it  .it 
lii—  house  yesterday  morning,  before  be  was  up, 
with  no  othor  introduction  hut  an  anonyi 
note,  requesting  bis  opinion,  but  having  taken  the 
ration  to  write  my  name  and  address  in  a 
blank  leaf,  \wis  surprised  in  the  evening  with  a 
letter  from  Kemble,  in  verj  handsome  terms  de- 
clining to  determine  upon  it,  us  not  being  in  his 
provinoe,  but  i  Bering  "with  great  pleasure  to  put 
my  play  into  the  hands  of  the  Proprietors  >.i  Drury 
Line  Theatre,  anil  hoping  that  it  may  Buooeed 
with  them  to  .Mi.  Lamb's  wishes."  This  from  a 
perfeot  stranger  who  never  saw  me,  and  the  very 
day  in  which  I  had  so  awkwardly  and  improperly 
obtruded  it  upon  him,  "as  most  handsome  and 
gentlemanlike,  and,   I  confess,  has  revived  in  me 

s.iiiK-  antii|uati  d  pretensions [word  erased].  It 

is  evident  be  has  read  it  with  some  approbation,  of 

a  voluntary  offer  to  present  it  for  me so  you 

will  Bee  the  necessity  of  my  having  another  oopy 
fairly  written  in  the  house,  which  1  have  not,  only 

B  rough  draught. — 1  Will  certainly  sc  iinc  day  re- 
place yours hut  pray  send  it  directly — I  purpose 

calling  upon  Kemble,  whom  I  have  not  yet  seen, 
tomorrow  morning — 1  am  not  very  sanguine,  but 
the  profits  of  acting  plays  arc  so  large  nowadays, 
that  a  very  shadow  of  a  hope  ought  to  make  me 
glad.  — Direct  it  to  India  House — I  have  just 
learned  that  Coleridge  has  taken  lodgings  with 
his  family  in  the  Adelphi — but  1  have  seen  nothing 
of  him — 

Pray  present  my  love  to  Sophia,  and  bid  Manning 
write,  when  you  send  my  parcel — And  respects  to 

your  father  if  he  is  in  Cam yours  truly  C.  L. 

[Direct edj  Mr.  Charles  Lloyd,  .Tun., 

Mr.  Styles's,  Jesus  Lane 
Cambridge. 

[Probable  date,  December,  1799.] 

The  second,  as  will  be  seen,  is  only  a  part 
of  a  letter  to  Manning,  the  "  scrap  "  in 
in  return  for  Manning's,  to  which  the  writer 
alludes,  having  evidently  been  for  some 
reason  destroyed  : — 

[July,  1800.] 

Monday  Morning. 
I  have  just  got  your  scrap — Pray  tell  me  if  you 
■consider  this  as  just  payment  for  value  received.     If 

not,  to  work  again,  my  pen — I  am  just  now  en- 
gaged in  the  addition  of  9(10  pages,  continent  of 
twenty  sums  a  piece — 0  the  drudgery  to  which 
your  great  genuses  [sic]  are  exposed — But  Jupiter 
wore  a  Bull's  hide,  and  Apollo  kept  Admetus's 
swine,  each  fur  his  goddess. —  Mine  is  Pecunia, 
Blessing  on  her  golden  Looks. — 
Pray  write.      [Remainder  torn  off.] 

[Addressed]  Mr.  Thos.  Manning, 
Mr.  Crisp's 

near  St.  Mary's 
Cambridge. 

The  third  letter,  which  must  in  its  com- 
plete state  have  been  one  of  the  best  and 
most  characteristic  ever  written  by  its  author, 
has  unfortunately  been  cruelly  mutilated  by 
•one  of  its  former  possessors,  who  considered, 
I  suppose,  that  it  contained  some  indiscreet 
passages.  Well,  there  are  indications  in  the 
portion  saved  that  there  were  some  indis- 
cretions in  the  letter  ;  but  how  much  wisdom 
and  discretion  wotdd  we  not  sacrifice  could 
we  thereby  recover  a  few  of  Lamb's  indis- 
cretions ! 

[  Portion  of  a  letter  from  Lamb  to  Manning.] 
Pray  what   maps  do  you  use,  when  you  travel? 
Perhaps  you  have  hit  upon  one  that  leaves  London 

■  out.-    Do   let    me   send   you  down  a  Complete   set    of 

Mcrcator's  Charts,  or  Carrington   Bowles's  Survey 

of  England,  against  yon  travel  next.      Vou  certainly 
imagined  that   London  had  been  in  your  road  ;  anil 

White  writes  me  word  from  the  country,  where 
he  is  gone  to  recruit  his  strength,  that' he  L'o,-s 
groping  in  all  the  hedges  and  Copses  about  Oxford 
among    daisies,   kingcups,    and    pissabeds,   for    the 


•  ■t  poetry,  which  George  Dy<     ■■■  ill  *till  have 

It  arc  to  be  found  there  \ — 

|  L  tt.  i   t.uii.  ] 

ll.     i\  •  that  Sam.  Tayloi  Colendsea]  him 

a--  in m-ii  as  ever  under  the  influence  ..t  a  oold 
vanity,  and  does  not  span  absentem  rodere 
ami.  uin.  [i  my  Latin  correct!  Pity,  that  such 
human  frailties  should  perch  upon  the  margin  of 
Ulswater   Lake.     "Pit  all   tin-  echoes  in 

SUOh    a    tone,  so    plaintive,  1    wish    J    had    my  flute. 

|  Words  erased.  ] 

Lloyd's  four  Brothen  are  grown  ohoioe  Lads    they 
ibout  Birmingham  streets,  and  get  drunk 

at    Coffee    houses,    and    heat    the    watch      aim.. 

great  a  metamorphosis  to  some  <>f  them,  as  tie- trans- 
formation oi  Roderiok  Random,  1  beoarrotty  waggon- 
passenger  and  oo- mate  of  Barber  Strap,  [wonis  era 

into  a  fine  gent,  and  (letter  torn  | 

about  ton n     All  tin-  world 
I  Let  ter  torn.] 

I  to  you  trouble  your  head  about  Peace?  or  the 
Northern  confederacy?  I  want  to  know  where 
you  bestow  your  Interest  for  every  man  has  an 
interest,  such  as  it  is,  in  his  breast — as  Lord 
Hamlet  Bays  —  "  every  man  has  business  and 
affairs." — I  feel  as  if  I  were  going  to  leave  off 
business. — 

Dont  mistake  me,  I  only  feel  so  just  now.  Some- 
times I  am  very  busy  about  nothing. 

But  seriously  what  do  you  think  of  this  Life  of 
OUTS?  Can  you  make  head  or  tail  on't ■''.  How  we 
came  here  (that  I  have  some  tolerable  [word 
omitted]  hint  of)  what  we  came  here  for  (that  I 
know  no  more  than  [an]  Ideot. ) 

[Sentence  omitted  here.] 

You  dropt  a  word  whether  in  jest  or  earnest,  as 
if  you  would  join  me  in  some  work,  such  as  a 
review  or  series  of  papers,  essays,  or  anything. — 
Were  you  serious  ?  I  want  some  occupation,  and  I 
more  want  money.  Had  you  any  scheme,  or  was 
it,  as  G.  Dyer  says,  en  passant ''.  If  I  don't  have  a 
Legacy  left  me  shortly,  I  must  get  into  pay  with 
some  newspaper  for  small  gains.  Mutton  is  twelve- 
pence  a  pound. 

There,  there  is  a  full  three  sides  for  von.— 

'     C.  L.- 
[Directed]  Mr.  Manning 
Mr.  Crisp's 

near  St.  Mary's 
Cambridge. 

In  the  passage  beginning  "  He  says  that 
Sam.  Taylor  Coleridge,"  "  He,"  I  imagine, 
refers  to  Charles  Lloyd.  The  allusion  to 
Lloyd's  four  brothers  is  perhaps  only  to  be 
taken  as  one  of  Lamb's  "  matter-of  lie  " 
mystifications.  There  is  nothing  else  that 
needs  comment  in  the  letter,  save  that 
it  shows  its  author  in  a  moody  humour 
such  as  he  did  not  often  exhibit,  except 
when  he  was  under  the  immediate  pressure 
of  misfortune.  It  must,  however,  be  ob- 
served that  one  word  and  one  sentence 
have  been  omitted,  not  because  of  any  real 
harm  in  them,  but  because  some  good  people 
might  possibly  be  a  little  scandalized  by 
them.  With  Manning,  more  than  with  any 
other  correspondent,  Lamb  felt  himself 
free  to  give  expression  without  reserve,  or 
fear  of  being  misunderstood,  to  whatever 
thought  might  happen  to  occur  to  him. 

There  is  one  other  letter  of  Lamb's  which 
belongs  to  this  collection  ;  but  as  that  is 
printed  in  Mr.  Lucas's  edition  of  Lamb's 
works  (see  vol.  vi.  p.  168),  it  need  not  be 
reproduced  here. 

The  following  letter  to  Sir  Thomas  Noon 
Talfourd,  which  is  still  in  my  possession, 
was  purchased  by  me  at  Sotheby's  : — 

Dr.  T. —  "MoXOn  &  Knowles  are  coming  to 
Enfield  on  Sunday  afternoon.  My  poor  shaken 
head     cannot    at    present    let     me    ask    any    dinner 

company  ;  for  two  drinkings  in  a  day,  which  must 

ensue,  would  incapacity  me.  1  am  very  poorly. 
They  can  only  get  an  Kdmont"  stage,  from  which 
village  'tis  but  a  2  miles  walk,  &  I  have  only  MM 
ludu  to  offer,  I''"!/,  join  'em  if  you  can.  Our  first 
morning  stage  to  London  is  j  past  S.  If  that  won't 
suit  your  avocations,  arrange  with  Kyle  (or  without 
him  —  but  how  can  I  separate  him  morally? — 
Ipgioally    and    legally,    poetically    and    critically    I 

can,— from  you?    No  disparagement  (for  a  better 


iUo       this    is   latin       the  lay    \ou   can, 

morning, 

I  am  poorly,  but  [eh  on  the—  oocasiona, 

a  w  oek  oi  t  w  ii.      I  hen  I  g<  t  sobei       I 

'i  ■  till  death  ; 

It.. ht    mind    a    touch    ot    path  L  Mrs. 

Talfourd. 
'I  I..    Edmonton        _■■  hour 

from  Snow   Hill. 

*  Brratum,  for   M.  ft  K.  read  K.  St    '■!.     Jio  k- 
■  I  nfl.  r  Aul  hoi 

This  pathetic  and  interesting  letter  was  pro- 
bably written  in  the  early  part  of  1  B34. 
comment  upon    it    i-   n<  it  is 

hardly    possible    for   any   reader  to    fail   to 
appreciate  its  deep  significance,  or  ( 
look  the  many  characteristic  touch) 
it  contain*.  Bertram  Dobell. 


COMMANDER    J.    F.    HODGETT8, 

H.E.I.C.S. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Commander 
James  Frederick  Hodgetts  at  his  re 
24,   Cheniston  Garden-..    Ken  in  the 

seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.  Commander 
Hodgetts  had  a  varied  experi  iucated 

by  his  stepfather,  E.  W.  Brayley,  F.R.8,  for 
a  scientific  career,  he  liad  a  strong  taste  for 
adventure,  which  led  him  to  entei  vice 

of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company's  mar 
then  under  the  command  of  Sir  Henry  I. 
He  was  up  the  Irrawaddy  in  one  of  the 
Burmese  wars,  and  also  in  the  Persian  Gulf, 
besides  being  shipwrecked  on  the  Bernouf 
off  Torres  Straits.  Finding  Ids  health  gi\ 
way  under  a  tropical  climate,  he  volunteered 
for  the  Crimean  War,  having  studied  Russian 
in  India.  His  services  being  refused,  he 
retired,  and  was  appointed  Professor  of 
English  and  Seamanship  at  the  Royal 
Prussian  Naval  Cadet  School  in  Berlin. 
When  this  institution  was  abolished  in 
1866,  he  went  to  Russia,  and  delivered  in 
Petersburg  a  course  of  lectures  on  com- 
parative philology,  which  were  attended  by 
members  of  the  Russian  imperial  family. 
He  soon  received  an  appointment  at  the 
Moscow  University  and  several  other  scho- 
lastic positions.  In  1881  he  finally  retired 
and  came  to  live  in  London,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  literature  and  arclueoloj 

When  yet  a  boy  he  had  assisted  sir  Henry 
Merrick  to  arrange  the  armour  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  and  the  interest  thus  early 
awakened  in  antiquities  was  fostered  In- 
extensive  reading.  He  combined  a  large 
experience  of  life  with  wide  antiquarian 
lore,  and  thus  equipped  produced  a  series 
of  boys'  stories,  such  as  'Harold  the  Boy 
Earl,'  '  The  Champion  of  Odin.'  '  Haakon,' 
4  Kormack,'  &C.,  which  were  at  once  enter- 
taining and  instructive,  and  found  many 
imitators.  His  purely  archaeological  work 
will  be  found  in  the  Journal  of  the  British 
Archaeological  Association.  The  Antiquary, 
and  similar  periodicals,  but  notably  in  his 
volumes  entitled  '  Older  England  '  and  '  The 
English  in  the  Middle  Ages.'  which  he  had 
previously  read  in  the  form  of  lectures  at 
the  British  Museum.  These  were  warmly 
appreciated  by  such  men  as  Huskin.  the 
present  Duke  of  Argyll,  and  Lord  Aveburv. 
In  his  '  Greater  England  '  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  advocate  the  consolidation  of  our 
colonial  empire.  In  later  years  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  invention  of  a  ship's  hull,  of 
which  he  failed  to  make  a  commercial 
success  ;  but  he  had  been  preparing  and 
completing  up  to  the  last  what  he  regarded 
as  his  magnum  opus,  a  life  of  Alfred  the 
Great,  which  may  possibly  be  posthumously 
published. 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


547 


THE    STUDY    OF    ENGLISH. 

11,  Pulteney  Street,  Bath. 

As  I  was  unable  to  be  present  at  last 
Saturday's  meeting  on  '  The  Study  of 
English,'  held  at  the  University  of  London 
under  the  presidency  of  Sir  Arthur  Riicker, 
I  shall  be  much  obliged  if  you  will  allow  me 
space  for  a  very  few  words. 

I  wish  to  record  the  strongest  possible 
opposition  to  the  attempts  made  to  cut  out 
the  new  craft  from  the  very  stocks,  to  put 
her  in  tow  to  another  Association,  and 
(apparently)  to  fit  her  up  as  a  letter-of- 
marque  against  classical  studies. 

Why  English  should  be  handcuffed,  like  a 
galley-slave,  to  a  motley  gang  of  "  modern 
languages,"  I  do  not  know.  That  full  and 
real  appreciation  of  English  literature,  which 
has  made  itself  for  twelve  hundred  years 
by  and  in  the  study  of  the  classics,  is  im- 
possible without  that  study,  I  do  know. 

George  Saintsbury. 


HUNTING    THE    "  SELADANG." 

Mr.  Harting  in  your  last  issue  (p.  515) 
is  of  opinion  that  the  word  "  seladang  "  is 
a  corruption  of  the  Malay  salandang,  which 
refers  to  the  gaur  or  bison  of  Indian  sports- 
men. This  seems  to  be  an  incorrect  surmise 
both  as  regards  the  word  and  species  of 
mammal.  Mr.  Newbold,  '  Political  and 
Statistical  Account  of*  the  British  Settle- 
ments, Straits  of  Malacca,'  vol.  i.  p.  435, 
writing  on  the  Malayan  tapir  (Tapirus  in- 
dicus),  states  : — 

"The  seladang  is  supposed  by  some  zoologists 
to  be  identical  with  the  tapir.  The  Malays, 
however,  make  a  difference,  distinguishing  the 
true  tapir  by  the  name  of  tennok.  This  is  a 
pi  lint  desirable  to  ascertain.  The  seladang  may 
probably  be  a  variety." 

W.  L.  Distant. 


77,  St.  Martin's  Lane,  April  30th,  1906. 

Mr.  Harting  says  that  the  Malay  name 
for  this  species  of  wild  ox  is  salandang,  and 
that  Mr.  Hubback's  rendering,  seladang, 
must  be  regarded  as  incorrect.  Apparently 
his  sole  authority  for  this  sweeping  statement 
is  Blyth's  '  Catalogue  of  the  Mammals  and 
Birds  of  Burma.' 

I  feel  bound  to  point  out,  in  justice  to 
Mr.  Hubback,  that  the  Malay  dictionaries 
are  on  his  side.  Marsden's  '  Malay  Dic- 
tionary '  (1812)  has  "  sain  dang,  a  beast  of  the 
cow  kind."  Crawford's  '  Malay  Dictionary  ' 
(1852)  has  "  saladang,  name  of  an  unde- 
scribed  kind  of  wild  cattle  of  tho  forests  of 
tin'  Malay  peninsula." 

James  Platt,    Jun. 


"THAT     TWO-HAXDED     ENGINE     AT 
THE    DOOK." 

It  is  surely  obvious  that  Hogg's  use  of 
tli<'  expression  "  two-handed  engine  "  is  one 
mad'  entirely  for  his  own  metaphorical 
purposes,  and  throwing  no  sort  of  light  on 
the  original  meaning  of  Milton.  Because  a 
scythe  employs  the  mower's  two  hands, 
thai  is  a  literary  motive  for  any  one  writing 
of  a  scythe  to  hook  Milton's  phraso  to  a 
Useful  end.  Apart  from  that,  would  it  bo 
very  natural  to  talk  of  a  scythe  striking, 
or  of  Time  operating  with  such  sudden 
violence  ?     Is  it  not  moro  obvious  to  ask, 


What  was,  in  Milton's  day,  the  two-handed 
instrument  par  excellence,  which,  sooner  or 
later,  brought  all  ill  doing  (or  conduct  con- 
demned by  the  powers  as  such)  to  an  end,  and 
did  so  by  what  a  modern  minor  poet  calls  "  a 
short  sharp  shock"?  There  was  one  such,  and 
only  one — the  axe,  the  operation  of  which 
was  as  familiar  (in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries)  as  it  was — except  in  a  few 
scandalous  examples — final  and  instantane- 
ous. I  do  not  know  if  the  note  to  Pickering's 
edition  of  Milton  (iii.  130)  has  been  mentioned 
in  this  discussion,  so  I  append  it  :  "  Two- 
handed.]  '  Yet,  maie  the  ax  stande  next  the 
dore.'— Sir  T.  Smith's  Psalms,  '  Restituta,' 
iv.  189."  G.  H.  Powell. 


A    LIFE    OF    ECLIPSE. 

May  we  ask  the  assistance  of  your  valuable 
columns  to  let  the  fact  be  known  that  the 
first  complete  life  of  Eclipse  is  in  course  of 
preparation,  and  that  any  references  to  this 
celebrated  horse  in  contemporary  literature  ; 
to   his  breeder,   the  Duke   of   Cumberland  ; 
to  his  purchaser,  Wildman  ;    and  to  his  sub- 
sequent owner,  Dennis  O'  Kelly,  will  be  very 
much      appreciated  ?      Many      facts      have 
already  come  to  light  from  private  and  un- 
expected sources  which  have  enabled  us  to 
settle   various   questions   hitherto   doubtful, 
such  as  the  birthplace,  the  burial-place,  the 
authentic    skeleton,    and    so    forth.     Many 
more  letters,  documents,  prints,  or  paintings 
must     still     exist — besides     those     already 
brought  to  our  notice  by  the  generosity  of 
their  possessors — which  will  be  of  the  greatest 
value.     The  monograph  will  be  as  completely 
illustrated    as   possible   from   contemporary 
paintings  and  engravings  and  other  sources, 
and   will    contain    detailed    photographs    of 
the  anatomy  of  Eclipse  and  the  most  famous 
of  his  descendants.    A  sketch  of  racing  in  the 
days  when  Eclipse  was  on  the  turf  will  be 
included,   with   biographies   of   his   breeder, 
owners,  and  others  connected  with  the  sport 
of  that  time.     Information  should  reach  us 
before  the   1st  of  June,  if  possible,  and  all 
letters,     manuscripts,     prints,     or     pictures 
addressed  to  Eclipse,  care  of  Mr.  W.  Heine- 
mann,    21,    Bedford    Street,    W.C.,    will    be 
acknowledged  before  that  date,  and  will  be 
received   not   only   with   the  greatest   care, 
but  with  profound  gratitude.     Any  originals 
reproduced    will    be    scrupulously    guarded 
from  injury,  and  safely  returned,  and  may 
be  insured,  if  necessary,  while  out  of  their 
owners'  hands,  if  a  separate  message  to  that 
effect  is  addressed  to  Mr.  Heinemann. 

The  Authors. 


SALE. 

Tim;  most  interesting  item  in  Messrs.  Hodgson's 
sale  last  week  was  a  very  tine  copy  "f  the  rare  first 
t  wo  volumes  of  t  In-  first  edit  ion  of  Sterne's  Trist  rani 

Shandy,  privately  printed  at  York  in  1766.  Tim 
volumes  were  in  the  original  half-binding,  with  the 
edges  entirely  uncut,  and  reali/.ed  no  less  than  H'M. 
Other  prices  were  as  follows:  Shelley's  Adonais, 
first  edition,  Pisa,  1821,  44/. ;  Goldsmith's  Deserted 
Village,  first  edition,  1 77< ►.  and  two  others  hound 
in  one  volume,  l.V.  St.;  Rowlandson's  Loyal 
Volunteers  of  London,  IT'.Mt,  •2~,l.\  Aokermann's 
Microooero  of  London,  original  edition, .'{  vols.,  l.'W. ; 
Surtees  Society's  Publications,  from  the  beginning 
in  1884  to  Kin.-),  in  vols.,-2.V.  10a.;  and  a  volume 
of  eight  eighteenth  ■  century  American  tracts, 
relating  to  the  Provinces  of  Virginia,  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania,  in  one 
vol.,  folio,  1744-78,  671. 


One  of  the  literary  results  of  the  recent 
royal  tour  in  the  East  will  be  '  A  Vision 
of  India,'  by  Mr.  Sidney  Low,  which 
Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  are  now  passing 
through  the  press.  Mr.  Low  accompanied 
their  Royal  Highnesses  in  the  capacity 
of  special  correspondent  of  The  Standard. 
His  book,  however,  is  concerned  not  so- 
much  with  the  incidents  of  the  royal 
journey  as  with  the  picture  of  life  and 
society  in  our  Eastern  Empire.  Mr.  Low 
had  exceptional  opportunities,  and  he  has 
taken  advantage  of  them  to  attempt  a 
much  more  comprehensive  survey  of 
India,  in  its  various  aspects,  than  is 
possible  for  the  ordinary  "  cold- weather  " 
visitor.  The  work  will  include  thirty-two 
pages  of  illustrations  from  photographs- 
by  the  author  and  others. 

Messrs.  Sonnenschein  &  Co.  will 
shortly  publish  a  volume  of  essays  by- 
Mr.  J.  E.  G.  de  Montmorency,  entitled 
'  National  Education  and  National  Life.' 
It  includes  an  essay  tracing  the  evolution 
of  the  religious  questions  in  schools  from 
early  days  to  the  present  time,  and  care- 
fully analyzing  the  clauses  of  the  new 
Bill  that  deal  with  religious  education. 

Mr.  Bodley,  being  hindered  by  pro- 
longed ill-health  from  completing  this 
year  his  long-promised  work  on  the 
Church  in  France,  has  prepared  a 
very  small  book  on  the  same  subject, 
to  aid  those  interested  in  the  French 
religious  crisis  in  studying  the  Separation 
Bill  and  its  results.  It  will  be  published 
next  week  by  Messrs.  Constable. 

Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam  is  well 
known  not  only  as  a  publisher,  but  also 
as  an  author.  He  has  in  the  press,  in 
two  volumes,  uniform  with  his  '  Books 
and  their  Makers  in  the  Middle  Ages,'  a 
treatise  on  '  The  Censorship  of  the  Church 
and  its  Influence  upon  Production  and 
the  Distribution  of  Literature.'  This 
deals  with  the  Indexes  from  567  a.d.  to 
1900,  which  he  has  for  the  most  part 
examined  himself.  The  titles  of  the  more 
important  books  condemned  will  be  given  ; 
and  a  final  chapter  will  summarize  the 
views  of  some  representative  Roman 
Catholics  of  to-day  on  the  matter. 

Mr.  Nutt  is  publishing  in  "  The  Grimm 
Library  "  the  first  volume  of  '  The  Legend 
of  Sir  Perceval,'  '  Chretien  de  Troyes  and 
Wauchier  de  Denain,'  by  Miss  Jessie  L. 
Weston,  who  is  well  known  for  Iter 
contributions  to  Arthurian  literature. 
She  has  made  a  thorough  study  of  the  MS. 
sources,  and  has  printed  for  the  first  time 
upwards  of  000  lines  of  passages  important 
from  the  critical  point  of  view. 

Mr.  Sidney  Lee  will  reply  to  the  toast 

of  "  Literature,"  which  Will  be  proposed 
by  the  Bishop  of  Bristol,  at  the  Royal 
Literary  Fund  Dinner  on  Thursday  aezl  : 
and  Lord  Tennyson  will  propose  the  health 
of  the  American  Ambassador,  the  chair- 
man. 

Mr.    Archibald    Constable,    whose 
edition  of  Bonner's  'Travels  in  the  Mogul 


548 


Til  E     A  Til  KNJKUM 


N°4097,  Mav  5,  1006 


Empire,  1666  1668,'  formed  vol.  i-  of  his 
"Oriental  M is«-.lhui\  Series"  in  1891 
has  |ii>t  returned  from  Peris,  where  be 
has  been  oollecting  materia]  to  add  to  his 
Ms.  of  the  memoirs  of  Manuooi  (Manouchi), 
the  Venetian  physician  who  served  for 
forty-eight  years  at  the  Mogul  Courts  of 
Delhi  and  Agra.  In  particular,  he  was 
body  surgeon  to  Prince  Dare  Sbikoh,  who, 
born  in  1616,  was  murdered  in  1668  by 
order  of  his  brother  Aurangzeb,  in  the 
presenoe  of  Bfanuooi.     Mr.  Constable  was 

fortunate  enough  to  discover  some  paint- 
ings by  various  Mogul  Court  artists  of  the 
period,  executed —lie  holds — by  direct 
commissions    from    Manuooi  ;     and    it    is 

probable  that  a  selection  from  them  may 
accompany  the  monograph  which  he  has 
in  active  preparation. 

Mr.  U.nwin  is  publishing  a  work- 
entitled  '  Women's  Work  and  Wages,'  by 
Mr.  Edward  Cadbury,  Miss  Cecile  Mathe- 
son,  and  Mr.  G.  Shann.  The  book,  which 
bears  the  sub-title  of  '  A  Phase  of  Life  in 
an  Industrial  City,'  is  especially  concerned 
with  the  conditions  prevailing  in  Birming- 
ham. In  it  the  valuable  work  done  of 
late  years  by  various  writers  and  associa- 
tions is  brought  into  line  with  facts 
gathered  by  original  investigation  of  an 
exhaustive  nature. 

'  Venus  and  Cupid  :  an  Impression  in 
Prose  after  Velasquez  in  Colour,  written 
by  Filson  Young,'  is  a  little  book  which 
E.  Grant  Richards  will  publish  in  the 
course  of  a  week  or  two  in  a  limited 
edition.  Author  and  publisher  undertake 
that  this  essay,  which  will  be  duly  copy- 
righted in  the  United  States,  shall  not  be 
reprinted  in  any  form  until  1917  —  a 
curious  novelty. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  shortly 
'  The  Black  Motor-Car,'  a  new  sensational 
novel  by  Mr.  Harris  Burland,  and  a 
volume  of  stories  by  Mr.  Arthur  ;Machen, 
containing,  together  with  some  three 
stories  which  have  not  previously  appeared 
in  book  form,  revisions  of  '  The  Great 
God  Pan  '  and  '  The  Three  Impostors.' 
The  title  of  the  book  is  '  The  House  of 
Souls ' ;  and  a  frontispiece  and  cover 
design  have  been  drawn  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Sime. 

Messrs.  Longman  have  nearly  ready 
'Heresies  of  Sea  Power,'  by  Mr.  F.  T. 
Jane,  which  suggests  the  possibility  of 
some  great  principle  underlying  all  naval 
history  from  the  Peloponnesian  tWar  to 
the  Russo-Japanese. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Rapson,  the  pupil  and  friend 
of  the  late  Prof.  Bendall,  has  been  ap- 
pointed to  the  Chair  of  Sanskrit  which 
the  latter  held  at  Cambridge. 

A  cheap  reissue  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Conybeare's  '  History  of  Cambridgeshire  ' 
will  be  published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  very 
shortly. 

A  discussion  which  occurred  in  the 
House  of  Commons  on  Thursday  of  last 
week,  reported  after  we  had  gone  to  press, 
showed  a  singular  want  of  knowledge  of 
the  literary  work  done  on  the  part  of  the 
Government  of  this  country.  Of  Mr. 
W.  W.  Rutherford  and  Mr.  Charles  Craig, 
and  others  who  supported  a  proposal  for 


the  omission  of  the  item  foi  srork  on  the 
Rim  annas  archives,  some  asked  where 
Simancai  ws     "  whether  it  was  in  Europe, 

Asia,    Africa,    or    America."    and    "  how    u 

Government   could   possibly  spend   6001. 

on  an   index  "   of  bistoi  ical  docum< 
The    Souse   wai  cleared   for  a  division; 
but  the   Opposition   discovered   in   time 

that    the    whole    history    of   the   Church    of 

England  was  at  stake,  and  did  not  divide. 

Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  on  Saturday. 
the  20th  hist.,  will  include  an  interesting 
series  of  nine  Shakspeare  quartos,  the 
property  of  Mr.  E.  W.  Hussey  ;  and  of 
these  at  least  the  five  which  appeared 
during  the  dramatist's  lifetime  may  be 
expected  to  realize  high  prices.  '  The  Mid- 
Bommer  Nights  Dreame  '  and  '  The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,'  each  dated  1600,  are  the 
features  of  the  collection.  Of  both  these 
plays  a  rival  edition  appeared  in  the  same 
year,  and  it  is  a  disputed  point  which  of 
these  editions  is  the  earlier.  The  copy 
of  '  Sir  John  Oldcastle  '  also  bears  the  date 
1600;  'Henry  V.,'  1608,  is  the  third 
edition  ;  and  '  King  Lear,'  of  the  same 
year,  is  the  second.  The  other  four 
quartos  were  all  published  in  1619 — '  A 
Yorkshire  Tragedie,'  '  The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor,'  '  Henry  VI.,'  and  '  Pericles.' 

The  supply  of  Washington  documents, 
like  those  of  Nelson  and  Lady  Hamilton, 
is  apparently  inexhaustible.  A  "  diary  " 
of  the  great  President,  consisting  of  twenty- 
two  pages  in  his  handwriting,  and  written 
in  1767,  was  sold  by  auction  in  Boston 
last  week,  and  realized  700  dollars,  being 
acquired  for  the  Congressional  Library. 
On  the  same  occasion  a  volume  of  pam- 
phlets collected  by  Washington,  contain- 
ing his  autograph  and  also  an  armorial 
book-plate,  produced  525  dollars.  The 
Anderson  Auction  Company  of  New  York 
included  in  one  of  their  recent  sales  of 
books  Washington's  copy  of  Capt.  C. 
Vallancey's  '  Essay  on  Fortification,' 
published  at  Dublin  in  1757.  The  volume 
contains  Washington's  autograph. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
are  :  Board  of  Education,  Statement  of 
Monies  expended  under  Part  I.  and  Part  II. 
of  the  Education  Act,  1902,  by  each  Local 
Education  Authority  for  1904-5,  and 
Estimates  of  Amounts  provided  from 
Exchequer  Grants  and  from  Local  Rates 
for  1905-6  (2|d.)  ;  and  Annual  Report 
on  the  Finances  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow  (3d.). 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  school  and  educational  books. 

SCIENCE 


The  Transition  in  Agriculture.  By  Edwin 
A.  Pratt.  With  Illustrations.  (John 
Murray.) 

From  time  immemorial  fanners  have  been 
given  to  grumble.  Their  pursuit,  always 
of  a  precarious  nature,  has  been  of  late 
years,  from  circumstances  which  we  need 
not  discuss  here,  more  than  usually  un- 
remunerative.       It    is    evident     that    as 


a  cla--  agriculturi  I  not   been  able 

to  adapt  themselves,  or  to  modify  their 
procedures,  to  the  new  condition-      [( 

I    to  be  RIB  in  this  matter,  but 

it  may  be  doubted  whether  any  other 
bodi  of  men,  placed  in  like  circumstances, 
would  have  done  better.  <  banges  in  the 
system  of  land-tenure,  the  practical  appli- 
cations of  the  teachinj  the 

Opening    Up    Of    new     markets — all    t' 
must  work  gradually,   if  they   are  to   be 
pei  manently  beneficial. 

The  book  before  us  shows  what  may  I*- 
done — indeed,  what  has  been  done  —by 
co-operation  and  other  method-,  t 
the  conditions  of  those  who  derive  their 
income  from  the  produce  of  the  land. 
What  the  Danes,  the  Dutch,  the  French, 
and  even  the  Siberians  can  do.  we  ought 
surely  to  be  able  to  accomplish.  It  is 
not  creditable  to  our  enterprise  that  ws 
have  allowed  the  agriculturists  of  the 
nations  we  speak  of  to  beat  us  in  our 
own  markets.  With  no  superior  advan- 
tages of  climate  or  soil,  and  with  re- 
sources much  less  important  than  our 
own,  they  succeed  in  sending  us  with 
regularity  butter,  cheese,  eggs,  and  vege- 
table products  of  all  kinds  in  quantities 
much  larger  than  we  can  supply,  of  more 
generally  uniform  quality,  and  at  a  lo 
price.  How  it  is  done  is  briefly  indicated 
in  the  present  volume. 

It  is  equally,  perhaps  more,  im- 
portant to  show  what  is  already  being 
done  to  develope  our  own  resources, 
and  to  indicate  in  what  directions 
further  progress  may  be  anticipated. 
To  this  end  chapters  are  devoted  to  the 
land  question,  peasant  proprietorship, 
co-operation  and  other  schemes  of  agri- 
cultural organization,  the  supply  of  milk, 
eggs,  and  poultry,  the  fruit  industry, 
flower  -  farming,  market  -  gardening,  and 
various  other  devices  for  turning  the  land 
to  account. 

After  all,  it  is  to  the  personal  equation, 
to  the  quality  of  the  brain-power  exerted, 
that  success  is  due.  From  this  point 
of  view  it  is  remarkable  to  note  the  way 
in  which  prosperity  has  come  to  men 
of  enterprise  and  business  capacity  who 
have  had  no  previous  training  either  in 
the  principles  or  the  technicalities  of  their 
art.  Thus  we  know  of  farmers,  black- 
smiths, and  drapers  who,  finding  their 
business  dwindling,  have  turned  their 
attention  to  bulb-growing,  rose-culture, 
or  market  -  gardening,  with  such  results 
as  to  attain  a  foremost  place  among  their 
competitors.  We  have  mentioned  brain- 
power as  a  powerful  factor,  and  so  indeed 
it  is  ;  but  it  must  be  that  form  of  brain- 
power which  manifests  itself  in  what  is 
called  business  capacity.  We  have  known 
authors  of  brilliant  parts,  zealous,  diligent, 
and  even  expert  cultivators,  who  never- 
theless failed  as  fruit-growers  and  market- 
gardeners  where  neighbours  of  far  less 
mental  culture  achieved  success. 

Again,  acres  upon  acres  of  land  near  the 
large  towns  are  covered  with  glass,  and 
utilized  in  the  cultivation  of  grapes, 
tomatoes,  peaches,  cucumbers,  chrysan- 
themums, and  other  products,  for  which 
the     demand      seems     to     be     virtuallv 


N°4097,  Mayo,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


549 


illimitable.  More  than  one  grower  near 
London  that  we  know  of  sends  tons  of 
grapes  at  a  time  to  market,  and  even 
dispatched  them  to  Paris,  till  French 
growers,  dreading  such  competition,  raised 
a  clamour  and  induced  their  Government 
to  place  so  heavy  a  duty  on  the  English 
fruit  that  its  importation  was  no  longer 
remunerative. 

We  allude  to  these  matters  to  show  that 
the  prospects  of  agriculture  are  not  so 
hopeless  as  they  are  sometimes  supposed 
to  be.  We  think  that  any  one  who  reads 
Mr.  Piatt's  book  will  come  to  the  same  con- 
clusion, and,  as  it  is  very  readable,  we  com- 
mend it  to  the  notice  of  those  interested. 
The  details  are  numerous  and  varied,  but 
they  form  a  coherent  whole  ;  and  a  con- 
veniently printed  index  and  a  table  of 
contents  render  the  book  easy  to  consult. 


The  Dissociation  of  a  Personality  .  a 
Biographical  Study  in  Abnormal  Psychology. 
By  Morton  Prince,  M.D.  (Longmans  &  Co.) 
— Dr.  Prince  tells  the  story  of  an  hysteiical 
girl  living  in  Boston,  who  seems  to  have 
led  a  fairly  normal  life  until  she  reached  the 
age  of  eighteen.  A  severe  shock  to  her 
nervous  system  then  threw  her  into  a  state 
of  extreme  neurasthenia,  which  unfitted  her 
for  mental  or  physical  exertion,  but  made 
her  a  good  subject  for  hypnotic  suggestion. 
In  this  condition  she  came  to  Dr.  Prince, 
who  is  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System  at  Tufts  College  Medical  School,  and 
physician  for  diseases  of  the  nervous  system 
at  the  Boston  City  Hospital.  A  careful  and 
prolonged  examination  of  the  nervous 
system  of  "  Miss  Beauchamp  "  showed  that 
her  intellectual  faculties  formed  three  dis- 
tinct personalities,  none  of  which  was  equal 
to  her  original  and  undivided  intelligence. 
These  three  personalities  alternated  with 
each  other  in  their  control  of  the  body.  They 
differed  from  each  other  in  attributes,  tastes, 
even  in  bodily  health  ;  and  whilst  the  first 
and  third  were  mutually  ignorant  of  each 
other's  existence,  the  second  knew  the 
thoughts  of  the  first,  but  not  of  the  third. 
The  hypnotic  condition  of  each  personality 
differed  in  many  respects  from  the  corre- 
sponding personality  when  it  appeared 
spontaneously.  "  Miss  Beauchamp  "  was 
therefore  under  the  influence  of  three 
entirely  distinct  wills,  which  were  never  in 
command  at  the  same  time,  but  which  might 
alternate,  repeatedly  and  at  short  intervals, 
one  with  another.  The  same  body  might 
be  dominated  by  an  extreme  neurasthenic, 
by  a  somewhat  austere  personage,  or  by 
an  imp-like  spirit  given  to  slang,  full  of  fun, 
and  known  as  "  Sally."  The  austere  per- 
sonage Sally  soon  christened  the  "  Idiot  " 
when  she  found  that  her  memory  had  ceased 
at  the  time  of  the  initial  nerve-shock  in  1893, 
and  had  not  been  resumed  until  1899. 

Dr.  Prince  tells  the  story  of  the  poor  body 
which  was  the  sport  of  these  three  person- 
alities in  a  manner  which  makes  his  book 
most  excellent  reading  for  the  layman,  the 
physiologist,  and  the  student  of  psychology. 
The  story  appeals  to  every  one  who  is  inter- 
ested in  the  problem  of  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr. 
Hyde,  in  metempsychosis,  in  Dr.  Deo  and 
crystal  vision,  in  the  phenomena  of  "  petit 
mal,"  ecstasy,  and  sudden  conversion.  It 
is  well  told,  it  is  true,  and  it  ends  happily 
in  a  synthesis  of  the  various  faculties  to 
reconstitute  a  healthy  "  Miss  Beauchamp  " — 
in  other  words,  Dr.  Prince  is  able  to  say  that 
lie  cured  his  patient,  and  that  she  has  re- 


mained herself,  an  undivided  personality, 
for  many  months  past.  The  physiologist 
is  taught  how  great  a  part  is  played  by  the 
cerebral  cortex,  and  how  intimate  is  its 
connexion  with  the  great  basal  ganglia  of 
the  brain,  which  receive  impressions  from 
the  various  organs  of  sense  and  transmit 
impulses  to  the  different  parts  of  the  body. 
The  pathologist  will  learn  that  just  as  in  the 
intestine  and  in  muscle  there  may  be  local 
spasms  and  cramps  which  stimulate  or 
throw  out  of  action  definite  tracts  without 
interfering  with  the  whole  structure,  so  in 
the  brain  one  or  more  groups  of  the  highest 
cells  may  act  independently  or  in  antagonism 
to  the  rest  of  the  intellectual  centres,  and 
thus  give  rise  to  the  condition  known  as  dual 
consciousness  or  disintegrated  personality. 
The  student  of  psychology,  though  he  may 
suspend  his  judgment  until  Dr.  Prince  pub- 
lishes the  conclusions  drawn  from  the  case 
of  "  Miss  Beauchamp,"  will  feel  that  good 
service  has  been  done  to  science  by  the 
detailed  study  of  a  not  uncommon  case  of 
abnormal  psychology. 


EXPOSITION   DE    LA    SOCIETE 
FRANCAISE    DE    PHYSIQUE. 

The  Societe  Francaise  de  Physique  held 
their  annual  exhibition  of  apparatus  in  their 
spacious  building  in  the  Rue  de  Rennes 
from  the  19th  to  the  21st  ult.  The  exhibits 
were  mainly  electrical,  and  the  centre  of 
interest  to  most  of  the  visitors  was  a 
tall  electrometer  swathed  in  crape  in 
memory  of  its  designer,  the  unfortunate 
Pierre  Curie,  who  was  run  over  and  killed 
on  the  day  of  the  opening.  Medical  and 
surgical  applications  of  X  rays,  high- 
frequency  currents,  and  electricity  of  all 
kinds  seem  to  be  on  the  increase  in  Paris, 
and  much  attention  is  evidently  being  paid 
to  improvements  in  the  mode  of  their  pro- 
duction. 

A  great  part  of  the  entresol  was  devoted 
to  the  exhibit  of  MM.  Gaiffe,  whose  appa- 
ratus is  for  the  most  part  constructed  on 
the  suggestions  of  M.  d'Arsonval,  of  the 
Institut,  and  here  was  prominent  the  appa- 
ratus for  producing  all  the  phenomena  of 
induction  without  the  intervention  of  a  coil 
which  was  described  some  time  since  in 
'  Research  Notes.'  As  we  said,  it  consists 
in  effect  of  a  transformer  with  closed 
magnetic  circuit,  which  can  be  used  with  but 
slight  modification  upon  either  an  alternat- 
ing or  continuous  supply,  together  with  the 
condensers  and  resistances  for  "  blowing  " 
the  spark-gap  devised  by  M.  d'Arsonval. 
As  shown  at  the  Societe  de  Physique,  the 
apparatus  proved  to  be  wonderfully  efficient 
for  all  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  designed, 
the  change  from  the  production  of  high- 
frequency  current  to  the  illumination  of 
X-ray  tubes  being  effected  in  less  than 
30  seconds.  An  ingenious  stand  for  X-ray 
tubes  designed  by  Dr.  Barret  was  exhibited 
by  the  same  firm  and  a  "  resonnateur  "  due 
to  Capitaino  Forri6  for  varying  at  will  the 
wave-length  of  a  high-froquoncy  curront. 

Elsewhere  in  the  building  is  to  be  seen 
a  large  induction  coil  made  by  M.  Car- 
pentier  on  the  system  of  M.  Klingelfuss, 
of  Basle,  according  to  which  the  winding 
of  each  turn  of  the  secondary  is  spaced  so  as 
to  accord  with  the  curront  inducod  in  it. 
Another  induction  coil,  oxhibitod  by  MM. 
Malaquin  and  Poulignier  for  its  inventor, 
M.  Ropiquet,  of  Amiens,  seemed  to  be 
designed  on  somothing  of  the  same  principle 
as  tho  last,  the  insulation  hero  increasing 
with  the  potential  of  tho  different  turns,  and 
a  groat  oconomy  of  space  boing  claimod  for 


it.  In  appearance  this  resembles  the  well- 
known  "  transformateur  "  of  M.  do  Roche- 
fort,  being  set  on  end  in  a  jar  of  some  viscous 
dielectric,  while  the  tension  at  one  pole  of  the 
machine  is  so  much  greater  than  at  the  other 
that  the  best  effects  can  be  obtained  by 
"  earthing"  the  inferior  terminal.  M.  Ancel 
also  showed  a  specially  constructed  coil  on 
the  Ruhmkorff  principle,  in  which  the  wind- 
ing of  the  primary  coil  is  variable  according 
to  the  interrupter  employed,  a  different 
winding  being  used  for  the  electrolytic  as 
opposed  to  the  mechanical  break. 

Before  leaving  this  branch  of  the  subject 
we  must  also  notice  the  static  machine 
of  M.  Francois,  which  he  claims  is  an  im- 
provement on  the  familiar  model  of  Wims- 
hurst,  the  plate  used  for  induction  being  fixed 
while  only  the  other  disk  revolves.  M. 
Francois  explains  that  by  this  principle,  which 
has  been  already  used  by  Topler,  he  obtains 
a  higher  potential  and  greater  quietness  in 
working,  while  the  life  of  the  operative  parts 
of  the  machine  is  proportionately  prolonged. 
The  induction  plates  are  not  circular,  but 
polygonal,  and  both  in  simplicity  and  in 
economy  of  space  the  machine  seems  to 
have  some  advantages  over  its  rivals.  At 
a  time  when  many  medical  electricians  and 
radiographers  are  abandoning  the  induction 
coil  for  the  static  machine,  this  model  is 
worth  inspection. 

To  turn  to  other  matters,  the  firm  of 
Ducretet  exhibited  some  very  ingenious 
instruments  for  the  production  and  study 
of  the  curves  of  Lissajous,  and  these,  like 
everything  turned  out  by  this  well-known 
house,  were  models  of  finish.  They  included 
apparatus  for  demonstrating  graphically 
the  curves  traced  by  a  pendulum  subjected 
to  mechanical  liquid,  or  magnetic  friction, 
and  were  for  the  most  part  designed  by  M. 
Chassagny.  If  anything,  they  erred  on  the 
side  of  over-elaboration  ;  but  that  which 
enabled  one  to  obtain  Lissajous  curves  in 
unison,  octave  by  octave,  deserves  special 
mention.  There  were  also  shown  an  hygro- 
meter by  M.  Nodon,  registering  by  a  needle 
and  dial  the  changes  caused  in  a  spiral 
of  gelatine  by  the  moisture  produced  by 
the  breath  or  otherwise  ;  and  an  "  energe- 
tometre  "  by  M.  Charles  Henry,  registering 
at  once  the  heat  expended,  the  muscular 
energy  used,  and  the  amount  of  carbonic 
oxide  exhaled  by  the  human  organism 
within  a  given  space  of  time.  A  very  com- 
plete exhibit  by  M.  G.  Urbain  also  showed 
in  a  striking  form  the  fluorescence  of  nearly 
all  the  rare  earths  ;  and  MM.  Radiguet  and 
Massiot  gave  an  exhibit  by  projection  of  the 
experiments  in  tho  photography  of  colours 
devised  by  M.  Lippmann,  and  previously 
described  in  these  columns  (see  Athenmum, 
No.  4063).  Other  photographic  apparatus 
was  displayed  in  great  abundance,  together 
with  the  many  glyphoscopes,  verascopes, 
and  other  optical  toys  with  which  we  are 
already  familiar,  and  the  new  arrange- 
ments for  improving  the  efficiency  of  the 
kinematograph.  Of  these,  the  creoscope — 
which  is  in  effect  a  kaleidoscope  in  which 
the  images  can  be  reproduced  at  will,  and 
photographod — is  said  to  bo  of  practical  use 
in  tho  designing  of  textilo  fabrics  and  of 
jewellery. 

From  the  purely  scientific  view,  the  most 
striking  object  to  bo  seen  was  perhaps  tho 
exhibit  of  MM.  Cotton  and  Mont  on.  pre- 
senting the  effects  of  a  magnetic  field  on 
cortain  solutions  of  colloids.  The  piano  of 
polarization  in  those  last  was  shown  to  be 
rotated  by  tho  fiold.  being  "  doxtro^yre," 
as  tho  inventors  put  it.  in  some  oases,  and 
"  laarogyre  "  when  the  current  <>f  the  electro- 
magnet was  reversed.  This  effort  was  pre- 
sented  through  prisms  ;  hut  another  exhibit 


-,.-)<) 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4097,  Mat  5,  1906 


showed  the  same  solution  made  into  a  jolly 
with  gelatine,  and  suspended  in  a  powerful 
magnetic  field,  where  it  was  said  to  behavo 
itself  in  every  respect  like  a  transparent 
magnet.  The'  solution  employed  was  de- 
scribed as  a  "  hydroxydo  colloidale  de  fer," 
but  in  the  absence  of  the  experimenters 
it  was  impossible  to  ascertain  whether  this 
particular  colloid  was  ferro-  or  para-magnetic. 
It  would  be  as  well  for  any  one  interested 
to  watch  for  the  details  of  the  experiment, 
which  will  no  doubt  bo  given  in  the  Journal 
de  Physique.  Simpler  exhibits  were  the 
excellent  photographs  of  M.  Stephane  Leduc 
(of  Nantes)  showing  the  images  of  the  electric 
sparks  produced  by  induction  coils  with 
different  interruptors  and  in  varying  cir- 
cumstances, and  also  a  set  of  plates  chroni- 
cling the  history  of  the  artificial  cells  in 
nutrient  solutions  produced  by  different 
inorganic  substances.  The  last  are,  of 
course,  the  earliest  forms  of  those  "  radi- 
obes,"  eobes,  and  the  like  which  have  of  late 
had  rather  a  notorious  history. 

The  usual  supply  of  electrometers,  galvano- 
meters^— some  of  the  last  very  ingenious — 
switchboards,  mercury  and  other  lamps, 
and  improvements  in  photographic  and 
optical  instruments  completed  a  very  in- 
teresting exhibition.  Lectures  were  given 
during  its  continuance  by  Dr.  Rubens, 
of  Charlottenburg,  on  the  radiations  of 
incandescent  gas  mantles  and  the  demonstra- 
tion of  stationary  acoustic  waves  ;  by  M. 
Brunhes  on  the  magnetism  of  volcanic  rocks  ; 
and  by  M.  Matignon  on  the  application  of 
the  electric  furnace  to  the  metallurgy  of  iron. 


SOCIETIES. 


Microscopical. — April  18. — Mr.  O.  C.  Karop, 
"V.P.,  in  the  chair.  —  Dr.  Hebb  exhibited  and 
described  a  simple  and  effective  form  of  apparatus 
for  obtaining  blood  for  bacteriological  examination 
and  cultivation.  He  also  showed  some  cultures  of 
bacteria  on  blood  serum  and  agar  which  were  pre- 
served in  formalin.  The  cultures  were  killed,  and 
at  the  same  time  mounted  by  pouring  into  the  test 
tube  10  per  cent,  formalin,  on  the  top  of  which 
was  placed  a  mixture  of  melted  paraffin  wax  and 
vaselin.  When  cool  this  formed  an  airtight  and 
stable  cylindrical  stopper.  Dr.  Hebb  remarked 
that  the  method  was  not  adapted  fcr  all  cultures, 
as  some  were  dissolved  off  the  surface  by  the  pre- 
servative fluid.  He  also  exhibited  some  test  tubes 
containing  sterilized  nutrient  broth,  and  plugged  in 
the  same  way  as  the  cultures  previously  described. 
The  object  of  the  plug  was  to  allow  the  tubes  to  be 
transported  from  place  to  place  without  damage  to 
or  loss  of  the  medium.  To  remove  the  plug  it  was 
merely  necessary  to  warm  the  tube.  The  latter 
two  devices  were  due  to  the  ingenuity  of  Mr.  F. 
Chopping,  the  laboratory  assistant  at  the  West- 
minster Hospital. — A  series  of  lantern-slides,  being 
photomicrographs  of  the  microscopic  sections  and 
preparations,  illustrative  of  plant  structure,  Mas 
then  shown  upon  the  screen.  The  slides  had  been 
prepared  by  Mr.  A.  Flatters,  of  Manchester.  They 
were  coloured  by  hand  in  exact  imitation  of  the 
stained  preparations,  and  were  copies  of  the  photo- 
graphs reproduced  in  his  work  '  Methods  in  Micro- 
scopical Research.'  The  slides,  86  in  number, 
comprised  sections  of  roots,  stems,  and  leaves, 
growing  points  of  buds,  germination  and  growth  of 
seeds,  fertilization  of  ovary  of  wheat,  uredo  in 
barberry  and  wheat,  cell  division,  &e.  The 
excellence  of  the  photographs  and  the  exceptionally 
fine  way  in  which  the}'  were  coloured  were  par- 
ticularly remarked. 


Royal  Institution. — May  1. — Animal  Meeting. 
— The  Duke  of  Northumberland  in  the  chair. — 
The  Annual  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Visitors 
for  1905,  testifying  to  the  continued  prosperity  of 
the  Institution,  was  read  and  adopted  ;  and  the 
Report  on  the  Davy  Faraday  Research  Laboratory 
of  the  Royal  Institution,  which  accompanied  it, 
was   also  read.      Forty-five    new   Members    were 


elected  in  190.").  The  books  and  pamphlets  pre- 
Bented  amounted  to  about  254  volumes,  making, 
with  tj',17  volumes  (including  periodicals  bound) 
purchased  by  the  Managers,  a  total  of  9.31  volumes 
added  to  the  library  in  the  year. — The  following 
gentlemen  were  elected  as  officers  for  the  ensuing 
year  :  President,  The  Duke  of  Northumberland  ; 
Treasurer,  Sir  James  Crichton -Browne  ;  Secretary, 
Sir  William  Crookes  ;  Managers,  Sir  William  de  W. 
Abney,  Lord  Alverstone,  Earl  Cathcart,  Dr.  A.  H. 
Church,  Dr.  F.  Elgar,  Dr.  D.  W.  C.  Hood,  Mr.  M. 
Horner,  Sir  William  Huggins,  Lord  Kelvin, 
Mr.  H.  F.  Making,  Dr.  Ludwig  Mond,  Sir  R. 
Douglas  Powell,  Lord  Sanderson,  Mr.  Alexander 
Siemens,  and  Sir  James  Stirling  ;  Visitor.*,  Dr.  J. 
Mitchell  Bruce,  Mr.  Dngald  Clerk,  Sir  John  G. 
Craggs,  Mr.  H.  Cunynghame,  Mr.  6.  F.  Deacon, 
Mr.  E.  Dent,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Ellis,  Mr.  R.  K. 
Gray,  Mr.  C.  E.  Groves,  Mr.  F.  G.  Henriques, 
Mr.' A.  C.  Ionides,  Mr.  C.  E.  Melchers,  Mr.  E.  R. 
Merton,  Mr.  H.  Swithinbank,  and  Mr.  G.  P. 
Willoughby. 

Mathematical.  —  April  26.  —  Prof.  A.  R. 
Forsyth,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  President 
referred  to  the  death  of  Mr.  R.  Rawson,  and  gave 
an  account  of  his  contributions  to  mathematics. — 
The  following  papers  were  communicated  :  '  Per- 
petuants  and  Contra-Perpetuants,'  by  Prof.  E.  B. 
Elliott, — 'On  a  Set  of  Intervals  about  the  Rational 
Numbers,'  by  Mr.  A.  R.  Richardson,  — '  Some 
Theorems  connected  with  Abel's  Theorem  on  the 
Continuity  of  Power  Series,'  by  Mr.  G.  H.  Hardy, 
— '  A  Question  in  the  Theory  of  Aggregates  '  and 
'  The  Canonical  Forms  of  the  Ternary  Sextic  and 
Quaternary  Quartic,'  by  Prof.  A.  C.  Dixon, — '  On 
the  Question  of  the  Existence  of  Transfinite 
Numbers,'  by  Mr.  P.  E.  B.  Jourdain, — '  On  the 
Accuracy  of  Interpolation  by  Finite  Differences,' 
by  Mr.  W.  F.  Sheppard,— '  On  Two  Cubic  Curves 
in  Triangular  Relation,'  by  Prof.  F.  Morley, — and 
'  On  the  Geometrical  Interpretation  of  Apolar 
Binary  Forms,'  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Russell. 


Challenger. — April  2,3.— Mr.  E.  W.  L.  Holt 
in  the  chair.  —Dr.  S.  F.  Harmer  exhibited  and 
made  remarks  on  four  species  of  Cephalodiscus,  of 
which  three  had  been  recently  described  by  him  ; 
he  referred  to  others  from  the  Discovery  and 
Antarctica  expeditions. — Mr.  J.  0.  Borley  exhi- 
bited charts  of  positions  in  the  North  Sea  where, 
by  means  of  a  heavy  conical  dredge  with  canvas 
lining,  samples  of  bottom  deposits  had  been  taken 
by  the  Marine  Biological  Association's  steamer 
Huxley.  He  showed  in  action  a  sifting  machine 
designed  by  Mr.  Todd  and  himself  for  grading 
these  deposits  :  sieves  of  various  mesh,  hung  in 
water,  were  made  to  vibrate  horizontally  at  high 
speed  by  an  eccentric  worked  by  an  ordinary 
whirling-table.  There  were  also  exhibited  speci- 
mens of  the  gravel,  fine  sand,  and  silt  met  with  ; 
charts  of  their  distribution  showing  the  extreme 
uniformity  of  the  bottom  in  large  areas  of  the 
Eastern  parts  of  the  North  Sea  ;  and  diagrams 
indicating  the  very  definite  meaning  attaching  to 
fishermen's  descriptive  terms  for  the  bottom. — 
Mr.  E.  T.  Browne  read  a  preliminary  paper  on 
Medusa*  collected  from  H.M.S.  Research  by  Dr. 
Fowler  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  Trachomedusre 
predominated  over  the  other  orders,  three  species 
forming  about  85  per  cent,  of  the  specimens  col- 
lected (Ag/antha  rosea,  42  p.c. ;  Aglaura  hemistoma, 
27  p.c.  ;  Hhopalonema  caeruleum,  15  p.c.).  These 
were  chiefly  taken  between  50  and  100  fathoms. 
A  few  rather  rare  species  were  taken  below  100 
fathoms  ;  for  example,  Colobonema  tericeum,  one 
of  the  new  deep-sea  Medusa;  discovered  by  the 
Valdivia.  The  most  interesting  find  was  a  Nareo- 
medusan,  probably  a  new  spocies  of  Cunoctacantha, 
which  had  a  number  of  medusa-buds  in  all  stages 
of  development  upon  the  stomach-pouches :  the 
buds  were  not  parasitic,  as  in  other  species  of 
Cunoctacantha  and  Cunina,  but  develope  directly 
from  outgrowths  of  the  stomach-wall.  This  forms 
a  straightforward  case  of  asexual  gemmation,  such 
as  occurs  in  some  Anthomedusa*. 


British  Numismatic. — April  25.  —Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — The  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  the  American  Numismatic  and 
Archaeological  Society,  the  Cincinnati  Public 
Library,  and  Messrs.  R.  W.  Martin  and  R. 
Heming  were  elected  to  membership. — Col.  H.  YV. 


Morrieson  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Busts  of  James  I. 
on  his  Silver  Coins,'  in  which  he  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  during  the  twenty-two  year-  ol 
this  king's  reign  the  portraiture  on  his  money  was- 
changed  no  fewer  than  six  times.  Most  of  these- 
changes  occurred  during  the  first  ten  years,  and 
Col.  Morrieson  drew  an  inference  of  the  king's 
personal  interest  in  them.  The  first  portrait 
appeared  in  1603,  and  was  anything  but  pleasing  - 
but  in  the  following  March  the  king  and  queen 
are  recorded  as  having  visited  the  Mint,  and 
immediately  what  was  probably  a  very  nattering 
representation  of  James  was  issued  to  the  public- 
on  his  own  money. — Mr.  J.  B.  Caldecott  con- 
tributed a  paper  in  which,  under  the  heading 
'  Popular  Numismatics,'  he  urged  the  historical 
importance  of  this  subject  as  an  educational 
factor,  and  advocated  that  an  endeavour  should 
be  made  to  increase  the  general  interest  in  it  by 
means  of  illustrated  lectures  and  exhibitions  at 
our  advanced  schools.  —  Presentations  to  the 
Soeiety's  library  and  collection  were  made  by 
the  Deputy  Master  of  the  Mint,  Messrs.  Spink  & 
Son,  Mr.  Baldwin,  and  Mr.  Needes.  Mr.  W. 
Sharp  Ogden  and  Mr.  Lawrence  contributed  a 
special  exhibition  of  Stuart  coin  -  weights  and 
scales  ;  and  Mr.  Needes  showed  a  group  of  war 
medals. 


meetings  next  week. 


Hen. 


Tces. 


Royal  Institution.  5. — General  Monthly  Meeting. 

Surveyors'  Institution.  7.— Junior  Meeting. 

Society  of  Engineers.  7.30.— 'The  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology 
of  Potable  Waters.'  Mr.  P.  Sommenille. 

Aristotelian.  8.— 'Aristotle's  Theory  of  Knowledge,'  Dr.  O. 
Dawes  Hicks. 

Society  of  Arts.  8.—'  Ivory  in  Commerce  and  in  the  Arts," 
Lecture  III.,  Mr.  A.  Maskell.     (Cantor  Lecture.i 

Geographical,  8  .'to.  —  '  From  the  Victoria  Nyanza  to  Kilima- 
njaro,' Col.  G.  E.  Smith. 

Asiatic.  4. — Annual  Meeting. 

—  Royal  Institution.  5.— 'Glands  and  their  Products,'  Lecture  L- 

Prof.  W.  Stirling. 

—  Colonial    Institute,  8.— 'India  under  British    Rule,"  Mr.    A. 

Sawtell. 

—  Society    of    Arts,    8.—' Damascening   and    the    Inlaying   and 

Ornamenting  of  Metallic  Surfaces.'  Mr.  S.  Cowper-Ooleg. 
Wed.     Geological,  8.— 'The  Eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  April.  1906.'  Prof. 
Giuseppe  de  Lorenzo;  'The  Ordovician  Rocks  of    Wi  - 
Carmarthenshire.'  Mr.  I).  C.  Evans. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.—'  Bridge  Building  by  means  of   Caissons^ 

including  Remarks  uiK>n  Compressed  Air  Illness,'  Prof.   T. 
.Oliver. 

—  Dante.  8.30.— 'Dante  and  St.  Thomas    Aquinas,'   Very   Rev. 

Father  S.  Bowden. 
Thi-us.  Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.— 'The  Expansion   of  Old  Greek  Litera- 

ture by  Recent  Discoveries.'  Rev.  J.  P.  Mahaffy. 

—  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  'Long- 

Flame  Arc  Lamps.' 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 
Fur.       Astronomical,  5. 

—  Physical,  8— 'The  Effect  of  a  Rapid  Discharge  on  the  Throw  of 

a  Galvanometer,'  Mr.  A.  Russell. 

—  Royal   Institution.   9. — 'Some  Astronomical  Consequences  of 
the  Pressure  of  Light.'  Prof.  ,T.  H.  Poynting. 

Royal  Institution,  3.— 'Enelish  Furniture  in  the  Eighteenth! 
Century,'  Lecture  III..  Prof.  C.  Waldstein. 


Sat. 


%titntt  (5ossip. 

We  hear  that  the  Council  of  the  Marine- 
Biological  Association  has  revived  the  office 
of  Chairman  of  the  Council,  which  has  been 
for  some  years  in  abeyance.  The  gentleman 
selected  for  the  post  is  Mr.  A.  E.  Shiplew 
F.R.S. 

At  the  Royal  Institute  of  Public  Health,, 
in  Russell  Square,  the  Harben  Lectures  for 
1906  will  be  delivered  in  French  by  Prof. 
Metchnikoff.  The  first  is  fixed  for  May  25th, 
and  the  others  are  on  May  28th  and  30th. 

Among  the  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the 
week  are  the  Report  of  H.M.'s  Astronomer 
at  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope,  1905  (2d.) ;  and 
Report  by  Mr.  Dawo  on  a  Botanical  Mission 
through  the  Forest  Districts  of  Buddu  and 
the  Western  and  Nile  Provinces  of  the 
Uganda  Protectorate  (Is.  5d.). 

A  correspondent  of  the  Allahabad 
Pioneer  gives  an  interesting  account  of  a 
recent  ascent  of  the  Takt-i-Suliman,  the 
loftiest  peak  of  tho  Suliman  range  on  the 
western  frontier  of  India.  This  peak 
derives  its  name  from  the  tradition  that 
Solomon,  when  being  transported  tlvrough 
the  air  on  carrying  off  his  Indian  bride 
Balkis,  ordered  the  genii  supporting  his 
throne  to  halt  on  this  peak,  so  that  she  might 
have  a  last  look  at  her  native  land.  On  the 
spot  on  which  the  throne  was  placed  a  ziarat, 
or  slirine,  was  subsequently  erected,  and  thia 


N°4097,  Mayo,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


551 


inaccessible  spot,  a  sort  of  eagle's  nest  on  the 
pinnacle  of  a  lofty  mountain,  became  the 
•object  of  veneration  to  Hindu  and  Mussul- 
man alike.  In  more  recent  years  it  has 
become  the  mark  of  the  climber  whose  ambi- 
tion is  to  reach  unknown  altitudes.  »$g|  2$  <y\ 
ppjTHE  mountain  .  consists  of  two  parallel 
ridges,  the  Kaisa  Ghor  of  11,300  ft.,  and  the 
Takt  itself  of  11,070  ft.  The  country  in 
which  the  peak  stands  is  occupied  by  the 
Pathan  tribe  called  the  Sheranis.  In  1884 
Sir  Thomas  Holdich  took  his  survey  from 
the  Kaisa  Ghor,  leaving  the  Takt  alone  ;  and 
in  1890  Sir  George  White  reached  a  point 
■some  distance  below  both  the  peak  and  the 
shrine.  In  1892  the  late  Major  Maclvor 
and  the  present  Col.  Sir  A.  H.  MacMahon 
ascended  the  peak  and  visited  the  shrine, 
and,  so  far  as  records  go,  were  the  first 
Europeans  to  accomplish  the  feat.  In 
November,  1905,  they  were  succeeded  by 
the  party  whose  visit  is  described  in  The 
Pioneer. 

This  expedition  was  composed  of  Col. 
Chenevix  -  Trench,  Capt.  Loring,  Lieut. 
Trenchard,  R.E.,  and  Mr.  E.  P.  Stebbing, 
the  -writer  of  the  account.  In  the  actual 
ascent  a  Gurkha  sepoy  and  a  man  of  the 
"Zhob  levy  took  part,  and  the  guides  were  the 
Sherani  malik  Syed  Khan  and  his  brother 
Inam  Khan,  who  had  scaled  the  peak  before. 
The  main  object  before  the  expedition  was 
to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  devastation 
of  the  valuable  chilgoza  forests  that  cover 
the  Suliman  range.  The  ascent  of  the  Takt 
was  consequently  an  incident  in  a  border 
•expedition  for  a  serious  and  general  purpose. 
The  great  initial  difficulty  arose  from  the 
absence  of  water,  which  had  to  be  carried  in 
tanks  on  the  backs  of  mules.  The  party 
•  encamped  the  night  before  the  ascent  on  a 
spot  below  Gardao,  at  an  altitude,  apparently, 
of  8,500  ft.  ;  and  the  actual  ascent  was 
accomplished  on  November  11th,  1905. 

Dtjbing  the  final  stage  the  maliks  chanted 
-weird  dirges  in  honour  of  the  shrine,   and 
at  last  the  glacis  of  the  peak  was  reached. 
Here  a  narrow  path — never  wider  than  4  ft. 
— skirted  the  sheer  wall  of  the  rock,  with  a 
precipice  of  thousands  of  feet  on  the  other 
side.     But  for  a  distance  of  thirty  yards  this 
ledge  disappeared,  and  there  remained  just 
a  number  of  projecting  well-worn  stepping- 
places.     This  strip  was  got  over  in  stockinged 
feet,  and  by  holding  on  to  any  projections  in 
the  sheer  wall  of  the  rock.     The  Gurkha  was 
the  only  man  in  the  party  who  seemed  to 
like  it.     At  last  the  summit  of  the  Takt  was 
reached   in   safety  ;     but   the   summit   is   of 
small   importance   in   comparison   with   the 
ziarat,   which   is   placed   on   a   ledge   about 
twenty  feet  below  the  top  of  the  rock,  and 
overlooking  a  precipice  that  descends  sheer 
to  the  plain  of  Derajat.     The  visitor  has  to 
descend  from  the  top  of  the  rock,  and  as  there 
is  an  outward  curve  in  it,  there  is  a  seeming 
•drop  into  space  before  him.     By  means  of 
hand-holes  the  descent  can  be  made  without 
much  danger  ;   but  the  Englishmen  found  it 
expedient,  owing  to  the  slipperiness  of  the 
Tock,    to    descend    in    their    stockings,    and 
some   of   them   even   with   bare   feet.     The 
shrine  did  not  repay  the  trouble  and  danger 
of  visiting  it,  but  the  party  made  the  custom- 
ary offering  by  hammering  a  little  stick  into 
the  earth  under  the  outer  wall.     The  Gurkha 
improved  on  this  by  tying  a  rag  to  one  of 
the  numerous  poles  placed  by  devotees  on 
the  precipice  above  the  ziarat,  and  by  carving 
his  name,  in  English  and  Nepalese,  on  the 
grave  of  a  notable  person  who  had  chosen 
the  Takt  for  his  burial-place. 

The  visitation  of  the  Royal  Observatory, 
Greenwich,    is    usually    held    on    the    first 


Saturday  in  June,  but  as  that  day  this 
year  immediately  precedes  Whitsuntide,  it 
will  be  held  on  the  previous  Wednesday,  the 
30th  inst. 

Dr.  Zwiers,  of  Ley  den,  publishes  in 
No.  4085  of  the  Astronomische  Xachrichten 
an  ephemeris  of  Holmes's  periodical  comet 
for  the  return  due  this  year.  That  comet 
was  discovered  on  November  6th,  1892, 
and  calculated  to  have  a  period  of  about 
Of  years.  It  duly  returned  in  1899,  but 
was  exceedingly  faint  at  that  appearance, 
and  was  only  discernible  with  very  large 
telescopes,  being  last  seen  by  Prof.  Perrine 
at  the  Lick  Observatory  on  January  20th, 
1900.  This  year  the  return  to  perihelion 
was  due  on  March  14th,  but  the  comet  will 
continue  to  approach  the  earth  until  Novem- 
ber 13th,  when  its  distance  from  us  will  be 
P88  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance 
from  the  sun,  the  present  distance  being 
2-99,  or  about  278,000,000  miles.  It  is  now 
situated  in  the  constellation  Pisces,  moving 
towards  Aries  ;  but  the  prospect  of  its 
becoming  visible  is  not  very  great.  The 
eccentricity  of  this  comet's  orbit  is  only 
0'41,  less  than  that  of  any  other,  and  not 
much  exceeding  those  of  some  of  the  small 
planets. 

Five  new  small  planets  are  announced 
from  the  Konigstuhl  Observatory,  Heidel- 
berg, all  by  Prof.  Wolf  :  three  on  the  13th 
ult.,  one  on  the  16th,  and  another  on  the 
17th  ;  the  last  may  possibly  be  identical 
with  No.  394,  which  was  discovered  by 
Borrelly  at  Marseilles  on  November  19th, 
1894,  and  afterwards  named  Arduina. 

Prof.  M.  axd  Herr  G.  Wolf  also  announce 
four  new  variable  stars  in  the  constellation 
Orion.  One  of  these,  var.  36,  1906,  Orionis, 
never  appears  to  exceed  12*5  magnitude  ; 
var.  37,  1906,  Orionis,  sometimes  reaches 
11  "5  ;  but  var.  38,  1906,  Orionis,  is  only 
of  the  twelfth  magnitude  at  brightest.  The 
last  of  the  four,  designated  var.  39,  1906, 
Orionis,  attains  10*5  magnitude  when 
brightest.  All  sink  below  the  thirteenth 
when  faintest. 

In  March,  1904,  Prof.  Ceraski,  of  Moscow, 
announced  that  a  star  in  the  constellation 
Cygnus,  which  had  been  noted  as  variable  by 
Madame  Ceraski  from  plates  taken  by  M. 
Blajko,  and  is  designated  var.  14,  1904, 
Cygni,  had  the  remarkably  short  period  of 
about  3'2  hours.  Since  that  time  no  more  has 
been  heard  from  him  about  it,  but,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Prof.  Muller,  of  Potsdam,  Dr.  Graff, 
of  the  Hamburg  Observatory,  made  in  the 
early  part  of  this  year  a  series  of  careful 
observations  of  the  star's  light,  and  finds 
the  period  to  amount  to  3h-2363,  or  about 
3  hours  14  minutes  11  seconds.  The  maxi- 
mum and  minimum  magnitudes  are  104 
and  11*1  respectively. 


FINE   ARTS 


Mediaeval  Rhodesia.  By  David  Randall- 
Maclver,  Laycock  Student  of  Egypto- 
logy at  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

As  the  title  of  this  work  implies,  it  con- 
tains Mr.  Randall-Maclver's  demonstration 
that  the  "  prehistoric  "  remains  of  Zim- 
babwe are  really  "  mediaeval  " — that  is. 
that  they  were  built  in  times  which  corre- 
spond to  what  are  called  in  Europe  the 
"  .Middle  Ages,"  though  the  expression  is 
hardly  applicable  to  Central  Africa.  He 
establishes  this  by  exploration  of  the  ruins 
themselves,  and  by  comparison  with  other 


ruins  in  Rhodesia :  far  away  to  the 
north-east,  as  at  Umtali,  Inyanga,  and  a 
district  covering  50  square  miles,  and 
beginning  10  miles  from  Inyanga,  which 
he  proposes  to  call  the  Niekirk  ruins  ;  to 
the  west,  as  at  Dhlo-dhlo,  16  miles  from 
Insiza  station,  and  Nanatali,  14  miles 
from  Shangani  siding,  both  to  the  north 
of  Bulawayo  ;  and  Khami,  to  the  south 
of  Bulawayo.  He  speaks  of  Zimbabwe 
as  nearly  due  south  of  Umtali,  and  not  far 
from  the  Portuguese  border  ;  but  accord- 
ing to  the  maps  the  distance  exceeds 
100  miles,  and  the  direction  is  west  of 
south.  It  is  an  omission  in  Mr.  Randall- 
Maclver's  work  that,  though  it  relates  to 
a  large  district,  it  contains  no  map.  From 
Umtali,  the  most  eastern  point  explored 
by  him,  to  Khami,  the  most  western,  is 
a  distance  of  300  miles  (much  more 
by  train)  ;  while  the  Zimbabwe  ruins  are 
about  midway  between  the  two.  No 
geographical  system  is  followed  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  book,  and  the  following 
notes  of  the  discoveries  described  in  it  are 
given,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  regular 
order  from  east  to  west — an  order  which 
appears  to  correspond  fairly  with  the 
chronological  sequence  of  the  remains. 

First,  then,  at  Umtali,  which  is  close  to 
the  frontier  of  Portuguese  East  Africa, 
Mr.  E.  M.  Andrews  has  explored  some 
circles  of  unhewn  stone,  and  an  oblong 
building,  the  stones  of  which  were  some- 
what dressed.  Here  were  a  structure 
which  is  called  an  "  altar,"  some  soapstone 
carvings,  copper  objects,  and  fragments 
of  pottery. 

At  Inyanga,  about  60  miles  due  north 
from  Umtali,  Mr.  Randall-Maclver  found 
four  ancient  forts,  each  roughly  about 
three  miles  distant  from  the  farm  of 
100,000  acres  which  belonged  to  Cecil 
Rhodes,  and  from  each  fort  signals  might 
be  sent  to  another.  These  forts  are 
irregularly  elliptical  in  outline,  following 
the  contour  of  the  hills.  All  over  the 
neighbourhood  are  pit  dwellings,  erro- 
neously described  as  "  slave  pits." 

The  Niekirk  ruins  have  never  been 
reported  on  and  have  been  seldom  visited. 
They  consist  of  structures  enclosed  in  an 
innumerable  series  of  walls,  row  on  row, 
covering  plateau  and  hill  alike  so  thickly 
that  it  is  fatiguing  and  difficult  to  make 
way  across  them.  Each  of  nine  or  ten 
hills  forms  a  separate  unit,  complete  with 
its  own  buildings,  surrounded  by  its  own 
walls,  only  a  few  feet  apart,  till  it  reaches 
the  outermost  wall  of  its  neighbour.  The 
buildings  are  forts,  pit  dwellings,  and  huts 
of  simple  form.  In  one  place,  termed 
the  place  of  "  offerings,"  pottery  and 
fragments  of  animal  bones  were  found. 

This  appears  to  be  as  far  north  as  Mr. 
Randall-Maclver  proceeded,  and  before 
we  record  what  he  found  in  places  further 
west  geographical  order  leads  us  to 
state  the  discoveries  made  by  him  in 
Zimbabwe  itself.  The  most  north-easterly 
portion  of  these  ruins  appears  to  be  the 
"  Acropolis."'  where  a  hill  that  rises  pre- 
cipitously to  a  height  of  from  2<Ht  to  3*M) 
feel  above  the  valiev  has  been  converted, 
by  the  ingenuity  of  the  builders,  into  an 
almost      impregnable      stronghold.      The 


552 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


engineers  of  the  negro  capital  neglected  do 
opportunity   which   nature  offered  them. 

These  remains  have  never  been  exhaust- 
ively explored,  and  the  author,  who 
himself  was  prevented  from  under- 
taking' excavations  by  the  limited  time 
at  his  disposal,  hopes  that  some  really 
patient  and  conscientious  observer  may 
devote  a  good  many  months  to  studying 
them.  In  the  valley  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  detached  ruins,  of  which  our 
author  describes  only  the  Philips  ruins. 
It  does  not  appear  whether  he  explored 
any  others.  An  excellent  photograph 
shows  the  rounded  entrance  to  this  build- 
ing, where  a  groove  indicates  that  upright 
stones  formerly  bounded  the  doorway. 
Through  the  entrance  appears  a  cylinder 
of  masonry,  and  behind  that  the  elliptical 
buttress  of  a  doorway  joining  an  angle 
of  wall  ;  but  the  walls  are,  as  usual,  not 
bonded  into  each  other.  The  lower 
portion  of  that  angle  of  wall  is  covered 
with  cement. 

Further  south  is  the  elliptical  "  temple." 
This  is  known  to  history  only  by  the 
testimony  of  two  Portuguese  chroniclers, 
writing  in  1552  and  15C6,  neither  of  whom 
had  seen  it.  They  do  not  assert  its  anti- 
quity, though  that  seems  to  be  implied 
in  their  accounts.  Here  Mr.  Randall- 
Maclver  found  pottery  exactly  like  modern 
Kaffir  pottery,  in  association  with  objects 
of  copper,  spindle  whorls,  and  other  things 
indistinguishable  from  those  in  use  by 
the  Makalanga  of  to-day.  His  description 
of  the  ruin  is  illustrated  by  a  reproduction 
of  Mr.  Franklin  White's  careful  plan.  The 
outer  walls  are  of  extraordinary  massive- 
ness,  standing  in  places  over  30  feet  high, 
and  14  feet  wide  at  the  broadest  part  of 
the  summit,  built  of  granite  slabs  roughly 
trimmed  and  without  mortar.  The  ruins 
are  distinguishable  from  those  in  other 
places  by  their  greater  dimensions  and 
more  massive  construction.  There  is  one 
unique  feature,  the  conical  tower,  measur- 
ing 56  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base. 
From  the  discovery  of  Arabic  glass  and 
Nankin  china  in  the  enclosures,  the  author 
infers  that  the  date  of  the  "  temple " 
cannot  be  earlier  than  the  fourteenth  or 
fifteenth  century,  the  period  of  the  Arabic 
glass,  and  is  probably  even  a  century 
later. 

More  than  100  miles  to  the  west  is 
Nanatali,  a  beautiful  little  ruin,  the  whole 
building  being  contained  within  an  ellip- 
tical wall,  of  which  the  greatest  diameter 
is  about  150  feet.  Here  all  the  four  forms 
of  decoration  which  are  found  in  various 
parts  of  Zimbabwe — the  chevron,  herring- 
bone, chess-board,  and  cord — are  carried 
round  the  enclosure.  A  portion  of  the 
facade  is  ornamented  with  monoliths  of 
stone.  The  cement  walls  of  the  internal 
huts  are  still  standing  to  the  height  of 
4  feet.  Objects  of  copper,  iron,  soapstone, 
and  pottery  were  found. 

Sixteen  miles  further  west  is  Dhlo-dhlo. 
This  has  been  surveyed  by  Mr.  Franklin 
White.  Here  are  three  walls,  rising  one 
behind  the  other  in  tiers.  Below  the  un- 
broken cement  floor  of  the  internal  build- 
ings were  found  objects  of  copper,  iron, 


tin,  glass,  and  two  fragments  of  Nankin 

china. 

The  other  side  of  Bulawayo,  and  14 
miles  to  the  south  of  it,  is  Khami,  where 
Mr.  Randall-Maelver  examined  four  groups 
of  ruins.  Here  in  the  debris  heaps  were 
found  objects  of  copper,  bronze,  enamelled 
bronze,  iron,  tin,  bone,  china,  ivory,  soap- 
stone,  glass,  and  earthenware,  and  also 
some  poorly  worked  stone  implements. 

The  present  reviewer  considers  the 
author's  competence  undoubted,  and  his 
conclusion  that  all  these  imposing  struc- 
tures are  of  negro  origin  satisfactory.  Once 
admitted,  it  clears  the  ground  of  a  number 
of  fanciful  speculations  that  have  been 
based  on  incomplete,  and  in  some  respects 
inaccurate,  information.  We  have  marked 
with  inverted  commas  a  number  of  expres- 
sions that  are  of  a  question-begging  cha- 
racter, derived  in  part  from  these  specula- 
tions, but,  though  they  have  obtained 
currency,  we  wish  the  author  had  had  the 
courage  to  substitute  for  them  others  that 
are  merely  descriptive.  His  summing-up 
is  thus  happily  expressed  : — 

"  Surely  it  is  a  prosaic  mind  that  sees  no 
romance  in  the  partial  opening  of  this  new 
chapter  in  the  history  of  vanished  cultures. 
A  corner  is  lifted  of  that  veil  which  has 
shrouded  the  forgotten  but  not  irrecoverable 
past  of  the  African  negro.  Were  I  a 
Rhodesian  I  should  feel  that  in  studying  the 
contemporary  natives  in  order  to  unravel 
the  story  of  the  ruins  I  had  a  task  as  romantic 
as  any  student  could  desire.  I  should  feel 
that  in  studying  the  ruins  in  order  thereby 
to  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  modern  races  I 
had  an  interest  that  the  politician  should 
support  and  that  the  scholar  must  envy." 

Controversy  is  now  proceeding  on  the 
question  of  the  date  of  these  African 
ruins,  but  the  subject  is  too  complicated 
to  be  discussed  in  the  brief  space  of  our 
columns. 


Impressions  of  Japanese  Architecture  and 
the  Allied  Arts.  By  R.  A.  Cram.  Illustrated. 
(John  Lane.) — Mr.  Cram,  in  his  finely  illus- 
trated and  somewhat  gorgeously  \vritten 
volume,  can  scarcely  find  language  adequate 
to  express  his  admiration  of  Japanese  art 
in  all  its  branches,  architectural,  pictorial, 
glyptic,  or  decorative.     He  writes  : — 

"there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  in  the 
highest  reaches  of  art,  in  subtle  reminder  and 
re-creation  of  the  accumulated  past,  in  the  dim 
foreshadowing  of  a  future,  the  painters  of  Japan 

far   excel    those    of    our    own    race Leonardo, 

Giorgione,  Botticelli,  Diirer,  Rossetti." 

He  adds  the  enigmatic  sentence  : — 

"I  say  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  this,  for 
actually  we  cannot  know,  we  of  the  West  to  whom 
they  of  the  East  are  as  of  another  planet." 

In  a  word,  the  East,  especially  the  Japanese 
East,  transcends  the  West  in  a  manner  and 
degree  beyond  all  comparison  and  beyond 
all  Western  comprehension. 

This,  of  course,  is  criticism  run  mad,  or 
rather  no  criticism  at  all.  The  natural  re- 
ligions of,  the  Far  East  show  no  trace  of 
imagination  or  beauty  in  their  mythologies  ; 
their  Buddhism  is  mainly  a  mere  superstition 
compared  with  the  teachings  of  the  immacu- 
lately born  son  of  Maya.  The  art  of  these 
people  is  a  conventional  rendering  of  natural 
forms,  characterized  by  the  purity  of  taste 


in  colour  and  line  distinctive  of  all  forms 
of  art,  even  the  most  savage,  that  have  not 
come  under  the  destructive  influence  of 
mechanical  reproduction  for  markets  which 
care  only  for  cheupness.  Even  the  Japanese 
are  made  of  the  same  clay  as  other  folk,  and 
the  charm  of  their  artistic  work  (real  enough 
within  its  limits)  is  due  in  the  first  place  to 
its  close  adherence  to  Chinese  models  in 
every  particular — to  the  Chinese  models, 
that  is  to  say,  of  the  great  period  of  Chinese 
history,  the  Thang  to  the  Ming  dynasties 
inclusive — and  in  the  second  place  to  its 
preservation  (due  to  the  practical  isolation 
of  Japan  from  the  rest  of  the  world  from 
the  ninth  century  to  the  nineteenth)  of  its 
natural  conventionalities  unspoilt  by  the 
influence  of  markets  and  mechanisms. 

The  architecture  of  Japan  is  revealed 
mainly  in  the  Buddhist  temples,  none  of 
which,  as  an  examination  of  their  woodwork 
has  convinced  us  in  every  case  we  have 
tested,  can  be  much,  if  at  all,  older  than 
the  Tokugawa  dynasty.  They  are  wholly 
Chinese,  ultimately  Indian,  in  structure, 
and  they  do  often  in  truth  suggest  a  spirit- 
uality "  that  is  quite  overpowering."  But 
it  is  upon  the  European  beholder  that  the 
inner  gloom,  the  enormous  roofs,  the  impos- 
ing portals,  the  bronze  lacquer  and  glyptic 
decoration  within  and  without,  the  peculiar 
fragrances — perhaps,  above  all,  the  pictur- 
esque embowered  sites — make  the  "  impres- 
sions "  which  Mr.  Cram  so  eloquently  re- 
cords. We  have  never  met  with  any  Japanese, 
clerical  or  other,  educated  or  not,  in  whom 
we  could  detect  any  sentiment  of  the  kind. 
In  the  latter  days  of  the  Shogunate  Con- 
fucianism and  revived  Shinto  thrust  all 
that  was  Buddhist  into  the  background  ; 
while  in  the  seventies  and  eighties  the  temples 
of  Buddhism  were  neglected  and  its  servants 
despised.  In  the  present  day  it  may  be 
said  that  all  professorial  and  literary  Japan 
regards  both  Shinto  and  Buppo  as  mere 
superstitions  ;  whUe  official  Japan  treats 
both  forms  of  cult  with  respect,  solely  on 
account  of  their  political  utility. 

It  cannot  be  too  strongly  stated  that  most 
of  what  is  written  about  the  "  mysterious  " 
East  is  not  to  be  trusted.  In  the  Middle 
and  Nearer  East,  still  overshadowed  by  the 
great  religions  of  the  past,  an  archaic  habit 
of  thought  survives  that  has,  for  most 
of  us,  its  "  mystery,"  and  in  its  mystery 
most  of  its  charm.  But  the  Far  East  is  a 
different  East  altogether,  as  its  languages- 
and  literatures  amply  prove.  It  is  over- 
lucid  rather  than  mysterious  ;  the  phases- 
of  Far-Eastern  history  are  Western  in  cha- 
racter, not  Eastern  ;  the  highest  aim  has 
been  always  the  material  well-being  of  the 
State  (as  conceived  under  inevitable  limit  a 
tions  of  knowledge,  and  in  the  absence  of 
that  observation  the  exercise  of  which  Greece 
and  Rome  first  taught  to  the  world),  and 
never  the  supremacy  of  a  religion  or  a  philo- 
sophy, or  the  development  of  an  imaginative 
literature  or  art.  We  are  always  looking 
for  profundities  which  do  not  exist,  and  so 
come  to  misunderstand  the  solid  realities, 
and  view  them  as  symbols  merely  of  ideas 
which  exist  oidy  in  our  own  fertile  and 
inventive  Western  minds. 

The  details  of  Mr.  Cram's  book  we  have 
not  space  to  consider  ;  to  our  mind  the  most 
important  chapter  in  it  is  that  dealing  with 
Japanese  sculpture,  which,  based  on  a  more 
or  less  close  imitation  of  Chinese,  ultimately 
Indian  models,  attained  a  very  high  degree 
of  power,  but  apparently  never  sought  after 
beavity.  This  chapter  is  admirably  illus- 
trated, and  wo  do  not  remember  any  work 
in  which  its  subject  is  so  well  and  instruc- 
tively handled. 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


553 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

(First  Notice.) 
"  THE    EXHIBITION    PICTURE." 

It  is  questionable  whether  the  Royal 
Academy  is  approached  quite  from  the 
right  point  of  view  by  many  art  critics. 
They  seem  to  take,  say,  the  National  Gallery 
as  the  type  of  what  an  art  collection  ought 
to  be,  and,  seeing  in  it  but  a  number  of 
pictures  that  were  once  "  contemporary " 
works  even  as  ours,  ask  themselves  how 
our  modern  examples  will  look  when,  having 
passed  the  period  of  probation,  that  is  the 
present,  they  come  at  last  to  share  with 
these  the  calm  consideration  of  retrospective 
criticism.  This  question,  interesting  enough 
in  its  way,  is  unprofitable,  save  in  so  far  as, 
by  being  always  answered  in  the  same  way, 
it  may  be  salutary  in  humbling  the  too 
successful  modern  painter.  It  is  much  as 
though  one  were  to  be  perpetually  insisting 
on  the  degeneracy  of  the  modern  elephant 
as  compared  with  the  mammoth — a  thing 
needless  in  a  world  that  has  really  no  place 
for  mammoths,  and  has  every  year  less  use 
even  for  elephants.  It  is  more  important, 
while  yet  a  little  art  lingers  among  us,  to 
seek  to  establish  a  closer  correspondence 
between  the  work  that  artists  produce  and 
the  needs  of  the  public. 

The  Royal  Academy,  rightly  considered, 
has  many  points  of  resemblance  with  an 
invention  of  modern  philanthropy  which  is 
known  as  the  jumble  sale.  It  is  a  device 
for  relieving  the  press  of  poverty,  just  as  the 
Royal  Academy  is  a  device — clumsy,  perhaps, 
but  forced  upon  us  by  the  times — for  dealing 
with  the  dearth  of  imagination  and  want  of 
beauty  that  oppress  us  all.  The  jumble  sale 
is  a  hotchpotch  of  every  sort  of  contribution, 
collected  for  the  benefit  of  the  utterly  poor 
from  the  slightly  less  poor,  just  as  the  Royal 
Academy  is  a  random  collection  of  anything 
that  may  serve  to  feed  the  artistic  famine 
of  the  crowd  that  flocks  hither,  conscious 
of  wanting  something,  but  hardly  knowing 
what.  Consequently  the  critic  at  the 
Academy  finds  himself  much  in  the  position 
of  the  obliging  curate  from  the  next  parish 
who  is  asked  to  open  the  jumble  sale  with 
a  few  well-chosen  words,  and  finds  himself 
at  a  loss  before  the  confusion  of  objects  that 
confronts  him.  Does  he  in  this  predicament 
endeavour  to  appraise  the  relative  value 
of  these  objects  got  together  for  a  charitable 
purpose,  noticing  those  that  are  of  most 
intrinsic  value,  and  lamenting  from  time  to 
time  the  want  of  harmony  in  the  appearance 
of  the  saleroom  ?  Not  if  he  be  wise  and 
realizes  his  function.  It  is  his  to  unravel 
from  this  confusion  what  there  is  that  answers 
each  need,  and  similar  is  the  task  of  the 
critic  at  the  Academy.  Here  are  displayed 
a  bundle  of  talents  and  aptitudes,  mostly 
out  of  place  :  if  they  were  performing  their 
functions  in  a  healthy  manner,  they  would 
probably  not  be  at  the  jumble  sale,  the 
place  pre-eminently  where  a  man  sends 
what  he  himself  has  no  use  for.  Yet  they 
are  not  on  that  account  intrinsically  value- 
less. It  is  for  the  critic  to  suggest  where  these 
powers  would  best  be  placed,  for  art  is  very 
largely  a  matter  of  putting  things  in  their 
rifiht  place,  and  many  a  painter  who  reason- 
ably excites  derision  by  the  most  foolish 
Academy  picture  might  deserve  admiration, 
if  he  could  only  be  drawn  away  to  do  the 
kind  of  work  he  is  fitted  for. 
J  *  Approaching,  then,  this  great  exhibition 
with  the  inquiry  put  to  each  painter  of  what 
he  can  do  for  us,  we  are  met  by  one  main 
difference  which  divides  the  work  into  two 
broadly  contrasted  classes  of  picture  each 
having  a  raison  d'etre  of  its  own,  but  each 
usually  sacrificing  its  own  proper  qualities 


to  empty  pretence  of  possessing  those  of  the 
other.  There  was  a  time  when  the  Academy 
was  a  collection  of  works,  the  individual 
components  of  which  one  might  conceivably 
like  to  possess — when  pictures  were  painted 
to  stand  the  strain  of  such  intimate  acquaint- 
ance. Gradually,  as  the  show  has  become 
more  the  resort  of  the  curious,  and  less  of 
the  buying  amateur,  this  has  become  less 
the  case,  and  not  a  little  of  the  enormous 
revenue  that  the  Academy  gains  from  its 
shilling  admission  fees  is  due  to  the  presence, 
the  almost  preponderating  presence,  of 
works  whose  aim  is  not  to  achieve  permanent 
beauty,  but  to  offer  a  passing  entertainment. 
Mr.  Edwin  Abbey  is  on  the  whole  the  greatest 
master  of  the  modern  Academy  picture,  and 
he  is  represented  here  by  a  large  work 
(No.  143),  Columbus  in  the  New  World.  Mr. 
Abbey  is  not  a  proud  man,  and  disdains 
none  of  the  arts  of  pleasing  ;  the  picture 
is  consequently  full  of  the  little  tricks  of 
deception,  the  accidents  of  light  and  reflec- 
tion that  seem  in  their  place  in  smaller 
works  of  more  intimate  observation.  But 
he  has  attractions  as  a  decorator  to  offer  as 
well,  and  the  sky  diapered  with  flying 
flamingoes  offers  a  touch  of  the  unexpected 
which  would  be  striking  enough  to  atone 
in  some  degree  for  the  want  of  dramatic 
power  in  the  conception,  if  only  the  picture 
had  throughout  been  couched  in  decorative 
terms  that  would  enable  us  to  accept  their 
frozen  and  conventional  flight  as  satisfactorj'. 
To  the  mood  that  saw  sun  and  sand  and 
bright  reflecting  armour  in  so  realistic  a 
spirit  surely  the  birds  would  be  a  whirr  of 
beating  wings.  The  realism  is,  we  think, 
the  sinner  in  this  clash  of  moods,  and  the 
greater  restraint  of  his  famous  '  Richard  III.' 
makes  it  still  by  far  the  best  of  his  pictures, 
though  even  an  inferior  example  of  him 
remains  very  good  in  comparison  with  the 
Abbeys  that  are  produced  by  his  followers. 
There  are  two  of  those  here  :  a  commonplace 
and  stodgy  one  by  Mr.  Board,  The  Departure 
of  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot  from  Bristol  on 
their  First  Voyage  of  Discovery  (533),  who 
seems  to  have  some  merits  as  a  modest  and 
painstaking  workman,  thrown  away  in  such 
a  picture  as  this,  but  promising  for  work  of 
more  intimate  character  ;  and  the  other  a 
vulgarized  Abbey  by  Mr.  Craig,  The  Heretic 
(280),  which  is  much  worse.  Mr.  Board  is  not 
clever  enough  to  wear  this  mantle,  while 
Mr.  Craig  is  too  clever  by  half. 

More  satisfactory  than  any  of  these  from 
the  point  of  view  of  artistic  entertainment, 
light,  unpretentious,  conceived  frankly  in 
the  spirit  of  a  schoolboy  having  a  lark,  Mr. 
George  Gascoyne's  Battle-dawn  (392)  is  a 
picture  one  would  hardly,  perhaps,  wish  to 
buy,  but  that  one  would  be  delighted  to  pay 
to  look  at.  Its  merits  point  to  the  defects 
of  all  the  others,  and  hint  at  their  cause. 
Compare  it  with  Mr.  Solomon's  St.  George 
(295),  witli  its  heavy-handed  seriousness, 
without  a  twinkle  of  humour,  as  though  its 
aiithor  were  resolved  that  if  any  one  were 
inclined  to  think  this  a  great  work  and 
buy  it,  he  should  be  given  every  chance. 
Such  a  weak  conception  is  unworthy  of 
the  dexterous  craftsmanship  and  strong 
sense  of  character  that  inspire  the  fine 
portrait  of  Sir  Aston  Webb  (260).  Yet  Mr. 
Solomon,  before  he  became  an  Academician, 
was  a  great  painter  of  exhibition  pictures, 
his  '  Samson  '  being  a  work  which,  again, 
we  do  not  desire  to  have,  but  which  it 
was  inspiriting  to  go  and  see  :  it  is  sad  to 
find  him  spoiling  an  effective  piece  of  public. 
entertainment  in  hopes  of  making  it  appear 
a  desirable  piece  of  private  property.  On 
all  sides  you  see  work  ruined  by  this  divided 
aim:  you  see  it  in  the  want  of  heartiness, 
the    over-finish    of   Mr.    Wyllie    in    his    his- 


torical marines  ;  in  the  cautious  colour  and 
cramped  painting  of  Mr.  Hemy's  yachting 
picture.  On  the  other  side  you  see  Sir 
Lawrence  Alma  Tadema — a  "  private  " 
painter  by  nature,  if  ever  there  was  one,  with 
a  taste  for  little  preciosities  of  surface  and 
execution — ruining  from  the  start  what 
might  have  been  a  desirable  picture  to 
possess  by  popular  sentiment  and  forced 
colour,  which  are  well  fitted  to  attract  the 
crowd.     See  his  Ask  me  no  more  (218). 

Now  this  baneful  compromise  between 
two  excellent  intentions  is  clearly  the  result 
of  a  division  of  interests.  It  is  to  the  artist's 
interest  to  sell  his  picture  ;  it  is  to  the 
Academy's  interest  to  fill  the  galleries  with 
pictures  that  attract  the  crowd.  Obviously, 
for  work  of  the  latter  class  the  system  is  very 
unsatisfactory,  the  proper  remuneration  for 
such  work  being  not  the  selling  price,  but 
the  shillings  taken  at  the  door.  It  is  ex- 
tremely desirable  that  some  other  outlet 
should  be  found  for  such  work,  so  that  it 
might  itself  blossom  into  a  vigorous  and 
charming,  if  not  very  permanent  art,  and 
at  the  same  time  leave  undisturbed  by  its 
distracting  competition  the  quieter  and  less 
obtrusive  art  that  we  shall  have  to  consider 
later.  Is  it  for  nothing  that  Earl's  Court 
opens  almost  at  the  same  time  as  the  Royal 
Academy?  and  is  there  no  temptation  to  an 
enterprising  manager  in  the  idea  of  gradually 
drawing  off  from  the  Academic  coffers  some 
of  those  many  thousands  that  are  annually 
paid  it  for  doing  what  might  be  much 
better  done  elsewhere  ?  Let  us  imagine 
such  a  manager  offering  to  the  better  sort 
of  painter  of  pictures  for  exhibition  the 
attraction  of  ampler  space,  of  an  even  larger 
public,  of  an  architectural  setting  ephemeral, 
perhaps,  but  of  some  gaiety  and  swagger, 
that  would  tempt  to  decorative  treatment. 
How  ugly  mere  realistic  ability  may  become 
in  an  advertising  humour  is  exemplified  by 
Miss  Lucy  Kemp-Welch  in  The  Joy  of  Life 
(356).  Let  us  imagine  our  manager  even 
offering  his  painters  some  small  share  of 
"  gate  money."  Can  it  be  doubted  that  these 
latter  would  rise  to  the  occasion  with  an 
abandon  that  thejr could  never  have  achieved 
in  the  academic  atmosphere  of  Burlington 
House  ?  or  can  it  be  denied  that  to  find  such 
an  opening  for  frankly  ephemeral  and  popular 
art,  on  a  sound,  if  at  first  slender  financial 
basis,  would  be  the  best  achievement  and 
the  most  fruitful  of  good  that  the  artistic 
world  has  witnessed  for  many  a  day,  pro- 
viding for  the  public  an  art  not  to  be  visited 
and  talked  about  with  insincere  enthusiasm, 
but  in  its  proper  place  as  a  setting  for  flirta- 
tion and  a  band  ? 

When  the  birds  had  flown  one  of  the  first 
advantages  of  their  departure  would  be  a 
revival  in  the  domain  of  portraiture  of  the 
quieter  and  more  intimate  qualities  that 
have  latterly  been  crowded  out.  To  obtain 
a  hearing  at  all,  portraiture  has  been  forced 
to  become  spectacular,  and  that  it  should 
have  succeeded  in  holding  more  than  its  own. 
in  face  of  the  artificial  advantages  of  its 
rivals,  is  a  striking  tribute  to  the  ability  of 
its  leading  exponents.  Mr.  Sargent's  large 
portrait  group  of  Baltimore  Professors  (257), 
shorn  of  every  advantage  of  colour  or  costume, 
touches  on  absolute  mastery  within  the  limit 
of  its  aims.  The  head  of  the  gentleman  to 
the  spectator's  left  emerges  a  little  abruptly 
from  the  figure  behind  him,  which  is  by  com- 
parison a  little  too  enveloped  in  t ho  back- 
ground gloom.  The  two  heads  to  the  right 
echo  one  another's  pose  rat  her  unfort  unatcly; 
but  these  are  spots  on  the  sun.  The  masses 
of  black  are  strong  and  elastic  in  structure, 
and  each  brush-stroke  is  directly  descriptive 
of  surface  character.  The  background  is 
nobly  handled,  and  the  execution  throughout 


554 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


..f  a  pow,r  and  insight  that  belie  the  rather 
photographic  arrangement  of  the  Bubject, 
His  other  portraits  are  markedly  inferior. 
Earl  Rob  rtel  il  i  is  photographic  to  excess,  an 
amazing  tour  <l>  force  of  still  -life  painting  oi 
medals  and  decoration,  which,  as  artistic 
material,  happens — not,  apparently,  to  the 
painter's  discomfort— to  be  very  ugly.     His 

two  portraits  of  ladies  arc  even  l<'ss  satis- 
factory, the  Hon.  Mrs.  Frederick  Quest 
(116)  and  Maud,  daughter  of  George  Coats 
(■JuT).  The  latter,  in  particular,  Buffers  by 
comparison  with  Mr.  (I.  Henry's  Blue  Gown 
(186)  opposite.  This  is  tho  best  work  Mr. 
11.  urv  lias  done,  and  shows  that  he  has  in 
him.  'after  all,  the  stuff  of  a  fine  portrait 
painter.  In  tho  blue  dress  lingers  a  trace 
of  that  arbitrary  use  of  a  simplified  colour- 
scheme  that  is  so  useful  to  a  painter  up  to  a 
certain  point,  so  hampering  afterwards  :  the 
flesh  and  the  background  are  beautifully  in 
tone,  and  represent  as  near  an  approach  to 
the  combination  of  atmosphere  with  a  just 
renderingof  character  as  Academy  portraiture 
can  display.  Mir.  Solomon  exhibits  a  greater 
natural  dexterity  in  the  use  of  paint,  but  less 
sense  of  beauty  and  a  commoner  outlook. 
Mr.  Clausen's  portrait  of  Mr.  Williams  Benn 
(95)  has  a  certain  sturdy  sincerity,  .j-^c.y; 


4         THE    ROKEBY    VELAZQUEZ. 

I  notice  that  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  National  Art-Collections  Fund,  in 
their  second  annual  report,  recently  distri- 
buted, state  on  p.  39  that  the  measurements 
of  tho  Rokeby  Velazquez  are  74  in.  by  94  in. 
This  is,  of  course,  quite  inaccurate.  May  I, 
therefore,  be  allowed  to  put  on  record  the 
exact  measurements  that  have  been  taken 
of  it  in  the  past  ?  In  the  catalogue  of  the 
Art  Treasures  Exhibition  held  at  Manchester 
in  1857,  when  it  was  first  exhibited,  no 
reference  was  made  to  its  height  and  width. 
The  catalogue  of  the  Old  Masters'  Exhibition 
in  1890  gave  the  figures  as  48 £  in.  by  69  in.  ; 
and  the  catalogue  of  the  Eleventh  Annual 
Exhibition  at  Messrs.  Thcs.  Agnew's  Galleries 
stated  the  measurements  to  be  49  in.  by 
70  £  in.  The  difference  between  the  two  sets 
of  figures  is  due  to  tho  alternative  methods 
of  measuring  a  canvas.  The  "  sight " 
measurements,  as  it  now  hangs,  are  approxi- 
mately 49  in.  by  70  in. 

On  p.  36  of  the  same  report  Mr.  Claude 
Phillips  refers  to  the  measurements  of  the 
'  Venus  and  Cupid  '  as  being  "  about  lm.  24c. 
height  by  lm.  79c.  breadth."  This  agreos 
with  the  figures  that,  I  suggest,  are  correct. 
He  sets  forth  these  figures  to  show  clearly 
once  and  for  all  that  tho  picture  that  was  in 
the  fire  in  tho  Alcazar  in  1734  was  not  tho 
Rokeby  Velazquez,  but  a  '  Psyche  and  Cupid.' 

All  things  considered,  it  is  most  unfor- 
tunate that  tho  Committee  of  the  National 
Art-Collections  Fund  should  have  made  this 
error,  and  added  the  wrong  figures  to  the 
plate  which  appeared  as  frontispiece  in  the 
January  number  of  The  Burlington  Magazine, 
and  is  reproduced  in  their  report. 

Maurice  W.  Bkockwell. 


SALES. 

Messes.  Christie  sold  cat  the  28th  nit.  the  fol- 
lowing drawings  :  S.  Front,  Ancient  Cross,  Rouen, 
60/.  S.  (1.  Rotta,  Market- Women,  Chioggia,  C>4/. 
Pictures  :  Henrietta  Browne,  the  Jewish  School, 
Cairo,  4S3/.  ;  Cateehisme,  315/.  ;  L'Knseignenient 
Mutuel,  His/.  ;  The  School,  110/.  p.  J.  Clays, 
Boats  on  the  Scheldt,  lf!S/.  T.  S.  Cooper,  Two 
Cows  and  a  Calf  in  a  Pasture,  110/.  ;  A  Cow  and 
Three  Sheep  near  a  River,  1 10/.      E.   van   Maroke, 


Three  Cows  in  a  Meadow  near  an  Old  Water-Mill, 
oiiT/.  ;  Going  to  Market,  .'it;7/.  ;  Two  Staghounda 
■  in  ;i  Leash,  l  lit/.    EL  Verboeokhoven,  Bwes,  Lambs, 

and  Rabbits  in  a  Shed,   1!)!)/.      L.   B.   Hurt,  Leaving 

the  Hills,  1257.  Keeley  Ealawelle,  Arundel  Castle, 
Mi)/.  Leighton,  Farewell,  t;io/.  Millais,  Grace, 
483/.  ECoppner,  Miss  0'Neil,  in  grey  dress,  162?. 
Lawrenoe,  Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  in  dark  dress  with 
fur  oape,  is'j/. 

The  same  firm  sold  on  the  30th  ult.  a  picture  by 
II.  \  wood  Hardy,  a  Highland  Keeper,  with  pony, 
dogs,  and  dead  game,  1521.,  and  one  by  B.  W. 
Leader,  Evening,  North  Wales,  1622.  A  drawing 
by  C.  Branwhite,  A  Winter  Morning,  fetched  50/. 

The  sale  on  the  1st  inst.  was  notable  for  the 
number  of  etchings  by  Whistler  :  Battersea  Bridge, 
44/.  ;  Tho  Little  Venice,  40/. ;  Nocturne,  90/.  ;  The 
Palaces,  90/.  ;  The  Doorway,  110/.  ;  The  Beggars, 
68/.;  Fruit-Stall,  28/. ;  8an  Giorgio,  33/. ;  Nocturne 
Palaces,  115/.  ;  The  Bridge,  33/.  ;  Upright  Venice, 
35/.  ;  The  Riva,  No.  2,  42/.  ;  The  Balcony,  42/.  ; 
Garden,  32/. ;  Tho  Rialto,  48/  ;  Long  Venice,  28/. ; 
Furnace  Nocturne,  267.  ;  Salute,  Dawn,  2G/. ;  Chan- 
cellerie,  Loches,  88/.  Other  artists  represented 
were  :  Sir  F.  Seymour  Haden,  Shore  Mill-Pond, 
44/.  ;  A  Sunset  in  Ireland,  27/.  ;  Etudes  a  l'Eau- 
forto,  twenty-five  etchings,  in  a  portfolio,  IliS/. 
C.  Mcryon,  La  Galerio  de  Notre  -  Dame,  31/.  ; 
Tourelle,  Rue  de  la  Tixeranderie,  30/.  Rem- 
brandt, Christ  presented  to  the  People,  39/.  ;  Christ 
Crucified  between  the  Two  Thieves,  27/.  ;  Rem- 
brandt's Mill,  31/.  ;  Rembrandt  Drawing,  1207. 
Turner,  Liber  Studiorum,  71  f)lates,  157/.  ;  Little 
Devil's  Bridge  over  the  Russ,  277. 


Ifiiu-^rt  (Sossip. 

To-day  is  appointed  for  tho  private  view 
at  the  Leicester  Galleries  of  paintings  of  the 
Thames  by  Mr.  Menpes,  and  water-colours 
of  English  and  foreign  landscape  by  Mr. 
Mark  Fisher. 

At  5,  Old  Bond  Street,  Mr.  W.  B.  Pater- 
son  has  an  exhibition  of  water  -  colours 
and  black  -  and  -  white  drawings  by  nine 
artists,  including  Mr.  D.  Y.  Cameron,  Mr. 
W.  Nicholson,  Mr.  Orpen,  Mr.  A.  Rackham, 
Mr.  E.  J.  Sullivan,  and  Mr.  J.  M.  Swan. 

Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.  have  on  view 
water-colour  drawings  of  the  Italian  Lakes 
and  Madeira  by  Miss  Ella  Du  Cane. 

The  Munich  Fine-Art  Exhibition  at  the 
Grafton  Galleries  was  opened  to  the  press 
last  Tuesday. 

At  the  Lefevre  Gallery  there  is  on  view 
an  exhibition  of  pictures  and  drawings  of 
the  Modern  Dutch  School. 

The  Alpine  Club  opened  to  the  press  on 
Tuesday  an  exhibition  of  Alpine  photo- 
graphs at  the  club  rooms,  23,  Savile  Row. 

To-day  Messrs.  Doulton  &  Co.  invite  us 
to  view  an  exhibition  of  '  New  Effects  in 
Pottery,'  and  some  works  modelled  by  Mr. 
George  Tinworth,  at  the  New  Dudley  Gallery, 
169,  Piccadilly.  ^ 

Next  Tuesday  at  the  Dowdeswell  Galleries 
there  is  a  private  view  of  water-colours  : 
landscapes  painted  in  Sussex  by  Mr.  Fred 
Stratton. 

Next  Wednesday  Messrs.  Duveon  open  to 
tho  pross  a  show  of  pictures  by  French 
masters  of  tho  eighteenth  century,  on  behalf 
of  tho  Artists'  General  Benevolent  Institu- 
tion. 

On  Thursday  next  sketches  and  studies  in 
various  materials  by  the  lato  G.  H. 
Boughton,  R.A.,  will  be  open  to  private 
view  at  tho  Ryder  Gallery. 

The  committee  appointed  to  select  an 
artist  to  paint  the  portrait  of  Mr.  Walker, 
the  late  High  Master  of  St.  Paul's  School, 
in  accordance  with  the  instruction  of  the 
original  mooting  of  Old  Paulines,  have  com- 
missioned  Mr.  W.    Rothenstein   to   execute 


the  work.  Tho  portrait  is  to  bo  hung  in 
tho  School.  Among  other  public  portraits 
Mr.  Rothenstein  has  painted  is  one  of  Sir 
Leslie  Stephen,  in  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge; 
another  of  Dr.  Ftunivull,  in  the  same  place  ; 
one  of  Mr.  Francis  Darwin,  in  tho  Labora- 
tory, Cambridge  ;  and  another  of  tho  Bursar 
of  Magdalen,  Oxford. 

The  '  Histoiro  '  by  M.  Fontainas,  pub- 
lished in  Paris,  and  included  in  our  '  List  of 
New  Books  '  last  week,  proves  to  be  an 
interesting  study  of  French  painting  in  the 
nineteenth  century. 

Special  interest  attaches  to  the  fine  col- 
lection of  pictures  by  modern  French  arti-t- 
formed  by  the  late  M.  F.  Stumpf,  and  to 
be  dispersed  by  M.  Paul  Chevallier  at 
the  Galerie  Georges  Petit  on  Monday.  M- 
Stumpf  was  a  wealthy  business  man  in 
Paris,  and  was  a  friend  of  many  artist-, 
notably  Corot  and  Dupre.  Ho  became  ac- 
quainted with  Corot  during  the  later  year* 
of  tho  Empire,  and  extracts  from  many 
interesting  letters  written  by  the  painter  to 
him  are  quoted  in  the  preface  to  the  sale 
catalogue. 

The  Bibliotheque  Nationale  has  just 
received  from  Madame  Rolle,  whose  collec- 
tion of  the  works  of  Isabey  is  known  to  be 
very  fine,  a  most  interesting  album  of  four- 
teen portraits  executed  by  that  artist  from 
1799  to  1804.  It  includes  portraits  of  tho 
artist  himself  and  of  various  members  of  his 
family,  as  well  as  certain  of  his  pupils,  such 
as  Aubry  and  Jacques  Hollier,  who  are  much 
appreciated  as  miniaturists  in  France. 

The  two  "petits  palais "  at  Bagatelle- 
will  open  on  Thursday  next  with  a  retro- 
spective exhibition  of  the  most  important 
works  which  have  appeared  at  the  Salon  of 
the  Societe  du  Champ  do  Mars  since  its- 
foundation.  It  is  to  include  not  only  some 
of  the  best-known  works  by  Meissonier,. 
Puvis  de  Chavannes,  Sisley,  Whistler,  Ribotv 
and  Dalou,  but  also  some  of  the  earlier 
ones  of  Carolus-Duran,  Besnard,  Dagnan- 
Bouveret,  Lhermitte,  Rodin,  and  other 
distinguished  founders  of  tho  new  Salon. 
This  exhibition  will  remain  open  until 
July  14th. 

MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Joachim  Concert*. 

The  first  of  the  two  special  Joachim 
Concerts  at  Queen's  Hall  on  Saturday 
afternoon  was  highly  interesting.  At  the 
first  Bechstein  Hall  concert  Dr.  Joachim* 
showed  that  his  powers  are  still  remark- 
able, and  again  by  the  beauty  and  refine- 
ment of  his  playing  he  created  astonish- 
ment. His  tone  has  naturally  lost  irt 
strength — and  this,  through  the  size  of 
the  hall,  was  more  noticeable  than  at 
Bechstein  Hall — but  in  other  respects  hifl 
playing  was  above  criticism.  A  season 
or  two  ago  there  were  occasional  signs  of 
fatigue,  and  it  seemed  as  if  the  time  had 
come  for  the  great  violinist  to  lay  aside 
his  bow.  We  noted  the  fact  then,  and 
all  the  more  gladly,  therefore,  do  we  now 
record  the  freshness  and  energy  of  his 
playing.  The  opening  number  on  the 
programme  was  Brahms's  Clarinet  Quintet 
in  b  minor,  Op.  115,  of  which  a  most 
sympathetic  rendering  was  given,  the 
clarinet  part  having  Prof.  Richard  Miihl- 


N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


000 


feldjas  interpreter.  The  work  may  not 
be  of  equal  merit  throughout,  but  the 
Adagio  is  undoubtedly  the  outcome  of  a 
bigh  order  of  inspiration.  Next  came 
Mendelssohn's  Octet,  which,  it  may  be 
interesting  to  mention,  was  produced 
under  Dr.  Joachim's  direction  at  the  first 
season  of  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts 
in  1859.  It  has  been  said  that  much  of 
the  music  is  of  symphonic  rather  than 
chamber  character.  Mendelssohn  himself 
was  well  aware  of  this,  for  he  stated  in 
a  notice  that  it  "  must  be  played  by 
all  the  instruments  in  the  same  style  as 
a,  symphony."  It  cannot  be  denied  that, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Scherzo,  the 
music  shows  signs  of  age,  or,  to  put  it 
better,  that  it  is  not  in  the  spirit  of  the 
music  of  to-day ;  but  it  was  easy  to  see  that 
for  Dr.  Joachim  the  performance  was  a 
labour  of  love  ;  the  music  must  recall 
to  him  days  long  past,  when  he  knew 
Mendelssohn,  and  when  the  latter  was  at 
the  height  of  his  fame.  Dr.  Joachim  led 
the  Octet,  as  in  former  days,  standing. 
The  programme  ended  with  Mozart's 
Serenade  in  E  flat  for  oboes,  clarinets, 
horns,  and  bassoons,  a  work  full  of  spon- 
taneous music  and  delicious  colouring. 
It  was  played  to  perfection  by  MM.  W.  M. 
Malsch  and  E.  Da  vies,  Richard  Muhlfeld 
and  M.  Gomez,  A.  Borsdorf  and  H.  Vander- 
rneerschen,  and  E.  F.  James  and  Wilfred 
James,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Joachim, 
who  conducted  in  simple,  yet  effective 
manner  with  his  hand. 

At  Bechstein  Hall  on  Monday  evening 
the  third  Joachim  Quartet  Concert  took 
place.  A  splendid  performance  was  given 
of  Haydn's  Quartet  in  b  flat,  Op.  76, 
No.  4.  The  music  represents  the  com- 
poser in  one  of  his  truly  inspired  moods  ; 
from  beginning  to  end  it  shows  nothing 
antiquated,  nothing  commonplace.  Equal 
justice  was  rendered  to  Mozart's  Clari- 
net Quintet  in  A,  with  Prof.  Muhlfeld 
as  clarinettist.  The  programme  ended 
with  Schubert's  Quartet  in  D  minor.  It 
should  be  mentioned  that  Mr.  Frank 
Bridge  played  the  viola  in  place  of  Prof. 
Wirth,  who  was  unfortunately  prevented 
by  illness  from  appearing. 


jEolian  Hall. — Bach  Memorial  Concert. 
The  Bach  Memorial  Concert  at  the  ^Eolian 
Hall  on  Tuesday  evening,  in  aid  of  the 
fund  for  the  purchase  of  the  birth-house 
of  Johann  Sebastian  Bach  at  Eisenach, 
naturally  attracted  a  large  audience. 
The  programme  was  of  a  somewhat  mixed 
order,  containing,  among  other  things,  a 
funeral  cantata  and  one  of  humorous 
•character.  The  intention,  however,  was 
no  doubt  to  display  the  versatility  of  the 
composer's  genius.  Miss  Maria  Philippi's 
singing  in  the  contralto  cantata  "  Schlage 
doch,  gewiinschte  Stunde,"  was  in  many 
respects  good,  yet,  both  as  regards  the 
vocal  part  and  the  instrumental  accom- 
paniment, the  tenderness  and  solemnity 
essential  to  the  music  were  to  some  extent 
lacking.  Mrs.  Henry  J.  Wood  sang  an 
aria  from  the  church  cantata  "  Selig  ist 
der  Mann  "  with  marked  skill  and  intel- 
ligence.    The    "  Dramma    per    Musica," 


'  Phoebus  und  Pan,'  to  which  attention 
was  recently  called  in  these  columns,  came 
at  the  end  of  a  long  programme,  and  the 
soloists  were  not  all  satisfactory ;  Mr. 
Frederic  Austin,  however,  in  Pan's  delight- 
ful song  "  Zu  Tanze,  zu  Sprunge,"  scored 
a  legitimate  success.  If  he  had  sung  it  to 
German  words,  it  would  have  enhanced 
the  point  and  fun  of  the  music  ;  and  he 
might  well  have  done  so,  as  in  the  opening 
number  German  words  were  actually 
sung.  The  instrumental  music  consisted 
of  the  Second  Brandenburg  Concerto  ; 
the  Chaconne  for  violin,  admirably  played 
by  Mrs.  Edgar  Speyer  ;  and  the  fine  Suite 
in  B  minor  for  flute  and  strings,  with 
Mr.  Albert  Fransella  as  a  most  successful 
soloist.  The  orchestra  was  under  the 
careful  direction  of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood, 
and  all  the  soloists  generously  gave  their 
services. 

Queen's  Hall. — Philharmonic  Concert. 
Herr  Ernst  von  Dohnanyi  played 
his  Pianoforte  Concerto  in  E  minor  at  the 
fourth  Philharmonic  Concert  on  Wednesday 
evening.  That  work  was  first  performed 
in  London  at  a  Richter  Concert  in  1899, 
and  at  once  marked  the  Hungarian  com- 
poser, then  in  his  twenty-first  year,  as  a  man 
of  great  promise.  Throughout  the  work 
there  is  abundance  of  interesting  thematic 
material  ;  skill  and  spontaneity  are  appa- 
rent, yet  at  the  same  time  a  certain  patchi- 
ness  is  noticeable ;  but  the  music  exhibits 
life,  energy,  and  earnestness.  The  piano- 
forte part — in  which,  by  the  way,  there 
are  strong  traces  of  Liszt — was  played 
with  skill  and  brilliancy. 

The  programme  also  included  Sir 
Edward  Elgar's  Introduction  and  Allegro 
for  strings,  a  work  which  grows  in  interest, 
although  inspiration  is  not  equally  strong 
throughout.  The  performance,  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Cowen,  was  excellent. 
M.  Fran  jo  Naval,  the  vocalist,  made  his 
debut  in  England.  He  has  a  fine,  well- 
trained  voice.  He  sang  an  aria  from 
Mozart's  '  Cosi  fan  tutte,'  and  songs  by 
Brahms  and  Massenet.  The  renderings 
were  clever  and  taking,  although  arti- 
ficial, and  at  times  bordering  closely  on 
the  sentimental. 


Jttusical  (Bossip. 

The  programme  of  the  second  concert  of 
the  Paris  Festival  under  the  direction  of  Herr 
Felix  Weingartner  was  devoted  exclusively 
to  Berlioz,  and  it  included  the  '  Cleopatre  ' 
cantata  which  the  composer  presented  in 
1829,  when  making  his  third  attempt  to 
win  the  Prix  de  Rome  :  but  even  then  he 
was  not  successful.  The  recent  performance 
was  the  first  in  Paris  since  the  competition 
of  1829,  but  the  cantata  was  given  under 
Weingartner's  direction  at  Queen's  Hall 
in  1903,  and  at  a  concert  at  Berlin  in  1904. 
To  judge  from  the  notice  in  Le  Mcnestrel  of 
April  29th,  the  Paris  concert  was  a  brilliant 
success.  We  in  London  know,  indeed,  what 
a  splendid  interpreter  Weingartner  is  of 
the  music  of  Berlioz. 

In  olden  days  the  ballet  as  a  separate 
entertainment  was  a  feature  of  great  im- 
portance during  the  opera  season  in  London. 


In  France,  indeed,  the  ballet,  as  an  inde- 
pendent piece,  is  still  in  favour,  while  it  is 
considered  an  indispensable  part  of  a  grand 
opera.  This  gave  rise  to  the  "  Venusberg  " 
music  written  by  Wagner  for  the  Paris  per- 
formance of  '  Tannhauser  'in  1861,  which 
even  then  failed  to  please,  largely  through 
coming,  contrary  to  custom,  in  the  first 
act.  The  ballet  as  a  separate  entertainment 
is  to  be  revived  at  Covent  Garden  this  season, 
and  '  Les  Deux  Pigeons  '  has  been  selected 
as  the  first  work  of  the  kind. 

In  an  article  in  the  April  number  of  the 
Monthly  Journal  of  the  International  Musical 
Society  Sir  Charles  Stanford  calls  attention 
to  the  rate  at  which  the  Trio  of  the  Scherzo 
of  Beethoven's  Ninth  Symphony  is  taken  by 
modern  conductors.  The  mistake,  he  points 
out,  arose  from  a  minim  in  the  metronome 
mark  of  that  Trio  in  the  first  edition  being 
mistaken,  owing  to  the  faint  signs  of  the 
tail,  for  a  semibreve.  This,  however,  is  no 
new  discovery,  for  in  1895  the  late  Sir 
George  Grove,  in  a  paper  read  by  him  at  the 
Musical  Association,  explained  the  whole 
matter.  He  even  added  that,  although  the 
direction  in  the  original  score  published  by 
Schott  was  not  quite  distinct,  "  the  direction 
[i.e.,  the  metronome  mark]  is  repeated  and 
engraved  below  the  score  as  well  as  above  it ; 
and  there  the  tail  is  perfectly  distinct." 

Prof.  Xiecks  contributes  a  short  but 
interesting  '  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Over- 
ture '  to  the  April-June  number  of  the 
Quarterly  Magazine  of  the  International 
Musical  Society.  The  same  number  contains 
an  article,  by  M.  Martial  Teneo,  '  La  Mali- 
bran  d'apres  des  Documents  inedits,'  the 
documents  consisting  of  letters  written  by 
the  singer  to  her  first  husband,  M.  Mali- 
bran,  before  and  after  her  marriage  in  1820. 
There  are  also  many  curious  details  concern- 
ing the  Garcia  family  in  Paris  before  they 
went  to  America  in  1825.  The  Malibran 
letters  are  very  interesting,  but  whether 
private  correspondence  of  the  kind  ought 
to  have  been  published  is  open  to  serious 
question.  M.  Teneo  does  not  say  how  he 
obtained  the  letters. 


PERFORMANCES   NEXT   WEEK. 

Sin.  Sunday  Society  Concert.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Beacuc  Concert.  7,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mox.  Concert,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Joachim  Committee  Concert,  ?,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  London  Trio.  MB,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Royal  l)j>era,  Covent  Garden. 

Ti  t>.  Miss  Frida  Kindler's  Pianoforte  Recital.  S,  Steinwav  nail. 

—  Mr.  Brahason  Lowther's  Vocal  Recital.  3.  Bechstein" Hall. 

—  Madame  Blanche  Marchesi  s  Vocal  Recital.  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Hcgedils's  Violin  Sonata  Recital.  S .15.  .tkdian  Hall. 

—  Mr  Bchulle's  Orchestral  Concert.  BJ6,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mallinson's  Song  Recital.  S.SO.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Wed.  Miss  Helen  Egerton  s  Violin  Recital,  3.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  IrmahofTs  (Vile  Recital.  B.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Wilhclm  Sachses  Orchestral  Concert.  8,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Turns.  Signor  Matini's  Concert.  3.  Bechstein  Hull 

—  Queen's  Hall  Orchestral  Concert.  3.  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  Senor  Sohrino's  Pianoforte    Recital,    4.    Guildhall    School  of 

Music. 

—  Dr.  Joai  him  and  Mr.  L.  Berwick's  Sonata  Recital.  S,  Bechstein 

Hall 

—  Royal  Oi>era,  Covent  Garden. 
Fri.  Royal  Opera,  porent  Garden. 

Sat.  Mile.  Sonia  Hennas  Vocal  Rental,  S,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  .Toachim  Committee  Concert.  3.  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


dramatic  (gossip. 


'  The  Fascinating  Mr.  Vanderveldt,' 
a  four-act  comedy  by  Mr.  Alfred  Sutro.  has 
found  its  way  from  America  to  the  Garriek 
Theatre,  at  which  house  it  was  produced  on 
April  26th  with  a  fair  amount  of  success. 
Though  thinner  than  '  The  Walls  of  Jericho  ' 
of  the  same  author,  and  less  original  than  his 
'  Mollentrave  on  Women,'  it  rises  to  a 
stronger  situation  than  is  obtained  in  either 
of  these  pieces,  and  is  inferior  to  neither  in 
neatness    of    construction    or    smartness    of 


556 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


dialogue.  A  better  title  for  it,  '  The  In- 
cautious Lady  Clarice,'  is  open  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  suggesting  an  obligation  (such 
ns,  in  fn<-t.  seems  traceable)  to  Mr.  Henry 
Arthur  Jones,  whoso  '  Liars  '  runs  on  similar 
lines.  The  fascinations  of  Mr.  Vanderveldt 
Boarceh  extend  beyond  a  relentless  effrontery 
in  his*  dealings  with  women,  which  may 
exercise  a  certain  amount  of  influence  over 
Bome  members  of  that  uncertain  and  volatilo 
sex.  Enamoured  of  Lady  Clarice,  whose 
previous  matrimonial  experiences  as  wife 
of  an  athlete  have  been  none  of  the  sunniest, 
he  endeavours  so  to  compromise  her,  in  the 
course  of  an  excursion  he  induces  her  to 
undertake,  as  to  force  her  into  accepting 
him.  Through  his  agency  the  motor-car  in 
which  he  conducts  her  breaks  down  at  a 
remote  spot,  at  which,  also  owing  to  his 
action,  horses  are  unattainable,  the  result 
being  that  she  runs  a  risk  of  being  forced 
to  spend  the  night  in  his  company  under 
gravely  compromising  conditions.  This 
coarse  expedient  meets  with  no  more 
success  than  it  promises  in  the  case  of 
a  high-spirited  woman,  or  than  it  in- 
trinsically deserves.  A  certain  amount  of 
felicity  characterizes  the  means  through 
which  it  miscarries.  None  too  palatable 
is,  however,  the  theme  itself,  and  portions 
of  the  environment  are  dull.  By  a  bright 
performance  of  Lady  Clarice,  Miss  Violet 
Vanbrugh  endows  the  piece  with  such 
measure  of  attraction  as  it  possesses,  and 
gives  a  sunny  picture  of  light-hearted  revolt 
against  the  wearying  influences  to  which 
she  is  subjected.  Pleasant  enough  is  the  Mr. 
Vanderveldt  of  Mr.  Bourchier,  though  we 
fail  to  trace  its  fascination.  A  foil  to 
his  unscrupulous  ways  is  offered  by  the 
reticent  virtues  of  a  Col.  Rayner,  solidly 
played  by  Mr.  Aubrey  Smith. 

Interest  in  the  concluding  performances 
of  the  Shakspearean  festival  at  His  Majesty's 
Theatre    centred  in  Friday's  representation 
of    '  The   Merry   Wives   of   Windsor.'     Pre- 
sentations on  Wednesday  of  '  Twelfth  Night,' 
on  Thursday  evening  and   Saturday  after- 
noon of  '  Hamlet,'  and  on  Saturday  evening 
of  '  Julius  Caesar  '  served  to  show  the  versa- 
tility  of   Mr.    Tree   and   the   worth    of   the 
company    with    which    he    has    surrounded 
himself.     Friday    witnessed,    however,    the 
revival  of  '  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,' 
and  the  resumption  by  Miss  Terry  of  her 
wonderfully  vivacious,  gay,  and  fascinating 
impersonation  of  Mrs.  Page.     Her  reappear- 
ance in  this  character  constituted  virtually 
the   commemoration   of   the   jubilee   of   the 
actress  upon  the  stage,  her  first  appearance 
upon  which  took  place,  fifty  years  ago,  as  a 
child.       Considered    as    a    piece    of    Shak- 
spearean   interpretation,  Miss    Terry's   per- 
formance   left    something,    perhaps,    to    be 
desired  from  the  antiquarian  standpoint ;  but 
the  case  is  one  in  which  a  test  of  the  kind 
may  not  be  applied.    It  furnishes  an  instance 
(one  of  many  from  the  same  source)  of  a 
grace   beyond   the   reach    of   art,    and   was 
animated  by  the  very  spirit  of  youth  and 
mischief.     The    general    interpretation    was 
fine.     Miss  Viola  Tree  had  all  the  charm  of 
sweet  Anne  Page  ;    Mrs.   Tree  was  an  un- 
surpassable Mrs.  Ford  ;    and  Mr.  Tree  was 
admirably   ripe   as   Falstaff.     The   occasion 
belonged,  nevertheless,  to  Miss  Terry,  and 
the    ovation    was    justly    hers.     A    prottily 
conceived  epilogue  in  rhyme,  by  Mr.  Louis 
N.  Parker,  was  spoken  by  Miss  Terry  and 
Mr.  Tree  ;   and  at  its  close  a  casket  contain- 
ing an   illuminated  address  was  presented 
by  Mr.  Findon  on  behalf  of  the  Playgoers' 
Club. 

On  April  28th,  which  constituted  the  real 
anniversary  of  Miss  Terry's  appearance  on 
the  stage,  she  took  at  the  Adelphi  matineo 


the  part  of  Francisca  the  nun  in  '  Measure 
for  Measure.'  A  less  considerable  Shak- 
spearean character  she  can  rarely  in  her 
varied  experience  have  essayed. 

Miss  Terry's  Jubilee  is,  of  course,  unique 
in  its  way.  It  could  only  bo  realized  in  the 
case  of  an  artist  belonging  to  an  acting 
family,  and,  so  to  speak,  born  upon  the 
stage.  Such  families  are  well  known,  and 
comprise,  in  days  comparatively  modern, 
the  Wiltons,  the  Kembles,  the  Faucits, 
and  the  Broughs.  In  the  present  case  the 
actress,  in  spite  of  the  commemoration  that 
has  happily  been  made,  can  claim  no  remark- 
able antiquity,  and  may  regard  as  rivals 
some  of  the  most  popular  comediennes  of 
her  own  country  and  of  France  and  other 
lands. 

'  The  Knight  of  the  Bath  '  is  the  title 
of  a  farce  in  three  acts  by  Mr.  Arthur  Applin, 
produced  on  Tuesday  afternoon  at  Terry's 
Theatre,  with  Mr.  Lennox  Pawle,  Miss  Eily 
Malyon,  and  Miss  Grace  Noble  in  the  prin- 
cipal parts. 

There  has  been  an  undoubted  falling-off 
in  the  numbers  attending  the  Shakspeare 
Commemoration  at  Stratford-on-Avon.  The 
causes  assigned  are  various — the  prospect  of 
the  Warwick  pageant ;  the  number  of  times 
the  same  company  has  appeared,  with 
the  same  plays,  and  even  the  same  cast ; 
and  the  plan  of  the  great  combination 
of  London  companies  for  next  year's  per- 
formances. The  weather  has  not  been 
blamed  as  yet. 

In  his  tour  in  America  Mr.  H.  B.  Irving 
will  appear  in  '  Mauricette  '  and  '  Markheim.' 
He  will  also  be  seen  in  the  following 
pieces  belonging  to  his  father's  repertory  : 
'  Charles  I.,'  '  Louis  XL,'  and  '  The  Lyons 
Mail.'  According  to  present  arrangements, 
the  American  trip,  which  begins  on  October 
8th  at  the  New  Amsterdam  Theatre,  New 
York,  will  be  preceded  by  a  six  weeks'  tour 
on  Englisn  soil,  the  pieces  being  confined 
to  '  Mauricette  '  and  '  Markheim.' 

'  In  Merry  Springtime,'  a  three-act 
comedy  by  Mr.  H.  V.  Esmond,  will  be  pro- 
duced in  London  by  Mr.  Charles  Frohman 
during  next  autumn. 


To  Correspondents.—  P.  T.— E.  A.  G.— R.  D.— A.  S. 
— Received. 

H.  H.  D.— Not  wanted.        H.  H.  J.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Pack 

AKNOl.D 558 

Authors"  Agents       580 

Bell  A  Sons 556 

Cataloc.ues       630 

Cambridge  Univkrsitt  Press 581 

CHATTO  A  WlNDUS 560 

Clark  &  Co 534 

Educational 529 

Exhibitions      529 

HlKST  &  Rlackett 536 

Lane         559 

lbctureb 529 

LlI'l'INCOTT  CO 559 

Macmii.lan  A  Co 536 

Magazines,  Ac 631,558 

Mktiiuen  A  Co.          535 

Miscellaneous 5X0 

De  La  More  Press 532 

Murray 558 

Newspaper  Agents 530 

Richards           5:I3 

Sales  by  Auction      530 

Situations  Vacant 5-9 

situations  Wanted *2o 

Societies '29 

H.P.C.K 557 

smith,  Elder  A  Co 534 

Stock        558 

Surgical  Aid  .Society        559 

Typewriter* 530 

Unwih       536 


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THE    ATHENAEUM 


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58 


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N°  4097,  May  5,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


005 


THE  NEW  VARIORUM  EDITION  OF 

SHAKESPEARE. 

Edited  by  HORACE  HOWARD  FURNESS. 

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THE  FOURTEEN  VOLUMES  WHICH  HAVE  THUS  FAB  APPEARED  APE 


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KING  LEAR. 

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THE  TEMPEST. 


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AS  YOU  LIKE  IT. 

HAMLET  (2  vols.). 

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TWELFTH  NIGHT. 

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THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4097,  May  5,  1906 


CHATTO   ^\A^NJDUSVJPUBLISHERS. 

NEW  STORIES  BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF    'EAST  OF  8UEZ.' 

RED  RECORDS.    By  Alice  Perrin,  Author  of  '  Waters  of  Destruction.' 

•  Bed  Beootda'  i*  iiuinly  i  nnr  wnmrl  with  the  Weird  and  the  SapernjitfJ  in  India,  and  the  stories  open  on  some  strange  byways  ai  native  superstitious  belief*  and  autotaa. 
There  are  contained  in  them  recordl  of  tragedy,  of  myatery,  Of  love,  and  of  punishment,  many  of  which  are  founded  on  actual  fact  ;  and  dealing  as  they  do  with  Anglo-Indian  life  in 
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CHRIS  HEALY'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

MARA :   an   Unconventional  Woman,  has  been  REPRINTED,  and  a  full  supply  is  now  ready  at 

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THE  LOST  EARL  OF  ELLAN.    By  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  Author  of  'Christina  Chard.'      [««** 
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LOVE  AND  LORDSHIP.    By  Florence  Warden,  Author  of  '  Joan  the  Curate.' 

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j^acwties. 


BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION, 
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A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 

Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 

A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty  five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 

<3uinea*  (or  its  equivalent  by  Instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 

participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 
•  exist*. 

SECOND    Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 

THIRD.  Medical  Advice  hv  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
FOURTH.  A  Cottage   in  the  Country  (Abbots  Langley,   Hertford- 
shire! for  aged   Members,   with  garden  produce,  coal,   and    medical 
attendance  free,  in  addition  to  an  annuity. 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  in  the  same  Retreat  at  Abbots  Langley 

for  the  ate  of    Members  and  their  families  for    holidays  or    during 

comi  aleeounce. 

SIXTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  needed. 

SEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  for  Members  only,  but  also 

for  their  wives  or  widows  and  young  children 

EIGHTH     The  payment  of  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 
right  to  these  benefits  in  all  cases  of  need. 

For  further  information  apply  to    the    Secretary    Ma.    GEORGE 


ror  further  information  apply  to 
LARNER,  28,  Paternoster  How,  E.C 


VTEWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT    AND 

•J-*  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  1839. 

Funds  exceed  25,0001. 

Office :  Memorial  Hall  Buildings,  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.G. 

Patron : 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY,  K.G.  K.T. 

President : 

The   LORD   GLEXESK. 

Treasurer : 

THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 

A  Donation  of  Ten  Guineas  constitutes  a  Vice-President  and  gives 
three  votes  for  life  at  all  elections.  Each  Donation  of  Three  Guineas 
gives  a  vote  at  all  elections  for  life.  Every  Annual  Subscrilier  is 
entitled  to  one  vote  at  all  elections  in  respect  of  each  Five  Shillings 
60  paid. 

MEMBERSHIP.— Every  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler,  Retailer,  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
enjoy  its  benefits  ujion  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Guineas  for  life,  provided  tliat  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
Newspapers,  and  such  Memhers  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PENSIONS— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty -six,  the  men 
receiving  257.  and  the  Women  20(.  per  annum  each,  and  they  include  :— 

The  "  Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,-'  which  was  established  in  1S87 
and  enlarged  in  1897,  1901,  and  1902,  perpetually  commemorates  the 
great  advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  provides  Pensions  of  201.  a  year  each  for  Six 
Widows  of  Newsvendors. 

The  "  Francis  Fund  "  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25?.,  and  One 
Woman  20?.,  and  was  specially  subscrilied  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  6,  1882,  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Atheinriim.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supporter  of  this  Institution. 

The  "  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  e»i/i!oi/cs  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits,  but  this  privilege  not  having  been 
exercised  until  1904,  the  General  Pensions  of  the  Institution  have  had 
the  full  benefit  arising  from  the  interest  on  this  investment  from  1887 
to  1903. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  251.  per  annum  for 
one  man ;  and  was  established  in  1903  in  perpetual  and  grateful 
memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who  was  a  generous  benefactor  of 
this  Institution,  and  who  died  May  12.  1899. 

The  "Hospital  Pensions"  consist  of  an  annual  contribution, 
whereby  Sir  Henry  Charles  Burdett  and  his  co-directors  generously 
enable  the  Committee  to  grant  201.  for  One  Year  to  a  Man,  under 
conditions  laid  down  in  Rule  8c. 

W.  WLLKIE  JONES,  Secretary. 


GfeljiMtions. 


(\LT>    BRITISH    SCHOOL-SHEPHERD'S 

\J    SPRING  EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscaiies  and  Por- 
traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERD'S  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street.  St.  James's  Square. 


(Educational. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  he  held  on  JUNE  27.  28.  and  29,  to  fill 
VACANCIES  in  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS. -For  par- 
ticulars apply  by  letter  to  the  BURSAR,  The  Bursary,  Little  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster. 


u 


N  I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y       OF       DURHAM. 


An    EXAMINATION     for      ENTRANCE     SCHOLARSHIPS     in 
CLASSICS    and    THEOLOGY   will  lie  held   in  JUNE,   commencing 
WEDNESDAY.  20th,  at  9  a.m.     Intending  Candidates  should  apph  to 
THE  MASTER  OF  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE; 
THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  BISHOP  HATFIELD  S  HALL;  or 
THE  CENSOR  OF  UNATTACHED  STUDENTS. 
CLASSICAL  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  OPEN  TO  WOMEN.    Intending 
Candidates  should  apply  to  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HOSTEL,  Palace  Green,  Durham. 


u 


NIVERSITY     OF     MANCHESTER. 


GARTSIDE  SCHOLARSHIPS  OF  COMMERCE  AND 
INDUSTRIES. 


Candidates  must  be  of  British  nationality,  and  over  the  age  of 
Eighteen  and  under  the  age  of  Twenty-three  at  the  date  of  Election. 
The  Scholarships,  Three  of  which  maybe  awarded  in  JUNE,  will  be 
tenable  for  Two  Years,  and  of  the  value  of  80?.  the  First  Year  [which 
must  he  s|M-nt  at  the  University),  and  from  1601.  to  2801  the  Second 
Year  (which  must  be  spent  in  the  study  of  Subjects  bearing  on 
Commerce  in  the  United  States.  Germany,  or  other  country  or 
countries  approved  by  the  Electors).  Candidates  must  send  in  their 
applications,  together  with  Testimonials  of  good  character  and  record 
of  previous  training,  on  or  before  JUN  E  1,  to  the  REGISTRAR,  from 
whom  further  partirulars  can  lie  obtained. 

MISS    DREWRYS    EVENING     MEETINGS 
for  the  STUDY   of   BROWNINGS    POEMS  will   BEGIN  on 
Wednesday,  M.iy  16,  at  7.45  p.m.     Miss  Drawn  gives  Lectures, 

Readings,  and  Lessons  in  English  Language  and  Literature  and 
kindred  subjects.  Examines.  Reads  with  Private  l'upils.  and  helps 
Students  by  Utter  and  in  her  Reading  Society.— 143,  King  Henry  s 
Road.  London,  N.W. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


pHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchesjtsji 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher  8  Certificate,  the  Teachers  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froeliel  Certificate. 

Full  particulars  on  application. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

FRANCE.-The  ATHENiEUM   can  be 

obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS.  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER,  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS,  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK. 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PINS, 
LILLE,  LYONS,  MARSEILLES,  MENTONE,  MONACO,  MONTE 
CARLO.  NANTES.  NICE.  PARIS  lEst,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN. 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS :  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli ;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  M.A.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwoldl.  References:  The  Principal  ot 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse.  Cambridge. 

[EDUCATION. 

-Li    Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 

the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 

TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 

are  invited  to  rail  u]ion  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 

MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  THRING  &  CO., 

who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 

leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  3<i,  Sackvillc  Street.  London.  W. 


Situations   Vacant. 

TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

v>  (A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales. I 

Applications  arc  invited  for  the  CHAIR  OF  EDUCATION  now 
vacant  in  tins  College.  The  Council  will  elect  on  JUNE  20  Forty 
copies  of  the  Application  and  Testimonials  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  THURSDAY,  May  SL  The  Professor 
will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the"  beginning  of  next 
Session.  — lor  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN  EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.A..  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  April  25,  1906. 


TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 

U  AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 

The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post  of 
LECTURER  in  POLITICAL  and  COMMERCIAL  SCIENCE  at  a 
Salary  of  2007. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  on  or  liefore 
THURSDAY,  May  81,  1906,  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom  farther 
particulars  may  be  obtained. 

-,   .        .._„         _     ,.  •'•AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A..  Registrar. 
University  College,  Cardiff, 
April  21,  1906. 


u 


TNIVERSITY    COLLEGE     OF    WALES, 

J  ABERYSTWYTH. 

(A  Constituent  College  ef  the  University  of  Wales.) 

MISTRESS  OF  METHOD. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  Uie  post  of  MISTRESS  OP 

METHOD    AND    ASSISTANT    LECTURER    OF    EDUCATION    at 

the  atiove  College,  at  a  Salary  of  1601.  a  year. 

Applications,  together  with  copies  of"  Testimonials,  must  reach  the 
Registrar  not  later  thim  MAY  Hi.  1906. 

Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned 
J.  H.  DAVIES,  MA.,  Registrar. 

XTEW    SECONDARY    SCHOOL    (DUAL)! 

±-y  CASTLEFORD,  YORKS. 

APPOINTMENT  OF  HEAD  MASTER. 

The  GOVERNORS  of  the  above  SCHOOL  intend  to  proceed  to  the 
appointment  of  a  HEAD  MASTER,  to  begin  work  in  SEPTEMBER 
NEXT.  Candidates  must  lie  between  the  ages  of  28  and 40  and  lie- 
Graduates  of  a  University  in  the  United  Kingdom  or'  British 
Possessions. 

Salary  SUM.  l«'r  annum  fixed,  with  a  Capitation  Fee  of  17  )ier  pupil 
Minimum  salary  4007.  Applications,  accompanied  hv  not  more  than 
three  recent  Testimonials,  to  be  made  by  Jl  NE  30,  to 

ALFRED  WILSON.  Clerk  to  the  Governors. 

NIVERSITY      OF      ST.       ANDREWS. 


U 


EXAMINERS. 


The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  ST 
ANDREWS  invites  applications  for  the  appointment*  of  ADDI- 
T10NAL  EXAMINERS  for  GRADUATION  in  the  following 
Subjects : — 

FACULTY  OF  MEDICINE-PATHOLOGY. 

FACULTY  OF  ART8—  (ol  ENGLISH. 

|6)  MENTAL    PHILOSOPHY     i  ,,k.ic    Rn,i 
Metaphysics  and  Moral  Philoaonhrl 

FACULTIES  OF  MEDICINE  AND  SCIENCE-PHYSIOLO(iY 

FACULTIES    OF    ARTS,    SCIENCE,    AND    MEDICINE  -  CHE 
MISTRY. 

The  persons  to  he  amiointed  will  hold  office  for  a  lieriod  of  Three 
Years  from  JANUARY    I,  1907. 

Applications  arc  also  Invited  for  the  apiHiintment  of  an  ADDI- 
TIONAL EXAMINER  for  the  PRELIMINARY  EXAM  IN  \Tlo\s 
and  BURSARY  COMPETITION  in  ENGLISH  The  person 
apiKuntcd  to  the  last-mentioned  Ezaminership  will  hold  office  Ifor 
One  Year  from  FEBRUARY  1.  1907.  and  will  act  as  «  Representative 
of  the  University  on  the  Joint  Board  of  Examiners  of  the  Scotti«h 
Universities.     The  appointment  may  be  renewed  for  a  Second  Year 

Applications,  with  cightein  copies  of  Testimonials,  must  lie  lodged. 
on  or  before  SATl  RDAY.  June  JO,  1906  with  the  undersigned 

_     ,.    .  ANDREW  BENNETT.  Secretary  an  1  Registrar 

The  I  m versify,  St.  Andrews,  May  5,  1906. 


;->«•■> 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


1LOI  <   ESI  ER. 


(   \:\  IT 

.-•    M ....  I 


OR  \M  MAP 


HEM     V  \  ,1  I  UK -(  ITKMBI  It   MM 

ii.   I  i,i..i.iti  in  Hi.    I  nil.d  Kingdom 

II  in    Muli  hi, I.  i-       II.   mi  .i  ii.. I   mi. I.  il  .k. ■  .mi  other 

Tli.    -.1,  ..|  mil  i-    conducted  iiii.I.i  ill.-  Ki'iciilntii.iiii  f..r  Secondary 
S,  h.-.l- 

ol   il     |k-i    pupil 

\  .  inn. -.1  l.j  riim.  .1  c  opies ..( 

-I  .1.       I..-AI..I       MJ",       I. II. I       DUII  k.'-l 
■     M  ir  School,"    t« 

I.v,        A    HAJJJXOKR,  Clerk  to  the  OoT«rDon 

T.  ■  linii  d  ■»>  hool,  Glow 


c; 


LOUCESTER.        SIR     THOMAS      RICH'S 

*l     ||.  '"I. 

Ml   M-  MASTER  REQUIRED  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

He  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some!  alreraitj  In  the  United  Kingdom 

t  Ish  Po"cssi..iiv 

M.   need  not  be  In  Holy  Order*.    Be  may  not  undertake  imy  other 
office  .'i  employment. 

The  School  «ill  Ik.  conducted  under  the  Regulations  fi 

.iii.I  is  Intemled  for  Boys  not  oxceedii  I  age. 

v   3O01,    )kt   :iniiiini  uii.l   .i   Capitation    Pee  of    10S.   pa    Pupil. 
Number  ol  PupiUat  prasant  oaregister  877. 

Application*,  stating  age.  kc  .  and  aooompanied  by  Printed  i 
of  Testimonial*,  must   be  sent   under  cover,  sealed   up,   and   marked 
"Head   Master,  8ir  Thorn  hool.'  ta  and  received  no)  late] 

than  MAI  18, 1906.  by.        a    BALUNGER  Clerk  to  the  Governors 

'I'.-,  hnioal  School,  Glouoastei 


u 


XI  V  i:  RS]  \\      0  V     BIR.M  IX(i  II  A  M. 


TWO   ASSISTANT  LEI  Tl  'REsHIPs  IN  UATHEHATIOB. 

The  COUNCIL  Invites  applicationi  for   the  above   appointment*. 
Btipends  iT.v.  Mini  en/,  per  annum  respectively 

Applications,  aooompanied   by  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the 
undersigned,  not  later  than  TUESDAY,  June  B,  IBM. 

The  Candidate*  electeil  will  he  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties 
cm  OCTOBER  I,  IMS. 

further  particular!  may  if  obtained  from 

GEO.  ii.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

The  University,  Birmingham,  May,  v.*m. 


G 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

ol.l  "SMITHS-     COLLEGE,     NEW     CROSS. 


DEPARTMENT  FOR  THE  TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 

About  TEN  ADDITIONAL  TEACHERS  'Men  and  Women)  will 
shortly  be  appointed  in  the  shove  Department. 

These  will  include  an  assistant  MASTER  OF  METHOD,  an 
Assistant  MISTRESS  oE  METHOD  [for  Infant  School  Teaching), 
and  TEACHERS  of  ENGLISH  LITERATURE,  FRENCH,  HIS 
TORY,  MATHEMATICS,   ELEMENTARY  SCIENCE. 

The  majority  of  the  Salaries  will  be.  for  Men.  between  1761.  and  2.W. 
ii  year  :  and  for  Women,  between  law.  and  8002.  :i  year ;  but  more  or 
less  may  lie  paid  in  exceptional  cases. 

An  ASSISTANT  MANUAL  INSTRUCTOR  (Salary  100?.  or  UMM.  a 
year1  is  also  required. 

Applicationi  must  be  received  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  June  2, 

Particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  WARDEN,  Goldsmiths' 
College,  New  Cross,  S.E. 

T  EICESTER  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 


IHead  Master-Mr.  R  J.  FLETCHER. 
SITUATIONS  VACANT. 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  following  posts:— 
SECOND  MASTER. 

To  teach  Design,  and  to  take  part  in  the  general  organization 
anil  carrying  out  of  the  school's  Work. 

The  Candidate  must  he  a  capable  Draughtsman  and  Teacher,  and 
strong  in  Building  Design,  or  one  of  the  crafts  connected  with  build- 
ing. In  addition,  the  Person  appointed  wiH  be  required  to  continue 
his  practice  of  the  Work  in  which  he  specializes  in  a  Studio-Workroom 
provided  for  the  purpose.  Commeneirig  Salary,  SSSOI. 
ASSISTANT  TEACHERS. 

TWO  ASSISTANTS,  Male  or  Female,  are  required  to  beach  Drawing 
and  Painting  from  plant  form  and  natural  objects,  and  to  giie instruc- 
tion in  ►■inn-  Elementary  Crafl  Work.  Candidates  must  be  strong  and 
sympathetic  Draughtsmen  and  capable  Teachers.  One  of  the  abore 
Assistants  wiU  be  required  to  give  about  23  hours  per  Meek  to  actual 
Teachingand  Preparation,  at  a  Salary  of  lanf.  per  annum.  Theother 
As.-i-t  mt  "ill  be  required  to  give  about  111  hours  per  week,  at  a  Salary 
Of  100/.  per  annum. 

Preference  will  be  gircn.  capabilities  in  Draughtsmanship  and 
Teaching  being  equal,  t.>  those  candidates  who  practice  some  par- 
ticular art  or  artistic  craft. 

The  Persons  appointed  will  be  required  to  continue  the  practice  of 
the  work  in  which  they  specialize,  and  to  commence  their  Duties  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

Applications  must  Be  sent  in  not  later  than  MAY  ::o  inst.,  on  Forms 
obtainable  (with  further  particulars'  from 

T.  GROVES.  Secretary. 

Education  Offices,  Town  Hall,  Leicester.  May  5,  1908. 


K 


ENT   EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 


TUNBRIDGE  WELLS  HIOHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  school  for  GIRLS,  TUNBRIDGE  WELLS. 
WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NKXT.  an  assistant  MISTRESS 
at  the  above-named  Behool  bo  teacn  French  throughout  theSchool, 
and  also  some  Geography  and  other  Form  subjects. 

Initial   Salary  Pi:./    CO   1101,    per  annum,  according   to  qualifications 
and  experience,  rising,  in  accordance  with  the  Committee's  Scale,  by 

annual  in.  re nts  of  II.  10*.,  for  the  first  two  years,  then   of  a/.,  to  a 

maximum  oi  i 102.  or  1002.  (according  t><  academic  qualiflcai  Eons) 

I    Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr.  H.  W.  CooK.  Technical 

Institute.  Tunbridge  Wells,  to  whom  they  must  he  returned. 

By  Older  of  the  Committee. 

fras.  w.  CROOK;  Secretary 

«.  Bedford  Row,  London,  W.C.,  April  18,  1908. 


E 


AST    HAM     PUPIL- TEACHER    CENTRE 


WANTED,  an  assistant  MI8TRES8  for  the  above  CENTRE. 

Applicants  must  jm.sscss  a  Degree  in  Artsor  its  equivalent,  and  should 

ially  qualified  to  teach  Latin  and  History.    Preference  will  be 
given  to  applicants   with    successful    Secondary    School   experience. 

c mencing  Salary  1202.,  rising  by  02   yearly  to  1402      tppuoations, 

written  on  the  printed  Forms,  to  ' Maine. I  from  the  undersigned 

must  be  sent  in  i r  before  THURSDAY,  May  iv,  to 

W.  II.  BARKER,  lis,-. 
Tei  bin.  d  i  ..Urge,  Fast  llam.  E. 

AN  ASSISTANT  TUTOR  for  the  BRISTOL 
DAY  TRAINING  COLLEGE  FOR  MEN  will  be  REQUIRED 
in  SEPTEMBER  NKXT.  Salary  1401.  pel  annum,  non-resident, 
Main  subjects  required.  Geography  and  Natural  History,  Graduate 
preferred,  Applications,  together  with  thirty  conies  of  not  more 
than  f..ur  re.  out  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  t.i  THE  REGISTRAR, 
University  College.  Bristol,  before  MAY  84. 


B 


\  i  i  ER8I  \     I'oi.  v  i  ii  ii  x  [O,     -  Vf 


Th.  (io\  HUM  Mi   I.  >Di    r.  ,  .in   the 
.  Iiuar  .lutlri  mil   be  III 


LADY  I  II  KK 
s.  Ii.ail  .  ' 

l  ..ion  ■ 

F.. i   parti.  mI.ii 


i.i  >ii.|  the  Mom. 
1 1   ->/   pel   ..iiiiiiiii.    ....   • 
rod  stamped    addressed  envelop) 


of  s   well  rduratol 
"lib  the  Training 


I   alil.ulM  U)  l*ol 
I..    II E 


EDITOR  WANTED  to  CONDUCT  a  WEEKLY 

I  J    PAFEB  inertly  to  be  trauatoiiod  to  London,  sis  as 

..lh,  oi   inti. -in. .-.  s,oool  Itabl*  opanin 

•.-.in..-    ii... i.       A.i.li. --.  in  i    Ulft,   Alb.  lui-uiu 

Press,  i  i  . 

QHORTHAN  D   \  \  PI8T.     LONDON      PUB 

H    LI8HE1I  requirM  the  MrrioN  ol  -i  competent  ipMdj  WritaVM 
i  intfi  with  PuMiihing  te«  inii'  »iiti»  m  ud  of  food 

education   i  Salary   required      Boa    1113,  Athnuvan 

I  mi  -  Boildinga,  Cbjuai  •  rj  immu    i  I 


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A 


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Non-Resident  Secretaryship.  Classics.  French.  German,  Italian. 
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1  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at   the 

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1  \  I'K.D  j» 

Mil  -    .  il    i«rU-,  Koad. 

UapbajB 


tls. 


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.  i  Hnin  Lillry  &  Mkini.- 
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Tit  A 
A  limil.-d  Dumber  of  PujlU  Uken 
"Lirfng  Wage."  oft. «  well 


lighted  uid  liealtliy      MSS   kept  iu  Di 


Kft.irnt  H\mB, 


TYl'E  WIUI  LNO.     M88.,    BCTENTIFIC,    and 
of   all    Descriptions,    COPIED        Si«-(i»l    sttri.- 
requiring    cai.        i... '.iloa    Roods     Shorthand    os    Typ<  Wrttingl 
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Copying      Cirenlara,    4c,    iluplicatal.      L'»ual    Imm.      Referrnoes. 
Established    thirt.  K    -IK»    ss-    Hammri 

K«ul.  W.     rprirate  A<l<lrew  :  13,  Wolierton  G»rden».  Ilamiumiuilti  . 


TyPE-WRITING.— AUTHORS      MSS.     and 
other. LITERARY    WoltK    lad  pss    1  "••  »ord».    Good  refer- 
en..-     Mi-- I,   mmi  Lloyd  BansWB,  WJ 

TYPEWRITER.     PLAYS  and 
description.    Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Coiaes. 
-Mi-s  K.  M   TK.AR  >U.  MaitLind  Park  P.... 
Established  1KH4. 

TYPE-WRTING.  -  AUTHORS'    MSS. 
kinds    carefully   TYPED.      <W.    r«:r  nfter    10.080. 

Knowledge    of    French,    German,    and    Italian.- A     I      BOWMAH, 
74,  Limes  AiellUe,  New  Soulheate,  N. 


^utljors'   Agents. 

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monialsoii  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  Ill   .  -      . 


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London  Vc'™     "V'~Ad,lrt'>*  2<l'   1!utki"-1  ~  viand. 


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N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


563 


HH.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,  Leicester, 
.  issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS.  and  RARE  BOOKS  post  free 
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Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Century  Literature— Collection  of  Broad- 
side Ballads,  &c. 

LEIGHTON'S 

TLLUSTRATED    CATALOGUE   of    EARLY 

X  PRINTED  and  other  INTERESTING  BOOKS,  MANUSCRIPTS, 

and  BINDINGS, 

OFFERED  FOR  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  LEIGHTON,  40,  Brewer  Street,  Golden  Square,  W. 

Thick  Svo,  1,788  pp.,  6,200  items,  with  upwards  of  1,350  Reproductions 

in  Facsimile. 

Bound  in  art  cloth,  gilt  tops,  25«. ;   half  morocco,  gilt  tops,  30g. 

Part  X.  (Supplement)  containing  A.  with  205  Illustrations. 

Price  •!■■>.    Just  issued. 

FIRST  EDITIONS  of  MODERN  AUTHORS, 
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trated by  G.  and  R.  Cruikshank.  Phiz,  Rowlandson,  Leech,  &C.  The 
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CATALOGUE  of  FRENCH  BOOKS,  at  greatly 
reduced  prices.  I.  PHILOSOPHY.  II.  RELIGION.  III.  HIS- 
TORY. IV.  POETRY,  DRAMA.  MUSIC.  V.  BEAUX  ARTS.  VI. 
GEOGRAPHY.  VII.  MILITARY.  VIII.  FICTION.  IX.  GENERAL 
LITERATURE. 

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CATALOGUE  No.  45.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
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a  week.— Address  A.  J.  BUTLER,  Esq.,  Wood  End,  Weybridge. 


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^abs  fog  JVitctifltt. 


Selection 

other 


The  Library  <>f  the  late  G.  R.  ROGERS,  Beq.,  a  Sel 
from  the  Library  of  the  late  Miss  a.  II.  BUTTS,  and 

I'rojx  rtii  t, 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &HODOE 
will  BELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  H.msc.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  YV.c..  on  TUESDAY,  May  16.  ami  Two  Following 
Days,  at  i  o'clock  precisely  BOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  including 
the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  GEORGE  KUSSELL  ROGERS,  Esq,  (sold 
rdei  of  the  Executors);  the  Property  of  MRS. CLARK.  Belsrave 
Terrace,  Newcastle-on-Tyne ;  a  Portion  of  the  LIBRARY  of  Miss 
K.  11.  BETTS  (deceased).  Wortham  Manor,  Suffolk  isold  by  Order  of 
the  Administrator  to  the  Estate);  and  OTHER  PROPERTIES, 
comprising  Sporting  Works— Books  on  Natural  History  and  Botany- 
Poetry— Historical  Works— Collection  of  William  Morris's  Writings- 
Illustrated  Prencfa  Publications— Chap-Books— Scottish  History— 
Archaeological  and  ToiMgraphical  Works  —  Voyages  and  Travels— 
Numismatic  Books— Military,  civil  War,  and  otherTracts-  Children's 
Books  Architi  cture  Cooks  on  the  Fine  Arts,  fee.— Works  Illustrated 
by  Caldecott,  Cruikshank,  Leech,  "  Phiz,"  Stothard,  Birket  Foster.  &c 
— Milton.-  Poems,  1673  Ackermann's  oxford.  Cambridge,  Winchester. 
.Ac,  r>  vols- Scarce  Early  Printed  Books -First  Editions  of  Modern 
Authors— Periodical  Literature,  &c. 

May  be  Hewed.     Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  important  Series  of  Unman   Bronze  Coins,  the  Property 
of  the  late  C.  E.  MACKERELL,  /•:«/. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k  BODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,   No,  i:(.  Wellington 
I    Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  May  16,  and  Two  Following 
clock    precisely,    the    important    SERIES    of    ROMAN 
BRONZE  COINS,  and  ■  few  GREEK  SILVER  ("INS    collected  by 
the  late  C    E    MACKERELL  Esq.,  P.RN.8.  Isold  by  order  oi  the 
tors). 

May  be  riewed  two  days  prior.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had. 
Anto>/raj/h  Letters. 

ME88RS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  4  EODGE 
will  BELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No   |g.  Wellington 
SATURDAY   Maj  19,  al  I  o'clock  precisely 
GRAPH    LETTERS  ami    HISTORICAL    DOCUMENTS,  com- 
of  Royal  Sinn  Manuals  of  English  Sovereigns 
from  Henri  \ll    to  Queen  Victoria,  Including  a  fin.-  Sjiecimen  of  the 

ire  Signature  of  Edward  VI      Letters  fi thi   I  irl  of  Lcicestei 

(Favourite  of  Queen  Elisabeths  the  Earl  of  Nottingham  (CommandeT 
h  Armada),  Cromwell,  Rradshs  i    of  (J 

Komney,  8ii    l    Reynolds.  W.  M.  Thackeray,  I I  Tennyson  Islgned 

'■'  iisical  Be -  and    lutographi 

i  Emma,  Lady  Hamilton. 

May  bt  i  b ■«,-,!  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  ba  had. 

SALES  by  AUCTION,  &c,  continued  on  p.  564. 


BEMROSE    &    SONS'    LIST. 

THE  VALUES  OF  OLD  ENGLISH  SILVER  AND  SHEFFIELD 

PLATE.  From  the  Fifteenth  to  the  Nineteenth  Centuries.  By  J.  W.  CALDICOTT.  Edited 
by  J.  STARKIE  GARDNER,  F.S.A.  3,000  Selected  Auction  Sale  Records;  1,600  Separate 
Valuations  ;  660  Articles.  Illustrated  with  87  Collotype  Plates.  300  pages.  Royal  4to,  cloth. 
Price  42s.  net.     Prospectus  will  he  sent  on  application. 

"A  most  comprehensive  and  abundantly  illustrated  volume Enables  even  the  most  inexperienced 

to  form  a  fair  opinion  of  the  value  cither  of  a  single  article  or  a  collection,  while  as  a  reference  and 
reminder  it  must  prove  of  great  value  to  an  advanced  student." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"  A  finely  got-up  book,  copiously  and  well  illustrated,  giving  detailed  auction  records  and  other 
information  of  value  to  buyer,  seller,  and  owner." — Times. 

OLD   ENGLISH   GOLD    PLATE.     By  E.  Alfred  Jones.    With 

numerous  Illustrations  of  existing  Specimens  of  Old  English  Gold  Plate,  which  by  reason  of  their 
great  rarity  and  historic  value  deserve  publication  in  book  form.  The  examples  are  from  the 
Collections  of  Plate  belonging  to  His  Majesty  the  King,  the  Dukes  of  Devonshire,  Newcastle, 
Norfolk,  Portland,  and  Rutland,  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde,  the  Earls  of  Craven,  Derby,  and 
Yarborough,  Earl  Spencer,  Lord  Fitzhardinge,  Lord  Waleran,  Mr.  Leopold  de  Rothschild,  the 
Colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  &c.  Royal  4to,  buckram,  gilt  top.  Price  to  Subscribers, 
21s.  net.  [Li  tht  pn  ss. 

L0NGT0N   HALL    PORCELAIN.     Being  further  information 

relating   to  this  interesting  fabrique.      By  WILLIAM    BEMROSE,  F.S.A.,  Author  of  'Bow, 
Chelsea,  and  Derby  Porcelain,'  &c.     Illustrated  with  27  Coloured  Art  Plates,  21  Collotype  Plates, 
and  numerous  Line  and  Half-Tone  Illustrations  in  the  Text.     Bound  in  handsome  "  Longton-blue  " 
cloth  cover,  suitably  designed.     Price  42s.  net.     Prospectus  will  he  sent  on  application. 
"  This  magnificent  work  on  the  famous  Longton  Hall  ware  will  be  indispensable  to  the  collector." 

Bookman. 
"  The  collector  will  find   Mr.  Bemrose's  explanations  of  the  technical  features  which  characterize 
the  Longton  Hall  pottery  of  great  assistance  in   identifying  specimens,  and  he  will  be  aided  thereto  by 
the  many  well-selected  illustrations." — Atheiutum. 

THE  CHURCH  PLATE  OF  THE  DIOCESE  OF  BANGOR.    By 

E.  ALFRED  JONES.  With  Illustrations  of  about  one  hundred  Pieces  of  Old  Plate,  including  a 
pre-Reformation  Silver  Chalice,  hitherto  unknown  ;  a  Mazer  Bowl,  a  fine  Elizabethan  Domestic 
Cup  and  Cover,  a  Tazza  of  the  same  period,  several  Elizabethan  Chalices,  and  other  important 
Plate  from  James  I.  to  Queen  Anne.     Demy  4to,  buckram.     Price  to  Subscribers,  16a,  net. 

[In  the  press. 

MEMORIALS  OF   OLD  HAMPSHIRE.     Edited  by  the   Rev. 

O.    E.    JEANS,   M.A.    F.S.A.,   Author  of  Murray's   'Handbook  to  Hampshire.'     Dedicated  by 
kind  permission  to  his  Crace  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  K.G.    With  numerous  Illustrations.    Demy 
Svo,  cloth  extra,  gilt  top.     Price  15s.  net. 
"There  are  very  well-written  chapters   on  Southampton,   on  Portsmouth,   Hampshire  Churches, 

Wall  Paintings  ;  the  accounts  of  Romsey,   Netley,  and   Beaulieu  Abbeys  are  all  admirable In  fact, 

we  have  not  found  a  dull  chapter." — Church  Times. 

"'Memorials  of  the  Counties  of  England' is  worthily  carried  on  in  this  interesting  and  readable 
volume. " — Scotsman. 

MEMORIALS  OF  OLD   SOMERSET.    Edited  by  F.  J.  Snell, 

M.A.,  Author  of  'Book  on  Exmoor,'  &c,  and  Editor  of  'Memorials  of  Old  Devonshire.' 
Dedicated  by  kind  permission  to  the  Most  Hon.  the  Marquess  of  Bath.  With  numerous 
Illustrations.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  extra,  gilt  top.  Price  to  Subscribers,  10s.  Qd.  net.  Prospectus 
ii-i/l  be  sent  on  application.  [In  the  pn  ss. 

Among  the  Contributors  will  be  :  The  Rev.   Canon   SCOTT  HOLMES,    W.   TYTE,    Rev.  Canon 

CHURCH,   H.   ST.   GEORGE  GREY,  Rev.   D.   P.   ALFORD,  Rev.   C.  W.  WHISTLER,  and  other 

Eminent  Writers. 

MEMORIALS  OF  OLD    WILTSHIRE.    Edited  by  Miss  Alice 

DRYDEN,    Editor   of   'Memorials  of  Old   Northamptonshire.'     With    numerous    Illustrations. 

Demy  Svo,  cl  >th  extra,  gilt  top.     Price  to  Subscribers,  10s.  I'vl.  net.     Prospectus  will  be  sent  on 

application.  [In  tin  press. 

Among  the  contributors  will  be:  Sir  ALEXANDER  MUIR-MACKENZIE,   Hart.,  J.   ALFRED 

GOTCH,  F.S.A.  F.R.I.B.A.,  Rev.  Canon    WORDSWORTH,    the    LORD    BISHOP    OF  BRISTOL, 

Rev.  J.  CHARLES  COX,  LL.D.  F.S.A.,  HAROLD  BRAKSPEAR,  F.S.A.  F.R.I.B.A.,  M.   JOUR- 

DAIN,  and  other  Eminent  Writers. 

GARDEN   CITIES  IN  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE.     By  A.  R. 

BENNETT,  A.M.I.C.E.,  &c.  Largo  crown  Svo,  2  vols.,  attractively  bound  in  cloth,  with  400 
Plates,  Plans,  and  Illustrations.      Price  21s.  net. 

"The  book  is  one  that  we  are  happy  to  regard  as  characteristic  of  our  times ;  and  the  interests  on 
which  it  touches  are  in  the  true  sense  bo  absolutely  national  and  of  suoh  deep  significance  that  it  ought 
to  receive  from  enlightened  citizens  a  ready  and  prompt  support."     Hlohc. 

SOLDIERS  OF  THE  CROSS  IN  ZULULAND.    Being  a  History 

of   the   Mission   Work  of   the  Church  of    Knidand  in  Zululand  during  the  past    Fifty   Years.      By 

E.  and  II.  W.     With  Preface  by  FRANCES   AWDRY.     Large  orown  Svo,  oloth,  with  many 
Illustrations.     Price  3d.  Qd.  ael  ;  postage  W. 
"A   most   interesting,  comprehensive,  and  romantic  account  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  Zulu 
Church...,    revised  and  corrected  by  the  Bishop  of  Zululand."     Publishers'  Circular. 


COMPLETE   CATALOGUE  WILL  BE   SENT  ON  APPLICATION. 
London;   BEMROSE  &  SONS,   Pm,,,,.,  4,  Snow  Hill,  E.G.;  and  Derby, 


m 


TB  E     ATIIENJEUM 


N    1098,  May  12,  1906 


.^alrc  by  Jtettott— continued. 

Th*9alual       I  fR    C    PI8HBR,   /■'•■/.■■l  Hill  Top, 

V  ft. 

Ml  BSRS  SOI  HF.r.N  .  W  [LKINSON      M IE 
will  -I  II.'       \VI  I  ION    'i   U Wellington 

\l"\|.\\      M  .\    Jl.    itml   Three    Following 
I  Ml:  \r\ 
I      ii-iii  i:     I     i     ol   Mill  Ton   Miill 

nil   .  \t ilj    in.    Italian,   Qcnnan,    m.l   Ki.n-li 

Books  "i  Hours  and  mm 
i  linn 
\'  Catalogues  in .>  i..   bad  .  if  « nil 

I  i. .ii  .i .  i. .... 

'II,-  Colitetion  of  Boot*  fn  Pint  Binding*  of  tht  late 
ARTHUR  HAM,  Bsq.,  and  the  Library  qj tht  late  J.  i:. 
l.nr.r.s  r,  Bsq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  BODGE 
will  -I  I  I ,  ly    m \     il   tbi  'I    II .  No    IS,  Well ton 

Mi. .  i     mi  1 1 1. 1.  \\  '  o  .  ..ii   EH  1  DAY.  Mm  as,  ut  I  o'clock  pro  i~.li.  lli«- 
<  OLLK<   I  loN  ..r   ItooKH  in  KINK  UIN1HN03,  the  Proiwrt)  ol  the 
i.t.-    \i;imi  R    l;\M.    Esq  ;   ■   POKTION   01    the   LIBRARY    ol  ■ 
v '1:1. I'M  \N  .   ."-I  the  LIBRARY  of  J     H    I  ."CENT.  Baq  ,  dei 
in  fine  Modern  Bindings  bj  Bedford,  Kirien 

H      be  liiiifl  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  bo  had. 

and  Illuminated  ami  other  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON 4  BODGE 
\.ill  ski. I.  bj    W  i  TION.  :it  ili.ir  Douse,  No  IS,  Wellington 
Mint   Strand.  W.C.,  on  8ATUR  DAY,  May  SB.  it   i  o'clock  precisely, 

-  nd  ILLUMINATED  and  other  MANUSCRIPTS 
tin.-  Royal  and  Historic  Bindings—  Kii-i  anil  Em  ly  Quarto  Editions  of 
Shakespeare  s  Plays  First  Editions  of  Modern  Poets,  some  Presenta- 
tion Copies  Documents  relating  to  Louis  XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette) 
the  "  Reign  of  Terror,  and  Napoleon  I  -  a  large  and  important  Series 
i-  in  the  Autograph  ol  and  Addressed  to  Dorothy  Jordan,  and 
a  fine  copy  at  Blake  i  Songs  ol  Innocence. 

riewed  two  .lays  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


The  Collection  0/  Hook  Plata  (ex-Libris)  of  the  lute 
JULIAS  MARSHALL,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  Lbj  order  of  the  Executors),  at  their 
House,  No.  IS,  Wellington  Street,  Strand.  W.C.,  00  MONDAY, 
M.11  28,  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  well- 
known  extensive  and  raluable  COLLECTION  of  BOOK-PLATES 
1 -\  Librisl  of  the  late  JULIAN  MARSHALL,  Esq.,  Behrise  Avenue, 
N.W. 
May  be  \  iewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  .price  2s.  each)  may  be  had. 

.1/  ieeetta  neons  Boot*. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  US,  Chancery  [sine,  Vf.O.,  on 
THURSDAY,  May  it.  and  Following  Hay.  at  1  o'clock,  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOKS.  1  omprising  Le  Mnsee  Francois,  i  cols.— Webber's 
Views  in  the  South  Seas,  Coloured  Plates— Ormerod's  History  of 
Cheshire,  ::  vols.  [urge  Paper,  and  other  Antiquarian  Books— Modern 

Fine-Art    and    Illustrated    Hooks— a    Sit    of    the    Zoological     Society's 

Pxocet  dings,  from  the  1  ommencement  in  1830  tu  1902.  ~.'i  rols.  halt -calf 
—  Hooks  on  Sporting— Goldsmith  s  Retaliation,  \1itl1  the  half-title, 
1774 — Tennyst  n's  Poems,  IKS,  and  other  First  Editions  of  Stevenson, 
Pater.  Ac— Sets  of  Scott,  liickens,  Thackeray,  anil  other  Popular 
Author ». 

To  he  riewed  ami  Catalogues  hail. 


M 


Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 
ESSRS.    HODGSON  &   CO.    will   SELL   by 

auction,  at  their  Rooms,  11.-..  Chancery  Lane,  W.C..  on 
THURSDAY,  May  24,  and  Following  Day,  VALUABLE  MISCEL- 
LANEOUS BOOKS,  comprising  the  Historical  Writings  of  Motley, 

Pi   -     tt.  Freeman,  Fr le,  Hayward,  and  others— Standard  Works  in 

General  Literature— lime  First  Editions. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


Valuable  Law  Dunks,  including  the  Library  0/  W.  LATHAM, 
Esq.,  K.C.,  retiring  hum  Practice. 

MESSRS.  HODOSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  11:,.  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  at  the 
end  of  MAY.  VALUABLE  LAW  BOOKS,  including  two  Complete 
Iteportsto  1903, and  a  Series  from  is;.",  to  1899— The 
English  Reports,  17  vols.— Mews  «  Digest  of  English  Case  Law,  16  vols. 
— Cnitty's  statutes,  is  rols.  —  Campbell's  Ruling  Cases.  26  vols. — 
Recent  'r.'.t  Books,  ftc 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 


300  Ounces  Old  Silver — Camera*—  Lathe,  .le. 
Fill  DAY    next,   Man   18,   at    half-past    1 .'    o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  has  received  instructions 
from  the  Executors  of  a  LADY  (deceased!,  to  OFFER  for 
SALE,  THREE  HUNDRED  OUNCES  OLD  SILVER,  comprising 
siher  Tea  Service,  Salvers,  Fork-.  Siioons,  Tankards,  &c  The  Sale 
will  also  Include  Watson's  Aluminium  half  plate  Anne  Camera  Cooke 
Lenses  -Goen  .piartei  plat.-  An-,  hut/.  Iliii. I  Camera— Theodolite,  by 
Troughton  ,v  Simms  Burreyor's  Level  Bacteriological  Microscope  by 
Ross  and  l>i..t..i,  slid.--  a  back-geared  Screw  Cutting  Lathe,  by  the 
Britannia  Co.  :i  Carpenter's  Bench  and  a  large  number  of  Tools  fox 
Wood  and  .Metal  Working,  and  .Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  view  day  prior  2  to  ■'.  and  morning  of  Sale.  Catalogues  on  applica- 
tion to  the  Auctioneer,  ::n.  King  Street,  Oovent  Garden,  London,  w.c. 


M 


Valuable  Natural  History  and  other  Books. 
WEDNESDA  )",  May  tS,  at  half-past  I  .'o'clock. 
R.    J.    C.    STEVEN8    will    OFFER,  at  his 

-M  Rooms,  M.  King  Street,  Covent  Garden,  London.  W.C  The 
ORMTHOLOOICAL  LIIIKAKY  of  the  late  W.  K.  HF.I.MW 
PIDSLEY.  Esq.,  Including  Beehohm'a  British  Birds  Lord  Lilford's 
Birds  ol  Northamptonshire  -The  Transactions  of  the  Devonshire 
Association— and  many  County  Natural   Histories.  4c,      Also  from 

itber  source:  Complete  Sets  oi   t Ii.-   Entomological  Transactions, 

1838-1904,  51  vols,  half  calf—  /.unionist,  -tn  mis.  half-. all  many  valuable 
Botanical  w.aks  Ray  Bociety  Works-Natural  History  Pamphlets, 
many  rars. 

On  view  day  prior  S  to  4  and  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogues  on 

application. 


Sales  0/ Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  8TEVENS  begs  bo  announce  that 
BALE8ara  held  BVKBY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  S8  Kim* 
Btreet,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.c.  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SOOPES,  si. ikes,  and  OBJECTIVES  -  Telescopes-TheodoUtos- 
I.nels  -Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments  Cameras,  Lenses  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 

I  all  Accessories  In    great  variety  by  Iiest    Makers    -  Household, 

sTuralturo   Jewellery  -and  other  MisosUaneous  Property, 
on  view  Thursday  I  to  ■'•  and  morning  of  Sale. 


/     •  •■■/  »/  it,.    Uit     THOMAS  COLLISnWOOli  CHOU  \ 
Bsq.,  oj  St    I  rary  ■■'  the  late  .lush. I'll 

/'.1  I  ,   /.-•/  ,  'i  the  Firm  a)  Day  .1    Bon,  Lithograpl 

and  '■'>'■  1  l'i  "  fifi   /'. ../ . .  tics. 

r.~     |»|    ITICK    ■     SIMPSON  will  M.I.I. 


M 


I  '    I    ri(»N       ,1     lie  II    I.  .11.  W    1 

on     HON  \i\\       Mull     and     K..II..IMI.-      Il 

1  ...  I.,  k  pi..  1-  h    \  M.I    MILK   II - 

Ni.-i.i-    16  lull      llwlininl        1  1. 

ii.-  2ri  vols      ltd  luir.l w.„  i.         ■ 

1lln-i1.it.  d   I                                     I  Kowlandxm   chiefly  In  fine  liiiillin.-. 
l.v    Riviere    and    iUehmstori       Frobwart'i    Chronicles     Illuri 
I'lntei     I. ill. .11.  Works    -.'7...U      \.»   Woiidei   ul    M  ol. 

Works  rel -•  t..    \ti....    Temptwt's  Ci 1    l^omlon.  fine  Pis 

11  Field  8iN.rU   Coloured  11 IrlenUl  Field  S|urU.  I  nlnurtil 

low    ii-l-  I  .  urol 

Plates     Vanity  Fall    I  rols     Goldsmiths  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 

Dublin,  !:■*,    iiui  Wai   Tracts    Paalterium   Boatl   Brunonls 

\  11  mi  lui    An  hll  W  orks  on 

il   Hlstor;  with  t'..l..ui..l   PI   ;         1     ikswlth   Uthographs  and 
llluinmaied   lUustrations     Old  Tracts   and    Pamphlets    Autograph 
Lettei  ■    Standard  Edition-  ..r  Moilern  Writers  on  Travel,  Blogi 
and  s.  i.i,,.  -  if  Books    .ul    Pamphlets   relating   to 

8wedenborg,  Ac.  1  ml  do  rues  on  application. 

MESSRS.    CHRISTIE,    MANSON   .V    WOODS 
rosppct fully   s-ite   notice   that    they  will  hold   the  following 
s  M,i:s  hi   \  i  CTION,  ;.t  t  li.  11  Greet  Rooms,  King  Street,  81    ' 
Square,  the  Bales  commencing  at  1  o'cUm  k  1 laely  :— 

On  .MONDAY.  May  14,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  l»HAw  in<;s,  the  Property  of  s  GENTLEMAN. 

On  TUESDAY,  May  IS,  ENGRAVINGS  of  the 

Early  En-dish  and  French  Schools. 

On  TUESDAY,  May  15,  and  WEDNESDAY, 

Hay   16.   MINIATURES,    OBJECTS  of   ART  and  \  EUTC,   Coins, 
sili.i  Plato,  and  old  English  Porcelain, of  the  late  JULIAN  3ENIOR, 

Es.,. 

On   THURSDAY,    May    17,    OLD    ENGLISH 

SILVER    PLATE,   the   Property  of  a   LADY   of    TITLE,   and   from 
numerous  sources. 

On  FRIDAY,  May  IS,  Fine  PORCELAIN, 
the  Property  of  Sir  CHARLES  RUGGE  PRICE,  Bart. ;  alio  from  the 
COLLECTION  of  the  late  BARL  SYDNEY;  and  from  other  private 
sources;  and  oi.n  ENGLISH  SAT1NWO0D  FURNITURE,  the 
Property  of  a  LADY. 

On  FRIDAY,  May  18,  Fine  OLD  FRENCH 
TAPESTRY,  the  Property  of  M.  LE  COMTE  HE  PREMIO  REAL 

On  SATURDAY,  May  19,  MODERN  PIC- 
TURESand  DRAWINGS  of  the  late  J.  L.  NEW  ALL,  Esq.,  and  others. 


THE  B00K-L0VERS 
MAGAZINE. 

(BOOKS   AND   BOOK-PLATES.) 

Vol.  VI.     Part  III. 

Contents. 

SOME  MODERN  ENGLISH  ILLUSTRATORS. 
I.  Arthur  Raokhara,  T.  Ryam  Shaw,  Hugh 
Thomson,  Charles  E.  Brock,  and  Henry  M. 
Brock.  By  Lewis  Melville.  With  12  Illus- 
trations, of  which  1  is  in  Colours. 

EARLY  BOOK -ILLUSTRATION  AT  STRASS- 
BURG.  By  Edward  F.  Strange.  With  7 
Facsimiles. 

TWO  SEVENTEENTH  -  CENTURY  BIO- 
GRAPHIES. By  Michael  Barrington.  With 
2  Portraits. 

KINO  CHARLES  THE  FIRST  AS  A  BOOK- 
LOVER.     By  W.  G.  Blaikie  Murdoch. 

SPORTING  BOOK-PLATES.  By  Mrs.  F.  N.vill 
Jackson.  .Yith  15  Reproductions  of  Book- 
Plates. 

REVIEWS  OF  SOME  RECENT  BOOKS:— 
W.  M.  Thackeray  :  The  New  Sketch-Book. 

Edited  by  Dr.   R.  S.  Oarnctt. 

Chapters  on  Papermahing.  By  Clayton 
Beadle. 

Leather  fok  I.ii.kakies.  By  E.  Wyndham 
Huline,  J.  Gordon  Parker,  A.  Seymour- 
Jones,  Cyril  Davenport,  and  F.  •'. 
Williamson. 

Illuminated  Manuscripts  in  Austria. 
With  :5  Illustrations  (1  full  page). 


Single  Numbers,  3a.  9d.  post  free. 
Yearly    Subscription,     20a     post     free. 

OTTO  SCHULZE  &  CO. 

2(>,  South  Frederick  SI  net,   Kdinhurgh. 

BOUT  2,000  BOOKS  WANTED  are  advertised 

_    forweokly  in  THE  PUBLISHERS  OTRCULAR  AND  BOOK 

'l.l.r.US'  KECORDlestahlished  ISS7),  which  also  giraa  lasts  of  tlio 

New    Books   1'iililislied  during  the  Week,   Announcements  of   New 

Books,  A.      Buliscrihers  have  the  priTilesjs  of  a  Er.-e  AdTertisement 

tor  E0111  Hooks  Wanted  Weekly.  Sent  for  .V2  weeks,  js-.t  tl.-e.  tor 
Hi  i;./  Home  and  lis  Foreign  DUbscrlption.  Prios  Three  HalfiH-nce 
Weekly. -otlice  :  St.  iHinstiuis  Boosa,  letter  Line.  London. 


A 


[Continued  on  p.  590.1 


THE 

FINANCIAL 

REVIEW    OF    REVIEWS 

Contains  in  its  May  issue  articles 
by  Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P.,  on 
Mr.  Asquith's  Budget;  by  Mr. 
Ernest  E.  Williams,  F.S  S.,  in  reply 
to  Mr.  Keir  Hardie's  contribution 
to  the  previous  issue ;  a  com- 
parison of  the  investment  risks  of 
insurance  shares  by  Mr.  L.  Graeme 
Scott ;  an  article  affording  many 
practical  hints  to  the  English 
Investor  on  Foreign  Service ;  and 
a  contribution  on '  The  Commercial 
Morality  of  Japan,'  from  the  pent 
of  Prof.  Henry  Dyer.  There  is 
further  an  exhaustive  review  of 
all  the  month's  topics;  a  critical 
analysis  of  the  latest  reports ;  a 
survey  of  the  month's  new  issues ; 
and  a  Statistical  Record  of  four- 
years'  prices,  dividends  and  yields 
up  to  date  of  5,000  Stock  Exchange 
Securities;  the  total  volume  for 
May  numbering  over  260  pages, 
and  constituting  a  clear,  authori- 
tative, and  reliable  publication 
which  no  investor  can  afford  to- 
be  without. 


Price  ONE  SHILLING  net, 


From  the  PUBLISHERS. 

_>,  WATERLOO  PLACE,  S.W. 


N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


565 


MESSRS.  CONSTABLE'S    LIST. 


THIS   WEEK'S  BOOKS. 
THE  LIFE  OF  ALFRED  AINGER.     By  Edith  Sichel,  Author  of  •  Catherine  de' 

Medici.'    With  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  other  Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  Gd.  net. 

SOME  LITERARY  ECCENTRICS.    By  John  FyYie,  Author  of  '  Some  Women  of 

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Studies  of  Thomas  Amory — Thomas  Day— William  Beckford— Walter  Savage  Landor— William  Hazlitt— Henry  Crabb 
Robinson— Charles  Babbage— Douglas  Jerrold— George  Wither— James  I.— Sir  John  Mandeville. 

THE    POETRY    AND    PHILOSOPHY    OF    GEORGE    MEREDITH.      By  G.   M. 

TREVELYAN.     Crown  8vo,  3s.  <$d.  net. 

HISTORICAL   GREEK  COINS.     By  G.  F.  Hill,  Author  of  '  The  Coins  of  Sicily,' 

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TACITUS,  AND  OTHER  ROMAN    STUDIES.    By  Gaston  Boissier,  Professor  of 

Latin  Eloquence  at  the  College  de  France.     Translated  by  W.  (i.  HUTCHINSON.     Demy  8vo,  6s.  net. 

THE   FLORENTINE    HISTORY.    Written   by  Niccolo  Machiavelli.    Translated 

from  the  Italian  by  NINIAN  HILL  THOMSON,  M.A.     In  2  vols,  extra  crown  8vo,  12*.  6<7.  net. 

LINCOLN,  MASTER  OF  MEN.    By  Alonzo  Rothschild.    With  Portraits.    Demy 

8vo,  12*.  6d 

THE  LOG  OF  A  SEA  ANGLER.  By  Charles  Frederick  Holder.  Crown  8yo,  6s  net. 


RECENT 
PORTRAITS.      By 


PUBLICATIONS. 
Paul   Yan    Dyke, 


D.D.      Illustrated    with 


RENASCENCE 

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Studies  of  Pietro  Aretino,  Thomas  Cromwell,  and  Maximilian. 

The  DA  IL 1"  TELEGHA  P/l  says  : — "  The  work  will  be  found  as  useful  to  the  student  as  it  will  be  found  attractive  by 
the  reader  with  a  liking  for  historical  biography." 

ALEXANDER    HAMILTON.      By    F.    S.    Oliver.      Illustrated    with    Portraits. 

Demy  Svo.  12*.  6<f.  net. 
Mr.  FREDERIC  Harrison,  writing  in  the  TRIBUXF,  says : — "Adequately  supplies  a  real  want  in  political  history. . . . 
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George  Washington  was  the  typical  father  and  the  moral  hero." 

A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  ITALY  (476  1900).    By  Henry  Dwight  Sedgwick.    With 

Map.    Demy  8vo,  8s.  M.  net. 
The  MA  SCHESTEll  QUA  RDIAX  says  :— "  It  is  exactly  the  kind  of  history  that  an  intelligent  traveller  requires  as 
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ENGLAND  AND  HOLLAND  OF  THE  PILGRIMS.     By  the  late  Henry  Martyn 

DEXTER,  D.D.  LL.D.,  and  his  Son,  MORTON  DEXTER.     Illustrated.     Demy  Svo,  15*.  net. 

THE  RELIGION  OF  ALL  GOOD  MEN,  and  other  Studies  in  Christian  Ethics. 

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MAN  AND  CHRISTIAN  CIVILIZATION.    By  W.  Y.  Craig.    Crown  8yo,  5s.  net. 
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PORCELAIN  OF  ALL  COUNTRIES.    A  Book  of  Handy  Reference  for  Collectors. 

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THE  SEVEN  FOLLIES  OF  SCIENCE.     A  Popular  Account  of  the  most  famous 

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SCARABS :  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Egyptian  Seals  and  Signet  Rings. 

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LEPROSY   AND  FISH  EATING.     By  Jonathan   Hutchinson,  F.R.S.  LLD.Camb., 

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LECTURES  ON  TROPICAL  DISEASES.     The  Lane  Lectures  for  1905.    By  Sir 

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RELIGIONS:    ANCIENT    AND    MODERN. 

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ANIMISM.     By  Edward  Clodd,  Author   of    THE    RELIGION    OF   BABYLONIA    AND 


'The  Story  of  Creation. 

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'The  Religions  of  the  Universe.' 

THE  RELIGIONS  OF  ANCIENT  CHINA. 

By  Prof.   GILES,   LI.. P.,  Professor  of  Chinese   in  the 
[Jnivei  sit  \  of  Cambridge. 

THE  RELIGION  OF  ANCIENT  GREECE. 
ByJANl    n  IRRI80N.  Lecturer  at  Newnham  College, 

Cambridge,  Author  of  '  Prolegomena  to  Study  of  Greek 
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ASSYRIA.    By  THEOPHILCS  G. 

the  British  Museum. 


'IN- CHEs,  late  "f 


HINDUISM.     By  Dr.  L.  D.  Barnett,  of  the 

Department    of    Oriental    Printed    Hooks    and    MSS., 
British  .Museum. 

CELTIC     RELIGION.      By     Prof.    Anwyl, 

Professor  of  Welsh  ai  University  College,  Aberystwyth. 


2.    Caesar   and 


CONSTABLE'S 
SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

READY  TO-DAY. 

ANTHONY  BRITTEN 

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Author  of    '  Diukinbar,'    '  Fate  the  Fiddler,'   &c. 


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THE    HOUSE    OF 
COBWEBS, 

And  other  Stories. 
By     GEDRGE     GISSING, 

Author  of  '  The  Private  Papers  of  Henry  Ryecroft, 

'  Veranilda,'  &c. 

With   an   Introduction 

hy  THOMAS   E.    SECCOMBE. 


THE    ARENA. 

By  HAROLD  SPENDER. 

The  SCOTS  MAX  says:  — "It  is  a  clever, 
spirited,  and  thoughtful  story,  which  should  readily 
interest  every  one  who  takes  it  up." 

The  DAILY  CHRONICLE  says:— "It  is  in 
every  respect  a  good  hook,  and  a  book  written 
from  the  heart." 

HENRY  N0RTHC0TE 

By  J.  C.  SNAITH, 

Author  of  '  Broke    of  Covenden,'   '  Miss  Dorothy 
Marvin,'  &c. 

[Second  Imprv*xlon. 

The  MORNING  LEADER  says  :  —  "  One 
cannot  choose  but  read.  The  matter  is  startling. 
'  Henry  Northcote'  is  a  work  that  defies  criticism. 
It  may  be  a  masterpiece  of  genius.  But  when  one 
is  reading  it  it  is  overpowering.  It  is  the  most 
powerful  book  published  this  year." 

The  SCOTSMAN  says  :—"  This  brilliant  and 
fascinating  novel." 


MR.  JOHN   STR00D. 

By  PERCY  WHITE, 

Author  of  '  Park  Lane,'  '  The  West  End,'  &c. 
[Second  Impreseio  >i. 

The  DAILY  MAIL  says  :— "  Tho  best  novel 
of  the  year." 

The  TRIBUNE  says  : — "  It  is  an  uncommonly 
clever  book — one  of  the  best  that  has  been  offered 
for  some  time  past." 


NEXT  WEEK. 

FACE    TO    FACE. 

By  FRANCISCO  ACEBAL. 
Presented  in  English  by  MARTIN  HUME. 

SET  IN  AUTHORITY. 

By   S  A  R  A    J  E  A  X  E  T  T  E     DUNCAN, 
Author     of    '  Those    Delightful    Americans,'    &e. 

CATTLE    BRANDS, 

By  ANDY  ADAMS, 

Author  of  '  The  Dog  of  a  Cowboy,'  &0. 

THE  EVASION. 

By     E.     B     V  ROTHINOHAM, 

Author  ot  ■  Tiir  Turn  of  the  Road.1 

ON  APPLICATION. 

Street,  Hayinarkrt. 


566  Til  E     ATI!  KNjEUM  NM098,  May  12,  1906 


CASSELL    &    COMPANY'S    ANNOUNCEMENTS. 

MR.     FOSTER    FRASER'8    NEW    TRAVEL    BOOK. 
NOW  READY,  prioe  ««. 

PICTURES     FROM     THE      BALKANS. 

By  John  Foster  Fraser. 

With  Coloured  Frontispiece,  Map,  and  40  Full-Page  Plates  from  Photographs  by  the  Author. 

To  acquaint  himself  with  the  causes  of  the  reoent  outbreaks,  as  well  as  to  study  the  life  and  habits  of  the  people  of  s  remarkable  country,  Mr.  Fo 
Praser  last  autumn  nuwle  an  extensive  journey  in  the  Balkans.  In  the  present  volume  he  reoounts  liis  experiences  with  that  putaresque  individnalitj 
writing  whioh  is  the  Striking  feature  01  his  previous  successful  vol  nines,  '  The  Real  Siberia,1   '  America  at  Work,'  and  '  Canada  as  It  Is.' 

Full  uf  romance,  adventure,  and  political  interest  as  the  Balkans  are,  Mr.  Fraser  presents  a  number  of  striking  and  graphic  pictures,  and  hrings  a  keen 
insight  into  the  causes  of  th-'  insurrections.  The  author  in  his  journey  visited  Servia  and  Bulgaria,  crossed  the  Balkan  Mountains  into  Turkey,  and  toured 
the  vilayet  of  Adriauoplc,  where  there  was  much  fighting  between  the  Turks  and  Bulgarians.  He  then  pursued  his  way  through  Macedonia  into  the  dis- 
turbed regions,  and  pushed  into  the  fastnesses  of  Albania.  Throughout  the  whole  period  of  his  journey  Mr.  Fraser  was  busy  ooueotmg  notes,  and  as  a  result 
of  his  labours  has  produced  a  lxxjk  full  of  delightful  pen  pictures. 


JUST  PUBLISHFI),  price  6a. 

A  TRAMP  CAMP.    By  Bart  Kennedy. 

With  8  Illustrations. 

"  There  has  always  been  a  certain  amount  of  fascination  about  the  life  of  a  tramp,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  anybody  has  brought  out  the  secrete  i 

the  vagal>ond  with  a  surer  touch  than   Mr.    Kenned}'  in  this  new  work  of  his Mr.   Bart  Kennedy,  too,   like  all  clever  Irishmen,  has  got   the  knack  i 

compelling  our  emotions,  and  as  he  exhibits  above  all  else   the  best  qualities  of  a  man,  one  cannot  help  feeling  grateful  to  him  for  turning  his  old   memorie 
into  so  frank  and  interesting  a  book." — Standard. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  price  2s.  Sd, 

THE  HON.  F.   S.  JACKSON.    By  Percy  Cross  Standing. 

With  Introduction  by  PllllCe    Ranjitsillhji,  and  containing  16  Illustrations. 

This  is  the  only  intimate  and  authorized  account  of  the  oareer  of  the  world's  most  famous  cricketer.  The  illustrations  are  a  strong  feature  of  the  book, 
and  include  photographs  of  Mr.  Jackson  at  the  wicket  shaping  for  his  best-known  batting  strokes. 

"Mr.  Standing  tells  the  details  of  Mr.  Jackson's  sparkling  career  with  enthusiasm,  enjoyment,  and  discrimination The  attractive,  sportsmanlike 

picture  is  enriched  with  anecdotes." — Daily  Graphic. 

JUST  PUBLISHED,  price  5s.  net. 

STANHOPE    A.    FORBES,   A.R.A.,  AND 
ELIZABETH    STANHOPE    FORBES,    A.R.W.S. 

By  Mrs.  Lionel  Birch. 

With  8  Reproductions  in  Colour  and  32  Illustrations. 

In  this  book  the  story  of  the  "discovery"  of  Newlyn  as  a  painting  ground  is  related  authoritatively.  It  details  Mr.  Forbes's  own  experiences  in  the 
painting  of  his  Newdyn  pictures,  and  gives  the  story,  for  the  most  part  autobiograpliically,  of  the  training  of  Mrs.  Forbes  and  her  subsequent  successes. 


READY  MAY  25,  price  12s. 

PICTORIAL      LONDON. 

With  upwards  of  400  Full-Page  Plates. 

This  is  a  magnificent  album  of  photographic  scenes  of  the  metropolis  and  its  neighbourhood.  It  presents  in  an  unrivalled  series  of  views  the  greatest 
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Edward  VII.  The  pictures  in  '  Pictorial  London  '•  have  been  reproduced  from  photographs  taken  expressly  for  tile  work.  Eaoh  picture  thus  obtained  has 
passed  through  the  hands  of  an  artist  to  prepare  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  perfectly  suited  for  reproduction  in  the  best  form.  A  combination  of 
artistic  and  photographic  excellence  has  thus  been  secured.  The  illustrations  are  printed  upon  a  specia  11}- prepared  art  paper,  which  gives  the  very  best 
results  from  the  carefully  prepared  blocks. 

READY  MAY  25,  price  6a. 

THE      THAMES     AND      ITS      STORY. 

FROM  THE  C0TSW0LDS  TO  THE  NORE. 

With    Rembrandt    Frontispiece,    IMS    Full-Page    Illustrations,    and    many    Sectional    Maps. 

In  this  volume  the  traditional,  historical,  literary,  and  romantic  associations  of  the  river,  the  glories  of  its  landscapes,  and  its  features  of  interest  are 
recorded  and  described.  The  growth  and  development  of  the  bead-like  string  of  towns  which  it  threads  together  on  its  course  are  traced  down  to  the  present 
year,  and  the  changes  that  have  been  effeoted  along  the  river  itself  have  all  been  noted.  The  volume  is  therefore  essentially  up  to  date,  and  will  doubtless 
take  its  place  as  the  authoritative  one  on  its  subject.     It  contains,!  Rembrandt  Photogravure  of  the  celebrated  painting  of  '  Wargrave,'  by  Yi  at  Cole.  R.A. 

CASSELL  &  COMPANY,  Limited,  London,  Paris,  New  York,  and  Melbourne. 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


567 


MR.     EDWARD     ARNOLDS     EDUCATIONAL    LIST. 


JUST  PUBLISHED. 


SIR  JOSHUA  FITCH:  AN  ACCOUNT   OF  HIS  LIFE  AND  WORK. 

By  A.  L.  LILLE Y,  M.A.    With  Portrait.    Large  crown  8vo,  7a  Gd.  net. 


ENGLISH. 

EPOCHS    OF    ENGLISH   LITERATURE.      By 

J.  C.  Stoiurt,  M.A.,  Assistant  Master  at  Merchant 
Taylors'  School  ;  formerly  Scholar  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.    8  vols.     Is.  Gd.  each. 
L  THE  AGE  OF  CHAUCER,  1215-1500. 
II.  THE  RENASCENCE. 
III.  THE  ELIZABETHAN  AGE.        [Others  in  the  press. 

ARNOLD'S     SCHOOL     SHAKESPEARE. 
General  Editor— J.  CHURTON  COLLINS,  M.A. 


Is.  3d. 
AS  YOU  LIKE  IT. 
MACBETH. 
TWELFTH  NIGHT. 
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MIDSUMMER       NIGHT'S 

DREAM. 
THE     MERCHANT    OF 

VENICE. 
THE  TEMPEST. 


1.9.  6d. 
KING  LEAR. 
RICHARD  II. 
HENRY  V. 
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KING  JOHN. 
CORIOLANUS. 
HAMLET. 


ARNOLD'S 
BRITISH     CLASSICS     FOR     SCHOOLS. 
General  Editor— J.  CHURTON  COLLINS,  M.A. 
PARADISE  LOST.  Books  I.    MARMION.     Is.  Gd.' 

and  II.     is.  3d.  THE  LADY  OF  THE  LAKE. 

PARADISE     LOST.        Is.  6d. 

Books  III.  and  IV.     Is.  3d.    CHILDE  HAROLD.     2s. 
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Wilson,  B.A.    Cloth,  Is.  Gd. 

SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  POEMS  OF 
TENNYSON.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Everard 
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Cloth,  Is.  6d. 

LINGUA  MATERNA.  By  Richard  Wilson,  B.A. 
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A  FIB  ST  COURSE  IN  ENGLISH  ANALYSIS 
AND  GRAMMAR.  By  Richard  Wilson,  B.A.  Is. 

A  FIRST  COURSE  IN  ENGLISH  LITERA- 
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LAUREATA.     Selections  from  the  Best  Poets.     Is.  6d. 

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THE   GREENWOOD   TREE.      A  Book  of  Nature 
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IN  GOLDEN  REALMS.  An  English  Reading  Book 
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TELLERS  OF  TALES.  Biographies  of  English 
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to  the  Central  Welsh  Board. 

With  Notes  and  Vocabulary,  6d.  net. 
LE     FORCAT;   ou,   a   tout   Peche    Misericorde. 

Proverb  in  Two  Acts.     By  Madame  DE  Segur. 
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N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


569 


SAT UE DAY,  MAY  12,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

The  Philosophy  of  Religion 

The  Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scotland  .. 

A  Study  of  the  Scholiasts        

The  Records  of  Norwich         

Two  Notaiile  Novels         

Books  for  Students  :— 

English         

Russian  and  Japanese     . .         . .         

African  . .         . .         . .         . .         

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Robertson's  Sermons) 576 

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LITERATURE 


The  Philosophy  of  Religion.  By  Dr. 
Harald  Hoffding.  Translated  by  B.  E. 
Meyer.     (Maemillan  &  Co.) 

Almost  simultaneously  with  his  '  Problems 
of  Philosophy '  (see  The  Athenceum  for 
April  14th,  p.  441)  appeared  in  an  English 
garb  Prof.  Hoffding's  more  famous  and 
almost  classical  work  '  The  Philosophy 
of  Religion.'  The  recent  literature  of 
this  country  teems  with  references  to  its 
central  thesis,  namely,  that  the  essence 
of  religion  consists  in  a  belief  in  the  "  con- 
servation of  value."  So  long,  however, 
as  Danish,  or  even  German,  enshrouded 
the  thought  at  the  back  of  this  sonorous 
phra.se, it  was  calculated,  likeany  other  shib- 
boleth, to  mystify  rather  than  to  instruct. 
Even  now  that  he  who  runs  may  read,  it 
is  by  no  means  certain  that  he  will  under- 
stand. Here  it  is  not  at  first  sight  easy 
to  see  the  wood  for  the  trees.  As  com- 
pared, for  instance,  with  the  highly  con- 
centrated '  Problems  of  Philosophy,'  where 
we  never  for  a  moment  lose  sight  of  the 
main  issue,  this  book  presents  a  tangled 
skein.  Perhaps  the  philosopher,  descend- 
ing from  the  unencumbered  heights  to 
lower  levels,  is  less  sure  of  his  bearings. 
No  wonder,  indeed,  since  religion,  his- 
torically considered,  is  a  jungle.  It  needs 
a  bold  man  to  attempt  a  philosophy  of 
religion.  And  it  needs  not  merely  a  bold 
man,  hut  also  a  wise  one,  to  grasp,  as 
I'rof.  Hoffding  grasps,  at  the  sense  of  the 
whole  ami  of  the  parts  together — to  do 
justice,  as  he  seeks  to  do,  and  does,  at 
once  to  religion  and  to  the  religions.  But 
a  clear-cut,  immediately  convincing  theory 
it  is  too  much  to  expect.  We  get, 
indeed,  a  pithy  phrase.  The  phrase, 
however,  is  sufficiently  hard  to  interpret. 


"  Value  "  is  a  comparatively  simple  and 
straightforward  notion.     It  means  ' 'good" 
— something     indefinable,     perhaps,     but 
none  the  less  appreciable  on  that  account. 
In   making   religion   primarily   concerned 
with    value    or   good,    Prof.    Hoffding   is 
thoroughly  in  accord  with   modern  ten- 
dencies.    It  is  now  customary  to  draw  a 
sharp  line  between  the  judgment  of  fact 
and  the  judgment  of  value,  the  one  being 
typical,  say,  of  physical  science,  and  the 
other,  say,  of  ethics.     In  which  direction, 
then,    does    religion   incline  ?     A    strictly 
impartial  attitude  seems  no  longer  possible. 
The  days  are  gone  by  when  theology  could 
pose  as  scientia  scientiarum,  and  ars  artium. 
A  division  of  labour  has  established  itself 
in  the  spiritual  sphere,  as  Prof.  Hoffding 
insists  ;    and  for  this  very  reason   there 
has    come    to    be    a    religious    problem. 
Now    "  scientific "    explanation    may    be 
said     to     have     wholly     superseded     re- 
ligious explanation  as  regards  particulars. 
There  remain  certain  "  first  "  or  "  last  " 
questions,    which   positive   science   is   in- 
clined to  treat  as  insoluble  riddles.     Can 
a    religious     metaphysic     succeed    where 
science  throws  up  the  sponge  ?     Of  course 
there  will  be  great  difference  of  opinion 
on   this   point.     Dr.    McTaggart,    for   in- 
stance, in  his  recent  work  is  all  for  dogma. 
Prof.   Hoffding,   on  the  contrary,   in  his 
"  epistemological  "   section   can   light   on 
nothing  absolute.     Religion,  as  also  philo- 
sophy, is  with  him  more  akin  to  art  than 
science  : — 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  a  religious 
community  might  possibly  come  into  exist- 
ence whose  faith  found  poetic  and  symbolic 
expression,  free  from  all  dogmatic  conclu- 
sions." 

Or  again  : — 

"  The  religious  consciousness  moves  in  a 
world  of  poetry,  and  is  becoming  increasingly 
aware  of  the  fact.  The  more  clearly  it 
recognises  the  figurativeness  and  insufficiency 
of  its  ideas,  the  better  it  will  be  able  to  com- 
prehend a  standpoint  which  attaches  no 
weight  to  the  formation  of  fixed  and  ex- 
clusive ideas  of  the  object  of  religion." 

And  yet,  though  it  has  become  plain 
that  religion  cannot,  anymore  than  science, 
solve  the  ultimate  riddles,  it  has  not  for 
Prof.  Hoffding  lost  its  significance.  There 
is  the  inner  experience  that  the  good  in 
life  is  real,  to  the  content  of  which  it  can 
give  an  emotional  and  imaginative  expres- 
sion, thus  becoming,  as  he  puts  it,  "  a  poetry 
of  life,"  "  a  poetry  of  humanity."  After 
all,  has  man  ever  worshipped  God  the  first 
cause,  and  not  rather  the  God  who  is 
goodness  and  truth  ?  Tried  even  bv 
this  test  of  worship — a  test  on  which  Prof. 
Hoffding,  with  his  rather  wide  use  of  the 
term  "  religion,"  hardly  lays  stress  enough 
— religious  experience  would  seem  mainly 
to  be  affirmative  of  value. 

Yes  ;  but  value  for  whom  ?  Before 
we  leave  the  subject  of  what  value  as 
such  means,  this  difficulty  must  be  raised; 
and  for  many  who  would  otherwise  sym- 
pathize with  Prof.  Hoffding  it  is  likely 
to  prove  a  stumbling-block.  Not  thai 
our  author,  good  psychologist  that  he  is, 
underrates  the  principle  of  personality. 
On  the  one  hand,  he  holds  that  "scientific 


work  is  a  work  of  personality  "  ;  on  the 
other,  that  "  it  is  personality  which  in  the 
world  of  our  experience  invests  all  other 
things  with  value."  And  yet  with  him 
the  "  cosmical  vital  feeling  "  which  ex- 
presses itself  in  religion  seems  wholly 
disinterested.  The  validity  of  good  which 
it  affirms  in  becoming  cosmical  apparently 
ceases  to  be  psychological.  But  is  this 
strictly  possible  on  his  own  principles  ? 
Has  he  not  been  misled  by  taking  the 
"  Not  my  will,  but  Thine,  be  done,"  of 
reh'gion  too  literally  ?  Is  the  will  sur- 
rendered when  it  surrenders  itself  ?  And 
note  the  disastrous  corollary  (though 
Prof.  Hoffding  would  probably  not  accept 
the  "  argument  from  consequences  "). 
Personal  immortality  is  no  concern  of 
religion.     Prof.  Hoffding  says  solemnly  : — 

"  The  more  I  have  looked  round  on  the 
world  of  thought  and  reality,  the  more 
clearly  it  has  been  borne  in  upon  me  that 
those  who  are  still  ready  to  preach  that 
were  there  no  future  life,  this  life  would  lose 
all  its  value,  take  a  great  responsibility 
upon  themselves." 

Nay,  he  goes  further  than  this  : — 

"  The  confusion  of  particular  definite 
values  with  eternal  values  is  irreligious. 
Nevertheless,  few  religions  are  innocent  of 
it.  The  religious  postulate,  in  such  case, 
runs  as  follows  : — '  If  the  kinds  and  forms 
of  value  with  which  I  am  acquainted  do  not 
persist,  then  the  conservation  of  value  is 
nothing  to  me,  or  rather  I  do  not  admit 
that  that  which  persists  is  value  or  has  value.' 
This  egoistic  form  of  religiosity  is  by  no 
means  rare.  The  belief  in  personal  immor- 
tality is  often  based  on  this  ground, — as 
though  existence  might  not  still  have  a 
meaning  even  if  I  were  not  immortal  !  " 

Surely  Prof.  Hoffding  here  almost 
deserts  his  chosen  ground.  '  That  which 
persists  "  and  "  existence  "  smack  less  of 
value  than  of  fact.  What  sense  is  there 
in  a  "  good  "  which  is  not  for  some  per- 
sonality, some  consciousness  ?  Is  the 
conservation  of  value,  then,  much  the 
same  thing  as  the  conservation  of  energy  ? 

We  now  proceed  to  the  even  more  serious 
question  of  what  we  are  to  understand  by 
"  conservation."  Religion  we  know  as 
the  most  conservative  force  in  the  world. 
Does  this  sociological  fact  possibly  help 
to  account  for  the  stress  laid  on  conserva- 
tion in  this  context  ?  For  value  or  good, 
in  its  ordinary  ethical  sense,  is  rather  some- 
thing to  be  acquired  than  to  be  conserved. 
First  you  have  to  catch  your  hare  ;  or 
rather  life  is  a  continual  hunting.  '  That 
alone  can  be  truly  realized  which  is  real 
already,"  it  will  perhaps  be  said.  But 
here  we  immediately  perceive  the  effect 
of  allowing  the  judgment  of  fact  to  force 
its  alien  nature  on  the  judgment  of  value, 
namely,  that  utter  nonsense  is  forthwith 
made  of  the  latter.  What  can  possibly 
be  the  good,  not  merely  for  us,  but  also 
for  the  good  itself,  of  realizing  what  is 
realized  already  I  Leibnitz  did  well  to 
say,  "  Nisi  beatitudo  in  progressu  con- 
sistent, stupcrent  beati."  Thus  religion 
within  its  own  field  —  unless  we  are  ready 
to  say  with  I'rof.  Hoffding  that  considera- 
tions about  future  blessedness  fall  outside 
thai  field — has  to  face  the  problem  why 
the  appeal  of  good  to  us  is  as  of  something 


570 


THE     ATHENJEUM 


N°4098,  May  12.  1906 


yet  to  be  »""/< .  If  ii  shirt  this  problem, 
if  it  illicitly  oonvert  value  into  en  EHeatic 
being  that  rnererj  persists,  then  good-bye 
to  religion.     Ethics  is  strong  in  ita  own 

right,   and    will    take   its    place.      Hut    it    is 

more  likely  that  it  is  Prof.  Hoffding's 
analysis  <»f  religion,  and  do!  religion  itself, 

that  is  on  the  wrong  tack. 

We    have    left    ourselves    little    loom    to 

oonsidex  Prof.  Hoffding's  treatment  of  the 

actual  history  of  religion.  On  the  primi- 
tive forms  of  worship  and  belief  he  is  not 

very     illuminating.     He    obviously     has 

had  to  depend  on  the  ic-carches  of  others. 
and  these  -as,  for  example,  Tiele  and 
I'sener  are  perhaps  a  little  out  of  date. 
More  interesting,  because  more  his  own, 
is  the  attempt  to  distinguish  amongst 
the  higher  religions  two  fundamental 
types,  namely,  the  Indian-Greek  and  the 
Persian-Jewish.  On  his  view,  the  one 
favours  immanence,  the  other  evolution. 
According  to  the  former,  the  highest 
value  is  always  actually  present,  though 
hidden  from  men's  sight  by  the  veil  of 
sense.  According  to  the  latter,  the  valu- 
able has,  and  needs,  a  history  ;  but  only 
when  the  development  of  the  world  has 
run  its  course  will  the  valuable  be  all  in 
all  to  all  men.  The  contrast  is  brilliantly 
worked  out.  At  the  same  time  we  confess 
ourselves  suspicious  of  all  forms  of  the 
"  philosophy  of  history,"  as  this  seems  to 
be.  Genuine  history,  based  on  the  com- 
parative method,  does  not  thus  set  out 
with  the  explicit  purpose  of  illustrating 
or  confirming  a  doctrine  established  in 
some  sense  a  priori.  Besides,  abstract 
similarities  such  as  are  here  presented, 
without  reference  to  the  possibility  of 
common  derivation,  are  not  rooted  in 
fact,  and  can  therefore  be  varied  with  the 
shifting  needs  of  the  argument.  Thus, 
in  the  section  on  '  Buddha  and  Jesus,' 
both  teachers  alike  are  represented  as 
laying  great  weight  on  development  towrards 
a  future  goal.  Even  so,  however,  let  us 
in  conclusion  note,  religion,  as  compared 
with  ethics,  would  appear  unsound  on  the 
subject  of  the  making  of  good.  Neither 
Buddha  nor  Christ  regarded  the  good  as 
able  to  be  "  reached  in  positive  fashion 
by  working  under  temporal  conditions  ; 
it  can  only  be  attained  through  a  super- 
natural crisis,  for  which  men  must  hold 
themselves  in  readiness."  The  demand 
of  many  a  serious  mind  to-day  is,  negatively, 
for  absence  of  all  naive  supernaturalism , 
and,  positively,  for  a  progressive,  tem- 
poral, human  good.  Can  religion  satisfy 
this  demand  ?  If  not,  for  such  minds  at 
least,  it  must  either  reform  itself,  or  cease 
to  be  effective. 


The  Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scotland. 
By  A.  R.  Hope  Moncrieff.  (A.  &  C. 
Black.) 

Mr.  HorE  Moncmeff  has  in  his  preface 
anticipated  criticism  of  his  book  on  the 
remoter  West  Highlands.  He  "  has  tried 
to  weave  a  pattern  of  entertaining  stripes 
and  patches  upon  a  groundwork  of  infor- 
mation."    He  has  done  exactly  what  he 


tried  to  do,  giving  stripes  and  patches  of 
legend,  reflection,  criticism  of  Cookm 
and  personal  remini  ill  \ <-r  \  bright 

and    plea-ant.      While    the    information    is 

good  enough  for  the  general  reader,  ire 
may  ask  for  more ;  for  example,  Mr.  Elope 
MoiKiicil   wears  the   Forbes  tartan,  and 

uc    want    to    know    when     or     how      the 

rTorbeses  or  the  Gordons  got  i  tartan. 
They  were  Lowlanders  \  they  fought  at 
llarlaw  against  the  Western  clans.  In 
Montrose's  campaigns  the  Gordons  were 
his  cavalry,  with  the  Ogilvies  ;  the  regular 

clans  were  all  footmen.  It  would  be 
interesting  to  find  any  evidence  that  the 
Gordons  and  Forbeses  had  clan  tartans, 
any  more  than  the  Scotts  and  Kers,  before 
the  publication  of  the  '  Vestiarium  Scoti- 
cum,'  that  mysterious  and  unauthoritative 
work.  As  to  the  separate  kilt,  the  story 
that  it  was  invented  by  one  of  the  English 
exploiters  of  Highland  wood  and  labour 
in  Glengarry's  country,  about  1730-40, 
was  published  not  more  than  forty  years 
later,  with  names  and  full  details,  and  we 
are  not  aware  that  it  was  contradicted. 
In  a  letter  of  1746,  Lord  George  Murray 
speaks  of  himself  as  wearing  the  philabeg, 
which  appears  to  mean  not  the  belted 
plaid  falling  over  the  thighs,  but  the 
separable  kilt.  Mr.  Hope  Moncrieff  scouts 
the  story  of  the  English  invention  of 
"  the  little  kilt,"  but  he  does  not  refer 
to  the  evidence,  which,  we  see,  is  early 
in  date.  Moreover,  when  the  clans  cast 
their  plaids  for  a  charge,  as  was  their 
custom,  they  appeared  merely  in  their 
shirts,  or  smocks  ;  we  do  not  hear  that 
they  retained  their  kilts.  It  must  be  by 
a  slip  of  the  pen  that  the  author  (p.  23) 
speaks  of  Burt  as  writing  "  in  the  early 
seventeenth  century."  Putting  his  dates 
in  his  book  '  Letters  from  the  North  ' 
together,  we  find  that  he  was  in  the  High- 
lands from  1727,  at  least,  to  about  1738. 
The  author  distrusts  novelists  who,  like 
Stevenson,  make  Highlanders  of  the 
eighteenth  century  talk  Scots.  But  in 
speeches  of  Highlanders  which  seem  to 
be  textually  reported  by  Bishop  Forbes  in 
'  The  Lyon  in  Mourning,'  it  appears  that 
they,  or  some  of  them,  did  talk  broad 
Scots  when  they  deserted  Gaelic.  In 
"  runric  "  cultivation  the  farmer  was  not 
"  proprietor  "  (p.  149)  of  his  strip  of  land. 
We  do  not  know  whether  the  redistribu- 
tion of  strips  by  lot  survived  late  in  the 
Highlands,  and  conceive  that  runrig  was 
less  common  than  in  the  contemporary 
Lowlands.  On  comparing  Burt  for  High- 
land agriculture  with  Ramsay  of  Ochter- 
tyre  for  Stirlingshire  about  17:20.  it  seems 
that  Lowland  tillage  wras  hardly  more 
advanced  than  Highland.  Lady  Grange, 
from  St  Kilda.  did  not  try  "  vainlv  "  to 
"  communicate  with  her  friends,"  but  her 
letters  took  eleven  months  on  the  road. 
As  her  "  friends,"  except  Hope  of  Ran- 
kcillour,  wore  much  more  the  friends  of 
her  husband  and  of  Loval  than  of  herself, 
her  communications  were  made  in  vain. 

We  merely  jot  upon  a  lively,  readable, 
rambling  book  of  jottings,  very  pleasantly 
written.  It  is  news  to  us  that  two  Sir 
George  Mackenzies  were  ill-famed  as 
persecutors    of    the    Covenantors  ;     if    so. 


the    fame   of    one    ha-    eclipsed    that    of   the 

other.     The  coloured  landscapes,  by  Mr. 

\\    Smith,  are  suitable  t<<  the  <  I 

of  the  book. 


A  Chapter  in  th<    History  of  Ann<>t<n 
being  K<h<>li<i   Aristophanica,    Vol.   111. 
By    William    G.    Rutherford,    formerly 
ll-  "I   Master  <»f   Westminster. 

millan  fl    ' 

'I'm  i:i.  is  something  that  take*  the  fancy 
in  the  spectacle  of  a  pa 
becudgeuing  the  unhappy   scholiasts,  his 
predecessors,    who,    if   not    schoolmasb 

themselves,  preserve  the  traditions  of  the 
old  school-.  And  be  does  it  with  such  a 
gusto,   such   mercili  erity  :     at    t 

sight  there  seems  to  be  nothing  left  of  the 
poor  things.  In  the  classroom  they  took 
themselves'  seriously,  even  solemnly  :  the 
letters,  which  Or.  Rutherford  generally 
prints  in  derisive  capitals — the  letti EBfl 
were  to  them  the  one  significant  thing  in 
the  world.  Yet  the  world  outside  held 
them  cheap  ;  we  are  reminded  of  Dion 
Chrysoetom's  picture  ('  Or.'  viL)  of  pove 
—  the  mother  hiring  herself  out  to 
work,  or  to  harvest,  or  to  be  a  rich 
baby's  wet-nurse,  the  father  Si&urKav 
ypu.HHa.Ta.  i]  7rai8a-ya>y«ti'.  Cheap.  in- 
deed, the  world  has  ever  since  held  the 
trainer  of  children,  and  dear  the  world 
has  had  to  pay  for  its  folly.  Dear  the 
people  of  this  country  are  now  paying,  and 
will  yet  pay,  for  their  false  view  of  educa- 
tion,  which  made  possible  in  the  nineteenth 
century  the  same  pedantry  as  marked  the 
ancient  scholiasts,  so  that,  being  unedu- 
cated themselves,  "the people"*  think  tore- 
place  pedantryby  an  ideal  less  pedantic,  but 
sordid  and  contemptible,  and  sure  to 
bring  nemesis  one  day.  We  are  perhaps 
not  far  wrong  in  thinking  that  some  such 
reflections  as  these  are  the  source  of  Dr. 
Rutherford's  cynical  delight  in  speaking 
his  mind,  now  that  the  duties  of  office  no 
longer  impose  silence  upon  him. 

We  may  regard  this  book  from  two 
points  of  'view  :  one  the  scholar's,  and 
one  the  educator's.  For  the  scholar,  it 
presents  a  thorough  and  most  laborious 
analysis  of  the  scholia,  classified  under 
various  heads,  and  containing  a  great 
deal  of  minute  information  which  ho  will 
find  useful.  In  criticizing  other  works, 
for  instance,  ho  will  be  able  to  turn  to  this 
book  for  an  account  of  the  chief  writers 
who  have  left  scholia,  of  the  manner 
in  which  the  annotatoxs  used  their  works, 
and  the  reliance  wheh  may  be  placed  on 
them.  Long  lists  of  examples  are  given 
under  each  section  of  the  book,  printed  in 
full,  in  foot-notes  or  "  longer  notes."  The 
history  of  technical  terms  is  examined,^ as, 
for  example.  a\a\tov,  >}#os,  Tpoin),  (rxm"1' 
HtTa<i>opii  Other  topics  dealt  with 
are  textual  criticism,  exegesis,  etymol< 
and  stage  directions.  Rhetoric  and  rhe- 
torical terms,  tropes,  and  figures  form  a 
large  part  of  the  discussion,  as  they  formed 
a  very  largo  part  of  education  when  the 
scholiasts  flourished  One  long  chapter 
discusses  Tryphon's  treatise  on  tropes. 
with  the  fourteen  ordinary  tropes,  which 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


571 


were  the  basis  of  ypapnaTiK-q,  and  other 
tropes  which  often  were  no  tropes,  such  as 
"  ambiguity."  Instances  of  each  trope, 
figure,  or  whatnot  are  cited,  when  there 
are  any,  from  the  Raven nas.  The  wide 
use  of  ancient  lexicons  is  shown,  and  most 
unintelhgently  used  they  often  were. 
For  the  scholar  or  student,  then,  there  are 
rich  materials  in  this  volume. 

When  we  turn  to  the  educational  side 
of  the  question,  there  is  some  grain  amongst 
the  chaff.     With  all  their  pedantry  and 
foolishness,    the    old    schoolmasters    had 
hold  of  one  great  principle  :  that  teaching 
depends  on  the  spoken  word.     Any  one 
who  reads  a  Greek  manuscript  of  ancient 
date,  or  better  still  a  Greek  inscription, 
will    easily   realize   that   cursory   reading 
"  to  oneself  "  is  generally  out  of  the  ques- 
tion.    The  letters  are  written  or  engraved 
in  long  unbroken  lines  ;    no  means   are 
taken  to  distinguish  the  metrical  sections 
of  lyric  verse — often  enough  not  even  the 
lines  of  other  kinds  of  verse  are  kept  apart. 
It  is  almost  as  difficult  to  read  as  Sanskrit, 
and  can  only  be  deciphered  in  the  same 
way — by  forming  each  word  accurately, 
which  is  most  easily  done  by  uttering  it 
aloud.     Readers  of  the  '  OEdipus  Coloneus' 
may  remember  that  the  idea  of  praying 
silently  to  oneself,  without  uttering  words, 
has   to   be   carefully   explained  :     it   was 
evidently  unfamiliar.       On  the  contrary, 
our    modern    system    of     dividing     the 
words  makes  it  easy  to  take  in  the  sense 
of  a  phrase,  or  even  of  a  sentence,  at  a 
glance,  without  forming  the  separate  parts 
of  it.     No  doubt  the  habit  of  skimming 
books  and  newspapers  thus  is  to  blame 
for  the  hurried  and  slipshod  speech  of  the 
present  generation.     Reading  was  in  anti- 
quity a  painful  art ;   and  the  schoolmaster 
could  never  depend  on  a  sentence  being 
understood  unless  it  was  read  aloud.     Or, 
to   put  the   matter  in   another  way,   the 
letters  were  only  a  means  of  storing  the 
sounds  until  they  should  be  wanted  for 
utterance.     Now  one  of  the  chief  faults 
of  our  education  in  the  last  generation  has 
been    to    substitute    printed    or    written 
letters  for  spoken  sentences     The  scholiasts 
may  have  been  fools,  but  they  knew  better 
than   to  do  that.     All   their  schoolwork, 
the  authors  they  read — principally  poets 
— were  rea*l  aloud,   recited,  or  chanted  ; 
and   rules   are   given  for  the  method   of 
this    utterance    at    various    points,    even 
for    the    gestures   which     should    accom- 
pany it.     In  describing  these  Dr.  Ruther- 
ford still  keeps  his  cynical  tone  ;    and  it 
is  difficult  to  see  whether  or  not  he  per- 
ceives the  value  of  the  practice.     But  in 
the    educational    reform    which    is    now 
beginning,  and  which  we  hope  in  a  few 
years  to  see  generally  carried  out  (except 
perhaps    in    the    strongholds    of    modern 
scholiastry,    which    it     is    needless    more 
exactly  to  specify),  the  spoken  word  must 
take  its   true   place   as  the  foundation  of 
all  language-teaching,  whether  ancient  or 
modem 

And  thua  our  unhappy  scholiasts  are 
enabled  to  read  us  a  much-needed  lesson. 
The  -indent  of  this  hook  will  he  amazed 

ftt   their    triviality,    their    pedantry,    their 
blindness    to    great    issues    and    their   in- 


sistence on  what  is  useless,  their  blunders 
and  carelessness  ;  but  he  will  reap  some 
practical  good  from  their  story  all  the  same. 
We  have  enjoyed  reading  the  book,  which 
is  not  at  all  dry,  thanks  to  Dr.  Rutherford's 
caustic  wit  ;  and  in  thanking  the 
author  one  may  breathe  a  silent  prayer — 
dirvcTTa  ^wvwv.  ov&e  fjL-qxvvwv  fior)v — that    the 

next  may  be  for  him  a  more  enjoyable 
task. 


The  Records  of  the  City  of  Norwich.  Vol.  I. 
Compiled  and  edited  by  the  Rev. 
William  Hudson.     (Jarrold  &  Sons.) 

Mr.  Hudson's  volume  on  the  Norwich 
records  has  long  been  looked  forward  to 
with  interest  by  antiquaries.  His  know- 
ledge of  the  local  municipal  collection  is 
unrivalled,  and  to  him  mainly  is  due  its 
present  orderly  state.  To  his  fellow- 
worker,  Mr.  Tingey,  the  economic  records 
have  been  allotted  to  form  a  second  volume, 
while  Mr.  Hudson  confines  himself  to  muni- 
cipal government  in  its  legal,  constitutional, 
and  military  aspects.  His  '  Leet  Records,' 
published  by  the  Selden  Society,  and  his 
paper  on  the  Norwich  muster  rolls,  have 
given  a  foretaste  of  the  nature  of  the 
Norwich  contribution  to  English  borough 
history.  Norwich  has  been  fortunate  in 
her  historians,  and  if  it  is  unfortunate  that 
an  early  fourteenth-century  copy  of  the 
valuable  Custumal  should  have  turned 
up  only  after  the  text  had  been  printed 
from  an  inferior  MS.,  still  its  appearance 
in  substantially  the  same  form  as  that 
which  has  been  edited  proves  Mr.  Hudson's 
acuteness  in  ascribing  to  the  late  copy 
an  early  date.  The  Custumal,  in  fifty-one 
chapters,  with  a  translation,  forms  a  sub- 
stantial section  of  the  book,  which  will 
be  of  interest  chiefly  to  those  who  concern 
themselves  with  the  history  of  English  law. 
Documents  illustrative  of  the  Custumal 
and  the  processes  of  the  city  courts  are 
appended  ;  and  there  follow  extracts  from 
the  Assembly  Rolls,  or  minutes  of  council 
meetings,  which  begin  in  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  royal  charters 
have  been  given,  though  not  in  all  cases 
in  full.  By  means  of  abstracts  and  other 
devices,  the  immense  bulk  of  original 
material  has  been  as  far  as  possible  kept 
within  bounds.  The  book  is  very  hand- 
somely got  up,  and  its  maps  will  rejoice 
the  hearts  of  the  citizens  of  Norwich.  A 
map  of  the  neighbouring  hundreds  is  alone 
wanting,  and  is  the  more  necessary  as 
conflict  on  the  subject  of  boundaries  forms 
an  important  theme. 

Mr.  Hudson  has  not  confined  his  long 
and  elaborate  Introduction  entirely  to  the 
subject  of  the  municipal  collection,  but 
treats  of  the  earliest  history  of  the  borough, 
and  the  creation  of  a  second  or  French 
borough.  It  should  have  been  noticed 
that,  in  one  of  the  versions  of  the  agree- 
ment made  between  Stephen  and  Henry 
FitzKmpress  in  1153,  the  castle  and  mils 
of  Norwich  are  mentioned,  so  that  com- 
plete   union    had    not    at    that    time    been 

effected.  In  the  account  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  constitution  Mr.  Hudson  has, 
we  think,  confined  his  attention  somewhat 


too  rigidly  to  the  particular  collection  of 
texts  before  him.  It  is  a  defect  of  the 
right  kind  in  a  local  historian  to  be  un- 
willing to  go  beyond  his  record  ;  but 
where  records  have  been  kept  in  a  very 
haphazard  way,  and  are  entirely  missing 
for  long  periods,  it  is  not  safe  to  use  the 
"argumentum  ex  silentio."  Where,  as  at 
Norwich,  there  is  abundant  evidence  of 
close  similarity  to  London,  the  example 
of  London  requires  more  study  than  has 
been  accorded  to  it  here.  It  is  scarcely 
correct  to  call  Henry  II. 's  charter  to 
London  a  repetition  of  that  of  Henry  I., 
since  it  is  in  many  points  a  more 
restricted  grant.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  men  of  Norwich  could 
claim  in  the  thirteenth  century  to  use  a 
compurgatory  oath  to  meet  a  charge  of 
homicide,  with  eighteen  men  chosen  from 
each  side  of  the  river  of  Norwich  (the 
Wensum)  ;  but  it  is  a  mistake  to  assume 
that  the  accused  chose  his  own  com- 
purgators :  the  London  custom  required 
that  they  should  be  chosen  for  the  party 
swearing,  thus  increasing  the  severity  of 
the  test.  The  rise  of  an  inner  circle  of 
citizens  known  as  the  Twenty-four  is 
ascribed  to  a  late  date,  and  great  difficulty 
is  made  over  the  source  of  their  judicial 
powers.  That  there  should  be  found  such 
a  body,  with  powers  judicial  in  the  first 
instance  rather  than  administrative,  is 
what  we  should  expect  in  the  light  of  the 
evidence  derived  from  other  sources.  In 
differentiating  the  small  assemblies  from 
the  great  annual  gathering  of  all  the 
citizens  it  should  be  pointed  out  that  the 
word  congregacio  seems  in  the  early  records 
to  be  used  for  the  smaller,  in  distinction 
to  convocatio  for  the  larger  meeting.  The 
Custumal  contains  a  clause  on  the  subject 
of  neglect  of  summons  to  the  convocatio, 
which  punished  as  contumacious  those 
persons  who,  having  been  summoned  at 
their  houses,  failed  to  appear/  This  was 
a  summons  of  a  different  nature  from  the 
summons  of  councillors,  neglect  of  which 
entailed  a  money  penalty  only. 

A  very  interesting  development  at 
Norwich  was  a  Bachery,  or  Bachelors' 
Gild,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  con- 
federation of  the  smarter  elements  of 
Norwich  society  in  the  fifteenth-century, 
a  club  which  backed  by  "  maintenance  " 
the  councillors  who  had  got  control  of  the 
government  of  the  town.  It  may  well 
date  from  1263,  when  Wykes  notes  that 
the  Bachery  in  many  towns  were  uniting 
(to  secure  admission  to  the  constitution 
for  the  excluded  crafts). 

There  are  many  details  in  this  volume 
of  more  than  merely  local  interest.  In 
1264  we  leam  that  the  system  of  coroners" 
inquests  was  broken  down  propter  gitcrram. 
In  1385  the  armed  men  and  archers  and 
mariners  from  Norwich  went  to  war  in 
slops  and  hoods  particoloured  white  and 
red.  Economic  problems,  although  re- 
served for  separate  treatment,  receive 
occasional  illustration  from  these  pages. 
The  volume  is  distinctively  mediawal  : 
after  the  fifteenth  century  little  is  printed 
except  the  muster  rolls. 

We  hope  that  the  city  of  Norwich  will 
be  stimulated  by  the  publication  of  this 


:>7-J 


Til  K     A  rr  II  KN'/Kl'  M 


N    (098,  May  12,  1906 


instalment  t'>  proceed  systematically  to 
the  completion  <>f  the  issue  <>f  •  grand 

miics    of    retold-,    the    ((intents    of    which 

can  only  be  go eased  from  the  Catalogue 
issued  hi  1898  bj  Messrs.  Hudson  and 
Tingey.  The  facsimiles  <>f  handwriting 
are  unfortunately  so  reduced  as  to  be 
illegible.    The    use    of    head-lines    would 

have  made  the  texl  easier  to  handle  ;    and 

the  absence  of  punctuation  makes  the 
reader's    task    needlessly     painful.      We 

point  out  these  unimportant  defects  in 
the  hope  that  the  work  may  continue, 
and     an     opportunity     he     found     for     B 

change    ol    system     iu     these    matters. 

The  indexes  are  excellent.  There  are  a 
good  many  somewhat  disconcerting  mis- 
prints—for instance,  in  text  and  glossary 
"  vauga "  for  vanga  (spade).  The  term 
"  office  "  (meaning  '*  inquest  ")  requires 
some  explanation  for  the  inexperienced 
reader.  Although  "  William  of  St.  Mary's 
Church"  has  the  authority  of  Madox, 
Saintc-Mere-Eglise  is  more  in  accordance 
with  fact  and  modern  historical  usage. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


FcnwicFs    Career.     By    Mrs.     Humphry 
Ward.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Ward's  new  novel  finds  its  general 
theme  in  one  of  the  sad  features  of 
Komney's  life.  Fenwick  is  an  excitable 
and  irritable  painter  who  leaves  his  young 
wife  and  child  in  Westmorland  to  seek 
his  fortune  in  London  upon  a  borrowed 
hundred  pounds.  He  finds  his  first  patron 
in  Lord  Findon,  and  makes  a  friend  of 
Findon's  daughter,  who  is  married  to  a 
foreign  scapegrace,  but  lives  in  her  father's 
house.  It  so  happens  that  when  Fenwick 
and  Findon  are  introduced  to  each  other, 
Findon,  without  meaning  much,  says 
something  in  condemnation  of  the  im- 
prudence of  early  marriages  on  the  part 
of  unknown  artists.  This  Fenwick  allows 
to  pass  without  remark,  and  all  the  de- 
scription of  mind  and  incident  of  the 
story  arise  out  of  this  trivial  fact.  For, 
without  the  terrible  disclosure  of  his  matri- 
monial condition,  Fenwick  dines  at  Lord 
Findon's  house  and  paints  a  portrait  of 
his  daughter  ;  and  just  when  five  hundred 
pounds  are  given  him  for  his  pictures  and 
he  is  gone  to  Peter  Robinson's  to  buy 
some  presents  for  his  wife,  that  poor  young 
woman  dashes  down  to  London  in  an 
agony  of  suspicion,  finds  her  way  to  the 
studio,  spoils  a  portrait  of  a  lady  out  of 
jealousy,  and  disappears  beyond  the  reach 
of  all  inquiries. 

Just  as  a  man  is  no  older  than  he  feels, 
so  an  improbability  is  no  more  improbable 
than  the  novelist's  art  makes  it  appear. 
Phoebe  (the  wife)  and  Madame  de  Pas- 
tourelles  (Lord  Findon's  daughter)  are 
well-drawn  and  life-like  characters.  The 
latter  especially  is  the  success  of  the  book. 
The  former,  in  Mrs.  Ward's  skilful  hands, 
is  both  interesting  and  lovable,  but  one 
of  the  inevitable  defects  of  a  plot  so  thin 
is  that  she  can  hardly  be  made  convincing. 
I'hcebe  is  essentially  a  novelist's  young 
woman.     If  reality  is  to  be  spoken  of  at 


all,  her  desertion  is  a  <  olossal  a  I  of  reck* 

folly  ;     and   though   from  jealousy   anv 

woman    may   do    anything,    she    cannot 
necessarily  do  it  for  twelve  whole  ye 
The  gulf  which  divides  the  second  from 

the  third   pari   of  the  hook      Penwick  "in 
London"     from     Fenwick     "after    twelve 

years" — is  like  the  silence  that   greet 
manifest    untruth — a   profane   silence   at 

the  besl . 
As   to    Penwick    himself,    tin-    portrait 

lacks  outline.  The  story  of  an  art 
life  imposes  no  greater  restrictions  upon 
the  novelist  than  have  to  he  observed  by 
every  one  who  would  write  life-history 
in  the  suhjective  sense,  and  not  a  mere 
story  of  adventure.  An  artist's  develop- 
ment in  his  art  must  be  skilfully  suggested  : 
it  cannot  be  minutely  described.  Although 
the  interest  of  this  story  comes  entirely 
from  sources  that  have  nothing  to  do  with 
art — so  much  so,  indeed,  that  it  could 
easily  be  rewritten,  and  Fenwick  made  a 
barrister  or  even  a  professor  of  economics 
— the  setting  which  Mrs.  Ward  has  chosen 
has  been  carefully  and  thoroughly  fash- 
ioned. Few  novelists  could  have  done  it 
half  so  well — so  sanely,  free  from  words 
of  wholly  indefinite  significance,  from 
propositions  that  have  neither  truth  nor 
untruth. 

"  Suddenly  Fenwick  said  in  emotion  : 
'  I  don't  know  how  it  is, — but  I  see  much 
better  than  I  did.' 

"  The  doctor  said  you  would,  John,  when 
you  got  strong,'  she  put  in  quickly.  '  He 
said  you'd  been  suffering  from  your  eyes  a 
long  time  without  knowing  it.  It  was 
nerves,  like  the  rest.'  " 

This  is  excellent  indeed  in  a  novel  of 
artistic  life.  Any  Philistine  among  us  can 
enjoy  the  story  and  let  his  sympathies 
and  interests  expand.  But  it  is  not 
altogether  so  in  the  non- artistic  features 
of  the  book — in  the  plot  or  "  schema  " 
of  domestic  tragedy  with  which  the  story 
is  after  all  concerned.  As  to  Fenwick, 
we  are  deceived  at  least  twice — fobbed 
off  with  words  and  told  that  they  are 
motives,  or  even  that  they  are  acts.  At 
the  close  of  his  first  meeting  with  Lord 
Findon — the  meeting  at  which  he  had  not 
only  failed  to  champion  the  ordinance  of 
matrimony,  but,  when  asked  who  was  the 
model  for  a  picture,  had  said,  '*  Oh  !  some 
one  I  knew  in  Westmorland "  (in  fact, 
she  was  his  wife) — Fenwick  feels  a  guilty 
discomfort  weigh  upon  him,  and  considers 
whether  the  awful  fact  should  be  disclosed  : 

"  Lord  Findon  would  be  puzzled, — chilled. 
He  would  suppose  there  was  something  to  be 
ashamed  of — some  skeleton  in  the  cupboard. 
And  especially  would  lie  take  it  ill  that 
Fenwick  had  allowed  him  to  run  on  with 
his  diatribes  against  matrimony  as  though 
he  were  talking  to  a  bachelor." 

We  confess  this  last  sentence  is  too  much 
for  our  gravity,  and  we  are  sorry,  because 
the  matter  must  be  taken  seriously  :  other- 
wise the  story  must  swing  without  a  hinge. 
Again,  when  Fenwick  and  Madame  de 
Pastourelles  are  at  Versailles,  Fenwick, 
knowing  that  he  has  a  wife  alive,  either 
makes  love  to  Madame, either  contemplates 
aspiring  to  her  hand,  or  he  does  not. 
Which    is    it    to    be  ?     If    he    does,    the 


incident    must     !>••    properly    engi 
and  the  consequences  allowed  for  in  the 
character.     It  I    art    to   turn 

round    upon    a    character    with    infii 
reproaches  for  doing  something  so  utterly 
indefinite    that    the    t.  innot    tell 

whether  it  ha-  been  described  to  him  or 
not.  There  i-  no  need  to  be  coarse  :  but 
if  a  man  (in  a  novel)  i-  going  to  do  some- 
thing that  i-  blackguardly  let  him  do  it. 
Otherwise  we  get  a  false  air  of  delicate 
perception  when  the  reproaches  begin  to 
shower  :  we  lose  touch  with  the  character. 
It  is  the  simple  elements  <>f  a  narrative 
that  give  meaning  to  it.     For  this  reason 

Madame  de   Pastourelle  by  far 

the  i      i-    by    far    the    best-drawn 

picture  in  the  book.  The  gentle  art  of 
brickmaking   without    straw    I  sed 

her  by.  The  fullest  and  most  life-like  of 
characters,  she  i>  also  the  rarest  and  n 
delicate,  the  most  consistent  and  con- 
vincing. Indeed.  Mrs.  Wards  women  are 
described  and  made  to  live,  with  an  art 
which  is  so  good  that  her  men  seem 
terribly  meagre  and  almost  wooden  in 
comparison.  In  Lord  Findon's  case  she 
has  herself  to  blame.  Why  he  should  have 
been  dotted  over  with  vicious  little  patches 
of  poor  comedy  we  do  not  know.  Arthur 
Welby  is  a  stock  type  with  little  or  nothing 
added.  But  perhaps  it  is  the  high  plane 
on  which  we  have  been  moving  that  makes 
us  critical  of  such  minor  features.  The 
book  is  not  a  whirl  of  passion  at  any  stage, 
but  it  is  filled  with  a  calm  and  strong 
interest.  It  is  thoroughly  enjoyable,  with 
charm  as  well  as  an  idea  of  its  own. 


The  Arena.     By  Harold  Spender.     (Con- 
stable &  Co.) 

Mr.  Harold  Spender  has  been  bold  in 
his  political  novel  of  the  day.  He  has, 
like  Trollope,  given  us  politicians  very 
much  alive,  who  remind  us  of  real  men, 
without  allowing  us  to  construct  a  "  key." 
Mr.  Spender's  recipe  is  of  the  nature  of 
those  by  which  tea-dealers  double  the 
price  of  the  commodity.  Each  of  lus 
great  men  is  an  admirable  "  blend,*' 
skilfully  adapted  to  the  palate.  His 
Prime  Minister  is  surrounded  by  an  awe 
which  the  present  Prime  Minister  does  not 
inspire  :  it  is  exactly  the  Gladstone 
atmosphere.  Yet  Mr.  Spender's  Prime 
Minister  is  as  much  "C.-B."  as  he  is 
Gladstone  ;  but  the  opinions  do  not 
tally  for  either,  and  the  time  is  in  part 
to-day,  in  part  to-morrow.  His  great 
new  leader  is  a  skilful  mixture  of  Mr. 
Chamberlain  and  Mr.  Lloyd-George  with 
Lord  Rosebery. 

The  other  new  leading  politician,  who 
leans  to  the  Church  and  Labour  side  of 
social  questions,  is  the  present  LordLytton 
in  some  early  scenes,  as  far  as  we  are 
carried  by  descriptive  traits  :  but  later 
he  diverges  wholly  from  this  type,  passes 
through  a  Lord  Hugh  Cecil  moment,  and 
then  ceases  to  resemble  any  known  poli- 
tician, though  he  plays  a  chief  part  and 
is  the  hero  of  the  book.  The  Labour 
leader  is  an  amalgam  of  Mr.  Crooks  and 
Mr.    Burns,   but   with  points  about  hiin 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


573 


which  belong  to  neither.  Mr.  Spender 
has  "caught"  Mr.  Crooks,  in  some 
scenes,  with  remarkable  skill  :  speeches 
to  London  workmen  and  to  rowdy  under- 
graduates, who  have  come  to  interrupt 
a  Town  Hall  meeting,  strike  us  as  perfect, 
but  they  are  pure  Crooks.  The  "  C.S.U." 
is  mildly  satirized,  and  Mr.  Robert  Hudson 
pleasantly  sketched. 

It  would  be  easy  to  attack  Mr.  Harold 
Spender  for  occasional  lapses,  such  as 
were  unknown  to  Trollope,  into  hasty 
journalism,  which  in  some  instances  lead 
to  vulgarity.  His  great  people  do  not 
always  talk  either  as  such  persons  are 
supposed  to  talk,  or  as  they  really  do. 
The  heroine  becomes  the  wife  of  the  hero 
in  circumstances  which  cause  his  friends 
to  declare  that  he  has  "  married  beneath 
him  "  ;  this  perhaps  explains  in  her  case 
a.  good  many  expressions  which  somewhat 
shock  us,  such  as  "  it  rends  me."  She  is, 
however,  a  strange  lady,  and  induces  her 
leading  politician  to  kiss  her,  during  the 
sitting  of  both  Houses,  near  the  door  of 
the  Conference  Room  and  that  of  the 
typewriters'  staircase  in  St.  Stephen's 
Hall.  "  It  chanced  that  they  were  alone 
. .  .  except  for  the  statues  "  ;  but  this 
surely  could  not  happen  :  strangers  wait- 
ing for  the  Gallery  might  indeed  all  of 
them  have  found  seats,  but  we  believe 
the  policemen  at  each  end  to  be  fixtures. 
When  the  Irish  dynamiter  chose  the  quieter 
corner  a  few  yards  off  in  which  to  leave 
his  infernal  machine,  a  third  brave  con- 
stable, it  will  be  remembered,  detected  it, 
•even  there,  within  a  minute. 

The  hero  sometimes  drops  into  the 
language  of  the  heroine.  We  cannot 
bring  ourselves  to  believe  that  this  dis- 
tinguished aristocrat,  statesman,  and 
scholar  could  have  described  to  the 
mother  of  the  heroine  the  house  of  Mr. 
•Crooks,  or  of  Mr.  Crooks's  double,  as 
"  the  home  where  pure  minds  and  kind 
hearts  would  ensure  her  against  the  least 
whisper  of  scandal  "  :  the  fact  is  certain  ; 
it  is  only  to  the  language  that  we  take  ex- 
ception. The  event  happened  in  South 
London,  so  that  the  speech  may  fairly  be 
called  "  Transpontine."  Leading  men  do 
not  say  of  a  tenant  that  he  "  was  evicted 
by  my  old  Dad.  And  Dad  never  evicted 
without  cause."  In  the  same  conversa- 
tion another  politician  of  the  same  stand- 
ing aska,  "  Isn't  that  just  a  little  previous?" 

\  good  deal  may  also  be  said  by  way  of 
criticism  as  to  the  House  of  Commons 
language  in  the  book.  It  contains  many 
small  inaccuracies,  such  as  those  to  be 
found  in  the  words  of  the  Clerk  announcing 
the  "  Committee  stage  "  of  a  Bill,  and  of 
the  Chairman  putting  the  question  on  a 
clause  in  Committee.  The  "  Parliament- 
ary language "  is  obvious  caricature, 
and  leaves  the  Trollope  note  for 
the  Dickensian.  No  recent  Chairman 
would  have  allowed  the  words  "  thief  " 
and  "  renegade  "  to  stand  long  enough 
t<>  permit  the  hero  to  reply  at  some  little 
length  by  a  paragraph  whieh  ends  with 
the  term  "  parasite."  As  a  general  rule, 
however,  Mr.  Spender  is  close  enough  to 
fact  to  produce  the  Trollope  illusion  of 
real  political  life  ;    and  although  in  one 


passage  "  ribbons  "  unfortunately  become 
"  sashes,"  there  are  few  such  slips  as  those 
which  we  have  named. 

Some  of  the  incidental  humour  of  the 
book  strikes  us  as  excellent,  and  almost 
on  the  Dickensian  level.  Some  of  the 
serious  passages  are  as  good  in  a  very 
different  way,  such  as  the  heroine's  "  fear 
of  a  goodness  which  she  did  not  under- 
stand, of  a  resolution  which  she  began  to 
regard  as  a  sort  of  unreasoning  fanaticism." 


BOOKS    FOR    STUDENTS. 

ENGLISH. 

The  Sounds  of  Spoken  English.  By  Walter 
Rippmann.  (Dent  &  Co.)  —  This  little 
manual  of  ear-training  for  English  students, 
and  teachers  of  English  pronunciation,  is 
carefully  compiled.  Jn  this  and  other 
books  of  "  Dent's  Modern  Language  Series  " 
the  alphabet  of  the  Association  Phonetique 
Internationale  is  adopted,  which  is  as  good, 
on  the  whole,  as  any  yet  published,  though 
we  prefer  some  of  the  symbols  of  the  '  New 
English  Dictionary.'  Persons  who  know 
Latin  often  sound  consonantal  i  after  sh 
in  "anxious,"  "gracious,"  though  Mr.  Ripp- 
mann and  the  Oxford  lexicographers  ignore 
this  pronunciation  ;  they  also  drop  the  h  of 
"  historical,"  "  habitual,"  which  is  "  pro- 
nounced "  more  than  they  suspect,  but 
often  not  heard,  as  the  unstressed  h  does 
not  carry  far.  "  John  "  is  not  the 
only  proper  name  in  which  "  h  is  not  pro- 
nounced," and  its  mention  should  have  pre- 
vented the  omission  of  "  Sarah  "  and  of  any 
notice  of  the  silence  of  final  h  preceded  by 
a  vowel,  as  in  "pariah,"  "oh."  The  drop- 
ping of  w  before  h  in  "  who,"  of  intrusive  w 
in  "  whole,"  might  have  been  noticed  ;  but 
where  space  is  very  limited  a  writer  naturally 
sacrifices  much  detail  to  points  of  special 
interest. 

Pierce  the  Ploughmans  Crede.  Edited  by 
W.  W.  Skeat.  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 
— '  Pierce  the  Ploughmans  Crede  ' — this 
spelling  of  the  title  is  that  of  the  printed 
edition  of  1553 — is  a  Wycliffite  attack  on  the 
friars,  written  shortly  after  1393.  In  metre 
and  style  it  imitates  the  famous  '  Vision,' 
from  which  the  figure  of  Piers  is  borrowed. 
It  is  a  clever  and  interesting  poem,  and  in 
some  passages  the  author  has  equalled  his 
model.  This  new  edition  is  in  the  main  a 
reprint  of  Prof.  Skeat's  edition  issued  by  the 
Early  English  Text  Society  in  1867.  The 
glossary  has  been  considerably  improved  ; 
the  notes  contain  only  a  few  corrections  and 
additions,  for  the  original  notes  were  remark- 
ably full  and  accurate.  A  large  portion  of 
the  preface  has  been  rewritten,  owing  to 
the  editor's  change  of  opinion  as  to  the 
relation  between  the  '  Crede  '  and  the  so- 
called  'Plowman's  Tale.'  In  1867  Prof. 
Skeat  maintained  that  these  two  poems  were 
by  one  hand  ;  and  he  adhered  to  this  view 
in  his  edition  of  the  '  Tale  '  in  '  Chaucerian 
and  other  Pieces'  published  in  1897.  Now, 
however,  he  accepts  the  conclusion  (first 
propounded  in  Tlie  Athenaeum  of  July  12th, 
1  * •  < > i» )  that  72  of  the  stanzas  of  the  'Tale  ' 
are  interpolations  ;  and  as  the  passage  in 
which  the  author  is  made  to  claim  the 
writing  of  the  'Crede'  is  in   one  of  these 

spurious  stanzas,  he  admits  that  the  identity 
of  authorship  can  no  longer  be  considered 
certain.  At  the  same  time  h<'  appears  un- 
willing to  abandon  belief  in  it,  and  urges 
that  the  interpolator  may  possibly  have 
followed  a  correct  tradition  in  regarding 
the  poem  whieh   he  expanded  as  being  by 


the  author  of  the  '  Crede.'  Our  own  opinion 
is  that  the  interpolations  are  of  so  late  a 
date  that  the  supposition  that  their  author 
had  any  "  tradition  "  to  guide  him  in  this 
matter  becomes  very  improbable.  The 
question,  however,  does  not  greatly  affect 
the  interpretation  of  the  '  Crede  '  itself.  With 
regard  to  the  text,  the  only  criticism  that 
we  have  to  make  refers  to  1.610,  where  the 
editor  follows  the  Trinity  MS.  in  reading 
"NeyJ'er  ordeyned  in  ordir.  but  onlie  libbef1." 
Prof.  Skeat  says  that  one]>e,  the  reading  of 
the  other  MS.  and  the  edition  of  1553,  "  is 
quite  unsuitable."  But  onlie  cannot  legiti- 
mately bear  the  interpretation  which  ho 
suggests,  "  in  a  way  of  their  own  "  ;  in  fact, 
the  hemistich  is  equally  unmeaning  and 
ungiammatieal  with  the  one  reading  as  with 
the  other.  The  truth  seems  to  be  that  an 
early  scribe,  having  written  the  first  half  of 
this  line,  was  reminded  by  it  of  the  similar 
wording  of  1.  45,  "  NeyJ'er  in  order  ne  ovit 
but  vn-ne]'e  lybbo]\"  and  inadvertently 
substituted  the  last  three  words  for  those 
which  he  should  have  written.  The  onlie 
of  the  Trinity  MS.  is  either  an  attempted 
correction  or  a  mere  misreading.  In  1.  383 
there  is  a  misprint  ("  tymne  "  for  tyme) 
which  was  not  in  the  edition  of  1S67. 

How  to  Read  English  Literature  :  Chaucer 
to  Milton.  By  L.  Magnus.  (Routledge  & 
Sons.) — The  title  leads  us  to  expect  ele- 
mentary instruction  conveyed  in  simple 
language,  whereas  we  find  that  a  large 
percentage  of  the  work  constitutes  a  speci- 
men of  florid  English  literature,  the  full 
significance  of  which  could  only  be  mastered 
by  one  able  to  read  any  English  author  from 
Robert  of  Gloucester  to  Mr.  Winston  Churchill 
without  assistance.  In  fact,  the  English 
reader  should  have  been  supplied  with  a 
preliminary  section  instructing  him  howT  to 
read  '  How  to  Read,'  &c.  ;  and  he  is  likely 
to  resent  the  insinuation  that  he  ought  to 
comprehend  an  author's  "  Weltanschauung  " 
without  explanation  of  the  term.  We  gather 
that  before  reading  a  book  he  must  cultivate, 
by  study  of  special  and  general  history, 
certain  expectations.  With  regard  to  Shak- 
speare  having  first  learnt  to  appreciate 
Marlowe's  magnificence,  he  is  to 
"expect  Marlowe's  tragic  touch,  his  vast  and  greatly- 
c  mceived  design,  his  broad  inelaborate  curves  wind- 
ing through  the  music  of  a  metre  hewn,  as  it  were, 
from  the  rock.  Shakespeare's  sanity  will  guide 
the  courageous  back  of  the  apprentice  through  the 
shoals  where  Marlowe  suffered  ship-wreck  to  a  safe 
and  prosperous  harbour." 

If  he  be  told  that  "  back  "  should  probably 
be  "  bark,"  he  may  remain  bewildered. 

"  Bacon  "  and  "  Balfour  "  both  begin 
with  Ba-,  which  coincidence  is  the  best 
reason  we  can  suggest  for  introducing  Mr. 
A.  J.  Balfour,  "bowing  and  scraping  to  a 
public  whieh  might  be  impatient,  or  which 
might  impute  to  him  an  inconvenient  degree 
of  self-esteem,"  in  his  '  Preliminary  '  to 
'  The  Foundations  of  Belief.'  as  a  Victorian 
contrast  to  the  Elizabethan  in  his  preface 
to  the  '  Great  Installation.'  For  one  thing, 
prefatory  matter  is  now  taken  less  seriously 
than  it  used  to  be  ;  for  another.  Mr.  Balfour, 
as  a  layman  writing  an  introduction  to  the 
study  of  theology,  had  placed  himself  in  an 
exceptional  position. 

As  a  whole  the  work  is  an  interesting 
essay  on  certain  aspects  of  English  litera- 
ture, more  distinguished  by  enthusiasm  than 
by  method.  The  idea  that  "  literature.  .  .  . 
followed  the  flag  as  regularly  and  as  eagerly 

as    trade."    seems    somewhat    of    B    paradox, 

and  ought  to  be  formally  reconciled  with  the 
dictum  "Great  literature. .. .is  affected  by 

centripetal   gravity."      Cord    Herners  should 
have  been  mentioned  as  an  early  disciple  of 


174 


Til  E     AT  II  KN  .i;i'  M 


V  1098,  Kai  12,  1906 


tiihvara  ;    iin<l  in  a  useful  table  of  English 
authors  of  the  sixteenth  and  earhj  nth 

tury  Shakspeare'a  indebted™  to  Sir 
Thomas  North  for  |>l<>ts  ami  vocabularj 
should  Iiiin e  been  recorded. 


aU88IA>    AM)    JAPAN 

Mm, ltd    pour     V  Etude     tie     /"    LtDigiK     RuSSS. 

Par  Paul  Boyer  el  N.  Speranski.     (Paris, 

\i  mand  Colin.) 
/,     -  mi  Reader,  adapted  for  English  speaking 

Students.     By  Samuel   Nortnrup   BLarper. 

(Chicago,  University  Press.) 
|        i  ocabulaure    Francaia-Russe    <l<    In    fin 

dii    Seizi&me    Siicle.     Par     Paul     Boyer. 

i  Paris,  Erneet  Leroux.) 
The  Btudy  of  the  Russian  language  has 
steadily  developed  in  England  since  the 
Crimean  War.  Dp  to  that  period  the 
Slavonic  tongues,  Russian  included,  were 
ignored.  Here  and  there  a  traveller  had 
picked  up  a  few  words  or  phrases,  but  they 
weir  treated  as  a  jargon.  Donaldson,  in 
his  once  popular,  but  now  forgotten  '  Var- 
ronianus,'  contrived  to  drag  in  occasional 
Russian  sentences.  And  yet  the  first 
Russian  grammar  was  printed  at  Oxford  in 
It  was  written  in  Latin  by  Henry 
Ludolf,  the  nephew  of  Job  Ludolf,  who 
published  Borne  valuable  works  on  Ethiopic. 
It  was  no  doubt  stimulated  by  the  travels  of 
Peter  the  Great,  who  even  visited  Oxford 
for  one  day.  The  details  of  his  stay  were 
unknown  till  a  short  time  ago,  when  a  letter 
was  found  among  the  Lhuyd  Manuscripts 
in  the  Bodleian,  in  which  the  assistant  at 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  tells  the  story  to 
one  of  his  friends.  This  letter  has  never  been 
printed.  Although  grammars  of  English 
were  published  in  Russia  during  the  reign  of 
Catherine,  our  countrymen  were  content  to 
acquire  the  language  from  the  work  of  Reiff, 
issued  at  Karlsruhe,  but  circulated  in  many 
editions  in  this  country.  Reiff  also  com- 
piled a  dictionary,  which  is  even  yet  in  use, 
although  it  cannot  compete  with  the  more 
elaborate  production  of  Aleksandrov.  Little 
need  be  said  of  Riola's  '  Reading  Book  ' 
(1878).  The  extracts  are  very  promiscuous, 
and  whenever  Kiola  in  his  '  Grammar  ' 
attempts  to  explain  the  more  difficult  forms, 
we  see  that  he  has  no  claim  to  be  considered 
a  scholar.  He  commits  many  solecisms, 
and  seems  to  have  had  no  scientific  training. 

In  M.  Boyer's  manual  now  before  us  we 
have  to  do  with  a  solid  piece  of  work.  We 
need  fear  no  clap-trap  explanations  of  forms. 
The  "  aspects,"  which  are  a  terror  to 
the  beginner,  are  honestly  dealt  with.  The 
extracts  from  Tolstoy  are  very  useful, 
as  they  are  full  of  colloquialisms,  and 
Russian,  like  English,  differs  much  in  its 
colloquial  and  its  literary  forms.  Each  story 
is  accompanied  by  a  valuable  body  of  notes, 
to  which  references  are  given  in  a  short 
index  ;  and  there  is  a  dictionary  of  the  chief 
words.  Moreover,  in  an  appendix  the 
cruxes  of  Russian  philology  arc  courageously 
handled.  The  reader  accustomed  to  the 
thin  and  unscientific  treatment  of  Reiff  will 
here   find   proper  explanations.     M.   Boyer 

fully  realizes  that  Russian,  like  ancient 
Creek,  has  it4!?  synthetic  and  analytic  diffi- 
oulties.  Thus  no  language^  could  exhibit 
a  more  luxuriant  use  of  prepositions. 

!t    is  by  such  scientific  treatment  as  M. 

Boyer's  that  the  difficulties  of  Russian  in 
a  great  measure  disappear.  It  is  a  language 
which   must    he   taught    historically.     It    is 

only  by  such  means  that  a  pupil  can  under- 
stand why  the  past  tense  of  a  Russian  verb 
has  gender.  It  is  in  reality  a  participle,  and 
many  illustrations  could  be  furnished  from 
Latin  and  other  languages.  We  have  found 
M.   Boyer  very  clear  on  the  Bubject  of  the 


Mt.     The  wordi  in  his  book  are  all  <  i 

full  'nal.ll         lie      has     already      pub- 

lished a  learned  work  on  the  importanoi 
t  In-  accent   in  forming  I  he  n 
I  ■•    I* Accentuation  <lu  Verbs  rusae'  (Pi 

1895),    which    at    the    tin,.-    of    it-,    appearance 

tavourabhj  noticed  bj  the  chief  foreign 
philological  reviews.  In  the  not,  t,,  the 
various  tales  lelected  foi  i  or  author 

takes    occasion     to    explain     many     custom- 

prevailing  among  the  Russians. 

It   is  a  great   thing   thai   a   man  of  good 
scientific    training   should    bring    the    la; 
results  of  Slavonic  philology  within  the  grasp 

Of  the  ordinary  student.  We  feel  inclined 
to  differ  From  him  on  one  point  only.  He 
tells  us  (p.  ."51.  note  4)  that  the  suffix  -a  after 
the  numerals  tint,  tri,  tin-tire,  and  oba  is  a 
genitive  singular;  but  it  is  really  an  old 
dual  form  which  would  naturallj'  go  after 
<h-(t.  The  other  two  have  accidentally  taken 
it  by  analogy.  We  get  traces  of  these  duals 
in  the  feminine  in  ochi,  u.slii.  dviesti,  4c. 
It  seems  impossible  to  believe  that  a  nomi- 
native case  plural  or  genitive  case  plural 
could  take  in  agreement  with  it  such  an 
ungrammatical  form  as  a  genitive  case 
singular.  It  is  true  that  the  accent  has 
followed  that  of  the  genitive  singular  by  a 
false  analogy,  if  we  may  so  style  it.  The 
genitive  plural  has  been  dragged  into  use 
in  the  same  way. 

Of  the  English  version  which  has  appeared 
in  America,  where  Russian  is  much  studied, 
it  will  suffice  to  say  that  it  has  been  carefully 
prepared  by  a  pupil  of  M.  Boyer  :  Mr. 
Samuel  Harper,  of  Chicago,  son  of  the  late 
lamented  President  of  the  LTniversity.  It 
leaves  nothing  to  be  desired,  being  excel- 
lently printed  at  the  Chicago  University 
Press  ;  and  the  work  has  been  furthered  by 
Mr.  Crane,  who  has  done  much  for  the 
study  of  Slavonic  in  America. 

The  third  book  cited  at  the  head  of  our 
article  contains  a  hitherto  unprinted  French- 
Russian  vocabulary,  which  dates  from  the 
conclusion  of  the  sixteenth  century.  We 
think  M.  Boyer  did  well  in  giving  it  to  the 
public,  as  it  contains  many  curious  words, 
the  difficulties  connected  with  which  he 
carefully  annotates.  He  has  shown  much 
ingenuity  in  tracing  these  words.  Similar 
vocabularies  are  preserved  in  the  Bodleian 
and  elsewhere,  e.g.  Laud.  MS.  476,  and  also 
the  little  vocabulary  of  Richard  James,  of 
the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
James  was  an  Oxford  man,  and,  going  as 
chaplain  to  Russia,  was  compelled  to  spend 
a  winter  at  Archangel,  where  he  compiled 
a  small  dictionary,  which  has  been  photo- 
graphed for  the  St.  Petersburg  Academy, 
and  will  no  doubt  soon  make  its  appearance. 
The  collection  of  six  Russian  historical 
ballads  (bilini)  preserved  with  the  vocabulary 
must  have  been  made  by  his  order.  We 
think  that  the  handwriting  is  too  good  for 
James — too  like  what  a  Russian  would  write 
in  the  8koropi8.  In  his  vocabulary  the  words 
are  written  in  Latin  letters.  Sometimes 
there  is  a  curious  note  appended.  Thus 
Opposite  the  word  kinshol  \$ic~\  is  placed  "  a 
Russian  dagger.  The  officer  of  the  customs 
at  Archangel  was  wont  to  boast  that  he 
stabbed  the  Pretender  Demetrius  with  one 
of  the  same  description/'  One  reels  on 
looking  at  these  vocabularies  that  the 
Russian  language  has  changed  but  little 
during  the  last  three  centuries,  and  we  find 
an  additional  reason  for  such  an  opinion  in 
the    correspondence    between     Kurbski     and 

Ivan  the  Terrible. 

We  hope  that  M.  Boyer's  handy  reading 
book  will  be  extensively  used  in  this  country. 

In  Japanese  Conversation   in  Six  Months, 

by  W.  A.  Adams  ( Regan  Paul),  an  excellent 
aid  to  students  of  Japanese  is  offered.      But 


the  title  u  a  curious  misnomer.     The  hook 
rocebularj    ■■:    iome    2,700    Japano- 

(liine-i-    jnkuji,    or    dissyllabic    word-      that 

mpounds  of  t-.vo  (or  more  in  a  few 

vponiee. 
I •       ,.  iseful  production  as  an  aid  I  • 

those  w  ho  ha  I  the  initial 

difficulties   of   Japanese    and    many    these 

are,  aid  ■    begUUV  not 

much   more   useful   than   a   heap  of   brickl   to 

who  is  no  architect.     Mr.  Adams  in  his 

Introduction     admit-     that     the    absence    of 

grammar  is  more  tha  ited  for  by 

the  .md   multifariousness  of   I 

biliary  and  the  difficulties  of  the  syntax 

of   Japanese.     It    is   just    this  of 

grammar — or  rather  its  irreducibility  to 
regular  rules — that  main  i  the  Byntax  bo 
difficult.  It  i-  not  too  much  to  say  that 
between   Japanese   and    English,   in   either 

direction,  a  literal  translation  of  the  simplest 

sentence  is  impossible.  The  absence  of  the 
imagery  of  everyday  conversation  common 
in  I.  Languages  is  another  and  \ 

great  difficulty.  Every  idea  has  to  be 
duced  to  its  lowest  expression,  so  to  speak — 
stripped  of  the  human  element  involved  in 
it,  and  clothed  in  the  baldest  materia!. 
form.  These  characteristics  increase  in 
intensity  daily,  through  the  rapid  conversion 
of  the  whole  native  vocabulary  into  Japano- 
Chinese,  in  which,  again,  nearly  all  i. 
ideas  must  be  expressed.  The  result  is  that 
eloquence,  pathos,  wit,  humour,  and  philo- 
sophical thought,  as  we  understand  these 
things, are  all  impossible  in  modern  Japanese; 
and  Japan  runs  no  slight  risk  of  being  re- 
duced to  the  possession  of  a  mere  terminology 
in  which  inexactitudes  will  not  be  infrequent. 
Further,  the  use  of  Japano-Chinese  neces- 
sitates more  and  more  the  employment  of 
the  Chinese  character,  that  is,  of  an  i 
language,  and  widens  the  gulf — already  far 
too  wide — between  the  written  and  the 
spoken  speech.  Almost  any  Japano-Chinese 
word — take  at  random  ango,  a  password, 
literally  a  dark  word — is  unintelligible  unless 
written  so  far  as  its  elements  are  concerned  ; 
there  are  scores  of  an  a  and  of  go's,  and  the 
compound  might  for  speech  be  as  well  called 
xy  or  mm,  with  an  artificial  or  acquired 
connotation  for  the  expressions,  as  ango. 
The  arrangement  of  Mr.  Adams's  little  book 
is  excellent  :  the  words  are  placed  under 
common  vocables  ;  the  Chinese  characters 
are  supplied  ;  and  an  explanation  of  each 
word,  based  on  the  meanings  of  the  cha- 
racters, is  added,  thus  giving  the  words  a 
certain  vitality,  and  relieving  them  from 
being  merely  algebraic  signs.  These  explana- 
tions are,  so  far  as  we  have  tested  them, 
correct  and  helpful  ;  and  the  book  as  a 
whole  is  a  most  useful  aid  to  the  student  of 
the  written  speech  of  Japan  as  well  as  to 
the  student  of  the  colloquial — perhaps 
rather  more  so  to  the  former  than  to  the 
latter.  But  let  no  one  attempt  Japai 
who  has  not  plenty  of  time,  plenty  of  courage, 
and  a  good  reason  for  undertaking  the  labour. 


AFB.IC  w. 


I  Grammar  of  the  Kaffir  Language.  By 
J.  McLaren.  (Longmans  &  Co.) — We  can 
without  hesitation  pronounce  this  to  he 
the  best  handbook  of  Xosa  that  we  have  yet 
Been.  Appleyard's  'Grammar' — an  excel- 
lent piece  of  pioneer  work — has  long  been 
Out  of  print,  and  required  supplementing 
in  several  important  points  :  and  none  Cm 
the  smaller  works  issued  in  more  recent 
years  has  any  pretension  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  Father  Torrend's  'Outlines')  to  a 
scientific  character — most  of  them,  indeed, 
being  but  indifferent  helps  to  the  learner. 
Mr.    McLaren    has    not   only    studied   the 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


575 


language   (so  we  gather)  for  twenty  years, 
but  has  also   treated  it  philologically,   and 
availing  himself  of  the  researches  of  Bleek, 
Father  Torrend,   Sir  H.   H.   Johnston,   and 
other  Bantu  scholars,   has  been  enabled  to 
throw  light   upon   some   difficult   problems, 
by  comparison  with  other  members  of  the 
same  family.     The  practical  part  is  admir- 
ably arranged,  and  many  points  are  stated 
with  a  clearness  for  which  we  have  hitherto 
looked  in  vain.     The  distinction,  e.g.,  between 
"  strong  "    and    "  weak  "    prefixes    (p.    25) 
enables  the  rule  for  the  possessive  of  proper 
nouns    (with    ka)    to    be   given    in    a   much 
handier  form  than  could  otherwise  be  done. 
The  section   on   '  The  Article  '   has  almost 
converted  us  to  the  use  of  that  term  for  the 
initial  letter   of  the  prefix — which,  with  all 
due  respect  to  Bleek,  we  had  hitherto  been 
unable  to  accept.     The  form  abelungu  (for 
abalungu)  is,  for  the  first  time  in  our  experi- 
ence,   satisfactorily   explained    (p.    4)   by   a 
principle  which  also  covers  wetu  (there  was 
no  possible  theory  on  which  we  could  sup- 
pose this  to  be  a  contraction  of  wa  itu)  and 
a  large  number  of  "  vowel  verbs,"  viz.,  that 
"  a  is  often  softened  to  c  when  the  vowel  of 
the  following  syllable  is   u."     The  distinc- 
tion between  close  and  open  (or,  as  they  are 
here  called,  "  long  "  and  "  broad  ")  o  and  e 
is    too    commonly   overlooked   in   works    of 
this  kind,  and  we  have  never  before  found 
the    phonetic    rule    for    them    stated,    viz., 
'  The  long  or  soft  sounds  of  e  and  o  are 
found  only  when  the  vowel  of  the  following 
syllable  is  i  or  u,  and  the  broad  sounds  when 
the  vowel  of  the  following  syllable  is  a,  e, 
or  o."     This  is  a  most  important  point. 

The  differences  between  Zulu  and  Xosa, 
though  sufficient  to  cause  great  perplexity 
to    a    student    who   has   learnt  only  one  of 
these  languages,  are  chiefly  in  pronunciation 
and  vocabulary.     Sounds  which  do  not  occur 
at    all   in  the    former  language,    so    far    as 
we  are  aware,  are  ts,  ty  (to  be  distinguished 
from   tsh),    tl,    and    (perhaps)   the    "  ringing 
ng\"    and   two    out   of   the   three   different 
gutturals  represented  by  r.     But  it  would 
be   unsafe   to   dogmatize   on   this   head   till 
Zulu  has  been  more  minutely  studied  in  the 
light  of  an  improved  phonetic  system  and 
with  the  aid  of  the  phonograph.     We  have  it 
on  Dinuzulu's  authority  that  "  several  new 
letters  "  are  required  for  an  adequate  Zulu 
alphabet,  and  suspect  that  the  above  may 
be   reckoned   among  them,  as    well    as   the 
double  sounds  of  b  and  k,  "  each  of  which  is 
quite  different  from  its  sound  in  English." 
These  are  (1)  the  "  explosive  "  or  aspirated, 
and    (2)    one    "  pronounced    with    a    slight 
drawing -in     of     the     breath"  —  which     is 
markedly   contrary   to   European   habits   of 
speech,    though   the   resulting   difference   is 
so  slight  as  to  pass  unmarked  by  a  careless 
observer.     Mr.  McLaren  says  that  the  only 
genuine  Xosa  p  sound  is  the  explosive  one, 
the    ordinary    voiceless    labial    being    heard 
only    in    words    derived    from     English    or 
Dutch.     Dl  seems   to   represent   the   sound 
written    in    Zulu    dhl.     The    Zulu    pronoun 
ngi  is  ndi  in  Xosa,  as  it  is  in  Nyanja.     Mono- 
syllabic roots  of  the  li  and  lu  classes  pre- 
i    the  mil  form  of  the  prefix  more  often 
than   in   Zulu,    as   ilizwc,   ilifu,   uluti — Zulu 
izwe,   ifu,  uti.     It  is  a  peculiarity  of  Xosa 
that    these    are    exceptionally    accented    on 
the  last  syllable,  whereas  in  Zulu  the  accent 
is  thrown   on   the  prefix.      We  cannot  con- 
clude from  the  above,   however,  that  Xosa 
represents  a  more  primitive  stage  ol  Buntu, 
for  some   contractions   are   found    in    it   not 
I  (or  at  any  rate  not  common)  in  Zulu. 
\\  here  the  same  word  is  used,  it  is  com- 
paratively   seldom    that    it   differs    in    form, 
and  then,  for  the  most  part,  but  slightly — as 
ubaivo  for  ubaba,  father  ;    intsimi  for  insimu 


a  garden  ;  isonka  for  isinkwa,  bread.  But 
in  many  cases  there  is  no  possible  connexion 
between  the  words.  Thus  we  have  ihlwempu, 
a  poor  man,  Z.  ompofu  ;  ukulumka,  to  be 
prudent,  Z.  ukuhlakanipa  ;  inkwenkwe,  a 
boy,  Z.  umfana  ;  ibokwe^  a  goat,  Z.  imbuzi. 
Why  the  Dutch  bok  should  have  become 
naturalized  in  the  last  case  it  is  hard  to  say  ; 
perhaps  some  rule  of  hlonipa  interfered  with 
the  use  of  the  Ur-Bantu  root  ;  and, 
indeed,  the  Bantu  would  seem  to  have 
possessed  goats  from  time  immemorial. 
One  wonders,  too,  whether  something 
similar  may  not  be  the  case  with  umfana, 
which  is  the  diminutive  of  umfo,  a 
word  originally  having  a  depreciatory  sense 
("  fellow,"  or  the  like),  but  now  often  used 
for  "  brother  " — perhaps  with  some  notion 
of  averting  ill-luck.  On  the  other  hand,  we 
fail  to  recall  a  parallel  for  inkwenkwe. 


EDUCATIONAL  LITERATURE. 

Course  of  Study  in  the  Eight  Grades.  By 
Charles  A.  McMurry,  Ph.D.  2  vols.  (New 
York,  the  Macmillan  Company.) — These  two 
volumes  treat  of  the  eight  grades  of  the 
American  common  school  curriculum,  which 
has  for  many  years  been  "  growing  more 
extensive  and  complex."  and  this  course 
corresponds  with  the  work  done  in  our  own 
public  elementary  schools  without  being 
exactly  equivalent  to  it.  Dr.  McMurry's 
main  object  in  the  work  is  to  lay  out  a 
"  liberal  and  practical  course  of  study  for 
the  common  school  of  America,"  and  he 
refers  us  for  the  facts  and  reasons  on  which 
he  bases  the  curriculum  to  the  various 
volumes  of  special  method  already  written 
by  him.  In  addition  to  mere  courses  of 
instruction  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the 
common  elementary  school,  we  are  provided 
with  chapters  devoted  to  the  theory  and 
practice  of  education;  but  in  these  the  author 
is  so  overpowering!  y  verbose  that  his  mean- 
ing is  frequently  lost  in  a  cloud  of  words. 

We  gather  from  the  Preface  that  Dr. 
McMurry  is,  or  at  any  rate  has  been,  a  "  plain 
schoolmaster "  ;  and  no  doubt  his  experi- 
ence in  schoolwork  was  most  valuable  and 
helpful  to  him  in  arranging  his  terminal  and 
yearly  schemes  of  lessons.  The  programme 
of  work  in  each  of  the  more  important  sub- 
jects— English,  geography,  history,  element- 
ary science,  arithmetic,  language,  &c. — 
deserves  careful  perusal,  and  will,  we  think, 
prove  suggestive  to  head  masters  and  head 
mistresses  in  the  rearrangement  of  their  own 
classwork.  Dr.  McMurry's  experience  has 
brought  home  to  him  the  difficulties,  from 
a  teacher's  standpoint,  of  organizing  and 
arranging  the  studies  in  a  common  school, 
and  the  possible  danger  to  children  of  the 
growing  burden  of  work  laid  on  them.  As 
he  truly  says, 

"  Our  present  elementary  course,  if  carried  out,  is 
overcrowded  with  the  quantity  and  variety  of 
materials.  There  arc  more  studies  than  children 
can  learn  well,  and    more   than   teachers  can   teach 

well." 

Considerable  attention  is  devoted  to  the 
"  simplification  and  organization  of  the 
school  course  "  ;  and  herein  very  much  may 
no  doubt  be  effected  by  the  correlation  of 
studies.  The  want  of  this  is  a  source  of 
weakness  in  English  elementary  schools,  as 

we  now  find  it  to  be  in  those  of  America. 
The  work  of  the  teacher  would  be  easier  and 
more  efficient,   and   that   of  the  pupils   more 

interesting,  and  therefore  more  effective,  if 

the   list    of   subjects    nominally    taught    were 

curtailed;      for    instance,     the    suggestion 

might  with  profit  be  adopted  that,  physical 
geography  and  physiography  should  be 
taught  under  the  heading  of  geography  and 


civism,  &c,  in  connexion  with  history, 
instead  of  placing  these  subjects  in  water- 
tight compartments,  as  it  were.  The  undue 
multiplication  of  separate  subjects  to  be 
taught  in  elementary  schools  is  due  in  great 
measure  to  the  over  supply  of  school-books. 

Our  School  out  of  Doors.  By  the  Hon.  M. 
Cordelia  Leigh.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — The  plan 
of  this  little  work  is  excellent  :  the  writer 
supposes  teachers  to  be  taking  their  scholars 
for  a  country  walk  twice  a  month,  and  gives 
hints  for  conversations  on  natural  phenomena 
as  they  are  observed  on  the  spot,  with  descrip- 
tions and  explanations  of  them.  The 
chapters  were  revised  in  manuscript  by 
Prof.  R.  Lydekker,  Lord  Avebury,  and  Dr. 
Orenden  ;  but  these  distinguished  men 
appear  to  have  devoted  but  scant  attention 
to  the  revision,  otherwise  we  should  find 
the  composition  of  many  paragraphs  more 
careful,  and  many  explanations  of  pheno- 
mena more  satisfactory. 

The  title-page  informs  us  that  the  author 
intended  her  work  for  the  use  of  "  young 
people,"  that  is,  we  suppose  for  pupils  ; 
while  we  read  in  the  Preface  that  it  is  de- 
signed "  for  the  assistance  of  teachers  in 
nature  study  "  :  the  difficulty  of  writing 
for  two  classes  of  readers  whose  needs  are  so 
different  is  considerable,  and  it  is  not  over- 
come in  the  chapters  before  us.  These 
"  elementary  chapters  "  consist  of  more  or 
less  disconnected  paragraphs,  which  are  far 
too  scrappy  to  arrest  and  retain  the  interest 
of  pupils  ;  and  too  unscientific  in  arrange- 
ment, and  often  too  inaccurate  in  their 
details,  to  be  really  useful  to  teachers. 

The  paragraphs  treating  of  facts  and 
phenomena  in  animal  and  plant  life  are 
generally  better  and  less  misleading  than 
those  devoted  to  the  mineral  kingdom, 
because  the  writer  speaks  of  what  scholars 
see  and  handle  in  their  walks  ;  but  most 
school  children  have  little  chance  of  observing 
many  of  the  things  described  in  the  chapter 
devoted  to  the  '  Builders  of  the  Earth.' 
This  chapter  (the  title  of  which  is  unhappily 
chosen)  treats  of  the  crust  of  the  earth  and 
its  constituents,  but  the  arrangement  adopted 
by  the  author  in  this  group  of  lessons  seems 
to  us  essentially  unscientific,  and  the  details 
of  several  explanations  are  unquestionably 
misleading,  and  in  some  cases  incorrect. 


SCHOOL-BOOKS. 


Our  English  Totcns  and  Villages  (Blackie) 
is  a  reader  by  H.  H.  Wilton  Hall,  intended 
to  arouse  interest  in  the  past  of  England  as 
recorded  in  its  earthworks,  buildings,  and 
other  traces  of  life  in  the  past.  The  book 
is  meant,  as  the  writer  says,  "  to  be  sugges- 
tive not  exhaustive,"  and,  beginning  with 
dwellers  in  caves  and  pits,  goes  on  to  a 
period  beyond  the  Reformation.  Each 
chapter  is  followed  by  a  summary.  We  are 
much  pleased  with  the  scheme  and  the  wax- 
in  which  it  is  carried  out.  But  Mr.  Hall 
should  not  talk  of  "  Peterhouse  College." 

The  same  firm  continue  to  add  to  their 
"  English  School  Texts  "  books  of  real 
interest,  both  in  form  and  matter,  such  as 
Walton's  A  ngler,  Capt.  Cook's  Second  Voyage, 
and  Holinshed's  England  in  the  Sixteenth 
Century. 

Gateways  to  History,  Books  I.  -VI.,  ha\e 
been    sent     to    us    by    Mr.     Edward    Arnold. 

The  first   book  tells  us  of  notable   English 
people  from    Bede  to  Queen   Victoria!     So 

w  e  proceed  through  '  I  leroes  of  Many  Lands,' 

'  Men  of  England  '  (with  special  reference  to 
Wales),    '  Men    of    Britain,'    '  Wardens    of 

Empire,'    and    '  Britain    as    Part    of    Europe*1 

to    the    last    book    'The    Pageant    of^the 


576 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


Empires.'  wfaiefa  is  a  sketch  of  the  history  of 
the  world.  The  volumes  are  well  illustrated, 
and  in  each  case  simplicity  of  language  has 
been  successfully  attained,  while  the  choice 
of  incidents  supplied  is  good.  Book  VI. 
was  undoubtedly  the  most  difficult  of  the 
series  to  write,  and  the  author  has  done  well 
in  laying  stress  on  the  personal  side  of  his 
narrative  :  e.g.,  he  tells  us  what  Julius  Caesar 
was  like  and  what  he  wore.  A  reference  to 
Virgil  makes  Tennyson  call  him  "  Man- 
tuovan."     It  should  be  Mantovano. 

We  notice  that  two  of  Messrs.  Jarrold's 
books  have  attained  considerable  success  : 
The  King's  English  and  How  to  Write  It  is  in 
an  eighth  edition,  and  Points  in  Punctuatioyi 
is  in  a  third.  Both  guides  are  the  joint  work 
of  Mr.  John  Bigott  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Lawford 
Jones,  whose  honours  in  English  are  rather 
grossly  exhibited  on  the  cover  of  each  book. 
The  information  supplied  is  practical  and 
sensible  on  the  whole,  but  the  judgment  and 
statements  of  the  authors  are  occasionally 
open  to  dispute.  They  note  that  "  many 
writers  use  the  semicolon  to  separate  principal 
sentences  when  a  full  stop  would  be  pre- 
ferable."' On  the  contrary,  the  general 
practice  of  to-day  is  to  use  the  full  stop  on 
many  occasions  where  some  other  stop  would 
be  better.  "  Telegraphese,"  a  popular  dialect, 
is  the  result. 

.4  Grammar  of  the  German  Language.  By 
G.  H.  Clarke  and  C.  J.  Murray,  (Cambridge, 
University  Press.) — In  character  this  work 
approaches  the  older  type  of  grammar 
rather  than  that  which,  under  the  influence 
of  the  modern  methods  of  teaching,  has 
become  common  within  the  last  few  years. 
It  avoids,  however,  as  far  as  possible,  the 
burdensome  accumulation  of  hard-and-fast 
rules,  attempting,  with  some  measure  of 
success,  to  make  careful  reading  rather  than 
memorizing  the  main  object  of  the  scholar  ; 
and  it  pays  due  attention  to  the  colloquial 
as  distinct  from  the  classical  and  literary 
language.  The  authors  have  evidently 
taken  considerable  pains  over  their  work,  yet 
the  result  is  not  altogether  satisfactory. 
We  hardly  know  for  what  class  of  students 
the  book  is  specially  adapted  :  for  the  be- 
ginner it  is  too  large  and  not  sufficiently 
succinct,  and  for  the  scholar  who  has  made 
some  progress  in  the  subject  a  grammar 
based  on  more  strictly  scientific  methods 
would,  we  think,  be  of  greater  value.  The 
historical  side  of  the  subject  is  inadequately 
dealt  with,  and  several  points  of  importance 
seem  to  receive  somewhat  superficial  treat- 
ment. The  volume  is  excellently  printed 
and  produced. 

The  Latin  Hexameter  :  Hints  for  Sixth 
Forms,  by  S.  E.  Winbolt  (Blackie),  is  a 
cheaper  and  simpler  issue  of  a  bigger  book. 
It  is  eminently  practical,  picking  out  the 
niceties  which  make  the  Virgilian  line  so 
flexible  in  effect  and  arrangement.  Blank 
pages  are  inserted  throughout  for  the  addi- 
tion of  further  examples,  and  the  whole  is 
intended  for  a  course  of  six  terms. 

In  Messrs.  Blackie's  "  Latin  Texts  "  we 
have  Virgil  :  ^Eneid  VII.,  VIII.,  and  IX. 
These  booklets  are  decidedly  cheap  at  six- 
pence, and  supply  a  brief  but  adequate 
introduction,  and  a  few  textual  variants  at 
the  bottom  of  the  page,  in  which  it  is  pleasant 
to  see  the  name  of  Servius. 

Greek  Reader,  Vol.  II.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
I'ress).  has  been  selected  and  adapted  with 
English  notes  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Marchant  from 
the  *  (h-ieclhsches  Lesebuch  '  of  Wilamowitz- 
Moellendorff,  who  chose  what  should  be 
read  on  account  of  its  interest  and  the  im- 
portance of  its  subject.  The  '  Reader,'  in 
fact,  provides  an  escape  from  the  tedium 
of  Xenophon  and  Euripides  studied  at  too 


early  a  stage.  The  introductions  to  each 
piece,  translated  by  Mr.  Marchant  from 
the  German,  are  admirably  vivid,  and  we 
welcome  the  little  book  as  a  sign  that  the 
teaching  of  the  classics  is  not  tied  up  by 
tradition.  The  editor's  final  paragraph  as 
to  the  limited  range  of  teachers  echoes  a 
protest  we  have  often  made  ourselves.  The 
subjects  here  presented  include  ^Esop, 
Pericles,  '  Customs  of  the  Celts,'  and  '  The 
Theory  of  Vacuum.' 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Glasgow  Men  and  Women,  by  A.  S.  Boyd 
(Hodder  &  Stoughton),  is  a  handsome  volume 
and  a  fine  specimen  of  printing,  which  should 
have  more  than  a  local  success.  It  is,  as 
the  interesting  Introduction  explains,  a 
"  little  reminiscent  show,"  with  a  "  running 
commentary  by  the  showman,"  dealing  with 
the  period  of  the  eighties.  The  sketches  here 
appeared  in  Quiz  (defunct)  and  The  Baillie, 
which  still  supplies  keen  and  humorous 
criticism  of  Glasgow  life.  Mr.  Boyd's  pic- 
tures in  black  and  white  are  both  veracious 
and  humorous,  and  we  recognize  notabilities 
of  the  past  and  the  present,  of  Scotland  and 
of  the  Empire.  The  artist's  work  is  piquant, 
but  always  good-humoured,  like  his  easy 
narrative.  His  character-sketches  at  the 
end  of  town  and  country  scenes  and  inci- 
dents will  appeal  to  everybody.  The  early 
fashions  of  dress  give  something  of  the 
dignity  of  history  to  this  sketchbook,  and, 
indeed,  Mr.  Boyd's  range  is  wide  enough 
to  make  it  a  valuable  document  for  the 
social  history  of  the  future. 

Things  Indian  :  being  Discursive  Notes 
on  Various  Subjects  connected  with  India. 
By  William  Crooke.  (John  Murray.) — At 
the  outset  we  are  told  that 

"this  book  is  intended  to  form  one  of  the  series 
which  already  includes  'Things  Chinese,'  by  Dr. 
J.   D.    Ball,  and   'Things  Japanese,'  hy  Professor 

B.  H.  Chamberlain It  has  been  my  object  to 

search  in  the  by-ways  of  Anglo-Indian  literature, 
and  discuss  some  of  the  quaint  and  curious  matters 
connected  with  the  country  which  are  not  specially 
considered  in  the  ordinary  books  of  reference." 

Thus  the  author  defines  his  task,  to  under- 
take which  he  was  encouraged  by  the  study 
necessary  for  the  preparation  of  a  new 
edition  of  Yule  and  Bunnell's  '  Anglo-Indian 
Glossary.'  That  most  valuable  work  was, 
as  might  be  expected  from  its  principal 
author,  learned  in  the  first  place,  discursive 
or  desultory  in  the  second  ;  the  present 
volume  reverses  this  order.  It  deals  with 
a  vast  variety  of  subjects  pleasantly  through- 
out, in  many  cases  supplying  useful  in- 
formation ;  in  others  the  treatment  is  in- 
adequate. In  the  article  '  Agriculture,'  an 
excellent  one,  "  the  pastoral  type  of  culture  " 
is  contrasted  with  agriculture.  The  phrase 
seems  strange,  for  the  early  inhabitants 
grazed  their  flocks  on  uncultivated  land — 
were  wandering  shepherds,  in  contrast  to 
the  farmers  or  cultivators  who  succeeded 
them.  Again,  bison  are  mentioned  as  being 
driven  into  pitfalls  in' the  Central  Provinces  ; 
as  a  fact  the  bison  does  not  exist  in  India, 
though  the  name  is  misapplied  by  Madras 
custom.  On  p.  8  the  Burmese  War  of  1845 
is  alluded  to  ;  there  were  Burmese  wars  in 
1824  and  1852.  On  p.  76  breeds  of  riding- 
camels  are  mentioned — one  more  enduring 
than  the  other,  "  but  not  its  equal  in  seed  "  ; 
whilst  on  p.  214  the  "  feast  of  Ramazan  " 
is  described.  On  p.  344  Malbrook  se  vat'en 
querre  ;  p.  411,  1.  21,  "hold"  for  holds; 
p.  418,  cycloseros  for  cycloceros  ;  and  p.  419, 
'"  Moorcraft  "  for  Moorcroft,  will  be  found. 
These    are    small    matters,    but    may    with 


advantage   be   set   right    when    opportunity 
offers. 

School  and  Sport.  By  Tom  Collins.  (Elliot 
Stock.) — The  important  words  in  the  title 
of  this  book  should  have  been  transposed, 
for  it  contains  much  more  about  sport  than 
school.  We  took  up  the  volume  thinking  it 
to  be  a  work  on  education,  and  found — not 
altogether  to  our  disappointment — that  the 
larger  part  of  it,  and  we  are  inclined  to  think 
the  more  readable  part  of  it,  deals  with 
various  phases  of  sport  by  land  and  water. 

Mr.  Collins  was  engaged  in  educational 
work  for  forty-one  years,  during  thirty-three 
of  which  he  was  head  master  of  the  Haber- 
dashers' Company's  school  at  Newport,  in 
Shropshire  :  he  seems  to  have  been  a  rational 
and  successful  schoolmaster,  but,  unless  his 
own  book  belies  him,  his  keenest  and  most 
abiding  interest  was  in  matters  appertaining 
to  gun  and  rod.  He  certainly  has  a  ready 
pen,  and  tells  numerous  amusing  stories, 
both  of  "  school  and  sport,"  with  skill  and 
point  ;  many  of  them,  however,  are  of 
venerable  antiquity,  and  those  of  his  college 
life  must  be  familiar  to  many  old  Cam- 
bridge men.  In  the  telling  of  anecdotes 
Mr.  Collins  exhibits  a  rather  unpleasing  lack 
of  reserve  in  mentioning  names  and  giving 
details  of  his  domestic  life.  The  expediency 
of  publishing  the  volume  is  doubtful.  If 
the  book  were  found  at  a  Norwegian  station, 
it  would  pleasantly  enough  while  away 
tedious  minutes  devoted  to  changing  horses  j 
but  it  is  hardly  worthy  of  serious  perusal, 
and  the  unexpected  juxtaposition  of  topics 
— for  instance,  of  public-houses  and  funerals, 
of  old-age  pensions  and  pike — tends  to 
render  impressions  on  the  reader's  mind 
evanescent.  The  author's  opinions  con- 
cerning school  punishments,  athletics,  &c. 
— matters  which  came  within  the  scope  of 
his  long  and  varied  professional  experience 
— deserve  respectful  attention  ;  they  are 
sound  and  judicious,  but  they  are  already 
the  common  property  of  educational  thinkers 
and  experts  ;  while  his  news  concerning 
Freemasonry,  old-age  pensions,  municipal 
work,  sewerage  schemes,  &c. — we  were  on 
the  point  of  saying  concerning  things  in 
general — to  which  one  or  two  chapters  are 
devoted,  will  carry  but  slight  weight,  although 
they  are  always  neatly,  and  sometimes 
quaintly  expressed. 

Studies  in  Roman  History.  By  E.  G. 
Hardy.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co. ) — Some  twelve 
or  thirteen  years  ago  Dr.  Hardy  pub- 
lished a  small  volume  on  '  Christianity  and 
the  Roman  Government,'  which,  coming 
from  a  recognized  Oxford  authority  on  the 
Roman  Empire  at  a  time  when  fresh  interest 
had  been  aroused  in  the  subject  by  t he- 
writings  of  Neumann,  Mommsen.  and  Prof. 
Ramsay,  had  a  well  -  deserved  success. 
In  the  interval  Dr.  Hardy's  eyesight  has 
failed,  and  he  has  decided  to  republish  that 
work  with  some  alterations,  and  added  a 
number  of  his  scattered  papers,  which 
occupy  rather  more  than  half  of  the  new- 
volume. 

As  the  merits  of  the  first  ten  chapters 
were  adequately  recognized  in  these  columns 
on  their  first  appearance,  we  shall  confine 
our  attention  to  the  remaining  six. 
They  deal  with  the  following  subjects  re- 
spectively :  '  Legions  in  the  Pannonian 
Rising,'  '  Movements  of  the  Legions  from 
Augustus  to  Severus,'  '  The  Provincial 
Concilia  from  Augustus  to  Diocletian,' 
'  Imperium  Consulare  or  Proconsul  are,' 
'  Plutarch,  Tacitus,  and  Suetonius,  on  Galba 
and  Otho,'  and  '  A  Bodleian  MS.  of  Pliny's 
Letters  to  Trajan.'  The  first  of  these  refutes 
Mommsen 'a  opinion  that  Augustus  retained 
only  eighteen  legions  during  the  greater 
part  of  his  principate,  and  is  a  very  favourable 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


577 


specimen  of  Dr.  Hardy's  powers.  He  joins 
to  first-hand  acquaintance  with  historical 
documents  a  knowledge  of  modern  discus- 
sions and  a  power  of  ratiocination,  with  a 
fund  of  common  sense.  The  second  essay  is 
an  epitome  of  all  Rome's  wars  in  the  period 
indicated.  The  work  of  Pfitzner,  which  some 
have  been  inclined  to  follow  blindly,  is 
shown  to  be  anything  but  a  safe  guide,  and 
the  proofs  of  that  author's  defects  are 
enough  to  give  this  chapter  permanent 
value.  It  is  also  provided  with  a  series  of 
tables  indicating  in  detail  the  province? 
where  the  legions  were  quartered  at  par- 
ticular periods.  Only  the  historical  investi- 
gator knows  how  useful  it  is  to  have  trust- 
worthy information  on  a  point  like  this. 
The  provincial  concilia  form  the  subject  of 
the  next  chapter.  They  are  rarely  mentioned 
in  literature,  but  had  a  distinct  importance 
in  the  imperial  system.  It  was  they,  for 
instance,  who  organized  the  prosecution  of 
extortionate  governors.  The  author  goes 
through  the  provinces  one  by  one,  and  collects 
the  available  evidence  for  these  councils,  or 
Koivd,  as  they  were  called  in  the  Eastern 
provinces.  We  miss  a  reference  to  the 
•yepovalai,  which  were  common  in  Asia 
Minor  ;  perhaps  Dr.  Hardy  regards  these 
as  mere  private  clubs.  The  omission  of  the 
case  of  Marius  Priscus  (p.  280)  amongst  the 
governors  prosecuted  by  the  provincials  is 
strange,  especially  as  his  case  is  referred  to 
by  Juvenal  :  the  "  three  cases  "  thus  become 
four.  "  Acomnia "  on  p.  264  should  be 
Acmonia  ;  "  in  many  cases  "  (p.  266) 
should  be  always,  a  concilium  without  a 
common  cult  being  inconceivable;  "lysiarch" 
should  be  lyciarch  (p.  267)  ;  "  quinquefus- 
calis  "  (p.  277)  should  be  quinqucfascalis  ; 
"  Cythmus  "  (p.  278)  should  be  Cythnus  ; 
the  Greek  is  badly  printed  here  and  all 
through  the  book. 

In  the  next  chapter  a  very  difficult  ques- 
tion of  Roman  government  is  discussed, 
namely,  whether  that  part  of  the  imperium 
of  Augustus  which  corresponded  to  the 
imperium  of  a  consul  was  really  consular  or 
proconsular.  The  decision  is  given  against 
the  view  taken  by  Prof.  Pelham  ;  but 
the  question  is  of  too  technical  a  character 
to  be  discussed  here.  The  next  chapter  is 
of  a  different  sort,  but  masterly  of  its  kind 
— a  discussion  of  the  interrelation  between 
the  tliree  sources  for  the  lives  of  Galba  and 
Otho.  The  great  resemblances  between 
Plutarch  and  Tacitus  are  due  to  the  fact 
that  they  used  a  common  source,  namely, 
the  Elder  Pliny.  Suetonius  also  used  this 
source,  but  had  others  at  command.  Most 
of  §  23  (p.  313)  might,  we  think,  be  omitted  : 
to  say  that  a  thing  took  place  on  the  Palatine 
Hill  and  that  it  occurred  in  front  of  the 
temple  of  Apollo  is  almost  the  same  tiling. 
On.  p.  316  the  reader  might  have  been  re- 
minded that  the  '  Annals  '  of  Tacitus  were 
written  subsequently  to  the  '  Histories,' 
though  treating  an  earlier  period.  In  this 
chapter  "  Vipsanus "  (p.  325)  should  be 
Vipstanus  ;  on  p.  327  "  passports  "  is  hardly 
a  correct  translation  for  diplomata  ;  a 
note  should  have  been  added  explaining 
what  diplomata  are,  or  else  a  reference  to 
the  author's  own  edition  of  Pliny's  letters 
to  Trajan. 

The  last  chapter  is  a  record  of  ono  of 
Dr.  Hardy's  greatest  discoveries,  that  of 
the  only  existing  manuscript  of  the  corre- 
spondence between  Pliny  the  Younger  and 
Trajan.  We  call  special  attention  to  this 
chapter,  as  although  it  is  indispensable 
to  every  reader  of  Pliny's  letters,  it  has 
been  neglected  in  the  highest  quarters. 
T  he  late  C.  F.  W.  Miiller,  of  Breslau,  one  of 
the  greatest  Latin  scholars  of  the  nineteenth 
or  any  century,  published  in  1903  an  edition 


of  Pliny's  letters,  in  the  preface  of  which 
appear  the  following  words  with  reference 
to  the  manuscript  authority  for  the  Pliny- 
Trajan  correspondence  :  "  Nunc  Oxonii 
codicem  inventum  esse  audio."  The  editor 
had  English  friends  who  could  have  told 
him  the  facts,  had  he  so  desired.  Appa- 
rently he  was  a  victim  to  the  German  notion 
— now  getting  old-fashioned — that  England 
could  produce  little  of  value.  Nemesis  has 
followed,  because  his  text  would  have  been 
considerably  improved  had  he  taken  the 
trouble  to  investigate  the  report  and  read 
Dr.  Hardy's  article.  As  it  is,  the  advantage 
is  left  to  the  American  Prof.  Merrill,  who  has 
an  edition  of  Pliny's  letters  in  preparation. 

We  have  said  enough  to  show  that  the 
present  volume  is  indispensable  to  all  serious 
students  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

The  Story  and  Song  of  Black  Roderick.  By 
Dora  Sigerson.  (De  La  More  Press.) — This 
is  a  tale  in  prose  and  verse,  and,  as  a  specimen 
of  that  somewhat  difficult  style  of  narrative, 
not  altogether  satisfactory.  It  tells  of  Earl 
Roderick  and  his  bride,  whose  heart  was 
broken  by  his  coldness  and  neglect,  and  how, 
after  her  death,  seeing  his  repentance,  she 
forfeited  the  joys  of  paradise  for  a  while  that 
she  might  draw  his  soul  out  of  hell.  Though 
the  author  cannot  be  said  to  have  chosen  for 
herself  any  definite  model,  she  has  not  been 
able  to  resist  such  phrases  as  "So  shall  I 
begin  and  tell,"  and  "  But  of  what  befell 
him  I  shall  now  sing  to  thee,  lest  thou  weary 
of  my  prose  " — mannerisms  which  might  be 
well  enough  if  found  in  the  age  of  '  Aucassin 
and  Nicolette,'  but  not  to  be  commended  in 
these  days,  for  what  is  pleasant  naivete, 
natural  in  writers  of  old  time,  is  apt,  with 
moderns,  to  savour  of  self-consciousness  and 
affectation.  The  prose  portions  of  the 
story  seem  to  us  more  careful  work  than  the 
verse  ;  they  contain  much  that  is  beautiful, 
and  the  author's  undoubted  poetical  talent 
is  evident  in  them,  though  such  a  strained 
expression  as  "  the  cry  keened  and  called  " 
does  not  please  us,  and  the  obvious  remi- 
niscence of  "  Now  went  she  to  the  golden 
bar  of  heaven,  and,  leaning  forth,  looked 
down  upon  the  earth,"  might  well  have  been 
avoided.  The  verse,  on  the  other  hand,  ex- 
cept for  a  stanza  here  and  there  which  has 
caught  the  real  spirit  of  ballad  metre,  is 
not  remarkable,  and  seems  to  have  suffered 
for  the  sake  of  the  prose.  The  result  is 
disappointing,  and  it  is  possible  that  the 
author  would  have  been  more  successful  in 
her  story  if  she  had  not  chosen  this  form,  of 
which  the  apparent  facility  constitutes  its 
greatest  danger. 

Malay  Beliefs.  By  R.  J.  Wilkinson. 
(Luzac  &  Co.) — Mr.  Wilkinson's  '  Malay 
13eliefs  '  is  the  first  of  a  series  of  brief  treatises 
on  the  Peninsular  Malays,  and  is  intended 
for  Civil  Service  cadets.  The  author  aims, 
not  at  instructing  the  Malayan  specialist, 
but  at  informing  the  Civil  Servant,  and  at 
awakening  his  intelligent  sympathy  with 
the  people  among  whom  he  finds  himself. 
The  task  which  Mr.  Wilkinson  has  set 
himself  he  accomplishes  well;  his  style  is 
excellent  ;  his  attitude  is  friendly,  tolerant, 
and  worthy  of  imitation.  The  veneer  of 
Malayan  religion  is  Islamite  ;  beneath  are 
animism  and  magic.  To  convert  a  Malay  to 
Christianity  is  as  difficult,  we  learn,  as  to 
convert  to  history  and  common  sense  a 
British  believer  in  Anglo-Israel.  The  Malay 
and  the  Anglo-Israelite  reason  solely  from 
authoritative  principles,  which  cannot  be 
shaken.  However,  tho  business  of  the  Civil 
Servant  is  not  to  convert  the  Malayans,  but 
to  understand  them.  The  "  pillars  "  of 
their  faith  arc  lucidly  and  briefly  explained  ; 
no  Samson  is  wanted  among  those  pillars. 
The  Civil    Servant   must   not    be   surprised 


to  find  that  devoutness,  in  a  Malay,  is  not 
necessarily  synonymous  with  probity.  Islam 
has  put  an  end  to  widow-burning,  and 
abolished  what  is  worst  in  caste  ;  but  in 
doing  so  it  has  inevitably  shaken  old  cus- 
tomary law,  and,  while  preserving  women 
from  the  funeral  pyre,  has  lowered  their 
social  status.  The  ancient  animism  has 
been  tolerated,  just  as  much  paganism 
was  tolerated,  under  a  new  guise,  by  the 
early  mediaeval  Church.  The  Four  Spirits 
of  the  Sea  survive  as  the  Four  Archangels  ;. 
and  there  is  a  mixture  of  Hindu  gods, 
nymphs,  fairies,  and  ogres.  The  Minngah 
tree  of  certain  Australian  tribes  flourishes 
as  the  life  token  of  its  owner  ;  so  does  the 
Yunbeai,  or  familiar  of  the  sorcerer.  Men 
become  tigers,  not  were-wolves  ;  and  cats 
must  become  tigerish  too,  owing  to  tho 
belief  that  to  dowse  a  cat  with  cold  water 
causes  rain.  The  smaller  chevrotin  takes 
the  place  of  Brer  Rabbit  as  a  master  of  guile. 
Second  sight  exists,  but  is  rather  uncommon. 
The  Finnish  belief  that  knowledge  of  the 
mythical  origin  of  anything  gives  magical 
power  over  it  prevails,  as  in  the  '  Kalewala  ' ; 
much  turns  on  knowledge  of  the  origin  of 
iron.  The  magic  is  more  usually  spiri- 
tualistic than  "  sympathetic  "  :  here  Mr. 
Wilkinson  differs  from  Mr.  Skeat.  British 
law  has  not  the  sanctity  of  the  old  native 
lawr  :    to  break  it  is  not  to  be  wicked. 

The  average  Briton,  it  seems,  is  as  heedless 
as  usual  of  native  prejudices,  such  as 
patriotism,  self-respect,  loyalty,  courtesy,, 
and,  of  course,  "  love  of  study  for  its  own 
sake."  It  would  do  a  Briton  no  harm  to 
imitate  these  prejudices  in  his  own  manner, 
and  to  respect  them  in  the  Malays. 

Sesame  and  Lilies  appears,  by  permission 
of  Mr.  George  Allen,  in  the  "  Belles-Lettres 
Series  "  of  the  "  Royal  Library  "  (A.  L. 
Humphreys).  It  is  a  peculiarly  appropriate 
addition,  in  that  this  work  contains  Ruskin's 
plea  for  his  ideal  of  "  a  royal  series  of  books," 
which  it  is  the  professed  aim  of  the  "  Royal 
Library  "  to  realize.  As  we  have  learnt  to 
expect,  the  volume  is  all  that  can  be  desired, 
"  a  valuable  book  "  and  "  printed  in  excellent 
form,  for  a  just  price  "  ;  while  the  extra- 
ordinary clearness  of  the  type  is  not  the  least 
of  its  merits. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Allenson  has  produced  a  third 
selection  of  Twelve  Sermons  by  F.  »W. 
Robertson,  encouraged  by  the  demand  for 
the  previous  issue  of  the  preacher's  work. 
This  selection  costs  only  sixpence,  and  is 
printed  in  large,  clear  type.  We  are  glad  to 
think  that  such  striking  exposition  of  the 
Bible  is  within  the  reach  of  all.  In  the  same 
"Sixpenny  Series"  we  notice  that i Prof. 
Momerie's  '  Immortality  '  has  reached  its 
twentieth  thousand,  and  '  In  Relief  of  Doubt," 
by  Mr.  R.  E.  Welsh,  its  fortieth  thousand. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 
Thetiogy. 
Anwyl  (E.),  Celtic  Religion,  l  net. 
Barnes-Lawrence  (A.  K.),  The  Holy  Communion,  1/8  not. 
Burnett  (L.  !>.),  Hinduism,  l/net. 
Heck  (\v.).  The  Sacraments  of  the  Gospel,  l  B 
Daubney  (W.  H.),  The  Three  Additions  bo  Daniel,  B  net. 
Goodfellow  (.).),  The   Print  of   His   shoe:  Missionary  Ex- 
perience in  the  Southaide  of  Edinburgh,  1  ii  net. 
Kinnear(J.  B.),  The  Foundations  of  Religion,  :t  ii 
Morris  (LA  The  Silence  and  the  Shadows,  :'.   net. 
overtoil  (.1.  H.)  and  Helton  <  i\ >,  The  English  Church,  1714- 

iaoo,  ~  a 
Pinches  (\\  i;.\  The  Religion  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria, 

l/net 
Sedgwick  (8.  N.),  The  story  of  the  Apocryph 
Wesley's  Revision  of  the  Shorter  Catechism,  by  the   I 

J.  A.  Macdonald,  2  t>  net. 
White  (('.    L),  Saint    Benedict  :    Joseph   Lihro,   Votary    of 

Holy  Poverty  and  Pilgrim,  1  <> 
Wilson  ("sir  (.'.  \\'".),  Golgotha  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  6/ 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology, 
Berks.  Pucks,  and  Oxon  Archaeological  Journal,  April,  1AJ. 

Busholl(S.  \V.),  Chinese  Art,  Vol  II..  1  8 


578 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


Hill  (O.  PA  Historical  Greek  coin-.  mo  net 
Huitj  (J.  6.1  The  Rise  and  Kill  of  Reading  Abbey.  2.0  net. 
McKaj  (W.  n.  i.  The  Scottish  School  "f  Painting,  7  B  oat. 
Etembrandt,  Part  \ ..  2  0  net 
Royal  Academy  Pi<  tures,  1000,  Pari  I..  74  net 
Wall  (K.  .1.)  and  Ward  iH-  *.),  The  Photographic  Picture 
Post  Card,  i   net 

Poetry  and  Drama. 
Bancroft  (li).  Poems,  l  net 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher :  Works,  Vol.  III.,  edited  by  A.  R. 

Waller.  I  B  net 

Crabbe(0.).  Poems,  Vol.  IL,  edited  by  A.  W.  Wanl.  4  ■<;  net 

Fletcher  (JCj,  "I  lit-  Faithful  Shepherdess, Libretto,  6d.  net 

Orindrod  (('.  P.),  Songs  from  the  Classics,  S  B  net 

LydgatefJ.),  The  Assemble  of  Goddes,  it  Bnet 

Rothschild  (J.  A.  l>c),  Shakespeare  and  his  Day,  6/ net 

Til-ton  ('l'.),  Dramatic,  Lyrical,  ami  Idyllic  Poems,  6/ net 
Music. 

Lirerpool  students'  Song-Book,  2/8  net. 
Bibliography. 

Book-Auction  Records,  edited  by  F.  Karslake,  Vol.  III., 
Part  2. 

Philosophy, 

Dickinson  (G.  L),  The  Meaning  of  Good :  a  Dialogue, 
Third  Edition,  4  0  net. 

Political  Economy. 

Armitage-Smith  (Ci.),  Principles  and  Methods  of  Taxation,  './ 

Sherman  (\\  11.),  Cm.  a  Studies  i;i  American  Citizenship 
4.  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

Addison  (A.  C.)  and  Matthews  (W.  H.),  A  Deathless  Story, 
or  the  Birkenhead  and  its  Heroes,  6/ 

Fitchett  (Rev.  \V.  11.),  Wesley  and  his  Century,  0/ net 

Guard  (P.  F.),  A  short  History  of  Roman  Law,  translated 
by  A.  II.  F.  I.efroy  and  .1.  H.  Cameron. 

Hamilton  (W.  T.),  My" Sixty  Years  on  the  Plains:  Trapping, 
Trading,  tec.,  7  6  net. 

Hare  (('.),  A  Queen  of  Queens  and  the  Making  of  Spain,  10/6 

Harris  (.1.  II.),  Cornish  Saints  and  Sinners,  0/ 

Lucy  (H.  \\\).  The  Balfourian  Parliament,  1900-1905,  illus- 
trated by  B.  T.  Reed  and  Phil  May,  10  0  net. 

Macintosh  (J.).  Life  of  Robert  Burns,  2  0  net. 

.MKerlie  (P.  H.),  History  of  the  Lands  and  their  Owners  in 
Calloway,  2  vols.,  New  Edition,  25   net. 

Martin  (sir  T.),  Monographs:  Garrick,  Macready,  Rachel, 
and  Baron  Stockmar,  12  net. 

Navy  Records  Society :  First  Dutch  War,  Vol.  III. 

Newboult  (A.  W.),  Padri  Elliott  of  Faizabad,  3/8 

Skrine  (F.  H.),  Fontenoy  and  Great  Britain's  Share  in  the 
War  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  21/  net. 
Geography  ami  Travel. 

Conway  (Sir  M.),  No  Man's  Land,  10/6  net. 
Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Armstrong  (A.  C.)  and  Inglis  (H.  R.),  short  Spins  round 
London,  2/  net. 

Edgeworth-Johnstone  (W.),  Boxing :  the  Modern  System 
of  Glove  Fighting,  2  6  net. 

Knight  (A.  E.),  The  Complete  Cricketer,  7/6  net. 

Trowsdale  (T.  B.),  The  Cricketer's  Autograph  Birthday 
Book,  6/ 

Education. 

Egerton  (H.),  Notes  on  the  Education  Bill  of  1906,  1/ 
Pli  Oology. 

Midler  (F.  Max),  The  German  Classics,  revised  by  F. 
Liechtenstein,  Vol.  L,  S/6  net.  ;  Vol.  II. ,  5/6  net  ;  Pro- 
peitius,  translated  by  J.  S.  PluTlimore,  3/6  net ;  Tacitus, 
Annals,  Books  I.-VL,  translated  by  A.  V.  Svmonds, 
3  0  net. 

Terry  (E.  G.),  Chinese  Simplified,  2/6 
School-Books. 

Bell's  First  French  Reader,  by  R.  P.  Atherton  and  F.  Gal- 
Ladeveze,  1/ 

Bigott  (J.)  and  Jones  (A.  J.  L),  The  King's  English  and 
How  to  Write  It,  Eighth  Edition,  1/6  net;  Points  in 
Punctuation,  Third  Edition,  l  net. 

Dumas  (A.),  La  Tulipe  Noire,  1/6  net. 

Euripides,  Alcestis,  translated  by  H.  Hynaston,  l/net. 

Jones  (A.  C.)  and  Blomfleld  (C.  IL),  Test  Papers  in  Ele- 
mentary Mathematics.  2  (i 

Latter  (L.  R.),  School  Gardening,  2/6  net 

Marchant(E.  C),  Greek  Reader,  Vol.  IL,  2/ 

Pendlebury  (C.)  and  Robinson  (F.  E.),  Junior  Arithmetic, 
1  B  without  Answers;  2    with  Answers. 

Sewell  (A.),  Black  Beauty,  New  Edition,  1/6 

Sbakapeare:  Select  Scenes  and  Passages  from  English  His- 
torical Plays,  1<>c(. 

Science. 

Andrews  (C.  \V.),  A   Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Tertiary 

Vertebrata  of  the  Fayum,  35/ 
Collett  (A.),  A  Handbook  of  British  Inland  Birds,  6/ 
Elms(K.  I-'.  M.),  A  Pocket-Book  of  British  Birds,  2/6 
Powlet  (C  R.),  A  Treatise  on  Surgery,  03/  net. 
Harvard  University:  Annals  of  Mathematics:  April,  2/ net 

Howe  (H.  A.).  A  Study  of  the  Sky,  2  (i 

Lack  (IL  I..),  The  Diseases  of  tlie  Nose  and  its  Accessory 
Cavities,  _•"> 

Lecture-  on  the  Method  of  Science,  edited  by  T.  B.  Strong, 

7/6  net 
Millin  (G.  FA  Pictorial  Gardening,  3/6  net 
Paul  (C  P.),  Nursing  in  the  Acute  Infectious  Fevers,  4/net. 
Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge:  A    Continuous 

Record  of  Atmospheric  Nucleation,  by  C.  Barua. 
Sue*s(E),  The  Face  of  the  Earth,  translated  by  H.  B.  C. 

Sol  las.  Vol.  II. ,  -25/  net 
Taylor  (II.  ('.),  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Agricultural 

Economics,  6/  net. 
Wilcox  (s.  s.),  Essentials  of  Genito-Urinary  and  Venereal 

Diseases,  4/  net 

J  in-,' nib'  Books. 
Davidson  (L.  c.),  Uncle  Joshuas  Heiress,  2/6 
Edgar  (M.),  Stories  from  Scottish    Historv,  selected   from 

Scott's  'Tales  of  a  Grandfather,'  2/6  net. 
Jacberns  (R.),  The  Not  Pupil,  2  ti 

General  Literature. 
Albanesi  (Madame),  A  Young  Man  from  the  Country,  6/ 

Bosjinqiiet  (II. ),  The  Standard  of  Life  and  other  Reprinted 
Essays,  s.,6  net 


Boyle'i  Court  Guide,  May,  1006,  6  net 

Brooke  (HA  The  Fool  of  Quality,  ft  net 

Buntina  (H.  A.),  The  Standard  English  and  Foreign 
Calculator  of  Money,  Weights,  andMeasures  baaed  on 
the  Metric  Svsteui,  10  Tables,  3  6  net;  20  Tables, 
10/6  net 

Clarke  (LA  Murray  of  the  Scot-  Greys,  8 

Oompton  (11. ),  The  Undertaken'  Field,  6/ 
Documents  illustrating   Elizabethan   Poetry,  by  sir  Philip 
Sidney  and  Others,  edited  by  L  Magnus,  2/6 

Emerson's  English  Traits,  »w. 

Ford  (IL),  The  Art  of  Extempore  Speaking,  Sixth  Edition, 
2  (i  net. 

Fowler  (E.  T.),  In  Subjection,  6/ 

Franklin  (B.),  Writings:  Vol.  VI.  1773  0,  12/0  net 

Gavaasn  (M.),  In  the  Frock  of  a  Priest,  6/ 

Glyn  (K.),  Beyond  the  Rocks,  6/ 

Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  Introduction  by  Richard 
Oarnett.  1/6  net. 

Grubbins  (W.j,  The  Tatar  Disees,  and  other  Essays,  Col- 
lated by  C.  T.  Druery,  2/8  net. 

Hall  (P.  F.),  Immigration,  and  its  Effects  upon  the  United 

Suites. 
How  to  Shave  Yourself,  by  an  Expert,  (id.  net. 
Hutchinson's  Popular  Classics :   Bret  Harte's  Tales  of  the 

Argonauts  and  Selected  Verse;  Lytton's  Last  Days  of 

Pompeii ;  Darwin's  The  Origin  of  Species  ;  Leigh  Hunt's 

The  Town  ;  Waterton's  Wanderings  in  South  America  ; 

Robert  Browning's  Poems,  2  vols.,  cloth,  lOd.  net  each  ; 

lambskin,  1/6  net  each. 
India  List  and  India  Office  List  for  1906,  10/6 
Jewish  Encyclopedia:   Vol.  XII.     Talinud-Zweifel  — Guide 

to  the  Encyclopedia,  by  J.  Jacobs. 
Jubainville  (H.  D'Arbois  de),  The  Irish  Mythological  Cycle 

and  Celtic  Mythology,  translated  by  R.  I.  Best,  6/  net. 
Latham  (E),   Famous  Sayings  and  their  Authors,  Second 

Edition,  7/6 
Light  on  the    Problems   of     Life :     Suggestive    Thoughts 

gleaned  from  the  Teaching  of  Basil  Wilberforce,  arranged 

by  M.  B.  Isitt,  3/6 
London's  Transformation,  by  Terns  Dvvirta,  1/ 
Macilwaine  (H.  C),  Anthonv  Britten,  6/ 
Marchmont  (A.  W\),  By  Wit  of  Woman,  6/ 
Mitchell  (S.  W.),  the  Adventures  of  Francois,  2/6 
Perrin  (A.),  Red  Records,  6/ 
Rowlings  (B.  B.),  A  Story  of  Unrest,  4/6 
Richmond  (E.),  In  Youth,  2/6 net 
Roberts  (C.  G.  D.),  Around  the  Camp  Fire,  6/ 
Royal  Blue  Book  :  Court  and  Parliamentary  Guide,   May, 

1906,  5/  net. 
Royal  Navv  List  and  Naval  Recorder,  April,  10/ 
St.  Barbe  (R.),  A  Spanish  Web,  6/ 
Sutcliffe  (H.),  A  Benedick  in  Arcady,  6/ 
Tracy  (L.),  Heart's  Delight,  6/ 

Walford  (L.  B  ),  A  Fair  Rebel,  and  other  Stories,  6/ 
Wardman  (E.),  The  Princess  Olga,  6/ 
Wharton  (E.),  The  Greater  Inclination,  6/ 
Webster's  Royal  Red  Book,  May,  1906,  5/  net. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Lahor  (J.),  Le  Breviaire  d'un  Panthelste  et  le  Pessimisme 
keroi'que,  3fr. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Daremberg  (C),  Saglio  (E.),  et  Pottier  (E.),  Dictionnaire  des 
Antiquites    grecques    et    romaines :    Part    XXXVIIL, 
Paries-Pithos,  5fr. 
Planat  (P.),  L'Art  de  Batir,  Vol.  III.,  20fr. 
Ritter  (W.),  Etudes  d'Art  etranger,  3fr.  50 

Poetry  and  Drama. 

Humiac  (L.  M.  d'),  Le  Roi  Grallon,  4fr. 

Political  Economy. 

Boissonnade  (P.),  Les  Etudes  relatives  a  l'Histoire  econo- 

mique  de  la  Revolution  franeaise,  5fr. 

History  and  Biography. 

Daenell  (E.),  Die  Bliitezeit  der  deutschen  Hanse,  2  vols., 

20m. 
Skirnir,  I.  Hefti.  1906,  lkr. 
Thoroddsen  (Th.),  Land  skjalf  tar  a  Islandi,  II. 
Thureau-Dangin  (P.),  Lit  Renaissance  catholique  en  Angle- 
terre  au  XIX.  Sie.de  :  Part  III.  1365-92,  7fr.  50. 
Science. 
Roche  (A.  F.  de  la),  Les  Plantes  bienfaisantes,  4fr. 

General  Literature. 
Dorient  (R.),  Le  Japon  et  la  Politique  franeaise,  3fr.  50. 
Evrard  (L.),  Le  Danger,  3fr.  50. 

Rosny  (J.  II. ),  Le  Testament  vole,  3fr.  50;  La  Fugitive, 
3fr.  50. 

***  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  lie  included  in  this  List  unless  preciously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


CONFERENCE   OF   LIBRARY   AND 

EDUCATIONAL    AUTHORITIES 

AT    BIRMINGHAM. 

During  the  last  few  years  the  Library 
Association  has  organized  several  confer- 
ences between  its  members  and  representa- 
tives of  various  bodies  directing  elementary 
and  secondary  education.  Reports  were 
presented  at  the  annual  meetings  at  New- 
castle-upon-Tyne in  1904  and  at  Cambridge 
in  1905,  embodying  the  replies  to  a  series 
of  questions  which  had  been  addressed  to 
public  librarians,  secretaries  of  University 
Extension  centres,  and  directors  of  public 
education    throughout    the    country.     The 


replies  showed  that  nearly  everywhere  some 
form  of  co-operation  was  to  be  found,  and 
that  library  committees  and  their  librarians 
were  fully  alive  to  the  important  part  which 
1 1n  v  wi  re  called  upon  to  play  in  the  education 
of  the  community.  In  order  to  interest  the 
great  centres  outside  London  in  this  nv 
ment,  it  was  resolved  to  hold  a  further  series 
of  conferences,  and  Birmingham  was  chosen 
as  the  first  place  of  meeting.  Invitations 
were  issued  to  the  councils  of  every  county, 
county  borough,  borough,  and  urban  district, 
together  with  every  educational  and  library 
authority  in  the  Midland  district,  to  consider 
the  important  questions  of  (1)  public  libraries 
and  public  education,  and  (2)  new  library 
legislation.  About  180  delegates  assembled 
in  the  City  Council  Chamber  on  Thursday 
in  last  week  at  2.30,  when  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  Birmingham  (Councillor  A.  J.  Reynold) 
occupied  the  chair. 

The  Lord  Mayor,  in  opening  the  proceed- 
ings, said  it  was  unnecessary  to  emphasize 
the  great  influence  in  the  direction  of  intel- 
lectual advancement  which  free  public 
libraries  had  exercised  since  their  establish- 
ment just  over  fifty  years  ago.  The  libraries 
at  Birmingham  were  well  used  by  some  sec- 
tions of  the  people,  but  not  so  well  as  they 
might  be  by  the  poorer  men  and  women  of 
the  city.  What  wTas  now  wanted  was  to  bring 
the  people  to  the  books,  and  the  Conference 
should  do  something  towards  that  end. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Tedder  (Hon.  Treasurer  Library 
Association)  said  he  had  been  asked  to  give 
a  statement  on  the  work  and  objects  of  the 
Library  Association,  wdiich  had  now  been 
in  existence  for  nearly  thirty  years.  It 
was  no  mere  society  of  librarians.  While 
endeavouring  to  promote  the  general  welfare 
of  librarians,  it  stood  aloof  from  narrow  and 
selfish  aims,  and  opposed  any  idea  of  turn- 
ing its  organization  into  professional  trade 
unionism.  It  was  endeavouring  to  help 
young  librarians  in  their  technical  education, 
and  carried  on  writh  success  a  system  of 
examination.  It  had  been  active  in  pro- 
moting amendments  and  improvements  in 
the  public-library  law,  and  its  montlily  and 
annual  meetings  had  helped  to  raise  the 
standard  of  librarianship  in  this  country. 
Mr.  Tedder  went  on  to  propose  the  following 
resolution  : — 

"  That  as  the  public  library  should  be  recognized 
as  forming  part  of  the  national  educational 
machinery,  it  is  desirable  that  children  from  an 
early  age  should  become  accustomed  to  the  use  of 
collections  of  books  in  special  children's  libraries, 
and  that  advanced  students  should  be  able  to 
obtain  in  public  libraries  the  principal  books 
recommended  by  various  teaching  bod 
He  said  that  the  resolution  contained  tlnee 
closely  related  propositions  of  a  wide-reach- 
ing character,  which  summed  up  a  vast  mass 
of  recommendations  that  had  been  addressed 
to  the  Library  Association  from  all  parts  of. 
the  United  Kindgom. 

The  first  proposition  was  one  to  which 
they  attached  great  importance,  as  it  was  the 
main  argument  for  the  increased  pecuniary 
means  for  which  all  public  libraries  were 
asking.  No  change  in  the  present  library 
administration  was  proposed.  The"J  inten- 
tion was  not  to  alter  or  to  hand  over  to  any 
other  body  the  existing  organization,  but 
heartily  to  co-operate  with  all  those  engaged 
in  education,  and  by  exchanging  views,  and 
acting  as  fellow-workers  in  a  great  common 
cause,  to  increase  the  general  usefulness  of 
the  public  library.  Complaints  were  some- 
times formulated  that  many  public  libraries 
were  little  better  than  places  for  the  circula- 
tion of  cheap  fiction.  The  question  of  novel- 
reading  in  public  libraries  was1  a  delicate 
subject,  but  all  public  librarians  desired  to 
see  their  readers  read  the  best  literature,  and 
did  their  best  to  induce  them  to  turn  from 


N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


579 


thej'exclusive  perusal  of  fiction  to  the  shelves 
devoted  to  history,  science,  and  philosophy. 
Librarians  and  library  committees  were 
anxious  to  help  the  work  of  University 
Extension  centres,  of  which  some  librarians 
acted  as  local  secretaries,  while  some  libraries 
lent  rooms.  Many  libraries  were  associated 
with  the  National  Home  Reading  Union. 
In  many  places  lectures  formed  a  regular 
feature  of  the  inducements  to  make  use  of 
the  library.  These  lectures  were  generally 
of  a  popular  character,  dealing  with  technical, 
scientific,  or  literary  subjects  ;  all  aimed  at 
directing  attention  to  the  books  in  the 
libraries.  In  other  ways  serious  reading 
was  encouraged. 

The  next  proposition,  that  children  from 
an  early  age  should  become  accustomed  to 
the  use  of  collections  of  books  in  special 
children's  libraries,  was  equally  important. 
The  early  handling  of  books  was  an  educa- 
tional requisite  entirely  separate  from  the 
mere  practice  of  reading.  Some  rudiments 
of  bibliography  should  be  made  known  to 
all  readers,  young  and  old  ;  but  by  biblio- 
graphy must  be  understood  not  the  dry 
technical  signification  of  the  term,  but  the 
art  of  using  books  to  the  best  advantage. 
Since  the  passing  of  the  Education  Act  of 
1902  library  authorities  had  shown  great 
activity  in  the  formation  of  school  libraries, 
and  in  many  cases  the  local  education  com- 
mittee provided  the  funds,  and  the  library 
authority  undertook  the  administration. 
Public  libraries  were  not  intended  as  the 
exclusive  domain  of  adult  readers.  Children 
must  be  trained  in  the  habit  of  using  books 
as  well  as  reading  books,  so  that  when 
they  arrived  at  riper  years  they  might  resort 
to  the  public  library  as  to  a  loved  and  familiar 
home. 

The  third  and  last  proposition  was  a 
natural  corollary  of  what  had  gone  before. 
Students  ought  to  find  in  all  well-equipped 
public  libraries  the  technical  and  standard 
books  recommended  by  their  teachers. 

Mr.  R.  Cary  Gilson  (Head  Master  King 
Edward's  Grammar  School,  Birmingham) 
seconded  the  resolution,  and  spoke  in 
approval  of  the  school  library.  If  the 
central  institutions  could  do  something  for 
the  schools  by  lending  them  books  for  their 
use,  he  thought  it  would  be  an  important 
gain.  Mr.  P.  Cowell  (Liverpool),  Mr.  Norris 
Mathews  (Bristol),  Mr.  W.  H.  Greenhough 
(Reading),  Mr.  J.  Ballinger  (Cardiff),  Mr. 
R.  K.  Dent  (Aston),  and  others  continued 
the  discussion.  Mr.  A.  H.  Coley  (Chairman 
of  the  Birmingham  Education  Committee) 
said  that  they  had  endeavoured  to  get  the 
children  into  direct  contact  with  the  library. 
The  main  point  was  that  the  public  library 
should  be  recognized  as  forming  part  of  the 
national  educational  machinery.  The  diffi- 
culty was  to  get  children  to  take  a  real  interest 
in  reading,  and  the  schoolmaster  could  best 
perform  this  part.  The  resolution  was  put 
to  the  meeting,  and  declared  to  be  carried 
unanimously. 

Councillor  T.  C.  Abbott  (Manchester) 
proposed  : — 

"  That  this  Conference  is  of  opinion  that  the 
time  lias  arrived  for  promoting  legislation  in 
reference  to  the  following  objects,  viz.  :  (a)  to 
empower  county  councils  to  put  the  Public 
Libraries  Acts  into  operation  and  to  organize 
library  systems  for  the  areas  under  their  jurisdic- 
tion ;  {}))  that,  having  regard  to  the  increasing 
demands  made  upon  the  resources  of  the  public" 
library  authorities  throughout  the  country  during 
recent  years  for  educational  work,  it  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  that  the  Public  Libraries  Acts 
should  be  amended  SO  as  to  remove  the  present 
limitation  of  the  library  rate  :  (c)  to  exempt  public 
libraries  from  the  payment  of  local  rat 

Alderman  S.  Edwards  (Birmingham)  seconded 


the    resolution,    which    was    carried    unani- 
mously. 

The  proceeding  terminated  with  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  the  Lord  Mayor,  proposed  by  the 
Lord  Mayor  of  Manchester,  and  seconded  by 
Mr.  L.  Stanley  Jast  (Croydon). 


ARTHURIAN    NOTES. 

F  Prof.  R.  Huntington  Fletcher  has  just 
issued  a  most  serviceable  account  of  '  The 
Arthurian  Material  in  the  Chronicles,  espe- 
cially those  of  Great  Britain  and  France  ' 
("  Studies  and  Notes  in  Philology  and 
Literature,"  Vol.  X.,  Boston,  U.S.,  Ginn 
&  Co.).  Prof.  Fletcher's  examination  of 
this  material  is  thorough  and  methodical, 
his  discussion  of  the  problems  involved 
eminently  sane  and  well  balanced.  All 
students  will  be  grateful  to  him  for  a  labo- 
rious piece  of  work.  Special  attention  may  be 
directed  to  the  sections  on  Geoffrey,  Wace, 
and  Layamon,  and  to  the  interesting  account 
of  the  way  in  which  the  Geoffrey  story  was 
utilized  by  local  French  chroniclers. 

Prof.  A.  L.  Brown  has  followed  up  his 
analysis  of  the  first  portion  of  Crestien's 
'  Iwain,'  which  I  briefly  noticed  here 
three  years  ago  {Athenceum,  August  22nd, 
1903),  by  a  discussion  of  the  second  portion 
of  the  story.  It  was  comparatively  easy  to 
demonstrate  that  the  first  part  of  '  Iwain  ' 
is  a  variant  of  the  Celtic  other-world  visit 
theme  which  occurs  so  frequently  in  early 
Irish  literature,  and  in  bestowing  the  coup 
de  grace  upon  Prof.  Foerster's  fantastic 
imaginings  Prof.  Brown  was  doing  little 
more  than  slay  the  slain.  He  now  makes 
out  a  very  strong  case  in  favour  of  regarding 
the  second  portion  likewise  as  largely  a 
working-up  of  incidents  figuring  in  the  other- 
world  visit.  The  Celtic  character  of  Iwain's 
lion  is  deduced  from  '  Tochmarc  Emere,' 
in  which  Cuchulainn  is  likewise  accompanied 
by  a  helpful  lion.  Prof.  Brown  at  times 
drives  analogy  a  little  too  hard,  but  on  the 
whole  he  has  established  his  case. 

The  concluding  portion  of  M.  Bedier's 
admirable  edition  of  the  Tristan  fragments 
of  Thomas  (Societe  des  Anciens  Textes) 
contains  a  most  masterly  Introduction, 
which  should,  if  Englishmen  cared  anything 
about  the  romantic  literature  of  these 
islands,  arouse  widespread  interest  in  this 
country.  M.  Bedier  argues  that  all  the 
existing  Tristan  versions  are  derived  from 
one  poem,  which  he  claims  to  have  been 
written  in  England  by  an  Anglo-Norman 
during  the  first  third  of  the  twelfth  century. 
Whilst  I  cannot  accept  M.  Btklier's  view, 
I  wish  to  record  my  deep  admiration  for  a 
work,  the  learning,  acuteness,  and  ingenuity 
of  which  are  only  equalled  by  the  fascinating 
brilliancy  of  the  author's  style. 

It  is  impossible  to  contrast  what  is  being 
done  abroad,  especially  in  America,  for  the 
elucidation  of  Arthurian  romance,  and  what 
is  being  done  in  this  country,  without  a 
sense  of  profound  humiliation.  In  America 
half  a  dozen  university  professors,  with 
scores  of  willing  and  able  pupils,  are  busily 
investigating;  Arthurian  literature.  In 
Britain,  Britain's  chief  contribution  to  the 
imaginative  treasure  of  humanity  is  abso- 
lutely neglected  at  all  our  universities.  If 
it  were  not  for  Miss  Weston's  devoted  and 
self-sacrificing  labours,  England  would  have 
to  confess  that  she  was  utterly  careless  of 
the  fame  of  Arthur  and  his  knights. 

Alfred  Nutt. 


DUBLIN  DEGREES  FOR  WOMEN. 

The     '  Notes    from    Dublin  '    which    you 
published  last  week  must  have  been  read  by 


many  of  the  women  studying  at  the  Uni- 
versities of  Cambridge  and  Oxford  with 
something  of  dismay — a  dismay  tempered,, 
no  doubt,  with  the  hope  that  it  is  the  Pro- 
vost's views,  and  not  those  o:  M.,  which 
will  carry  the  day  at  Trinity  College.  The 
boon  of  the  Dublin  degree  has  been  so 
welcomed,  so  highly  valued,  by  women 
students  here  that  they  have  been  fondly 
persuading  themselves  that  Ti  inity.  College 
would  not  withhold  it  alter  '07.  Aie  they 
to  lose  it  just  when  its  advantages  are  coming 
to  be  most  widely  known  and  appreciated  2 
— and  because  o:  the  very  appreciation? 
For  M.  indicates  that  if  only  wemenj  had 
applied  for  the  degree  in  smaller  numbers, 
there  would  have  been  little  cr  no  objection 
to  renewal  of  the  favour.  It  is  the  "  crowd  " 
of  women  "  strangers  "  in  the  Theatre  on 
Commencement  c!ajs  that  is  the  trouble. 
Yet  he  wiites  in  no  spirit  of  unfriendliness 
to  women  students  ;  on  the  contrary,  he 
has  only  woids  of  welcome  and  of  generous 
praise  for  the  sixty  or  more  wemen  who  are 
now  studying  at  Dublin  University,  and 
receiving  degrees  on  he  same  teims  as  the 
men  students.  But  the  dignity,  the  inde- 
pendence, the  individuality  of  Trinity  College 
seem  to  him  to  be  imperilled  by  this  large 
granting  of  degrees  1  o  persons  not  educated 
with'n  its  precincts.  This,  no  doubt,  is  a 
very  natural  view  ;  and  the  Cambridge  and 
Oxford  women  students  will  feel  that  it  is  so, 
and  will  deplore  the  fact  that  in  availing 
themselves  ;o  eagerly  of  the  hospitality  of 
Trinity  College  tiny  are  becoming  burden- 
some to  their  hosts.  But  they  can  urge 
that  the  burden  is  one  which  time  is  likely 
to  lighten.  There  has  been  a  rush  for  the 
Dublin  degrees  because  of  the  '07  L'mit 
assigned,  and  because  of  the  long  arrears 
of  degreeless  women  who  had  duly  qualified 
at  Cambridge  and  Oxford.  As  these  an  ears 
get  cleared  off  the  demand  will  moderate. 
Besides,  he  Universities  of  Cambridge  anel 
Oxford  must  surely,  in  the  long  run,  recognize 
and  remedy  the  injustice  they  are  doing  to 
their  women  students  in  denying  them  the 
badge  of  merit*  however  well  it  may  have 
been  earned.  To  these  women  Dublin  has 
generously  e:\tei  ded  a  helping  hand  ;  it 
has  done  what  it  could  to  right  the  wrong 
done  them  by  their  own  universities.  Surely 
it  will  not  now  leave  them  in  the  lurch  ! 
This  is  not  the  first  time  that  Trinity  College 
has  stepped  forward  in  knightly  fashion  to 
redress  similar  grievances  arising  from  the 
prejuelices  and  conservatism  of  the  two  great 
English  universities.  In  former  days  it- 
granted  degrees  to  the  Dissenters  to  whom 
Cambridge  and  Oxford  denied  them. 

M.  fears  that  the  Dublin  degrees  will  loso 
"  prestige  "  if  they  continue  to  be  conferred 
on  the  Cambrielge  anel  Oxford  women 
students.  Why  should  they  '!  In;  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  most  of  the  applicants 
come,  women  can  only  enter  for  the  Triposes, 
or  Honour  examinations  of  the  I  Diversity. 
Dublin  must  indeed  be  haughty  if  it.  holds 
that  the  standard  set  in  Cambridge  for 
Honours  is  inferior  to  its  own  for  passmen  ! 
This  fact,  that  only  those  women  who  have 
duly  qualified — as  far  as  work  goes — for 
degrees  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford  can  get 
them  at  Dublin,  seems  to  dispose  of  the 
charge,  mentioned  by  M..  that  Trinity  College 
is  "selling  its  degrees"  ;  it  is  selling  them 
only  as  all  universities  sell  them — that  is.  to 
those  who  have  earned  them.  If  it  granted 
them,  as  some  German  universities  elo.  to 
strangers  upon  a  merely  nominal  test,  it 
would  be  a  different  matter. 

Considering;   these    things,    wo   cannot    but 
earnestly  hope  that   the  helping  hand  which 

Trinity    College    has   extended    to    women 

students  on  this  side  the  water,  and  which. 


-,so 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


apparently,  they  have  only  too  eagerly 
clasped,  may  !><•  held  out  to  them  yet  a  Little 
longer,    until    they    have   secured    a   fairer 

foo  ing  on  English  ground. 

M\  in    \\'\i:i>, 

.Moral  Science  Tripos,  Cambridge. 
(iridium:    L.    Ki.i.ks, 
Nut.  S<-i.  Tripos,  l't.  Land    II..  D.Se.  Dublin. 
Helen  db  (■.  Ykukai.l, 
Class.  Trip.  Cambridge,  B.A.  Dublin. 

Grace  K.  Mebson, 
Math.  Tripos  Cambridge,  B.A.  Dublin. 


ICitrranj  (Scssip. 

A  new  novel  by  Mr.  Horace  G.  Hutch- 
inson, entitled  '  Amelia  and  the  Doctor,' 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.  next  Friday.  It  is  a  story  of  early 
Victorian  life  in  a  quiet  country  town, 
the  predominant  interest  in  which  lies  in 
the  flavour  of  the  characters  and  the 
deliberately  old-fashioned  plot. 

On  the  same  date  and  from  the  same 
publishers  will  come  a  volume  entitled 
'  Heroes  of  Exile  :  being  certain  Rescued 
Fragments  of  Submerged  Romance,'  by 
Mr.  Hugh  Clifford.  This  consists  of  a 
series  of  sketches  and  narratives  of  the 
men  who,  living  on  the  frontier,  do  so 
much  to  build  the  Empire. 

Mr.  Unwin  has  in  the  press  a  '  Short 
History  of  Wales,'  by  Prof.  Owen  Edwards. 
The  work  aims  first  at  giving  the  ordinary 
reader  a  simple  and  intelligent  outline  of 
the  history  of  Wales,  and  secondly  at  pro- 
viding the  Welsh  schools  with  a  volume 
which  can  be  used  as  a  general  reading- 
book  or  textbook  of  Welsh  history. 

'  Persia  by  a  Persian  '  is  the  title  of  a 
new  work  by  Dr.  Isaac  Adams,  announced 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  Dr.  Adams  is  a 
medical  missionary,  and  in  this  work 
narrates  his  experiences  of  life  in  Persia, 
giving  much  interesting  information  con- 
cerning the  customs  and  social  and  reli- 
gious life  of  the  inhabitants. 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  recast  for  pub- 
lication as  a  separate  volume  his  papers 
on  the  portraits  and  jewels  of  Mary  Stuart 
which  have  appeared  in  recent  numbers 
of  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.  Addi- 
tional illustrations  have  been  secured,  and 
the  work  will  contain  engravings  of  por- 
traits of  Queen  Mary  which  Mr.  Lang 
considers  genuine.  The  book  will  be  pub- 
lished next  week  by  Messrs.  MacLehose  & 
Sons,  of  Glasgow,  in  a  limited  edition. 

The  Worshipful  Company  of  Gold- 
smiths have  presented  5,000£.  to  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  to  be  applied 
to  the  present  needs  of  the  University 
Library. 

The  death  is  announced  on  Saturday 
last,  at  the  Grove,  Stanmore,  of  Eliza 
Brightwen,  in  her  seventy-sixth  year. 
Mrs.  Brightwen  was  never  a  strong  woman, 
and  when  she  was  left  a  widow  she  settled 
down  quietly  to  the  study  of  natural 
history  at  her  charming  place  at  Stanmore, 
which  adjoins  the  common.  It  was  a 
paradise  of  animals  and  birds,  who  were 
left  to  roam  about  as  they  liked,  and  Mrs. 


Bright  wen's  first  book.  '  Wild  Nature 
Hon  by  Kindness'  (1890),  happily  ex- 
presses her  methods.  By  this,  at  the  age 
of  sixty,  she  won  immediate  success,  and 
henceforth  published  a  -.lies  of  volumes 
recording  her  observations  of  natural 
history.  The  last  of  these  was  '  Quiet 
Hours  with  Nature,'  published  in  1904. 
For  more  than  thirty  years  t  he  companion- 
ship of  the  animal  world  was  her  constant 
solace  and  delight,  and  the  ease  and  sim- 
plicity of  her  writing  commended  her 
books  to  many  readers. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  publish 
very  shortly  a  small  volume  by  Lord 
Redesdale,  containing  his  account  of  the 
recent  Garter  mission  to  Japan. 

By  the  death  of  Dr.  E.  C.  Maclure, 
Dean  of  Manchester,  we  lose  an  able  man, 
who  on  the  Manchester  School  Board 
and  in  various  other  educational  positions, 
did  valuable  work.  Dr.  Maclure  was 
a  militant  Churchman  of  the  old  type. 

We  regret  also  to  notice  the  death,  at 
Glasgow,  in  his  sixty-third  }^ear,  of  the  Rev. 
Henry  Gray  Graham,  whose  '  Social  Life 
in  Scotland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  ' 
(2  vols.,  1899)  and  '  Scottish  Men  of  Letters 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century  '  (1901)  were 
favourably  noticed  in  our  columns  at  the 
time  of  publication.  Mr.  Graham  had 
an  almost  unrivalled  acquaintance  with 
the  literature  and  social  life  of  Scotland 
during  the  eighteenth  century,  and  his 
collection  of  books  and  prints  illustrating 
that  period  is  probably  one  of  the  finest 
in  existence.  Mr.  Graham  furnished  the 
Rousseau  volume  for  Messrs.  Blackwood's 
"  Foreign  Classics  for  English  Readers." 
He  had  been  minister  of  Hyndland  Estab- 
lished Church,  Glasgow,  since  1884. 

Amongst  other  articles  in  CJiambers 's 
Journal  for  June  there  will  be  '  Remi- 
niscences of  the  Congo  Conference  of 
1884—5,'  by  Sir  Augustus  W.  L.  Hemming, 
one  of  the  British  delegates.  Mr.  E. 
Govett  writes  of  '  Replicas  and  Copies  of 
Great  Renaissance  Paintings  '  ;  and  Mr. 
Alfred  W.  Rees  of  '  Bird  Life  in  a  Western 
Valley.'  The  Rev.  A.  E.  Robertson  deals 
with  '  Alpine  Mountaineering  in  Scotland,' 
and  tells  the  true  narrative  of  the  accident 
in  which  he  nearly  lost  his  life  on  Ben 
Nevis  last  year. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Butler  writes  : — 

"  The  reviewer  of  '  Elizabeth  Montagu  ' 
in  the  last  Athenaeum  seems  puzzled  at  a 
writer  in  1742  treating  January  1st  as  the 
first  day  of  the  year.  I  fancy  this  was  no 
new  thing  in  England.  For  all  but  official 
purposes,  January  1st  seems  to  have  been 
regarded  as  New  Year's  Day  as  early  as  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  quaint  thing  is 
that  a  man  writing  on  January  1st,  1580, 
as  we  should  say,  will  call  it  '  New  Year's 
Day,  1579.'  " 

An  important  item  of  bibliographical 
news  comes  from  the  United  States  this 
week,  to  the  effect  that  Joseph  Sabin's 
'  Dictionary  of  Books  relating  to  America, 
from  its  Discovery  to  the  Present  Time,' 
is  to  be  completed  within  the  next  two 
years,  the  Carnegie  Institute  having  made 
a  generous  grant  for  the  purpose.  This 
great   undertaking   was   the   life-work   of 


Joseph  Sabin,  who  died  in  18S0,  leaving 
bis  '  Dictionary  '  (of  which  the  first  part- 
appeared  in  1868)  unfinished.  It  was 
continued  dining  the  next  eleven  years  by 
Mr.  Wilberforee  Kaine-  ;  hut  it  was  again 
suspended  in  189:2.  the  nineteenth  volume 
and  a  small  portion  of  the  twentieth  (which 
includes  a  part  only  of  the  many  "  Smith  " 
entries)  being  finished.  Mr.  Eames  has 
now  been  induced  to  resume  the  work, 
and  expects  to  bring  it  to  completion  in 
six  or  eight  octavo  volumes,  within  the 
two  years  insisted  upon  by  the  Carnegie 
Institute.  Mr.  Joseph  F.  Sabin,  son  of 
the  author,  will  act  as  publisher. 

Messrs.  Puttick  &  Simpson  are  selling 
on  Monday  next  and  the  following  day 
books  from  the  libraries  of  the  late  T.  C. 
Chown,  the  late  Joseph  Day,  and  others. 
We  note  many  books  in  good  bindings  ; 
"  The  Badminton  Library,"  28  vols., 
large  paper,  and  numerous  other  items 
on  sport;  'Vanity  Fair  Album,'  1869  to 
1901,  33  vols.  ;  some  first  editions  of  Scott, 
Thackeray,  Dickens,  and  other  writers  ; 
a  collection  relating  to  Swedenborg  ;  and 
some  fine  early-printed  books  and  auto- 
graph letters. 

The  Women's  Tribune,  a  new  weekly 
paper  at  twopence,  is  to  appear  shortly. 
It  will  be  edited  by  Miss  Nora  Vynne,  and 
will  deal  primarily  with  economic  and 
political  topics  as  affecting  women. 

The  current  Nineteenth  Century  is  a 
number  of  exceptional  interest.  Note- 
worthy are  articles  on  '  The  Future  of 
Shakespearean  Research,'  by  Mr.  Sidney 
Lee,  and  on  '  The  Vocation  of  the  Jour- 
nalist,' by  Mr.  D.  C.  Banks. 

English  scholars  may  like  to  have 
early  notice  that  the  Congres  Prehistorique 
de  France  meets  this  year  at  Vannes  on 
August  21st.  They  can  get  all  informa- 
tion from  Dr.  Marcel  Baudouin.  Secretaire 
general  du  Comite  a  Paris,  21,  Rue  Linne. 

After  having  issued  a  '  Histoire  de 
l'Eclairage  des  Rues  de  Paris,'  M.  Eugene 
Def ranee,  the  general  secretary  of  the 
society  of  "  Conferences  Populaires,"  an- 
nounces for  immediate  publication  an 
exhaustive  account  of  '  La  Corporation 
des  Barbiers,  Perruquiers,  Coiffeurs,  et 
Coiffeuses,'  which  should  be  interesting. 
It  will  have  about  150  curious  engravings, 
illustrated  address  cards,  advertisements, 
and  so  forth.  The  work  is  printed  at  the 
Imprimerie  Nationale  at  Paris,  and  will 
have  a  preface  by  M.  Arthur  Christian, 
the  director  of  that  institution. 

Prof.  Althof,  whose  death  in  his 
fifty-second  year  is  announced  from 
Weimar,  was  a  great-grandson  of  the  poet 
Burger.  His  valuable  edition  of  the 
'  Waltharilied,'  which  included  a  German 
translation  of  the  Latin  text,  established 
his  reputation  as  a  scholar.  Among  his 
other  works  were  a  grammar  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  proper  names,  and  a  life  of  Charle- 
magne. 

The  Preussische  Historische  Institut  in 
Rome  has,  according  to  its  recently  issued 
annual  report,  a  satisfactory  year's  work 
to  look  back  upon.  It  has  published 
several  important  volumes  as  the  result 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


581 


of  examination  of  Italian  archives  and 
libraries,  and  has  undertaken  research 
work  of  a  very  extensive  nature  for 
seventy-eight  foreign  scholars  who  applied 
to  it  for  information.  The  valuable 
library  has  been  increased  by  2,257 
volumes. 

The  death,  in  his  sixty-third  year,  is 
announced  from  Berlin  of  W.  Polstorff, 
the  editor  of  Kladderadatsch ,  the  widely 
known  comic  paper. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  most 
general  interest  to  our  readers  this  week 
:are  Statement  showing  Number  of 
Voluntary  Schools  on  January  1st,  1906, 
in  Urban  Areas  with  a  population  of  5,000 
and  over,  in  England  and  Wales  respect- 
ively, and  their  Average  Attendance  for 
the  Year  ended  July  31st,  1904,  &c.  {\d.)  ; 
and  Return  showing  the  Provision  made 
.by  Local  Education  Authorities  for 
enabling  Scholars  of  Public  Elementary 
Schools  to  proceed  to  Secondary  Schools 
or  to  Pupil-Teacher  Centres  and  Pre- 
paratory Classes  by  means  of  Exhibitions, 
Scholarships,  &c.  (10rf.). 

SCIENCE 


Observations  of  a  Naturalist  in  the  Pacific 
between  1896  and  1899.  By  H.  B. 
Guppy. — Vol.  II.  Plant  Dispersal. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

In  the  first  volume  of  this  work  Dr.  Guppy 
addressed  himself  to  the  geologist  ;  in  the 
present  volume  he  appeals  to  the  botanist. 
The  scope  of  the  work  is  much  wider  than 
the  title  suggests,  for  the  observations  on 
which  the  author's  conclusions  are  based 
have  not  been  limited  to  the  Pacific,  nor 
have  they  been  confined  within  the  indi- 
cated dates.  The  work  is,  in  fact,  a 
valuable  contribution  to  the  general  sub- 
ject of  the  distribution  and  dispersal  of 
plants.  More  than  twenty  years  ago, 
when  in  the  Solomon  Islands,  the  author 
made  some  observations  on  the  plant- 
stocking  of  a  coral  island,  which  were 
published  in  the  Report  of  the  Challenger 
Expedition  ;  and  from  that  time  he  has 
persistently  followed  up  his  studies  of 
insular  floras  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 

From  an  experimental  study  of  the 
buo\'ancy  of  seeds  and  fruits,  undertaken 
with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  part 
which  currents  play  in  the  dispersal  of 
plants,  it.  is  concluded  that  there  has  been 
at  work  throughout  the  ages  a  natural 
process  of  sorting,  whereby  the  plants 
with  buoyant  seeds  and  seed-vessels  have 
oeen  gathered  mostly  at  the  sea-coast. 
No  direct  relation  subsists,  however, 
between  the  buoyancy  of  the  vegetable 
structure  and  the  density  of  sea-water  ; 
and  the  development  of  buoyant  tissues 
in  littoral  plants  is  not  regarded  as  due  to 
adaptation  by  natural  selection.  On  this 
subject,  therefore,  the  author's  views  run 
counter  to  those  of  such  authorities  as 
Schimper. 

Problems  of  much  significance  to  the 
Darwinian  are  presented  by  the  vegeta- 
tion   of   the   tropical   mangrove-swamps  ; 


and  it  is  interesting  to  learn  that  Dr. 
Guppy  spent  much  time  in  these  gloomy 
and  dangerous  regions,  often  neglected  by 
the  botanical  traveller.  The  author's 
researches  were  made  partly  in  the  man- 
grove-belts around  some  of  the  islands  of 
Fiji,  and  partly  in  those  along  the  coast 
of  Ecuador.  He  suggests  that  the  vivipa- 
rous habit,  now  represented  by  the  seedling 
hanging  from  the  mangrove,  was  once 
nearly  universal  (though  by  a  slip  on 
p.  473  the  reverse  is  stated),  the  earth 
having  then  been  surrounded  by  a  moist 
atmosphere,  and  screened  from  the  sun's 
rays  by  dense  clouds.  On  "  the  drying  up 
of  the  planet  in  the  course  of  ages  " 
vivipary  has  almost  disappeared,  and  the 
rest-period  of  the  seed  has  been  developed 
as  an  adaptation  to  seasonal  changes. 
But  it  may  be  objected  that  we  have 
indeed  to  go  far  back  in  geological  history 
before  we  reach  "  an  age  when  the  same 
climatic  conditions  prevailed  over  much 
of  the  globe";  the  researches  of  Neu- 
mavr,  for  instance,  render  it  almost 
certain  that  climatic  zones  existed  as 
far  back  as  the  Jurassic  period. 

An  extremely  interesting  attempt  is 
made  to  trace  the  various  epochs  in  the 
floral  history  of  the  Pacific  islands.  After 
the  great  eruption  of  Krakatoa,  which 
stripped  the  island  of  its  plants,  the  new 
vegetation  consisted  first  of  ferns  and 
alga;.  Hence  it  may  be  assumed  that  the 
earliest  epoch  in  the  development  of  the 
vegetation  of  the  Pacific  was  marked  by  a 
cryptogamic  flora.  Such  plants  as  ferns 
and  lvcopods  might  be  introduced  by 
wind-borne  spores,  whilst  the  littoral 
plants  would  arrive  by  the  agency  of 
currents.  To  the  early  "  Age  of  Ferns 
and  Lvcopods  "  succeeded  the  "  Age  of 
Conifera?,"  when  the  cone-bearing  plants 
were  dispersed  over  the  Fijian  region,  but 
before  the  existence  of  the  Tahitian  and 
Hawaiian  islands,  so  that  the  conifers  of 
Fiji  are  unknown  in  these  archipelagoes. 

The  question  of  the  distribution  of  the 
genus  Dammara  is  one  of  much  difficulty, 
inasmuch  as  there  is  no  known  method 
by  which  its  cones  can  be  dispersed,  either 
by  currents  or  by  birds.  It  seems,  there- 
fore, necessary  to  postulate  the  existence  of 
connexion  by  land  with  the  south-western 
area.  Dr.  Guppy,  however,  has  hitherto 
been  opposed  to  the  view  of  a  continental 
annexation  of  the  Fijian  isles  ;  but  he 
now  frankly  admits  that,  in  view  of  the 
Dammara  difficulty,  he  is  inclined  to  the 
hypothesis  of  a  great  land  area  in  Meso/.oic 
times,  which  became  almost  submerged 
in  the  Tertiary  period,  leaving  only  a  few 
small  island  peaks,  including  the  Fijian 
nuclei,  on  which  the  conifers  survived. 
During  the  Tertiary  submergence  in  the 
Western  Pacific,  volcanic  activity  in  other 
parts  built  up  the  Hawaiian  and  Tahitian 
islands,  and  it  is  believed  that  these  new 
tropical  lands  received  their  earliest  flower- 
ing plants  from  land  to  the  east.  This 
era  is  called  the  "  Age  of  Composita*  and 
Lobeliaecae."  A  characteristic  feature  of 
the  flora  of  Hawaii  is  found  in  its  tree 
lobelias  and  its  peculiar  genera  of  arbo- 
rescent and  shrubby  composite  plants,  with 
American    affinities.     The    fruits    of    the 


early  Composita?  were  probably  dispersed 
by  birds,  especially  in  their  plumage. 

The  next  era  of  plant  distribution  is 
indicated  by  the  non-endemic  genera,  and 
represents  a  general  invasion  of  Indo- 
Malayan  plants  over  all  the  tropical  Pacific, 
the  centre  of  dispersion  having  been 
shifted  from  America  by  the  re-emergence 
of  the  Western  Pacific  islands,  perhaps 
following  the  latest  events  of  Tertiary 
time.  Of  the  genera  which  have  entered 
the  Pacific  from  the  Old  World  the  greater 
number  have  not  advanced  eastwards 
bej'ond  the  Fijian  region.  The  dispersal 
has  been  largely  effected  by  the  agency  of 
frugivorous  birds,  though  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  bats  and  insects  may  be 
active  seed-carriers. 

According  to  the  author,  the  area  of 
active  dispersion  has  become  gradually 
restricted  in  recent  ages,  a  loss  which 
is  due  to  the  decreasing  activity  of 
the  agency  of  birds  as  plant-dispersers. 
This  limitation  he  connects  with  the 
differentiation  of  climate  consequent  on 
the  secular  desiccation  of  the  earth. 
Variations  of  climate  have  controlled  the 
range  of  the  bird,  and  this  change  has 
controlled  the  distribution  of  the  plant, 
so  that  alterations  of  climate,  bird,  and 
plant  go  together.  The  geologist,  how- 
ever, may  be  disposed  to  throw  some  doubt 
on  '"  the  story  of  a  world  drying  up " 
during  the  required  period. 

Dr.  Guppy's  work  is  one  of  much  im- 
portance, since  it  embodies  the  results  of 
many  years  of  patient  research  in  various 
parts  of  the  world.  Within  its  covers 
will  be  found  much  to  interest  the  botanist, 
the  geologist,  the  geographer,  and  above 
all  the  evolutionist  ;  for  the  author  holds 
that  whilst  the  differentiation  of  species  is 
constantly  going  on.  Nature  nowhere  lets 
us  see  the  process  by  which  new  organic 
types  might  be  developed. 


We  are  not  surprise:!  to  notice  that  the 
Illustrated  Official  Guide  to  the  London  Zoolo- 
gical Society's  Gardens,  by  Dr.  Chalmers 
Mitchell,  has  already  readied  a  fourth  edition. 
It  is  an  admirable  booklet,  with  just  the 
information  one  wants  briefly  put,  and  excel- 
lent illustrations  taken  from  the  animals 
themselves  in  the  gardens.  These  illustra- 
tions have  also  gone  to  the  making  of  a  scries 
of  Picture  Post  Cards  which  is  most  attractive. 
The  photographers,  Mr.  W.  P.  Dando  and 
Mr.  H.  Irving,  have  evidently  done  their 
work  with  skill  and  care.  The  advance 
which  the  gardens  have  already  made  under 
the  enterprising  and  scientific  management 
of  Dr.  Chalmers  Mitchell  is  most  satisfactory. 
The  '  Guide  '  Bupplies  many  interesting 
details.  We  learn,  for  instance,  that  the 
great  ant-eater  thrives  on  finely  minced  raw 
meat.  The  armadillos  might  serve  as  a 
political  parable,  for  "  these,  like  most 
animals  that  in  the  history  of  life  on  the 
world  have  resorted  to  protection,  are 
extinct."  The  cham  -Icons  "  have  enormous 
appetites,  and  it  is  advisable  to  fatten  them 
in  the  summer  by  supplying  them  with 
abundant  cockroaches."  As  for  the  pyt  lions 
and  boas, 

"contrary  to  popular  opinion,  pigeon9,  duoks, 
rabbits,  <>r  even  goats,  when  plaosd  with  these 
formidable  reptiles,  display  no  sign  of  fear,  hut 

move   all  out    in    the   m  >st    OQOOnoemed   way,  until 

they  are  suddenly  seised   ami   killed  as  instan- 


;Vs-J 


TIIK     ATHENiEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


taneouslj    and    painlessly   as  could    be    done    by 
man." 

We   have   quoted   enough   to  show  that   the 
'  ( illicit*  '  is  an  excellent  eixpennyworth.     Bui 

it  should  be  bought  in  cloth,  for  it  is  likely 

to   be   used   often,   and   no   paper    cover    can 
stand  wear. 

Experimental   Psychology:    a   Manual  of 
Laboratory     Practice.  —  Vol.     II.     Part     I. 
Student's     Manual.     Part     II.     Instructor's 
Manual.     By  E.  B.  Titchener.      (New  York, 
the     Macmillan     Company.)  —  These     two 
volumes    form    the    companion    set    to    Dr. 
Titchener's    excellent    'Experimental    Psy- 
chology :    Qualitative,'   and   have   the  same 
merits,  being  lucid,  methodical,  and  business- 
like in  the  extreme.     They  contain  material  ! 
hUbcrto    not    accessible    in    English    form, 
notably  various  important  findings  of  the 
late    Prof.    J.    R.    L.    Delbceuf,    to    whose 
memory   they   are   dedicated.     In   the  case 
of  an   English  reader,  they  are  bound   "to 
give    furiously    to    think,"    not    merely    for 
what   they   are  in  themselves,   but  likewise 
for  what  they  imply,  namely,  a  psychological 
laboratory    elaborately    fitted    with    appa- 
ratus of  all  kinds,  and  filled  with  a  band  of 
students  devoting  unstinted  time  to  organized 
research.     Nowhere    in    our    own    country 
can  these  external  conditions  be  said  to  be 
realized,  in  the  absence  of  which  such  a  book 
as  the  one  before  us  wears  the  air  of.  an  utter 
stranger — some  academic  visitor  from  Mars. 
Primarily,     no     doubt,     our     philosophers, 
wedded  to  their  arm-chair  methods,  are  to 
blame  for  this  lamentable  backwardness  on 
the  part  of  a  country  once  easily  leader  in 
the  psychological  world  ;  but  to  some  extent 
also   the  munificent   are   at  fault  for   over- 
looking the  opportunity  to  endow  a  subject 
so    practical    and    progressive.      Had  _,  we, 
indeed,    the    right    to    hold    up  our    heads 
at  all  in  respect  to  this  matter,  we  might 
hope  in  time  to  produce  our  own  manuals 
of  experimental  psychology,  on  lines  perhaps 
more  soundly  educational,  and  at  all  events 
other  than  those  which  Dr.  Titchener  follows. 
An  Oxford  man,  driven  across  the  Atlantic 
to  pursue  his  chosen  studies  in  a  more  con- 
genial clime,  lie  has  naturally  become  ame- 
ricanized  so  far  as  to  prefer   the  plan — in 
vogue  there,  but  here,  not  without  show  of 
reason,     suspect — of    training    the    mature 
student,    in   company  with   his   instructors, 
to  the  use  of  what  can  only  be  described  as  the 
feeding-bottle  ;    as  witness  the  fact  that  we 
have  before  us  two  volumes,  one  of  which 
sets  the  pupil  down  to  his  task,  whilst  the 
other  quietly  provides  the  teacher  with  the 
crib.     But,  once  more,  who  are  we,  and  of 
what  value  is  our  practical  experience,  that 
we  should  carp  ? 

Catalogue  of  the  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Glos- 
sopteris Flora  in  the  Department  of  Geology 
in  the  British  Museum  (Natural  History). 
By  E.  A.  Newell  Arber.  (Printed  by  Order 
of  the  Trustees.)— The  Glossopteiis  flora, 
which  forms  the  subject  of  this  work,  is  an 
assemblage  of  fossil  plants  found  chiefly  in 
India  and  certain  parts  of  the  Southern 
hemisphere,  and  of  exceptional  interest 
alike  to  geologist  and  botanist.  Of  these 
fossils  a  fairly  representative  collection  is 
preserved  in  the  Natural  History  Museum, 
and  the  task  of  describing  them  has  been 
entrusted  to  Mr.  Newell  Arber,  who  occupies 
at  Cambridge  the  position  of  University 
Demonstrator  in  Paleobotany.  Mr.  Arber 
has  carried  out  his  work  with  much  ability 
and  thoroughness.  Not  only  has  he  critically 
studied  the  specimens  with  full  knowledge 
of  the  literature  of  the  subject,  but  he  has 
also  written  a  general  introduction  to  the 
Catalogues  giving  an  excellent  summary  of 
our  present  knowledge  of  the  flora  ;  and 
in   this  way   the  work   has   become,   in  the 


words  of  its  Subordinate  title,  "  a  monograph 
of  the  I'ermo-Carboniferous  Flora  of  India 
and  the  Southern  Hemisphere." 

The  flora  takes  its  name  from  a  charac- 
teristic fern-like  plant  which  Brongniart  in 
1828  called  Glossopteiis  ;  but  as  its  fructifica- 
tion was  until  recently  unknown,  and  is 
still  a  matter  of  discussion,  its  exact  syste- 
matic position  is  not  free  from  doubt.  The 
rhizome,  however,  is  represented  by  the 
curious  fossil  long  known  as  Vertebraria. 
Formerly  it  was  believed  that  Glossopteris 
and  its  associates  were  of  Mesozoic  age,  but 
it  is  now  shown  beyond  doubt  that  they 
flourished  during  late  Carboniferous  and 
Permian  times.  The  flora  spread  over  a 
great  part  of  that  vast  continental  region 
which  Suess  has  termed  Gondwana-land, 
and  of  which  scattered  relics  survive  in 
India,  Australasia,  South  Africa,  and  South 
America.  It  is  believed  that  this  area 
must  have  been  connected  with  a  northern 
continental  region,  forming  a  distinct  palaeo- 
botanical  province,  and  by  this  means  the 
Glossopteris  flora  migrated  into  Russia. 
The  name  Gondwana-land  is  taken  from  the 
Gondwana  beds  of  India,  a  great  series  of 
freshwater  deposits  well  developed  in  the 
Central  Provinces,  and  named  by  the  late 
Mr.  Medlicott  on  account  of  their  develop- 
ment in  the  counties  south  of  the  Narbada 
valley,  formerly  inhabited  by  Gond  tribes. 
The  hypothetical  Gondwana-land  corre- 
sponds in  part  with  the  Lemuria  of  zoolo- 
gists. Much  yet  remains  to  be  learnt  about 
the  Glossopteris  flora  and  the  conditions 
under  which  it  flourished,  but  the  work  of 
the  future  student  will  be  greatly  lightened 
by  his  having  at  his  side  this  excellent 
monograph,  where  he  will  find  a  summary 
of  all  that  has  hitherto  been  done  on  the 
subject,  both  on  the  geological  and  the 
botanical  side. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

Pkof.  Hamy  has  been  elected  President 
of  the  Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris  for 
1906.  He  served  the  same  office  in  1884, 
and  this  is  the  first  instance  in  the  history 
of  the  Society  of  a  president  serving  twice. 
The  practice  has  hitherto  been  to  elect  the 
senior  vice-president,  but  on  this  occasion 
M.  Daveluy  declined  the  honour,  and  the 
second  vice-presidency  was  vacant  by  the 
lamented  death  of  M.  Girard  de  Rialle.  No 
worthier  recipient  of  the  honour  of  a  second 
presidency  can  be  imagined  than  M.  Hamy. 
On  April  26th  he  opened  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  New  Galleries  of  the  Rue  de  Buffon 
on  recent  progress  in  the  study  of  prehistoric 
anthropology.  On  the  2nd  inst.  M.  Marcellin 
Boule  opened  in  the  same  galleries  a  course 
of  loctures  on  human  palaeontology. 

Prof.  Hamy  has  contributed  to  V Anthro- 
pologic a  note  upon  a  deposit  of  worked 
labradorites  discovered  by  Dr.  Maclaud  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Fefine  and  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  in  Portuguese  Guinea,  in  February, 
1903.  The  implements  are  roughly  fash- 
ioned, and  some  retain  the  natural  surface 
on  one  side.  Capt.  Duchemin  has  addressed 
to  Prof.  Hamy  a  communication  on  the 
megaliths  of  the  Gambia.  Some  previous 
observations  of  the  tumuli  of  the  valley  of 
the  Gambia  by  Capt.  Duchemin  formed  the 
subject  of  a  paper  read  by  M.  Hamy  before 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.  Numerous 
examples  have  been  found  of  ten  or  more 
monoliths  arranged  in  a  circle,  with  a 
detached  line  of  monoliths  to  the  east,  and 
no  tumulus.  In  two  such  monumonts  at 
Dialato  vases  were  found.  The  condition 
of  the  remains  of  human  skeletons  indicated 
that  they  had  undergone  a  previous  inhuma- 


tion elsewhere  while  the  monument  was  in 
preparation. 

An  important  contribution  to  V Anthro- 
pologic is  made  by  Dr.  J.  Decorse,  on  the 
habitation  and  the  village  at  the  Congo  and 
at  the  Chari.  The  incessant  storm  of  rain  in 
Equatorial  Congo  during  three-quarters  of 
the  year  render  necessary  a  type  of  habita- 
tion that  can  resist  the  wind  ;  hence  the 
buildings  are  rectangular.  In  Banda,  where 
the  rains  are  not  so  long  continued  or  so 
frequent,  a  circular  type  is  adopted,  forming, 
in  fact,  a  cone  of  straw,  with  a  narrow 
entrance.  The  author  prints  several  plans 
of  the  interiors,  showing  their  furniture. 
In  the  dry  regions  a  similar  type  of  building 
is  adopted.  He  remarks  that  a  number  of 
place-names  accepted  in  geography  for  the 
villages  are  merely  equivalents  of  "  I  don't 
know,"  "  It  has  no  name,"  or  "  It  doesn't 
matter,"  or  of  the  words  "  water "  or 
"  mountain." 

With  regard  to  the  ivory  images  of  rein- 
deer from  Bruniquel,  of  which  one  is  in  the 
British  Museum  and  another  in  the  Piette 
collection  at  the  Musee  de  St.  Germain,  the 
Abbe  H.  Breuil  contends  that  they  are  not, 
as  has  been  suggested,  handles  of  daggers, 
but  declines  to  offer  any  definite  opinion  as 
to  what  other  purpose  they  may  have  served. 
He  thanks  Mr.  Read,  of  the  British  Museum, 
foi  enabling  him  to  examine  the  specimen 
there. 

The  Thirteenth  International  Congress  ot 
Prehistoric  Anthropology  and  Archaeology 
was  held  at  Monaco  from  the  16th  to  the 
22nd  of  April  under  the  patronage  of  the 
Prince.  Excursions  were  made  to  the 
caverns  of  Baousse-Rousse,  to  Mont-Bastide, 
and  to  the  numerous  dolmens  and  other 
prehistoric  remains  in  the  environs  of  Grasse. 
Dr.  Sturge,  of  Nice,  and  Dr.  Johnston  Lavis, 
of  Beaulieu,  invited  the  members  of  the  Con- 
gress to  inspect  their  collections. 

The  Sixth  International  Congress  of 
Criminal  Anthropology  was  held  at  Turin 
on  April  28th,  under  the  presidency  of 
Prof.  Lombroso. 

To  the  last  number  for  1905  of  Folk- 
lore Mr.  R.  E.  Dennett  contributes  notes  on 
the  Bavili,  a  people  living  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Loango  territory  in  French 
Congo.  He  furnishes  some  evidence  of 
the  ideas  existing  among  them  as  to 
shadows,  ghosts,  human  intelligence,  and 
the  voice  or  soul  of  the  dead.  This  voice, 
as  the  soul  of  an  ancestor,  is  believed 
to  cause  women  to  bear  children  ;  it  also 
appears  in  a  mischievous  capacity,  as  causing 
babies  to  fall  sick  ;  and  that  of  a  relative 
recently  deceased  is  supposed  to  enter  the 
head  of  a  surviving  relative  and  inspire  good 
thoughts  and  guidance.  Another  com- 
munication by  the  same  author  relates  to 
the  people  of  South  Nigeria.  On  a  visit  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  Benin  in  1903  Mr. 
Dennett  had  an  opportunity  of  witnessing 
the  celebration  by  the  chief  Ogugu  of  the 
anniversary  of  the  death  of  his  father,  and 
also  a  ladies'  dance.  He  states  that  the 
operations  of  the  secret  societies  are  under- 
going a  change  for  the  worse.  Notice  is  also 
taken  in  Folk-lore  of  the  recent  issue  of  a 
pamphlet  of  twenty  pages,  entitled  '  Anthro- 
pological Queries  for  Central  Africa,'  with  a 
prefatory  note  by  Mr.  Charles  H.  Read,  of 
the  British  Museum  ;  and  the  queries  are 
described  as  terse,  practical,  and  thorough. 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Academy. — April  SO. — Prof.  James 
Ward  in  the  chair. — Prof.  Bosanquet  read  a  paper 
on  '  The  Meaning  of  Teleology.'  The  object  of 
the  paper  was  to  draw  attention  to  the  aspect  of 
teleology  which  is  not  due  to  activity  in  time,  but 
which  alone  can  be  ascribed  to  any  reality  con- 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


583 


ceived  as  timeless.  The  consequence  to  be  derived 
from  this  point  of  view  is  the  importance  of  the 
teleology  or  the  world,  as  evinced  in  the  course  of 
evolution  and  of  history,  in  comparison  with  the 
part  played  by  finite  consciousness  and  subjective 
selection,  which  appeared  to  the  writer  to  have 
been  exaggerated  in  anti-naturalist  polemic.  It 
was  argued  that  the  position  of  finite  conscious- 
ness, while  by  no  means  that  assigned  it  by 
"  epiphenomenalism,"  is  nevertheless  epipheno- 
nienal  in  the  sense  of  being  rather  a  revelation 
prepared  by  a  long  course  of  development,  which 
the  self  presupposes  and  is  founded  upon,  than 
the  main  vehicle  of  design  in  evolution  and  history, 
as  appears  to  follow  from  the  views  criticized. 
The  philosophy  of  history  was  more  especially 
appealed  to  against  the  idea  that  history  can  be 
regarded  as  the  design  of  finite  minds. 

May  2. — Lord  Reay,  President,  in  the  chair. — 
Prof.    Skeat   read   a   paper   on   '  The    Problem   of 
English  Spelling.'    The  question  of  spelling  reform 
has  been   imder  serious   consideration  at   various 
times  during  the  last  forty  j-ears  ;  and  it  must  be 
admitted  that,  as  far  as  any  practical  results  are 
concerned,  no  observable  progress  has  been  made. 
But  as  regards  the  theory  of  it  a  good  deal  lias 
been  achieved.     For  it  soon  dawned  upon  serious 
inquirers  that  the   first   step  towards  it  must  be 
taken  by  examining   the    meaning  of  the   symbols 
which   we    employ   in   spelling    our    words.     The 
labours   of  Dr.  Ellis  and   Dr.  Sweet   have   proved 
very  fruitful  in   results,  and   the    history   of   the 
meaning  of  our  written  symbols  is  now  accurately 
known.     The  first  part  of  Ellis's  '  Early  English 
Pronunciation'    appeared    in     1S69,    and    Sweet's 
'  History  of  English  Sounds  '  in  1888.     Two  other 
works  upon  the  subject  are  of  especial  value,  viz., 
Dr.  Murray's  work  on  '  The  Dialect  of  the  Southern 
Counties  of  Scotland,'  published  in   1870-72;  and 
the  '  English  Dialect  Grammar,'  published  by  Dr. 
Wright  in  1905.     It  is  generally  agreed,  amongst 
the   students   of   spelling,    that  the  best   kind    of 
reform  would  be   one   in  which  the    symbols  em- 
ployed should  represent  the  sounds  of  spoken  Latin 
of  the  Augustan  age.     But  the  very  great  changes 
that  have   taken   place  in  the    values   of  English 
vowels  are  such  as  to  render  a  scheme  of  the  sort 
extremely     unacceptable      to     an       Englishman. 
Failing  this,  it  is  contended  that  it  ought  to  be 
possible  so  to  amend    our   modern  spelling  as    to 
render   it   more    consistent   and  less   chaotic    and 
grotesque.     In    this    form    the    problem    has    been 
carefully  considered  by  the    Philological    Society, 
and  an  enumeration  of  the  most  desirable  changes 
was  published   by  that   Societ}'  in    1881,  entitled 
'  Partial  Corections  of  English  Spellings  approved 
by  the   Philological  Society.'  and    edited  by    Dr. 
Sweet.     By  way  of  example,  it  was  proposed  to 
abolish  the  final  e  after  v  in  the  verb  to  liv,  in  order 
to   distinguish    it  from  the   adjective   live.     Since 
that   date,    efforts   at   reform  have    languished  in 
England,    though     a    good    deal    of    enthusiasm 
regarding    it    has    been     displayed    in    America. 
For  practical  purposes,   all   spelling  reform    has 
been  mode  impossible  by  the  hostile  action  of  the 
press.     Such  opposition  is  unintelligent,  and  due 
to    the    fact    that    the     number     of    journalists 
acquainted  with  the  principles  of  phonetics  is  very 
limited.     The  only  remedy  is  that  a  knowledge  of 
phonetics  should  become  more  general.     It  is  not 
unlikely  that  a   marked  and  rapid  advance  in  this 
science   would    result  from    an    adoption    in    our 
schools  of  a  Roman  pronunciation  of  Latin.       This 
would    at    once    illuminate    our     perceptions    of 
written  symbols  and  enable   US   to  see  their  true 
and  historical   meaning.      Should  spelling   reform 
be  first  effected  in  America,  it  may  perhaps  be  an 
advantage,   since  the  history  of   the    language    is 
there  more  widely   known.     The  president  of  an 
American  university  recently  said  to  Prof.  Skeat, 
with    emphasis    and    truth,    "In    our    universities 
English  takes  the   first  place "  :  a  fact  which  an 
Englishman  can  hardly  even  understand. — A  dis- 
cussion followed. 


GSOLOQICAJL — April  25. — Dr.  J.  E.  Marr,  V.P., 
in  the  chair. — The  following  communications  were 
read:  'Trilobitea  from  Bolivia,  collected  by  Dr. 
J.  \V.  Evans  in  L901-2,'  by  Mr.  P.  Lake,— 'Grap- 
tolites  from  Bolivia,  collected  i>y  Dr.  Evans,'  by 
Dr.  Ethel  M.  H.  Wood,-  and  "The  Phosphatio 
Chalks  of  Winterbourne  and  Boxford,  Berkshire,1 
by  Messrs.  H.  J.  Osborne  White  and  Llewellyn 
Treacher. 


Philological.  —  May    4. — Annual    Meeting. — 
Prof.  Gollancz   in  the  chair. — The   Treasurer  read 
his    Cash- Account.  —  The    meeting    thanked   the 
Council   of    University   College    for   allowing    the 
Society  the  use    of   the   College    rooms   for    their 
meetings. — The   following   members   were    elected 
officers  for  the  next  session  :  President,  Rev.  Prof. 
Skeat;    Vice-Presidents,    Dr.    W.    Stokes,   Dr.    H. 
Sweet,    Dr.    J.   A.   H.   Murray,  the   Rev.   A.    H. 
Sayce,    Prof.     Napier,    and     Dr.     H.     Bradley ; 
Ordinary    Members    of    Council,     Messrs.     E.     L. 
Brandreth,  S.  Dickson  Brown,  W.  A.  Craigie,  and 
F.    T.    Elworthy,  Dr.   T.   Ely,  Mr.    D.  Ferguson, 
Profs.    G.    Foster,   I.    Gollancz,   W.   P.  Ker,   Law- 
rence, and  Littledale,  Mr.    G.  Neilson,  Mr.  H.  A. 
Nesbitt,  Dr.  H.  Oelsner,   Profs.   Postgate,   Ridge- 
waj',  and  Rippmann,  Mr.  W.    H.  Stevenson,  Prof. 
J.  Strachan,  and  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheat-ley  ;  Treasurer, 
B.    Dawson;  Hon.    Sec,   Dr.    F.    J.    Furnivall.— 
Prof.  Skeat  read  a  paper  on  'English  Etymologies,' 
some  of  which  are  here  noted.     A  up  in  Dunbar's 
'  Thistle  and  Rose,'  st.  18,  is  not  a  curlew,  but  the 
Northern  form  of  alp,  a  bullfinch.     The  toy  called 
a  bandalore  seems  to  be  a  confused  form,  due  to 
E.  band,  from  F.  brandilloir,  a  swing,  a  thing  that 
dangles.     Bat/el,   a  buttery-account,    is  explained 
by  Minsheu  s.v.    'Size,' and  is  probably  allied  to 
battle,  adj.,  nourishing;  cf.  Mid.  Dan.  badel,  Dan. 
dial.,  baddd,  fat,  thriving,  plump;  and  E.  batten. 
Bieson  is  known  to  be  the  0.  Northumb.  besene, 
pi.,    blind  ;    perhaps    from    be-,    privative,    as    in 
behead,  and  A.-S.  syn,  sight :  so  that  besene  meant 
"sightless."     Bracken  seems  to  occur  in  Kemble, 
'Cod.    Dipl.,'   v.    277.     Bush   seems  to  go  back  to 
an  A.-S.  *bysc  :  many  early  references  were  given. 
Buskin    may   be    from   O.F.    bousequin,    an   early 
variant  of    brousequin    (Godefroy's    supplement) ; 
perhaps    from    Ital.    borzachino,    a   derivative   of 
bona,    borsa,   a   leathern  purse  or   case.     If   coke 
originally   meant  a  clot  or  cake,   cf.   Norw.  kok, 
Swed.  koka,  a  clod,  a  lump.     A.-S.   glind,  a  place 
railed  in,  is  not  in  the  dictionaries.      Griddle  is  the 
A. -F.  grid-He,  in  a  Nominale  which  is  now  in  the 
press.     Nailboum   has  better  authority  than  eyle- 
bourn.     yook  is   the   Norw.    nok,    onry  given   by 
Aasen   in   his   supplement.     Rogue   may   be   from 
Low  G.  rook,  a  rook,  a  thief,  a  cheat.     Slab,  adj., 
in   '  Macbeth,'  is    Middle    Danish,    and   originally 
meant  slippery,  hence  viscous.     Shave  (of  care)  is 
the  E.  Friesic  slave  (Koolman),  borrowed  from  the 
High  German  schlaufe,  schleife,  a  slip-knot,  hence 
a    tangle;    sleave-silk   is   allied.     Sot   is  a   native 
word.     Stalemate,    formerly    stale,    is    from    O.F. 
estal,  a  fixed  position  from  which  one  cannot  move; 
E.  stall.     Swig,  Scot.  svoeg,  suxig,  is  from  S.  Norw. 
sixeg,   a    gulp,    a   swig,    from   svagje,    by-form   of 
svelgja,    to  swallow.      Tun  is   from  the  Celtic  type 
*tunnd,  a  skin;  and    the   A.-S.   tyncen    meant   an 
inflated  skin,  such  as  is  used  for  helping  swimmers. 


Royajl  INSTITUTION.  —  May  7.  —  The  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H. 
Ballantyne,  Sir  Walter  Balfour Barttelot,  Dr.  Gustav 
Samel,  Mr.  W.  M.  Mordey,  and  Capt.  Adrian  Rose 

were  elected  Members.  —  It  was  announced  that  the 
President  had  nominated  the  following  Vice- 
Presidents  for  the  ensuing  year  :  Lord  Alverstone, 
Sir  William  Huggins,  Lord  Kelvin,  Dr.  Ludwig 
Mond,  Lord  Sanderson.  Sir  James  Stirling.  Sir 
James  Crichton  -  Browne  {Treasurer),  and  Sir 
William  Crookes  (Honorary  Secretary). 


SociKTV  of  ENGINEERS. — May  7.— Mr.  Maurice 
Wilson.  President,  in  the  chair. — A  paper  was  read 
on  'The  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology  of  Potable 
Waters,'  by  Mr.  David  Sommerville. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 


Hoa. 

Ti  i  I. 


Soi  iet]  of  kits,  8.—'  Heraldry  in  relation  to  the  Applied  Arte,' 
Lecture  I  .  Mr.  <;.  \\    Kn-     ICantor  factored 

Surveyors'  Institution.  B, 

1  [nstitntion.S.— Glands  and  their  Products,  Lecture  II.' 
Prof.  W.  Stirling. 
_       Faraday,  S.— "The  Electrolysis  .>f  Fused  Zinc  Chloride  in  Cells 
Heated  Externally,'  Mr.  3.  1..  K    Vogel;  ' Seturftirem 
the  Platinum  Electrode,'  Dr.  II.  l>.  Lav. 

—  Zoological,  8  M 

Wu>.  Meteorological,  4.80  'An  Instrument  for  testing  and  adjust 
Ing  the  Caropbell-Stokei  Bnnshlne  Recorder,  Dr.  w,  v 
sIkiw  and  Mr  Q.  C.  Simpson ;  'The  Development  and  Pro- 
grew  <>f  tli.-  Thunder  Squall  of  February  Bth,  1908,'  Mr 
R.O.  K   I/empfert. 

—  Folk-Lore,  8. —  'Some  Notos  from  South  Africa,'  Mr,  l'    8 

Hartland. 

—  Microscopli  tl.  8. 

—  Society  <>f  Arts.  B.— 'The  Development  of  Wnter-marking  in 

Hand  made  and  Machine-made  Papers,'  Mr.  Clayton  Beadle, 
Tin  ss.  Royal 

—  Royal  Institution,  5,     'The  Influence  of  Ptolemaic  [Egypt  mi 

Or  Doo-Roman  civilization,'  Bev,  .i   p.  Hahafty. 


Tunis.  Institution  of  Elt-ctrii-.il  Engineers,  8.— 'Notes  on  Overhead 
Equipment  of  Tramways/  Messrs.  It.  N  Tweedy  and  EL 
Dudgeon. 

—  Chemical,  8.80.— "The  Relation  between  Absorption  Spectra 

and  Chemical  Constitution:  Part  VI.  The  Phenyl  Hy.lra- 
zones  of  Simple  Aldehydes  and  Ketones.'  Messrs.  E.  C.  «'. 
Italy  anil  \V.  It.  Tuck  ;  '  Aromatic  C'ompoun.l-;  obtained  from 
the  Hydroaromatic  Series:  Part  II.  The  Action  of  Phos- 
phorus Pentachloride  on  Trimethyldinydroresorcin,'  Messrs. 
A.  W.  Crossley  anil  .1.  S.  Hills:  'Studies  of  Dynamic 
Isomerism:  Part  V.  Isomeric  Solphonic  -  Derivatives  of 
Camphor.  Messrs.  T.  M.  Lowry  and  ¥..  H.  Magson  :  '  Studies 
on  Basic  Carbonates :  Parti.  Magnesium  Carbonates,'  Mr. 
W.  A.  Davis. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries.  8.30. — 'Excavations  on  the  Site  of  the 

Roman  City  at  Caerwent  in  1908,'   Mr.  A    T    Martin  :    '  Early 

Figures  of    Knights    from  Tilsworth  Church.    Beds,'    Air. 

w.  Ii.  Caroe. 
Fui.       Royal     Institution,    9. —  ' International     Science,'     Prof.    A. 

Schuster. 
Sat.       Royal    Institution.    :!.— 'The    Old    and  the   New  Chemistry,' 

Lecture  I.,  Prof.  Sir  J.  Dewar. 


S^rintce  (Gossip. 

According  to  the  Indian  papers,  an 
English  engineer,  Mr.  E.  C.  Young,  has  just 
accomplished  an  interesting  journey  through 
Southern  China  into  India.  Leaving 
Tientsin  on  October  1st,  he  proceeded  by 
sea  to  Tongking,  and,  travelling  through 
that  province  by  the  French  railway, 
he  arrived  at  Lao  Kai  on  October  24th. 
Entering  Yunnan  and  still  following  the 
railway,  he  reached  Mong-tze,  where  he 
left  ' 'our  neighbours  hard  at  work.  He 
says;  that  the  physical  difficulties  they 
have  to  overcome  are  great,  but  that 
their  chief  trouble  arises  from  disease 
among  the  labourers.  Mr.  Young  then 
visited  Yunnan-fu  and  Ta-li-fu.  Leaving 
the  latter  place,  he  crossed  the  Mekong, 
reaching  Lu-kou  on  the  Salween  on  Decem- 
ber loth.  He  then  wished  to  explore  the 
right  bank  of  the  Salween,  but  when  he 
reached  the  territory  of  the  Liu-Lamas  most 
of  his  transport  coolies  deserted  him,  owing 
to  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  local 
tribesmen.  But  for  the  fidelity  of  his 
Chinese  servants  he  would  have  been  left 
stranded.  He  then  passed  through  a  region 
hitherto  unvisited  by  any  white  man,  of 
which,  unfortunately,  no  details  are  to  hand. 
He  entered  LTpper  Burma  on  March  16th, 
but  did  not  reach  Sadya,  on  the  Bramaputra, 
till  the  9th  of  last  month. 

As  comet  b,  1906  (discovered  by  Herr 
Kopff  on  March  3rd),  is  now  known  to  have 
passed  its  perihelion  on  October  19th. 
whereas  comet  6,^  1905  (discovered  by  M. 
Schaer  on  November  17th)  was  in  peri- 
helion on  October  26th,  the  former  will  have 
its  permanent  reckoning  as  comet  IV., 
1905,  and  the  latter  as  comet  V.,  1905. 

A  NEW  variable  star  has  been  detected 
in  the  constellation  Auriga  by  Mr.  Stanley 
^Villiams  at  Hove.  It  is  numbered 
+  39°.1138  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterui!-." 
where  it  is  rated  of  7 '5  magnitude.  Mr. 
Williams  discovered  its  variability  by  com- 
paring two  photographs  taken  with  a 
4 -4  inch  portrait  lens.  Visual  observations 
obtained  on  29  nights  between  January  22nd 
and  March  12th  show  that  the  period  is  very 
nearly  equal  to  12  days.  The  photographic 
range  of  variation  is  from  7 '45  to  Sv!7 
magnitude.  The  star  will  be  reckoned  as 
var.  33,  1906,  Aurigse. 

Another  small  planet  was  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Herr  Kopff  at  the  Konig- 
stiihl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  21st 
ult. 

Bulletin  No.  93  of  the  Lick  Obser- 
vatory contains  the  detailed  measures  of' 
350  new  double  stare  discovered  with  the 
36-inch  and  12-inch  telesoopee  by  Prof. 
K.  (J.  Aitkon  :  and  No.  94  the  results  of  the 
observations  of  the  satellites  of  Uranus 
obtained  in   1904  and  1905.  of  those  of  the 

satellites  of  Saturn  in    1905.  and  of  the  fifth 

satellite  of  Jupiter  in  1904  and  1905. 

\\'i:  have  received  the  fourth  number  of 
vol.  xxxv.  of  the  Memorie  <l<H<i  Societd  degii 


584 


THE    ATHENJ1UM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


SpeUroteopisti  Italiani,  containing  the  results 
of  Prof.  .Mascaii's  observations  of  the  solar 
protuberancee  as  Been  ai  the  Koyal  Obser- 
vatory, Catania,  during  1905;  and  an  account 
of  the  photographic  observations  of  the  solar 
eclipse  of  August  30th,  also  obtained  at 
Catania,  by  Prof.  Bemporad  and  Signor 
Mazzarella. 


FINE    ARTS 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 
(Second  Notice.) 

Last  week's  notice  of  the  Royal  Academy 
was  to  some  extent  devoted  to  clearing  the 
ground — to  dealing  with  such  works  as, 
aiming  at  little  more  than  momentary 
attractiveness,  obscure  those  of  more  serious 
value.  Before  proceeding,  however,  to  the 
search  for  whatever  work  of  the  latter  sort 
is  to  be  found  at  the  Academy,  a  word  may 
be  in  place  with  regard  to  the  Chantrey 
purchases  for  the  year  :  reference  to  the 
matter  shall  be  brief,  in  consideration  of  the 
feelings  of  Academicians,  some  of  whom 
have  been  heard  to  complain  bitterly  of  the 
intrusion  of  comments  by  the  press  as  to 
such  purchases. 

Properly  to  safeguard  such  susceptibilities, 
we  would  fain  criticize  the  action  of  the 
powers  that  be  to  some  extent  from  the  point 
of  view  of  their  own  intentions.  Virgil  has 
a  passage  in  which  he  describes  the  condition 
of  the  heroes  in  Hades,  who,  as  on  earth, 
engage  in  their  customary,  but  now  endless 
sports,  the  while  their  sleek  steeds  crop  the 
Elysian  fields  ;  and  even  thus  the  Aca- 
demician, when  his  Pegasus  has  got  past 
work,  looks  forward  to  an  after-existence 
in  the  Tate  Gallery  precisely  similar  to  that 
he  enjoyed  at  Burlington  House.  The  Tate 
Gallery  is  to  be  an  exact  reproduction  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  only  eternal  ;  and  to  this 
limbo  the  authorities  consign  every  artistic 
fashion  that  appears  upon  their  walls,  so 
soon  as  it  has  demonstrated  its  incapacity 
to  produce  any  but  Academy  pictures. 
From  this  point  of  view  their  choice  of  Mr. 
Craig's  version  of  Mr.  Abbey's  formula  (The 
Heretic,  No.  280)  is  altogether  admirable,  the 
movement  being  just  at  that  degree  of  stale- 
ness  that  calls  for  burial.  Mr.  Leslie's 
Deserted  Mill  (179)  is  another  example  of  the 
Council's  habit  of  buying  a  faint  reflection, 
though  in  this  instance  a  gentle  and  a  harm- 
less one,  of  something  that  may  originally 
have  had  some  life  in  it.  Mr.  Anning  Bell's 
water-colour  at  the  Old  Society  is  the  work 
of  a  decorator  astray.  Water-colour,  alike 
by  the  smallness  of  the  scale  appropriate 
to  it  and  from  the  fact  that  it  must  have  a 
glass  over  it  to  keep  it  clean,  is  a  medium  that 
lends  itself  little  to  decoration  :  on  the  other 
hand,  the  universal  portability  of  its  materials 
and  the  way  in  which  it  lends  itself  to  easy 
and  exact  delineation  seem  to  mark  it  out 
as  a  medium  for  breaking  in  new  material 
to  artistic  ends,  for  producing  work  that  has 
the  interest  and  utility  of  original  research. 
For  no  purpose,  unfortunately,  is  it  so  rarely 
used  by  the  countless  painters  who  practise 
the  art  to-day,  almost  all  of  them  having 
discovered  in  it  a  means  of  doing  more  easily, 
if  not  so  well,  anything  that  has  been  done 
in  other  mediums  before.  In  such  hands 
we  find  that  nothing  can  be  more  empty, 
or,  after  a  short  acquaintance,  more  boring, 
than  a  well-laid  water-colour  wash,  and  Mr. 
Anning  Bell — a  man  always  of  rather  indo- 
lent invention,  and  needing  the  stimulus  of 
a  space  to  fill  or  a  decorative  scheme  to  play 
up  to — promises  to  become  one  of  the  many 
water-colour  painters  who  furnish  the  Water- 
Colour  Room  at  the  Academy,  distinguished 
only  from  the  others  by  a  more  workmanlike 


knowledge     of    colour-effect     and     a    more 
massi\ e  composition. 

The  remaining  purchase  of  the  Council 
is  a  large,  empty  landscape  (Birnam  Wood, 
246)  of  thoroughly  average  Academy  quality, 
by  Mr.  David  Farquharson.  The  habit  of 
exhibiting  at  the  Academy  tends  naturally 
to  a  neglect  of  the  refinements  of  painting, 
the  expert  knowing  well  that  his  work,  bald 
and  rather  flavourless  as  it  may  appear  at 
home,  will  pass  very  well  here  if  it  have  but  a 
sufficiently  obvious  effect  to  enable  it  to  hold 
its  own  in  the  competitive  crowd.  The 
regular  painter  for  the  Academy  comes,  then, 
to  regard  that  institution  very  much  as  a  cook 
regards  an  oven.  He  puts  in  a  raw,  un- 
appetizing article,  and  the  oven  does  the  rest. 
Something  of  this  creeps  in  almost  inevitably 
into  the  work  of  painters  of  much  greater 
native  gift  than  the  very  respectable  Mr. 
Farquharson.  Mr.  Aumonier  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  and  most  natural  of  English 
painters,  but  a  long  experience  has  made 
him  almost  consciously  refrain  from  pushing 
his  work  to  its  full  possibilities  ;  he  never 
really  attempts  the  exquisite,  knowing  (and 
who  shall  say  he  is  wrong  ?)  that  it  would 
be  thrown  away  in  this  milieu.  His  Top 
of  the  Common  (242)  is  broad  and  single  in 
effect,  though  not  so  good  in  composition 
as  his  Chantrey  picture  last  year  (one  of  the 
successes  of  the  Academic  choice).  Having 
kept  up  so  long  his  standard  of  production, 
this  painter  might  reasonably  be  received 
into  the  fold  of  acknowledged  "  Masters  of 
the  British  School,"  and  picture-dealers 
might  agree  for  once  to  waive  the  objection 
that  consists  in  his  being  alive. 

Still  better  than  Mr.  Aumonier's  picture, 
and  perhaps  the  finest  landscape  in  the 
Academy,  Mr.  Buxton  Knight's  The  Hamlet 
(156)  wins  you  by  sheer  force  of  sincerity. 
Here  is  a  painter  who  means  what  he  says 
where  the  others  seem  only  to  want  you  to 
think  they  mean  it.  The  work  is  coarsely 
and  clumsily  painted,  but  is  clear  of  the 
affectation  of  men  who  aim  at  such  a  technique 
and  paint  on  old  canvases  covered  with  rough, 
corrugated  paint  brushed  in  any  direction 
but  the  right  one.  In  a  word,  here  is  a 
rustic  but  uncorrupted  talent.  If  there  is 
little  attempt  at  beauty  of  surface,  at  pre- 
ciousness  of  quality,  it  is  because  the  painter 
has  not  been  bred  in  surroundings  that 
suggested  to  him  the  possibilities  of  paint 
in  this  direction.  His  work  is  very  refresh- 
ing among  the  smooth  nonentities  and  nega- 
tive virtues  of  the  usual  exhibition  landscape. 

Cleverer  and  more  adroit  than  either  of 
these  painters,  Mr.  David  Murray  represents 
the  taste  of  the  average  man,  but  with  a 
much  more  than  average  vitality  ;  and  it  is 
this  vitality,  the  zest  with  which  he  ap- 
proaches his  work,  that  makes  him  interest- 
ing. He  will  paint  you  a  "  morceau  "  with 
extraordinary  skill — witness  the  skilful  per- 
spective of  the  water  in  his  Tees  (292)  or 
certain  passages  in  the  more  successfid 
Farewell  to  the  Forest  (168)  ;  but  to  a  severe 
taste  he  seems  to  spangle  these  pictures 
too  gracefully  with  gold,  to  fringe  these 
light  trees  too  daintily  to  taste  ;  in  a  word, 
the  pictures  are  a  little  overtrimmed — aimed 
too  deliberately  at  a  public  that  loves  to  be 
assured  with  such  convincing  realism  that  the 
world  is  all  barley  sugar.  Mr.  Alfred  East 
owes  some  of  his  success  to  the  same  talents 
of  flattery.  He  does  not  bring  to  the  task  such 
{lowers  of  painting  as  Mr.  Murray,  but  has 
a  more  poetic  taste  and  rather  more  variety 
in  composition,  A  Midland  Valley  (131) 
being  his  best  picture  ;  while  other  workers 
in  the  same  field  are  Mr.  MacBride  (Sheep- 
dipping,  68)  and  Mr.  Adrian  Stokes.  Islands 
of  the  Adriatic  (358),  by  the  last,  seems 
to  represent  a  small  model  of  a  landscape, 


so  difficult  is  it  to  accept  the  loose  slungle 
of  the  foreground  as  of  the  same  stuff  as  the 
hill-tops,  with  which  manifestly  it  should 
be  on  a  level. 

If  these  painters  suffer  a  little  from  the 
need  of  painting  for  a  public,  there  are  also 
dangers  besetting  the  painter  who  is  too 
much  wrapt  in  himself.  -Mr.  Edward  Stott, 
brooding  over  his  pictures,  bent  on  endow- 
ing them  with  an  unearthly  mystery  and 
preciousness,  gains  thereby  some  qualities. 
He  falls,  on  the  other  hand,  into  a  timidity 
that,  by  the  time  his  picture  approaches 
completion,  makes  him  incapable  of  painting 
anything  in  a  decisive  manner,  or  of  doing 
anything  but  whittle  away  with  little  bits 
of  broken  colour,  occasionally,  as  in  the 
vista  of  sky  and  distance  caught  between 
the  sheets  of  his  Washing  Day  (274),  of  a 
cloying  and  disgraceful  iridescence.  This, 
however,  is  better  than  some  of  his  pictures, 
and  the  principal  figure  of  the  red-headed  girl 
is  more  nobly  designed  than  usual.  Yet 
there  are  bits  of  drawing  in  the  hands  and 
arms  which  the  painter  clearly  could  not 
bring  himself  to  tackle  ;  while  the  colour  in 
the  washing  basket  dates  evidently  from  a 
time  when  this  most  emotional  of  painters 
had  dropped  from  the  top  of  ecstasy  into 
the  region  of  hysteria.  Absolutely  at  the 
opposite  pole  of  art  in  his  perfect  capacity 
and  common  sense,  Mr.  Munnings  has  one 
of  the  most  satisfactory  pictures  in  the  Aca- 
demy in  his  Ponies  at  a  Horse  Fair  (416), 
which  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  call  a  great 
work,  but  which  is  a  very  welcome  one.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  his  extreme  cleverness 
will  not  delude  Mr.  Munnings  into  producing 
very  many  large  pictures  like  his  Meet  at  the 
"  Bell  "  (540),  which  recalls  Mr.  Furse  not  too 
advantageously  ;  the  smaller  scale  and  more 
intimate  handling  are  clearly  better  suited 
both  to  his  subjects  and  his  talent.  Mr. 
La  Thangue  has  shown  how  quickly  such  a 
talent  may  run  to  seed  if  given  unlimited 
canvas  to  spread  itself  upon,  and  Mr.  Mun- 
nings, with  greater  native  gift  for  painting 
and  carrying  less  weight  of  academic  pre- 
judice than  Mr.  La  Thangue,  may  go  far 
if  he  avoid  the  pitfall  of  pretentious  ambition 
— if,  above  all,  he  can  gain  a  little  distinction 
without  losing  his  happy  trick  of  forgetting 
himself  and  all  the  rules  of  art  in  front  of  an 
interesting  subject. 

Distinction,  refinement,  are  unfortunately 
hardly  ever  to  be  found  nowadays  joined  to- 
any  degree  of  executive  skill,  and  here  is  the 
importance  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Lorimer  as  a  painter. 
In  the  little  superficial  elegances  that  stand 
for  distinction  to  the  world  he  is  singularly 
deficient.  His  ladies'  clothes  are  never 
thoroughly  well  cut,  though  he  seems  to 
want  them  to  be  so  ;  there  is  always  some- 
thing in  his  line  that  is  tired  and  destitute- 
of  spring  ;  and  thus,  for  all  their  cleanness 
and  purity  of  taste,  his  pictures  have  not 
entirely  the  invigorating  quality  a  great  work 
of  art  should  have.  His  picture  of  a  mother 
and  child,  called  Hush!  (712),  has  a  kind 
of  maimed  nobility  that  is  rather  depressing, 
the  colour  is  so  clever  and  so  bad,  the 
mother's  figure  so  beautifully  conceived,  yet 
in  every  line  so  "  flat,"  slightly  but  definitely 
out  of  tune.  Only  the  baby's  head  and  the 
rustling  doves  on  the  window-sill  are  com- 
pletely satisfactory  in  their  suggestion  of 
whispering  quiet,  the  first  slow  stirrings  out 
of  blank  unconsciousness,  the  exquisite 
moment  that  the  mother  with  her  steadying 
hand  would  mercifully  prolong. 

Not  for  the  first  time  does  Mr.  Lorimer 
bring  into  the  Academy  this  disquieting 
note  of  poetry,  of  seriousness,  and  considera- 
tion of  liis  work  makes  one  impatient  of 
much  that  in  other  moods  might  appear 
praiseworthy.     Trivial  by  comparison  seems 


N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


585 


Mr.  Sims  in  The  Land  of  Nod  (77),  with  so 
much  brilliance  of  execution,  but  so  little 
sense  of  creative  design.  His  work  at 
bottom  recalls  those  creations  of  the  artistic 
photographer  in  which  models  are  posed  in 
the  studio  and  a  sky  is  "  printed  in  "  behind. 
Yet  what  dexterity  is  in  the  dark  passages 
in  the  background,  if  you  consider  them  on 
their  merits  as  fragments  !  Mr.  Water- 
house's  Danaides  (232)  have  the  fretful 
weariness  of  Kentish  Town  housewives 
oppressed  by  eternal  cleaning,  and  are 
evidently  studied  from  life  with  a  sympathy 
that  might  win  us,  were  they  not  made 
frivolous  by  a  pseudo-artistic  decoration  of 
blue  draperies  and  what  not  that  prevents 
us  from  taking  them  seriously,  or  which, 
at  any  rate,  emphasizes  the  petty  and  peevish 
nature  of  their  tragedy,  real  enough  in  all 
conscience.  It  is  rather  with  Mr.  Lorimer's 
picture,  his  only  contribution  to  the  show, 
that  we  prefer  to  close  this  notice,  as  a  work 
that  shows  a  groping  after  the  ultimate  sense 
of  things.  Even  the  colourless  setting  of  the 
room  where  everything  is  white  has  a  suita- 
bility as  suggesting  a  sort  of  blank  field  for 
the  dawning  sense.  Perhaps,  indeed,  we 
are  wrong  in  ascribing  unconsciousness  to 
the  artist,  and  the  gaudy  landscape  seen 
out  of  the  window  may  typify  the  full  colours 
of  active  life.  Then  the  discordance  even 
has  a  value,  and  the  mother's  gesture  is 
justified  indeed.  For  us  who  dwell  in  the 
garish  day  the  picture  may  well  be  dis- 
couraging.         

THE    ROKEBY    VELAZQUEZ. 

47,  Victoria  Street,  S.W.,  May  7th,  1006. 
With  reference  to  the  letter  published  in 
your  last  issue  regarding  the  measurements 
of  the  Rokeby  Velazquez,  it  was  fully 
explained  by  Lord  Balcarres,  M.P.,  the 
Chairman,  at  the  general  meeting  of  the 
National  Art-Collections  Fund  held  at 
Burlington  House  on  April  26th  last,  that 
the  mistake  had  arisen  tlirough  the  outside 
measurements  of  the  picture  having  been 
mistaken  for  the  sight  measurements.  Steps 
were  at  once  taken  to  correct  this  error, 
and  every  member  of  the  Fund  and  every 
subscriber  to  the  purchase  of  the  picture 
was  informed,  prior  to  the  appearance  of 
your  correspondent's  complaint,  that  the 
oxact  dimensions  of  the  canvas  are  48 1  in. 
by  69£  in.  Isidore  Spielmann, 

Robert  C.  Witt, 
Hon.  Secretaries,  National  Art-Collec- 
tions Fund. 


THE   MAPPIN    AND    OTHER    SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie's  sale  last  Saturday  com- 
prised important  modern  pictures  and  water-colour 
drawings  collected  by  Sir  Frederick  T.  Mappin, 
and  various  other  properties.  Sir  Frederick  had 
purchased  many  of  his  pictures  in  the  days  when 
those  artists  who  are  somewhat  vaguely  classified 
as  mid-Victorian  were  very  much  in  vogue — at  the 
Royal  Academy  as  well  as  in  the  auction-room. 
Tastes  have  changed,  and  the  prices  of  thirty  and 
forty  years  ago  are  no  longer  paid  for  the  works 
sold  on  Saturday.  It  should  be  pointed  out 
that  many  of  these  "  fancy  "  prices  were  those  of 
the  auction-room  and  the  dealer,  and  not  always 
those  the  artist  received.  As  an  instance,  wo 
may  mention  Mr.  Frith's  highly-finished  picture 
called  '  Pope  makes  Love  to  Lady  Mary  Wbrtley 
Montagu,' from  the  Royal  Academy  of  1852:  the 
artist  himself  tells  us  that  he  received  350KB,  for 
it  ('  My  Autobiography,'  1888,  p.  149),  and  yet  at 
the  Hargreaves  sale  of  1873  it  brought  l,350gB., 
and  at  the  Holdsworth  sale  in  1881,  l,190gs., 
whilst  on  Saturday  it  went  for  460gs. 

Coming  to  the  details  of  the  sale,  we  note  that 
•62  lots  realized  6,747/.  8*  The  principal  pictures 
were  :  R.  P.  Bonington,  View  of  a  Canal,  Venice, 
with   gondolas  and   figures,    130gs.     P.  J.  Clays, 


River  Scene,  with  Dutch  fishing  -  boats,  225gs. 
A.  L.  Egg,  Pepys's  Introduction  to  Nell  Gwynn, 
150gs.  (this  once  changed  hands  for  l,200gs.,  and 
at  the  Bolckow  sale  of  18S8  brought  400gs.). 
T.  Faed,  From  Dawn  to  Sunset,  Royal  Academy, 
1862,  engraved  by  S.  Cousins,  500gs.  (in  1867  this 
realized  l,700gs. ).  R.  Giannetti,  Titian  at  the 
Court  of  Ferrara,  oSOgs.  F.  Goodall,  Raising  the 
Maypole,  Royal  Academy,  1851,  engraved  by 
E.  Goodall,  400gs.  (the  previous  sales  of  this  work 
were :  Hammond,  18o4,  805gs.  ;  Brassev,  1873, 
l,400gs.  ;  and  Bolckow,  1891,  540gs.).  A.  C.  ^<>w, 
A  Suspicious  Guest,  Royal  Acadenvy,  1870,  190gs. 
P.  Graham,  The  Sea  breaking  on  a  Rocky  Coast, 
1S71,  lOOgs.  Gyula  Bencziir  (not,  as  catalogued, 
"  Benezur  Gyula"),  The  Assault  on  the  Tuileries, 
dated  Munich,  1872,  525gs.  W.  Midler,  The  Skirts 
of  the  Forest  of  Fontainebleau,  with  figures  by  P.  F. 
Poole,  200gs.  (at  the  Timmins  sale,  1S73,  600gs., 
and  Addington,  1886,  170gs.).  Erskine  Nicol, 
Shebeen  House,  18o8,  680gs.  (in  this  there  was  a 
considerable  profit,  as  it  was  bought  at  the 
Brocklebank  sale  in  1893  for400gs.).  J.  Phillip, 
Going  to  the  Fountain,  Andalusia,  1863,  145gs. 
(in  1886  it  realized  335gs. );  Scene  from  'The 
Heart  of  Midlothian,'  1852,  engraved,  lOogs.  (in 
1881  it  brought ■  450gs. ).  Laslett  J.  Pott,  Gretna 
Green,  1886,  170gs.  Marcus  Stone,  Edward  II. 
and  his  Favourite  Piers  Gaveston,  Royal  Academy, 
1872,  210gs.  (in  1895  it  fetched  480gs.)  ;  Claudio, 
deceived  b}r  Don  Juan,  accuses  Hero,  1861,  95gs. 
(in  1S92  it  realized  lOogs.). 

The  second  portion  of  the  day's  sale  (lots  63  to 
140,  total  5,350/.  17-s. )  comprised  the  collections  of 
Mrs.  Mayall,  Miss  Lee,  and  other  properties.  The 
first  named  included — Drawings  :  Birket  Foster, 
Peasant  Children  before  a  Cottage  Door,  Hogs. 
S.  Prout,  A  Normandy  Street  Scene,  60gs. 
Pictures  :  B.  W.  Leader,  The  River  near  Bettws- 
y-Coed,  1868,  145gs.  Miss  Lee's  pictures  included: 
J.  Benlliure,  In  the  Guard-Room,  lOOgs.  Fla- 
meng,  Cour  de  la  Reine  Jeanne,  Alhambra,  115gs. 
J.  Gallegos,  Choir  Practice,  St.  Mark's,  Venice, 
HOgs. ;  The  Confessional  in  a  Spanish  Church, 
1894,  lOogs.  P.  Joanowiteh,  The  Winning  Card, 
Montenegrin  Peasants,  132gs.  The  miscellaneous 
properties  included  the  following  drawings  : 
Turner,  The  Valley  of  St.  Gothard,  160gs.  Sam 
Bough,  Landscape,  with  cottage  and  two  figures 
by  a  stream,  1851,  lOOgs. ;  Coekburnspath,  50gs. 
Pictures  :  L.  Deutsch,  The  Amber,  1S96,  240gs. 
Whistler,  On  the  Coast  of  Brittany,  1861  (exhibited 
by  Mr.  Ross  Winans  at  the  New  Gallery,  1905), 
600gs.  H.  Fantin-Latour,  A  Bowl  of  Roses,  1882, 
190gs.  G.  F.  Watts,  Venetian  Lady  of  Quality, 
in  crimson  dress,  holding  a  fan,  130gs.  T.  S. 
Cooper,  Two  Cows  and  Six  Sheep  by  a  Stream, 
1865,  145gs.  A.  C.  Gow,  Bothwell,  Royal 
Academy,  1883,  175gs.  J.  C.  Hook,  Salmon  from 
Skye,  1882,  440gs.  Briton  Riviere,  .Union  is 
Strength,  Royal  Academy,  1886,  150gs.  ;  The 
Enchanted  Castle,  Royal  Academy,  1884,  160gs. 
The  last  four  were  in  the  H.  J.  Turner  sale  of 
April  4th,  1903,  when  they  apparently  did  not 
reach  the  reserve  prices. 

Messrs.  Christie's  sale  on  Monday  consisted  of 
the  collection  of  ancient  and  modern  pictures  and 
drawings  formed  by  the  late  Mr.  Ernest  Schwa- 
baclier,  139  lots  realizing  2,255/.  2*.  Very  few  of 
the  lots  call  for  notice,  but  the  following  drawings 
may  be  mentioned :  Lawrence,  two  portraits  in 
pencil  and  colour,  Miss  Matilda  Fielding,  80gs., 
and  A  Lady,  75gs.  D.  Gardner,  A  Lady,  in  white 
dress  with  blue  sash,  155gs.  J.  Russell,  Harry 
Bonar  and  his  Sister  Agnes,  when  children,  signed 
and  dated  1801,  210gs. ;  A  Gentleman,  in  blue 
coat,  9  .">_■-. 

The  principal  picture  sale  in  Paris  last  week  was 
that  of  the  fine  collection  of  modern  works  of 
M.  Ch.  Viguier,  briefly  referred  to  in  The 
Athenaeum  of  April  28th,  and  held  at  the  Galerie 
Georges  Petit  by  M.  Paul  Chevallier.  The  94  lots 
produced  435,8<>7fr.  The  higher-priced  works  are 
included  in  the  following  list:  E.  Boudin,  Anvers, 
vue  prise  de  la  Tc'te  de  Flandre,  3,800fr.  Corot, 
Le  Matin  sur  la  Prairie,  15,500fr.  H.  Danmier, 
Wagon  de  troisieme  Classe,  5,KH>fr. ;  Chanteurs 
des  Rues,  4,(HK)fr.  Harpignics.  Village  d'Herisson, 
17,200fr.;  Victime de l'Hiver,  I5,600fr.;  LeSentier 
an  bord  de  la  Riviere,  4,0OOfr.  Henner,  Salome, 
12,100fr. ;  Nymphe  endormie,  6,70()fr.  Ch.  Jaoqne, 
Moutonspaissant  dans  la  Foret,  Sl.OOOfr. ;  Moutmis 
aubordd'unc  Marc,  15,S(H»fr. ;  Le  Co()  Hoi,  B,100fr. 
Jongkind,  Le  Port  de  Marseille,  14,lO0fr.  Stanislas 


Lepine,  Le  Pont  des  Arts,  5,250fr.  C.  Monet, 
Vetheuil,  19,000fr. ;  Le  Stade  Romana  a  Bordi- 
ghera,  8,100fr. ;  La  Seine  a  Bougival,  5,500fr.  A. 
de  Neuville,  Le  Parlementaire,  8,000fr.  Th.  Ribot, 
Le  Cabaret  normand,  4,200fr.  Rovbet,  Un 
Coup  difficile,  10,100fr.  Sislev,  Le  *  Pont  de 
Moret,  10,100fr.  ;  Meule  de'Paille,  4,500fr.  ; 
L'Hiver,  5,100fr.  Ziem,  Moulin  au  bord  de 
l'Escaut,  15,500fr. ;  Le  Palais  des  Doges  et  le 
Campanile,  12,000fr.  ;  Scutari,  4,650fr. ;  La  Danse 
de  l'Almee,  3,800fr. 

The  Stumpf  sale,  held  on  Monday,  also  by 
M.  .Paul  Chevallier,  announced  in  last  week's 
Atkeiuvum,  produced  a  total  of  273,780fr.  for  106 
lots,  the  more  important  pictures  being  :  C.  Corot, 
Danse  Rustique,  signed  and  dated  1870,  a  present 
from  the  artist  to  Madame  Stumpf,  92,000fr.  E. 
Courbet,  Le  Cerf  aux  Abois,  1S69,  lo.OOOfr.  N.  Diaz, 
Galatee,  12,000fr.  J.  Dupre,  Le  Moulin  au  bord 
de  la  Mare,  7,000fr.  H.  Fantin-Latour,  L'Ondine, 
6,600fr.  H.  Harpignies,  Saint  Prive,  1S82, 
6,600fr.     J.  J.  Henner,  La  Dryade,  6,300fr. 


Jfitu-JVrt  ©ossip. 

On  Friday  last  week  Sir  Charles  Holroyd 
was  appointed  Director  of  the  National 
Gallery,  in  succession  to  Sir  Edward  Poynter. 
We  think  it  a  pity  that  the  Trustees  should 
have  taken  nearly  twelve  months  to  arrive 
at  this  decision. 

Last  Thursday  Messrs.  Colnaghi  opened 
to  private  view  a  selection  of  '  Studies  and 
Drawings  bjr  Gainsborough.' 

Yesterday  and  the  day  before  there  was 
a  press  view  at  170,  New  Bond  Street,  of  the 
Trapnell  collection  of  old  Chinese  porcelain. 

To-day  we  are  invited  to  the  private  view 
of  pictures  by  British  and  Foreign  artists 
at  Messrs.  Connell  &  Sons'  Galleries,  43, 
Old  Bond  Street. 

The  Ninety-third  Exhibition  of  Pictures 
by  British  and  Foreign  Artists  at  the  French 
Gallery,  120,  Pall  Mall,  is  now  open. 

The  Burlington  Fine- Arts  Club  are  open- 
ing next  Wednesday  a  '  Collection  of  Pictures 
and  other  Objects  of  Early  German  Art.' 

We  regret  to  notice  in  the  Figaro  of  Mon- 
day last,  the  announcement  of  the  death  of 
M.  finule  Molinier,  at  the  comparatively 
early  age  of  forty-nine.  M.  Molinier  was 
for  many  years  an  assistant  in  the  Louvre, 
and  on  his  retirement  a  few  years  ago  was 
nominated  a  conservateur  honoraire  of  the 
French  national  museums.  He  was  a  very 
prolific  author,  and  among  his  works  may 
be  mentioned  a  monograph  on  Benvenuto 
Cellini,  a  '  Dictionnaire  des  Emailleurs 
jusqu'a  la  fin  du  XVIIIe  Siecle,'  and  an 
exhaustive  '  Histoire  Generale  des  Arts 
appliques  a  l'lndustrie,'  in  several  volumes. 
He  organized  the  remarkable  "  Exposition 
Retrospective  "  of  French  art  at  the  Petit 
Palais  in  1900. 

An  important  exhibition  of  the  works  of 
Gustave  Moreau  will  shortly  be  held  at  the 
Galerie  Georges  Petit,  Paris.  The  appeal  to 
the  various  owners  of  works  by  this  master 
has  met  with  a  very  generous  response. 

It  seems  curious  that  Buskin's  '  Stones  of 
Venice,'  which  has  maintained  such  a  wide 
popularity  in  England  and  America  for  over 
half  a  century,  should  only  now  be  translated 
into  French.  Such,  however,  seems  to  be 
the  case,  although  Buskin  has  long  been  a 
favourite  with  French  critics.  Madame 
M.  P.  Cremieux  is  about  to  publish  her 
version  of  this  work. 

S.  writes  : — 

"  May  one  be  permitted  to  appeal  to  the 
cataloguer  of  the  Flemish  Loan  Exhibit  ion  to 
disregard  the  ignorant  anachronism  of  his  early 
Victorian  predecessors,  ami  to  cease  calling  a  lute 
a  guitar,  in   the   case   of   the  very  fine   Franz.  Hals 

at  the  (iuildliall?    The  use  of  the  terra  has  abso- 
lutely no  justification.'' 


586 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


MkBBBS.  BOTHKBI  arc  selling  on  .Monday 
n.  \t  ami  the  following  clay  a  fine  collection 
of  English  coins  formed  by  the  late  C.  E.  G. 
MacUcicll.  The  catalogue  includes  three 
pages  of  excellent  reproductions  of  the  more 

important    specimens.  , 

A  correspondent  from  Venice  writes: — 
••  h  is  ii  pity  the  Aooademia  officials  do  oot 
appreciate  their  treasures,  but  they  might  allow 
foreigners  to  <1«>  BO.  Sunday  is  the  only  day  when 
the  galleries  are  free  of  copyists,  but  even  on 
that  day  a  huge  copy  of  'The  Assumption'  is 
placed  in  front  of  Tintoretto's  'Death  of  Abel,'  so 
that  it  is  impossible  to  see  it.  Ruskin  oallfl  this, 
with  justice,  'one  of  the  most  wonderful  works  in 
the  whole  gallery,'  and  most  people  will  admit  the 
neighbouring  '  St.  .Mark,  delivering  a  Slave  con- 
demned to  Death'  to  be  an  equally  grand  work; 
but  the  authorities  seem  to  consider  the  above- 
named  oopy  a  worthy  pendant  for  Tintoretto  !" 

Dr.  G.  A.  Macmillan  contributes  to  The 
Times  of  Tuesday  last  an  interesting  summary 
of  the  new  survey  of  Sparta,  which  has 
i  <  suited  in  the  discovery  of  the  site  of  the 
Temple  of  Artemis  Orthia,  which  is  crowded 
with  votive  offerings.  Some  hundred  inscrip- 
tions have  also  been  found. 


MUSIC 

THE    WEEK. 

Royal  Opera. — Tristan  und  Isolde.  First 
Ring  Cycle. 

The  season  at  Co  vent  Garden  opened  with 
'  Tristan  und  Isolde,'  an  unprecedented 
event,  and  one  which  shows  how  fashions 
change  in  the  whirligig  of  time  ;  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago  such  a  thing  would  have 
been  madness.  Wagner's  '  Tristan  '  above 
all  things  demands  great  impersonators, 
dramatically  and  vocally,  of  the  principal 
roles.  Frau  Wittich,  however,  though  a 
fine  artist,  was  not  effective  as  Isolde  ; 
while  Herr  Anton  Burger,  the  new  tenor, 
displayed  neither  dignity  nor  passion  as 
an  actor,  and  made  but  indifferent  use  of 
a  voice  of  apparently  little  charm.  Madame 
Kirkby  Lunn  was  excellent  as  Brangane  ; 
and  Herr  Kniipfer  sang  King  Marke's 
music  at  the  close  of  the  second  act  with 
skill,  feeling,  and  without  dragging  or 
sentimentalizing,  so  that  the  effect  of  an 
anticlimax  which  this  closing  scene  pro- 
duces was  reduced  to  a  minimum. 

The  first  cycle  of  the  '  Ring  '  began  on 
Saturday,  and  ended  on  Wednesday,  but 
the  continuity  of  the  drama  was  broken 
by  a  second  performance  of  '  Tristan  '  on 
the  Tuesday  evening  ;  there  was  probably 
some  pressing  necessity  for  this,  other- 
wise the  order  of  '  Tristan  '  and  '  Gotter- 
dammerung '  would  surely  have  been 
reversed.  It  is  customary  to  mention  the 
conductor  and  the  orchestra  last ;  here, 
whatever  the  merits  of  the  actors,  the 
formerclaim  first  notice, for  onthe  onerested 
the  heaviest  responsibility,  on  the  other  the 
hardest  work.  Dr.  Richter's  conducting 
is  masterly  :  he  knows  when  the  music 
may  burst  forth  in  all  its  splendour,  and 
when  it  merely  furnishes  colour  and 
atmosphere,  or  gives  meaning  to  what  is 
passing  on  the  stage — in  other  words, 
when  it  should  be  prominent,  when  sub- 
ordinate. The  orchestral  playing  was 
superb. 

In  '  Rheingold  '  Herr  Braun  was  the 
Y\'otan.     Herr    Jorn's     impersonation   of 


Loge  was  on  the  whole  good,  though  a 
little  too  matter-of-fact.  Herr  Zador  was 
an  excellent  Alberich,  while  Herr  Lieban 
in  the  second  act  was  only  able  to  give 
a  foretaste  of  what  lie  was  likely  to  do  in 
'  Siegfried.'  Frau  Reinl  as  Fricka,  and 
Frau  Kniipfer-Egli  as  Freia,  were  both 
satisfactory.  The  three  Rhine  maidens 
were  impersonated  by  Madame  Agnes 
Nicholls,  Frjiulein  Burchardt,  and  Friiulein 
Grimm  with  fine  effect. 

An  excellent  performance  was  given  of 
'  Die  Walkure.'  Herr  Whitehill  took  the 
part  of  Wotan,  and,  if  not  commanding, 
was  efficient.  Frau  Kniipfer  -  Egli  as 
Sieglinde  sang  well  and  acted  sympa- 
thetically, while  Herr  Konrad  as  Sieg- 
mund  deserved  high  praise.  Frau  Reinl's 
Briinnhilde  was  picturesque  and  pleasing, 
if  not  altogether  convincing.  Special 
mention  must  be  made  of  the  Valkyries, 
whose  fresh  strong  voices  were  heard  to 
advantage  in  the  last  act ;  among  them 
were  five  English  singers  :  Madame 
Agnes  Nicholls,  and  the  Misses  Gleeson- 
White,  Edna  Thornton,  Edith  Clegg,  and 
Winifred  Ludlam. 

In  '  Siegfried  '  the  hero  of  the  piece  was 
Herr  Konrad,  and  though  in  many  ways 
he  proved  himself  an  able  artist,  he  never 
made  his  audience  forget  that  he  was 
acting  the  part.  He  sang  well,  but  he 
did  not  save  his  voice,  and  before  the  end 
of  the  long  first  act  he  showed  signs  of 
fatigue.  Herr  Lieban's  Mime  was  wonder- 
fully fine  :  his  declamation  was  perfect, 
and,  in  spite  of  the  detailed  study  he  has 
made  of  the  part,  nothing  was  overdone. 
Frau  Wittich  in  the  last  act  was  very  good. 
She  appeared  again  in  '  Gotterdammerung,' 
and  passed  very  successfully  through  the 
heavy  ordeal,  though  in  the  closing  scene 
she  was  evidently  fatigued.  Herr  Konrad, 
through  sudden  indisposition,  was  unable 
to  appear  as  Siegfried.  The  role  was 
taken  at  very  short  notice  by  Herr  Anton 
Burger,  and  he  was  heard  to  much  better 
advantage  than  in  '  Tristan '  :  in  the 
death  scene  he  was  impressive.  The 
male  choruses  were  sung  with  great  spirit. 
After  the  second  cycle,  which  begins 
to-day,  we  shall  have  something  to  say 
about  the  way  in  which  the  '  Ring  '  stands 
the  test  of  time. 


Queen's  Hall. — Herr  Safonoff  as  Con- 
ductor. 
We  recently  referred  to  the  fine  conducting 
of  Tschai'kowsky's  Fifth  Symphony  by 
Herr  Safonoff  at  a  London  Symphony 
Concert,  and  now  we  have  to  record  a 
grand  performance  of  the  '  Pathetic ' 
Symphony,  which  was  given  under 
his  direction,  with  the  same  orchestra, 
last  Saturday  at  Queen's  Hall.  Re- 
peated performances  under  Mr.  Henry  J. 
Wood  have  rendered  that  work  very 
familiar,  and  there  was  natural  curiosity 
to  see  whether  there  would  be  any  new 
readings  of  the  movements,  any  new 
effects.  Safonoff's  performance  made  one 
thing  perfectly  clear,  viz.,  that  Mr.  Wood 
has  thoroughly  grasped  the  spirit  of  the 
music.  But  there  was  more  life,  more 
intensity,   more   reality,   in   the  Safonoff 


rendering.  There  were  moments  injthe 
first  and  third  movements  when  ^the 
Russian  commander — for  such  he  really 
is — seemed  to  have  worked  up  his  forces 
to  the  highest  pitch  of  excitement,  but 
there  was  always  the  strongest  display 
kept  in  reserve.  The  rapt  silence  during 
the  movements,  and  the  tumultuous 
applause  —  a  rough  -  and  -  ready,  though 
inartistic  method  of  expressing  satisfac- 
tion— after  each  section,  proved  how  im- 
pressed was  the  audience. 


iHusical  (gossip. 

Strauss's  characteristic  '  Don  Quixote  ' 
Variations  were  performed  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  Thursday  afternoon  last  week  under  his 
direction  ;  Herr  Franz  Naval,  who  appeared 
at  the  last  Philharmonic  Concert,  gave  a 
successful  recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on 
Saturday  afternoon  ;  and  Madame  Blanche 
Marchesi,  at  her  concert  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  Tuesday,  displayed  her  skill  and  intel- 
ligence as  a  singer  in  songs  of  various 
styles  ;  but  notice  of  these  and  other  in- 
teresting concerts  must,  owing  to  want  of 
space,  be  omitted. 

Last  Monday  was  the  seventy-third 
anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Johannes 
Brahms,  and  it  was  announced  that  on  that 
day  the  civic  authorities  of  Hamburg 
would  affix  a  commemorative  tablet  to  the 
house  in  which  the  composer  was  born. 
Here  in  London  Dr.  Joachim,  his  lifelong 
friend,  devoted  the  whole  of  the  programme 
of  his  concert  (May  7th)  at  Bechstein  Hall 
to  Brahms  ;  while  on  the  same  evening, 
at  the  ^Eolian  Hall,  the  London  Trio, 
together  with  the  vocalist,  Miss  Amelia 
Holding,  paid  like  homage  to  the  memory 
of  the  composer. 

The  most  important  novelty  at  the  Here- 
ford Festival  will  be  '  Lift  up  your  Hearts/ 
a  sacred  symphony  in  F  for  solo,  chorus,  and 
orchestra,  by  Dr.  H.  Walford  Davies. 

'  Greysteel,'  Mr.  Nicholas  Gatty's  one- 
act  opera,  produced  at  Sheffield  on  March  1st 
by  the  Moody-Manners  Opera  Company,  will 
be  performed  in  the  theatre  of  the  Crystal 
Palace  on  the  afternoon  of  Thursday,  the 
24th  inst.  The  cast  will  be  as  at  Sheffield, 
the  principals  being  Miss  Enriqueta  Crichton 
and  Mr.  Charles  Carter. 

The  name  of  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn  has 
been  added  to  the  list  of  singers  who  will 
appear  at  the  Handel  Festival  to  be  held  at 
the  Crystal  Palace  in  June.  Miss  Muriel 
Foster  is  still  suffering  from  the  effects  of 
her  severe  attack  of  influenza,  and  will  not 
be  able  to  sing.  The  rehearsals  for  the 
Festival  are  about  to  begin. 

The  first  of  five  interesting  historical 
recitals  by  the  'cellist  Mr.  Boris  Hambourg 
will  take  place  at  the  /Eolian  Hall  this  after- 
noon. The  programme  consists  of  works- 
by  Italian  composers  of  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries. 

Mr.  Coleridge  -  Taylor's  new  cantata,. 
'  Kubla  Khan,'  for  contralto  solo,  chorus,, 
and  orchestra,  will  be  produced  at  the 
concert  of  the  Handel  Society  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  the  evening  of  the  23rd.  inst.  The 
programme  will  include  Dvorak's  seldom- 
heard  '  Spectre's  Bride.'  Mr.  Coleridge- 
Taylor  will  conduct  both  works. 

The  collection  of  musical  autograplis  of 
the  late  Meyer  Colin  has  recently  been  sold 
at  Berlin.  A  Beethoven  letter  fetched 
401.  ;  a  Chopin,  50/.  ;  a  Schubert,  801.  ; 
a  curious  one  by  Haydn,  85/.  10*.  ;    and  an 


N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


587 


interesting  manuscript  of  Gluck's,  200Z. 
A  family  album,  which  formerly  belonged 
to  the  dramatic  author  Iffland  (who,  by  the 
way,  created  the  role  of  Franz  Moor  in 
Schiller's  '  Die  Rauber  '),  and  which  contained 
comments  by  Goethe,  Schiller,  Herder, 
Wieland,  Haydn,  Weber,  and  others,  realized 
the  sum  of  4051. 


PERFORMANCES     NEXT    WEEK. 

BOH.       Sunday  Society  Concert.  3.30.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Sunday  League  Concert,  7.  Queen's  Hall. 

Hon.  Miss  Marie  Pubois's  Pianoforte  Recital.  3.  .tolian  Hall. 

—  Miss  Vera  MarKolies'fi  Orchestral  Concert.  :i.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Miss  Margaret  Reibold's  Vocal  Recital.  3.30.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  Fannv  Davies,   I>r.  Joachim,  anil  Mr.  Haufniann's  Trio 

Recital,  B,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  Margaret  Ess'a  'Cello  Recital.  S.30.  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Tiks.  Mischa  Elman'a  Violin  Kecital.  S,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Miss  Violette  D'Athoe's  Vocal  Recital,  s .30.  liechsteiu  Hall. 

—  Herr  Heeedtls'e  Violin  Recital,  3  30,  JBolian  Hall. 

—  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Uallinfon's  Second  Son?  Recital,  S.30.  Bechstein 

Hall 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Wed.      M.   RevnaUo    Halms  Recital    of   his  own  Comiosition.  3. is. 
Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Oj>era,  Covent  Garden. 
Thcks.  Griec's  Concert.  3.  Qaeen's  Hall. 

—  Philharmonic  Concert  S,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Fa!.       Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Sat.  Mr.  Boris  Hambourg's  Cello  Recital.  3.  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  London  Symphony  Orchestra,  3,  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  Mozart  Socii-ty.  3.  Portman  Rooms. 

—  Mr.  Pram  Navals  Bong  Recital,  3.1  •>.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


SHAKSPEARE    MEMORIAL 
PERFORMANCES  AT  STRATFORD. 

Shakspeaee  lovers  had  during  the  second 
■week  of  the  commemoration  the  unwonted 
opportunity  of  seeing  how  the  poet  grasped 
the  central  ideas  of  the  historic  periods  he 
treated  in  his  series  from  '  Richard  II.'  to 
'  Richard  III.'  A  "  history  "  is  bound  by 
different  laws  from  those  of  ordinary 
tragedies  or  comedies,  which  the  author  can 
evolve  from  stage  to  stage,  under  his  own 
providence,  to  his  chosen  denouement.  But 
a  history,  bound  by  laws  of  truth,  does  not 
always  progress  in  poetic  order.  The  cause 
of  its  events  often  has  to  be  sought  in  past 
records  ;  the  effects  of  its  action  often  lie 
outside  its  own  period.  Hence  the  con- 
ception of  the  historical  drama  finds  its 
complete  interpretation  in  the  cycle  only. 
The  members  of  this  group  of  English 
liistorical  plays  were  not  all  written  in  chro- 
nological order,  but  it  is  evident  that  they 
were  all  intended  for  consecutive  perform- 
ance, by  the  links  of  thought,  causation,  and 
characterization. 

Mr.  Benson  set  on  the  plays  with  groat 
pains.  His  dresses,  armour,  and  pageantry 
had  been  carefully  studied,  his  scenes  fitted 
to  his  actions.  But  one  general  deficiency, 
common  to  most  stage  managers  nowadays, 
may  be  regretfully  noted  in  him.  The  whole 
series  suffered  so  much  from  cutting,  con- 
traction, and  transposition,  in  order  to  give 
intervals  lengthy  enough  to  permit  the 
changing  of  scenes  and  costumes,  that  many 
might  have  wished  to  have  less  scenery  and 
more  Shakspeare,  in  his  native  town  at  least. 
The  alterations  were,  however,  in  general 
made  with  as  much  care  as  possible.  Mr. 
Benson  himself  worked  lndefatigably. 
Richard  II.,  one  of  his  special  parts,  was 
hardly  treated  so  satisfactorily  as  usual. 
Richard  became  too  artificial  and  unnatural, 
through  the  deposition  scene  in  particular. 
In  the  second  part  of  'Henry  IV.,'  as  the 
young  prince,  he  prepared  the  way  for  his 
triumph  in  '  Henry  V.,'  the  ever-popular 
part  and  play.  It  seems  a  pity  that  he  had 
to  sacrifice  the  choruses  and  epilogue  of  that 
play.  In  the  first  part  of  '  Henry  VI.'  he 
made  a  triumphant  Talbot,  and  the  audi- 
ence seemed  never  weary  of  recalling  him. 

.Mr.   William   Baviland  took  the  part  of 


Henry  of  Bolingbroke  in  '  Richard  II.,'  but 
a  lack  of  the  charm  accounting  for  his  popu- 
larity, and  a  slight  indistinctness  of  enuncia- 
tion, moved  the  general  sympathy  in  favour 
of  his  opponent,  Thomas  Mowbray,  Duke  of 
Norfolk,  boldly  rendered  by  Mr.  Cyril 
Keightley.  But  as  Henry  IV.  Mr.  Haviland 
acquitted  himself  finely.  Mr.  Weir,  the 
"  first  gardener  "  in  '  Richard  II.,'  was  the 
Falstaff  of  '  Henry  IV.,'  but  his  rendering 
of  the  latter,  though  creditable,  lacked  some- 
thing of  richness  in  humour  and  in  voice  ; 
his  Fluellen,  however,  was  a  part  after  his 
own  heart.  The  Shallow  of  Mr.  H.  O. 
Nicholson  seemed  perhaps  a  trifle  old  for  his 
exertions  and  his  ambitions,  but  it  was  well 
set  on  ;  while  the  Silence  of  Mr.  Wilson 
showed  the  tongue-tied  man,  awakened  by 
unwonted  "  sack  "  to  rollicking  songs  and 
pointed  allusions.  Mr.  Keightley  gave  a 
somewhat  novel  and  elevated  rendering  of 
Pistol,  as  a  man  with  some  remnants  of 
culture  and  gentility,  though  he  had  degene- 
rated into  a  braggart  and  a  coward.  The 
pages  were  all  well  rendered. 

The  female  parts  were  hardly  at  their 
highest  possible  level,  though  Miss  Nora 
Lancaster  as  Queen  to  Richard  II.  supported 
her  position  nobly.  Miss  Elinor  Aickin 
was  a  pleasant  Dame  Quickly,  but  Mrs. 
Benson  interpreted  Doll  Tearsheet  in  an 
unnecessarily  violent  and  exaggerated 
manner,  in  one  place  directly  against  the 
text,  for  in  Act  V.  sc.  iv.  her  last  words  are, 
"  Come,  you  thin  thing  !  come,  you  rascal  !  ' 
while  Mrs.  Benson  allows  herself  to  be  carried 
out,  kicking  and  shrieking.  She  also  per- 
formed Katherine  in  '  Henry  V.'  and 
Margaret  in  '  1  Henry  VI.' 

Miss  Tita  Brand  essayed  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  a  difficult  part,  which  in  some 
aspects  was  well  rendered.  The  songs  and 
dances  in  the  French  tents  were  well  per- 
formed by  Miss  Cissie  Saumarez  and  Miss 
Hanman.  Mr.  Percy  Owen  as  Charles  VI. 
of  France  gave  a  fine  representation  of 
harmless  imbecility,  broken  by  flashes  of 
active  intelligence. 

The  second  part  of  '  Henry  VI.'  was  per- 
formed on  Thursday  evening  last  week  with 
original  scenic  effects.  The  Conjuration 
scene,  strange  in  a  garden,  was  made  weirdly 
impressive  by  the  fine  acting  of  Miss  Hanman 
as  Margaret  Jourdain  ;  the  Jack  Cade 
episode  was  realistic,  in  which  Mr.  Doran  as 
the  rebel  rather  strained  his  voice,  but  kept 
his  character  up;  the  prentice  fight  was  made 
amusing  by  Mr.  Weir  ;  the  young  King  was 
rendered  natural  by  Mr.  George  Buchanan; 
and  Mr.  H.  O.  Nicholson  represented  the 
sympathetic  part  of  the  Good  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  with  Miss  Brand  as  his 
ambitious  Eleanor.  Mr.  Benson  himself 
played  the  Bishop  of  Winchester  with  grim 
bitterness.  The  couch  on  which  he  lay 
dying  was  brought  upon  the  stage  strewn 
unaccountably  with  sheaves  of  straw,  which 
distracted  attention  from  his  tragic  intensity. 
Mrs.  Benson  was  the  Queen  whose  ambition 
disturbed  England  ;  Mr.  Cyril  Keightley 
Suffolk,  and  Mr.  Percy  Owen  a  very 
original  Simpcox.  The  other  characters  did 
their  best,  but  the  main  incidents  carry  away 
the  interest. 

The  performance  of  the  third  part  of 
'Henry  VI. '  completed  the  cycle  of  Knglinh 
historical  plays  that  Mr.  Charles  Flower  *  I 
before  himself  when  he  planned  the  repre- 
sentation of  Shakspeare's  unpopular  as  well 
as  popular  drama. 

The  importance  of  the  connexion  of  the 
plays  in  the  series  was  fully  realized  by 
those      who       followed       it.         For       instance. 

the  mental  weakness  of  King  Charles  VI. 
of  France  in  '  Henry  V.,'  illumined  by 
flashes     of    lucid     thought,    reminded     as 


that  Henry  VI.  doubtless  owed  some  of 
his  weakness  to  inheritance  as  well  as  to 
education.  The  other  liistories  are  well 
known  ;  the  two  earlier  parts  of  '  Henry  VI.' 
have  been  seen  before  ;  but  this  is  the  first 
time  that  the  third  part  is  known  to  have 
been  played  in  England. 

At  the  close  Mr.  Benson  came  before  the 
curtain  and  made  a  little  speech,  explaining 
how  these  dramas  were  rather  parts  of 
Shakspeare's  philosophy  of  history  than 
lessons  in  his  dramatic  art.  He  said  that, 
perhaps  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  performing 
them,  the  three  parts  had  never  been  played 
consecutively  since  Shakspeare's  day.  (We 
rather  think  we  have  heard  of  their  perform- 
ance in  Germany.) 

The  three  parts  of  '  Henry  VI.'  present 
some  fine  scenes  and  much  powerful  cha- 
racterization, but  they  are  weak  in  dramatic 
coherence.  They  were  also  written  for  public 
tastes  different  from  ours,  and  for  different 
conditions  of  stage  production.  Sixteenth- 
century  audiences  liked  to  have  their 
drama  "  true,"  and  they  did  not  object  to 
having  their  feelings  harrowed  by  violent- 
tragic  scenes.  Shakspeare  wrote  and  acted 
under  the  conditions  satirized  in  Ben  Jonson's 
Prologue  to  '  Every  Man  in  his  Humour,' 
described  lucidly  in  the  Choruses  of 
'  Henry  V.'  That  means  that  there  was  no 
changing  of  scenery  ;  the  action  was  con- 
tinuous ;  and  the  auditors  Mere  expected 
to  exercise  not  only  their  attention,  but  also 
their  imagination.  There  was  no  English 
school  of  art  then,  and  playgoers  went  to 
hear  performances,  not  to  see  pictures.  In 
our  days,  when  every  expression  of  thought 
demands  illustration,  the  stage  manager 
requires,  or  thinks  he  requires,  scenic  effects 
for  success.  This  necessitates  time  and 
intervals,  with  the  result  that  old  pieces 
have  to  be  cut  to  suit  the  modern  scene- 
painter.  Thus,  even  when  Mr.  Benson 
presents  a  carefully  studied  rendering  of  the 
revival  play,  we  do  not  see  the  whole.  Shak- 
speare had  himself  cut  and  contracted  history 
rather  heavily  ;  and  when  Mr.  Benson  cuts 
and  contracts  it  still  more,  the  links  that 
bind  the  parts  together  are  sometimes 
broken,  while  the  battles  run  into  each  other 
with  confusing  rapidity. 

In  Part  III.,  performed  on  Friday  in  last 
week,  Mr.  Benson  combined  and  compressed 
scenes  ii.,  in.,  and  iv.  of  Act  I.  The  passage 
between  Clifford  and  Rutland  was  not  rapid 
enough  to  express  duly  terror  and  wrath, 
but  it  leads  directly  on  to  the  strong  soene 
of  the  play,  where  the  captive  York  was 
baited  by  his  foes  and  done  to  death  by 
cruel  Clifford.  Mr.  Clarence  Derwent  satis- 
factorily rendered  his  dignity  of  patience, 
closed  by  his  eloquent  outburst  of  reproach. 

In  Act  II.  scenes  ii.,  iii.,  iv.,  v.,  and  vi. 
were  combined  into  one.  in  which  the  touch- 
ing picture  of  the  father  killing  the  son.  and 
the  son  the  father,  while  the  sympa  hetio 
but  helpless  King  stands  by,  is  used  by  the 
poet  to  illustrate  the  miseries  of  civil  war. 
The  whole  scene  at  the  French  Court  also 
was  omitted,  and  sc.  i.  Act  IV.  followed 
directly  after  the  betrothal  o  Edward  to 
the  Lady  Grey.  After  Edward's  defeat  by 
Warwick,  aided  by  Clarence,  the  fourth  and 

filth   scenes,   concerning  the   Queen   and    her 

brother,  and  Edward's  escape,  were  omitte  !. 

We  next    see   Henry   VI.   once  more  a  king  : 

but  as  Eklward's  parley  at  York  is  cut.  Henry 
seems  to  be  immediately  surprised  by  Edward. 
Sc.  i.  Act  V,  even  with  the  limited  oppor- 
tunities at  hand,  might  have  been  more 
finely  rendered.  The  forces  led  by  noble- 
man after  nobleman,  winding  up  with  the 
Earl  of  Warwick  at  Coventry,  might  have 
intensified  the  import  of  Clarence'.-,  return 
I  o  brotherly  allegiance. 


f„SS 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


(•cues  were   again 
distinguished   the 


The  strand   and    third 
merged,   and   one  hardly 
field  where  Warwick  died   from  "  the  plain 
near  Tewkesbury  "   where   the   Queen  and 
Prince  were  finally  defeated. 

Probably  in  order  to  leave  the  drama 
rather  as  '  The  Tragedy  of  Henry  VI.'  than 
as  the  '  History  of  Edward  IV.'  Mr.  Benson 
fitted  the  last  scene  of  Shakspeare's  play 
into  some  undefined  relation  to  this  field, 
where  the  Queen  and  ladies  brought  on  the 
baby  prince.  By  transposing  this  scene, 
Mr.  Benson  had  to  cut  out  Gloucester's 
Judas  kiss  and  muttered  words  that  guide 
us  to  the  murder  of  the  Princes  in  the  Tower 
by  Richard  111. 

The  end  of  '  Henry  VI.'  is  painful,  and 
Mr.  Benson  spared  no  horror.  He,  of 
course,  took  Kichard,  Duke  of  Gloucester, 
and  performed  the  part  wTell,  though  he 
made  himself  up  as  rather  old.  Edward 
was  scarce  of  age  wThen  he  became  king,  and 
Richard  (historically  only  eight  years  old) 
seems  to  have  been  made  by  Shakspeare  his 
next  brother,  and  should  have  been  under 
twenty.  The  difficulties  of  the  representa- 
tion and  the  weakness  of  the  plot  make  the 
piece  little  likely  to  be  played  again  soon. 

A  performance  of  '  Richard  III.'  closed  the 
cycle  on  Saturday  night.  In  this  Mr.  Benson 
took  Richard,  and  Mr.  Cyril  Keightley  made 
a  bright  Earl  of  Richmond.  S. 


Dramatic  (Gossip. 

'  Olf  and  the  Little  Maid,'  a  bucolic 
comedy  in  one  act,  by  M.  E.  Francis,  was 
given  at  the  Haymarket  as  a  lever  de  rideau 
on  Tuesday  evening.  Believing  himself  to 
have  won  a  prize  in  a  Dutch  lottery,  Olf 
Joyce,  a  farm  labourer,  becomes  engaged  to 
Kitty,  the  little  maid.  The  anticipated 
prize  proves  a  delusion,  but  the  love  of  the 
maiden  is  genuine.  This  agreeable  trifle 
was  pleasingly  interpreted  by  Mr.  Sydney 
Valentine  and  Miss  Dorothy  Minto,  and  con- 
stitutes a  satisfactory  addition  to  a  bill  in 
which  '  The  Man  from  Blankley's  '  remains 
the  principal  feature. 

According  to  present  arrangements,  this 
evening  witnesses  the  production  of  novelties 
at  the  Comedy  and  the  Savoy.  At  the 
former  house  will  be  presented  the  promised 
adaptation  of  '  Raffles,'  a  fantastic  burglary 
story  by  Mr.  Hornung,  the  eponymous  hero 
of  which  will  be  played  by  Mr.  Gerald 
Du  Maurier.  At  the  latter  will  be  given  by 
Miss  Lena  Ashwell  '  The  Shulamite,'  a 
three-act  play  of  serious  interest  by  Messrs. 
Claude  Askew  and  Edward  Knoblauch. 

Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  will  begin  a 
summer  season  at  the  Criterion  Theatre  with 
the  production  of  '  The  Whirlwind,'  an 
adaptation  by  Mr.  Harry  Melvill  of  '  La 
Rafale,'  by  M.  Henry  Bernstein.  The  lead- 
ing role  in  this  will  be  played  by  Mr.  Frank 
Worthing.  The  first  act  of  Mr.  W.  L. 
Courtney's  rendering  of  '  Undine  '  will  after 
the  fiist  night  serve  as  lever  de  rideau. 

On  Monday  at  the  Garrick  the  perform- 
ance of  '  The  Fascinating  Mr.  Vanderveldt  ' 
was  preceded  by  that  of  '  The  Dean's 
Dilemma.' 

A  complimentary  performance  for  the 
Jubilee  of  Miss  Ellen  Terry  will  take  place 
on  June  12th  at  Drury  Lane.  One  of  the 
features  in  the  entertainment  provided  will 
consist  of  the  second  act  of  '  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,'  with  Miss  Terry  as  Beatrice,  Miss 
Marion  Terry  as  Hero,  Miss  Kate  Terry  as 
Ursula,  Miss  Minnie  Terry  as  Margaret,  Mr. 
Fred  Terry   as  Don   Pedro,   Mr.   Beerbohm 


Tree  as  Benedick,  Mr.  George  Alexander  as 
Claudio,  Mr.  Vezin  as  Leonato,  and  Mr. 
H.  B.  Irving  as  Don  John. 

Miss  Marion  Terry  has  been  engaged 
for  Madame  de  Florae  in  the  forthcoming 
production  at  His  Majesty's  of  '  Col.  New- 
come.' 

M.  Coquelin  returns  to  the  Royalty  on 
the  28th  inst.  in  '  Les  Romanesques,'  by 
M.  Rostand.  He  purposes  appearing  in 
'  L'Abbe  Constantin,'  '  L'Attentat,'  by  M. 
Alfred  Capus,  '  Le  Gendre  de  M.  Poirier,' 
and  '  Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme.'  He  will 
be  succeeded  on  June  18th  by  Madame 
Rejane,  who  will  be  seen  in  '  La  Piste,'  '  La 
Souris,'  and  '  La  Rafale.' 

'  Mattricette  '  is  played  for  the  last  time 
this  evening  at  the  Lyric,  to  which  on  Monday 
Mr.  Lewis  Waller  transfers  '  Brigadier 
Gerard.' 

At  the  Fulham  Theatre  on  Monday  next 
will  be  produced  an  original  drama,  adapted 
by  Mr.  George  R.  Sims  from  his  novel  '  For 
Life — and  After.' 

The  sudden  death  in  London  is  announced 
of  Miss  Olga  Brandon.  An  Australian  by 
birth,  she  appeared  in  America  in  1884,  and 
was  first  seen  in  London  on  April  16th,  1887, 
as  Elinor  Grainger  in  'Ivy,'  a  three-act  piece 
by  Mark  Melford,  produced  at  the  Royalty 
by  Mr.  Willie  Edouin.  Her  best-remembered 
performance  is  as  Vashti  Dethic  in  Mr. 
Henry  Arthur  Jones's  '  Judah,'  at  the 
Shaftesbury,  May  21st,  1890. 


To   Correspondents.  —  S.   B.  —  R.    E.   D.  —  M.   w.  — 
H.  H.  J.— Received. 

J.  L.— W.  T.  L.— Many  thanks. 

J.  N. — Not  suitable  for  us. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


rpHE  ATHENAEUM. 

SCALE  OF  CHARGES  FOR  ADVERTISEMENTS 

£    s.    (/. 

5  Lines  of  Pearl 636 

75      (Half-Column) 1  16    0 

A  Column 3    3    0 

A  Page       990 

Auctions  and  Public  Institutions,  Five  Lines  4s.,  and  8d.  per  line  of 

Pearl  type  t>o3'ond. 

IX  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  ADVERTISEMENTS,  CARE 

SHOULD  RE  TAKEN  TO  MEASURE  FROM 

RULE   TO   RULE. 

Advertisements  across  Two  Columns,  one-third  extra  beyond  the 

space  occupied,  the  first  charge  being  30s. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS, 
The  Athenteum  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦ — 

Paoe 

Allen        5S9 

Arnold 567 

Authors'  Agents       602 

Bagster  &  Sons         591 

Bell  &  Sons sss 

Bemkose  &  Sons       r>o:s 

Blackwood  &  Sons 501 

Businesses  for  Disposai 562 

Cassell  &  Co 566 

Catalogues      562 

Constable  &  Co 565 

Dent  &  Co 568 

Educational 561 

Exhibitions      561 

Financial  Review 564 

Harper  &  Brothers           590 

Heinemann         591 

Hirst  it  Hlackett 56S 

Insurance  Companies        590 

Lectures 561 

Longmans  &  Co.        591 

Sampson  Low,  marston  &  Co 591 

Macmili.an  &  Co 5iis 

Magazines,  Ac 590 

Miscellaneous 56S 

Newspaper  Agents 562 

Notes  and  QUERIES 590 

Provident  Institutions Mil 

Sales  by  Auction      563 

SCHULZB 56-1 

Situations  Vacant 561 

Situations  Wanted 502 

Societies 561 

Smith,  Ki.der  &  CO 592 

Typewriters 562 


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NEW  EDUCATIONAL  WORKS. 


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CHARLES    PENDLEBURY,     M.A.,    Chief 

Mathematical   Master  at    St.    Paul's    School, 

and    F.     E.     ROBINSON,     -M.A.,     Assistant 

Master  at   St.    Paul's   School.     Small    crown 

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N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


589 


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590 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°  4098,  May  12,  1906 


A  KBW  BOOK  1JY  THB  AUTHOR  OF  'THE  MOST 
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N°4098,  May  12,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


591 


MPORTANT    ANNOUNCEMENT. 


Mr.  HEIJSEMANN  begs  to  announce  that  on  MA  Y  18  he  will  publish 

LEO  TOLSTOY:   HIS  LIFE  AND  WORK. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL    MEMOIRS,    LETTERS,    AND    BIOGRAPHICAL    MATERIAL. 
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In  1  vol.  demy  8vo,  with  Illustrations,  price  6s.  net. 

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compiled  by  one  of  his  greatest  friends,  and  is  issued  with  his  full  concurrence,  help, 
and  approval. 

London  :  WM.  HEINEMANN,  21,  Bedford  Street,  W.C. 


THE 


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502 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4098,  May  12,  1906. 


SMITH,     ELDER     &     CO.'S    PUBLICA 

MRS.  HUMPHRY  WARD'S 
NEW  NOVEL 

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DICK:  a  Story  without  a  Plot. 


type 
of  h 


uuian  nature." 


SIX-SHILLING   NOVELS  NEARLY  HEADY. 
HEROES  OF  EXILE:  [May is. 

BEING  CERTAIN  RESCUED  FRAGMENTS  OF  SUBMERGED  ROMANCE. 

By  HUGH  CLIFFORD,  C.M.G., 

Author  of  '  Studies  in  Brown  Humanity,'  '  Bush-Whacking,'  '  A  Free  Lance  of  To-day.' 

AMELIA  AND  THE  DOCTOR. 

By  HORACE  G.   HUTCHINSON, 
Author  of  '  Two  Moods  of  a  Man,'  '  Crowborough  Beacon,'  «!tc.        [May  18. 

CLEMENCY  SHAFT0.  By  Frances  c  burmester, 

Author  of  '  John  Lott's  Alice,'  '  A  November  Cry,'  &c.  [Shortly. 


London:  SMITH,  ELDER  &  CO.  15,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 


Editorial  Communications  (should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR  "-Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THE  PUBLISHERS  "-at  the  Office,  Breams  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane.  E.C. 
Publish*!  Weekly  by  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Breams  Buildings.  Chancery  Lant,  EC 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  BELL  &  BRADFUTE  and  Mi.  JOHN  MENZIES.  Edinbuxgh.-Saturday,  May  12,  1906. 


THE  ATHENJEUM 

Icnrmil  ol  (Bttglislj  tint*  jfarrign  ~£iUxi\txmf  ^timtt,  t\)t  Jfitu  JUts,  fftnsk  att&  tljt  Drams. 


No.  4099. 


SATURDAY,   MAY    19,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


T  INNEAN      SOCIETY      OF      LONDON. 

NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN,  That  the  ANNIVERSARY 
MEMTOG  will  be  held  at  the  SOCIETY'S  APARTMENTS,  at 
BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  on  THURSDAY,  May  24,  1906,  at  3  p.m. 

B.  DAYDON  JACKSON,  General  Secretary. 


(Badnbittons. 

THE  LIFE  OF  JESUS  OF  NAZARETH 
portrayed  in  SO  Pictures  by  W.  HOLE,  R.S.A.  Also  Oxford, 
Cambridge,  and  the  Public  Schools,  illustrated  in  300  old  Engravings 
■  ii.l  Water  Colours.  NOW  ON  VIEW  at  the  FINE  ART  SOCIETY, 
J 18,  New  Bond  Street. 

HOME    ARTS    AND    INDUSTRIES 
EXHIBITION. 
ROYAL  ALBERT  HALL,  S.W. 
FRIDAY,    SATURDAY,  and   MONDAY.   May  is.  10.  and  21.    Ad- 
mission is.,  from  11  a.m.  to  7  p.m.    Saturday  close  at  in  p.m. 

EXHIBITION  of  PAINTINGS  by  ARTHUR 
STUDD  and  J.  D.  FERGUSSON,  and  METAL  WORK  by  G. 
DIKKF.RS  ft  CO.,  Of  Holland,  NOW  OPEN.— THE  BAII.L1E 
GALLERY  54,  Baker  Street.  W.,  in  to6. 

OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING  EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting, 

SHEPHERDS  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

TO  LET  for  JUNE  and  JULY,  an  exceptionally 
fine  GALLERY,  with  Top  light,  in  the  West  End.  suitable  for 

Exhibitions.— For  terms  and  full  particulars  write  R.  U.  V„   care  of 
Willings,  Advertisement  Offices,  7:!.  Knightsbridge,  8.W. 


(B&ucattonal. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  held  on  JUNE  27.  28,  and  29.  to  fill 
VACANCIES  in  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  by  letter  to  the  BURSAR,  The  Bursary,  Little  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster. 

NIVERSITY       OF       DURHAM. 


U 


An    EXAMINATION     for     ENTRANCE     SCHOLARSHIPS     in 
CLASSICS   and   THEOLOGY  will  be  held  in  JUNE,   commencing 
WEDNESDAY.  20th,  at  !i  a.m.    Intending  Candidates  should  apply  to 
THE  MASTER  OF  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE; 
THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  BISHOP  HATFIELD'S  HALL;  or 
THE  CENSOR  OF  UNATTACHED  STUDENTS. 
(  LASSICAL  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  OPEN  TO  WOMEN.    Intending 
Candidates  should  apply  to  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HOSTEL,  Palace  Green,  Durham. 

ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL.  WEST  KENSINGTON. 
An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  above  SCHOOL  on 
TUESDAY.  June  28,  1908,  and  on  the  following  davs.  for  FILLING 
I  P  SEVERAL  VACANCIES  ON  THE  FOUNDATION.— Full  par- 
ticulars can  be  obtained  on  application  to  THE  BU  Its  AR. 


OPEN  SCHOLARSHIPS  FOR  THE  NONCONFORMIST 
MINISTRY. 

DR.  WILLIAMS'S  TRUSTEES  offer  for  open 
competition,  UNDERGRADUATE  SCHOLARSHIPS,  tenable 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow  only;  and  DIVINITY  SCHOLARSHIPS 
for  Graduates,  tenable  in  any  approved  School  of  Theology  or 
University.  The  Scholarships  an-  open  to  Students  of  all  Denomi- 
nations preparing  for  the  Nonconformist  Ministry.  For  particulars 
apply  to  the  SECRETARY,  Dr.  Williams's  Library,  Gordon  Square, 
London.  W.C..  before  JUNEl. 

R    A    P    E    R    S'      COMPANY. 


D 


su|,r.Y  SCHOLARSHIP  AND  EXHIBITION  FUND. 

'ill.  DRAPERS'  COMPANY  will  shortly  award  SCHOLARSHIPS 
Of  601.  p.-r  annum  ti-naMc  for  Two  or  Three  Years  at  Bome  place  ol 
advanced  education,  f. >r  the  study  of  Theoretical  or  Applied  science, 
Art.  Medicine,  or  Law.  or  the  Degree  Examination  of  Bome  University 
in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  lal 
Bona  or  Grandsons,  between  16  and  is  years  of  age,  of  Freemen  ol  the 
Diapers'  Company;  [bl  other  Boys  01  the  same  age.  The  Parent  or 
Guardian  of  every  Candidate  must  Batisfy  the  Company  that  he  needs 
ol  the  Scholarship  to  carry  on  his  e  location. 

The  Company  will  shortly  have  the  right  also  to  nominate  for  an 
Exhibition  of  7n/.  per  annum,  tenable  for  Three  Years  ;ii  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  a  Son  or  Grandson  of  a  Freeman  of  the  Company 
of  not  more  than  20  years  of  age. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  CLERK 
TO  THE  COMPANY,  Drapers'  Hall,  Throgmorton  Street,  B.C. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  COMMISSION.  —FORTH- 
COMING EX  \M  IN  AT  ION  —SECOND-CLASS  IS8I8TANT 
ACCOUNTANTS  IN  THE  IRMY  ACCOUNTS  DEPARTMENT 
\M>  EXAMINERS  IN  THE  EXCHEQUER  AND  AUDIT 
DEPAl:  rW  "  VY  21 

The  date  specified  is  the  latest  at  which  applications  can  be 
received.  They  must  be  made  on  Forma,  to  be  obtained,  with  par- 
ticulars, fi lb   SECRETARY,  Civil  Service  Commission,  Burlington 

Gardens,  London.  W. 

£<HURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CIIERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 
foi   Women  Secondary  Teachers.    Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  MA.  late  Lecturer  in   Education  at   the 
'  Manchester. 

i    for    the   Oxford   Teacher's  Diploma,  the 

Oaml  Certificate,    the    Teacher's    Dipl i   of    the 

University  of  London,  ami  the  Higher  Froebel  Oertifl 
Full  particular"  on  application 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS.  THRING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  US,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations    Ummt. 

TTNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  NORTH  WALES. 

vJ  (A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales.  | 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  CHAIR  OF  EDUCATION,  now 
vacant  in  this  College.  The  Council  will  elect  on  JUNE  20.  Forty 
copies  of  the  Application  and  Testimonials  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
the  undersigned  not  later  than  THURSDAY,  May  31.  The  Professor 
will  be  expected  to  enter  on  his  duties  at  the  beginning  of  next 
Session. —  For  further  particulars  apply  to 

JOHN   EDWARD  LLOYD,  M.  A..  Secretary  and  Registrar. 
Bangor,  April  25,  190<i. 


OF      ST.       ANDREWS. 


TTNIVERSITY 

EXAMINERS. 

The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  ST 
ANDREWS  invites  applications  for  the  appointments  of  ADDI- 
TIONAL EXAMINERS  for  GRADUATION  in  the  following 
Subjects : — 

FACULTY  OF  MEDICINE-PATHOLOGY. 

FACULTY  OF  ARTS— <«l  ENGLISH. 

(6)  MENTAL    PHILOSOPHY    (Logic    and 
Metaphysics  and  Moral  Philomphyl. 

FACULTIES  oF  MEDICINE  AND  SCIENCE— PHYSIOLOGY 

FACULTIES    OF    ARTS.    SCIENCE,    AND    MEDICINE  -  CHE- 
MISTRY. 

The  persons  to  be  appointed  will  hold  office  for  a  period  of  Three 
Years  from  .JANUARY  1.  P.iiit. 

Applications  are  also  invited  for  the  appointment  of  an  ADDI- 
TIONAL EXAMINER  for  the  PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATIONS 
and  BURSARY  COMPETITION  in  ENGLISH.  The  person 
appointed  to  the  last-mentioned  Examiner-ship  will  hold  office Ifor 
One  Year  from  FEBRUARY  1,  1907,  and  "ill  act  as  a  Representative 
of  the  University  on  the  Joint  Board  of  Examiners  of  the  Scottish 
Universities.     The  appointment  may  be  renewed  for  a  Second  Year. 

Applications,  with  eighteen  copies  of  Testimonials,  must  l>e  lodged, 
on  or  before  SATURDAY',  .lune  SO,  1906,  with  the  undersigned. 

ANDREW  BENNETT.  Secretary  and  Registrar. 

The  University.  St.  Andrews,  May  5,  lPOti. 


u 


NIVERSITY    OF     BIRMINGHAM. 


TWO  ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIPS  IN  MATHEMATICS. 
The  COUNCIL  invites  applications  for   the  above  appointments. 

Stipends  17,"./.  and  150Z.  per  annum  respectively. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  Testimonials,  should  be  sent  to  the 
undersigned,  not  later  than  TUESDAY".  June  6,  1906. 

The  Candidates  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties 
on  OCTOBER  1.  i<Kx;. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from 

GEo.  H.  MORLEY',  Secretary. 

The  University,  Birmingham,  May,  lfioc. 

QT.    DAVID'S    COLLEGE,    LAMPETER. 

O  -WANTED.  MATHEMATICAL  LECTURER  (Honour  and 
Pass  Work',  stipend  1601.  Capitation  Fees  and  Rooms.— Particulars 
from  THE  PRINCIPAL. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON. 

pOLDSMITHS'     COLLEGE,     NEW     CROSS. 

DEPARTMENT  FOR  THE  TRAINING  OF  TEACHERS. 

About  TEN  ADDITIONAL  TEACHERS  [Men  and  Womcni  will 
shortly  be  appointed  in  the  above  Department. 

These  will  Include  an  ASSISTANT  MASTER  OF  METHOD,  an 
ASSISTANT  M  [STRESS  OF  METHOD  Ifor  Infant  s,  hool  Teaching), 
and  TEACHERS  of  ENGLISH  LITERATURE.  FRENCH.  HIS 
TORY,  MATHEMATICS,    ELEMENTARY  SCIENCE. 

The  majority  of  the  Salaries  will  be,  for  Men.  between  17.".?.  and  B601. 
B  year;  and  for  Women,  between  1501.  and  200/.  a  year ;  but  more  or 
less  may  be  paid  In  exceptional  cases 

An  LSSISTANT  MANUAL  INSTR1  CTOR  (Salary  1001.  or  12<W.  a 
year)  ia  also  required. 

Applications  must  he  received  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  .lune  2. 
1906. 

Particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  WARDEN.  Goldsmiths' 
College.  New  Cross,  S.E. 


B 


0  R  0  U  G  H 


OF 


HA  S  LI  NO  DEN. 


MUNICIPAL  SE(  ONDARi  SCHOOL 

fl  WTED.  senior  MISTRESS,  especially  qualified  in  French. 
Commencing  Salary,  1802 .  rising  bj  biennial  increments  of  102,  to  1601, 
per  annum,  with  further  increments,  not  automatic,  on  special 
recommi  ndat  ion 

ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  Commencing  Salary  1001.  per  annum, 
rising  by  biennial  increments  of  101,  to  185!  per  annum,  and  by 
furthei  increments,  not  automatic,  on  Bpecial  recommendation. 

lidates   for   either   position   must    be   Graduates,    or   possess 
equivalent  qualifications. 

Applications,  endorsed  " Senior  Mistreat  '01  "Assistant  Mistress," 
as  the  case  maj  be,  stating  age,  qualifications,  experience,  and  when 
disengaged,  and  accompanied  by  copies  only  of  three  recent  Testi- 
monials, to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  TUESDAY, 
the  •j'.uh  da]  of  May  instant 

V\  U.TER   Ml  m,Ro\  E,  Town  clerk. 

Municipal  oil,.         \|  ..    1  ..  190S. 


M 


ORLEY     FREE     PUBLIC     LIBRARY 


The  Lir.R  \i:v  committee  invito   applii  itioni  for  the  appoint- 
ment as  LIBRARIAN      -                    1  annum.     Candidates  101   the 
appointment  should  have  had  some  1  mentol 
lea      Applications,    stating   age,  with    oopiea   of    two   recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  received  '■    me                        on  the  .'i:b  M\\ 

instant.    Canvassing  the    Members  >»!  the  Committee  will  I n 

si. Li,, 1  a  disqualification. 

D  Til  M  KltAY.  Town  I 
Town  Hall,  Morlej  (Yorka 


Y early  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


T  EICESTER  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART. 


Head  Master-Mr.  B.  J.  FLETCHER. 
SITUATIONS  VACANT. 

The  COMMITTEE  invite  applications  for  the  following  posts  :— 
SECOND  MASTER. 

To  teach  Design,  and  to  take  part  in  the  general  organization 
and  carrying  out  ot  the  Schools  Work. 

The  Candidate  must  be  a  capable  Draughtsman  and  Teacher,  and 
strong  in  Building  Design,  or  one  of  the  crafts  connected  with  build- 
ing, in  addition,  the  Person  appointed  will  be  required  to  continue 
his  practice  of  the  Work  in  which  he  specializes  in  a  Studio  Workroom 
provided  for  the  purpose.  Commencing  Salary.  2501. 
ASSISTANT  TEACHERS. 

TWo  ASSISTANTS.  Male  or  Female,  are  required  to  teach  Drawing 
and  Painting  from  plant  form  and  natural  objects,  :,nd  to  give  instruc- 
tion in  some  Elementary  Craft  Work.  Candidates  must  be  strung  and 
sympathetic  Draughtsmen  and  capable  Teachers,  one  of  the  above 
Assistants  will  be  required  to  give  about  23  hours  per  week  to  actual 
Teaching  and  Preparation,  at  a  Salary  of  1501  per  annum.  The  other 
Assist  ant  v.  ill  be  required  to  give  about  13  hours  per  week,  at  a  Salary 
of  100/.  per  annum. 

Preference  will  be  given,  capabilities  in  Draughtsmanship  and 
Teaching  being  equal,  to  those  Candidates  who  practice  some  par- 
ticular art  or  artistic  craft. 

The  Persons  appointed  will  be  required  to  continue  the  practice  of 
the  work  in  which  they  specialize,  and  to  commence  their  Duties  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

Applications  must  be  sent  in  not  later  than  MAY"  30  in-t.,  on  Forms 
obtainable  [with  further  particulars'  from 

T.  GROVES.  Secretary. 

Education  Offices,  Town  Hall,  Leicester.  May  .".,  1906. 


PART  TIME  EMPLOYMENT.— The  services 
J_  of  a  smart  YOUNG  FELLow.  of  good  address,  are  required  for 
LIGHT  WEEKLY  EMPLOYMENT  in  connexion  with  a  Literary 
Business.  Retaining  Fee  and  Commission.-— Write  ENTERPRISE, 
care  of  J.  W.  Viekers.  5,  Nicholas  Lane.  E.C. 


A 


Situations    Marti**!. 

S    COURIER,    GUIDE,    or    TRAVELLING 

XV  COMPANION.  —  Accomplished  ENGLISH  LADY,  speaking 
French,  German,  and  Italian,  seeks  RE-ENGAGEMENT.  Capable 
and  experienced  Organizer,  Musical,  bright,  companionable.  Excel- 
lent reference-  in  London.  Paris.  &c— Miss  EDWARDS,  care  of  The 
Ladies  Guild,  10,  George  Street,  Hanover  Square,  W.  Telephone, 
BOW  Gerrard. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
MSS.  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing.  Compiling,  Indexing, 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum.  &c.  Foreign  Langu.-r._-.  - 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature. —ERNEST  A. 
VIZETELLY,  4."..  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane.  W  C. 

AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  10W,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13.  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 

TRANSLATIONS,  RESEARCH  WORK.  &a, 
required  by  qualified  LADY -thoroughly  conversant  with  six 
Modern  Languages  Technical  and  other  subjects.  -Address,  1'  P., 
care  of  Messrs.  I.uz  ic  i  Co  .  4.;.  Great  Russell  Strt  et,  W  c. 

TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing.   Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident    Secretaryship.     Classics,    French.    German.     Italian. 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon.    Special  subjects:  Mythology  and  Lit- 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms.— Miss  SELBY,  53,  Talbot  Road,  W 

LITERARY     RESEARCH    undertaken    at    the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.     Excellent 
Testimonials. — All.,  Box  1062,  Athenaeum  Press.  IS,  Bream 
Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


irttscrlianrous. 


MSS.— MESSRS.     T.     C.     &     E.     C.     JA(  K. 
:  1.    Henrietta     Street    Covent     Garden,     London, 
WRITERS    to   send    them    Mss.    of    ORIGINAL    STORIES 
R,.\-  of   111  14.  addressed  to  Mr  J  OHM   LANG,   Bo        I 
(.ills  of  tn-14.  addressed  to  Air-  JOHN  1   V-  Foi 

Children  of  1;  in.  addressed  to  Mr-    LOUEY   Ml  l-ll"l  v 
Editoi  Mi  mss    „),,,  h  .);.   ,]    c,  .,,„, 

In  any  time  before  SEPTEMBER  30    Type- written  preferp  :   will  be 
acknowledged,  and  retained  if  not  Suitable. 

PUBLISHING  BUSINESS.     One  of  the  oldest 
and  beat-known  H<  ing  for  gentleman  to  j 

ami   inn   same;   W0J.  up  to  7,0001.  required      B 
Strand,  «  0 

SHORTHAND.       PRIVATE   SECRETARIES. 

1   '    specially  trained  In  Shorthand,  Journalism, 'and  all  - 

duties  iLadii  -  and  Gentlemen  of  cisl  family  and  rih 

ran   bi  to  THE  II  E  \l>  M  \sti  R  Ol     1  HE 

BRITISH  S<  1 S  OF  1  OMMERt  E   foi  thi   Nobilitj 

H.I 


pRAINTNG     for    PRIVATE     SECRETARTAL 

I      WORK  and  INDEXING      tpply  Miss  PETHERRRIDGE   Nat. 

if.  Tripos  .  '.'v  Com  " 


504 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

74,  NKW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.G 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART  BY  THE 
AUTOTYPE  PERMANENT  PROCESS. 

Amongst  the  mtmerovi  Publication!  mn>i  be  mentioned >- 

SELECTIONS  from 

The  NATIONAL  GALLERY,  London. 

The  WALLACE  COLLECTION. 

The  TATE  GALLERY. 

The  WALKER  ART  GALLERY,  Liverpool. 
DRAWINGS  by  HOLBEIN  from  the  Royal 
Collection,  Window  OasU*. 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A. 

Tlie  Principal  Worka  l>y  this  Master. 
SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of    Sacred    Art 

firm  rai  ifti-  Collection-. 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 

DRAWINGS  by  ALBERT  DURER. 

PICTURES  from  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 
BOURG, PAKE. 
p,.  above  Issues  wiU  be  sent  free  on  application. 


Full  particulars  of  all  the  Company's  Publications 
are  given  in 

THE      AUTOTYPE      FINE  -  ART 

CATALOGUE.     Now  ready,   Enlarged  Edition,  with 

Hundreds  of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks 
of  Notable  Autographs.  For  convenience  of  reference 
the  Publications  are  arranged  Alphabetically  under 

Aitists'  Names.     Post  free,  One  Shilling. 

A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE- ART  GALLERY, 

74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


^npc-tlErifcrs. 


T 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  [Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Language*  Research.  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
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N°  4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


595 


Valuable  Natural  History  and  other  Books. 
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jHaga^irtes,    &c. 

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N    ELEMENTARY    TREATISE    ON    THE 

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A 


Containing  Applications  to  Plane  Curves  and  Surfaces, 

and  also  Chapters  on  the  Calculus  of  Variations, 

with  numerous  Examples. 


BENJAMIN  WILLIAMSON, 
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LONGMANS,  GREEN  &  CO. 
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s 


JUST  PUBLISHED. 

ONGS      FROM      THE      CLASSICS. 

By  CHARLES  F.  GRINDROD. 

Crown  Svo,  3s.  Gil.  net. 

Being  sixteen  short  poems  on  some  of  the  best-known 
Greek  myths. 

CTUDIES     IN     RHYME     AND     RHYTHM. 

By  CHARLES  F.  GRINDROD. 

Crown  Svo,  3&  6rf.  net. 

"  Practically  perfect  in  their  art.  He  invites  comparison 
with    Wordsworth    by    singing    of    'Daffodils';    but    his 

temerity  does  not  lead    to    disaster The    introductory 

sonnet  to  Sir  Edward  Elgar  comes  near  to  being  a  gem." 

Court  Circular. 

"  He  has  also  imagination,  and  when  he  finds  an  adequate 
theme,  as  in  the  'Diver's  Tale,'  he  writes  with  power  and 
distinction." — Spectator. 

"  Mr.  Grindrod,  as  his  title  might  imply,  is  very  various 
in  his  poetical  essays— light  and  serious  ;  song,  ballad, 
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Timet. 

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Stanzas  of  the  'Love  Song'  are  quite  charming  in  their 
.simple  tenderness." — Daily  Telegraph. 

"Mr.  Grindrod  boldly  and  successfully  attempts  many 
and  unusual  metres.  He  uses  them  with  taste  and  care, 
suiting  them  to  the  subject  of  each  several  poem.  He 
understands  also  the  value  of  words,  and  makes  us  see  his 
sunshine  on  the  earth,  and  shudder  at  his  horrors  under 
the  ocean." — Bookman. 

KLEIN  MATHEWS,  Vigo  Street,  London. 

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QUEEN  OF  QUEENS 

AND  THE 

MAKING  OF  SPAIN. 

By  CHRISTOPHER  HARE, 

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events  which  led  up  to  the  union  of  the  Provinces,  and  the  rise  of  Spain  as  a 
Christian  power.  This  account  of  the  land  and  the  period  of  romance  and 
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THE  BOYHOOD  OF 
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By  A.  M.  BROADLEY. 

A  Vivid  and  Picturesque  Account  of  the  Upbringing  and  Early 
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THE      PRESENT      SLAVE      TRADE      IN     PORTUGUESE     WEST     AFRICA. 

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N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


599 


SA  TURD  A  Y,  MA  Y  10,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
599 

COO 
601 
602 


Catalogue  of  Bodleian  MSS 

The  "Pope"  of  Holland  House 

Dictionary  of  German  Quotations    .. 

Early  Japanese  Religion 

New  Novels  (The  Mayor  of  Troy  ;  Lady  Baltimore  ; 
Jimmy  Quixote ;  The  Spanish  Dowry ;  Bartlelys 
the  Magnificent ;  Les  Particules)        . .         . .         . .     603 

Classical  Books         604 

Our  Library  Table  (A  Vision  of  India ;  Pictures 
from  the  Balkans  ;  From  a  College  Window  ;  The 
Principles  and  Methods  of  Taxation  ;  La  Question 
Con^olaise ;  Songs  by  Ben  Jonson  with  the  Earliest 
Settings;  'The  Meaning  of  Good';  'The  Vicar 
of  Wakefield';  "Popular  Classics";  "World's 
Classics") 606—608 

The  French  Original  of  Wolfram  von  Esch en- 
bach's  'Parzival';  Unpublished  Letters  of 
Charles  Lamb;  AVhere  was  the  'Ormulum' 
written?  The  Truman  Cruiksiiank  Sale    608—609 

Literary  Gossip         610 

Science— Bird  Life;  Conversazione  of  the  Royal 
Society  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ; 
Gossip  611—614 

Fine  Arts— Munich  Exhibition  at  the  Grafton 
Gallery  ;  Masterpieces  by  French  Painters 
of  the  Eighteenth  Century  ;  The  Royal 
Academy  ;  Illuminated  Manuscripts  in  the 
British  Museum  ;  Notes  from  Rome  ;  The 
Grimthorpe  and  other  Sales  ;  Gossip         614—618 

Music— Der  Vagabund  und  die  Prinzessin  ;  Der 
Barbier  von  Bagdad  ;  The  Second  Rixg 
Cycle  ;  Rigoletto  ;  Gossip  ;  Performances 
Next  Week  618—619 

Drama— Raffles  ;  The  Siiulamite  ;  Gossip        619—620 

Index  to  Advertisers       620 


LITERATURE 


A  Summary  Catalogue  of  Western  Manu- 
scripts in  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford. 
— Vol.  V.  Nineteenth  Century  and 
Miscellaneous.  By  Falconer  Madan. 
—Vol.  VI.  Part  I.  Accessions,  1890- 
1904.  By  the  same.  (Oxford,  Clarendon 
Press.) 

It  is  sixteen  years  since,  in  response  to  a 
timely  appeal  from  Mr.  Andrew  Clark, 
the  Curators  of  the  Bodleian  decided 
upon  the  series  of  Summary  Catalogues 
of  which  these  are  the  most  recent  instal- 
ment. The  ground  covered  in  the  fifth 
volume,  to  quote  the  title  more  fully,  is 
that  of  the  collections  received  during  the 
second  half  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
and  miscellaneous  manuscripts  acquired 
between  1695  and  1890.  The  numbers 
extend  from  24,331  to  31 ,000.  Mr.  Madan 
informs  us  that  the  entire  collection  of 
Western  manuscripts  in  the  Bodleian  is 
now  catalogued  in  print,  and  as  he  has 
been  personally  responsible  for  all  the 
volumes  of  the  series  which  have  so  far 
appeared,  he  may  well  view  his  handiwork 
with  pride,  as  we  do  with  amazement. 
For  the  reader  of  this  summary,  which 
extends  over  1,000  pages,  experiences 
something  of  the  wonderment  which  befalls 
the  narrator  in  '  The  Arabian  Nights  '  or 
the  explorers  of  untrodden  caves,  or 
which  befell  Keats  when  he  opened  Chap- 
man's Homer.  Anything  from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  world  may  lie  bnried  here. 
As  the  index  is  not  to  appear  until  1910, 
one  must  dig  until  one  finds. 

Tin-  accumulation  of  written  and  allied 
matter,  such  as  it  is  now  recognized  that 
the  literary  historian  of  the  present  day 
has  a  right  to  expect  in  public  and  national 
institutions,  is  so  enormous  that  a  detailed 
description  of  it  is  a  very  difficult  task. 


The  fashion  of  the  series  now  under  review 
was  adopted  from  the  French,  in  their 
inventaire  sommaire  of  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationale.  The  result,  we  are  prepared 
to  assert,  is  very  little  short  of  perfec- 
tion. We  have  been  carefully  through 
this  bulky  volume  several  times,  and  each 
time  with  additional  satisfaction.  There 
is  not  a  point,  in  accordance  with  the  canons 
of  modern  bibliography,  which  has  been 
missed.  Where  Mr.  Madan  may  have 
travelled  perhaps  somewhat  cursorily 
over  an  extremely  intricate  detail,  palaeo- 
graphical  or  other,  Bodley's  Librarian 
has  come  to  his  aid  with  additional  re- 
marks, inserted  in  the  text  of  his  colleague, 
between  brackets.  The  fullest  advantage, 
too,  has  been  taken  of  the  opinions  of 
experts,  all  duly  set  out  and  acknow- 
ledged with  courtesy  and  businesslike 
brevity. 

If  criticism,  then,  is  silenced  in  the 
presence  of  this  catalogue,  equally  it  is 
impossible  to  set  before  the  reader  the 
wealth  of  it  at  all  adequately.  Mr. 
Madan,  as  on  previous  occasions,  has  in 
his  preface  drawn  attention  to  some  of 
its  most  striking  features,  though  here, 
unfortunately,  no  special  lists  are  supplied 
of  German  MSS.  But  one  cannot  sum 
up  over  9,000  manuscripts  in  four  or  five 
pages — nor,  indeed,  in  one  review,  be  it 
added.  The  two  Gregorian  Sacramen- 
taries  and  the  Greek  Gospels  and  Genesis 
of  the  ninth  century,  the  Latin  Isidore 
and  Cassiodorus  of  the  tenth,  are  obvious 
items  of  exceptional  interest,  as  also  is  the 
Gospel-book  of  St.  Margaret  of  Scotland 
(29,744),  the  history  of  its  discovery  being 
one  of  the  most  romantic  in  the  annals 
of  bibliography  in  modern  times,  and,  of 
course,  duly  recorded  here.  The  Horae 
connected  with  Anne  of  Bohemia  (29,742) 
form  a  very  suitable  companion  volume. 
The  fragment  of  Aldhelm  '  De  Laudibus 
Virginitatis '  (30,591),  ascribed  to  the 
eighth  century  and  to  an  English  origin, 
has  evidently  exercised  Mr.  Nicholson,  who 
confesses  to  knowing  no  similar  writing, 
and  places  it  two  centuries  later.  Cer- 
tainly there  is  much  still  to  be  done  in 
this  field.  We  believe  a  similar  fragment 
of  Aldhelm  has  recently  been  given  to 
Cambridge.  The  Bodleian  leaf,  we  think, 
is  still  unpublished.  With  it  may  be 
compared  the  Orosius  (30,481).  A  tanta- 
lizing allusion  to  twelfth-century  Syriac 
occurs  in  the  description  of  the  Thomas 
Aquinas  (24,468).  Unfortunately  the  writ- 
ing itself  has  disappeared. 

If  we  turn  from  the  rare  to  the  curious, 
there  is  no  end  to  the  material  for  comment. 
The  entry  which  gives  us  most  pleasure  is, 
we  confess,  from  one  MS.  of  the  Hamilton 
collection.  It  consists  of  the  Epistle  sent 
by  the  Devil  from  the  centre  of  Hell  to  the 
Princes  of  the  World,  and  specially  those 
of  the  Modern  Church  (24,469).  This  may 
be  well  known,  but  it  is  new  to  us,  at  least. 
From  this  ebullition  to  the  pathetic 
appeals  of  Master  William  Mulwer,  school- 
boy, for  additional  holidays  (30,570, 
30,585),  there  is  nothing  which  may  not 
be  here  expected  and  found.  At  the  end 
of  the  volume  come  (p.  903)  some  account 
of  the  Charters  and  Rolls,  a  separate  series; 


statements  with  regard  to  the  Bodleian 
collection  of  rubbings  of  monumental 
brasses,  which  was  formed  in  1904  and  is 
a  new  feature ;  and  of  photographic 
negatives,  which  have  to  be  reckoned 
with  nowadays  as  part  of  the  impedimenta 
of  every  first-class  library.  It  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  many  of  the  Oxford 
collections  which  belong  to  the  colleges  are 
now  deposited  in  the  Bodleian,  such  as 
the  New  College  charters  (p.  904  ;  some 
further  New  College  documents  are  also 
here,  pp.  635,  654),  and  MSS.  of  Brase- 
nose,  Hertford,  Jesus,  Lincoln,  University, 
and  the  Clarendon  Press  (p.  934).  The 
Curators  of  the  Bodleian  may  well  have 
taken  John  vi.  12  to  heart.  Very  little, 
indeed  nothing,  has  escaped  the  meshes 
of  their  net,  whether  it  be  a  catalogue 
entry  or  a  reply  postcard.  The  prices 
have  been  openly,  and  very  properly, 
given  in  all  cases  of  acquisition. 

Mr.  Nicholson  sets  out  all  his  researches 
upon  that  baffling  fragment  of  a  Latin 
Chronicle  (30,572)  in  battle  array,  and 
reverts  to  the  charge  among  the  corrigenda. 
Indeed  the  corrigenda  to  vols,  iii.,  iv., 
and  v.  (amounting  to  some  twenty-three 
pages)  form  some  of  the  best  reading  in  the 
present  volume,  embodying  final  expert 
conclusions  upon  knotty  points,  given  by 
scholars  like  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Bannister, 
Mr.  Sidney  Cockerel!,  Mr.  Priebsch,  Mr. 
S.  Gibson,  and  others.  The  note  upon  the 
Ormesby  Psalter  (21,941)  in  vol.  iv. 
extends  alone  to  five  closely  printed  pages. 
The  remark  is  quoted,  with  approval, 
that  this  is  the  finest  manuscript  executed 
in  England  which  is  in  the  Bodleian 
(p.  xxii).  The  provenance  of  MS.  21,870 
is  now,  on  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Bannister, 
at  last  relegated  to  Peterborough.  In  the 
same  way  it  is  interesting  to  see  Mr.  II.  Y. 
Thompson  piecing  together  more  suo  one 
of  his  own  MSS.  from  the  shelves  of  the 
Bodleian  (p.  xxvii).  The  provenance  of 
the  Octateuch  (Canon.  Gr.  35)  as  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  M.  R.  James  is  not,  how- 
ever, recorded.  Further  information  upon 
St.  Walepaxtus  (30,618)  would  be  grate- 
fully received,  for  we  do  not  find  him  in 
the  pages  of  Grotefend. 

The  Miscellanea  in  vol.  v.  have  been 
divided  into  two  sections;  the  first  arranged 
chronologically  from  1695  to  1890,  the 
second  containing,  in  alphabetical  arrange- 
ment, the  names  of  all  the  collections  in 
the  Library  which  at  present  bear  separate 
titles— an  arrangement  which  is  extremely 
helpful,  for  nothing  is  more  distressing  to 
the  student  than  complicated  catalogue- 
notation.  The  system,  indeed,  is  tanta- 
mount to  subject-indexing.  However  de- 
sirable this  may  be,  many  entries  err — • 
the  entry  under  Boreal  MSS.,  for  example 
— on  the  side  of  completeness,  for  a  photo- 
graphic reproduction  of  a  foreign  manu- 
script can  hardly  with  fairness  be  included 
in  a  catalogue  of  the  Bodleian  collection. 
and  this  is  a  patent  cause  of  the  excessive 
bulk  of  the  present  volume.  But  for  the 
thoroughness  and  accuracy  with  which 
Mr.  Madan  has  done  his  work  we  have 
nothing  but   praise.      We  had   noted   only 

one  misprint  in  the  whole  catalogue,  and 
that    we    subsequently    found    carefully 


Con 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


recorded  by  Bodley's  Librarian  in  the 
corrigenda.  As  for  painstaking  collations, 
that  on  p.  711  may  well  be  held  up  as  an 
example— perhaps  as  an  awful  example. 
The  constantly  reiterated  statement  that 
a  full  index  of  the  contents  of  any  par- 
ticular manuscript  is  in  the  Library, 
though  not  here  set  out,  inspires  one 
with  the  fullest  confidence  and  satis- 
faction concerning  the  present  traditions 
of  the  Bodleian.  If  we  compare  this 
series  with  the  sumptuous  catalogues 
of  the  Cambridge  college  libraries,  the 
gain  can  hardly  be  said  in  their  case 
to  be  commensurate  with  the  additional 
cost,  On  the  other  hand,  the  catalogue 
of  the  Additional  MSS.  at  the  British 
Museum  would  profit,  if  space  and  funds 
permitted,  by  a  greater  amount  of  detail 
such  as  we  find  here. 

Interesting  as  the  fifth  volume  is,  the 
first  part  of  vol.  vi.,  representing  the  acces- 
sions   between    1890    and    1904    (31,001- 
33,548),  may  fairly  claim  to    surpass    it 
in  this  way. "  The  half,  in  accordance  with 
the  old  saying,  is  more  than  the  whole. 
The    study    of    literary    documents    lias 
advanced   very   rapidly   during   the   last 
fifteen  years,  as  a  glance  at  the  record  of 
the  Greek  papyri  and  parchments  recovered 
from  Egypt,  and  now  here,  alone  would 
show.     The    centuries    here    represented, 
from  the  second  century  before  the  Chris- 
tian era  onwards,  have  come  very  close  to 
us  during  this  remarkable  period.     The 
more  usual  Western  MSS.,   too,   contain 
here  some  very  noteworthy  items,  among 
which  we  should  single   out  the  unique 
York  Gradual  (32,940),   made  known  to 
the  public  by  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Frere  in  the 
Journal   of   Theological   Studies,    and   the 
Private  Prayers  of  Queen  Katherine,  wife 
of  Henry  V.  (31,537),  to  which  Mr.  Nichol- 
son   has    appended    an    elaborate    study. 
Nor  must  the  return  of  an  old  Oxford 
manuscript,  Capgrave's  autograph  Exodus 
(32,386),   presented  by  Duke  Humphrey 
in  1444,  be  passed  over.     No  less  remark- 
able, in  another  path,  is  the  astounding 
accumulation  of  Oxford  documents  relating 
to  the  social  life  of  the  past  (the  Oxford 
Barbers'  Company  Records,  for  example) 
and    of    the    present    day — menus    from 
Corpus  Christi  College,  and  gatebills,  and 
Christ  Church  Buttery,  Kitchen,  and  Gate 
Papers.     The  historian  of  the  future  will 
surely  not  fail  for  want  of  material.     The 
Bodleian,  at  any  rate,  by  encouraging  such 
donations,    has   done   its  part.      Beyond 
Oxford,    the   Shelley   MSS.,    the    Hallam 
Dialect  Collections,  Col.  Barrow's  extra- 
ordinary  journal,   and  the  Tercentenary 
papers  (which  are  oecumenical)  are  all  here 
included.     Irish    and    Welsh    MSS.     are 
fairly  well  represented.     Finally  we  have 
Mr.  E.  S.  Dodgson's  Basque  postcards. 

The  most  revolutionary  feature  of  these 
catalogues  is  undoubtedly  the  inclusion 
of  the  film  negatives,  photographs,  litho- 
graphs, and  printed  facsimiles  of  non- 
Bodleian  manuscripts.  It  is  difficult  wholly 
to  justify  the  Bodleian  authorities  in  this. 
But  the  principle  once  accepted,  the  result 
at  any  rate  is  completely  satisfactory.  It 
saves  time,  and  this,  after  all,  is  the  highest 
justification. 


The  "  Pope  "  of  Holland  House  :  Selections 
from  the  Correspondence  of  John  WhisJiaw 
and  his  Friends.  Edited  and  annotated 
by  Lady  Seymour.  With  a  Memoir  of 
Whishaw  and  an  Account  of  "  The  King 
of  Clubs  "  by  W.  P.  Courtney.  (Fisher 
Unwin.) 

Allusions  to  John  Whishaw  frequently 
occur  in  the  memoirs  and  biographies  con- 
cerned witli  the  Regency  and  the  reigns 
of  George  IV.  and  William  IV.,  more  par- 
ticularly when  their  subjects  happen  to 
be  Whigs.  He  held  for  many  years  the 
Commissionership  for  auditing  the  Public 
Accounts  ;  as  an  active  member  of  the 
African  Institution,  he  became  the  anony- 
mous biographer  of  Mungo  Park.  His 
importance  consisted  chiefly,  however,  in 
his  friendships  with  Whig  leaders  like 
Lord  Holland  and  Lord  Lansdowne,  and 
his  recognized  place  in  that  brilliant  society 
which  included  Sydney  Smith,  Rogers, 
Luttrell,  Brougham,  and  many  more 
whom  it  would  be  tedious  to  particularize. 
Whishaw  was  thoroughly  at  home  both 
at  Holland  House  and  "  the  King  of  Clubs." 
On  the  untimely  death  of  Horner,  he  was 
regarded  as  the  most  fitting  person  to 
write  the  life  ;  but  he  had  to  relinquish 
it  for  a  more  responsible  task — the 
guardianship  of  the  young  Romillys. 
Whishaw  was,  in  short,  a  man  held  in 
universal  esteem,  whom  Sydney  Smith 
aptly  described  to  Earl  Grey  as  "  one  of 
the  most  sensible  men  in  England,  and  his 
opinions  valuable  if  he  will  give  them." 
When  he  did  express  them,  his  confidence 
in  his  own  views  won  for  him  the  nick- 
names of  "  the  Pope  "  and  "  the  Mufti." 
It  is  curious  that  he  should  have 
escaped  the  notice  of  the  '  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.'  Mr.  W.  P.  Courtney 
makes  the  omission  good  in  the  volume 
before  us  by  a  capital  memoir,  in  which 
he  collects  the  information  requisite  to 
illustrate  a  highly  honourable,  if  unevent- 
ful career. 

Whishaw's  correspondence,  which  Lady 
Seymour     has     judiciously     edited,     was 
chiefly  addressed  to  Mr.  Thomas  Smith, 
of  Easton  Grey,  a  well-informed  Wiltshire 
squire,   and  afterwards   to  his  wife,   who 
was    intimate    with    the    Lansdownes    at 
Bowood  and  with  Ricardo  at  Gatcombe. 
Its     character    was    well     described    by 
Mackintosh,  who,  while  in  exile  at  Bombay, 
thanked  him  for  his  "  calm  views  of  lite- 
rature and  politics,  peculiarly  adapted  to 
satisfy  a  distant  observer."     The  remark 
is  equally  true  of  those  distant  in  point 
of  time.     Never  was  there  a  man  quite  so 
reasonable  as  Whishaw,   though  his  was 
not    the    sweet    reasonableness    dear    to 
Matthew  Arnold,   but   a   somewhat   sour 
variety  of  that  quality.     He  did  not  attain 
to    infallibility,    but    he    maintained    an 
equable  mind  during  the  gravest   crises, 
such  as  the  trial  of  Queen  Caroline  and 
the  period  of  the  Reform  Bill.     The  long 
exclusion   of   the   Whigs   from   office   was 
accepted  by  him  with  indifference  ;    thus 
in  1820  he  wrote  : — 

"  The  Sovereign  even  if  favourably  dis- 
posed to  Whig  Ministers  (which  is  very 
questionable)  is  feeble  and  timid  ;    and  the 


present  men  have  a  strong  hold  upon  Parlia- 
ment and  the  country,  and  could  not  effectu- 
ally be  displaced  without  a  great  effort. 
For  my  part,  I  never  expect  to  see  again  a 
Whig  Ministry,  and  I  do  not  know,  consider- 
ing  by  how  frail  a  tenure  they  must  hold 
their  offices,  whether  such  a  thing  is 
desirable." 

Whishaw  declined  to  bow  the  knee  to 
Madame  de  Stael  when  she  took  London 
society  captive  : — 

"  She  is  very  good-natured,  and  occasion- 
ally, I  believe,  shows  great  kindness  and 
benevolence  ;  and  she  has  great  ease  and 
frankness  in  her  deportment,  though  not 
strictly  good  manners.  Her  talents  in 
society  are  principally  displayed  in  eloquent- 
harangues  upon  subjects  which  do  not 
frequently  occur  in  ordinary  conversation, 
such  as  the  excellence  of  the  British  Consti- 
tution, the  Divine  Benevolence,  &c,  &c. 
Though  she  has  great  success  at  present,  it 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  her  popularity 
will  be  lasting  ;  for  she  appears  to  require 
an  audience,  and  to  be  more  exigeante  than 
is  quite  consistent  with  the  ease  of  freedom 
of  society." 

Shrewd  though  he  was,  Whishaw  some- 
times missed  his  mark  as  a  critic.  Thus, 
when  Adolphe,'  the  novel  of  Madame  de 
Stael's  cher  ami,  Benjamin  Constant, 
appeared,  he  coldly  dismissed  it  as  "  an 
absolute  failure  for  a  man  of  great  literary 
reputation."  Did  not  Balzac  eulogize  it 
more  than  once  as  one  of  the  profoundest 
analyses  of  the  passions  that  had  ever  been 
perpetrated  ?  But  then  the  passions  were 
not  much  in  Whishaw's  way.  As  a  rule 
his  judgments  were  refreshingly  free  from 
the  rancour  of  literary  sets,  though  he  was 
content,  on  the  other  hand,  with  a  minimum 
of  praise.  "  It  has  little  interest,  though 
it  contains  some  agreeable  passages,"  was 
his  verdict  on  Rogers's  '  Italy.'  Scott  he 
admired,  though  with  discrimination,  nor 
was  he  misled  by  the  mystifications  which 
deceived  even  sagacious  people  like  John 
Murray  : — 

"  With  respect  to  the  '  Tales  of  my  Land- 
lord,' I  agree  with  you  that  '  Old  Mortality  ' 
is  on  the  whole  superior  to  any  of  W.  Scott's 
workL,  especially  those  in  prose.  But  I  still 
think  it  most  probable  he  is  the  author  ;  and 
this  is  the  clear  and  decided  opinion  of  the 
most  intelligent  persons,  and  those  who  best 
know  him  in  Edinburgh.  His  brother. 
Tom  Scott,  having  failed  in  his  circum- 
stances at  home,  is  now  a  regimental  pay- 
master in  Canada.  He  possesses  some  of  his 
brother's  talents,  but  he  is  at  a  distance  from 
books  and  has  no  literary  experience. 
Possibly  he  may  have  furnished  gome  out- 
lines or  sketches  which  his  brother  has  filled 
up.  That  Walter  Scott  has  had  some 
concern  with  the  work  is  not  denied,  and 
several  of  Ins  anecdotes  and  jokes  are  recog- 
nised in  different  parts  of  the  novels.  Ii 
is,  therefore,  only  a  question  of  degree." 

Whishaw  had  a  good  deal  to  say  about 
the  separation  of  Lord  and  Lady  Byron, 
and  came  to  the  eminently  sensible  con- 
clusion that  there  never  was  any  real 
affection  between  them.  And  here  are 
his  views  on  Lady  Caroline  Lamb's  spiteful 
and  rambling  novel  '  Glenarvon,'  a  '  Key  ' 
to  which  is  printed  from  his  papers  :  — 

"  I  am  afraid  Lady  Caroline  and  her  novel 
will  experience  less  public  indignation  than 
they  deserve.     I  had  some  conversation  on 


N°  4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


601 


the    subject    yesterday    with    Rogers,    who 
talked  very  properly  and  rationally." 

Daniels  sitting  in  judgment  indeed  ! 

Public  affairs  and  letters  were  evidently 
the  chief  interests  in  Whishaw's  life.  As 
became  Mungo  Park's  biographer,  how- 
ever, he  devoted  some  attention  to  African 
exploration,  and  considered  that  the  course 
of  the  Niger  might  conceivably  be  sur- 
veyed by  balloon.  "Sed  referre  gradient!" 
was  a  characteristic  afterthought,  if  a 
misquotation. 

The  letters  to  Whishaw  are  not  very 
important,  though  Hallam  is  to  be  dis- 
covered growling  at  Murray  for  "  un- 
paralleled neglect,"  and  accusing  him  of 
taking  Lockhart  as  adviser  "  just  as  you 
would  take  your  servant,  though  probably 
with  a  worse  character."  Sydney  Smith 
confided  to  Whishaw  his  poor  opinion  of 
the  historian — the  "  bore  contradictor," 
as  he  is  said  to  have  called  him  to  the 
little  girl  who  had  been  seeing  the  snakes 
at  the  Zoological  Gardens  : — 

"  Of  Hallam's  labour  and  accuracy  I  have 
no  doubt,  but  he  has  less  modesty  than  any 
man  I  ever  saw,  and  with  talents  of  no  very 
high  description  is  very  apt  to  attempt 
things  much  above  his  strength,  and  is 
wholly  without  any  measure  of  himself. 
I  like  and  respect  Hallam  as  much  as  you 
do  ;  his  success  will  surprise  me  but  please 
me  very  much." 

The  book  in  question  was  the  '  Middle 
Ages,'  so  that  surprise  and  pleasure  were 
in  store  for  the  candid  friend.  "  The  King 
of  Clubs,"  one  imagines,  must  have  suffered 
sometimes  from  such  exchanges  of  amenity. 
Mr.  Courtney  gives  a  most  acceptable 
account  of  that  famous  society,  based  on 
a  manuscript  volume,  with  entries  appa- 
rently by  Sydney  Smith,  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  Mr.  Cosmo  Romilly.  The  club 
existed  from  February,  1798,  to  1823  or 
thereabouts,  and  included  all  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  aristocratic  Whig  circle 
and  its  literary  adherents,  together  with 
Lord  Dudley,  who  associated  with  it, 
though  he  was  not  of  it.  Mr.  Courtney 
rightly  conjectures  that  the  institution 
died  of  too  much  talent.  "  Where  every 
one  tries  to  instruct,  there  is,  in  fact,  but 
little  instruction,"  was  the  reflection  of 
the  poet  Campbell,  who  was  several  times 
present  as  a  guest.  It  is  a  thousand  pities, 
all  the  same,  that  "  the  King  of  Clubs  " 
lacked  its  Grant  Duff. 

There  are  nine  illustrations,  mostly 
portraits,  and  also,  we  are  glad  to  notice, 
an  index. 


Dictionary    of    Quotations    {German).     By 
Lilian  Dalbiac.     (Sonnenschein  &  Co.) 

Heine  declares  in  his  '  Book  of  Ideas  ' 
that  the  quoting  of  books  old  and  new  is 
the  chief  delight  of  a  young  author,  one 
or  two  thoroughly  learned  quotations 
being  a  general  adornment.  An  eigh- 
teenth-century satirist  and  divine  ex- 
plained that 

Some  for  renown  on  scraps  of  learning  dote, 
And  think  they  grow  immortal  as  they  quote  ; 

but  the  writers  of  to-day  are  so  often  told 
that  their  works  are  immortal  that  they  see 
no  need,  perhaps,  to  secure  such  honours 


by  the  interposition  of  other  minds.  In 
an  age  which  recognizes  no  masters,  and 
seeks  so  keenly  to  be  original,  quotation 
may  have  decayed  as  an  art,  but  it  remains 
a  pleasure  to  the  scholar,  and  a  source  of 
irritation,  perhaps,  to  the  ordinary  man, 
who,  if  he  understands  what  is  said, 
wonders  who  said  it — feels,  in  fact,  Ovid's 
need  in  the  wilds  of  Tomi  of  a  learned 
friend. 

The  series  in  which  this  new  volume 
appears  has  done  more  to  remove  this 
difficulty  than  any  other  we  know.  The 
various  collections  have  been  thorough 
and  comprehensive,  and  the  single  arrange- 
ment in  alphabetical  order,  with  competent 
indexes  of  subjects  and  authors,  is  a  good 
one  for  ready  reference.  Unfortunately, 
the  translations  from  foreign  languages 
have  not  alwaj^s  been  of  the  best  :  there 
are,  for  instance,  some  disgraceful  mistakes 
in  the  section  of  Latin  citations,  which 
argue  either  ignorance  or  extreme  careless- 
ness in  the  compiler  and  his  helpers. 

In  the  present  instance  we  find  an 
admirably  wide  range  of  quotation  in  the 
390  pages  of  text,  and  we  think  it  was  well 
to  accord  a  whole  volume  to  German 
sources,  instead  of  including  Spanish  also 
in  the  same  volume.  Even  now,  the 
Preface  modestly  declares,  the  collection 
is  "  far  from  complete,"  although  Buch- 
mann's  '  Gefliigelte  Worte,'  in  its  twentieth 
edition  in  1900,  and  similar  works  have 
afforded  useful  guidance.  The  author 
states  further  that  "  it  is  difficult  to  under- 
stand why  these  compilers  take  such 
scant  notice  of  Lessing  and  Heine." 
Neglect  of  the  latter,  which  is  notorious, 
seems  to  be  due  to  his  daring  flights  of 
free-thought,  and  his  strong  touch  of  the 
Parisian.  He  is  also  too  near  our  own 
times  to  have  got  into  the  books.  Tenny- 
son, in  the  same  way,  is  most  quotable, 
and  frequently  quoted,  but  you  can  seldom 
verify  your  quotation  in  a  book  of  refer- 
ence. Lessing  is,  we  fear,  old-fashioned. 
Was  it  not  to  him  that  the  couplet, 

Once  you  were  the  man  : 
Now  it 's  Sudermann, 

was  applied  ?  Yet  Lessing  is  full  of 
sound  aesthetics,  and  also  of  striking  senti- 
ments which  appear  modern  enough. 
His  '  Nathan  '  informs  us  that  "To  be 
great  is  to  be  misunderstood  "  ("  nur  das 
Gemeine  Verkennt  man  selten  ").  How 
many  modern  spirits  feel  this  distraction 
of  purpose  ! 

Leider  bin 
Auch  ich  ein  Ding  von  vielen  Seiten,  die 
Oft  nielit  so  reeht  zu  passen  scheinen  mogen. 

The  following  we  have  seen  often  stated 
in  various  authors  and  tongues,  but  never 
so  well  as  in  '  Nathan  '  : — 

Der  Aherglaub',  in  dein  wir  aufgewachsen, 
Verliert,  auch  wenn  wir  ihn  erkennen,  darum 
Doch  seine  Macht  nicht  iiber  una.     Es  sind 
Xicht  alle  frei,  die  ihrer  Ketten  spotten. 

The  next  paragraph  of  the  Preface 
brings  us  to  the  deficiency  we  have  already 
indicated  in  this  excellent  series  : — 

'  Tho  translations  have  been  taken  from 
what  seemed  to  be  the  best  existing  sources  ; 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  English  readers,  un- 
familiar with  German,  will  realise  that  it  is 


just  the  finest  ideas  that  are  most  incapable 
of  translation." 

A  good  many  of  the  finest  ideas  are  also 
the  simplest,  and  it  is  evident  that  what 
the  reader  innocent  of  German  wants  is 
a  literal  translation.  This  in  many  cases 
he  will  not  find,  and  we  think  more  would 
be  gained  by  honest  English  prose  than 
by  the  renderings  of,  say,  Bowring,  who 
misses  out  an  idea  in  the  German  in  order 
to  construct  a  feeble  English  hexameter 
and  pentameter.  We  turn  to  Goethe's 
well-known  fines  : — 

Willst  du  immer  weiter  sehweifen  ? 
— Sieh,  das  Gute  liegt  so  nah. 
Lerne  nur  das  Gliick  ergreifen, 
Denn  das  Gliick  ist  immer  da. 

These  are  rendered  by  Paul  Dyrsen  : — 

Neither  far  away  nor  hidden, 
At  your  door  lies  ever}'  good  ; 
Nor  is  luck  to  you  forbidden, 
Only  master  it  you  should. 

This  is  a  bad  version  ;  in  fact,  it  is  no 
more  than  a  paraphrase,  needlessly  diver- 
gent in  form  from  the  original,  and  evi- 
dently hampered  by  the  demands  of 
rhyme.  It  is  fair  to  say  that  there  are 
much  better  renderings  in  the  book.  On 
the  next  page  Mr.  Walter  Sichel  shows 
grace  and  facility  in  rendering  Grillparzer  ; 
and  Mr.  Bailey  Saunders,  an  accomplished 
German  scholar,  gives  a  faultless  version 
of  one  of  Goethe's  '  Spruche  in  Prosa.' 
C.  G.  Leland  is  probably  the  best  trans- 
lator of  Heine's  prose  available,  but  many 
of  his  versions  are  careless  in  those  little 
points  which  are  worth  notice  in  a  great 
writer  and  a  great  artist.  We  say  this 
in  no  pedantic  spirit,  knowing  well  that 
in  some  cases  words  have  no  possible 
equivalents  ;  but  this  sort  of  work — ill 
paid,  we  fear,  and  torturing  to  the  man  of 
exquisite  taste — deserves  the  best  care 
and  thought.  We  would  not  let  such  a 
collection  leave  our  hands  until  it  had  been 
submitted  to  the  eye  of  a  critic  accus- 
tomed to  the  perusal  and  translation  of 
both  German  and  English.  Such  an 
authority  would  hardly,  we  think,  allow 
Schiller's  Nachbar  on  p.  70  to  be  heightened 
into  "  monitor,"  or  selig  into  "  holy " 
(p.  216),  or  praise 

Little  will  he  that 's  over-cautious  do, 
for 

Wer  gar  zu  viel  bedenkt,  wird  wenig  leisten. 

Sir  Theodore  Martin  has  here  obscured 
the  evident,  and  simply  stated  contrast 
between  thinking  and  doing.  An  instance 
of  the  misconceptions  due  to  inaccuracy 
is  supplied  by  Matthew  Arnold,  who  points 
out  that  Goethe's  description  of  Byron  as 
"  unquestionably  the  greatest  talent  of 
the  century "  was  wrongly  translated 
"  the  greatest  genius,"  which  is  a  very 
different  thing. 

We  are.  however,  too  glad  to  have  this 
treasury  of  good  things  to  dwell  longer  on 
small  points  which  can  easily  be  attended 
to  on  revision.  The  field  of  German 
letters  is  amply  represented.  We  find 
familiar  tilings  like  Schiller's 

Against  stupidity  the  very  gods 
Themselves  oontend  in  vain; 

deep    sayings    from    Schopenhauer    and 


602 


Til  E     ATI!  KNittUM 


X    l'»!)!t,  Mav  19,  1906 


Novalis ;    ami  clever  things  from  Sudor- 

inaiin  like 

The  losing  tide  is  always  philosophically  Inclined. 

The  nio-t  Btriking  feature  of  the  book 
i-  the  amount  of  sayings  which  Btand  to 
the  oredit  of  Bismarck.  He  appears  on 
twenty-one  occasions,  a  record  far  ahead 
df  that  cf  any  other  aon-literary  person 
known  to  us.  Beaoonsfield,  in  Bpite  of 
his  robberies  of  other  people's  good  things, 

and    his    novels,    figures    only    seven    times 

in  the  corresponding  English  volume. 

Goethe's  Faust,  Pari  1..  supplies  as 
many  as  186  quotations.  "  J)as  Ewig- 
Weibliche "  from  Part  II.  eluded  us  for  a 
while.  \\'e  found  it  tinally  by  remember- 
ing the  first  line  of  the  '  ('horns  Mysticus  " 
which  it  concludes  ;  and  it  is  duly  entered 
in  the  '  Index  of  Subjects.1  This  '  Index  ' 
will  be  of  great  use  in  the  cases  where  one 
line  only  is  generally  familiar,  but  does 
not  appear  in  the  main  list  under  the  head- 
ing of  its  first  word,  because  it  is  part  of  a 
sentence  or  passage  quoted  in  full  ;  e.g., 
Was  uns  alio  bandigt,  das  Clemeine, 

which  is  from'Goethe's  Epilogue  to  Schiller's 
"  ( docke,'  appears  under  H,  as  the  previous 
line  is  also  given. 

Die  Kraft  ist  schwaoh,  allein  die  Lust  ist  gross, 

is,  we  have  heard,  a  familiar  quotation  in 
Germany,  and  is  the  reply  of  Mephis- 
topheles  to  the  query  if  he  is  a  virtuoso. 
"  The  power  is  weak,  but  the  desire  is 
strong,"  is  obviously  the  literal  rendering. 
Here  we  find  "  Power  is  weak,  the  wish 
alone  is  great." 

There  is  but  one  quotation  recorded 
from  Nietzsche  : — 

"  Xot  to  be  forgotten  !  The  higher  we 
rise,  the  smaller  we  appear  to  those  who 
cannot  fly." 

Much  as  one  may  object  to  his  philosophy, 
he  has  said  many  better  things  than  this  ; 
his  gift  of  style  was  remarkable,  and  our 
private  anthology  includes  at  least  twenty 
of  his  sayings.  We  find  Wcltschmcrz,  but 
where  is  the  Superman  ?  That  omission 
should  certainly  be  remedied  in  a  new 
edition. 

We  add  from  our  own  store  one  or  two 
things  which  are,  perhaps,  no  more 
'"  familiar  quotations  "  than  much  of  the 
book  before  us,  but  seem  worthy  of  repro- 
duction. Schopenhauer  has  ('  Parerga,' 
ii.  326),  "  Der  Glaube  ist  wie  die  Liebe  : 
er  liisst  sich  nicht  erzwingen."  There  is 
much  that  is  charming  of  Heine  here,  but 
even  more  would  please  us.  To  the  some- 
what banal  stanza  quoted  from  Goethe's 
'  Lieder  '  concerning  the  stars  the  follow- 
ing from  'Heine's  Romantische  Schule ' 
(chap,  iii.)  affords  a  pretty  contrast  : — 

"  Die  Sterne  des  Himmels  erscheinen  uns 
aber  vielleicht  deshalb  so  schon  und  rein, 
weil  wir  weit  von  ilmcn  entfernt  stehen,  und 
ihr  Privatleben  nicht  kennen." 

We  believe  that  criminal  statistics  support 
the  truth  of  Heine's  conclusion  : — 

"  Da  es  draussen  regnete,  so  war  es  auch 
in  mir  schlechtes  Wetter  "  ('  Reisebilder  '  : 
Italy). 

In  '  Friihlingstrost '  Uhland  has  the  follow- 
ing admirable  couplet  : — 


Wt  ■ !  i  r,  in  toll  ben  Tagen, 

\\  i.  lelbct  die  Dorncn  Rosen  trag 

The  full.. wing  from  Goethe's  '  Spruche  im 
i'  valuable  testimony  to-day  :  — 

M  iuiIiiiiii  der  eriechiBchea  and 

romisohen  Literatur  inunenort  die  Basis  der 
hoheren  Bildung  bleiben." 

Whether  lovers  of  the  classics  or  not, 

all  educated  men  should  rejoice  in  this 
collection.      For     tie-     ordinary      man     it 

will,  we  fear,  not  mean  mu<h.     Yet  we  are 

not  sure;  the  ordinary  man  has  extra- 
ordinary boldness,  and  he  may  get  hen  a 
phrase  or  a  word  or  two  in  emulation  of 
one  of  Dickens's  great  figures,  who 

"  was  in  the  frequent  habit  of  using  any 
word  that  occurred  to  him  as  having  a  good 
sound  and  rounding  a  sentence  well,  without 
much  care  of  its  meaning." 


Shinto  :   the  Way  of  the  Gods.     By  W.  G. 
Aston.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

Shinto  is  the  Japonico-Chinese  equiva- 
lent of  '  Kami  no  michi,'  '  The  Way  of 
the  Gods  '  ;  the  name  is  comparatively 
modern,  and  so  is  the  thing.  Before 
the  advent  of  Buddhism  the  Japanese 
had  no  theology,  and  what  is  now  called 
Shinto  is  so  full  of  Buddhist,  Confucianist, 
and  Taouist  traits  that  it  is  no  easy  task 
to  disentangle  from  it  the  elements  of 
whatever  faith  the  primitive  immigrants 
into  Japan  and  their  immediate  successors 
possessed.  But,  undeveloped  and  rudi- 
mentary as  it  was,  there  existed  in  the 
seventh  century  of  our  era  a  collection 
of  myths  and  practices  which  may  be 
fairly  called  a  religious  system,  and  it  is 
as  a  guide  to  this  labyrinthine  and  un- 
digested mass  that  Dr.  Aston's  erudite 
and  interesting  work  has  been  composed. 
The  principal  materials  at  his  disposition 
have  been  provided  almost  entirely  by 
English  scholars.  They  consist  of  the 
'  Kojiki,'  or  '  Ancient  Annals,'  translated 
by  Prof.  Chamberlain ;  the  '  Nihongi,' 
or  '  Chronicles,'  of  which  the  only  full 
version  is  due  to  the  learning  and  industry 
of  Dr.  Aston  himself  ;  and  the  '  Institutes 
of  Yengi,'  a  ritual  work  of  the  tenth 
century,  partly  translated  by  Sir  Ernest 
Satow.  The  other  works  mentioned  by 
Dr.  Aston  are  of  secondary  importance, 
and  so,  in  our  opinion,  at  least  in  relation 
to  primitive  Shinto,  are  the  voluminous 
and  wordy  treatises  of  the  eighteenth- 
century  revivalists  Motowori  and  Hirata. 
Of  their  labours  a  valuable  account 
was  given  long  ago  by  Sir  E.  Satow  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Asiatic  Society 
of  Japan,  by  far  the  most  important  con- 
tributions to  which  at  that  time,  and  for 
some  years  afterwards,  were  from  the  pen 
of  members  of  the  British  consular  service 
in  Japan. 

Not  the  least  good  one  may  expect 
from  the  publication  of  this  book  is  the 
dissipation  of  much  of  the  cloud  of  senti- 
ment that  ignorance  and  a  peculiarly 
frivolous  SchlDarmerei  have  gathered  round 
the  simple  stories  and  naive  practices 
of  the  great  Rich  -  fruited  Land.  The 
'  Annals '  set  these  forth  in  their  most 
primitive  form:  the  'Chronicles'  in  a 
slightly    rationalized    and    more    literary 


nay.    The  two  works  ueie  .  ompo-ed  within 
M  other     early  in  the 

eighth  century      hut    are  entirely  different 

in  tone.     The  mystery  of  this  difl 
aiuojig     contemporaries     has     not     fcx 
oleared  up.     The  '  Annals  "  apj  eai  to  be 
in  part  a  very  had  Chinese  translation,  in 
pari  transliteration,  of  an  original  in  pure 
Japanese  ;     the    '  ( 'hronich 

composed  more  or  less  in  Chinese  by 
a  halting  scholar.  The  stories  in  the 
former  are  almost  always  extremelj  :  ode, 
not  seldom  very  obscure,  if  we  may  ti 
Prof.  Chamberlain's  version,  which,  how- 
ever, may  follow  Motow  •  ntaiy 
too  closely.  At  all  cent-,  of  many  of  the 
songs  preserved  in  the  '  Annals  Prof. 
Chamberlain's  version  seems  too  un- 
pleasant. Motowori  himself  doe-  not 
appear  to  have  been  affected  by  Chinese 
notions  of  decency,  but  his  appeal  to  the 
'  Annals'  may  be  compared  with  the  belief 
of  Thucydides  in  Homer. 

What  form  of  religion  the  Ural-Altaic 
continental  immigrants  into  Japan  brought 
with  them  we  do  not  know.  Neither  in 
the  '  Annals  '  nor  in  the  '  Chronicles  '  is 
there  the  slightest  allusion  to  any  such 
immigration.  The  only  echo  of  a  con- 
tinental origin  is  to  be  found  in  the  dis- 
tinction between  heavenly  and  earthly 
offences,  of  which  Sir  E.  Satow.  we  believe, 
was  the  first  to  notice  the  importance. 
The  heavenly  were  all  agricultural  offences, 
and  must  have  been  made  such  by  a  folk 
settled  on  the  land  ;  the  earthly  offences 
were  ordinary  crimes,  and  such  offences 
against  personal,  family,  and  public  rights 
as  even  the  rudest  societies  have  found 
it  necessary  to  punish.  The  story  of 
Hohodemi  and  Susori  (p.  113)  may,  how- 
ever, involve  a  reminiscence  of  some  early 
immigration.  Susori  was  a  fisherman, 
Hohodemi  was  a  hunter.  They  exchanged 
implements — fish-hook  against  bow  and 
arrows.  The  fish-hook  was  lost  (through 
clumsiness,  we  may  suppose),  and  a  quarrel 
was  the  result.  The  story  (not  a  bad  one, 
as  stories  of  the  kind  go)  is  too  long  to 
relate  here  ;  the  reader  must  be  referred 
to  Dr.  Aston's  pages,  where  it  is  ex- 
cellently told. 

Of  pure  Shinto  ancestor-worship  was 
no  part,  while  phallism  in  a  very  pro- 
nounced form  was  intimately  associated 
with  it.  Phallic  processions  were  common 
enough  within  the  experience  of  the  present 
writer.  But  what  became  (rather  than 
primitively  was)  the  principal,  and  politic- 
ally the  most  useful,  feature  of  Shinto — 
Shintoism  is  an  expression  that  betrays 
an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  subject — 
was  the  predominance  assigned  to  the 
Mikado,  originally  perhaps  the  magician, 
afterwards  the  high  priest,  and  tinally  the 
king  [ohokimi)  of  the  tribe  Of  that  pre- 
dominance the  following  lines  from  the 
"  Manyoshiu.'  an  anthology  of  the  eighth 
century,  may  give  some  notion  : — 

In  the  beginning, 

when  earth  and  sky  were  sunder'd, 

midmost  the  channel 
of  the  stream  <>f  sliining  Heaven 

the  countless  myriads 
of  ^xls.  the  thousand  myriads, 

held  high  assembly 
and  sat  them  there  in  council — 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


603 


the  gods  then  parted, 
the  world's  dominion  parted, 

and  gave  high  Heaven 
to  the  majesty  of  Hirume, 

sky-shining  goddess  ! 
and  o'er  the  spacious  Reedland, 

where  ay  the  grain-plants 
show  ears  in  ripe  abundance, 

a  Sovran  chose  they — 
those  gods  of  Earth  and  Heaven  ! 

The  Earthly  Sovran 
broke  through  the  clouds  of  Heaven, 

through  clouds  empiled, 
to  rule  his  realm  for  ages, 

till  glebe  and  sky 
again  should  come  together — 

'Twas  thus  the  Sun-Child 
came  in  his  majesty 

through  many  an  age 
to  rule  all  under-heaven, 

in  Kiyomi's  palace 
a  very  god  abiding. 

Dr.  Aston's  book  is  fully  illustrated, 
and  so  attractively  written  that  the 
reader  hardly  appreciates  at  once  the 
amount  of  learning,  Eastern  and  Western, 
which  it  implies. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Mayor  of  Troy.     Bv  Q.     (Methuen 

&Co.) 
People    who     like    Q     never    like    him 
better     than     when     he    has    something 
to  tell    them   about    his,    and    their,   be- 
loved   Troy.     His     peculiar    humorously 
tolerant  outlook  on  the  failings  of  human 
nature  will,  it  may  be,  stand  in  the  way 
of  his  ever  succeeding  in  the  lines  of  the 
greatest  and  most  profoundly  "  cathartic  " 
tragedy  ;    but  in  truth  that  is  a  remedy 
for  which,  in  the  evolution  of  the  emotions, 
the  necessit}'  seems  to  have  disappeared. 
Our   bowels   of  compassion  demand  less 
drastic  treatment  than  was  afforded  to  a 
Greek  audience  by  Medea  killing  her  chil- 
dren, even  "  within  "  ;  or  (Edipus  walking 
about  with  crimson  eye-sockets.     We  do 
not,  indeed,  object  to  the  pathetic  ;    but 
we — those  of  us,  at  any  rate,  whose  lite- 
rary palates  are  unspoilt — avoid,  save  on 
rare  occasions,   the  poignant.     This  was 
the  rule  in  the  best  days  of  the  Victorian 
novel ;    though  of  late— partly  owing  to 
foreign   influences,   partly,    no   doubt,    in 
harmony  with  the  recent  prevalence,  in 
English  opinion  and  expression,  of  certain 
barbaric,  or  Byzantine,  tendencies — there 
has  been  a  reversion  to  cruder  and  more 
violent  methods.     But  the  good  tradition 
of  reticence  and  sobriety  has  never  been 
left  without  witnesses  ;    and  among  them 
Q   deserves    honourable    mention.     It   is 
not  that  he  is  insensible  to  the  sorrowful 
side  of  mankind's  lot ;   rather  he  is  keenly 
conscious  of  it,  and  relies  for  the  appro- 
bation of  his  readers  on  a  similar  conscious- 

-  in  them.  'The  Mayor  of  Troy'  is 
an  excellent  example  of  his  method.  "  The 
Mayor's  story  is  in  real  truth  a  pitiful 
tragedy.  A  brave  and  upright  man,  in 
spite  of  certain  little  foibles  incidental  to 
the  position  of  first  citizen  in  a  remote 
country  town,  he  disappears  (in  sufficiently 
ridiculous,  but  none  the  less  pathetic 
circumstances)  from  the  sight  of  his 
friends;  loses,  through  an  accident,  the 
one  chance  which  might  have  afforded 
him  some  consolation,  that  of  serving  his 


country ;  returns  after  long  years  a  cripple' 
to  find  that  the  town  which  reveres  h's 
memory  has  totally  forgotten  himself ; 
and  disappears  for  good  and  all.  No  one, 
we  think,  will  deny  that  we  are  justified 
in  calling  this  a  really  pitiful  story.  Yet 
the  first  half  of  the  book  is  the  purest 
farce,  of  the  very  best  that  "  Troy  "  can 
furnish  ;  while  the  poor  Mayor's  mis- 
fortunes are  recounted  with  no  attempt 
to  suppress  the  comic  side  of  them.  But 
for  a  touch  here  and  there,  one  might 
suspect  his  creator  of  indifference  to  the 
graver  aspects  of  the  situation  into  which 
he  has  brought  him.  Those  who  know 
their  Q,  however,  will  realize  that  he  is 
once  more  inculcating,  under  the  guise  of 
banter,  a  manly  philosophy  of  life. 


Lady  Baltimore.  By  Owen  Wister.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.)]>t^  j^ ■_,)>-  <w.;  •  f  '•■  i\ .  I 
Mr.  Wister's  new  story  is  very  different 
reading  from  the  wild,  untamed  existence 
he  chose  for  the  background  to  '  The 
Virginian.'  Instead  of  galloping  cowboys, 
rolling  prairies,  and  daring  adventure, 
here  is  a  small  South  Carolina  township 
that  has  nearly  fallen  asleep.  So  have 
its  handful  of  inhabitants,  or  those  not 
kept  awake  by  dignified  self-restraint, 
racial  pride,  and  their  memories  of  past 
glories  and  brave  but  sorrowful  deeds. 
In  spite  of  narrow  creeds  and  old-world 
prejudices,  King's  Port  is  an  appealing 
sort  of  place,  that  wins  its  way  into  the 
reader's  heart.  Over  it  broods  constantly 
a  spirit  of  beautiful  and  tender  melan- 
choly, in  which  the  past,  not  the  present, 
is  the  central  interest.  The  wisteria- 
covered  houses  and  the  old  churches  and 
quiet  wharves  seem  overlaid  with  silent,  but 
unforgettable  things.  The  author's  sym- 
pathy and  his  understanding  of  the  place 
and  people  are  evident  everywhere.  The 
scene  never  shifts,  but  the  sense  of  con- 
trast between  North  and  South  is  always 
maintained.  For  automobiles  from  time 
to  time  arrive,  bearing  shrewd  gay  folk 
to  whom  King's  Port  means  nothing  of 
what  it  represents  to  its  true  lovers.  The 
aims,  manners,  and  ideals  of  two  different 
worlds — the  American  worlds  of  North 
and  South — are  thus  conveyed.  The 
story  is  one  of  love,  prettily  conceived  and 
executed,  but  it  is,  perhaps,  a  little  long- 
winded  and  slow  of  development. 


Jimmy  Quixote.     By  Tom  Gallon.     (Hurst 

&  Blackett.) 
Mr.  Gallon's  novel  is  destined,  we  should 
say,  for  wide  popularity,  for  it  is  in  his 
well-known  vein — a  vein  of  Dickensian 
sentimentality  which  is  remote  from  life, 
and  leads  to  some  unsound  conclusions, 
but  fosters  a  warm  display  of  the  domestic 
affections.  At  the  beginning  we  find  an 
old  bachelor  keeping  in  a  country  place  a 
household  of  children  whom  lie  has  collected 
here  and  there.  He  dies  suddenly,  and 
the  fortunes  of  his  dispersed  and  impover- 
ished collection— in  particular  of  the  girl 
Moira  and  the  boy  Jimmy  —are  the  main 
theme  of  the  story.  The  one  is  helped 
by   an   old    servant,    the   other   by   some  ' 


neighbours  who  are  like  the  Boffins]|of 
Dickens.  Jimmy  turns  out  no  Quixote, 
but  a  sort  of  Sentimental  Tommy,  who, 
after  failing  to  work  at  a  warehouse,  writes 
cheap  novelettes  and  a  play.  His  chief 
dilemma  and  its  issue  are  well  managed. 
Pleasant  as  many  of  Mr.  Gallon's  figures 
are,  they  offer  no  arresting  features  to 
persuade  us  that  they  are  really  alive  and 
really  new.  A  characteristic  specimen  of 
the  author's  style  and  manner  is  the  follow- 
ing :— 

"  They  found  a  seat  near  that  most  restful 
of  pictures — poor  Fred  Walker's  '  Harbour 
of  Refuge  ' — and  it  fell  about  that  Jimmy, 
when  not  looking  at  the  girl,  had  his  eyes 
fixed  on  the  fine  strong  figure  of  the  woman 
upon  whom  the  elder  one  leans  in  the  picture 
— that  splendid  symbol  of  all  that  is  beauti- 
ful and  wonderful  in  duty  beautifully  and 
wonderfully  performed." 


The    Spanish    Dowry.     By    L.    Dougall. 

(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

The  opening  chapters  of  this  novel  promise 
well.  Originality  and  quiet  humour  are 
apparent  in  the  conception  of  the  hero 
(a  lame  boy,  who  tells  the  tale),  and  of 
his  uncle  and  his  housekeeper  ;  and  the 
plot  is  not  wanting  in  interest.  But  the 
reader's  interest  flags  sadly  as  he  finds  the 
story  unduly  prolonged  and  wanting  in 
variety,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  scene 
is  unchanged  throughout.  Otherwise  the 
writer  has  considerable  power  of  character- 
ization and  an  easy  style  of  narrative. 


Bardelys     the     Magnificent.      By     Rafael 
Sabatini.     (Eveleigh  Nash.) 

In  days  when  scant  courtesy  is  paid  to 
the  mother  tongue,  either  in  speaking  or 
writing,  it  is  refreshing  to  meet  with  so 
complete  and  musical  a  vocabulary  as 
this  author — with  an  un-English  patro- 
nymic —  possesses.  The  story  of  the 
strange  wooing  of  the  magnificent  Bar- 
delys and  of  the  things  that  in  the  course 
of  it  befell  him  in  Languedoc  lends  itself 
readily  to  the  word-painting  and  dramatic 
expression  which  form  a  large  part  of 
Mr.  Sabatini's  equipment,  and  in  this  case 
matter  as  well  as  manner  is  good.  The 
chief  character — one  of  the  arrogant, 
masterful  heroes  so  much  in  vogue — is 
interesting  from  the  time  of  the  somewhat 
questionable  wager  which  precipitates 
the  wooing  of  his  Marquise  to  the  hour  of 
its  happy  conclusion.  It  is  a  wholesome, 
stirring  story. 

Les  Particules.     By  Fcrnand  de  Rocher. 
(Paris,  Librairie  Universclle.) 

A  NOVEL  with  many  weaknesses,  which 
would  not  otherwise  deserve  notice  on 
this  side  the  Channel,  is  noticed  by  us  on 
account  of  the  vivid  photograph  which  it 
contains  of  the  seamy  side  of  French 
elections.      As,    however,    we   have   picked 

it  out  of  its  class  for  this  reason,  we  ought 
to  add  that,  on  a  point  connected  with 
the  contest  in  a  backward  district,  the 
author    suggests    a    false    impression.     It 

would  be  gathered  from  his  pages  that  a 
monarchical  or  aristocratic  party  ifl  entirely 


604 


Til  E     A  TH  KN'/KUM 


N    1099,  May  19.  1906 


extinct  in  Prance.  The  typical  duke  and 
liis  heal  friend  use  language  which  implies 
that  ■  man  of  their  clan  and  ideal  returned 
to  the  Palais  Bourbon  would  be  entirely 
alone.  Weak  though  the  Royalists  and 
old-fashioned  Clericals  may  be,  they  are 

li\     no    means   extinct.      We    note,    for   e.\- 

ample,  thai  in  the  flections  of  Sunday, 
May  6th,  one  French  department  returned 
seven  of  its  eight  members  at  the  first  poll 
a^   lia\  ing   received   s   clear   majority   of 

\otes.      Of     these     seven,      three      among 

them  thu  Due  do  Rohan  Comte 

de    Lanjuinais     frankly   describe    them- 

selves  as  "  Royalists,"  two  as  "  National- 
ists," and  two  as  "  Liberals."  "Liberal  " 
in  France  now  means  pretty  much  the 
same  as  '*  Regenerator  "  in  another  Latin 
country,  namely,  a  Conservative  so  de- 
cided as  to  he  considered  "  reactionary  " 
by  all  other  parties.  Another  department 
— that  of  the  iMayenne — elected  the  whole 
of  its  five  deputies  at  the  first  vote.  Of 
these,  two  describe  themselves  as  "Royal- 
ists," two  as  "  Nationalists,"  and  one — the 
Prince  de  Broglie — as  "  Conservative." 
A  large  proportion  of  the  minority  in  the 
Frenoh  Chamber  are  men  (like  the  twelve 
that  we  have  named)  who  hold  opinions 
that  may  fairly  be  described  as  "  ducal," 
though  few  of  them  have  any  hope  that 
their  ideas  will  prevail.  Our  author,  how- 
ever, is  given  to  exaggeration.  We  are 
pleased  with  one  of  his  little  jokes.  He 
describes  the  appearance  of  the  first 
number  of  a  special  election-paper  on  the 
last  Sunday  in  December,  a  day  chosen 
in  order  to  allow  the  second  number  to 
appear  with  the  note  of  respectability 
given  by  "  Second  year." 


CLASSICAL  BOOKS. 

Demostlienes  against  Midias.  Edited, 
with  Critical  and  Explanatory  Notes  and 
an  Appendix,  by  W.  W.  Goodwin.  (Cam- 
bridge, University  Press.) — An  edition  of  a 
masterpiece  of  Attic  eloquence  by  the 
greatest  authority  on  the  syntax  of  Greek 
verbs  cannot  fail  to  be  valuable,  but  it  is  to 
be  regretted  that  Prof.  Goodwin  has  not 
drawn  more  liberally  on  the  rich  stores  of 
scholarship  which  supplied  his  commentary, 
as  it  might  have  been  much  fuller  "  without 
using  the  oration  to  teach  Greek  syntax." 
In  the  note  on  §  13,  1,  we  read,  "  A  literal 
English  translation  would  be  too  cumbrous, 
and  a  paraphrase  with  two  or  more  sen- 
tences is  necessary."  But  no  rondering  is 
given,  and  the  student  who  has  bought 
this  expensive  edition  is  likely  to  feel 
aggrieved  at  being  referred  to  the  note  of  a 
less    authoritative    editor    of    the    oration. 

For     7T.A.77ytts kafitov,    7rkijyd<;     e^on-      is 

given  in  the  note  on  §  1  ;  there  is  no 
note  on  yvup.r,v  €</>'  ?}s  sore,  §213;  the 
precise  force  of  cjti  in  §  2",  eirl  tmv 
dkkwv,  is  obscured  by  the  rendering 
"  in  his  other  acts,"  instead  of  "  on  the 
other  occasions,"  and  a  reference  is  wanted 
to  §  389,  "  iirl  tovtov,  on  this  occasion, 
opposed  to  eVi  irdvTWV " ;  again,  the  pro- 
position in  t!]V  (tti  rrj<s  Trop.Trr}<;  kolI  tou 
/xedveiv  tt/xk/xzo-ci/.  §  180,  may  be  explained 
as  either  "on  the  occasion  of"  or  "  depend- 
ing upon,"  cf.  note  on  «V  f£owias,  §138', 
"  i.e.,  relying  on  his  power."     Prepositions 


and  particles  seem  to  I,.  t  umhline  Mocks 
to  junior  editors    and    teachers   of  Creek 

that  Prof .  Goodwin  has  mi    ed  opportnnit 
ot  raising  the  itandard  oi  Greek  scholarship. 
Tin-  negative  and  the  foyer,  ion  in  tin-  pi" 
tasis,     >     2067,       ii      m      Kara.yvov\ av\ 

vTTi'jKuvai,-     .sci  in  to  merit  the  attention  even 

of  a  parsimonious  annotator. 

The  text  and  treatment  of  the  hypo- 
thetical sentence  with  a  Long,  complicated 
protasis,  §§  215-16, — vw  82  toito  koi  w&imtv 

av    jLOi   0€lVOTa.TOV  OVflBaiT],   l!  TTdp'1   avT<\   '  jit  i 
TuSiKiJuaTu  dTro\j/ii<j>ui(iO-      V/IU9,  ,u. 

unsatisfactory.    The/MPia  not  ••called  i 
but    itftatvecrdt  (-,  (f>aivw6t  after  -a)    is    un- 
warrantahly    rejected,     as     well     as     the     8e 

after   IiretStj   oi    poorer  MSS.    (§  2168),  the 

omission  of  which  in  good  MSS.  is  easily 
explicable;  and  thus,  without  even  the 
excuse  of  consistent  fidelity  to  a  good  MS.. 
confusion  is  introduced.  The  only  fault  to 
be  found  with  the  grammar  of  the  vulgate 
is  that  the  formal  construction  of  participles 
witli  tyaCv&rde  is  carried  on  too  far.  In 
direct  opposition  to  Prof.  Goodwin's  view, 
we  think  that.  "  this  cumbrous  sentence," 
so  far  as  it  is  so,  was  artistically  constructed 
as  an  untrammelled  outpouring  under 
strong  emotion  of  disturbing  reminiscences. 
In  §  219  oaovs  irep  av  on/rat  tis,  k.t  A.,  is 
shown,  by  the  following  «  Se  py  Trdvrts 
e7roue(70e  /^v/Se  7rdvT€S  kivr^ped^ade,  to  depend 
on  implied  'irvrrre  /cat  vf3pt£e,  not  "  on  an 
implied  perfect,  like  he  has  really  assaulted.'' 

In  Appendix  VIII.  the  editor  claims  to 
"  have  discovered  several  readings  not 
previously  mentioned,  especially  one  of 
some  importance  (in  §  41e)."  This  reading, 
due  to  Shilleto  or  Holmes,  stands  in  the 
text  of  Dr.  Fennell's  edition  (1892),  which 
gives  little  textual  criticism.  The  clauses 
in  question  are  uAA  a  fiev  av  re?  dtfivio  tov 
koyiapbi'  </>#ao-<xs  €£aX^?/  7rpa£at,  kulv 
i'/3/)io-tikws  7roi7jcry,  a  corrector  of  2  having 
altered  the  first  three  words  into  d\\a.  fiijv, 
while  ti  is  in  two  MSS.  inserted  before 
Trpd^ai,  and  tovto  generally  before  -o«/cn/. 

Appendix  VTI.,  '  On  Certain  Supposed 
Cases  of  the  Nominative  with  the  Infinitive,' 
is  interesting,  the  conclusion  arrived  at 
being  "  that  this  supposed  construction  of 
the  nominative  cannot  be  established  for 
either  «yw,  err,  1'7/xeis,  or  vpu<s."  We  agree 
as  to  tho  singular  pronouns,  and  leave 
?y/x€is  alone  ;  but  we  hold  that  in  '  Midias,' 
§  203' ,8,  iyxets  may  have  suggested  the 
common  blunder,  e  for  ai,  in  vipeia-Oi  and 
€>/?//ow#e.  Probably  o-c/>«s  in  such  cases 
was  due  to  the  influence  of  avros,  avroi, 
and  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  fyiets, 
as  a  rhetorical  variation  of  avroi,  should  not 
be  found  occasionally,  e.g.,  in  the  said 
passage, — ep'  otW#'  b/iiv  elo-oiveiv,  v/ieis  8e 
vepavoai ;  ep'  ol!e<r6e  rpnjpapx-qareLv,  vpets  c' 
owe  epfiyjo-eadai-,  These  readings -possibly, 
however,  with  fyS?  for  e/uPs— are  what  Prof. 
Goodwin  has  translated  in  his  note  :  "Do 
you  think  that  I  am  to  pay  your  taxes, 
while  you  are  to  spend  the  money  ?  Do 
you  think  that  1  am  to  serve  as  trieraroh. 
while  you  refuse  to  man  the  ship  ?  "     This 

is    proved    by   the   rendering   of    9/tos 

TvivTi^iv  (§  204*),  "that  we  are  going  to 
endure  you,  while  you  beat  us  yourself 
((iutos)."  The  omission  of  "  are  to  "  before 
"beat"  makes  no  substantial  difference. 
His  readings  vepeiaOe  (pf3i')<r«r8e,  give  two 
double  questions.  "  Do  you  think  that 
I  shall  pay  your  taxes,  and  will 
you  spend  the    money?"    &c.     This  seems 


chiinsN      both     in      English      and 

Altai     ail,    Midi.,  poakin.fi  ;    bo    that 

the       di-cn--joii        doe-.         not 

grammar  of  Den  as.     The  restoration 

of  MB     ''    (foi    "    1  'i  previous  edit*  • 
below,     "<   "'   '"'   rawrurBai  (f   204' '  ),    . 
decided  improvement. 

Shilleto    would    probably    have     inch, 
our  editor  among  those  admirers  of  1  who 
in   to   have    extended  their  regard 

this  MS.      beyond     the     rational     and      <  aim 

in  <>f  unimpassioned  critics,  and  to 
have  hugged  it  to  their  bosoms  with  the 
'  prodigal  dei  otedness  '  oi  a  tender  passi< 

The    ••  Appendix  "    of     the    tit!' 
developed,  pp.    127-7H,  into  ••  Appendices  " 
numbered   from   I.    to  VTII.     Those  on 

'  Public    Service,'  and  on   'Certain  Peculiar 
forms    of     Suits"     »eem     to    he    the    n 
valuable    portions  of   the  volume,  the  '  Con- 
stitution  of  Athens  '   having  naturally  b< 
utilized. 

Another  volume  has  been  added  to  tie- 
Oxford  "  Bibliotheca  Scriptorum  Classi- 
coruin  "  :  Bucolici  (IrcEci,  edited  by  Prof. 
von  YVilamowitz-Moellendorff.  A  new  Ti 
critus  has  been  wanted  for  many  yes 
and  a  number  of  scholars  have  been  working 
at  it.  Mr.  Cholmeley's  edition  with  ni 
is  a  useful  book,  but  chieflj'  for  its  com- 
mentary :  his  work  on  the  t  -.of 
secondary  importance.  So  great  is  the  mass 
of  Theocritean  MSS.  that  scholars  may  well 
have  been  deterred  from  the  Herculean  task 
of  examining  them.  A  very  thorough  re- 
cension of  the  text,  we  believe,  is  being 
made  by  Messrs  P.  Giles  and  A.  B.  Cook, 
and  we  expect  that  when  it  appears  it  will 
be  specially  strong  on  questions  of  dialect. 
The  Oxford  edition,  however,  is  first  in  the 
field.  The  Professor  gives  in  his  Introduc- 
tion an  account  of  the  chief  MSS.  and  of  the 
ancient  editions  of  Theocritus.  The  editor 
is  fairly  conservative  :  the  wisdom  of  some 
of  his  alterations,  however,  is  not  clear. 
What  is  the  authority  for  XdOpi)  in  i.  96 
(for  Xddpta)  ?  What  Is  gained  by  the 
change  ?  In  vii.  16  w(uoto  is  read  by  con- 
jecture for  w/xotcrt  ;  in  vii.  155  «.W<5os  for 
uAwaSos.  The  change  of  f"/  Vo#avw  to 
81;  Vo#ai'w  in  iii.  27  is  due  to  a  misunder- 
standing, and  makes  a  vivid  turn  of  expi 
sion  fall  very  flat.  The  speaker  says  :  "  And 
if  I  don't  die — but  that  's  just  what  you 
would  like  !  "  In  iv.  20,  on  the  other  hand, 
no  attempt  is  made  to  emend  KaKo\pdupiov, 
which  may  be  a  mistake  for  KaKoypdapwv 
(cf.  cypae,  ypda-Tts,  gramen).  The  reading 
irep\i]v  or  (r-kp\iv  (xv.  98)  still  puzzles  us  : 
how  could  -(pvaiv,  which  the  editors  read, 
have  been  so  corrupted  ?  There  are  other 
passages  where  we  feel  that  there  is  yet 
room  for  an  edition  of  Theocritus.  W 
regret  thai  the  order  of  the  poems  is  dis- 
arranged in  this  edition  ;  it  is  always  a  pity 
to  do  this  unless  it  is  absolutely  necessary. 
The  iota  "subscript"  is  here  written 
adscript,  as  in  Mr.  Leaf's  '  Homer.' 

Bacchylidis     Carmina,     cum     Fragmcnti*- 
Tertium  edidit  Frederious  Blass.     "  Biblio- 
theca Scriptorum  Graecorum  el  Latmorum." 
(Leipsic,   Teubner.) — It  is  hardly  m 
to  do  more  than  call  attention  to  the  new 
edition  of  Blass's  '  Bacchyhdes.'     The  prefac 
contains   a   general    critical   account    of   the 
MS.,  and  a  discussion  of  the  metrical  ques- 
tions raised  by  the  odes,  style  and  dialect, 
and   the  arguments  of  the  separate  pi 
A  metrical  scheme  is  supplied  for  each  ode. 
The   ipsissima?    littercc    of   the    papyrus    arc 
printed  facing  the  punctuated  and  accented 
text  ;     and    at    the    foot    are   critical    notes 
recording  the  chief  emendations  which  have 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


605 


been  suggested.  We  naturally  compare 
this  book  with  the  best  fruit  of  Sir  Richard 
Jebb's  genius,  and  we  are  at  once  struck 
by  the  caution  of  the  Englishman  as  con- 
trasted with  the  self-confidence,  even  rash- 
ness, of  the  German.  The  first  ode  is  an 
example.  With  great  ingenuity,  Blass  has 
pieced  together  a  long  passage  which  he 
prefixes  to  the  first  ode.  This  involves  so 
much  of  the  conjectural  that  Jebb  rightly 
relegates  it  to  an  appendix.  The  same 
superiority  of  judgment  is  seen  in  Jebb's 
text  elsewhere.  Many  lacunae  which  Blass 
leaves  open  are  filled  in  by  Jebb,  but  when 
the  restoration  is  only  a  guess  he  indicates 
this  by  the  type.  The  German  scholar's 
work  is  indispensable  to  the  student,  but 
rather  as  suggestive  than  authoritative. 

D.  Iunii  Iuvenalis  Saturae.  Editorum 
in  usum  edidit  A.  E.  Housman.  (Grant 
Richards.) — We  should  have  offered  an  un- 
qualified welcome  to  this  book  but  for  the 
regrettable  tone  of  the  Introduction.  It 
may  be  true  that  Juvenal  has  not  been  edited 
by  any  critic  of  the  first  rank,  for  such 
critics  are  few  indeed  ;  true,  also,  that 
modern  editors  are  too  often  ignorant  or 
■careless.  A  large  demand  for  learning 
made  easy,  coupled  with  a  general  sloven- 
liness of  mind  in  the  British  public,  has 
brought  on  us  a  flood  of  school-books  edited 
by  incompetent  persons.  That  is  true,  and 
we  should  be  content  to  echo  Mr.  Housman's 
opinions  on  such  editors  as  these.  But  when 
it  comes  to  slighting  more  serious  scholars, 
and  men  who  are  at  least  conscientious,  if 
not  brilliant,  we  cannot  go  with  him.  How 
■exaggerated  his  views  are  will  be  seen  when 
we  add  that  in  all  his  long  Introduction  of 
thirty-six  pages  he  never  so  much  as  men- 
tions the  name  of  Prof.  Mayor. 

When  we  pass  to  Mr.  Housman's  own 
work,  we  are  glad  to  speak  with  respect.  A 
comparison  of  his  notes  with  those  of  the 
Oxford  "  Bibliotheca  "  shows  that  he  is 
fuller,  and  at  the  same  time  exhibits  more 
independence  of  judgment.  We  have 
worked  through  several  of  the  satires  with 
care,  and  we  think  that  his  text  shows  a 
decided  advance  on  its  predecessors. 

Mr.  Housman  has  perhaps  been  more 
generous  towards  his  own  conjectures  than 
others  might  be,  but  he  has  not  been  ashamed 
to  own  where  he  is  baffled  (as  in  vi.  78,  O.  ii., 
viii.  105).  Some  of  the  emendations,  or 
newly  adopted  readings,  seem  to  us  admir- 
able. Thus  in  iv.  8  he  reads  qum  sit  for 
minime,  taking  it  from  the  quin  sit  of  the 
scholiasts  :  a  great  improvement.  In  iv.  128 
he  reads  per  terga,  assuming  the  per  to  have 
dropped  out  by  haplography.  The  trans- 
position of  longum  with  gannit  in  vi.  64-5  is 
excellent  ;  and  gesture  for  dedit  hunc  (vi.  158), 
as  due  to  the  neighbourhood  of  incestce,  is 
probable.  The  suggestion  ferendis  for 
relictis  in  vi.  195  is  admirable,  li  being  con- 
fused with  n,  and  ct  with  d.  Others  may 
be  seen  in  vi.  3G3,  O.  2,  O.  9,  413,  xi.  168 
(ra?nitis  for  diuitis).  In  other  cases  we  cannot 
follow  him  with  confidence.  In  iv.  116  he 
wishes  to  separate  a  ponte  from  dims  satelles, 
and  to  attach  it  to  qui  mendicaret,  which 
would  make  impossible  any  intelligent 
reading  of  the  text  aloud.  We  are  not  con- 
duced by  teretis  in  vi.  50  (for  Cereris),  but 
it  is  a  clever  suggestion  ;  in  vi.  29  he  tri- 
umphantly vindicates  a  word  by  his  know- 
ledge of  Latin  usage.  The  line  vi.  188  is  in 
Juvenal's  manner,  but  nuigis  is  certainly 
pioious  ;  it  conceals,  perhaps,  some  noun. 
Nor  do  wo  agree  with  the  condemnation  of 
vii.  51,  the  second  part  of  which,  beginning 
at  tenet,  reads  naturally — "  this  is  the  result  ; 
indeed,  it  often  happens."  The  notes 
Contain  many  examples  of  careful  and  even 
brilliant    divination,    and    the    emendations 


are  reasoned  out  with  much  skill.  Thos® 
on  the  Oxford  fragment  contain  also  much 
illustrative  matter.  There  is  a  misprint  in 
vi.  329  ;   niros  for  uiros. 

The  Thecetetus  and  Philebus  of  Plato.  By 
H.  F.  Carlill.  (Sonnenschein  &  Co.)— Mr. 
Carlill's  book  forms  one  of  the  series  called 
"  The  New  Classical  Library,"  edited  by  Dr. 
Emil  Reich.  Small  as  it  is,  the  book 
deserves  to  be  commended  to  the  attention 
of  Platonic  students  because  of  the  vigorous 
way  in  which  it  attempts  to  vindicate  the 
interpretation  of  Platonism  from  the  stand- 
point of  Lotze.  Dr.  Jackson's  distinction 
of  "  two  separate  and  clearly  marked  stages 
in  the  progress  of  Plato's  thought  "  is  recog- 
nized to  be  "a  notable  advance  "  and  the 
dialogues  here  treated  are  regarded  as  belong- 
ing to  the  later  stage  when  Plato  had  out- 
grown   the    "  errors    of     enthusiasm,"    the 

metaphorical  inaccuracies  of  immature 
thought,"  which  mark  the  '  Phaedrus  '  and 
other  early  dialogues.  Accordingly,  Mr. 
Carlill,  in  his  Introduction,  handles  very 
severely  the  Zellerian  method  of  construing 
Platonism  : — 

"  The  traditional  Platonism  is  a  wholly  unphilo- 
sophical  medley  of  myth,  mysticism,  false  science, 

false  psychology,   and    sentimental    morality 

How  the  Idea  and  the  phenomenon  are,  in  fact, 
connected  Ave  are  to  suppose  that  Plato  himself 
could  never  understand.  There  is,  in  Zeller's 
phrase,  '  No  deduction  of  the  Sensible.'  Stated  in 
this  bald  way,  the  Platonism  of  the  commentators 
is  seen  to  be  a  philosophy  pour  rire.  What  Kant 
would  have  thought  of  it  one  can  only  guess  ;  but 
Lotze's  view  is  on  record." 

Lotze's  discussion  of  the  ideas  is,  in  Mr. 
Carlill's  opinion,  "  the  only  reasonable 
account  of  the  subject  that  has  been  pub- 
lished," except  Plato's  own  criticism  in  the 
'  Parmenides,'  and  the  exposition  of  Natorp 
in  his  recent  '  Platos  Ideenlehre.'  In  par- 
ticular, "  the  '  Theaetetus,'  which  discusses 
the  nature  of  knowledge,  cannot  be  under- 
stood by  any  one  who  believes  the  Platonic 
idea  to  be  a  substance." 

These  views  of  Platonism  are  briefly  but 
pointedly  set  forth  in  the  general  '  Intro- 
duction,' in  an  '  Excursus  on  the  Theaetetus, 
and  Introduction  to  the  Philebus,'  and  in  a 
'  Concluding  Essay,'  which  cover  about  sixty 
pages  in  all.  The  bulk  of  the  book  is  occu- 
pied by  the  translation  of  the  two  dialogues, 
which  exhibits  skill,  care,  and  sound  scholar- 
ship, and  compares  favourably  with  the 
renderings  of  Paley  and  Jowett. 

The  '  Theaetetus  '  in  its  present  form  Mr. 
Carlill  regards  as  "a  revised  edition  of  an 
earlier  dialogue,"  among  the  later  additions 
being  189b-190e  and  197d-200c.  The 
'  Philebus,'  as  we  have  it,  he  supposes  to  be 
a  "  first  draft,"  not  meant  for  its  final  form  ; 
and  its  last  section  is  characterized  as 
"  practically  unintelligible." 

What  has  been  said  may  suffice  to  indicate 
that  Mr.  Carlill's  treatment  of  the  subject 
is  striking  and  clever,  and  students  of  Plato's 
thought,  whether  in  Greek  or  out  of  it,  will 
find  much  that  is  suggestive  and  illuminating 
in  his  pages.  The  book  is  provided  with  a 
'  Short  Bibliography  '  and  an  index.  A 
slight  error  in  expression  occurs  near  the 
bottom  of  p.  xxi. 

In  "  The  New  Classical  Library,"  edited 
by  Dr.  Reich,  appears  also  a  translation  of 
The  Annals  of  Tacitus,  Books  I.  to  VI.,  by 
Aubrey  V.  Symonds.  There  is  a  brief 
Introduction,  which  explains  the  circum- 
stances in  which  Tacitus  wrote,  but  hardly 
says  much  about  his  "  personal  bias."  Of  the 
extraordinary  bre\  il  \  of  his  style  something 
should  certainly  have  been  said,  because 
Mr.  Symonds  frankly  tills  it  out,  and  breaks 

it  up  with  words  and  divisions  of  sontem  (  s 
not  in  the  Latin.     The  result  is  a  fluent  and 


very  readable  narrative,  though  occasion- 
ally the  translator  diverges  from  the  original 
in  an  unnecessary  way.  A  matter  of  practical 
importance  has  been  neglected  :  the  mention 
of  book  and  chapter  at  the  top  of  the  page. 

Aristotle's  Theory  of  Conduct.  By  Thomas 
Marshall.  (Fisher  Unwin.)  —  Aristotle's 
'  Ethics  '  is  a  somewhat  trite  subject. 
Editions,  translations,  and  expositions  of  it, 
whether  in  whole  or  in  part,  abound  to  such 
an  extent  that  it  is  difficult  for  a  new  writer 
to  find  anything  fresh  to  say  that  is  worth 
saying.  Mr.  Marshall's  presentation  of  the 
subject  seems  intended  mainly  for  the 
general  student  of  moral  philosophy  who 
wishes  to  have  the  '  Ethics  '  trimmed  into 
"  a  readable  shape."  He  attempts  to 
render  its  matter  clear  and  attractive  by 
means  of  the  following  devices,  which  are 
best  stated  in  his  own  words  : — 
"  (a)  by  a  general  introduction  in  which  the 
purport  of  the  '  Ethics '  is  summarily  set  forth  ; 
(b)  by  special  introductions  to  the  several  chapters, 
with  explanatory  remarks  at  the  end  of  each 
chapter  ;  (c)  by  a  paraphrase  of  the  text — some- 
times full,  sometimes  condensed,  in  which  repeated 
passages  are  left  out  and  some  liberties  are  taken 
in  way  of  omission  and  transposition  ;  (d)  by  the 
use  of  modern  examples  for  the  sake  of  bringing 
Aristotle's  meaning  home  to  present-day  readers." 

The  first  of  the  chapters  here  alluded  to  is 
entitled  '  The  End  of  all  Conduct,'  and  deals 
with  Book  I.  Chap.  ii.  '  The  Genesis  and 
Nature  of  Moral  Conduct '  covers  Book  II. 
The  first  five  chapters  of  Book  III.  have  a 
chapter  to  themselves,  headed  '  The  Con- 
ditions of  Moral  Conduct.'  The  next  three 
chapters,  with  the  common  title  '  Special 
Kinds  of  Moral  Conduct,'  cover  III.  6 — V. 
Chap.  vii.  is  called  '  Intellect  in  relation  to 
Conduct,'  and  deals  with  Book  VI.  Book  VII . 
1-10  is  next  treated  under  the  heading  '  Im- 
perfect Conduct.'  Under  Chap.  ix.  '  Feel- 
ings in  relation  to  Conduct,'  VII.  11-14 
and  X.  1-5  are  grouped.  The  next  chapter 
'  Friendship,'  deals  with  Books  VIII.  and 
IX.  ;  and  the  last  chapter,  '  Happiness,' 
with  Book  X.  as  a  whole. 

The  value  of  the  work  lies  mainly  in  the 
comments  and  illustrations,  which  show 
thoughtfulness  and  good  sense.  Mr.  Mar- 
shall clearly  possesses  a  good  deal  of  the 
didactic  faculty,  and  can  apply  apposite 
"  modern  instances  "  to  the  "  wise  saws  " 
of  his  author.  Force  and  pertinence,  for 
example,  distinguish  the  following  remark  : 

"  Education,  so  far  as  the  State  is  concerned, 
takes  with  us  the  form  of  supplying  miscellaneous 
information  to  the  young,  and  leaving  them  to 
pick  up  what  conduct  they  can  by  the  way.  This 
may  he  worth  doing,  or  it  may  not,  but  it  is  not 
education  in  any  sense  in  which  the  word  was 
understood  either  by  Plato  or  Aristotle." 

Mr.  Marshall  protests,  very  sensibly, 
against  the  danger  of  trying  to  interpret 
Aristotle  "in  the  familiar  language  of  to-day," 
as  has  been  done  to  some  extent  by  Stew  art 
and  G.  H.  Lewes.  To  make  Aristotle  tails; 
like  a  modern  evolutionist  is  apt  to  lead  to 
confusion.  A  similar  objection  is  made 
against  construing  the  Platonic  ideas  as 
"Laws  of  Nature"  (p.  41).  But  when  Mr. 
Marshall  proceeds  to  vindicate  the  Aris- 
totelian critique  of  idealism  as  not  "  unfair 
and  irrelevant"  (p.  65  n.),  he  himself  pro- 
vokes criticism.  Indeed,  he  takes  no  pains 
to  hide  the  fact  that  ho  has  little  Sympathy 
with  Platonism:  otherwise,  possibly,  be 
would  not  bo  so  sympathetic  an  Aristotelian. 

In    dealing    with    the    somewhat    obscure 

passage  I097b16ff.  Mr.  Marshall  appears  to 

have  no  satisfactory  explanation  to  offer, 
and  Leaves  it,  if  anything,  more  obscure 
than    before    (p.    68).        With    regard    to 

7jy><Hii7>eiris-  some  useful  observations  aro 
made  :     and    it.  is  shown   that    the  rendering 

"  will,"  adopted  by  Burnet,  is  unsatisfactory 


601  i 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N'Mii:i:i    Mav  19,  1906 


ami  mialeading  ;    Done  the  leas,  "  nn  1 1 1  ■ 

handier  word  than   Mr.   Marshall's  "moral 

ohoioe,"  and  no  brief  English  expression  it 

from  object  ion. 

The  purchaser  oi  ■  volume  bo  elaborate 

i  his  has  a  right    to  expeol    a  caxefullj 

revised   text.     I  afortunately,    he   will   find 

here  a  number  of  flagrant  misprints  in  the 

Greek,  ami  several  in  the  English.     .\  few 

tre    o?ov    (p.   28  .    .,-■*<    (p.    152). 

trra     (p.     L63),     OVopoTOt    (p.    215),     totovtov 

amongst  a  whole  oovej  of  blundere  (pp.  88  8), 

Pendes  "  (|>.  'JIT),  "  decrepancy  "  (p.  565), 

and  the  form  "  arithmetric     (p.  324),  which 

looks    like    a    case    of    "  contaminat ion."      It 

is  true  that  in  a  prefatory  Note  the  author 
apologizes  for  the  lack  of  revision  to  which 
'several  misprints  in  the  Greek"  arc  due. 
and  Btates  that  he  is  not  "entirely  respon- 
sible "  for  it.  But  this  plea  of  to  Akovviov 
is  hardly  sufficient,  in  a  case  like  this,  and 
the  purchaser's  "  indulgence  "  is  liable,  not 
unreasonably,  to  be  in  inverse  proportion 
to  the  price  paid  for  the  commodity. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

We  do  not  expect  that  all  the  corre- 
spondents who  journeyed  in  India  with  the 
Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales  will  give  us 
books  as  pood  as  the  two  which  we  have 
received,  but  the  public  will  not  want  for 
sound  teaching  based  upon  fresh  experience. 
Mr.  Sidney  Low,  in  A  Vivian  of  India,  pub- 
lished by  .Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co..  is 
admirable:  thoroughly  detached  and  ncn- 
official,  but  Conservative  in  the  best  reuse, 
in  spite  of  a  good  deal  oi  criticism  of  British 
faults,  bike  most  men  who  come  to  India 
as  visitors  from  the  outside,  he  feels  that  it 
is  impossible  that  the  present  state  of  things 
should  long  continue  : — 

"There  ifl  a  rising  hostility  to  our  system  of 
beneficent  despotism  among  the  educated  classes 
throughout  the  country.  It  is  idle  to  ignore  the 
fact  :  it  i<  equally  idle  to  endeavour  to  scold  it 
down  by  branding  it  as  disloyal." 

In  another  passage  our  author  uses  similar 
words  :  — 

"We   have   to  deal  with  a  rising  discontent 

Danger may  arise  if  this  restlessness  on  the  one 

side  is  met  only  by  impatience  or  neglect  on  the 
other.  Even  now,  the  general  indifference  of 
Englishmen  to  all  that  concerns  India  is  amazing 
and  ominous." 

Mr.  Low  looks  forward  to  seeing  more  and 
more  natives  "taking  responsible  office  in 
the  public-works  departments,  and  in  the 
saiutary,  judicial,  medical,  and  educational 
branches."  He  believes  that,  as  regards 
Englishmen,  increasing  "difficulty  is  found 
in  getting  men  with  a  good  professional 
training  to  accept  posts  in  the  technical 
branches  of  the  administration.  The  defi- 
ciency is  most  marked  on  the  legal  side." 
He  quotes  a  conversation,  which  bears  the 
stamp  of  accuracy,  between  himself  and  a 
distinguished  lawyer,  on  the  disastrous  lack 
of  law  shown  by  the  British  judges  of  some 
courts  in  civil  causes.  Mr.  Low's  informant 
added,  of  the  native  judges  :  "  They  at  least 
are  lawyers,  and  can  understand'  a  Legal 
argument."  On  tho  other  hand,  our  author 
naturally  shrinks  from  the  somewhat  crude 
suggestion  of  native  politicians  in  Calcutta 
and  Bombay,  pointing  towards  self-govern- 
ment for  India  on  modern  colonial  lines, 
which  we  agree  with  him  in  thinking  inapplic- 
able to  the  extraordinarily  divergent  circum- 
stances of  the  peninsula."  He  rightly  adds  : 
"Impracticable    as    it    may    be,    we    cannot 

dismiss  it  brusquely  as  a  mere  fantasy  best 
treated  with  ridicule  or  contempt."'  One 
of  our  greatest  difficulties  in  India  is  the 
conflict   between   the  theory   of   the   central 


<  ;.>v  .  rnment    and   tin'   pi  ><i   the 

responsible  young  officer,  private  soldier,  or 
civilian.     Mr.  Low  shows,  for  example,  that 
tin-  rich  Bomba)   Pai   ees  all  hut  think  them- 
•  Ivea  members  "  of  t  he  rule  They 

employ    wind-    servant  for   example, 

drivers  of  their  motor-oars.  Y.  t  whan  thej 
travel  they  are  treated  la  ■>  fashion  incon- 
sistent not  Only  with  their  pretensions,  hut 
also  with  wisdom.  The  exclusion  of  the 
moat  Cultivated  Of  Indian  native-  from  many 

clubs  and  public  places  of  good  class  is 
startling;  and  .Mr.  Low's  anecdote  as  to 
the  different  treatment  of  a  European  judge 
and  a  native  judge  who  were  friends  of  the 
same  standing  is  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
official  position  of  th«-  Government  of  India, 

rightlj  taken  up  in  her  dealings  on  the  sane- 
subject  with  the  Government  of  Natal. 

With  regard  to  education,  Mr.  Low  has 
formed  a  clear  and,  we  think,  sensible 
opinion  against  the  teaching  of  Wnig  history 
in  India,  and  in  favour  of  mathematics, 
chemistry,  mechanics,  and  other  scientific 
subjects,  in  order  to  send  out  from  the 
colleges  "  a  larger  number  of  doctors,  che- 
mists, engineers,  architects,  technologists, 
and  trained  industrial  experts."  In  another 
matter  of  controversy  our  author  commits 
himself  to  an  opinion  the  exact  opposite  of 
that  of  Mr.  Morley  as  recently  expressed  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  to  the  effect 
"  that  there  is  great  dissatisfaction  through- 
out the  Indian  army."  It  is  mentioned 
elsewhere  that  there  are  rumours  of  inter- 
ference with  the  system  on  which  the  native 
cavalry  is  recruited.  We  had  hoped  that 
the  splendid  efficiency  of  this  force  had 
secured  it  a.gainst  changes  which  it  had  at 
one  time  been  rumoured  that  Lord  Kitchener 
intended  to  introduce.  Mr.  Low  also  fears 
a  punitive  expedition  against  the  Mahsud 
Waziris,  to  the  stopping  of  which  we  alluded 
some  weeks  ago.  Our  usual  ciiticism  upon 
travellers,  to  the  effect  that  they  generalize 
from  imperfect  data,  is  not  often  deserved 
by  Mr.  Low.  We  may,  however,  note  lapses 
in  two  matters  which  concern  the  physical 
habits  of  men.  He  thinks  it  impossib'e  for 
a  European  to  squat,  as  do  natives  of  India, 
for  more  than  "  a  few  minutes,"  if  "  at  alb" 
The  coal-hewers  of  this  country  could  squat 
against  any  native  for  any  number  of  hours, 
and  habitually  assume  this  position  when 
there  is  no  necessity  for  it.  Mr.  Low  thinks 
that  the  power  of  sleeping  like  a  dog,  any- 
where, at  any  time,  is  peculiar  to  natives  of 
India.  But  an  Italian  labourer  and  a  British 
or  German  soldier  behave  in  exactly  the 
s-ame  fashion.  Mr.  Low  alludes  in  passing 
— probably  without  any  intention  of  pro- 
voking The  Athenccum — to  Francis  in  a 
fashion  which  has  become  more  common  than 
any  evidence  warrants:  "Belvedere.... 
where  Hastings  fought  his  famous  duel  with 
the  author  of  Junius."  The  Athencrum 
emendation,  on  the  facts  before  us,  is  the 
''  would-be  Junius." 

Mkssrs.  Casskij,  cv  Co.  publish  Pictures 
from  the  Balkans,  a  pleasantly  written  illus- 
trated volume  by  Mr.  John  Foster  Fraser. 
The  author's  impartiality  leads  him  into  a 
certain  amount  of  contradiction  :  many 
passages  may  be  quoted  on  the  side  of 
Greece  against  the  Bulgarians,  and  some  for 
the  Bulgarians  against  the  Greeks.  He 
thinks  that  the  laudable  ambition  of  the 
Bulgarians,  who  hope  that  Macedonia  will 
"fall  like  a  ripe  plum  into''  their  mouths, 
is  a  chief  cause  of  much  of  the  existing  strife. 
He  overstates  the  Turkish  case  when  he 
writes  "  that  half  the  population  of  Mace- 
donia is  Moslem  and  Turk  ";  but  in  other 
passages  he  gives  the  numbers  of  the  ad- 
herents of  the  Creek  Church  and  of  the 
Bulgarian     Church     more     accurately,     and 


I'l'.V  i-S      thai       i  •  ■  •   ■         .       Uuk'H 

Vlachs,  not   to  nan  and  gipn 

up  to  figun  ot   tho 

Albanians,  ami  Greek  and  Slav  Moham- 
medans. Mr.  Eraser  hirnseU  demonstrates 
t  hat    Turk  -.     (  ■•  I  '•  • 

form    nearly    one    thud    ol     tl 
people    ol    Macedonia.     Our    authoi 
the     method     by      which     the     B 
"bands"      terrorize     "Bulgarian      villa 
belonging    to    the    Orthodox    Church, 
then  ton-       deemed       Greek,       into ... 
eoming    BSxarohtai    and    Bulgarian 
mal  Ionia     Bulgarian.  ..  .they     t 

to  'converting'  villages  that  w<  only 

k  in  religion,  but  Greek  in  and 

Subsequently,      "  <  treak      '  bai 
adopted     the     methods    of     the     Bulgarian 
'  bands,'  "  and  now   "  both  races.  .  . 
the  others  as   vermin    d<  only   e 

ruination."     The  book  is  full  of  photogra 
of     whole    families    of     Christiai 
murdered    by    other    "  Christians  "    of 
"bands."     The  "reformed  police"  are 
so    much    protecting    Christians    as    hunt 
them.     The  Turks  were  too  lazy, 
under   the   direction  of   the    British   offi- 
patrols  are  frequently  made  at  night,  and 
revolutionaries  are  caught  rod-handed.   They 
get   short   shrift."      The    author    was    enter- 
tained by  three  distinguished  heroes.      When 
he  first  stayed  with  two  of  these,  "  appoil  I 
by  the  Foreign  Office,"  but  "  in  the  pa: 
the  Turkish  Government,"  he  writes  : — 
"It  gave  one  a  little  jump  to  meet  British  offi 
in  khaki  uniforms  and  with  South  African  mi 
on    their   breasts,   wearing   the   crimson    fez.      An 
English  soldier  with  a  Turkish  fez  seems  a  cm 
combination." 

It  gives  us  "  a  little  jump  "  that  Mr.  Fn 
does  not  remember  the  best-known  portraits 
of  Gordon  and  of  General  Lord    Kitchener, 
which    both    have    the    fez — Egyptian,    but- 
very  like  "  Turkish  "  in  a  photograph. 

The  atithor  makes  an  unhappy  excursion 
into  recent   Servian   history   (already   much 
over-written),  in  which  we  read  that  "  Praga"s 
influence  was  good,"  and  that  the  murders 
were   procured   by   Austria   rather   than   by 
Russia.     Both  statements  are  to  be  ques- 
tioned.    The  account  of   "  precious  attar  'r 
neglects    the    Indian    manufacture,     wh 
yields   the  best  and  purest  essential   oil 
rose.      It  is,   we  suppose,  useless  to  pr<  I 
once   more   against    the   new   heresy   which, 
to    the    horror    of    makers    and    wearers 
"  top-boots,"  gives  to  the  military  boot  of 
Eastern  Europe  that  time-honoured  name. 

From  a  College  Window.     Bv  \.  C.  Benson. 
(Smith,   Elder'  &   Co.)— Twelve  out  of 
eighteen  essays  which  Mr.  Benson  publis 
here  have  appeared  lately  in  The  Cornhill 
Magazine.     Their  subjects   are   exceedingly 
diverse,  and  unless  they  can  all  be  brought 
under  the  headine  "criticism  of  life,"  t! 
is  no  real  bond  of  connexion  amongst  them, 
and  no  need  for  the  pretence  of  any.     There 
is  a  good  deal  in  the  first  essay  of  a  con 
sional   and   autobiographical   character,   and 
although  this  sets  the  tone  of  the  book — a 
somewhat    brooding    and    melancholy    tone, 
though    not  without    responsive    echoes   in 
the  reader— it   is  more  than  a  little  difficult 
to  see  the  connexion  between  the  life  hist<  rv 
that  is  confided  to  us  and  the  state  of  mind 
of    which    such    essays    are    the    expression. 
Perhaps  a  career  as  master  in  a  big  public 
school,   ever  in   touch   with  unformed  1 
and    the    fact    of    promise    rather    than    the 
illusion  of  performance,  tends  to  make  a  man 
look  with  undue  kindness  on  his  own  store 
of  sensations  and  ideas.     So,  too,  the  coll 
window  lets    in   what    is    peaceful    at    hi 
because  it  is  appropriated  to  the  college  hie. 
It  reveals    part    of  the   "social  Me"   of    its 
inhabitants  ;     and    the    light    it    receives   is 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


607 


softened  by  the  shadow  of  their  home.  There 
is  room  for  suspicion  that  Mr.  Benson  is  very 
much  at  ease  in  Zion,  and  that  the  writing 
of  this  book  has  made  him  more  so.  For 
we  find  an  ease,  and  withal  a  grace,  in  these 
essays  that  charm  out  of  the  reader  his 
sense  of  the  pettiness  of  their  reflections — 
not  a  uniform  pettiness  by  any  means,  but 
one  that  hovers  in  the  neighbourhood,  and 
constantly  descends.  Garden-parties  and 
bores  and  the  proper  way  of  playing  games 
when  you  are  forty — "  by  being  ojien  to  be 
induced  to  join  in  such  tilings  occasionally 
in  an  elderly  way,  without  any  attempt  to 
disguise  deficiencies  " — are  topics  which 
tickle  our  ears  only  because  we  are  all  ground- 
lings. The  process  should  not  be  encouraged 
in  any  author  :  in  Mr.  Benson  it  is  a  little 
unforgivable  because  he  seems  to  take  to  it 
with  too  much  zest.  Cicero,  he  tells  us, 
often  affords  little  move  than  small-talk  on 
abstract  subjects  :  we  are  not  clear  that 
some  such  criticism  will  not  hit  off  these 
essays  to  the  life.  In  the  chapters  on  '  Educa- 
tion,' '  Egotism,'  and  '  Religion  '  Mr.  Benson 
is  wholly  serious,  and  writes  well,  if  not 
profoundly.  He  holds  the  very  lowest 
estimate  of  our  present  public-schocl  educa- 
tion, and  thinks  that  the  staple  of  it  should 
be  French,  easy  mathematics,  history,  geo- 
graphy, and  popular  science. 

Mr.  Armitage-Smith  is  a  high  authority 
on  The  Principles  and  Methods  of  Taxation, 
on  which  he  lias  lectured  at  the  Birkbeck 
College,  and  his  present  volume,  which 
is  published  by  Mr.  John  Murray,  is  of 
value,  and  may  be  commended  for  educa- 
tional purposes.  Some  points  of  criticism 
arise  on  a  perusal  of  its  pages.  The  doubts 
expressed  at  p.  3  and  in  another  passage 
much  later  in  the  volume  as  to  the  over 
tendency  of  local  authorities  to  borrow  are 
corrected  by  the  accurate  information  given 
at  p.  138.  By  far  the  greater  portion  of  the 
borrowing  is  for  matters  not  voluntary  or 
"  speculative,"  but  undertaken  by  compul- 
sion administered  to  local  authorities  through 
Acts  of  Parliament.  These  and  most  other 
loans  are  subject  to  a  sinking  fund  redeeming 
i  within  a  moderate  period.  It  is,  of 
course,  always  thought  that  when  rates 
are  high,  as  for  example  in  Foplar,  which  is 
named  on  anothei  page,  it  must  be  chiefly 
the  fault  of  the  governing  authority;  but 
there  is  a  great  deal  to  be  said  upon  the 
other  side.  The  author's  assumption  that 
our  poor  law  is  a  necessary  consequence 
from  the  facts  is  at  variance  with  the  expe- 
rience of  many  other  countries.  In  France, 
however,  the  institution  of  the  right  to  relief, 
against  the  chance  of  death  by  destitution, 
is  now  being  for  the  first  time  discussed  in 
Parliament.  It  is  hardly  right  to  name 
J.  S.  Mill  as  though  lie  had  been  a  steady 
advocate  of  "  the  alienation  of  public  land." 
In  the  later  part  of  his  life  he  strongly 
opposed  the  alienation  of  the  Greenwich- 
I!"  ipital  and  other  such  landed  estates,  and 
prepared  a  Bill  fcr  retaining  them  in  public 
hands,  for  abolishing  the  law  of  mortmain,  and 
for  ins!  ituting  public  management  of  public 
lands  in  counties.  He  was  also  a  determined 
supporter  of  the  maintenance  of  all  existing 
commons,  wild  lands,  and  State  forests. 
The  passages  on  "self-taxation"  remind 
us  that  an  interesting  field  of  historical 
inquiry  has  not,  so  far  as  we  know,  been 
covered  by  any  full  account  of  various 
occasions  when  citizens  have  been  called 
upon  to  give  voluntarily  to  the  State. 
There  was  a  large  subsciiption  of  this  kind 
this  country  during  the  great  war;   and 

it  was  calculated  by  many  persons  in  the 
form  of  a  voluntary  income-tax  or  rate. 
The  short  explanation   of  the  advantages  of 

a  funded  debt  on  p.  126  should  be  ex]  a  ided. 


As  it  stands,  the  fuller  statement  on  the  next 
page  of  the  advantages  of  Treasury  bills, 
Exchequer  bonds,  and  terminable  annuities 
would  appear  to  the  young  student  to  conflict 
with  the  previous  reference.  The  statement 
that  the  salt  tax  in  India  "  is  not  really 
onerous  "  will  be  sharply  contested.  The 
words  are  not  used  in  a  technical  sense,  for 
where  "  onerous  "  occurs  in  other  passages 
it  is  between  inverted  commas,  and  in  two 
places  where  the  phrase  "really  onerous" 
is  adopted  the  use  of  the  words  is  loose  or 
popular.  The  author  condemns  the  French 
salt  tax,  which  makes  his  defence  of  the 
Indian  salt  tax  the  more  startling.  The 
English  of  the  volume  is  good  for  a  work 
upon  such  a  subject,  but  we  do  not  like  the 
phrase  "  when  profits  have  recovered  the 
normal." 

La  Question  Congolaise,  by  Dr.  Vermeersch, 
S.J.,  of  the  Catholic  University  of  Louvain 
(Brussels,  Charles  Bulens),  is  a  remarkable 
contribution  to  M.  Cattier's  side  of  the  Congo 
controversy,  and  will  be  damaging  to  King 
Leopold.  It  shows  that  the  opinion  of  the 
Catholic  Church  has  been  profoundly  affected 
by  recent  discoveries.  The  language  of  the 
author  is  full  of  politeness  to  his  King,  and 
he  writes  in  an  apologetic  form.  This  fact, 
however,  only  makes  his  admissions  the  more 
startling,  and  his  conclusions  the  more 
acceptable  to  thore  in  this  country  who  have 
long  been  attacked  as  either  interested  or 
hypocritical.  Our  author  deals  at  length 
with  the  criticism  which  he  thinks  may 
fairly  be  made  against  the  silence  maintained 
for  many  years  by  Belgian  doubters.  He 
explains  that 

"the  Belgian  is  not  an  American,  and  not  a 
revolutionist  by  nature The  newspapers  pre- 
disposed our  missionaries  to  a  great  and  patient 

indulgence The  attack  came  from   Protestant 

missionaries Was  it  wrong  of  our  missionaries 

to  try  regular   and  pacific  steps  rather  than 

make  a  noise,  probably  useless,  and  perhaps  dan- 
gerous ?  " 

Returning  to  the  subject,  he  asks  of  the 
Belgian  Catholic  missions  : — 

"Why  did  they  hold  their  peace?  Why  did 
they  prefer  to  suffer  in  silence  the  wrongs  done  to 

them  and  to  the  poor  negroes? Because  they 

had  faith  in  the  -administration  of  their  fellow- 
countrymen,  in  their  assurances,  in  their  promises. 
Because  they  loved  Belgium,  and  would  not,  by 
declamation  at  the  wrong  time,  play  the  game  of  a 
foreign  nation," 

After  stating  the  reasons  why  they  did  not 
like  to  quarrel  with  the  State,  he  tells  us 
that  it  was  a  sacrifice  "  to  the  good  name  of 
Belgium."  He  then  explains  away  previous 
declarations  by  the  missionaries  in  favour 
of  the  State,  and  says  that 

"after  the  publication  of  the  Report  the  mis- 
sionaries quitted  their  ordinary  reserve No- 
thing now  ought  to  hold  them  back The  King 

himself  has  asked  for  light." 

There"  is  now  nothing  in  our  author's  attitude 
of  which  we  in  this  country  can  complain. 
Father  Vermeersch,  in  passing,  destroys  the 
whole  fabric  of  King  Leopold's  assertions  as 
to  the  State  not  being  the  creation  of  Europe. 
In  some  portions  of  the  volume  our  author 
goes  even  beyond  M.  Cattier,  and  he  also 
quotes  with  high  approval  a  volume,  ie- 
viewed  by  us  on   its  appearance,   l>y   "  un 

honnete  honnne,  le  Baron  de  Mandat."  Wo 
did  justice  at  the  time  to  the  courage  of  the 
Baron  de  Mandat-Grancey.     The  great  ira 

portance  Of  the  volume  before  us  is  (hat  in 
some    of    its   most    teniblo  passages      as,  for 

example,   at    p.  250    the  author  distinctly 

states  that 

"in   giving  this  point    in  detail    we   have    limited 

ourselves  to  transcribing  tin-   unanimous   feeling 

with    which    their    experience    has  inspired   the 

missionaries." 

— that  is,  the  Belgian  Catholic,  missions. 


Songs  by  Ben  Jonson  :  a  Selection  from 
the  Plays,  Masques,  and  Poems,  with  the 
Earliest  Known  Settings  of  Certain  Numbers. 
(Eragny  Press,  Hammersmith.) — The  work 
of  Mr.  Pissarro  is  by  this  time  familiar  to  all 
amateurs  of  fine  printing,  and  they  will  be 
prepared  to  welcome  the  issue  of  this  new 
volume  from  his  press,  the  outcome  of  some 
eight  months'  unremitting  toil.  The  general 
features  of  his  books  are  a  charmingly 
designed  cover,  one  of  his  wonderful  wood- 
cuts in  colour,  an  unexceptionable  text,  a 
good  balance  of  red  and  black  on  the  page, 
fine  presswork,  and  accurate  register  ;  but 
in  this  work  he  has  gone  far  beyond  his  own 
high  standard  in  many  respects.  Mr. 
Barclay  Squire — among  the  first  of  living 
authorities  on  the  music  of  the  period — has 
seen  the  music  of  the  nine  songs  through 
the  press,  while  Mr.  Pissarro  has  printed  it 
in  black  on  red  lines  from  the  composers' 
editions  in  the  original  parts.  His  music 
type,  specially  designed  for  hi?  '  Old  French 
and  English  Ballads,'  has  been  again  em- 
ployed. It  is  modelled  on  the  finest  examples 
of  sixteenth-century  music,  and  Mr.  Pissarro 
prints  with  it  in  a  manner  almost  unknown 
in  this  country  since  Wynkyn  de  Worde. 
The  names  of  the  composers  are  pleasantly 
familiar  to  lovers  of  old  music — Ferrabosco, 
Lanneare,  and  Lawes  ;  while  the  songs 
selected  are  far  from  being  staled  by 
repetition.  For  beauty  of  impression  and 
accuracy  of  register  this  work  will  rank 
among  the  finest  pieces  of  music  printing  of 
its  century. 

Apart  from  these  qualities,  however,  we 
suspect  the  special  attraction  for  co1  lectors 
in  the  Eragny  books  will  turn  out  in  the  end 
to  be  Mr.  Pissarro's  delicate  and  beautiful 
woodcuts  in  colours.  He  has  travelled  far 
since  the  is&ue  of  '  The  Queen  of  the  Fishes  ' 
in  1894,  but  it  has  been  in  a  straight  line. 
His  mastery  of  his  art  remains  unchallenged 
— the  cutting  of  four  or  five  separate  wood- 
blocks for  each  illustration,  and  their  print- 
ing at  a  hand  press  necessitating  a  patience 
and  a  dexterity  so  foreign  to  the  atmosphere 
of  European  art  that  we  might  well  call 
the  result  Japanese,  were  it  not  that  the 
word  would  convey  an  erroneous  impression 
of  Mr.  Pissarro's  work.  One  of  these  wood- 
cuts would  confer  distinction  on  most  fine- 
printed  books  of  the  day  :  they  harmonize 
with  his  own.  Jonson's  lyrics  have  never 
had  a  more  gracious  setting. 

We  are  very  glad  to  receive  a  third  edition 
of  Mr.  Dickinson's  The  Meaning  of  Good  : 
a  Dialogue  (Brimley  Johnson).  The  success 
of  such  a  book  is  most  encouraging  from  the 
point  of  view  both  of  style  and  matter.  It 
is  one  of  the  two  or  three  signs — faintly 
perceived,  it  is  true,  among  the  parade  of 
superstition,  flippancy,  and  ignorance — that 
the  present  age  may  recapture  some  of 
that  Oeist  which  was  browbeaten  by  the 
materialists  a  while  ago. 

In  "The  King's  Classics"  (De  La  More 
Press)    The    Vicar   of    Wakefield   makes   an 

elegant  appearance.  Dr.  Garnett's  Intro- 
duction is  an  excellent  specimen  of  his 
happy  touch  and  easy  erudition. 

Messbs.  Hutchinson's  "  Popular  Classics" 
represent  the  last  word  in  cheap  reprints, 
for  they  even  reduce    the   current  shilling 

associated    with    such    popular    veitures    to 

tenpence,  yet  give  excellenl  measure.     The 

cloth  binding  in  red  is  neat,  and  the 
design  on  the  back  tasteful  :  and  a 
more-  elaborate  cover  of  lambskin,  with 
gilt  top.  is  to  he  had  for  eightpenoe 
extra.      The    hooks    are    varied,    including 

Leigh     limit's    The    Town,    with    a    few   notes 

at  the  end:  Bre1  Harte'a  Choice  Tales  and 
Verse;     Lj (ton's    Last    Days   of    Pompeii; 

Water)  mi's     Wanderings     in     South    America, 


008 


Til  K     AT  II  KN^UM 


X"  1099,  May  19.  L90C 


with  ti>a|)  an. I  notes;  and  Brownii 
ms,  2  vols.,  with  ini.i  notes.  Rach 
une  lii*—.  ii  frontispiece,  and  »>•  are  pit 
to  observe  thai  Waterton'a  many  claa  ioal 
allusions  nave  been  carefully  looked  after 
in  tli<-  text  and  the  notes.  The  selection 
from  Brel  rlarte  has  a  vivid  and  philosophic 
Introduction  by  W.  If,  We  hope  it  ma] 
mil  be  too  philosophio  for  the  avei  ider, 

for  it  Bays  well  Borne  essential  things  about 
r.i.  i  Sarte'a  favourite  material  far  romanoe. 

I\  Rfr.  Frowde's  hands  "The  Worlds 
Classics"  are  being  oontinued  with  skill 
and  enterprise.  They  are  available  in  no 
fewer  than  si\  differenl  Btyles.  We  have 
before  us  The   Ton,,/  of   WildfeU  Hall,  by 

Amir      Bronte;        Tht       Worts     of     Char 

VoL  111.  -'The  Canterbury  Tales,'  in  the 
authoritative  text  of  Prof .  Skeat ;  Twenty- 
thru  Tales  by  Tolstoy,  translated  by  L.  and 
A.  Maude,  a  representative  selection  of  the 
.i  writer's  varied  activities;  Borrow'a 
Bible  in  Spain,  with  n  brief  chronology  of 
liis  life  and  works  ;  and  Thoreau'a  Wctiden, 
commended  by  a  most  interesting  Intro- 
duction from  Mr.  Wntts-Dunton,  which  not 
only  hits  off  Thoreau'a  characteristics,  but 
idso  says  something  about  the  general  rela- 
tion of  Man  to  Nature.  The  whole  has  a 
sly  humour  which  might  persuade  even  the 
Philistine  to  take  to  thinking  for  a  change. 


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I  •'■-!  ling,    1    6   lie!. 

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1    I       ii  iiren  i i  the  Balkans,  8 

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SchOOUBOOkt. 

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1  1 

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I,,     of     the      I  I 

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World      -  1 

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Vol    III     <   mu  rim 

Hi,    !  M'ildfell  II..  11.  l 

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Cliildien.'O/ 

rOBBZl    M 

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(  criani  (A.   M  )  et    K.it t  i  (A),   Homeri   lliadi-  picUe  I 

menta  Ambrosiana,  Phototypici  ■ 
Heitzd'.i.  Kolorierte  FrUbdrurke  ani  tier  Stifubibliothek 

in  St.  Call, -ii.  -nil. 

Schrammen (J.),  Altertiiroei  v.  Pergamon,  VoL  III    P       1 
Per  grosse  Altar.    Der  obere  Matkt, 

//•"  tory  and  Bit  ■■  aphy, 
Losertii    CI.).     Pontes    Eterum    Austriacarum :     Part     II 
Vol.   LY1II.   Section  I.    Die  Zeiten   • 
1600-1600,  17m.  +0. 
Merz    (Dr.    W.),   Die    Linzburg,    Re\ue    Hixtoriqne, 
.fuin,  6fr. 

Phikiogy. 
Paepcke  ((".),  De  Pergameaorum  Litteratura,  lm.  60. 

General  Literature. 
Degener  (IL  A.  L.),  Wer  ist's?  L'nsere  '/.< 

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THE  AUTHOR  OF  THE  FRENCH 
ORIGINAL  OF  WOLFRAM  VON 
ESCHENBACH'S    '  PARZIVAL.' 

University  College.  London, 

Like  Mr.  A.  Xutt  (cf.  The  Athena 
April  7th,  p.  422),  I  have  read  with  great 
interest  Dr.  Hagen's  learned  article  on  the 
Kiot-Wolfram  question  in  vol.  xxxviii.  of 
the  Zeitschrijt  fiir  deutsche  Philologic.  It 
helps  to  undermine  more  than  any  previous 
contribution  the  already  shaky  ground  on 
which  defenders  of  the  Crestien-Wolfram 
theorjr  stand,  and  Dr.  Hagen  has  also  very 
ingeniously  thrown  light  upon  Trevrezent'-: 
Turnierfahrt  (P.  496,  15-21  ;  497,  6-2"  : 
498,  20-499,  10),  with  the  result  that  the 
attention  of  scholars  will  have  to  turn  to 
England  and  the  Court  of  Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion  for  the  home  and  author  (or  at  le 
the  inspirer  !)  of  Wolfram's  source. 

One  may,  indeed,  follow  Dr.  Hagen  so  far. 
and  yet  doubt  whether  Philip,  Bishop  of 
Durham,  will  figure  in  our  future  histori<-- 
of  literature  as  author  of  that  epic.  I  must 
content  myself  here  with  emphasizing  one 
great  difficulty,  which,  it  is  true.  Dr.  Hn_ 
himself  touches  upon  when  he  (p.  198)  con- 
cedes that  nothing  is  known  of  any  poetical 
or  literary  activity  (nor.  let  me  add  even 
any  literary  interest)  on  the  part  of  Philip  : 
but  he  consoles  himself  by  hoping  that  such 
testimony  may  yet  come  to  lieht.  or  nay 
already  be  in  existence,  as  he  has  not  been 
able  to  look  up  all  the  references  to  Philip 
given  in  the  'Dictionary  of  National  B 
graphy,'  xlv.  1S4.  The  latter,  however, 
I  can  assure  him,  contain  nothing  on  the 
point,  nor  do  some  other  references  I  have 
been  able  to  consult  [e.g.,  '  The  Origin  and 
Succession  of  the  Bishop's  [!]  of  Durham,1 
printed  from  the  original  MS.  in  the  1 '■ 
and  Chapter's  library  at  Durham.  177!'  | 
and,  until  the  hoped-for  new  material  has 
been  brought  to  light,  I  must  continue  to 
doubt  Philip"*  author  si  lip.  S   1    f-    -   1 

Furthermore,  let  11s  suppose  Dr.  Hagen 
is  right  in  attributing  the  reference  to  the 
painters  at  Cologne  and  Maastricht  (P.  158, It' ) 
to  Philip.*     In  this  case,  unless  the  passe 

•   With  P.   181,  7-12  in  my  mind  I  am  by  no  means  con- 
vinced ahout  this. 


NT°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


609 


is  to  be  considered  as  a  later  insertion,  Philip 
could  not  have  begun  the  poem  before  1198, 
i.e.,   at  the  time  when  he  was  already  in- 
stalled  Bishop   of   Durham  ;     and   he   must 
have   finished   it   about    1202-3,    the   latest 
date  at  which  the  MS.  copy  could  have  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  Landgrave  of  Thuringia. 
Yet,  to  judge  from  the  present  evidence,  the 
turbulent    times    of    the    beginning    of    his 
episcopal  reign,  full  of  internal  and  external 
strife  ;    the  different  missions  entrusted  to 
him   by    King   John  ;     and   his   journey   to 
Compostella  and  other  places  on  the  Con- 
tinent   during    the    year    1201,    can    hardly 
have  provided  the  leisure  and  mood  which 
an  epic  of  such  depth  would  demand.     The 
difficulty  does  not  end  here.     If  a  bishop,  one 
of    the    "  most  devoted   adherents  "    of  the 
house  of  Anjou,  composes  an  epic  of  about 
24,000   lines,    a   definite  glorification  of  this 
house,  a  poem  a  copy  of  which  we  should 
expect   him    to   have   handed    to   his   royal 
master    King   John,  is    it    likely  that  every 
trace    of    it    in    this    country    should    have 
vanished — that  neither  friend  nor  foe  of  the 
bishop  should  have  referred  to  such  a  remark- 
able   production,    nor    even    hinted    at    the 
bishop's  poetical  gifts  ? 

Whilst  these  are  the  chief  reasons  for  my 
doubting  Philip's  authorship,  yet  this  need 
not  exclude  the  possibility  (among  others) 
that  Philip  might  have  acted  as 
"  Gewahrsmann  "  to  the  poet,  whoever  he 
was,  just  as  Anselm  did  to  Raoul  de 
Coggeshale. 

What  Dr.  Hagen  says  (p.  206)  with  refer- 
ence to  P.  453,  15-17,  on  the  possibility  of 
Philip  having  been  instructed  in  the  art 
of  necromancy,  is  beside  the  point,  as  dne 
(P.  453,  17)  is  certainly  to  be  taken  as  mean- 
ing "  without,"  and  not  "  beside." 

R.  Pbiebsch. 


SOME     UNPUBLISHED     LETTERS     OF 
CHARLES    LAMB. 

May  I  be  allowed  to  say  a  word  or  two 
concerning  Mr.  Dobell's  Lamb  Letters, 
published  a  fortnight  ago  in  The  Athenaeum  ? 

Mr.  Dobell  offers  no  opinion  as  to  the 
year  when  the  third  letter  (to  Manning)  was 
written.  Is  it  not  possible  that  a  slight  clue 
may  be  found  in  the  phrase  "  the  Northern 
confederacy,"  and  that  this  may  have  some 
reference  to  Lamb's  remarks  in  a  letter  to 
the  same  correspondent,  dated  February  15th 
1801  ?— 

"  I  had  need  be  cautious  henceforward  what 
opinion  I  give  of  the  '  Lyrical  Ballads.'  All  the 
North  of  England  are  in  a  turmoil.  Cumberland 
and  Westmoreland  have  already  declai'ed  a  state  of 
war.'" 

If  this  view  be  correct,  then  the  letter 
must  have  been  written  subsequently  to 
the  above  date,  somewhere  between  it 
and  August  of  that  year,  when  Lamb's 
first  journalistic  efforts  came  to  an  end  on 
the  failure,  of  The  Albion.  The  reference 
at  tlic  (lose  of  the  letter  to  his  intention  "  to 
get  into  pay  with  some  newspaper  "  reads 
as  though  no  work  of  this  kind  had  been 
done  previously. 

The  I"  h-ttor  should,  one  is  inclined 
io  ''.ink,  be  placed  earlier  than  the  begin- 
ning of  1834,  at  which  time  Lamb  was 
living  ifi  Edmonton.  Tin-  invitation  to 
Talfourd  is  to  Enfield,  and  the  fact 
that  ho  would  have  to  put  up  with  an 
"  ion-bed  "  might  be  due  to  the  limited 
accommodation    at    the    Westwoods',    with 

whom    the    bombs    lodged    from    the    end    of 

1820  to  about  May,  1833.  Further,  as 
Lamb  seems  most  anxious  that  Talfourd 
should  bring  Kyle  with  him,  the  wished -for 


visit  of  these  two  may  have  had  something 
to  do  with  Lamb's  will,  which  was  dated 
October  9th,  1830.  Be  this  as  it  may,  it 
is  almost  certain  that  the  letter  must  have 
been  written  much  earlier  than  1834. 

S.    BUTTEBWORTH. 


WHERE    WAS    THE    '  ORMULUM  ' 
WRITTEN  ? 

Clarendon  Press,  Oxford. 
The  definite  facts  that  are  known  about 
the  author  of  the  '  Ormulum  '  are  the  follow- 
ing.    He  gives  his  own  name  variously  as 
Orm  and  Ormin,  the  latter  form  (if  his  words 
may  be  taken  literally,  which  is    doubtful) 
being  that  of  his  baptism  ;   he  had  a  brother 
bearing  the  Norman  name  of  Walter,  who 
was,  like  himself,  an  Augustinian  canon  ;  and 
his  work,   according  to  palfeographical  and 
linguistic  evidence,  must  have  been  written 
about  A.r>.  1200  in  the  North-East  Midlands. 
The  only  one  of  these  statements  that  has 
in    recent    times    been    questioned    is    that 
Walter  was  Orm's  brother  in  the  literal  sense. 
It    has    been    maintained    that    when    Orm 
addresses  Walter  as  his  brother  "  affterr  ]>e 
flaeshess  kinde,"  he  means  only  that  he  was 
his  fellow-man.     The  sole  argument  alleged 
for  this  strange  interpretation  is  based   on 
the  assumption   (which,  as  I  shall  show,  is 
erroneous)   that   in   the   twelfth   century   so 
thorough   a    (Scandinavian)   Englishman   as 
Orm  was  could  not  have  had  a  brother  with 
a  Norman  name.     When  this  assumption  is 
set  aside,   there  remains  no  reason  against 
taking  Orm's  wrords  in  their  obvious  sense. 
It  may  be  granted  that  if  Orm  had  not  been 
Walter's  brother  in  the  literal  meaning  of  the 
word,  it  would  have  been  quite  in  his  manner 
to    mention    the    brotherhood    of    common 
humanity    as    one    of    the    three    kinds    of 
fraternal     relationship     by    which     he    was 
bound  to  his  friend.     But  it  would  be  very 
unlike  his  ordinary  style  (which  is,  indeed, 
even   superfluously  explanatory)  to  express 
this  notion  in  terms  that  were  liable  to  be 
misunderstood.    It  may  therefore  be  regarded 
as  certain  that  Orm  and  Walter  were  actually 
brothers. 

So  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  attempt  has 
hitherto  been  made  to  identify  the  particular 
house  of  Augustinian  canons  to  which  Orm 
(and  probably  also  Walter)  belonged.  The 
establishments  of  this  order  in  England  in 
the  twelfth  century  were  so  extraordinarily 
numerous  that  the  task  of  identification  at 
first  sight  appears  hopeless.  But  the  abun- 
dance of  Scandinavian  words  in  the  dialect 
of  the  '  Ormulum,'  and  the  Northern  features 
that  qualify  its  general  East  Midland  cha- 
racter, seem  to  point  decisively  to  Lincoln- 
shire as  the  district  in  which  the  work  was 
written.  As  there  were  only  eleven  Augus- 
tinian houses  in  this  county,  the  range  of 
search  is  greatly  narrowed.  A  study  of  the 
documents  relating  to  these  placeshas  led 
in.'  to  form  a  conjecture  which,  though  far 
from  being  demonstratively  certain,  has 
some  circumstances  in  its  favour,  and  does 
not  appear  to  conflict  with  the  known  facts. 
The  monastic  house  at  Elsham,  not  far 
from  the  II umber,  was  originally  a  "hospital," 
but  was  refounded  as  an  Augustinian  priory 
by  Walter  de  Amundeville  between  1  147  and 
1 166  [i.e.,  in  the  episcopate  of  Robert,  Bishop 

of  Lincoln).  In  the  foundation  charter 
(Dugdale'a  '  Monasticon,'  ed.  Caley  and 
Bandinel,  vol.  vi.  p.  660)  Walter  grants  to 

the  house  the  services  of  certain  villeins  arid 
their  families,   among  whom   is  William  (son 

of  Leofwine),  his  "  propositus  "  <>r  steward, 
and  also  endows  it  with  land  at  " Ouresbi  " 
formerly  held  by  Orm,  the  uncle  of  the  same 


William.  Now  it  seems  almost  certain 
that  William  the  "  propositus "  owed 
his  Norman  name  to  a  godfather  belong- 
ing to  the  Amundeville  family  (a  brother 
of  Walter  de  Amundeville,  it  may  be 
remarked,  was  named  William).  It  would 
be  very  natural  that  William  the  steward 
should  name  one  son  Walter  after  his- 
lord,  and  another  Orm  after  his  own  uncle. 
It  would  be  equally  natural  that  these  two- 
sons  should  enter  the  monastic  house  which 
had  been  founded  by  their  lord,  and  of  which 
they,  with  their  father,  had  been  made  sub- 
jects. I  therefore  venture  to  propound,  as 
a  likely  hypothesis,  that  the  author  of  the- 
'  Ormulum  '  and  his  brother  Walter  were  the 
sons  of  William(son  of  Leofwine), the  steward 
of  Walter  de  Amundeville,  and  that  they 
were  inmates  of  the  Triory  of  Elsham. 

I  fully  admit  that  this  hypothesis  rests  on 
extremely  slight  evidence,  and  that  it  will 
have  to  be  abandoned  if  any  facts  should 
be  discovered  that  distinctly  point  to  a 
different  locality.  But  at  any  rate  the 
charter  does  prove  that  in  the  twelfth  century 
a  Lincolnshire  Englishman  named  Orm 
could  have  a  kinsman  with  a  Norman  name  ; 
so  that  there  is  no  excuse  for  doubting  that 
the  later  Orm  meant  what  he  said  when  he 
described  Walter  as  "  broherr  min  affterr 
]>e  flseshess  kinde."  With  regard  to  the 
interpretation  of  this  expression,  it  is 
perhaps  not  irrelevant  to  note  that  the  two 
brothers  of  Walter  de  Amundeville,  in  their 
charters  ratifying  his  grant,  speak  of  their 
mother  as  "  mater  mea  carnalis."  It  may 
be  a  mere  accidental  coincidence  that  the 
names  Walter  and  Orm  are  brought  together 
in  a  charter  of  a  Lincolnshire  Augustinian 
house,  and  that  some  half-century  later 
two  brothers  with  these  names — from  the 
evidence  of  dialect  apparently  Lincolnshire 
men — are  found  as  fellow-members  of  the 
Augustinian  order.  But  surely  such  an 
accidental  coincidence  would  be  a  little  out 
of  the  common. 

There  are  two  other  matters  connected 
with  the  '  Ormulum  '  which,  though  not 
bearing  on  the  question  placed  at  the  head 
of  this  paper,  may  conveniently  be  referred 
to  here.  First,  How  did  Orm  come  to  think 
of  giving  to  his  work  the  odd  name  of  '  Ormu- 
lum '  ?  The  common  explanation,  that  it 
was  suggested  by  the  form  of  Latin  diminu- 
tives in  -ulum,  is  obviously  insufficient.  It 
seems  to  me  likely^  that  this  eccentric  coinage 
was  a  sort  of  parody  of  the  title  of  some 
existing  book.  Now  there  were  very  many 
mediaeval  works  of  devotion  and  religious 
edification  bearing  the  name  of  '  Speculum  '  ; 
one  of  them  was  by  Orm's  contemporary 
Edmund  Rich,  and  there  may  have  been 
others  still  earlier.  Perhaps  it  may  yet  be 
discovered  that  some  one  of  the  books  so 
entitled  was  among  the  sources  which  Orm 
used. 

The  other  point  relates  to  the  form  of  the 
name  Walter.  Normally,  the  anglicized  pro- 
nunciation of  this  name,  about  1200,  ought 
to  have  a  long  vowel  in  the  last  syllable  : 
but  the  printed  text  of  the  '  Ormulum  '  has 
the  spelling  "  Wallterr,"  which  would  imply 
that  the  e  was  short.  1  wish  to  point  out  that 
the  MS.,  in  which  the  name  is  written  with 
a  contraction,  affords  no  authority  for  the 
doubling  of  the  r.  Hknuv   BBADLEY. 


THE  TRUMAN  CRUIKSHANK  SALE. 
Messrs.   Sotheby,   Wilkinson  A   Hodgi   sold 

(hiring  last  week  the  extensive  collection  of  bookl 
illustrated  hy  (  Vniksliank  belonging  to  tlic  late  Mr, 

E.  Truman,  the  six  days'  sale  realising  4,954£  The 
following  were  the  chief  prices:  ainsworth's  Jaok 
Sheppara,  16  parts.  1830,  1'.)/.  5e,  Crowquill's 
Holiday  Grammar,   1826,  T,i.    10a    sketches  i>\ 


610 


tii  E    ATM  EN  .i-:r  M 


N    1099,  May  L9,  1906 


. 


m!  oopj   1839,70/.  10*,     Grimm'ii  German 
Populai  si ,i  K23  8,    i"  i  ill  i  upy,  82/. :  another, 

in  The  Humourist,  i  vol*.,  original  pi<  I 
boards,  1819  20,  107/. ;  another  (ordinary  oopy),  32/. 
[ngoldata  Logvncl  .  in  i  edition,  •'!  vols.,  1840-7, 
I,,  land  Life  ol  Napoleon,  I  volt.,  1828,  IT/. 
Kenriok'a  The  British  Stage,  6  vols.,  \  ery  fine  oopy, 
1M7  -2,  •">;{/.  I. ii<-  iii  Lond  ii,  iii  12  parte,  large 
paper,  1821,  43/,  10a  Life  in  Paris,  large  paper, 
20  part*,  1822,30/.  The  Meteor,  2  vola,,  1818  14, 
Rogue's    Maroh   from  Madrid   to   Paris,    a 

iture,  1808,  24/.  Town  Talk,  6  vols.,  im- 
perfoot,  1811  II.  53/.  Military  ( lareer  of  Napoleon 
(ohapbonk),  J.  Bailey,  n.d.,20t.  LOa.  Syntax  i  Life 
ol  Napoleon,  14  proof  etchings.  '_''_'/.  10a  Etchings 
and  <  lari oat  ores  in  Reid  repudiated  by  Cruikshank, 
IT'.  10a  The  engraved  oopperplatee  <>t  various 
booh  designs,  woodblookB,  to.,  Eetohed  205/. 


Jfttoarg  (Sossip. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  articles 
which  will  appear  in  the  June  number 
of  The  Independent  Review:  'Anti-Mili- 
tarism in  France,9  by  M.  Urbain  (Jollier; 
-  Bemy  Sid-wick,'  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Mait- 
land  ;  '  The  Future  of  Denominational 
Schools,'  by  Mr.  Michael  Sadler;  k  The 
New  Humility,'  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton  ; 
1  The  Political  Aspirations  of  Scotland,' 
by  Mr.  J.  W.  Gulland,  M.P.  ;  '  Rostock 
and  Wismar,'  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Forster  ;  and 
'  Liquor  Taxation,'  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hobson. 

Mr.  John  Murray  will  publish  next 
week  the  elaborate  work  '  The  Triumphs 
•of  Petrarch,'  which  has  already  stimulated 
the  interest  of  bibliophiles.  The  fact 
that  the  price  of  the  edition  de  luxe  is 
sixty  guineas  is  some  evidence  of  its  value 
and  attractiveness.  The  price  of  the 
ordinary  edition  is,  of  course,  very  much 
les<. 

The  Preelections  delivered  in  January 
by  the  five  candidates  for  the  Regius  Pro- 
fessorship of  Greek  at  Cambridge — Prof. 
Jackson,  Prof.  Ridgeway,  Dr.  Verrall, 
Dr.  Adam,  and  Dr.  Headlam — will  be 
issued  very  shortly  in  book  form  by  the 
University  Press. 

I1  he  Cambridge  Press  also  have  ready 
for  immediate  publication  a  work  by  Miss 
Frances  Davenport,  of  the  Department 
of  Historical  Research  in  the  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington,  tracing  from 
extant  records  the  economic  development 
of  the  manor  of  Forncett,  in  Norfolk, 
from  1086  to  1565. 

In  the  summer  of  last  year  Mr.  Charles 
A.  Sherring,  of  the  United  Provinces  Civil 
Service,  was  sent  on  a  special  mission 
to  Western  Tibet,  and  he  is  now 
producing,  under  the  title  of  '  Western 
Tibet  and  the  British  Borderland,'  a 
volume  which  embodies  the  infor- 
mation then  gained,  together  with  the 
local  knowledge  acquired  by  long  residence 
on  the  border  as  Deputy  Commissioner 
of  Almora.  The  book  includes  the  story 
by  Dr.  Longstaff  of  an  attempt  to  climb 
the  highest  mountain  in  Western  Tibet, 
and  will  be  published  by  Mr.  Edward 
Arnold. 

Mrs.  William  Alungham,  who  is  pre- 
paring a  biography  of  her  husband  for 
the  press,  will  be  grateful  if  any  one  pos- 
sessing letters  of  his  will  kindly  lend  them  ; 


to  her  for  u-e  iii   the   hook.       Her  addre-- 

i    Kiilon  Bouse,  Lyndhurst  Etoad,  Qamp- 

.'I. 

Messbs.    Nil -on    \    Bona    aril] 
during  the  present    month  the  oomplete 
works    of    Shakspeare    in    their    "  New 
Century    Library,      India    Paper    8ei 
The  whole  will  be  complete  in  sis  volui 
and  will  be  issued  in  cloth,  limp  leather, 

and  leather  hoards.  Each  of  these  pocket 
volumes  will  contain  an  original  front  is- 
piece  printed  in  colours. 

The  Vacation  Term  for  Biblical  Study, 
which  has  been  held  in  past  years  at  Cam- 
bridge and  Oxford,  will  take  place  this 
year  at  Durham,  where  the  University  has 
kindly  consented  to  place  its  beautiful 
buildings  at  the  disposal  of  the  students. 
The  lecturers  wrill  be  men  of  different 
schools  of  thought,  but  all  experts.  It  is 
hoped  that  the  following  among  others 
will  take  part  :  Dr.  Burney,  Archdeacon 
Fearon,  Canon  Foakes  -  Jackson,  Dr. 
Knowling,  Dr.  Hodgkin,  Dr.  Jevons,  the 
Rev.  C.  W.  Johns,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Moulton, 
Dr.  Anderson  Scott,  and  the  Rev.  F.  R. 
Tennant.  The  main  subject  will  be  belief 
in  a  future  life  as  shown  in  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  whilst  the  influence  of 
the  surrounding  nations  upon  Israel  will 
also  be  considered.  The  term  will  last 
from  July  23rd  to  August  11th.  Further 
information  can  be  obtained  from  the 
Secretary,  Miss  Creighton,  Hampton  Court 
Palace. 

As  the  result  of  the  efforts  of  the  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  Philological  Societies, 
and  of  the  Classical  Associations  which 
represent  Great  Britain,  it  seems  pro- 
bable that  solid  support  will  be 
accorded  to  a  reasonable  reform  in  the 
pronunciation  of  Latin.  Over  a  hundred 
and  fifty  tutors  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
have  pledged  themselves  to  the  Philo- 
logical Societies'  scheme,  which  is  vir- 
tually identical  with  that  of  the  Classical 
Association ;  and  several  of  the  more 
important  professional  bodies,  like  the 
Head  Masters'  Conference,  are  now  being 
approached  on  the  subject.  It  is  hoped 
that  after  the  summer  vacation  schools 
and  colleges  will  definitely  break  with 
their  insular  past. 

Mr.  G.  Bernard  Shaw  will  deliver  a 
lecture  on  '  The  Religion  of  the  British 
Empire '  in  the  Kensington  Town  Hall 
next  Thursday  evening.  Full  particulars 
can  be  had  from  Mrs.  Cobden-Sanderson, 
River  House,  Hammersmith. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Coley  writes  : — 

"In  your  report  of  the  Conference  of 
Library  and  Educational  Authorities  at 
Birmingham  1  am  described  as  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Birmingham  Education  Com- 
mittee. Will  you  kindly  allow  me  to  say 
that  this  is  not  the  fact  ?  Since  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Committee  Mr.  (!.  H.  Kenriok 
has  held  the  position  of  Chairman,  to  the 
ureal  satisfaction  and  advantage  of  t In- 
cut ire  community." 

Dr.  Edward  Henry  Bickersteth, 
formerly  Bishop  of  Exeter,  died  last 
Wednesday  at  the  age  of  eighty-one. 
He  was  well  known  as  a  writer  of  sacred 
verse,  edited  'The  Hymnal  Companion' 
for   the    Evangelical    party,    and    had    a 


i h  hi-  own  poem  in 
bool       v   terday,  To-day,  and  For  Ever,' 
first  published  in  I  - 

I  n  7 'ht  < )j  ford  i  i<"  ■  i  tity  Oaxt  Ut  the 
Annual    Report   <<f   the   I   .  ..f   the 

Bodleian  ha-  just  appeared.     The  number 
of    printed    and    manuscript     items    re- 
ceived during  the  yeai  is  7!' 
on  record.     The  Copyright  Act  a 

for   53,431,    new    pun  h  h    11,279 

and  gifts  or  exchange    ii  130.    Thefriendi 
of  the  late  Provost  of  Oriel  purchased 
collection    of    books    and    pamphlets    on 
Homeric   BUbjects,    1,084   in   number,    and 
presented  them  to  the  Bodleian.     Foster's 
'  Alumni  Oxonienses,  l">:'''  1886,' 
been  presented  by  Iii-  executors,  with 
annotations  and  corrections,  on  condition 
that  further  correction-  may  be  made  by 
students. 

An  answer  by  Mr.  Haldane  in  the  House 
of  Commons  states  that  22,000/.  had  h 
spent  on  the  official  History  of  the  South 
African  war  before  the  end  of  the  last 
financial  year  ;  but  he  hopes  that  it  will 
be  completed  for  another  5.0007.  There 
are  to  be  three  volumes,  the  first  of  which 
is  likely  to  appear  this  summer. 

Lady  Warwick  has  put  into  permanent 
form  her  views  on  the  duties  of  the  State 
in  regard  to  the  feeding  and  education  of 
the  children  of  working-class  parents.  In 
'  A  Nation's  Youth  :  Physical  Deteriora- 
tion, its  Causes  and  some  Remedies,'  to 
be  published  in  a  few  days  by  Mee 
Cassell,  she  presents  the  evidence  for  the 
necessity  of  further  reform.  Sir  John 
Gorst  contributes  an  interesting  Intro- 
duction, in  which  he  traces  the  process  of 
social  legislation  during  recent  years. 

The  death  occurred  on  Monday  last  of 
the  wife  of  Mr.  0.  G.  D.  Berry,  who  under 
her  maiden  name  of  Ada  S.  Ballin  was 
well  known  as  an  editor  and  journalist. 
She  founded  the  papers  Baby  (1887), 
Womanhood  (1898),  and  Playtime  for 
children  (1900).  and  wrote  several  books 
on  hygiene  and  early  education. 

\Yi:  are  glad  to  hear  that  Mr.  Elkin 
Mathews  has  a  third  edition  of  Dr. 
Garnett's  little  book  '  De  Flagello  Myrteo  ' 
in  tlu'  press,  the  second  being  already 
exhausted. 

Madame  Mar'  elle  Tinayre.  the  well- 
known  novelist,  has  undertaken  a  new 
role,  that  of  chroni-.jucusr,  and  her  criticism 
of  things  in  general  will  appear  regularly 
in  the  illustrated  magazine  Madame  't 
Monsieur. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  the  French 
librarians  have  -somewhat  late  in  the 
day —established  an  association  to  watch 
over  their  interests,  and  foster  a  friendly 
feeling  among  the  members.  The  new 
body  already  numbers  over  200  members, 
with  M.  Deniker,  librarian  at  the  Natural 
History  Museum,  as  president,  and  If. 
Michel,  of  the  Municipal  Library  at 
Amiens,  and  M.  Henry  Martin,  adminis- 
trator of  the  Bibliotheque  de  1' Arsenal, 
as  vice-president-.  M.  Sustrac,  of  the 
Bibliotheque  Sainte  Genevieve,  is  the 
general  secretary  ;  and  the  office  of  the 
new    association,    to    which    we    wish    all 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


611 


prosperity,  is  at  No.  6,  Place  du  Pantheon, 
Paris. 

According  to  the  last  annual  report 
of  the  German  booksellers'  association, 
book  -  publishing  in  that  country,  if 
quantity  be  taken  as  a  criterion,  is  in 
an  exceedingly  prosperous  condition.  In 
1901  25,331  works  were  issued,  but  last 
year  the  total  amounted  to  30,000. 
Literary  and  other  reviews  appear  to 
head  the  list,  whilst  scientific  publications 
form  the  next  most  numerous  class. 

The  death  was  announced  on  Monday 
last  of  Carl  Schurz,  who  was  born  in  1829 
at  Cologne,  and,  after  experiences  as  a 
revolutionary  in  Germany  in  the  forties, 
went  to  the  United  States  in  1852.  He 
had  a  long  career  as  a  journalist,  beginning 
with  the  publication  of  a  liberal  newspaper 
at  Bonn.  He  was  a  newspaper  corre- 
spondent at  Paris  in  1851;  and  Washington 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune, 
1865-6  ;  founded  The  Detroit  Post  in  the 
latter  year  ;  and  became  editor  of  a 
German  paper,  the  St.  Louis  Westliche 
Post,  in  1867.  He  was  also  editor  of  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  1881-4.  His 
publications  include  his  '  Speeches  '  (1885), 
a  '  Life  of  Henry  Clay,'  and  an  essay  on 
Abraham  Lincoln  (1889).  He  was  a 
United  States  Senator  from  1869  to  1875, 
and  took  a  leading  part  in  politics,  an 
aspect  of  his  life  which  does  not  concern 
us  here. 

Dr.  Georg  Braxdes  is  going  to  pay  a 
visit  to  London,  having  been  invited  by 
the  Danish  Society  to  be  the  chief  guest 
at  a  dinner  on  June  5th  in  honour  of  the 
King  of  Denmark's  birthday. 

A  Parliamentary  Paper  has  just  been 
published  (price  6<7.)  which  shows  the 
extent  to  which  Local  Authorities  in  Scot- 
land have  allocated  and  applied  Funds 
to  the  Purposes  of  Technical  .Education 
during  the  year  ending  May  15th,  1905. 
We  have  also  received  the  Annual  General 
Report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  Technical  Instruction  for  Ireland 
(2s.)  ;  a  volume  of  the  Scotch  Education 
Department  on  the  Training  of  Teachers 
(6d.)  ;  and  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
of  Council  on  Education  in  Scotland, 
1905-6  (2\d.). 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  guide-books  and  books  of  travel. 

SCIENCE 

BIRD     LIFE. 

Wild  Wings,  by  Herbert  K.  Job  (Con- 
stable), bears  as  its  second  and  explanatory 
title  '  Adventures  of  a  Camera-hunter  among 
the  larger  Wild  Birds  of  North  America  on 
Sea  and  Land.'  Very  seldom  does  our  lot 
fall  in  swell  pleasant  places,  for  we  can  un- 
!•  rvedly  praise  tliis  book,  not  only  for  the 
great  beauty  and  variety  of  the  illustra- 
tions, but  also  lor  the  admirable  descriptions 
of  the  scenes  visited  by  the  author  when 
hunting  with  a  camera:  a  sport  far  more 
[ting  than  any  shooting  with  a  gun,   trie 

from  the  taint  of  destruction,  and  affording 
pleasurable  reminiscences  for  years  to  come. 
First   comes  a  visit  to  the  breeding  -  place 

of  the  brown  pelican  in  Florida,  where  pro- 


tection has  enabled  these  huge  birds  to 
recover,  in  some  degree,  from  the  ravages 
of  the  purveyors  of  plumes  for  the  head-gear 
of  women  ;  next,  to  the  Florida  Keys  (the 
last  word  a  corruption  of  Cayos),  made 
classic  ground  for  the  ornithologist  by 
Audubon's  description  in  1832  ;  and  then 
to  the  Cape  Sable  wilderness — where  drink- 
able water  is  scarce  and  insect  plagues 
abound — in  order  to  inspect  one  of  the  few 
colonies  of  egrets,  roseate  spoonbills,  and 
ibises  hitherto  undetected  by  the  spoiler, 
though  the  watchman  was  subsequently  lured 
into  an  ambuscade  and  deliberately  murdered 
by  the  plume-hunters.  One  of  these  gentry, 
working  alone,  had  made  $1,800  for  himself, 
by  so  completely  shooting-out  another 
colony  that  a  visit  to  the  locality  could  not 
prove  profitable  for  some  years  to  come,  but 
even  here  Mr.  Job  found  subjects  for  some 
beautiful  photographs.  Sooty  terns  and 
noddies — species  which  occasionally  wander 
to  the  British  Islands — were  the  character- 
istic sitters  for  their  portraits  on  the  Dry 
Tortugas ;  while  at  Charleston  we  see  the 
scavenger  black  vultures  and  the  coloured 
people  competing  on  the  "  dumping-ground  " 
of  that  city,  and  notice  an  effective  picture 
of  the  far  finer  "  turkey-buzzard  "  on  the 
wing.  Very  interesting  are  the  details  of 
the  bird-colonies  in  Virginia,  and  unspeak- 
ably sad  are  the  particulars  of  the  slaughter 
of  egrets  at  their  breeding-places,  to  provide 
the  "  ospreys  "  (so  called)  for  ladies'  hats. 
At  the  Magdalen  Island,  in  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  the  gannets,  kittiwake  gulls, 
puffins,  and  razorbills  are  identical  with 
those  of  our  own  islands,  while  the  guillemot 
is  only  a  thick-billed  representative  of  our 
"  nmrre  "  ;  and  to  many  readers  the  illus- 
trations of  these  and  of  the  gulls,  shear- 
waters, and  petrels,  as  well  as  the  shore- 
birds  described  in  the  following  chapters, 
are  likely  to  prove  particularly  attractive. 
The  camera-hunter  will  appreciate  the  diffi- 
culties to  be  overcome  in  photographing  the 
raptorial  birds  at  their  nests.  As  the  great 
horned  owl  deposits  its  eggs  in  an  old  nest 
of  a  hawk,  the  bird  can  be  photographed  with 
comparative  ease  ;  whereas  the  "  screech- 
owl  "  of  America,  although  a  "  horned  " 
species,  lives  in  holes  of  trees,  and  has  to  be 
taken  out  for  portraiture.  There  is  an 
excellent  index,  and  there  is  only  one — un- 
avoidable—draw  back,  namely,  the  weight 
of  the  volume,  owing  to  the  glazed  paper  to 
suit  the  illustrations.  This  is  emphatically  a 
book  to  be  bought  :  the  ornithologist  must 
have  it  ;   the  lover  of  nature  should  have  it. 

The  Bird  Watcher  in  the  Shetlands  :  with 
some  Notes  on  Seals — and  Digressions.  By 
Edmund  Scions.  (Dent.) — The  last  word 
of  the  title  is  the  key-note  of  the  book,  and 
the  author,  in  his  preface  as  well  as  on  p.  312, 
expresses  his  appreciation  of  its  valuo  as 
explaining  his  discursive  style,  of  which  he 
seems  to  be  somewhat  proud.  Mr.  Selous 
has  visited  sonic  portions  of  the  Shetlands 
on  two  occasions,  and  now  he  gives  us  his 
personal  views  about  the  birds  and  the  seals 
he   has   watched,    with   a   verbosity   which  is 

really  prodigious.  The  volume  is  enlivened 
by  ten  full-page  illustrations  from  the 
practised  pencil  of  Mr.  J.  Smit,  but  even 
among  these  there1  is  a  digression  ;  for  the 
plate  facing  p.  84  represents  whales  "  breach- 
ing "  (i.e.,  leaping  high  out  of  the  water) 
as  "  seen  from  the  rocUs  of  Kaasey,"  an 
island  which  lies  between  Skye  and  the  main- 
land, far  away  from  the  Shetlands.  The 
sportsman  and  the  collector  for  museums 
are  favourite  subjects  for  diatribes.  The 
former  is  a 
"  man    who   would    keep   up    foxes,    to   (lie   ruin   of 

agriculture    and    the    depopulation    of    poultry- 
yards";   "a  man  who  kills  animals  primarily  on 


account  of  the  pleasurable  sensations  which  he 
experiences  in  so  doing."' 

Far  worse,  however,  is  the  collector  for 
museums,  against  whom  the  author  rages- 
so  vehemently  that  it  is  not  easy  to  find  a 
passage  sufficiently  consecutive  for  quotation, 
though  the  following  may  serve  : — 

"  His  whole  life,  in  thought  or  act,  is  one  long 
ceaseless  crime  against  every  other  life.     His  goal 

is  extermination,  and  nature,  for  him,  a  museum 

To  get  a  thing  dead,  that  is  what  his  love  of  nature 
amounts  to,  and  he  does  it  for  those  like  himself. 
I  know  the  kind  of  people  who  enjoy  those  groups- 
in  the  museum  at  South  Kensington,  and  I  am  sick 

at  heart  that  they  should  be  there  for  them 

Tor  the  sake  of  science' — that  is  the  formula  of 
the  professor  who  sends  out  the  naturalist  to  slay. 
and  of  the  naturalist  who  goes  and  slays.  With 
that  charm  on  their  lips  both  quench  the  thirst  of 

their  hearts,  and  find  no  evil  in  the  draught 

Science  might  use  her  influence  to  check  the  dance 
of  death,  instead  of  making  it  caper  more  wildly, 
but  there  is  something  in  a  museum  which  brings 
down  the  high  to  the  level  of  the  low,  and  makes 
the  learned  biologist  and  the  banging  idiot  the  hest 
of  good  friends  and  confederates." 

For  those  who  like  this  style  there 
is  plenty  more,  garnished  with  French 
words  and  phrases  which  have  English* 
equivalents.  We  find  even  such  hybrid  ex- 
pressions as  "  nature  empcrter's  it  sur  ions." 
The  index  is  remarkably  full,  and  never  was 
a  book  in  greater  need  of  a  good  index. 

Nature-Tones  and  Undertones,  by  J.  M. 
Boraston  (Sherratt  &  Hughes),  is  a  well- 
printed  volume  of  nine  sketches  of  life  in  the 
open,  illustrated  by  eighteen  photographs 
from  nature  ;  and  those  of  the  young  oyster- 
catchers,  the  ring  plovers,  and  the  nesting- 
places  of  the  terns  are  so  good  that  they 
make  amends  for  the  somewhat  hackneyed 
character  of  the  subject.  About  a  quarter 
of  the  book,  and  the  most  inter- 
esting portion,  is  devoted  to  excursions  in 
the  peninsula  of  Llanddwyn,  the  south 
western  part  of  Anglesey,  and  a  favourite 
haunt  of  the  shore-birds  mentioned  above. 
Incidentally  the  author  gives  his  experiences 
of  one  of  Mr.  Evan  Roberts's  revival  meet- 
ings ;  and  from  the  emotional  display  of 
the  modern  Nonconformist  he  passed  to  the- 
fervour  of  earlier  times  and  another  creed, 
when  St.  Dwynwen  withdrew  herself  from 
society,  and  led  to  the  foundation  of  some 
kind  of  monastic  establishment  which  was 
long  ago  swallowed  up  by  the  waves  or 
covered  by  the  drifting  sands.  Even  the 
ruined  church,  now  photographed,  had  no- 
rector  after  the  "  Black  Dean  "  of  Bangor, 
who  helped  Henry  VII.  to  the  throne.  A  very 
agreeable  chapter  is  devoted  to  '  The  Plough- 
ing of  the  Marsh  ' ;  for  the  urban  district  coun- 
cil had  issued  the  fiat,  "Let dry  land  appear," 
and  the  sunlight  glinted  on  the  share  of  tin 
municipal  plough  as  the  author  went  to  \  isit 
the  haunts  of  the  plovers,  redshanks,  sand- 
pipers, ducks,  ive.,  before  the  impending 
drainage.  Altogether,  we  can  heartily  com- 
mend the  book,  and  consider  it  a  distinct 
advance  upon  Mr.  Boraston's  '  Birds  by 
Land  and  Sea.'  which  we  noticed  favourabh 
on  December  24th,  1904. 


CONVERSAZIONE   OF   THE   ROYAL 

SOCIETY. 

Tin-;     exhibits     at     this     function      wen 
perhaps,    hardly    so    interesting    as    usual. 
English    discoveries    in    physics    and    other 

sciences  having  this  year  been  few.      It    is  to 

this  fact,  probably,  that  must  be  attributed 
the  inclusion  of  appliances  having  merely  a 

topical  or  sensational  interest,  among  which 

may  be  named  the  "  Ever-trusty  "  oxygen 
apparatus  used  for  working  in  foul  air.      \ 

it    KaS   Long   been    before   the   public,    and    t  In 


612 


Til  E     A  Til  KX/EUM 


N   40JM),  May  10,  11106 


principles  on  which  it  is  constructed  an 
w.ll  known,  one  can  only  guess  that  it  found 
lis  wh\  to  Burlington  House  becausi  it  was 
employed  for  the  rescue  of  the  miners 
entombed  alive  in  the  recent  disaster  at 
Courrierea  [n  the  same  category  maj 
perhaps  be  rlnnsod  the  seismograph  records 
from  the  Royal  Observatory  at  Edinburgh 
ami  the  seisxnograms  oi  Prof.  Milne,  which 
would  probably  not  have  been  shown  bu1 
for  the  late  upheaval  at  Ban  Francisco. 

x"et  there  was  some  apparatus  exhibited 
that  was  both  new  and  ingenious,  especially 
Dr.  P.  E.  Shaw's  electrical  measuring 
machine,  whioh  aims  at  replacing  '•> 
electric  contacts  the  measuring  machines 
whioh  depend  <>n  mechanical  touch.     It  is 

claimed  on  its  behalf  thai  it  avoids  the  strain 

on  micrometer  screws  and  nuts  inseparable 
from  measuring  machines  like  theWhil  worth  ; 
thai  it  can  be  adjusted  and  calibrated  by  the 

user  without  recourse  to  expert  assistance; 
and  that  its  contacts  are  made  with 
points  instead   of  plane  surfaces.      All   these 

claims  seemed  to  be  justified  by  the  model 
exhibited  on  Wednesday  week,  and  before 
Ions,'  some  such  machine  Will  doubtless 
supersede  all  others  for  accurate  measure- 
ments. In  Mechanics  there  was  also  to  be 
seen  1'rof.  George  Forbes'a  naval  gunsight, 

now  beino;  constructed  at  Klswick  for  trial 
on  H.M.S.  Africa.  By  an  ingenious  arrange- 
ment of  curved  surfaces,  this  apparatus  does 
away  with  all  toothed  gear,  and  makes 
allowance  for  all  variations  in  muzzle  velocity, 
density  of  air,  and  time  of  flight  to  an  extent 
that  is  almost  human.  Before  leaving  this 
class  we  should  mention  the  torsion  spring 
of  Prof.  Wilberforce,  a  weight  suspended  to 
which  will,  after  bobbing  up  and  down  ior  a 
few  minutes,  suddenly  begin  to  twist  round 
and  round,  and  then,  after  a  few  minutes 
more  will  return  to  its  up-and-down  motion, 
and  begin  the  whole  performance  over  again. 
According  to  its  inventor,  the  transference 
of  energy  in  each  case  is  almost  complete, 
and  takes  place  only  when  the  two  piincipal 
periods  of  vibration  are  as  nearly  equal  as 
possible. 

In  Light  an  unusual  number  of  exhibits 
were  on  view,  including  the  binocular  spectro- 
scope of  Dr.  Marshall  Watts — a  most  in- 
genious instrument,  wherein,  by  the  employ- 
ment of  two  exactly  similar  diffraction 
gratings,  the  whole  spectrum  from,  for 
instance,  a  vacuum  tube,  can  be  seen  at 
once,  both  eyes  being  employed  and  the 
bright  lines  coming  out  with  stereoscopic 
effect.  Another  instance  of  the  successful 
employment  of  two  similar  diffraction 
gratings  was  shown  by  Mr.  Julius  Kheinberg, 
who  uses  them  to  produce  achromatic  inter- 
ference bands  by  means  of  a  telescope,  in 
much  the  same  way  that  the  image  of  a 
grating  is  formed  in  a  microscope.  Prof. 
W.  F.  Barrett  also  exhibited  an  "  Kntopti- 
scope,"  or  instrument  for  enabling  a  person 
to  detect  obscurities  and  defects  within  his 
own  eye,  which  it  is  to  lie  hoped  will  not 
easily  get  into  the  hands  of  hypochondriacs  ; 
and  Mr.  W.  Kosenhain  a  miscroscope  for 
the  examination  of  specimens  of  metals 
and  other  opaojue  exhibits,  with  what  seemed 
to  be  excellently  designed  improvements  in 
the  lighting  of  the  objects.  Messrs.  R.  &  J. 
Beck's  new  microscope,  in  which  any  part 
of  the  spectrum  can  be  used  for  illuminating 
purposes,  also  gave  great  satisfaction,  an 
experiment  with  it  showing  that  the  green 
rays  would  resolve  a  certain  diatom  invisible 
w  it li  the  yellow.  There  W  ere  also  a  complete 
set  of  photographs  of  the  arc  spectra  of 
different  elements,  taken  with  Lord  Blyths- 
wood's  diffraction  grating  containing  14,400 
lines  to  the  inch  ;  some  beautiful  photo- 
graphs in  natural  colours,  obtained  by  M. 
Lippmann's  interferential  process,  and  exhi- 


bited by  Mr.  Edl»er  and  Mr.  Senior;  and 
some  of  diatoms  taken   by    I  >r.    A.    Kohh  r  m 

t  be  ult  ni  violet  light. 

In    Sound    Mr.    Joseph    Coold    showed    that 

whin    sympathetic    or    resonant    vibrations 

exist  in  tin-  same  Steel  plate  the  exciting  of 
one  system  will   put    its  fellow    in  action,  and 

the     two    figures    produced    l>y    them    in 

dust      will    go    through    the    most    extraordi- 
nary      Variations,      hut      will      never      in 
Mr.      DuddeU      also       exhibited       a      most 
curious      machine,      w  hereby     the     different 

disturbances  produced  by  a  telephone  circuit 

were  exhibited  as  curves  on  a  gTOUnd-glaSS 
Screen.      The     four     curves     on     the     screen 

showed  respectively  the  movement  of  the 
microphone     transmitter     diaphragm,     the 

current    in  the  circuit  at  entrance  and   exit, 

and  the  movement  of  the  receiver  diaphragm. 

The  distortion  of  all  these  curvi  3,  particu- 
larly   of    the    first-named,     when    different 

sounds  weie  thrown  into  the  telephone,  was 
very  interesting,  that  caused  by  the  vowel- 
sounds  being  particularly  marked,  while  any 
difference  in  the  pitch  was  registered  at 
once. 

In  Electricity  the  most  noteworthy  exhibit 
was  perhaps  the  set  of  photographs  shown 
by  Mr.  Kenneth  J.  Tarrant  of  electric  dis- 
charges in  the  air  and  in  vacuo.  These 
included  representations  of  the  discharge 
from  a  continuous  current  with  different 
kinds  of  interrupters,  and  also  of  an  oscillat- 
ing current  of  high  frequency  and  tension, 
together  with  the  usual  positive  and  negative 
brushes  and  glows.  Many  of  them  are  of 
high  importance  for  the  study  of  phenomena 
still  very  little  understood,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  they  will  eventually  be  repro- 
duced in  the  Society's  Proceedings  or  else- 
where. Mr.  L.  H.  Walter  a'so  exhibited  a 
magnetic  detector  for  wireless  telegraphy 
and  other  purposes,  which  seemed  to  consist 
of  a  small  differential  dynamo  kept  by 
mechanical  means  in  revolution  between 
the  poles  of  a  permanent  magnet.  By 
means  of  this  the  arrival  of  the  Hertzian 
wave  generates  two  cm  rents  :  an  alternat- 
ing one,  which  is  received  on  a  telephone, 
and  a  continuous  one,  which  can  be  made 
to  exhibit  visual  signals  or  to  record  itself 
on  an  instrument  of  the  siphon  type.  Sir 
Oliver  Lodge  and  Dr.  Muirhead  also  ex- 
hibited a  portable  set  of  wireless  telegraphy 
instruments  for  use  in  the  field.  These  were 
a  marvel  of  compactness,  the  whole  being 
easily  carried  on  the  saddle  of  one  pack-mule, 
and  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  has  availed  himself 
of  the  principle  of  his  "  pertinacious  "  current 
to  avoid  the  necessity  of  using  large  and 
heavy  transformers.  He  also  showed  a  new 
"  coherer,"  in  which  a  needle-point  is  sub- 
stituted for  the  revolving  disk  employed  in 
his  usual  system.  A  very  ingenious  bifilai 
galvanometer  on  the  moving-coil  system, 
but  warranted  free  from  the  tendency  to 
zero  creep,  was  exhibited  by  the  National 
Physical  Laboratory,  and  deserves  mention. 

In  Heat  the  only  exhibits  were  Mr.  Vernon 
Boys's  gas  calorimeter,  which  has  been  for 
some  time  before  the  public  and  is  in  fact 
used  for  the  official  testing  of  London  gas  ; 
and  an  exhibit  by  Sir  James  Dewar  of  an 
improvement  in  vacuum-jacketed  vessels  for 
the  storage  of  liquid  air  and  other  gases. 
These  are  now  made  of  metal,  with  necks  of 
some  alloy  which  conducts  heat  badly,  and 
are    covered    with    silvered-glass    vacuum 

cylinders.  The  vacuum  is  in  every  case 
produced  by  the  cooling  of  cocoa-nut  char- 
coal, and  their  efficiency  is  virtually  per- 
manent . 

In  Chemistry  the  most  interesting  exhibit 
was  perhaps  that  by  Dr.  (!.  T.  Moody 
proving  the  resistance  of  iron  to  the  forma- 
tion of  rust,  even  in  the  presence  of  water. 
so  long  as  there  was  no  admission  of  carbonic 


acid.        He     showed      it     hpeciuien      of     Sui-<il>-h 

iron  which  had  been  exposed  to  the  com- 

i  action   "I   air  and   pure  water  for  t) 

■  iid  had  remained  pen.  ctly  bright  ; 

and  a  control  specimen  which  had  been  t  ■ 

I    t"    1 1.'     action    Of    air    contain 
normal  amount  of  carbonic  acid  for  72  hotn 

with    the    result    that    it    had   rusted   con- 
siderably,     in    the    same   connexion    i 

I"      not  iii  i)    a    COmpll  '  1    of    thi 

of    picric    acid     the    active    constituent    of 
most  high  explosives — some  of  which  hi 

never    been    prepared    before.      This    exhibit 
was   the    work    of    Dr.    O.    Sill.in.id    and    .Mr. 

II     A.    Phillips.     Prof.    Wyndham    I1 

also    exhibited    a   Bet    of    ran-    mini  rain   from 
Ceylon,  including  specimen-,  of  that  thoriai 
which  Sir  William  Ramsay  has  lately  im 
tigated. 

Astronomy    was.    us   might    be   ex 
well  represented  by  eclipse  photographs  and 
en  ingenious  sen  tar  charts  shown  by 

.Mr.    T.    E.    Heath,    which    when    looked 
through    red    and    green    spectacles    exhibit 
the    stars    as    appearing    in    tri-dimensiona! 
space.      It   is   claimed    that    in   these   che 
the  parallaxes  which  are  known  are  alio-, 
for  in  the  apparent  distances  shown,  while 
in  other  ca-.es  the  estimated  average  distance 
is  allowed  for. 

In  the  Natural  Sciences  a  hind  leg  of  a 
gigantic  marsupial  was  exhibited  by  Dr. 
Woodward,  and  proved  one  of  the  i 
prominent  featuies  in  the  Librarv.  Mr. 
J.  E.  S.  Moore  and  Mr.  C.  E.  Walker  1 
also  continued  their  researches  into  cell- 
division  as  shown  in  cancer  and  similar 
diseases,  and  the  results  were  here  displayed 
microscopically  ;  while  Dr.  Albert  Gray  was 
responsible  for  a  series  of  photographs  illus- 
trating the  comparative  anatomy  of  the 
membranous  labyrinth,  and  the  ingenious 
apparatus  of  Berlese  for  capturing  minute 
insects  was  shown  by  Mr.  Cecil  Warburton. 
An  exhibit  of  historical  interest  was  contri- 
buted by  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society 
in  the  shape  of  the  original  photographs  of 
blood,  milk,  and  crystals  taken  by  Leon 
Foucault  in  1844.  which  were  the  first 
examples  of  the  use  of  electric  light  in  photo- 
graphy. 

The"  demonstrations  in  the  Meeting-Koom 
this  time  consisted  of  views  of  the  Bat  oka 
Gorge  on  the  Zambesi,  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Lamp- 
high,  and  a  lecture  by  Prof.  Silvanus 
Thompson  on  the  Berkeland  and  Eyde 
process  for  the  winning  of  nitrates  from  the 
atmosphere.     

SOCIETIES. 
Astronomic  \i..  —  May  11. — Mr.  Maw .  President, 

in  the  chair. — Mr.  Lewis  read  a  paper  on  some 
points  arising  from  a  discussion  of  the  double  si 
in  Struve's  '  Measure  Miorometrioe,'  a  memoir 
upon  whioh  had  just  boon  completed,  ami  was 
about  to  he  published  by  the  Society.  Questions 
relating  to  the  distribution  of  the  stars  were  con- 
sidered, and  the  author  concluded  that  the  sun  is 
situated  in  a  cluster,  hut  not  centrally.  Mr.  Lewis 
also  read  a  paper  by  Messrs.  Bowyer  and  Furaer 
on  the  orbit  and  mass  of  85  l'egasi. — Prof.  Turner 
gave  an  account  of  a  paper  by  Miss  Gibson  on  the 
number  of  the  stars,  derived  from  the  consideration 
of  the  proper  motion,  parallax,  ftc,  oi  72  stars. — 
The  Astronomer  Royal  gave  the  results  of  the 
Greenwich  observations  of  the  sixth  and  seventh 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  from  photographs  taken  with 
the  .SO  inch  reflector,  with  exposal  6S  of  6  minute- 
to  nearly  .'>  hours.  Pistes  had  also  been  taken  for 
determining  the  positions  of  Jupiter,  whioh  showed 

that  the  errors  of  the  tables  were  very  small  :  the 
results  were  continued  by  meridian  observation-. 
The  Astronomer  Royal  also  showed  a  sen 
prints  from  negatives  of  the  solar  eclipse 
August.  li»ii."). — Prof.  Dyson  exhibited  some  of  the 
seismographic  records  taken  at  the  Royal  Observa- 
tory. Edinburgh,  including  that  of  the  late  San 
Francisco  earthquake,  the  effect  of  which  reached 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


613 


Edinburgh  in  about  seven  minutes. — Prof.  Turner 
gave  an  account  of  Prof.  Barnard's  paper  on  the 
magnitudes  and  position  of  Nova  Geminorum,  and 
described  a  series  of  very  fine  photographs  of  the 
Milky  Way  taken  by  Prof.  Barnard  at  Mount 
Wilson,  California,  in  the  summer  of  1905. — Mr. 
T.  E.  Heath  exhibited  on  the  screen  a  series  of 
stereoscopic  star-charts,  mostly  north  of  20J  north 
declination,  and  explained  the  system  on  which 
they  were  constructed. 


Statistical.  — ■  May  15.  ■ —  A  paper  on  '  The 
Development  of  Agriculture  in  Denmark,'  by  Mr. 
R.  J.  Thompson,  was  read. 


Zoological.  —  May    1.  —  Dr.    H.    Woodward, 
V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  March, 
numbering    124. — Mr.    Oldfield    Thomas  exhibited 
the  skin  of  a  remarkable  new  duiker  from  Nyasa- 
land,    which   had   been    presented    to   the  British 
Museum  by  Mr.   S.    W.   Frank.     It  was  (by  Mr. 
Frank's  request)  named  Cephalophns  walkeri,  sp.  n. 
— The  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild  read  a  short  paper 
entitled  'Further  Notes  on  Anthropoid  Apes,'  and 
exhibited   five   mounted  specimens,   one  skeleton, 
six  skulls,  and  a  photograph  of  the  following  races : 
Gorilla   gorilla  dark -headed  race,   G.  gorilla  red- 
headed race,  G.  gorilla  matschiei,  G.  gorilla  cliehli, 
^imia  vellerosus,  and  &  vellerosus fuliginosus. — Mr. 
( )ldfield  Thomas  read  a  paper  on  mammals  collected 
in   South- West  Australia  for  Mr.  W.  E.   Balston. 
Thirty-two  species  and  subspecies  were  enumerated, 
including Scoteinus balstoni,  sp.  n.,  allied  to^.  greyi, 
and   Tachyglossus  aculeatus  ineptus,  subsp.  n. — A 
series    of    papers   was    read    on   the   Lepidoptera 
collected   in    South    Tibet  b}'   officers   during   the 
recent  expedition   to  that  country  under  Col.  Sir 
Frank  Younghusband.     Mr.  H.  J.  Elwes  gave  an 
account  of  the  butterflies  contained  in  the  collec- 
tion, which  comprised  33  species  and  varieties,  4 
of   which   were    described   as    new.     The    moths, 
exclusive  of   the   Tineid;e,    had    been  worked   out 
by  Sir  George  Hampson,  who  enumerated  the  63 
species   of   which    specimens   were   obtained.       Of 
these,  examples  of  36  species  were  taken  at  mode- 
rat  e  elevations   in   Sikhim,  and   belonged   to   the 
Indian  fauna,  2  being  described  as  new  ;  27  species 
belonged  to  the  PaUearctic  fauna,  of  which  9  were 
widespread   and    18   Tibetan;    10  of    these  were 
described   as    new.     An   account   of    the   Tineida? 
waa  supplied   by  Mr.    J.   Hartley  Durrant ;    they 
were  referred  to  4  species,'  2  of  which  were  new. 
—Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  read  a  paper  entitled  'Con- 
tributions to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Vascular  and 
Respiratory  Systems   in  the  Ophidia  and    to   the 
Anatomy  of  the  Genera  Boa  and  Corallus.' 


Entomological  -  May  2.—  Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair.— Commander  J.  J.  Walker 
showed  fourteen  examples  of  both  sexes  of 
ffystriehopayUa  talpce,  Curtis,  the  largest  British 
Sea,  taken  in  the  nest  of  a  field-mouse  in  a  tuft 
of  grass  at  Grange,  near  Gosport,  Hants,  on 
March  28th.  —  Mr.  (J.  C.  Champion  exhibited 
living  specimens  of  Apate capucina,  Deilus  fugax, 
a  Cryptocephalua  (rugicollis),  two  species  of 
Anthaxia,  &c,  from  Ste.  Maxime,  South  France. 
-Mr.  F.  B.  Jennings  exhibited  an  example  of  the 
weevil  Procas  armUlatue,  F.,  taken  near  Dartford, 
Kent,  on  April  13th,  recorded  only  once  in  this 
country  fora  considerable  period. — Mr.  M.  Jacoby 
exhibited  a  box  of  beetles  from  New  Guinea,  in- 
cluding Aesernia  meeki,  Jac,  A.  coatata,  .lac,  A. 
,7'-/<w',  JacandCetoniadaand  Luoanidffi  from  South 
Africa  and  Borneo.— Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donisthorpe 
exhibited  a  specimen  of  Hydrochua  nitidicoUle, 
.Mills.,  a  beetle  new  to  Britain,  taken  at  Yelverton 
in    the    River    Meavy   in    April.      The    Rev.    F.     |). 

Morioe  exhibited  lantern-slide  photographs  (from 
nature)  of  the  female  Ccucaria  postica  in 
Hymenoptera,  belonging  to  divers  groups,  mostly 
"  Aouleates,"  but  including  also  representativi 
the  Chrysids,  [ohneumonids,  and  Bawflies.  He 
submitted  that,  in  all  the  examples  shown,  the 
structure  of  the  oaloarifl  themselves  (and  also  of 
the  parts  adjacent  to  them)  olearly  indicated  that 

their  main  function  was  that  of  an'elaborat  elj   eon 

struoted  instrument  for  toilet  purposes.-  Dr.  F,  A. 
Dixey  exhibited  specimens  oi  Mylothris  agalhina, 
(Vain.,  and  of  Buenois  thyta,  Hopff.,  pointing  out 

that   the    close    resemblance    between  these   species 


obtained  chiefly  in  the  dry- season  form  of  the 
latter,  and  not  in  the  wet.  He  considered  this  to 
be  a  fresh  illustration  of  the  special  liability  to  the 
attacks  of  enemies  experienced  under  dry-season 
conditions,  leading  in  some  cases  to  the  adoption  of 
a  cryptic  coloration,  and  in  others,  as  here,  to 
mimicry  of  a  protected  form  such  as  M.  agalhina. 
— Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton  communicated  a  critical 
paper  on  '  The  Late  Prof.  Packard's  Explanation 
of  the  Markings  of  Organisms,'  by  Mr.  H.  Eltring- 
ham,  and  cordially  supported  the  views  of  the 
author.  —  Mr.  Edward  Meyrick  contributed  a 
paper  'On  the  Genus  Imma,  Walk.  (=Tortrico- 
morpha,  Feld.).' 

Meteorological. — May  16. — Mr.  Richard  Bent- 
ley,   President,    in   the   chair. — Dr.   W.    N.    Shaw 
read  a  paper,  which  he'  had  prepared  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  G.  C.  Simpson,  on  '  An  Instrument 
for   testing   and   adjusting    the    Campbell  -  Stokes 
Sunshine    Recorder.'     Experience   has   shown    the 
necessity  of  an  instrument  for  testing  the  shape 
and   dimensions   of    recorders,    and    for   verifying 
their  adjustment  when  installed.     But   it   is    not 
at  all  easy  by  mere  inspection,  or  simple  measure- 
ments  with   ordinary   measuring   instruments,    to 
check    the   adjustment ;    nor   is   it    possible   on   a 
sunless  day,  without  some  special  instrument,  to 
check  the  orientation,  and  so  the  time  scale,  of  the 
sunshine  recorder.     The  authors  have  devised  an 
instrument    for    this    purpose,    which    they   fully 
described  in  the  paper. — Mr.  R.  G.  K.  Lempfert 
read  a  paper  on  '  The  Development  and  Progress 
of    the    Thunder-squall    of    February  8th,    1906.' 
This   squall   was   first   noted   at  Stornoway,   soon 
after  midnight,  and  the  last  station  in  England  to 
feel  its  effects  was  Hastings,  over  which  it  passed 
at  about  4  p.m.     The  rate  of  progress  was  nearly 
uniform,    though   it   increased    somewhat    in    the 
south-east  of  the  country,  where  the  thunder-  and 
hail-storms  were  most  intense.     The  average  speed 
of  advance  of  the  line  of  squall  was  about  38  miles 
per  hour.     The  most  marked  feature  of  this  squall 
was  the  sudden  shift  of  the  wind  in  the  course  of  a 
few  minutes  from  south-west  to  north-west,  and  it 
was   during    this    period    that    the    thunderstorm 
occurred,    accompanied   by   a   rise    of    barometric 
pressure  and  a  fall  of  temperature. 


Anthropological  Institute. — May  8. — Mr.  H. 
Balfour,  ex-President,  in  the  chair. — A  series  of 
phonograph  records  of  native  songs  from  the 
Congo,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Todd,  was  exhibited. 
The  songs  were  all  from  the  upper  waters  of  the 
Congo,  and  were  of  great  interest  as  specimens 
of  native  African  music. — A  paper  entitled  'Notes 
on  the  Ethnography  of  the  Ba-mbala,'  by  Messrs. 
E.  Torday  and  T.  A.  Joyce,  was  read  by  Mr. 
Joyce.  The  data  on  which  the  paper  was  based 
were  collected  by  Mr.  Torday.  The  Ba-mbala  are 
a  Bantu  tribe  inhabiting  the  district  between  the 
Kwilu  and  t lie  Inzai,  tributaries  of  the  Kasai,  in 
the  Congo  Free  Stat-.  The  country  had  not  pre- 
viously been  visited  by  a  white  man,  at  least  for 
many  years.  The  most  interesting  feature  con- 
nected with  these  people  is  perhaps  the  fact  thai 
they  are  cannibals,  men,  women,  and  children  all 
indulging,  with  the  exception  of  a  particular  class 
known  as  Mini,  who  are  distinguished  by  wearing 
a  particular  kind  of  bracelet.  Another  interesting 
feature  is  that  they  appear  to  have  borrowed  all 
their  knowledge  of  crafts  from  the  neighbouring 
tribes.  The  paper  was  illustrated  by  a  collection 
of  specimens  sent  home  by  Mr.  Torday,  and  also 
by  lantern -slides. 


cation,  making  it  Nirig  (or  Nereg).     The  Semitic 
equivalent   seems  to  have  been  pronounced   Enu- 
restfx,  "the  primaeval  lord,"  or  something  similar, 
though  there  is  considerable  doubt  about  two  of 
the  Aramaic  letters  with  which  it  is  written,  and 
the  reading  of   the  whole  is  therefore  uncertain. 
After  noting  several  of  the  names  by  which  these 
deities   are   designated   in  the   lists,    Dr.    Pinches 
translated   a   fragment  of   a  hymn   to  Nergal,   in 
which  he  appears  as  the  god  of  Marad.     The  text 
itself,   however,    belonged  to  Cuthah,   raising  the 
question  whether  Marad  and  Cuthah  were  not  one 
and  the  same  place.     Extracts  were  then  read  from 
the  hymn  written  in  his  praise,  which  is  published 
in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  'Cuneiform  Inscriptions 
of    Western    Asia ' ;    and    the    author   closed   his 
remarks  upon  this  deity  with  the  interesting  legend 
from   Tel-el- Amarna,  in  which   Eres-ki-gal,  after 
attempting   to  punish  Nergal  with  death  for    his 
impoliteness     in     not     standing     up     before     her 
messenger,  finds  herself  dragged  from  her  throne 
by  the  infuriated  deity,  and  only  saves  her  life  by 
offering  to  become  his  wife,  an  offer  which    was 
accepted   on   the   spot.     The   second   part  of   the 
paper  was  a  description  of  the  interesting  series 
published  by  Hrozny  referring  to  the  god  Nirig 
(Ninip).     One  of  the  ideographs  used  for  this  deity 
suggests  that  he  was  identified  with  Hadad,  which 
is  confirmed  by  the  statement  that  the  noise  of  his 
chariot  was  so  great,  that  there  was  fear  it  would 
terrify  his  father  Bel  in  Nippur.     This  text  con- 
tains lines   in  which,    seemingly,  Nin-kar-nunna, 
Nirig's  sister,  reconciles  him  with  his  spouse  Nin- 
Nibri.     The  other  series  referring  to  this  deity  is 
interesting  as  containing  the  blessings  or   curses 
pronounced  by  him  on  the  various  stones,  one  being 
dolerite.     In   the  paragraph  referring  to  this  there 
is  a  distinct  reference  to   E-ninnu,  the  temple  at 
Lagas,  and  to  a  king  who  had  statues  made  of  that 
material,    suggesting    that    it    is    Gudea    who    is 
intended,  though  other  kings  may  have   used  the 
same  stone.     In  another    inscription,   also  in    the 
British    Museum,    reference    is    made    to    Nirig's 
having    been    enthroned    in    the    royal   ohamb  r, 
where  he  sat  "joyfully  and  widely  "  at  the  festival 
instituted     for    him,    which,    with    the    context, 
suggests  parallels  with  the  raising  of  Merodach  to 
be  king  of  the  gods,  as  related  in  the  Babylonian 
Creation-story.     An  identificati  n  of  Nirig  or  Ninip 
with   Merodach   at  an  exceedingly  early  date    is 
therefore  not  improbable. 


Society  or  Biblical  Archeology.  -May  9. — 
Dr.  Pinches  read  a  paper  on  'The  Babylonian  War- 
Gods  and  their  Legends.'  The  author  said  that 
the  god  of  war  in  the  sense  of  the  ravager  was 
Nergal.  the  spouse  of  Kres-ki  gal,  and  he  is  called, 
in    the   list    in  which    the   gods   are    identified   with 

Merodach,  Marduk  sa  qahli,  "Merodach  of  War." 
There  was,  however,  another  deity  of   a  similar 

nature,  the  god  whose  name  is  genera  11  v  transcribed 
Ninip.  This  dcit\  is  identified  with  Zagaga,  who, 
ill  the  same  list,  is  described  as  Marduk  sa  taha/.i! 
"Merodach  of  Rattle."  Ninip  has  generally  been 
regarded  by  Assyriologista  as  a  provisional  reading, 
and  Dr.  Broznj  therefore  suggests,  on  account  of 

the  Aramaic    Nerigh    and    the   Arabic    Miri  i  h .  Ill  at 

the  true  t  ranscrijit  ion  is  Ninrag.     This  Dr.  Pinches 

was  inclined  to  accept,  with,  however,  some  fflodifj 


Mathematical. — May  10. — Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  C.  F.  Russell  was 
elected  a  Member. — The  following  papers  were 
communicated:  'The  Substitutional  Theory  of 
Classes  and  Relations,'  by  the  Hon.  B.  Russell, — 
'The  Expansion  of  Polynomials  in  Series  of 
Functions,'  by  Dr.  L.  N.  G.  Filon, — 'On  the 
Motion  of  a  Swarm  of  Particles  whose  Centre  of 
Gravity  describes  an  Elliptic  Orbit  of  Small 
Eccentricity  round  the  Sun,"  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Routh. 
— 'The  Theory  of  Integral  Equations,' by  Mr.  H. 
Bateman, — and  'On  Linear  Differential  Equations 
of  Rank  Unity,'  by  Mr.  E.  Cunningham. 


Aristotelian. — April  18. — Dr.  Hastings  Rash 
dall,  President,  in  the  chair. — Prof.  A.  Caldeootl 
was  elected  a  Member.— Mr.  F.  C.  S.  Schiller. 
Prof.  Bernard  Bosanquet,  and  Dr.  Hastings  Rash- 
dall  read  papers  in  the  symposium  on  'Can  Logic 
abstract  from  the  Psychological  Conditions  of 
Thinking?' — A  discussion  followed. 

May  7. — Dr.  S.   IT.  Hodgson,  V.P.,  in  the   chair. 

—Prof.  G.  Dawes  Hicks  read  a  paper  on  'Sense- 
Presentation  and  Thought.'  The  paper  attempted 
to  show  that  thought,  in  the  psychological  sense 

of  the  term,  was  to  be  traced  back  to  simpler  and 
more  elementary  processes  of  mind,  but  that 
evolution   of   the   higher   from    the   lower  was   only 

conceivable  on   the   assumption   that    the   earlier 

stages    were    the    same    in     kind    as    those    of'    the 

relatively  advanced  and  developed   stages  of  the 

mental  life.  Stress  was  laid  upon  the  distinction 
hef  ween  flic  a-pects  of   process  and   content    in   all 

modes  of  apprehension      It  was  maintained  that 

while   the  act    or   process  of   apprehending,'   was   an 

existing  state  of  mind,  the  content  apprehended 
thereby  was  not  qua  content  an  exist  inu  fact, 
but    possessed    only   what    the    Boholastic   writers 

indicated  Ly  the  term  f  v«    inl<  n/ionrth  .      From   this 

point  of  view,  Bradley's  oonoeption  of  the  psyohii  al 
state  as  a  mental  image  was  oritioised,  tin 


(il  I 


TH  E     ATM  KX.KTM 


N    1099,  Hal   19,  1906 


tion   i«  i 

oontent  tpprehonded  than  ■>  I  gi  >l  idi  i.  On  the 
ume  ground  ■  ,|  t..  thu  authoi  that  the 
distinction   between    lentienee   and    diaorii .itm- 

_;lit  •  -•  • « 1 1  •  I  not   l.<-  ju-tiii.  il.     All  apprehen  

«  i     i  pn  of  diHcriniiiiating  and  o<.mparinff ;  it 

only  in  and  through  tln^  p  ither 

qualities  "i  anj  othen  were  apprehended  st 
all.     Contents  ol  Bense  perception  and  content!  "i 
though)    were,   t Inn,   alike    in    the    Fundamental 
i     peol    thai    they    were    not    existing    entil 
consequently  there  was  no  transition  from  exist- 

eni  e  t n  existence  to  be  effected  in  panning  from 

•  In-  one  order  of  contents  to  the  other.  These 
premises  being  granted,  il  was  argued  that  the 
t(  i  "i    inwardness,   <>i   generality,   of    objec- 

tivity, attaching  pre-eminently  to  oontenl  ol 
thought,  might  be  psyohologioally  accounted  for 
with.. ut  oalling  to  our  aid  any  BpeciaJ  and  unique 
faculty,  suoh  as  is  assumed,  for  example,  both  by 
i  e  and  Wundt  The  paper  was  followed  by  a 
discussion. 


Hi  ii  i  m.  .  May  8.  Prof.  Peroj  Gardner  in  the 
ohair.  Mi.  Ceoil  Smith,  Keeper  ol  the  Depart- 
ment of  Greek  and  Human  Antiquities  in  the 
British  Museum,  gave  the  first  of  his  promised 
annual  accounts  ol  a.  quisitions  in  his  department. 
He  bad  arranged  that  acquisitions  should  be  on 
view  in  a  separate  case  at  the  Museum  tor  a  jrear 
before  their  incorporation  in  the  collections,  and 
this  departure  was  to  be  supplemented  by  an 
annual  resume  to  be  given  at  a  meeting  ,,i'  the 
Hellenic  Society.  The  main  difficulty  with  which 
his  department,  in  common  with 'others,  had 
to  contend,  was  the  inadequate  grant  at  their 
disposal  f<  r  making  purchases.  "  Despite  the 
increase  in  the  market  price  of  antiquities, 
the  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  authorities 
were  decidedly  less  than  was  the  ease  twenty 
J  isrs  igo.  The  present  account  comprised  the 
more  important  acquisitions  since  his  appoint- 
ment in  1903.  Among  the  more  striking  objects 
-shown  upon  the  screen  were  the  following:  (l)On  a 
polychrome  Attic  vase  Mas  a  unique  representation 
of  the  mystic  marriage  of  Dionysus  with  the  wife  of 
the  Archon  Basileus.  This  rite  was  celebrated 
annually  in  the  spring  at  Athens,  at  the  festival  of 
the  Anthesteria,  and  was  doubtless  intended  partly 
to  Bymbolize,  and  partly,  by  a  sort  of  sympathetic 
magic,  to  secure,  the  fertility  of  the  city  for  the 
coming  year.  (2)  The  lesser  Arts  of  the  goldsmith 
ami  jeweller  were  admirably  illustrated  by  two  fine 
intaglios  representing  a  girl  dancing  an  Kros  upon 
her  foot,  and  a  female  figure  seated  upon  the  prow 
of  a  trireme.  Both  these  works  of  art  belonged  to 
an  earlier  period  than  analogous  types  previously 
known.  A  cloisonne  ring  showed  the  facade  of  the 
temple  of  Aphrodite  at  Paphos,  as  depicted  on 
coins  from  that  site  ;  and  this  section  was  supple- 
mented by  an  exquisite  specimen  of  Greek  gold 
granulated  toreutic  work,  rivalling  the  famous 
pieces  ot  the  Hermitage  Museum  from  the  Crimea. 
(3)  Among  the  terra-cottas,  in  addition  to  choice 
.specimen-  of  the  so-called  Tanagra  and  Myrina 
figurines,  special  interest  Mas  aroused  in  the 'com- 
plete contents  of  a  maiden's  tomb,  comprising  a 
seated  figure  of  a  girl  with  detachable  arms,  nude, 
but  probably  intended  to  be  draped  with  miniature 
garments;  the  marriage  vase  j  the  Ijrij/jjorpor  for 
carding  wool;  and  other  feminine  attributes,  all 
ated  on  a  proportionate  scale  iii  terra-cotta. 
(I)  Of  bronzes  the  most  remarkable  were  several 
fine  examples  recently  exhibited  at  the  Burlington 
Fine  -  Arts  collection,  including  the  Forinan 
equestrian  figure;  an  ape  represented  as  a  quail- 
catcher,  holding  a  quad  basket  such  as  is  used 
to-day  and  a  lantern;  a  Grasco-Egyptian  statu,  n, 
from  Spam,  one  of  a  series  of  figurines  belonging  to 
that  Grfflco-Celt-Iberian  art  ol  which  the  finest 
development  is  seen  in  the  much-discussed  Elche 

head    in    the    Louvre;    and    the    magnificent    relief 

from  Paramythia  from  the  Hawkins  oolleotion,  to 
the  purchase  of  which  Mrs.  Hawkins  had 
generously  contributed,  besides  presenting  works 

of  an  anah.gr, us  character.  (.',)  Architecturally  the 
most  conspicuous  addition  to  the  collections  were 

the   columns    from    the    -Treasury   of    At  reus"   at 

Mycenae,  large  portions  of  which  had  been  recently 
presented  by  the  Marquis  of  Sligo.     With  these 

and  with  the  help  of  east,  of  the  hitherto  known 

fragments     in    London.    Athens,    and    Karlsruhe,   a 

complete  restoration  of  these  remarkable  oolumns 

and  their  capitals  in  their  original  form  has  now 


I  Men  erected  in  the  Archaic  Room  ot  the  Museum. 

In   \  n  n    ut    the   nature  ol    Mr.   Ceoil   8m 
paper     no     •  !  followed,     the     Society, 

through  the  Chairman,  expressing  it    appn  ■  iation 

"i   the  i munioation  made  to  them,  and  of  the 

debt  all  students  of  ancient  art  owed  to  the  de| 
mint  he  represented. 


Mi  . 

Nil. 


HEKTIKOB     R  I  I  I     \\  I  I  K 
I 

Irl  ii  ry  In  1. 1  ition  to  the  \;.| 

I     tun   il     Mi   o   «    I 
ttujral  Inrtltutlu  tlu  n  Pnxlui '. 

Pi,. i   H    Stirling 
Anilii.,|».|...i.  ,1  -i       'The      (..in,.,     a,   iaua    Mr.  T.  0. 

British   \.  uli  mr,  I      'The  Celtic  Inw  rliitl  I    I 

Ii  ,lv.   I',.. i   Khjn  .  'Thi   ItitfhU  ol  V  uti  -1-  u  illo  I 
-.,,,.  II.  rcnl  :  i:.n.  ii. I  Frj 

—  Him-li   Nuniismal 

II.  i, m  II  ,  the  President. 

—  Geological.  H       on   n„    |iii)...ii  in, .    ,.»    1 1  ,1,,, ..-.l.i  as  ■    I 

nism,  with    ,   i  »■  -■  > i j .t  i> n   ..I    the  Halimada 

no*  ol  the  Ne«   ll.l.ii.i  I    ,  li,|.i,,.,n:,ii,| 

DoiigUu  Masrson;    Note*  on  tl  nospira.  Loubo- 

iml  Turritoina,  with   Descriptions  ,,t   New    Biiecies,' 

Mi--. i   Donald 

—  s...i.ij  ,.f    Vi i-    -       Th.    i. .M.i.l  s, ,,,,,],   ,,f  Electridtj  f..i 

Power  ,n.l  othei  r  .    Shoolbred. 

Tin  ns.  Linnean,  3,     Presidential  Addn 

—  I 

—  Society  of  Art*.  4.M.    'Tl,.   Pal  kfaja  P.  Mnlr» 

p/oi  tli  Sykes. 

—  Royal  Institution,  5.— 'Han  and  the  Qiadal  Period    I. 

Proi    H     i    - 

—  institution  "f  Electrical  Engineers.  8.— Annual  Mi-  Hug. 
I'm.      Physical,  •">     'Colour  Phenomena  in   Photometry,    Mi    J.  8, 

Dow;  '  Exhibition  of  an  Automatic  Arc  Isunp,  Mr.  II  Tom- 
linson  and  Rev.  G.  T.  Johnston:  'The  Theory  ..f  Moving 
OoU  and  other  Kinds  of  Ballistic  Galvanometer*,' Prof.  II  A. 
Wilson;  Exhibition  of  :i  Iiihlai  Galvanometer  free  from 
Zero  Creep,'  Mr.  A   I  unpbell. 

—  Ron]  Institution,  9.—' Compressed  Air  and  its  Plivi-inlugk-al 

Effects,'  Mr.  I..  Mill. 
Sit.      Royal    Institution,   ::.— "Tin-  oM  and  tin-  New  Chemistry,' 
Lecture  II.,  Prof.  Sir  J.  Dewar. 


Stitntt  (gossip. 

It  is  with  profound  regret  that  geologists 
have  received  from  Lausanne  the  melancholy 
news  that  Prof.  Eugene  Renevier,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Geological  Society,  has 
been  killed  by  an  accident  in  a  lift-shait. 
The  event  is  all  the  sadder  from  the  fact  that 
it  occurred  within  a  few  days  of  the  date  on 
which  the  jubilee  of  his  professional  entry  on 
a  geological  career  was  to  have  been  cele- 
brated. Born  at  Lausanne  on  March  26th, 
1831,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Geology 
in  the  University  of  his  native  town  in  1857, 
and  had  held  the  position  ever  since.  During 
a  great  part  of  his  life,  however,  he  had  also 
been  actively  engaged  on  the  work  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Switzerland,  of  which 
he  became  the  chief.  Prrf.  Reneviei's 
writings  related  mostly  to  local  geology  and 
palaeontology,  but  he  also  wrote  on  the 
general  principles  of  stratigraphies!  classi- 
fication, and  was  responsible  for  a  scheme 
of  geological  chronography. 

An  unfortunate  accident  has  also  brought 
to  a  sudden  c'ose  the  life  of  another  geologist 
— Mr.  Charles  Eugene  De  Ranee,  who  for 
many  years  was  an  officer  of  the  Geological 
Survey  of  England  and  Wales.  Early  hi  life 
he  established  a  reputation  by  his,  work  on 
the  Gault — a  formation  with  which  he  had 
been  familiar  from  childhood  in  the  cliffs 
of  Folkestone.  Much  of  his  Survey  work 
was  afterwards  carried  on,  however,  among 
the  red  rocks  and  the  drifts  of  Lancashire. 
On  retirement  from  official  life,  some  years 
ago,  he  settled  at  Blackpool,  and  devoted 
much  attention  to  the  subject  of  water- 
supply.  Mi.  De  Ranee  was  the  author 
of  a  work  entitled  '  The  Water  Supplv  of 
England  and  Wales'  (1882),  and  acted 
for  many  years  as  secretary  of  a  Commit  tee 
of  the  British  Association  on  the  Circulation 
of  Underground  Waters. 

We  are  glad  to  hear  that  Madame  Curie 
lias  been  appointed  to  succeed  her  Late 
husband  in  the  chair  of  "  Physique  genomic"' 

at   the  Faculte  dea  Sciences,    Paris.      She  is  a 

fully  qualified  docteur  <■.>•  sciences,  and  will, 
no  doubt,  maintain  the  dignity  of  the  post 
specially  created  for  M.  Curie.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  the  Council  of  the  Faculte 
des  Sciences  has  satisfied  itself  with  invest- 
ing   Madame    Curie     with    the    position    of 


"  cha  Ii,  perhajm, 

title  oi   "  Pi  is  only  it  question  <>f 

time  or  .1  .  : 

I'm. i .  u  \i  f  Man,' 

the  library  edition  of  which   wa 

•.'•v.  being  published 
by    M  rlightly    abi idged    a 

much    simplified,    in    two    sixpenny    part-. 
Bach    |  •  iata   of   nearly   two   bund 

es,  with  over  two  hundred  illusti 
It  would  be  difficult  to  surpass  this  for  cheap- 

Tin:   present   absence  of  moonlight  be 
favourable  f<  r  searching  after  faint  obji 
it  may  lie  of  interest  to  mention  that,  accord- 
ing   to    Dr.    Zwiers's    ephemeris,    Holmi 
periodica]  comet  is  now  situated  in  the  < 
part  of  the  constellation  I  md  will  ei 

Aries  at  the  end  of  the  month.     It  will 

about   three  due   north   of   (1  Ari 

on  the  7th  prow  But  the  morning  twilight 
begins  early,  and  it  is  more  likely  that 
comet  will  not  become  visible  until  approach- 
ing opposition  to  the  sun  in  the  autumn. 
It  was  last  seen  in  January,  1900,  but  was 
very  faint  at  that  appearance. 

Da.  W.  Luther,  Director  of  the  Dii-- 
dorf  Observatory,  communicates  to  No.  4088 
of  the  Astronomische  Nachrichten  the  results 
of   a   series    of    observations    of    twenty 
small    planets,    including    Peraga,    No.    5 
which   \\a<  discovered   by   Herr  Gotz  at    I 
Konigstuhl      Observatory,     Heidelberg,    on 
January   8th,    1905.     This   planet    v 
seen   by    Mr.    Frederickson    at    the    Naval 
Observatory,  Washington,  on  the  23rd  ult. 


FINE   ARTS 


MUNICH    EXHIBITION    AT    THE 
GRAFTON    GALLERY. 

This  exhibition  does  not  impress  us  with 
the  superiority  of  artistic  effort  in  Munich 
over  our  own  admitted  mediocrity.  Lenbaelv 
whose  death  we  recorded  just  two  years  ago, 
is  represented  by  a  number  of  works  ;  but 
by  none  that  offers  full  justification  for  the- 
reputation  he  enjoyed,  as  did  a  certain 
serious  and  draughtsmanlike  portrait  of 
Frederick  III.  shown  some  years  back  at 
the  New  Gallery.  A  thin  and  ineffective 
sensationalism  is  the  main  characteristic  of 
his  present  pictures,  of  which  The  Painter 
with  his  Daughter  Gabriele  is  a  typical 
example.  The  head  of  the  newer  school 
is  the  notorious  rather  than  famous  Fi . 
von  Stuck,  and  his  weapon  is  again  sensa- 
tionalism, but  of  a  coarser  order.  It  must 
be  admitted,  however,  that  after  a  fashion 
he  accomplishes  his  purpose,  and  that  '/'■ 
Fight  for  the  Woman  has  in  it  some  power 
(whatever  that  power  may  be  worth)  of 
appealing  to  the  sheer  brutality  that  i-> 
latent  in  most  of  us.  Hoffmann  von  Vesten- 
hof's  Minotaur  has  the  same  character  in  a 
more  humorous  vein,  and  shows  more  clearly 
even  than  l'rof.  von  St  ink's  work  that 
where  these  Munich  painters  surpass  our 
own  is  but  in  the  wider  fields  of  enter] 
opened  to  them  by  their  audacity.  On 
the  other  hand,  while  we  admit  that  to 
the  jaded  palate  such  liberty  may  have  its 
attraction,  this  collection  suggests  that  the 
Germans  still  foster  some  of  the  v. 
colourists. 

A  few  pictures  deserve  to  be  exempted 
from    the    general    censure  ;     in    particular,. 
Herr  Walther  Georgi's   Midday  Hour. 
rich  decorative  feeling  in  its  heavy  leaves 

brooding  over  the  motionless  waters  of  the 
fountain  being  only  slightly  marred  by  tin 
flippancy  of  the  sculptured  figures  behind. 
Karl    Haider's    Charon    recalls    Mr.    Cayley 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


615 


Robinson's  attempts  at  mystic  generaliza- 
tion, and  Adolf  Heller's  cleanly  executed 
anterior  similar  efforts  at  our  own  New 
English  Art  Club  ;  while  Walther  Geffcken's 
The  Meeting,  with  rather  more  capacity  for 
elaboration  and  less  feeling  for  style,  re- 
^sembles  the  work  of  that  clever  amateur 
Mr.  H.  T.  Jarman,  whose  sketches  in  almost 
"transparent  oil  paint  are  for  the  moment  the 
most  interesting  feature  of  the  meetings  of 
the  Langham  Sketching  Club.  In  a  word, 
what  is  good  here  is  not  better  than,  or 
•different  in  kind  from,  what  we  are  already 
doing  in  this  country,  with  no  inordinate 
Tesult  in  the  way  of  critical  applause.  Fiitz 
von  Uhde's  religious  pictures  have  a  rather 
sentimental  sincerity  which  has  to  carry  off 
*  great  deal  of  mediocre  painting. 


MASTERPIECES    BY     FRENCH 

PAINTERS    OF    THE    EIGHTEENTH 

CENTURY. 

This  show  at  Messrs.  Duveen's,  on  behalf  of 
•the  Artists'  General  Benevolent  Fund,  is  by 
no  mearjsmadeup  exclusively  of  masterpieces, 
as  suggested  by  its  too  glorious  title,  and  this 
is  the  more  evident  by  comparison  with  the 
splendid  china  vases  through  whose  presence 
•we  pass  to  the  picture  galleries,  in  expectation 
•of  something  even  statelier  and  more  delicate 
within.  This  is  too  much  to  ask  from  such 
.a  collection,  the  interest  of  which  is  mainly 
historical,  and  in  which  only  a  few  works 
could  be  appraised  highly,  from  an  artistic 
point  of  view,  without  gross  injustice  to 
living  painters.  Fragonard's  Le  Billet-Doux 
is  a  fine  sketch  that  would  have  borne  a 
little  more  attentive  finish.  The  manner 
in  which  the  painter  has  seen  in  a  natural 
■effect  of  light  and  shade  the  suggestion  foi  a 
well-balanced  design  in  alternated  solid  and 
"transparent  colour  is  admirable,  and  indi- 
cates the  debt  that  all  the  best  paintings  of 
this  period  owed  to  Rubens.  Nothing  could 
be  better  than  the  manner  in  which  the  sweep- 
ing masses  of  transparent  shade  are  flung  on 
to  the  canvas  in  such  constructive  fashion, 
the  impasto  lights  painted  into  them  in  forms 
well  planned  as  a  whole,  but  needing,  par- 
ticularly in  the  skirt,  a  few  final  blending 
touches  to  break  the  harshness  of  the 
transition  between  lights  so  creamy  and 
shadow  so  bituminous,  which  nevertheless 
we  are  to  accept  as  representing  the  same 
-stuff — a  violence  that  time  would  seem  to 
have  exaggerated  by  darkening  the  trans- 
parent parts  of  the  work  to  an  unusual  extent. 
None  of  the  other  pictures  is  carried  off  with 
Fragonard's  lightness  of  hand,  which  we  think 
of  as  belonging  to  all  eighteenth-century 
French  work,  but  which  is  in  reality  rare. 
Pater,  however,  is  represented  by  an  un- 
usually good  picture,  Le  Reve  de  V Artiste, 
winch  has  more  imaginative  power  than  we 
expect  from  him  ;  and  one  of  the  Watteaus, 
a  nearly  life-size  head  and  shoulders  of  a  girl, 
is  good  in  a  slight  and  rather  accidental 
fashion. 

The  other  pictures  reflect  tamely,  and 
perhaps  truly,  the  tamest  and  least  vital 
characteristics  of  the  time. 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 
(Third  Notice.) 

The  two  shows  we  have  just  noticed  pre- 
judice us  in  favour  of  the  despised  Academy. 
Here,  at  least,  we  find  no  signs  of  universal 
and  innate;  incapacity  for  colour,  sued  as 
Oppresses  us  in  the  case  of  the  Munich 
painters  J    while  there  is  no  lack  of  canvases 

well  above  the  average  of  the  "  masterpieces" 

at  Messrs.   Duveen's.      Indeed,  that  a  collec- 


tion displaying  so  much  varied  ability  as 
this  at  Burlington  House  should  prove  ?o 
abortive  argues  a  terrible  lack  of  intelligent 
direction  of  such  effort,  or  of  that  instinctive 
rightness  of  aim  that  in  artistic  matters  has 
generally  taken  its  place.  It  is  useless  to 
bewail  the  decay  of  that  instinct  :  we  are 
too  self-conscious,  exposed  to  too  many 
influences  plucking  us  this  way  and  that, 
to  return  to  the  old  days  when  a  painter 
followed  the  only  master  he  knew,  and  ex- 
pended his  originality  in  making  some  slight 
variation  for  the  better  on  a  style  of  proved 
utility.  We  may  as  well  reap  the  advantage 
of  our  self -consciousness,  and,  even  at  the 
cost  of  some  collective  thinking,  arrive  at 
some  conclusions  as  to  what  qualities  are 
good  and  what  bad  in  painting,  so  as  to 
escape  at  least  the  anarchy  of  running  after 
novelty  for  its  own  sake.  Our  suggestion 
that  the  answer  to  this  question  depends 
necessarily  on  the  aim  and  functions  of  the 
picture,  on  the  service  it  is  to  do  for  the 
public,  is  one  evidently  not  accepted  at  the 
Academy,  whose  duty  clearly  should  be  to 
contribute  to  the  direction  and  enlighten- 
ment of  the  distracted  painter.  It  is  fair, 
however,  to  examine  what  would  seem  to  be 
the  Academic  view  of  the  matter,  if  we 
would  establish  our  contention  that  the 
artistic  ability  in  the  country  is  by  no  means 
the  negligible  quantity  that  admirers  of 
the  older  art  would  make  it  out  to  be — that 
it  is  only  its  direction  that  is  unenlightened. 

Now  to  any  one  who  examines  the 
Academic  standpoint  as  displayed  in  its 
exhibitions,  that  position  is  tolerably 
clear :  that  the  use  of  a  picture  is 
to  figure  in  such  an  exhibition  as  this 
of  the  Royal  Academy— that  the  function 
of  painting  is  the  literal  imitation  of  the 
face  of  nature.  The  former  contention 
demands  a  deal  of  effort  for  a  pitifully  small 
result  in  human  betterment  ;  the  latter 
demand,  compliance  with  which  seems  to 
constitute,  in  Academic  eyes,  sanity  in  art, 
deserves  serious  consideration,  ill  as  it  seems 
to  work  out  in  practice  ;  for,  after  all,  it  is 
probable  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
best  painters  in  the  past  coird  have  given 
no  verbal  statement  of  their  aims  more 
elaborate  than  this  unpretentious  recipe. 
In  practice,  moreover,  such  honest  natural- 
ism has  its  virtues,  even  in  the  hands  of  a 
modern  Academician,  and  it  is  this  that  in 
the  work  of  Mr.  H.  W.  B.  Davis,  in  spite  of 
garish  sins  of  colour  (witness  the  excruciating 
blues  in  the  foreground  of  No.  279,  Ben  Ecu/. 
Ross-shire),  gives  to  his  animals  the  dignity 
of  a  scholarly  and  independent  observation 
very  different  from  the  facile  plausibility  of 
such  a  painter  as  Mr.  Arnesby  Brown,  who 
is  by  comparison  a  collector  of  current  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  of  cattle. 

Yet  on  the  whole  the  naturalistic  recipe, 
which  in  the  hands  of  the  old  masters  yielded 
splendid  works  of  art,  breeds  with  us  but 
perfunctory  imitation,  and  we  submit  thai 
while  this  results  in  part  from  shortcomings 
in  the  painter,  it  is  in  part  due  to  a  change  in 
the  character  of  the  life  offered  for  his  obser- 
vation, to  which  the  naturalistic  outlook 
is  less  applicable  than  of  old.  In  the  first 
place,  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  literal 
imitation  is  only  fruitful  to  the  artist  in 
proportion   as  he  feels   the   eloquence  and 

significance  of  matter,   imitative  painters  of 

to-day  being  not  so  much   absorbed   in   a 

delightful  pursuit   a;  steeled  to  a  task  whose 

accomplishment  excites  our  wonder.  Nor 
is  this  failure  oi  interest,  lamentable  as  it  is, 

without  souh'  shadow  of  excuse.  It  used 
to  be  regarded  as  a  universal  law  that 
nothing    could     happen    in     nature    without 

leaving  traces  of  its  happening  on  a  uni- 
versally sensitive  mutter,  which  thus  became 
a  kind  of  instantaneous  symbol  of  t  he  endless 


past — history  summed  up  in  a  concrete  form. 
This  is  the  justification  of  the  imitative 
painter  ;  but  human  ingenuity  has  in  these 
later  days  been  devoted  to  stifling  this 
natural  eloquence  which  is  his  inspiration, 
to  silencing  the  tell-tale  appearances  that 
would  divulge  how  the  present  grew  from 
the  past,  or  even  the  present  relations  of 
man  with  man.  With  features  void  of 
expression,  with  hands  innocent  of  gesture, 
we  walk,  in  clothes  that  studiously  give  no 
hint  of  our  identity,  along  artificially 
flattened  roads,  flanked  by  houses  of  studied 
uniformity.  What  is  this  but  a  deliberate 
attempt  to  deprive  matter  of  its  expressive- 
ness, of  its  function  as  the  clay  that  thought 
shall  mould,  to  reduce  it  to  the  condition  of 
a  mask  behind  which  life  shall  retire  as  though 
ashamed  ?  What  is  there  in  this  cowardly 
shrinking  from  self-expression  to  tempt  an 
artist  to  literal  painting,  with  its  affectionate 
and  elaborate  dwelling  on  every  detail, 
because  every  detail  is  eloquent  of  its  place 
in  the  larger  scheme  ?  Rather  it  is  the 
moment  for  the  analytical  painter  who  has 
an  eye  that  sees  through  shams,  and  puts 
his  finger  on  the  core  of  shabby  reality. 
Forain  is  the  type  of  this  sort  of  artistry,  but 
it  can  hardly  lead  to  a  studied  or  beautiful 
art.  It  is  executioner's  work,  to  be  done  as 
quickly  as  possible,  and  as  incisively. 

Yet  little  as  there  seems  in  much  of  modern 
life  to  tempt  to  elaborate  representation, 
Mr.  J.  H.  F.  Bacon  reveals  himself  this  year 
as  the  man  born  for  the  attempt  :  he  will  go 
down  to  posterity  along  with  the  Hon.  John 
Collier  as  among  the  few  painters  who 
sum  up  the  virtues  and  ideals  of  our 
middle  class  as  perfectly  as  did  Boucher 
and  Van  Loo  the  ^characteristics  of  their 
period.  See  his  Lady  Gelder  (180),  J.  G. 
Wainivright  (254),  Sir  John  Pound  (375), 
and  A  Fairy  Tale  (520).  Mr.  Bacon  paints 
his  sitters  as  they  would  wish  to  be  painted  ; 
but  this  acceptance  of  their  standpoint  implies 
a  certain  blindness  to  larger  issues,  an  in- 
capacity for  any  but  timid  comparisons  that 
does  not  make  for  fine  results.  As  repro- 
ductions of  the  facts,  his  pictures  are  rather 
wonderful;  but  we  have  not  here  the  marriage 
of  finely  observed  fact  with  finely  designed 
paint  that  constitutes  a  masterpiece,  and 
the  Academic  passion  for  detailed  realiza- 
tion would  have  a  very  discouraging  effect 
on  the  technical  quality  of  Academy  picture?, 
but  for  one  circumstance — considerations  of 
space  necessitate  the  hanging  of  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  pictures  very  high  on  the  walls. 

In  this  ordeal  is  an  admirable  training  for 
the  young  artist,  for  distance  is  very  severe 
on  solecisms  of  paint,  on  any  breach  of  the 
unwritten  law  that  forbids  any  over-model- 
ling by  variety  of  texture  of  paint  within 
the  main  entities  of  the  subject.  The  licence 
that  occasionally  permits  even  so  great  an 
artist  as  Rembrandt  to  drive  the  transparent 
dark  of  an  eye-socket  light  through  the  head 
to  the  background  may  be  tolerable  at  close 
quarters,  if  the  tone  and  colour  be  natural- 
ist ically  true.  At  a  distance-  the  eye  demands 
a  closer  parallelism  between  the  structure 
of  paint  and  the  structure  of  fact,  and  asks 
that  the-  shadow  shall  partake,  be  it  ever  SO 
slightly,  of  the  quality  of  firmness  of  paint 
thai  differentiates  the  land  from  the  back- 
ground. These  observations— to  be  taken, 
obviously,  in  the  spirit  rather  than  in  the 
letter — may  serve  to  suggest  the  close  rela- 
tion between  the  very  texture  of  the  paint 
and  the  broad  structure  of  a  picture  that  is 
so  necessary  to  work  of  a  decorative  cha- 
racter,  and  we  find  that,  by  lone  expectation 

of  being  skied,  a   number  of  young  painters 

bave  attained  to  some  habitual  observanoe 
<>f  this  relation.  Mr.  George  Lambert's 
T/Otty  (Did  a  Lady  (100).  and  Mr.  Sholto 
Douglas's  life-size  portrait    of  a  motor-car. 


i ;  1 1 : 


T  II  E     ATM  EN  Ml]  M 


N    U)99,  M\v  19,  1906 


(77"  faTon.  Mr.  mill  W\  DougUu  Carnegie, 
with  their  Sons,  John  and  David,  326)  are 
good  examples  by  men  who  have  perhaps 
sacrificed  some  delioacj  of  delineation  in  the 
searoh  for  a  painterlike  conception  ol  natural 
Btruoture.  Technicallj  thej  arc  almost 
equipped  for  serious  deooration,  and,  instead 
of  spending  t  heir  efforts  <>n  subjects  unsuited 
to  such  a  scale  (though  thej  Bin  in  company 
with  Manet),  they  should  surely  be  en 
oouraged  t<»  attempts  at  invention,  at  oon 
struotive  imagination,  even  at  romance. 

It  is  tn  the  tact  that  he  has  to  some  extent 
made  this  attempt  to  find  Bubject  as  well  as 
technique  adaptable  to  decorative  purposes 
that  Mr.  Brangwyn  owes  his  importance. 
Obviously  his  picture  ciiiiii.it  compare  in 
painterlike  skill  with  Mr.  Lambert's.  He 
sacrifices  so  enormously  the  structure  <>f 
facts  to  the  structure  of  paint  thai  it  is  very 
difficult  to  make  out  his  Venetian  Funeral, 
(532)  to  realize  that  the  figures  are  in  boats 
gliding  along  a  canal.  We  are  not  prepared 
to  admit  that  any  paraphernalia  of  acces- 
sories could  blind  a  spectator  to  so  paramount 
a  factor  in  the  actual  scene,  still  less  to  admit 
thai  the  painter  should  allow  them  thus  to 
blind  us. 

At  the  opposite  pole  from  Mr.  Brangwyn 
and  Mr.  Lambert  are  a  baud  of  young  painters 
who  have  been  freely  represented  in  the 
Academy  for  somo  years  past,  and  who 
simplify  their  painting  to  a  mere  mosaic 
in  pursuit,  we  can  hardly  say  of  natural 
structure,  hut  of  the  fuller  rendering  of  detail. 
Mr.  Keith  Henderson's  clever  portrait  of 
Dr.  Campbell  Brown  (572)  brings  painfully 
home  to  one  the  insignificance  of  modern 
respectable  costume,  and  the  school  do  well 
in  avoiding  this  unprofitable  imitation  ; 
they  do  not  so  well  when,  as  almost  all  of 
them  have  done,  they  turn  instead  to  the 
more  attractive,  but  to  them  as  insignifi- 
cant representation  of  a  pseudo-mediaeval 
costume  stencilled  over  with  elaborate 
pattern  and  draped  on  a  lay  figure. 
A  lot  of  sailors  unloading  freight  on 
a  sunny  wharf  is  a  more  reasonable 
theme  (more  taxing,  also,  for  the  easy  is 
rarely  the  glorious)  for  painters  concerned 
in  the  rendering  of  detail.  Then  no  costume, 
no  accessory,  but  would  be  moulded  by  the 
part  it  played  in  the  work  in  hand  ;  and  such 
intimate  harmony  is  one  of  the  truest  inspira- 
tions of  the  painter.  Except  in  our  great 
ports  and  in  low  life,  where  desperate  necessity 
forces  the  vital  facts  of  life  to  the  surface, 
England  presents  to-day  little  of  this  self- 
explanatory  subject-matter,  and  it  is  not  by 
accident  that  some  of  our  truest  and  most 
frankly  realistic  painters,  such  as  Mr.  Charles 
in  The  Home  of  the  Contadina  (240)  and  Mr. 
Smythe  (who  does  not  exhibit  at  this  year's 
Academy),    have   found    their    best   subjects 

oad.  Realistic  painting,  to  be  satis- 
factory, should  have  in  it  something  of  affec- 
tionate admiration,  and  we  do  not  deny  that 
t  he  Englishman  is  capable  of  provoking  such 
;:  feeling  ;  hut  hardly  when  he  has  retired 
from  wink  to  a  smug  and  unimaginative 
repose.  The  true  place  to  observe  him  is 
more  and  more  in  the  outlying  portions  of  a 
greal  empire,  of  which  England  is  but  the 
counting-house — a  counting-house  lending 
it-  >lf  little  to  pictorial  celebration. 


ILLUMINATED  MANUSCRIPTS  IN  THE 
BRITISH    MUSEUM. 

The  magnificent  display  of  illuminated 
manuscripts  in  the  Granville  Library  at  the 
British  Museum  has  always  been  a  centre  of 
attraction  to  students  of  mediaeval  art;  but 
it  has  been  reserved  to  Sir  E.  M.  Thompson 
and  Dr.  Warner  to  give  it  its  due  value  by 
the     classification     and     rearrangement     of 


which   the  result    is  now    before  the  public. 
The  number  ol  manuscripts  shown  has  I 
much   increased     1 17   (including   the    i::  ol 
t  In-   Lot  hachild  collection )  .  the  111 

mentioned     in     the     preceding     Catalo 

What  i  ol  more  importance  is  that  7.") 
of    these    ure    new     to    si-itors,    showing    that 

more  than  half  of  the  old  exhibition  has  been 
discarded  in  favour  of  more  suitable  examples. 

The    collection    is    now     arranged     in    schools 

(the   Byzantine,    English,    French,    flemish, 

German,  and  Italian  being  represented), 
and    has    become    a    fully    illustrated    object- 

lesson  in  the  development  of  the  art  of  illu- 
mination in  Europe.  Students  have  Inn.' 
been    familiarized    by    reproductions    with 

many   of  the  examples   here  shown,   hut   the 

opportunity  of  seeing  the  originals  side  by 
side,  and  tracing  the  growth  of  a  school, 
is  exceptional.  The  impression  on  the  eye, 
the  grasp  of  the  essential  element  of  a  style, 
can  only  thus  he  obtained. 

The  chief  feature  of  interest  in  Case  1  is 
the  number  of  Winchester  books  shown, 
among  them  the  magnificent  miniature  of 
the  Crucifixion  and  the  initial  B  opposite 
of  the  yKthelwold  Psalter  (tenth  century). 
These  have  often  been  reproduced,  notably 
in  Sir  E.  M.  Thompson's  '  English  Illuminated 
Manuscripts  '  and  by  Dr.  Warner.  The 
eleventh-century  Psalter  is  also  well  known 
to  students,  but  two  other  MSS.  less  familiar 
illustrate  the  outline  drawing  of  the  time. 
Cases  2  and  3  continue  the  English  School, 
emphasizing  the  delicate  work  and  figure 
initials  of  the  thirteenth  century,  culminating 
in  the  East  Anglian  School  of  the  early  four- 
teenth century,  and  the  revival  at  the  end  of 
that  century.  All  but  two  of  the  examples 
in  Case  3  are  shown  for  the  first  time,  and 
altogether  the  Exhibition  fully  vindicates 
the  supremacy  of  English  art  at  two  great 
periods.  Cases  4  and  5,  containing  MSS. 
of  the  French  School,  are  hardly  inferior 
in  interest.  It  is  difficult  to  speak  with 
any  restraint  of  the  qualities  of  the  work  to 
be  seen  here.  Specially  beautiful  examples 
are  the  Paris  Lectionary,  Bible,  and  Bible 
History  of  the  thirteenth  century  ;  the  Paris 
Missal,  Coronation  Order,  and  Apocalypse 
of  the  fourteenth  ;  and  the  exquisite  Hours 
(Nos.  62  and  67)  of  the  fifteenth.  No.  64  is 
said  to  be  an  early  work  of  Jean  Fouquet, 
and  the  MSS.  62-7  are  very  important 
as  marking  the  point  where  illumination 
proper  becomes  pictorial.  Ca&e  6  shows 
the  growth  of  the  Flemish  School,  with  the 
further  development  of  the  pictorial  side 
of  the  art,  e,nd  with  it  the  unpleasant  Flemish 
border,  no  longer  in  harmony  with  the  page 
it  frames.  Case  7,  with  26  examples  of  the 
Italian  School,  has  no  fewer  than  17  fresh 
to  the  visitor  —  many  of  them  marvels 
of  invention,  richness,  and  grace.  The  13 
selected  Rotlischild  MSS.  supplement  the 
other  collections  in  several  directions. 

The  new  Guide  to  the  Manuscripts  is  much 
fuller  than  its  predecessor,  and  is  illustrated 
by  On  excellent  plates  ;  but  we  would 
express  a  hope  that  the  authorities  will 
confer  on  students  the  immense  boon 
of  a  fully  illustrated  catalogue,  with  fac- 
similes of  every  illumination  shown,  instead 
of  the  eight  at  present  given.  The  time 
and  thought  spent  on  the  arrangement  of 
this  exhibition  would  attain  their  highest 
possible  usefulness  in  a  permanent  record 
available  for  consultation  in  any  part  of  the 
world. 


NOTES    FROM    ROME. 

I  havk  to  chronicle  a  discovery  made  in 
the  Forum  many  years  ago,  which  has  re- 
mained unknown  to  students  and  visitors 
unt  il  the  present  day.  A  workman,  sweeping 
the  pavement   of  the   Forum   (or   whatever 


remnant  the  pr< 

left    in   situ   t'i   t.ll    tic-   i. il.-,.   found   a  lini 
grooves,    aboul     on.-    inch    deep,    which    • 
been  hidden  from  view  by  a  coating  of  dust 
and  mud  hardened  by  the  shuffling  of  f< 

and  which  on  cl< 

to       he      letters      '.iH      centimetres      high.         I 

inscription,   aboul    40   feel    long,    runs    ; 
pendicularly   to   the  line  of  the   Sacra 
between   the  Marble   Plutei 
the  Column  of   Phooas,  and  was  originally 
composed   of  bronze  letters,  of  which  only 
the  sockets  are  left.     It  i-.  ..r  it  was,  t! 
fore,  the  most  conspicuous  among  the  ma 
inscriptions  of  the  Forum.     Its  importai 
however,  is   not  in   acconhu.ee  with  its   con- 
BpicuOUSneSS,  as  it  contains  hut  one  nan.' 
I.   XAKVIVS    C  .   F   .    [ami:ui]mnvs. 

Archaeologists  and  epigraphists  find  in  tl 

few  letters  a  difficult  problem  to  unravel. 
How  is  it  that  the  name  of  a  p.  belong- 

ing to  the  first   century   after  Christ   is  i 
graved  On  a  pavement  dating  from  the  t; 
of    Diocletian  '.'     and    how    could   a    patrician 
like  Lucius  Naevius  make  use  of  the  vul 
cognomen  "  amerimnus  "  ?     To  answer  t; 
questions  we  must  refer  to  another  r<  collet  - 
tion  of  the  Narvian  family,  discovered  on  the 
same  spot  453  years  ago,  in  the  excavati 
made  by  Pope  Julius  III.  near  the  Column  of 
Phocas  ;    I  mean,  to  the  bas-relief  represent- 
ing Mettius  Curtius  leaping  into  the  swamp, 
which  is  now  exhibited  in  the   Palazzo  dei 
Conservatory     This  bas-relief,  which  certain 
critics    have    endeavoured    to    denounce    as 
"  a  work  either  of  the  later  Middle  Ages  [the 
Middle    Ases    knowing    about    Curtius  !]    or 
of  the  early  Renaissance  [the  stone  was  found 
only  in   1553  !],"  is  sculptured  on  the  back 
of  a  marble  panel,  on  the  front  of  which  we 
read  the  name  of 

I.    .    NAEVIVS    .     L    .     F    .     SVED1XVS 

— a  personage  well  known  as  having  held 
the  office  of  "  Praitor  Peregrinus  "  under 
Augustus,  and  the  Consulship  in  the  year 
30  a.d.  The  Naevii,  therefore,  must  be 
connected  (in  a  manner  which  we  are  not 
able  to  specify)  with  the  revival,  in  the 
Augustan  era,  of  the  Lacus  Curtius,  the  re- 
mains of  which  are  to  be  seen  within  a  few- 
feet  of  the  newly  found  inscription. 

As  regards  the  question  of  a  first-century 
inscription  being  engraved  on  a  pavement 
which  dates  from  the  time  of  Maxentiu- 
Diocletian,  I  can  only  recall  the  parallel 
case  of  the  Pantheon,  which  shows  the 
original  inscription  of  Agrippa  set  up  in  the 
pronaos  dating  from  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

On  Tuesday,  April  24th,  the  City  Anti- 
quarium,  enlarged  and  replenished  with  new 
and  interesting  works  of  art,  was  opened  to 
students  and  visitors.  It  contains,  among 
many  other  treasures,  the  mosaic  picture  of  a 
hunt  with  life-size  figures  of  men  and  be;, 
discovered  not  long  ago  within  the  area  of 
the  Licinian  Gardens,  near  the  church  of 
Santa  Bibiana.  The  set  tion  of  this  great 
picture  exhibited  in  the  Antiquarium  repre- 
sents about  three-fifths  of  the  original  com- 
position :  the  other  two-fifths  are  still  lying 
underground,  and  cannot  be  taken  up  unless 
the  two  railway  lines  which  run  over  this 
part  of  the  Horti  Liciniani  are  removed. 
The  Santa  Bibiana  mosaic  comes  third  in 
point  of  si/.e  among  those  exhibited  in  Roman 
museums,  measuring  only  70  by  30  ft 
while  the  "  sfo&aico  Antoniniano,"  discovered 
by  Count  Yelo  in  1824  in  the  Baths  of  Cara- 
calla,  and  now  exhibited  in  the  large  hall  of 
the  Lateran  Museum,  covers  a  space  almost 
double.  The  same  may  be  said  about  tin- 
mosaic  floor  found  in  the  Thermae  of  Otricoli 
at  the  time  of  Pius  VI.,  and  now  placed  in 
the  Rotunda  at  the  Vatican.  That  at  the 
Antiquarium.  however,  is  the  most  interest- 
ing of  the  three,  if  we  consider  the  details 
of  the  scene,  which  represents  the  gathering 


NM099,  May  19,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


017 


•of  wild  beasts  from  various  parts  of  the 
world,  to  secure  the  materia  'prima  for  the 
venationes  of  the  amphitheatre,  and  to 
increase  the  stock  which  was  constantly 
kept  in  readiness  in  the  Vivarium.  The 
mosaic  shows  the  various  devices  used  to 
•entrap  the  beasts  :  we  can  see  the  gazelles 
forced  to  run  into  a  corral  sui rounded  by 
nets  ;  wild  boars  harassed  by  mastiffs  ;  and 
bears  tempted  to  enter  the  cages  (concealed 
by  shrubs)  by  the  exhibition  of  a  huge  piece 
of  raw  meat,  while  the  venator,  crouched  on 
i;he  top  of  the  cage,  is  ready  to  lower  the 
trap  door. 

Antiquaries  hail  with  satisfaction  the  dis- 
coveries of  "  military  diplomas  "  on  account 
of  the  chronological  and  topographical 
novelties  which  they  usually  contain.  A 
Roman  soldier  was  entitled  to  a  regular 
discharge,  after  twenty  years  of  service  in 
the  infantry,  or  ten  in  the  cavalry.  Augus- 
tus in  B.C.  13  restricted  the  period  to  sixteen 
years  for  the  legionaries,  and  to  twelve  for 
the  Praetorians,  at  the  end  of  which  terms 
they  were  to  receive  a  bounty  in  money 
and  a  diploma  of  honesla  missio,  which  con- 
ferred on  them  the  right  of  citizenship  and 
other  privileges  specified  in  the  decree. 
These  official  documents  (concerning  not 
single  individuals,  but  whole  squadrons  or 
companies)  were  engraved  on  bronze  tablets 
and  posted  in  various  parts  of  the  Capitol ium, 
such  as  the  JEdes  Fidei,  the  Ara  Gentis 
Juliae,  the  pedestal  of  the  statue  of  Q. 
Marcius  Rea,  the  pedestal  of  the  statue  of 
Jupiter  Africus,  the  ^Edes  Thensarum,  the 
;'  Trophies  of  Germanicus,"  the  right  or  the 
left  wall  of  the  "  vestibule  "  (aditas),  the 
back  wall  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter,  and  so 
forth.  And  when  the  worthy  veterans 
•started  on  their  long  journey  towards  their 
native  lands  (generally  Pannonia,  the  Danu- 
bian  Provinces,  and  Upper  or  Lower  Ger- 
many) they  carried  with  them  a  legalized 
copy  of  the  diploma,  which  always  ended 
with  the  following  declaration,  attested  by 
witnesses  :  "  This  is  the  exact  copy  from 
the  original  decree,  which  is  affixed  to  -"such- 
and-such  part]  of  the  Capitolium."  The 
last  diploma  discovered  somewhere  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine  contains  a  new  and 
interesting  indication  In  Capitolio  ad  casam 
Romuli  !  which  confirms  the  fact  that  there 
were  two  such  huts  in  Rome  :  one,  the  best 
known,  at  the  top  of  the  Scalae  Caci  on 
the  Palatine  ;  another  within  the  precincts 
of  the  Capitol,  near  the  Curia  Calabra.  Both 
were  shaped  like  the  shepherd-huts  of  the 
Campagna,  with  their  frame  of  boughs, 
thatched  roofs,  and  sides  riminc  texti.  Their 
type  was  never  forgotten,  so  that  in  the 
inscriptions  of  Lellia  Marnia  in  Africa  a 
tomb  in  the  shape  of  a  hut  is  called  domns 
Itomulo.  See  '  Corpus  Inscr.  Lat.,'  vol.  viii. 
p.  1123. 

.\  pedestal  of  a  votive  statue  of  small  size, 
discovered  in  the  Transtevere  near  the 
junction  of  the  Viale  del  Re  with  the  Piazza 
tai,  bears  the  following  dedication  : 
'  Theogenea,  wife  of  C.  Rutilius,  offers  this 
image  to  the  Bona  Dea,  in  accomplishment 
of  a  vow."  This  find  of  no  special  value 
if  considered  by  itself  -  -  becomes  inter- 
•  ting  if  we  refer  it  to  the  shrine  of  the  same 
goddess  discovered  in  the  same  neighbourhood 
in  the  year  1744.  The  shrine  is  described  by 
Bottari  as  a  "  tabernacolino  "  sheltering  an 
altar,  and  a  spring  or  well,  with  three  inscrip- 
tions   stating    that    it    had    been    erected    by 

order  of  Marcus  Yet  tins  I'.olanus,  the  ownei 
of  the  estate  (Insula  Bolani),  under  the  care 

of  his  agent   ( 'Indus.       BolanuS  is  a  person 
Well  known  to  British  students   as   one  of  the 
earliest   governors   of    Brit t annia,    and   as   a 
consul  suffectus  under  Nero.       It  seems  that 

the    Bona    Dea's    protection    was    invoked 

mostly  by  people  suffering  from  Ophthalmia  | 


for  another  inscription,  discovered  in  1801, 
near  the  above-mentioned  Insula  Bolani, 
mentions  the  recovery  of  eyesight  by  a 
devotee,  after  having  been  derelictus  a 
medicis,  through  the  intercession  of  the 
merciful  goddess. 

A  remarkable  historical  and  topographical 
monument  has  just  been  discovered  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Ccliseum,  viz.,  an  altar  set 
up  at  the  crossing  of  two  thoroughfares,  one 
of  which  was  named  Vicus  Statae  Matris. 
The  altar  is  beautifully  ornamented  with 
wreaths  and  branches  of  laurel,  and  contains 
the  names  of  the  four  street-magistrates  who 
had  borne  the  expense  of  its  erection  in  the 
year  2  B.C.  under  the  Consulship  of  Caninius 
Gallus  and  Fufius  Geminus.  All  these 
indications  are  new  to  us.  We  did  not 
know  that  a  street  of  the  city  bore  the  name 
of  the  Stata  Mater  (the  deity  who  was 
invoked  to  stay  the  progress  of  fires),  nor 
that  the  personages  above  mentioned  had 
obtained  the  honour  of  the  fasces  in  the 
second  half  of  that  year.  The  name  of 
Fufius  Geminus — the  author  of  the  famous 
law  Fufia  Caninia,  by  which  the  manu- 
mission of  slaves  was  subjected  to  stricter 
rules — had  been  sought  in  vain  in  the  Fasti 
Consulares.  In  the  Codex  of  Justinian  the 
law  is  ca'leel  by  mistake  Furia  Caninia,  and 
the  mistake  naturally  increased  the  diffi- 
culties of  the  problem.  Students  of  Roman 
institutions  will  be  glad,  therefore,  to  know 
that  the  chronology  of  the  Lex  Fufia  Caninia 
is  now  established,  and  that  it  preceded  by 
five  years  the  promulgation  of  the  Lex 
^Elia  Sentia,  which  rendered  it  even  more 
difficult  for  slaves  to  obtain  their  freedom. 

British  and  continental  papers  have  an- 
nounced that,  in  consequence  of  certain 
excavations  made  around,  or  under,  the  base 
of  the  Column  of  Trajan,  "  an  urn  has 
been  discovered  containing  the  emperor's 
remains."  Some  enterprising  weeklies  have 
gone  so  far  as  to  publish  illustrations  of 
the  precise  spot  on  which  the  urn  was  dug 
irp,  warning  their  readers  that  "  some  little 
time  "  would  elapse  before  "  pictures  of  the 
actual  discovery  would  be  available."  I  am 
afraid  that  the  "  little  time  "  will  lengthen 
into  a  respectable  number  of  years,  since 
frhe  announcement  of  the  discovery  was  but 
a  poisson  d: ' Avril.         Rodolfo  Lanciani. 


THE  GRIMTHORPE  AND  OTHER  SALES. 

Messrs.  CirnrsTrK's  sale  last  Satirrday  comprised 
a  collection  of  ancient  and  modern  pictures 
belonging  to  Lord  Grimthorpe,  who,  as  Mr. 
Ernest  Beckett,  sold  some  of  his  choice  examples 
by  artists  of  the  Early  English  School  at  Christie's 
in  May,  1903.  The  ">-l  lots  just  dispersed,  which 
realized  16,220/.  17a.,  were  of  a  mixed  nature,  a 
f<-\\"  being  first-rate,  and  others  of  rather  worse 
quality  than  is  usually  found  at  the  average  sale 
of  old  masters.  Xvry  little  information  (in  many 
oases  none)  was  furnished  regarding  the  collec- 
tions in  which  some  of  the  pictures  had  figured  : 
and  an  old  picture  without  some  sort  of  pedigree 
is  usually  open  to  suspicion,  apart  from  its  merit 
as  a  work  of  art. 

Taken  in  the  order  of  sale,  the  collection  con- 
tained the  following  pictures.  Modern  French 
School:  E.  Manet,  A  Lady,  In  brown  dress,  with 
lace  how  at  her  neck,  245gs.  ('.  Monet,  La  Phare 
de  L'Hospioe,  I95gs.  A.  Sisley,  View  on  the  Seine, 
with  bridge,  tug,  and  barges,  1876,  I60gs.     English 

School  :  Hoppncr,  Mrs.  Home,  in  yellow  dress 
with     crimson     sash,    black     lace    shawl    over    her 

shoulders,  three-quarter -length  figure,  2,300gs. 
Early  French  School:  L,  Boilly,  A  Young  Girl, 
seated  at  a  window,  her  young  brother  looking 
through  a  telescope,  in  grisaille,  I60gs. ;  Separation 
Douloureuse  and  Entrevue  Cbnsolante  (a  pair,  with 
the  engravings),  280gs.  Italian  School:  Sandro 
Botticelli,  The  Virgin,  in  red  robe  and  green 
mantle,  kneeling  in  adoral  ion  lie  lore  the  recumbent 
figure  of  the  Infant    Saviour,  at   whose  side  the 


infant  St.  John  is  standing,  holding  an  inscribed 
ribbon  and  cross,  on  panel,  5,000gs.  Ghirlandajo, 
Portrait  of  a  Gentleman,  in  black  cloak  with  fur 
cuffs  and  black  cap,  on  panel,  from  the  Cantini 
collection,  Florence,  loOgs.  Dutch,  Flemish,  and 
German  Schools :  H.  Holbein,  Portrait  of  a 
Cardinal,  in  crimson  dress  and  cap,  with  gold 
chain  and  jewelled  pendant,  reading  a  book,  on 
panel,  l,250gs.  (from  the  date  of  1523  at  the  top  of 
the  portrait  this  would  seem  to  be  of  Holbein's  first 
Basle  period,  1514-26)  ;  Nicolas  d'Aubermont,  in 
dark  dress  trimmed  with  fur,  and  Jeanne  de  Gavre, 
in  velvet  robe  trimmed  with  fur,  with  white  coif 
(a  pair),  3,000gs.  F.  Mieris,  The  Declaration,  a 
young  woman  in  scarlet  velvet  jacket  bordered 
with  ermine,  seated,  holding  a  glass  of  wine,  near 
her  an  elderly  gentleman  with  his  hand  on  his 
breast,  on  panel,  880gs.  (described  in  the  '  Supple- 
ment' to  Smith's  'Catalogue  Raisonne,'  No.  31, 
1842,  when  it  was  in  the  collection  of  M.  van  Loon, 
of  Amsterdam  ;  nothing  apparently  is  known  of  its 
history  since  that  period).  Sir  A.  More,  Portrait 
of  a  Lady,  in  black  dress  with  crimson  sleeves,  a 
dog  by  her  side,  250gs.  J.  D.  Patinir,  The 
Crucifixion,  with  the  Virgin,  Mary  Magdalene,  and 
St.  John  in  the  centre  panel,  a  donor  and  saints  on 
the  wings,  1 80gs.  P.  Pourbus,  Portrait  of  a  Divine, 
in  black  dress  lined  with  fur,  black  cap,  lOOgs.  J. 
van  Ravenstein,  a  pair  of  portraits  on  panel  (dated 
1632)  of  a  gentleman  in  black  dress  and  white  ruff, 
holding  his  gloves  in  his  right  hand,  and  of  a  lady 
in  rich  dress  with  white  ruff,  cap,  and  cuffs.  350gs. 

The  second  portion  of  the  day's  sale  was  made  up 
from  various  sources.  The  most  important  picture 
was  a  strong  portrait,  ascribed  to  Titian  and  said 
to  represent  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  in  dark  cloak 
trimmed  with  fur  and  red  cap,  on  canvas.  It 
fetched  the  very  high  figure  of  2,100gs.  It  was 
apparently  at  one  time  owned  by  Bouchier  Cleeve, 
of  Foot's  Cray  Place,  whose  collection  was  in- 
herited by  his  son-in-law,  Sir  George  Yonge,  and 
was  dispersed  in  London  in  March,  1806  ;  but  we 
have  failed  to  find  anything  corresponding  to  it  iir 
the  catalogue  of  that  sale  ;  it  may  therefore  have 
belonged  to  a  subsequent  owner  of  St.  Mary 
Cray.  This  picture  was  sold  at  Christie's  in 
1876  for  91gs.  as  "from  Foofs  Cray  Place." 
It  was  generally  agreed  whilst  it  was  on  view 
that  it  was  not  the  work  of  Titian,  and  chrono- 
logy is  against  that  artist  having  painted  a  portrait 
of  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent  as  so  young  a  man. 
Titian  executed  portraits  of  several  members 
of  the  Medici  family,  notably  Alessandro  de' 
Medici  at  Hampton  Court,  and  Giovanni  de'  Medici 
in  the  Uffizi  Gallery  ;  but  there  seems  to  be  no 
record  of  his  having  painted  the  great  Lorenzo  at 
any  period.  The  portrait  may  possibly  represent 
Lorenzo  II.  (1492-1519)  ;  but  that  is  a  point  which 
remains  to  be  proved — or  disproved. 

There  were  also  two  portraits  by  unknown 
artists  of  the  Early  English  School:  A  Young  Girl, 
in  white  dress  with  red  sash,  holding  a  dog  in  her 
arms,  145gs. ;  and  A  Lady,  in  white  and  gold  dress, 
seated,  resting  her  head  upon  her  right  hand.  88gs. 
S.  Ruysdael,  Woody  Landscape,  with  peasant  and 
animals  at  a  pool,  I60gs.  G.  Vincent,  The  Fish 
Auction  at   Yarmouth,  320gs.     Lely,  Lady  Marie 

Maitland,  afterwards  Marchioness  of  Twceddale. 
as  St.  Catherine,  in  white  dress,  with  a  lamb, 
Llogs.  A.  Solario,  Herodias  with  the  Head  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist.  100gs.  J.  D.  do  Heem,  Dishes 
of  Fruit  and  Still  Life  on  a  Table,  signed  and  dated 
1663,  lOOgs.  Rubens,  Philopcemen,  the  Acheean 
General,  chopping  Wood  for  the  Cook-maid  at  an 
Inn,  with  fowls.  &c,  by  F.  Snyders,  engraved  bv 
N.  Varin,  and  desoribed  in  Smith's  ' Catalogue,' 
No.  750,  I30gs.  1'.  de  Koningk,  A  View,  looking 
over  a  wide  expanse  of  level  country  towards  the 
sea.    buildings    in    the   middle   distance,    fixer  and 

figures  in  the  left  foreground,  '3 togs.  .1.  Ruysdael, 
The  Outskirts  of  a  Wood,  with  a  horseman  and  a 

keeper,  group  of  buildings  among  trees  to  the 
right.    tSOgs. 

Although  the  price  paid  (6807.)  on  Monday  last 

at     Messrs.   Sotheby's  for    the  tine   set     in  colours  ol 

tin-  Cues  of  London,  after  F.  Wheatley,  was  not 
unprecedented,  it  is  one  which  at  all  events 
illustrates   the    danger    of    prophesying    in    such 

matters.      In  his  little  hook  on  'Old   London  Cries." 

published  in  1886,  the  Late  Mr.  A.  W.  Tuer 
remarked   that    the  Bel    "will  now   readily  fetch 

20'.,"   and,    "if   coloured,    30/.    would    not    be  ,  on 
sidered    too    high    a  figure,  though    live  and  twmh 

ago  they  might   easily  have  been  pioked  up 


618 


T  II  E     A  TH  KNMUM 


X    1009,  Mw  1!>,  1906 


i   i    u   iii.iii\  -hillin.  On  Dnoember  12th,  1892, 

i  i!    ighl   21«W.  :    in    1890  another    reached 

BlOgi   ;  in    Hhhi  tin.   price   roee  t"  8  0         and  a 
later    I.OOOga.    were    paid)    thia   being,    we 
believe,   the   higbeal    yet   obtained.     Tin'   nun  oi 
201/,    paid     "M    M"iiil.i\     l.ii,    alio    .it      \|. 
Botheby'a,  foi  the  brilliant  proof  before  any  L  I 
Mt   MacArdoira  rendering  oi    Hudson's  portrait  "i 

M.iin.  I'u.  h i   Anoaster,  though  high,  wa 

than  half  the  amount  realised  bj  the  late  Edwin 
Truroan'a  much  finer  example  «itli  lull  margin  on 
April  26th,  wh<  n  1501.  was  paid,  Truman,  a  very 
alirewd  oolleotor,  gave  T-.  <i</.  for  it  originally  ! 

worthy  pnoea  for  engraving!  win-  also 
obtained  at  Messrs.  Christie's  mi  Tuesday,  when  a 
firs!  ~t.ii.'  i.t  Mrs.  Musters,  by  .1.  Walker  after 
Romney,  fetched  i:>n/.,  and  Elizabeth,  Connteaa  "i 
Mexborongh,  by  W.  Waul  after  Romney,  printed 
in  oolours,  brought  104/.  The  following  were  also 
included  in  the  sale.  After  Fragonard  :  Le 
Easards  Heureux  de  l'Esoarpolette,  by  De  Launay, 
•  I  Attn-  Reynolds:  Mrs.  Braddyll,  by  8. 
( '•msins,  iiu/. :  Mi^s  ( Ireenaway,  by  .1.  Watson,  ~>V. ; 
Mi--  Franoes  Kerable,  in  white  dress,  by  -I.  Jones, 
75/.;  Lady  Elizabeth  Herbert  and  Sun.  by  J.  Dean, 
'"  :  Lady  Catherine  Pelham  Clinton,  by  J.  R. 
Smith,  84/.;  The  Countess  of  Carlisle,  by  -I. 
w  i  -..n.  :;.v. :  Lady  Betty  Delme  and  Children,  by 
V.  Green,  542.;  Lady  Bampfylde,  by  T.  Watson, 
631. :  Mrs.  Carnao,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  25/.;  Lady 
Caroline  Montagu,  by  the  same,  52/.;  A  Bacohante 
(l..i'l\  Hamilton),  by  the  Bame, 33/.;  Mis.  Hardinge, 
by  'I'.  Watson,  'MU.  After  Greuze:  Le  Baiser 
Envoye,  by  ('.  Turner,  is:?/.  By  A.  de  St.  Aubin, 
An  moins  soyez  disoret,  ami  Comptez  but  mes 
Serments  (a  pair),  (>o/.  After  LaVreince :  Qu'en 
tlit  I'Abbe?  by  X.  de  Launay,  31/.  After  J.  F. 
Rusca :  General  Buonaparte,  by  C.  Hodges,  67/. 
After  Drouais  :  Madame  du  Barry,  by  T.  Watson, 
77'.  Alter  Romney:  A  Mother  and  Child  (Mis. 
( larwardino),  by  J.  R.  Smith,  47'.  After  Lawrence  : 
The  Countess  of  Blessington,  by  S.  Cousins,  36/. 
After  Hoppner:  The  Daughters  of  Sir  Thomas 
Frankland,  by  W.  Ward.  63/.  After  Huet 
Villi,  rs  :  Mrs."  Q.,  by  W.  Blake,  46/.  After 
Morland:  Guinea-Pigs,  and  Dancing  Dogs,  by  T. 
Gaugain  (a  pair),  52/.;  The  Public-house  Door,  by 
W.  Ward,  48/. 

High  prices  lor  works  by  artists  of  the  modern 
French  and  other  continental  schools  c  ntinue  to  be 
the  order  of  the  day  in  New  York.  During  the 
present  season  the  following  works  have  realized  at 
auction  10,000  dollars  and  upwards:  A.  Mauve, 
Return  of  the  Flock,  42,500  dols. ;  The  Loggers, 
28,100  d"]s.  Josef  Israels,  Madonna  of  the 
Cottage,  1<),5IK)  dols.  J.  C.  Cazin,  La  Route, 
13,100  dols.  E.  van  Marcke,  Returning  from 
the  Market,  13,100  dols.;  Cattle  on  the  Plains, 
10,011(1  dols.  A.  Schreyer,  Bulgarian  Smugglers, 
13,000  dols.  C.  Corot,  The  Horseman,  Ville 
d'  Avray,  10,500  dols.  The  highest  price  paid  for 
an  old  master  was  for  Rembrandt's  Petronclla 
Buys,  20,600  dols. 


Jfint-JVrt  Gossip. 

At  tin-  Bail  lie  Ga'lery  yesterday  there  was 
a  private  view  of  paintings  by  Mr.  J.  D. 
Fergus-son  and  Mr.  Arthur  Stud'd,  and  metal 
and  Oliver  work  by  Messrs.  Dikkers  &  Co.,  of 
Holland. 

Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.  held  a  private 
view  yesterday  of  drawings  in  colour  of  ladies 
represent ing  'Parisian  Life'  by  M.  Jules 
Cay  ion. 

A    SERIES    of    water-colour    drawings    of 

London's   River  and  Byways,'  and  also  a 

number   of   other   drawings   by    Miss    Agnes 

Turner,   are  on   view  at   Messrs.    Dickinson's 

Galleries  until  Juno  1st  inclusive. 

Xi.vt  Wednesday  an  exhibition  of  the 
works  of  contemporary  German  artists  in 
London  will  ho  opened  to  tho  press  at 
Prince's  Galleries,  Knightsbridge. 

At  the  Turner  House,  Penai  tli,  till  the  end 
of  June  there  is  a  loan  exhibition  of  water- 
colour  drawings  by  Mr.  Albeit  Goodwin,  and 
smaller  works  of  sculpturo  by  Mr.  W. 
Goscombe  John,  A.K.A. 


Mi:  .!.  I'..  I'm  mis-,  hi ■ -■  undertaken  to 
write  i'"'  B.  Grant  Richards  ■  little  bonk  on 
tlie  work  of  <:.  I'.  Watts,  in  connexion 
with  the  preparation  ol    handh  the 

Watte  Exhibitions,  la  I  year  Mr.  Phythiao 
devoted  much  time  to  the  study  of  the 
painter's  work.     Became  to  the  conclusion 

that  the  didactic    pictures  and    the    port] 

have  received  too  exclusive  attention;  and 

his  honk,  which  will  I..-  inoio  hilly  illustrated 

than    any  previously  issued    on  the    subject, 

is   an   attempt   tn   give  due  notice  to  every 

side   >.f   Wal  ts'S   \\  ■  'i  I.. 

Mu.  ( '.  I'.  Sisi.ky  is  establishing  an  agencj 

for   artists  and    illu-trators   similar   tn    t! 
which  arrange  terms,  Ac.,  for  author-. 

I  England  we  have  our  Stock  Exchange 
art  circle  and  exhibitions  ;  in  Paris  the 
lawyers  of  the  Palais  de  Justice  have  bucci 

fully  inaugurated  their  Palais-Salon,  of 
which    the    first    exhibit  i<  m    was    opened    on 

.Monday  last  by  M.  Dujardin-Beaumetz, 
the  Under-Secreatry  of  State   for  tin-  Fine 

Art^,  in  the  rooms  of  the  (  ercle  de  la  Libra irie, 
117,  Boulevard  Saint  Germain.  Members 
of  all  the  various  branches  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession represented  at  the  Palais  de  Justice 
are  eligible — magistrates,  barristers,"  avoues, 
greffiers,  huissiers,  &c." 

The  death,  in  his  seventy-second  year, 
is  announced  from  Diisseldorf  of  the  dis- 
tinguished historical  painter  Prof.  Albert 
Baur. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Royal  Opera. — Der  Vagabund  und  die 
Prinzessin.  Der  Barbier  von  Bagdad. 
The  Second  '  Ring  '  Cycle.    Bigoletto. 

Two  of  the  novelties  announced  at  the 
beginning  of  the  season  were  produced 
on  Friday  in  last  week  at  Covent  Garden — 
an  operetta  and  an  opera.  The  first  was 
'  Der  Vagabund  und  die  Prinzessin,'  the 
libretto  of  which  was  adapted  by  A.  F. 
Seligmann  from  a  well-known  Hans  Ander- 
sen fairy  tale.  The  composer  is  E. 
Poldini,  chiefly  known  as  the  writer  of 
pianoforte  music.  The  work  is  wisely 
confined  to  one  act,  for  the  slight  story 
would  not  bear  treatment  on  a  larger 
scale.  There  was  a  strange  and  striking 
contrast  between  the  tragic  '  Gotter- 
dammerung,'  produced  on  Wednesday, 
and  the  smaller  work,  a  contrast  scarcely 
favourable  to  the  latter.  The  music  is 
simple,  melodious,  and  in  places  very 
taking  ;  moreover,  it  is  effectively  scored. 
There  are,  however,  few  or  no  marks  of 
originality.  It  was  well  performed,  and 
conducted,  at  the  special  request  of  Dr. 
Richter,  by  Mr.  Percy  Pitt,  and  with  all 
due  effect.  On  a  smaller  stage  this  grace- 
ful operetta — as  we  venture  to  call  it — 
might  prove  acceptable  ;  and  as  an 
English  version  of  the  text  has  been  made 
by  Messrs.  A.  Kalisch  and  Percy  Pitt,  it 
will  probably  attract  the  notice  of  the 
Carl  Rosa  or  Moody-Manners  Company. 

The  opera  was  'Der  Barbier  von  Bagdad,' 
by  Peter  Cornelius,  which  was  first  heard 
in  London  in  1891,  when  it  was  twice  per- 
formed at  the  Savoy  Theatre  by  the 
students  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music, 
under  the  direction  of  Sir  Charles  Villiers 
Stanford.     The    work    is    one    of    special 


interest,  hut  to  appreciate  the  clevei  m 
it  is  necessary  to  beat  in  mind  the  pei 
at   which  it  wai  written.     Cornelius,  who 
had   -tu. bed   .,!    Berlin   under   Dehn, 
I'. ..■  h  enthusiast,  went  to  Weimar,  and  fell 
under  the  influence  of  Liszt  and  the  V 
German  school  ;    and  il  I  hat  he 

una  acquainted  with  W. 
and  with  In       I    •  ■  and  '  Lohen- 

grin.'    An  opera  written  in  such  circum- 

stances   would   naturally   hear  marks   both 
of   pasl    training   and   of   new   impr. 

and  in  mosl  cases  would  achieve,  if  any 

only    a    temporal  L 

thought    highly  of    Cornelius,    and    | 

duced  In-  '  Barbel  '  at  Weimar  in  1  - 
but  it  actually  met  with  opposition,  I 
Liszt,  resenting  public  opinion,  went 
away  in  anger  from  Weimar,  where  he  had 
laboured  for  many  year-.  The  mu>ie  was 
too  advanced  for  tin-  public  then,  hut 
now,  when  Wagner's  works  are  well 
known  and  highly  appreciated,  this  op' 
would  seem,  like  others  composed  in  that 
early  transitional  period,  to  be  of  little 
more  than  historical  interest  :  an  opinion 
which  the  general  neglect  of  it  would 
naturally  tend  to  strengthen.  Great  credit 
is  due  to  Sir  Charles  Stanford  for  his  en- 
deavour to  excite  interest  in  it  ;  but  the 
work  was  for  the  most  part  coldly 
received  by  the  press,  while  public- 
opinion  could  not  be  gauged  by  two 
semi-private  performances.  There  are 
signs  of  immaturity  in  the  '  Barber/ 
and  signs  of  fluctuation  between  the  old 
and  the  new  style — the  composer  v. 
only  thiry-four  years  old  when  his  op> 
was  produced  ;  but  there  are  also  sufficient 
signs  of  strength,  of  originality,  and  of 
dramatic  instinct,  to  secure  for  it  ready 
acceptance,  even  at  the  present  day  :  it 
deserves,  indeed,  to  become  part  of  the 
regular  opera  repertory. 

The  overture  is  very  bright.  In  the 
first  act  may  be  noted  the  light  clever  duet 
in  canon  between  Bostana  and  Xureddin  : 
the  shaving  scene,  which,  if  somewhat 
prolonged,  is  very  humorous  as  regards 
the  music;  and  very  amusing  is  the  cadenza 
sung  by  the  chattering  Abul  Hassan,  who. 
forgetting  his  work,  leaves  Xureddin  half- 
shaved.  It  is  an  amusing  skit  on  Italian 
opera,  which,  however,  like  some  of  the 
satire  in  the  Gilbert  and  Sullivan  operas. 
has  now  lost  part  of  its  pungency. 

During  the  second  strong  act  intereei 
never  flags.  In  the  "  .Muezzin  "  music 
there  is  realism  with  restraint  :  the  love 
duet  (Margiana  and  Xureddin)  is  most 
delightful  ;  while  the  splendid  finale  show  - 
that  in  the  technique  of  his  art  Cornelius 
was  already  a  master  :  but  in  addition  to 
skill  are  to  be  found  imagination  and 
dramatic  power. 

The  version  of  the  opera  used  was  the 
revision  by  Levi  of  one  prepared  by 
Felix  Mottl.  Without  hearing  the  work 
in  its  original  form  as  it  was  performed 
at  the  Cornelius  festival  at  Weimar  in 
1904,  one  cannot  express  an  opinion  with 
regard  to  the  modifications  and  additions 
made  by  Mottl  to  the  original  scoring. 
As  heard  last  week  it  is  clever  and  effective, 
though  it  sounded  at  times  somewhat 
too  Wagnerish.     The  performance,  under 


N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


619 


the  direction  of  Dr.  Richter,  was  excellent. 
The  principal  parts  were  taken  by  Herr 
Jorn  (Nureddin),  Herr  Kniipfer  (the 
Barber),  Fraulein  Burchardt  (Margiana), 
and  Fraulein  Grimm  (Bostana). 

The  second  cycle  of  the  '  Ring  '  began 
last  Saturday.  Herr  van  Rooy  appeared 
as  Wotan,  and  owing  to  his  commanding 
presence,  strong  voice,  and  powerful 
■declamation,  offered  a  grand  impersona- 
tion of  Wotan,  both  in  the  god's  majestic 
moments,  as  in  '  Rheingold,'  and  in  those 
of  despair,  as  in  '  Die  Walkure  '  on  the 
following  Monday  ;  the  god's  long 
monologue  in  the  latter,  unless  de- 
livered, as  on  this  occasion,  with  all  rhe- 
torical skill,  easily  becomes  monotonous. 
Fraulein  Ternina  was  the  Briinnhilde  in 
"*  Die  Walkure, '  and  her  impersonation 
-was  marked  by  the  dignity,  tenderness, 
and  inspired  acting  which  have  justly 
"won  for  her  so  great  a  name.  She  sang 
well,  but  her  voice,  though  very  expressive 
in  soft  passages,  seemed  to  have  lost  some- 
thing of  its  power.  She  will,  however, 
be  heard  again,  and  perhaps,  vocally, 
-with  more  strength,  in  the  extra  perform- 
ance of  '  Die  Walkure  '  to  be  given  next 
Tuesday. 

'  Rigoletto '  was  performed  last  Tuesday, 
and  Signor  Caruso,  who  appeared  as  the 
Duke,  was  received  with  special  favour. 
He  was  in  magnificent  voice,  but  excite- 
ment may  perhaps  account  for  moments 
in  which  art  was  not  entirely  concealed. 
Mile.  Donalda  sang  the  Gilda  music  skil- 
fully, if  not  with  special  brilliancy.  Signor 
ficotti,  thougli  suffering  from  hoarseness, 
was  good  as  Rigoletto.  Signor  Campanini 
conducted. 


jHusical  dossip. 

The  Joachim  series  of  concerts  was 
■brought  to  a  highly  successful  close  last 
Saturday  at  Queen's  Hall.  In  Brahms's 
Sextet  in  B  flat  and  in  Schubert's  delightful 
Octet  the  life  and  earnestness  which  have 
been  such  marked  features  of  Dr.  Joachim's 
playing  tluoughout  the  series  were  again 
made  manifest.  On  the  10th  inst.  he  gave 
a  sonata  recital  with  Mr.  Leonard  Borwick, 
.and  on  the  14th  a  trio  recital,  with  the 
assistance  of  Miss  Fanny  Davies  and  Prof. 
Hansmann,  both  pianists  realizing  to  the  full 
the  interest  and  importance  of  the  occasion. 
The  Joachim  Quartet,  assisted  by  other 
artists,  will  give  a  series  of  six  concerts 
during  November  and  December  :  four  at 
Bechstein  Hall,  and  two  at  Queen's  Hall. 
The  programmes  will  be  devoted  to  the 
chamber  music  of  Brahms.  The  dates  are 
November  21st,  23rd,  26th,  and  28th,  and 
December  3rd  and  5th,  the  first  and  last 
•taking  place  at  Queen's  Hall. 

M.  Rkynaldo  Hahn  gave  an  interesting 
concert  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday 
afternoon,  the  programme  being  devoted  to 
bis  compositions.  His  songs  are  very  clever 
and  refined  ;  and  in  his  music  he  has 
admirably  caught  the  atmosphere  of  the 
-various  poems,  particularly  those  of  Verlaino. 

The  autumn  scries  of  Promenade  Concerts 
at  Queen's  Hall,  under  the  eonductorship 
of  Mr.  Henry  J.  Wood,  will  begin  on 
August  18th  and  continue  for  ten  weeks. 

Dk.  <\mii,i,k  Kaint-Saknk,  now  in  liis 
^seventy-first  year,  is  giving  a  concert  to-day 
at  the  Salle  Erard,  Paris,  for  the  benefit  of 


the  sufferers  at  Courrieres  and  in  Italy.  He 
will  perform  Beethoven's  e  flat  Concerto 
and  several  of  his  own  compositions  ;  MM. 
Francis  Plante  and  Leon  Delafosse  will  play 
the  composer-pianist's  '  Caprice  Heroi'que  ' 
for  two  pianofortes  ;  while  his  '  Andro- 
maque  '  Overture  will  be  given  by  the  Con- 
servatoire orchestra,  under  the  direction  of 
M.  Marty.  Madame  Auguez  de  Montalant 
will  sing  '  La  Cloche  '  and  other  songs  by 
Dr.  Saint-Saens. 

A  Mass  in  t>  minor  by  Herr  Friedrich  Klose 
was  performed  at  Munich  on  the  7th  inst. 
The  work  was  planned  in  1886,  after  the 
death  of  Liszt,  of  whom  the  composer,  then 
twenty-four  years  of  age,  was  an  ardent 
admirer.  On  this  Mass  he  was  more  or  less 
engaged  for  nine  years  ;  it  was  produced  at 
Carlsruhe  in  1895.  The  revival  of  the  work 
is  of  interest,  for  the  composer's  symphony 
'  Das  Leben  em  Traum  '  and  his  opera 
'  Ilsebill '  have  recently  attracted  consider- 
able attention. 

The  tomb  at  Pere  Lachaise  of  Stephen 
Heller,  whose  '  Etudes,'  written  half  a  century 
ago,  are  still  fresh  and  in  constant  use,  has 
fallen  into  decay.  A  committee,  however, 
has  been  formed  in  Paris  to  see  to  its  restora- 
tion. 

The  death  is  announced  of  the  American 
composer  Prof.  John  Knowles  Paine.  He 
was  born  at  Portland,  Maine,  in  1839,  and 
studied  at  Berlin  for  three  years.  In  1876 
he  became  first  Professor  of  Music  at 
Harvard  University.  His  compositions  in- 
clude two  symphonies,  choral  works,  and 
pieces  for  organ  and  pianoforte.  He  also 
wrote  the  '  Centennial  Hymn  '  for  the  Phila- 
delphia Exhibition  of  1876,  which,  says 
Mr.  Louis  C.  Elson,  in  his  '  History  of  Ame- 
rican Music,'  was  decidedly  more  of  a  success 
than  Wagner's  '  Centennial  March,'  also 
composed  for  the  opening  ceremonies. 
Patriotic  feeling,  however,  would  very 
naturally  account  for  this  preference,  what- 
ever the  respective  merits  of  the  two  com- 
positions. 

We  notice  also  the  death  in  her  seventy- 
second  year  of  Madame  Lemmens-Sherring- 
ton,  who  in  the  fifties  and  sixties  was  in 
London  the  principal  English  soprano  both 
in  sacred  and  secular  music.  In  1860  she 
appeared  on  the  English  stage,  and  in  1866 
on  the  Italian.  She  was  the  Marguerite 
when  Gounod's  '  Faust  '  was  produced  in 
English  (Chorley's  version)  at  Her  Majesty's, 
January  23rd,  1864,  Sims  Reeves  and  Mr. 
Santley  being  also  in  the  cast.  As  Miss 
Fanny  Sherrington,  the  vocalist  studied  at 
the  Brussels  Conservatoire,  and  in  1857 
married  the  distinguished  Belgian  organist 
M.  Lemmens,  who  was  professor  of  his 
instrument  at  that  institution. 

Le  Mcnestrrl  of  the  13th  inst.  states  that, 
in  moving  Max  Klinger's  statue  of  Beethoven 
from  the  museum  at  Leipsio  to  a  building 
specially  prepared  for  it,  an  unfortunate 
accident  occurred,  a  portion  of  the  pedestal 
ornamented  with  figures  in  bas-relief  having 
been  damaged. 

The  first  May  number  of  Die  Muaik  states 
that,  for  reasons  of  health,  Herr  Felix  Wein- 
gartner  has  withdrawn  his  three  years' 
contract  to  conduct  the  Symphony  Orchestra 
nt  New  York. 


PERFORMANCES    NEXT   WEEK. 

Buy.      Sunday  Bociaty  Concert) ''  JO,  Queen?  Hall. 

—  Bandar  League  Concert,  7.  Queen'i  Hall. 

Mo*.  Mlai  Vivien  Chartret  *  Violin  Recital  :',  Queen'i  llnll. 

—  Mr.  Stirling  Hackinler  ■  Bong  Recital,  :<,  Bo  hatch]  Hall. 

—  Mi«k  IrencBchaiTer'i  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  fiolian  Mull. 

—  Hisi  M.  Gougn  and  Mr   V  Gauge's  Vocal  Recital,  8.1  ft.  Queen  'a 

11.11 

—  Siicnnr  Bimoni  Mi.  Violin  Recital,  "  IS,  £olian  Hull 

—  Madame  Oecile  Ljndon'a  Vocal  Recital,  8.30,  Bechitein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  I  on  nl  Oarden. 


Tuns.  Madame  Saenger-Sethe's  Orchestral  Concert.  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Charity  Concert,  'Dream  of  Gerontius,'  8.:J0,  Queens  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  C'ovent  Garden. 

Wed.  Herr  Buhlic's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  .Solian  Hall. 

—  Handel  Society,  3.15,  Queens  Hall. 

—  Master  Joko  Szigetis  Violin  Recital.  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Madame  Edith  Hands  and  Mr.  Waite's  Recital,  8.15,  Bechstein 

Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Tucns.  Grieg's  Chamber  Concert,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Miss  H.  Sasse's  Concert,  8.13,  Steimvav  Hall. 

—  M.  Maurel's  Vocal  Recital,  8.45,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  C'ovent  Garden. 

Fin.  Vienna  Male  Choral  Society,  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Joseph  Holbrooke's  Chamber  Concert,  8..'<o.  Broadwood's. 

—  Miss  Matilde  Verne's  Schumann  Evening,  8.30,  Steinway  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera.  Covent  Garden. 

Sat.  M.  Pachmann's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Hen-  Kreisler's  Violin  Recital,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  C'ovent  Garden. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Comedy. — Raffles  :  a  Four-Act  Play.     By 
E.  W.  Hornung  and  Eugene  Presbrey. 

To  a  curious  social  change  may,  among 
other  causes,  be  attributed  the  recent 
popularity  of  the  cracksman.  Whatever 
romance  belonged  in  earlier  days  to  crime 
attached  itself  to  the  highwayman  ;  and 
the  gentleman  of  the  road,  possibly  a 
disbanded  trooper,  whose  career  fluctuated 
between  a  midnight  gallop  on  the  heath 
and  a  matutinal  ascent  of  the  gallows, 
might  boast,  according  to  Shakspeare, 
royal  patronage.  The  days  are  now  over 
of  Claude  Duval,  Macheath,  and  Paul 
Clifford.  Considered  as  a  substitute  for 
these,  the  burglar  is  a  coarse,  unchivalrous, 
and  prosaic  criminal,  who  stands  in  need 
of  a  large  amount  of  idealization.  An 
ingenious  way  of  supplying  this  is  to  intro- 
duce an  element  of  sport,  and  represent 
the  criminal  as  an  amateur.  This  has  been 
done  with  remarkable  success  by  Mr. 
Hornung,  who  in  a  series  of  sketches  has  de- 
picted a  fascinating  and  cultivated  athlete 
who  not  only,  like  Love,  laughs  at  lock- 
smiths, but  also  derides  detectives.  At 
the  Garrick  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  a  play 
in  four  acts  by  Mr.  Eugene  Presbrey, 
entitled  '  Raffles,'  after  the  name  of  the 
hero,  was  produced  on  September  21st; 
1903,  and  proved  a  great  success  for  Mr. 
Kyrle  Bellew.  Transferred  on  Saturday 
last  to  the  Comedy,  this  piece,  with  Mr. 
Gerald  Du  Maurier  as  Raffles,  obtained  a 
triumph  denied  to  recent  experiments  at 
the  same  house.  It  opens  in  the  best 
vein  of  melodrama  with  the  theft  of  a 
valuable  necklace,  though  not  by  the 
amateur  cracksman  ;  and  the  scenes  in 
which  the  hero  confronts  the  real  thief, 
whom  he  has  collared,  and  the  detective, 
whose  suspicions  he  has  incurred,  are 
ingeniously  conceived  and  excellently 
acted.  More  difficulty  is  encountered  in 
the  sentimental  scenes  of  the  middle 
action,  in  which  the  hero's  gifts  as  a  lady- 
killer  exercise  their  wonted  influence,  and 
are  shown  to  be  accompanied  by  more 
rarely  accorded  gifts  of  loyalty  and  self- 
immolation.  In  the  warmth  of  his  love- 
making  and  the  coolness  he  displayed 
in  the  presence  of  danger  Mr.  l>u  Maurier 
is  equally  admirable,  and  to  him  the 
popularity  of  the  whole  is  mainly  due.  A 
detective  is  well  played  by  Mr.  Dion 
Boucicault.  Two  rather  conventional 
female  parts  are  agreeably  presented  by 

Miss  .Jessie  Bateman  and  Mis-.  Sarah 
Brooke. 


620 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


X  ••»«.!<:»,  Mav  1!»,  1906 


BaVOY.      The  Shulnmiti   :    u   Pfajl  in   Thftt 

Ada.       By    Claude     AbKOTI     and    Kduaid 
K 1 1. .1  .l.ni.  Ii. 

Wholly  unlike  her  firrt  experiment  in 
management  is  that  Miss  Lena  Aahwel] 
nc  i  at  the  Savoy.     Though  anequaJ 

in   workmanship  and   overcrowded    with 

detail.     '  The     Sliulainite,'     an    adaptation 
which    is    executed,   with     the    assistance 
(if  Mr.   Edward  Knoblauch,  by  Mr.  Claude 
Askew  of  his  own  and  his  wife's  novel,   is 
a  powerful  piece,  and  supplies  the  actress 
with   a    part    suited    to  her  abilities.      Its 
scene  is  laid  in  South  Africa,  upon  a  farm 
belonging    to   Simeon    Krillct,  a  wealthy 
and    passably  brutal  old  Boer  married  to 
Deborah,    a    young    and    attractive    girl, 
whom  he  threatens  with  the  same  punish- 
ment he  is  in  the  habit  of  awarding  Kaffirs. 
Deborah's     beauty     and    her    sufreriicjs 
conquer   the   sympathy   and   affection   of 
Robert  Waring,  an  English  overseer  who 
has  fled  to  the  veldt  from  a  drunken  wife. 
His  avowals  of  affection  he  is  indiscreet 
enough    to    confide    to    a    volume    which 
falls  into  the  hands  of  the  husband,  whom 
it  louses  to  murderous  intention,  the  more 
so  since  Deborah  acknowledges  that  his 
avowed   passion  is  shared  by  her.     The 
result  is  that  Waring,  assaulted  by  the 
husband,    takes    his    life   in   self-defence. 
It  is  given  out  that  the  Boer  has  been 
killed  in  one  of  the  terrible  thunderstorms 
to    which    the    country    is    subject.     A 
peaceable  termination  to  such  a  story  is 
inconceivable.     In  anger  at  a  temporary 
and    enforced    departure    of    her    lover. 
Deborah  tells  her  husband's  sister,  Tante 
Anna,  the  real  circumstances  of  the  old 
Boer's   death,    and   binds   herself   by   an 
oath   to  hold  no  further  communication 
with  her  lover.     This  vow,  in  spite  of  his 
solicitations    and    appeals,    she    observes, 
and  in  the  end  she  is  left  alone  with  the 
vindictive   woman   who   holdsTpossession 
of  her  terrible  secret.     The  opening  portion 
of    the    play    is    vigorous    and    adroitly 
managed  melodrama.     What   better  ter- 
mination could  be  provided  is  not  very 
easily  seen.     The  present  is  at  least  in- 
effective. 

Miss  Ashwell  plays  the  wife  in  her  best 
style  ;  Miss  Elsie  Chester  gives  a  vivid 
representation  of  Tante  Anna  ;  Mr.  Nor- 
man McKinnel  supplies  a  vigorous  repre- 
sentation of  the  Boer  ;  and  Mr.  Ainley 
displays  much  fervour  as  the  English 
overseer. 


Dramatic  (Sosstp. 

With  a  production  of  Ibsen's  '  Rosmers- 
hohn  '  the  not  very  prosperous  seventh 
season  of  German  plays  ended  on  Saturday 
night  at  the  Great  Queen  Street  Theatre. 
lien-  Andresen,  who  with  Hen.'  Klein  and 
h'r.inlein  (lademann  took  the  principal  share 
in  the  performance,  promised  a  return  in  the 
autumn. 

'I'm:  run  of  '  Nero  '  at  His  Majesty's  will 
finish  on  the  26th,  and  the  evening  of  the 
29th  will  witness  the  tirst  production  of  '  Col. 
Newcome.' 

Ai.T.-OF-A-SUDDKN  Pkooy  '  is  played  at 
tli-  Duke  of  York's  for  the  last  time  this 
evening,   and   on  Tuesday    'The   Lion  and 


tin-  M ■ . 1 1 ■■<■.'  i  I..U1  H'-t  piece  by  Mr.  Ch&i 
Klein,  will  be  given  by  ■  mixed  English  and 
American  company. 

Mit.    M  \ktin    II\k\i:y's   four  .\  • 
at   t  he   Imperial   I  11114  with  tin 

production  of  ■  Boy  I  Vi  San  <>n.' 
ESably  in  June  Madame  June  Bading  will 

begin  a  three  weeks'  seu^i     .1'    the  Coronet. 

'A  Tight  Corner,'  a  li^ht  comedy  in 
three  nets,  by  Mr.  Herbert  Swears,  has  been 
produced  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kendal  a1  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Portsmouth. 

The  illness  of  deonora  Duse  is  sufficiently 

serious  to  render  probable  the  cancelling  of 
all  hei  engagements. 

Hit.  ESdwabd  Terry  has  accepted  from 
Mr.  Julian  Rochefort,  with  a  view  to  produc- 
tion in  the  country,  a  farcical  comedy 
entitled  '  The  Good  Old  Firm.' 

On  Monday  Mr.  Lewis  Waller  transferred 
from  the  Imperial  to  the  Lyric  '  Brigadier 
Gerard,'  with  an  unchanged  cast. 

'  Mmsr.MMKR  Fires  '  is  the  title  bestowed 
upon  an  English  rendering,  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
J.  T.  Grein,  of  Sudermann's  well-known  play 
'  Jobannisfeuer,'  which  is  the  latest  pro- 
duction of  the  Stage  Society.  Miss  Suzanne 
Sheldon  played  Marikke  ;  Mr.  Leslie  Faber, 
George  ;  Miss  May  Martyn,  Gertrude  ; 
and  Mrs-.  Calhaem,  Marikke's  gipsy  mother. 
The  action  in  English  proves  thin  and  diffuse. 

The  death,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
nine,  is  announced  from  Hamburg  of  the 
talented  dramatist  Fritz  Stavenhagen, 
whose  recent  appointment  as  "  Dramaturg  " 
to  the  Hamburg  Schillertheater  had  just 
marked  a  turning-point  in  a  life  of  struggle 
and  privation.  His  plays  '  Jiirgen  Piepers  ' 
and  'Der  ruge  Hoff'  were  very  successful;  his 
last,  '  Der  deutsche  Michel,'  the  performance 
of  which  be  did  not  live  to  see,  is  con- 
sidered a  great  advance  on  his  earlier  works. 


To  Correspondents.— J.  G.— W.  B.— H.  II.  J.— Received. 
W.  J.— Later. 
E.  F.— Many  thanks. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦ — 

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Authors' Agents       594 

Autotype  Company 594 

Ba(;ster  &  Sons         022 

Bell  &  sons 624 

Blackwood  &  Sons 622 

Cambridge  University  Press G8E 

Catalogues      594 

Constable  &  Co 596 

Duckworth  &  Co 621 

Educationai r>9:! 

Exhibitions      593 

GOBER  &  Son 596 

Harper  A  Brothers  r.97 

Hurst  A  Blackett 59s 

LONGMANS  it  CO 623 

Macmii.i.aN  .t  Co 598 

Magazines,  Ac 595 

Miscellaneous 593 

Murray 623 

Newspaper  AGENTS 594 

Notes  and  Queries 628 

NUTT  623 

Oxford  University  Press        598 

Sales  nv  auction      sm 

Situations  Vacant 

situations  Wanted 508 

smith,  Elder  a  Co ism 

Societies 593 

Stock         622 

Surgical  aid  society       622 

Type- writers 594 

Williams  &  NORGATX  620 


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Translated   from   the  New  thoi  ,nd   uiu<  h 

Cged  Edition,  with  Kp<            .  by  the  tulhor, 

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JESUS. 

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By    Prof.    H.     YYKINKK.     of    Jena. 

Translated    by  Ber.   G.   A.    KliM-MANN.    and 

Edited  by  Bev.  W.  D.  MORRISON,  LL.D. 

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such,  at  considerable  length,  and  traces  their  influence  through  their  followers.  Wilkie's  contemporaries  are  considered  separately  ;  and  the  rise  and  development  of  Northern  Land- 
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mythology,  like  Woden's  visit  to  the  abode  of  Hel ;  Brennns's  passage  of  the  Alps  :  the  Song  of  Sigor,  a  beautiful  version  of  the  myth  of  Crispin  and  Agygia,  which  we  should  have 
liked  to  (mote  in  full,  as  a  proof  of  Mr.  Doughty's  handling  of  an  idyllic  theme...  We  hope,  however,  that  enough  has  been  quoted  to  show  that  this  is  no  ordinary  poem,  such  as 
minor  bards,  endowed  with  fl  cultivated  taste  and  a  select  and  recondite  vocabulary,  could  write.  It  is  work  of  an  altogether  higher  order.  It  may  be  that  its  subject  and  manner 
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poem  could  have  equalled  this.  Of  its  great  movement  we  can  give  no  idea.  MALORY'S  largeness  and  unconsciousness.  DRAYTON'S  loving  and  ambitious  patriotism.  It  has  a 
pre-  Kapha elite  strangeness  and  truth  for  which  we  can  find  no  parallel  except  in  the  best  of  MO  It  ({ IS.     Variety,  dignity,  and  perfect  harmony.     A  noble  English  epic."—  Daily  Chronicle. 

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622 


Til  E     ATIIKXJKUM 


N   109  19.  1906 


NOTES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL    INDEXES. 


THE  FOLLOWING  ARE  still  IX 
STOCK:— 

£         8.        (1. 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES      ..330 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

SIXTH  SERIES  ..060 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES   ..060 


-GENERAL  INDEX, 
EIGHTH  SERIES 


0     6     0 


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Price  Six  Shillings. 

Contents: — 
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THE  KIDNAPPED  CHILDREN. 

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COMFORT,  Style,  and  Quality  in  Lest  Hand- 
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N°4099,  May  19,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


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THE  CLASSICAL  REVIEW. 

Vol.  XX. .  MAY,  100C.     No.  4.     Is.6c7.net. 

Contents. 
ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  :— 

Mvpnilovuv  IToAic.     T.  W.  ALLEN. 

The  Homeric  Apostrophe.     An  Explanation.     CAMP- 
BELL BONNER. 

Homer,  'Odyssey,'  xi.   423-420.     RACHEL  EVELYN 
WHITE. 

Aeschylus,  '  Agamemnon,'  709-71G.     W.  R.  PATON. 

Sophocles,  'Antigone,'  249  ff.,  and  the  Conclusion  of 
the  '  Septem  'of  Aeschylus.    T.  D.  S. 

Plato,    'Politicus,'    209    F.-270    A.       An    Allusion     to 
Zoroastrianism?    W.  J.  GOODRICH. 

Two  Passages  of  the  '  Republic'    H.  W.  GARROD. 

'Doric' Futures.     Aristophanes  and  Plato.     R.JOHN- 
SOX  WALKER. 

Horace,  'Odes,'  ii.  15,  1.  6.     E.  H.  ALTON. 
NOTES. 

REVIEWS:— 

Kleingiinther  on  Manilius.     ROBINSON  ELLIS. 
Schmalz-Kreb's  '  Antibarbarus.'     EMORY  B.  LEASE. 
Quantitative  Latin  Texts  for  Schools.     S.  E.  W. 
Sabbadini's  '  Finds  of  Latin  and  Greek  MSS.'  ALBERT 

C.  (LARK. 
Two  Philological  Books  from  the  Low  Countries.    P. 

GILES. 
Dougan's     'Tusculan     Disputations.'       ALBERT    C. 

CLARK. 

CORRESPONDENCE  :— 

Pronunciation  of  Latin  AE.     W.  F.  WITTON. 

Abbott's  '  Johannine  Grammar.'   EDWIN  A.  ABBOTT. 
REPORT  .— 

Proceedings  of  the  Oxford  Philological  Society.— Hilary 
Term,  1906.     F.  W.  HALL. 

VERSION:— 

From  Shakespeare  :   '  K.  John,'  Act  III.  sc.  iv.     J.  I. 
BEARE. 

ARCHAEOLOGY:— 

The  British  School  at  Rome. 

Audollent's  'Defixionum  Tabulae.'    W.  H.  D.  ROUSE. 

Monthly  Record.     F.  H.  MARSHALL. 

Archaeological  and    Numismatic  Summaries.      WAR- 
WICK WROTH. 

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(Eiliibtttons. 


EXHIBITION  of  PAINTINGS  by  ARTHUR 
STUDD  ami. I.  D.  FERGUSSON.  and  METAL  WORK  by  G. 
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OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 
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SHEPHERD  S  GALLERY,  27,  Kins  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

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proiriteni   Unstituttona. 

VTEWSVENDORS'  BENEVOLENT  AND 

i-l  PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 

Founded  1839. 

Funds  exceed  25.000Z. 

Office :  Memorial  Hall  Buildings,  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.O. 

Patron : 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EARL  OF  ROSEBERY.  K.G.  K.T. 

President : 

The   LORD   GLENESK. 

Treasurer : 

THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK.  LIMITED. 

A  Donation  of  Ten  Guineas  constitutes  a  Vice  President  and  gives 

three  votes  for  life  at  all  elections.     Each  Donation  of  Three  Guineas 

gives  a   vote  at  all  elections  for  life.     Every  Annual  Subscriber  is 

entitled  to  one  vote  at  all  elections  in  respect  of  each  Five  Shillings 

to  paid. 

MEMBERSHIP.-  Every   Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 

Kingdom,    whether    Publisher,     Wholesaler.    Retailer,    Employer,  or 

Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 

enjoy  its  benefits  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 

■Guineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 

Newspapers,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 

of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PENSIONS— The   Annuitants   now   number   Thirty-six,   the  men 

receiving  252.  :md  the  Women  20i.  ]>er  annum  each,  and  theyinelude  : — 

Tin-  "Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,''  which  was  established  in  1S87 

and  enlarged  in  1897,   1901,  and  1902,  perpetually  commemorates  the 

advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rule  of  Her  late 

■  ;  Queen  Victoria,  provides  Pensions  of  20..  a  year  each  for  Six 

\\  :.!..\\  s  of  Newsvcndors. 

Tb"  "  Francis  Fund    provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  251.,  and  One 

Woman  2<>l..  and  was  specially   subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 

is,  who  died  on   April  n,   188%  and  was  for  more  than  titty  years 

I  the  AthttHtum.     He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 

throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 

then  existing  "Taxes on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 

civs  ,-i  staunch  supporter  "f  this  Institution. 

'Mo  "  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Marshall.  The  employe*  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits,  but  this  privilege  not  having  been 
exercised  until  ltH)4.  the  General  Pensions  of  the  Institution  have  had 
the  full  benefit  arising  from  the  interest  on  this  investment  from  1887 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  261.  per  annum  for 

one    man;    and    was    established  in    1908  in   perpetual  and  grateful 

Mr.  Herbert   Lloyd,   who  was   a   generous   benefactor  of 

-titutir.il.  and  who dieo  May  12,  1899. 

The     "Hospital     Pensions"    consist    of    an    annual    contribution. 

whereby  sii  Henry  Charles  Burdett  and  bis  ■■•directors  generously 

enable  the  Committee  to  grant  201.  for  One  Year  to  a  Man,  under 

tons  laid  down  in  Rule  8c. 

W.  WILKIE  JONES.  Secretary. 


T 


HE    BOOKSELLERS'    PROVIDENT 

INSTITUTION. 

Founded  is..; 

Patron- HER  MAJESTY  QUEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

I  i 'aiiit.d.  .lo.oooi. 

A      UNIQUE      INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
inrf  man  or  woman  of  twenty  five  can  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
Guineas   or  its  equivalent  by  instalments),  and  obtain  the  right  to 
participate  in  the  following  advantages  :— 

Fll:  i    from  want  in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  as  need 

•  lists. 

Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Age. 
THIRD    Medical  Advice  by  emlneni  Physicians  and  Burgi 

RTH.  A  Cottage  In  the  Country  (Abbot*  Langley,  Hertford- 
shire! for  aged  Members,   with  garden  produce,  coal,  and    Ilea] 

1 1 ec,  in  nddil ion  to  an  annuity. 
FIFTH.  A  furnished  boose  in  the  mm*  Retreat  at  Abbot*  Langley 
for  the  use  of   Members  and  their  tamilies  for   holidays  or   during 
■  ii-  e. 
si  XTH.  A  contribution  towards  Funeral  expenses  when  it  is  ie 
BEVENTH.  All  these  are  available  not  fur  Heraben  only,  but  also 
it  wives  or  widows  and  young  ehlldren. 
HTH    The  payment  w  the  subscriptions  confers  an  absolute 


rijfht  i,,  t  hi  ge  bi  Bents  In  all 

pply 
J.  \  l:  \  Lit,  28,  Patcrnostet  Row,  E.C 


thcr  information  apply  to  the  Secretary    Ma.   GEORGE 


Iwturea. 


P  OY AL  INSTITUTION  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN, 

-LV  ALBEMARLE  STREET,  PICCADILLY,  W. 

TUESDAY  NEXT,  May  29,  at  5  o'clock,  Col.  V.  BALCK,  FIRST  of 
TWO  LECTURES  on  '  NORTHERN  WINTER  SPORTS.'  Haifa- 
Guinea  the  Course. 

SATURDAY,  dune  2,  at  :;  o'clock,  Prof.  W.  MACNEILE  DIXON, 
MA.  Litt.D.,  FIRST  of  TWO  LECTURES  on  111  THE  ORIGINS 
OF  POETRY.'    12)  'INSPIRATION  IN"  POETRY.'    Haifa-Guinea. 


(Ebucattonal. 


THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  date  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  or  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  held  on  JUNE  27.  28,  and  29,  to  fill 
VACANCIES  in  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  by  letter  to  the  BURSA  It,  The  Bursary,  Little  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster. 


u 


NIVERSITY       OF       DURHAM. 


An     EXAMINATION     for     ENTRANCE     SCHOLARSHIPS     in 
CLASSICS    and    THEOLOGY  will  be  held  in  JUNE,   commencing 
WEDNESDAY,  20th,  at  9  a.m.     Intending  Candidates  should  apply  to 
THE  MASTER  OF  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE; 
THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  BISHOP  HATFIELD'S  HALL;  or 
THE  CENSOR  OF  UNATTACHED  STUDENTS. 
CLASSICAL  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  OPEN  TO  WOMEN.    Intending 
Candidates  should  apply  to  THE  PRINCIPAL  OF  THE  WOMEN'S 
HOSTEL,  Palace  Green,  Durham. 


ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL,  WEST  KENSINGTON. 
—An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  above  school  on 
TUESDAY.  June  26,  1906,  and  on  the  following  da  vs.  for  FILLING 
UP  SEVERAL  VACANCIES  ON  THE  FOUNDATION.— Full  par- 
ticulars can  be  obtained  on  application  to  THE  BURSAR. 


D 


R    A    P    E   R    S'      COMPANY. 


SOLEY  SCHOLARSHIP  AND  EXHIBITION  FUND. 

The  DRAPERS'  COMPANY  will  shortly  award  SCHOLARSHIPS 
of  602.  per  annum  tenable  for  Two  or  Three  Years  at  some  place  of 
advanced  education,  for  the  study  of  Theoretical  or  Applied  Science, 
Art.  Medicine,  or  Law,  or  the  Degree  Examination  of  some  University 
in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  oil 
Sons  or  Grandsons,  between  Pi  and  is  years  of  age.  of  Freemen  of  the 
Drapers'  Company;  ifci  other  Boys  of  the  same  age.  The  Parent  or 
Guardian  of  every  Candidate  must  satisfy  the  Company  that  he  needs 
the  assistance  of  the  Scholarship  to  carry  on  his  education. 

The  Company  will  shortly  have  the  right  also  to  nominate  for  an 
Exhibition  of  7n/.  per  annum,  tenable  for  Three  Years  at  Kings 
College,  Cambridge,  a  Son  or  Grandson  of  a  Freeman  of  the  Company 
of  not  more  than  2n  years  of  age. 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application  to  the  CLERK 
To  THE  COMPANY,  Drapers'  Hall,  Throgmorton  Street,  E.C. 

pHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate 

two  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  251.  a  yeai  eai  b  are  offered  in  JUNE  to 
Students  entering  Cherwell  Hall  for  a  year's  training. 

Full  particulars  on  application 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  choice  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
nre  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS   GABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  ..f  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRINO.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations   Vacant. 

QUEEN'S  U  N  I   V   E  R  S  1  T  Y, 

KINGSTON,  CANADA. 
The  I  H  \n:  of  LATIN  is  VACANT. 
Sal  nv  92,000  <  W'i"  sterling). 

Applications,  with  thirty-five  conies  of  Testimonials,  should  be 
s.nt  (•>  Principal  Gordon,  care  of  Messrs.  .tames  MacLehose  A  Sons, 
61,  st.  Vincent  street.  Glasgow,  no)  later  than  JULY:  14, 


OF     BIRMINGHAM. 


(■TNI  V  E  R  S  I  T  i 

TWO  ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIPS  IN  MATHEMATICS 
The  COUNCIL  Invites  applications  for  the  above  appointments. 

per  annum  resin  ctively 
fLpplicationi    accompanied  by  Testimonials,  should  be  sen!  I 
undersigned,  not  latei  than  Tl  ESDA Y,  June  B,  1906. 

'I'h.  ■  elected  will  be  required  to  enter  upon  their  duties 

..n  OCTOBER  i.  Hm«. 
Further  partii  "ins  may  be  obtained  from 

GEO.  ll.  MORLEY,  Secretary. 

The  University,  Birmingham.  May.  1906. 


QT.    DAVID'S    COLLEGE,     LAMPETER. 

II  WANTED,  MATHEMATICAL  LECTUREH  iHonoui  and 
)■ ,  i  Work  I  Stipend  1601.  Capitation  Pee*  and  Rooms  Particulars 
from  Tiii:  PRIM  ini, 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
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York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


FRANCE.-The  ATHEN.EUM  can  be 
obtained  at  the  following  Railway  Stations 
in  France:— 

AMIENS,  ANTIBES,  BEAULIEU-SUR-MER.  BIARRITZ.  BOR- 
DEAUX, BOULOGNE,  CALAIS.  CANNES,  DIJON,  DUNKIRK, 
GENEVA,  GOLFE-JUAN,  HAVRE,  HYERES,  JUAN-LES-PIXS, 
LILLE,  LYON'S,  MARSEILLES.  MENTONE,  MONACO.  MONTE 
CARLO.  NANTES,  NICE.  PARIS  lEst,  Nord,  Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL.  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON,  248,  Rue  de  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
GALIGNANI  LIBRARY.  224.  Rue  de  Rivoli. 


KING'S        COLLEGE        SCHOOL, 
WIMBLEDON  COMMON. 
The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  ]>ost  of  HEAD  MASTER. 
—Applications  must  be  forwarded  not  later  than  JUNE  20  NEXT  to 
the  undersigned,  from  whom  copies  of  the  conditions  of  the  appoint- 
ment can  be  obtained.  WALTER  SMITH.  Secretary. 
King's  College,  Strand.  W.C. 


U 


THE  VICTORIA 

NIVERSITY      OF      MANCHESTER. 


The  COUNCIL  is  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
in  CLASSICS.  Stipend  130?.— For  detailed  conditions  applications 
should  be  made  to  the  REGISTRAR. 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  London  t, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The    COUNCIL   are    about    to    appoint    a    DEMONSTRATOR    in 
CHEMISTRY.— Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to   be    sent    ill   by 
JUNE  20  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 
HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
in  FRENCH,  who  shall  be  a  Woman  specially  qualified  in  Linguistics. 
Applications,   with  Testimonials,  to   be  sent  in  by  JUNE  20  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  he  obtained. 

HILDA  WALTON,  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  WOMAN  as  PHYSICAL 
INSTRUCTOR,  who  will  be  required  to  give  her  whole  time  to  her 
duties  in  the  College. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  20  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

1III. HA   WALTON.  Secretary. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


Folkestone  HIGHER   EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,   FOLKESTONE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 
at  the  above-named  SCHOOL.  Candidates  sin. old  be  qualified  to 
teach  FRENCH,  ('LASS  SINGING,  or  DRILL,  and  general  Form 
Subjects. 

Initial  Salary,  1001.  per  annum,  risine,  in  accordance  with  the  ''.'in 
mittec's  Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  7/.  108   for  the  first  Two  Years, 

then. >f  si,  to  a  maximum  ol   140!.  or  1501.,  according  to  Academic 
qualifications. 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr   T.  WILKINSON,  Radnor 
Chambers,  Cheriton  Place,  Folkestone,  to  whom  tbeymuBt  be  returned 
so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  June  16,  1906. 
(  aniassinc  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

l'.\  oi.iei  ,.f  tb.  Committee, 

PR  \s,  w.  crook.  Secretarj 

ll.  Bedford  Row.  London,  W.C.  May  23,  1906. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


BROMLEY  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  school  FOB  GIRLS,  BROMLEY. 

WANTED  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  at  the  above-named  SCHOOL 

(a]   \"   ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  MATHEMATICS 
Principal  Subject.      \  Graduate  in   Mathematics  will  be  preferred. 
Initial  Salary.  1002.  to  HOI.  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and 
experience ; 

iiit  An    assistant     MISTRESS    specially    qualified    to    teach 

NEEDLEWORK.     Initial  Salary,  801.  to  1001.  per  annul 

t..  qualification!  and  experience. 

Candidates  foi  elthet   post  should  state  fully  what  Supplemental1] 
Suhjei  i-  i  hej  i  an  offei 

in  ,-:,,  I,  case  the  salary  will  iise.  in  accordance  with  the  Com 
mittee's  Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  "I   10s.  foi  the  first  Two  I 
ii,,, i  i.x   ,-,;.  to  a  maximum  oi  1401.01    1501.  pel   annum,  according  t.. 
Academic  qualifications. 

Application   forms  will    be   supplied    by  Mr.   II     J.  WHARRIE, 
Education  Offii  es,  Bromley,  Ki  nt,  to  whom  tli.i  mu6t  ho  returned  so 
..li  him  not  latei  than  S  \  PURDAY,  June  ll 

Canvassing  will  Vh  a  disqualification. 

Bj  in. In  ,.l  Die  Commit 

ri:  \s  w  (Rook   - 
ii,  Bedford  Row,  London,  w  I     m  rj   u  1906. 

iOCRINGTON     MUNICIPAL    SECONDARY 

.  \  SCHOOL  VM>  PUPIL-TF  ll  IIEB  CENTRE  v\  \n  u:d.  for 
SEPTEMBER,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRE8S,  well  qualified  to  teach 
French  and  English  Ipplli  ints  must  lie  Graduates,  Balary  I0W„ 
hj  biennial  increments  ol  10)  to  1351.,  followed  by  non-automatic 
.  s|.,.. ml  recommendation  tpplication  Forms  to  be 
returned  not  later  (ban  JUNE  i  obtalnahli  from 

JXO    RHODES    -        I  nv. 


Til  E     ATI!  KN7KUM 


B 


OROl   i    ii 


n  !•' 


HA8LINU  Dl    \ 


Ml  NK'IPAI   -i  ■  ONDAR1  W  HO 
W  I  .  Kill    M1STI  I 

.    hi   l.|.  i.niitl  Hi'  irni.nl.  .,1    101    I 

1 

p i  urn 

n|    |nj     I.,     i 
:  i- .  id  i  •  <  ■  <n  i  in*  ii.l.itii.n 

position    must    tie  or    iioasaoe 

• 

Ail  I 
u  ii.'  rations,  e>  peril  ii.  .•.  mi. I  whan 

lih   ..I  tin.  <■  i.-i  ml  Tenti 
m  il  mil   1  .i.  i  than  Tl  E8DAY, 
M.i)  instant 

«  ILTER  Ml  -i.ltuVK.  T..V.M  Clerk 
Muni  U  IBM 

I    EICESTER  MUNICIPAL  SCHOOL  OF  ART- 


II.  Id  M  ■-!■  i      Mi     B    3    FLETCHER. 
-i  1 1  \  i  IORS  I  LOAHT. 
Tin  committee  Invite  applications  f..r  tin  bUowini  \- 

BEI  "Mi  M  L8TSR. 

To  teach  Design,  :in.l  to  take   pari  in   the  general  organ  i 
and  carrying  out  ol  the  s.  boot's  \v..ik 

Tli.-  run. li. int.-  must  i«-   i  capable  Draughtsman  and  Teachi  i 
strong  in  Building  Design,  or  one  •■(  the  .  raft*  connected  with  build- 
lag     in  addition,  the  Person  appointed  will  be  required  to  continue 
in-  practice  of  the  Work  in  which  be  specialises  in  h  Btudlo- Workroom 
provided  fot  tin'  purpose.    Comment  Ing  Bnlary,  'J-<i(. 
ASSISTANT  TE.U  111  I:- 

TWO  L88I8TANTB,  Male  or  Female,  an  required  tn  teach  Drawing 
and  Fainting  from  plant  f..rm  and  natural  object*,  and  to  give  instruc 
tion  in  pome  Elementary  Craft  Work.  Candidates  moat  be  vtn.iik'  and 
sympathetic  Dranghtamen  and  tamable  Teachers,  one  oi  the  above 
Asautanta  will  be  required  to  give  about  21  houn  par  weak  to  actual 
Teachlngand  Preparation,  at  a  Balarj  »>f  IftOi.  perannum.  The  other 
A"i-i  int  «ill  be  required  togire  about  m  boon  par  week,  :it  ■  Balarj 
of  too'.  iHT  annum. 

Preference  will   be   given,   capabilitiea  in   Draughtsmanship  and 
bing  being  equal,  t.>  those  Candidates  who  practice  Bomepar- 
ti.  ular  art  or  artistic  crafl . 

The  Persons  appointed  will  be  required  to  oontinue  the  practice  of 
the  work  in  which  they  specialize,  and  to  commence  their  Duties  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

Applications  mual  be  asnt  in  not  later  than  HAY  SO  inst.,  on  Forms 
obtainable  (with  further  particulars)  from 

T.  GROVES,  Secretary. 

Bducation  Offices,  Town  Hall.  Leicester,  Mays,  i»os. 


Y 


0  R  K 


PUBLIC 


LIBRARY. 


An  ASSISTANT  WANTED.  Previous  experience  in  a  Free 
Library,  and  a  good  knowledge  of  Books  and  of  Cataloguing,  essential. 
Salary  782. — Applications,  stating  age,  4c,  accompanied  by  copies  of 
not  more  than  three  Testimonials,  must  be  delivered  not  later  than 
the  morning  of  TUESDAY,  dune  s.  to 

ARTHUR  H.  FURNISH,  City  Librarian. 

Clifford  Street.  York.  May,  1900. 

A    PUBLISHER  REQUIRES  the  EXCLUSIVE 

XTl  SERVICES  of  a  GENTLEMAN  of  influence  and  experience 
to  undertake  the  amies  of  LITERARY  ADVISER,  READER,  and 
BOOK  EDITOR.  Salary  3001.  Age  under  40.— Send  full  particulars, 
in  confidence,  to  .1.  A.  M.,  44,  Chancery  Lane,  W.O. 

OHORTHAND-TYPIST.— LONDON     PUB- 

k_7    LISHER  requires  tin  services  of  a  competent,  speedy  Writer  as 
Lady  acquainted  with  Publishing  technicalities  and  of  good 
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Athen.ium  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


TOINE-ART     SALESMAN     REQUIRED    AT 
JL     ONCE.    Yi. uns.  energetic,  well  educated,  and  of  good  address, 

with   first  rate  references.— Address,  with   full  particulars,  bv  letter 
THE  KINK  -ART  SOCIETY,  148,  New  Bond  Street. 


Situations   Wtantth. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
MSB.  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling,  Indexing. 
Researches  at  the  British  Museum,  Ac.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  of  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature. —ERNEST  A. 
VIZETELLY,  46,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  W.O. 


A 


N    active    YOUNG     MAN     (23)     requires 

— -^  SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLERS  ASSIS- 
TANT. Can  supply  good  references.— T.,  Box  1070,  Athentcum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  lane,  E.C. 

AS  COURIER,  GUIDE,  or  TRAVELLING 
-£~\.  COMPANION.  —  Accomplished  ENGLISH  LADY,  speaking 
French,  German,  and  Italian,  seeks  RE-ENOAGEMENT.  Capable 
and  experienced  Organizer,  Musical,  bright,  companionable.  Excel 
but  references  in  Eon. Ion.  Paris,  *c.— Miss  EDWARDS,  care  of  The 
Ladies  Guild,  10,  Gi-ergu  Street.  Hanover  Square,  W.  Telephone, 
8008  Gerrard. 


TRANSLATION,  Revision,  Research,  Reviewing, 
Indexing.  Encyclopaedic  Articles,  and  other  Literary  Work,  or 
Non-Resident  Secretaryship,  classics.  French,  German,  Italian, 
Spanish,  Anglo-Saxon.  Special  subjects :  Mythology  and  Literature 
Varied  experience.  Moderate  terms. — Miss  SELBY,  fig,  Talbot  Road,  W. 

SEARCHES  al  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch.  German  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.— J.  A.  Randolph,  v>h, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  B.W. 


I  ITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at  the 

LJ  British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  terms.  Excellent 
Testimonials.— A.B.,  Box  1062,  Ataanasum  Press,  i.;.  Bream's  buildings 
Chancery  Lane.  B.C. 


iHisrrllntuous. 

OXFORD    MAN,    many  yens"    experience,    just 
returned  from  Foreign  Dniversity  Professorial  Work,  wishes  to 
JOIN   COUNTRY   CLERGYMAN    or    LITERARY     MAN.      Wife 
excellent  manager;  Musical.— P,   ii.,  care  of  Everett  A  Sou    Ltd 
Salisbury  Square,  London,  i:  I 


rpo   AUTHORS    and    1'1'IM.ISIII  l:-      A 


11- 


1"j    \i   inor.s    and    fl  I'.i.imi  i-.kn.     a    w< 
Vii..~  ■,    i    IMBRIDGK     M»N      M    *       i-     open     t..     ADYIBE 

IOKN     It.  ll.    I  u|ij   ..i    l-i.-  ,  -Ad.llr.. 

Ml..  Iir Pi. 

Mss.    iii    most    Branohet    of    Literature  <  ON 
BIDI  RED    foi    PUBLICATION    by    well    known    LONDON 
PUBLISHER  .,ii  »i-.  i.,l  leruu  oi    Purchased  out  with 

full    poll,  ulai  -.    ROOKS,    Boi     in-.    Ml,.  . 
limb line-   i  I.  in. .  i 

UIK)l:'l  ll.WD.        l'l:|\  \|  i:    »i.<  1:1   I  '  1:11  E8. 

O    ■prclally  trained  In  f  a  illain,  and  all 

.Into-    Ladles  and  Gentlemen  of  good  familv  and  superior  edui 

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BUI  I  i-n   -i  HOOLS  m  COMMERI  E   foi  the  Nobilitj 
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s.  i  Tripoal,  Ki,  Comluit  street,  Bond  Btreet,  London,  W 

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TEE  CO-OPERATIVE  TV PE-WRITER8,  Ltd. 
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A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  S  TORIES,  PLAYS, 

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MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Accountant  and 
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Full  particulars  from 
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Cataloguta. 

TUST  PUBLISHED,  THE  INTERNATIONAL 

*'       BOOK  CIRCULAR.  No.    142,  containing   a   Clamlfled    List    of 
NEW  and  numerous  valuable  SECOND-HAND  BOOKS.     Specimen 

Kiatis.-\\  ILLIAMS    k    NORGATE,    Book    [mporteiB,    14    Henrietta 

Btreet,  Covenl  Garden.  W.O. 


BOOKS.  —All   OUT-OF-PRINT   and    RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  The  most  expert  Ro..kfin.lcr 

extant.  Please  stntewants  and  ask  for  CATALOGUE  I  make  a  -pc.  ial 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Hooks  for  others  selected  from  niv 
various  Li-ts.  Siwiinl  Li^t  of  4,000  H.~.ks  1  particularly  want  imst  free". 
—  EDW.  BAKER'SGreat  Roekshoii.  14-16,  John  Bright  Btreet, Birming- 
ham.   Oscar  Wilde's  Poems.  Da.,  for  8a  ikf.  [only  u-w  Issued). 


HH.  PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,  Leioester, 
.  issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS  and  HARK  BOOKSpost  free 
to  Book  Collectors.  No.  17  includes  MS.  Testament  from  Evesham, 
and  other  MSS.— Early  Printing— Gowit,  Confcssio  Amantis.  1.S.VI.  4c. 


X    »00,  Ma.   .''I,  1906 


06 


LBIOHTO n 
I  LLU81  RA1  ED    CATALOGUE     i    EARLY 

1    PRIMTEDan  I.  then  IN7I .1:1  .   :1TH. 

«i„l  HINDI 
■  1  1.1  I-  >  •  j:  BALI  1  \ 
J.  4  .1    ll  11.11  |.,n  iderj  Kqnan 

Kith  ui.»Bidi  of  \.XX>  Rrjirvductioiia 
iiiillc 
Bound   in   art  cloth,   jrilt   toi«.   as..  :    ludf  nioru™,   wilt   Vu\».   X«, 
I*art  X  lllu»tr»liotu. 

■ 

FIRST  EDITIONS    of    MODERN    AUTHORS, 
IlK-lll 

IraUsl  Ii)  O  mil   It  Th* 

1 
l.i  .1,1   1 
WAL'l 


CATALOGUE  No.    45.     D  I    _M.»Miigs, 

and  Hooks    in.  lu.l 

Plat's  of    Till  I, .1  ■    1.1  |;|    i 

Ruskin,  &•      Po  I  IRD,  -   <  I. 

Hi.  line. ii. I   Surri ■>. 

READERS  and  COLLECTORS  will  find  it  t« 
their    advantage    to    writ<     fw    .1      BALDWIN'S    MOM  HI. Y 
i    ITALOGI  I    -  I  SECOND-HAND  IWMiKH,  wnt  i--t  free  ■  n  >ll4iea- 
tion      I'^«jk«    in    all    Branrbes  of    Literature.    Genuine    haraaiu*  in 
I  Irst  Editions.     Koolu-  M-nt  on  approval  if  drvired.— 
Address,  u.  Osbome  Road,  Leyton,  Ei>»ex. 

TUST    PUBLISHED.     B.    H.    BLACKWE1 

*'       MONTHLY    LIST    -I    SECOND  HAM  I   I    M'RII, 

containing   Englisl  Part  I.     Addison  to  L 

Biography.  Natural  History,  8]  n 

Also  MONTHLY  LIST  of  NEW  BOOK£  Ei  glu-h  and  Foreign! 
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upwards  of  a  Century. 

Books:      books;     books* 
GREAT  VARIETY.  LOW  PR*      - 

PUBLISHER?      REMAINDElt       STo<   K- 
I  Ibrnprisfalg  all  kinds  of  Literature. 
ALL  BOOKS  IN  NEW  CONDITION  AS  WHEN   PUBLISHED. 
FREOUENT  CATALOGUES.    Write  or  calL 
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Remainder  and  Discount  Bookt.eller.36S,  High  Holbom.  London. 

£25  000  J  am  prepared    '      PURCHASE 

o^iH/,WO.  to   thi(    :llll(„lllt     f,ir    .,    „e.,pi 

forming  Collection,  fine  SPECIMENS  of  OLD  SEVRES.  Dresden,  or 
Oriental  China,  Figures,  Groups  I'tue  Bronte  Fiirui 

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M' 


Hairs  btj  JUtrttDit. 

Engrnwm 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HOI x;E 

i->L     will  SELL  bj   Al<  TION,  at  their  House.  No.  l.t.  Wellington 
Street.    Strand,  W.C.,    on    MONDA1      M  n    SS,   and  Two   Foil 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  EN'GR  \\  ING8  Framed  and  in  the  Port- 
folio', comprising  Mezzotint  and  other  Portraits,  after  Sir  .'.  Reynolds. 
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celebrated   old   Masters  — Fancy   Subjects  of    the    English    School, 
including  a  Collection  of  Bngravina  after  H.  Bunfaary.  many  in  fine 
proof  stati — Modern  Etchings,  by  .'.  M.  Whistler.  Seymour  Haden, 
Meryon,   D    V   Cameron,  and  others— Scrap-Books,  containing 
lections  of  Portnit*.  kc,  some  relating  to  America     Early  Eru 
Portraits,  by  Elstrackc.  S    Pass,  TA    Faithome,  W.  Hollar  b      Draw- 
ings  in   Water  Colours,   and   S   few    Miniatures,   by    It.   Collins    and 
ot  tiers. 

May  be  \ie«isl      Cataluguea  may  lie  had. 


The  CoUution  ■<>  Book- Plates  (tx-IAbrm)  of  the  latt 
JULIAS  MARSHALL,   I 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 
will  SELL  b\    AUCTION    bv  order  of  the  Executors).  a<  their 
House,     No.     13,  Wellington    Street.    Strand.    W.c  .   on    MONDAY, 
May  'JS.  and  Three  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  well- 
known  extensive    and    valuable  COLLECTION    of    Rook  PI 
lex-Librta)  of  the  late  JULIAN  MARSHALL,  Esq..  Relsiic  A' 
N  W. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior,    catalogue-  price  lis.  each)  maybe  had. 

Drawings,  tim property  of  a  ttrli-hioirn  CMfeotar. 
ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  4  HODGE 

will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No  1  :.  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.c.  on  THURSDAY.  May  M,  at  1  o'clock  pr. 
DRAWINGS,  Framed  and  in  the  Portfolio,  including  many  from 
Famous  Collections,  the  Property  of  a  well  known  COLLECTOR  ;  »ls» 
Original  Drawings  by  T  Stothard,  Drawings  by  old  Masters,  4c:  and 
■  few  Engravings  and  Etchings. 

May  K"  vieweil  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 


M 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


627 


Bare  and  valuable  Books,  including  a  Selection,  the  Property 
of  the  late  JOHN  LIN  NELL,  Esq.,  Jun.,  removed  from 
Redhill  (by  order  of  the  Executors). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms.  115,  Chancery  Lane.  W.C.,  on 
MONDAY,  TUESDAY,  and  THURSDAY,  May  28,  29,  and  31,  at 
1  o'clock,  RARE  and  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  comprising  Hoare's 
History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Wiltshire,  8  vols.— Macleay's  Coloured 
Portraits  of  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  2  vols.— handsome  Folio 
Books  of  Engravings— a  fine  Set  of  the  Art  Journal  from  the  Com- 
mencement in  1839  to  1903— Bury' a  Views  on  the  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester Railway,  and  other  Books  with  Coloured  Plates— Two 
Fifteenth-Century  Hora?,  on  vellum,  with  Miniatures  —  Higden's 
Polychronicon,  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  1495—  scarce  Books  in  Early 
English  Literature— Seventeenth-Century  Tracts  and  Pamphlets— 
Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy,  First  Editions  of  Vols.  III. -IX..  1761-7.  in 
the  Original  Wrappers,  uncut— *are  Americana — Five  Autograph 
Letters  from  Lord  Nelson— Blake's  Poetical  Sketches,  First  Edition. 
1783,  Illustrations  of  the  Book  of  Job,  1*26,  and  others  by  or  relating 
to  the  same,  the  Property  of  the  late  JOHN  LINNELL.  Esq.,  Jun.  ; 
Lamb's  Elia,  1823,  and  other  First  Editions  of  Swift,  Carlyle,  &c— 
Issues  from  the  Vale,  Doves,  and  otker  Modern  Presses  —  Burton's 
Arabian  Nights,  Original  Edition,  1G  vols.— Library  Editions  of  the 
Works  or  Historical  Writings  of  Spenser,  Milton.  Landor,  Freeman, 
Lecky,  Ranke,  Prcscott.  Oreville,  and  others— Audubon's  Quadrupeds 
of  America,  3  vols.— Seebohm's  British  Birds,  4  vols.,  and  others 
similar— Series  of  Notes  and  Queries,  The  Athena;um,  Geographical 
Society's  Journal,  &c. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

British  Lepidoptera. 
TUESDAY  NEXT,  at  1  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C.,  the 
COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTKRA  formed  by  the  late  Rev. 
JOSEPH  GREENE.  MA.  F.E.S  Author  of  'The  Insect  Hunter's 
Companion';  also  the  small  COLLECTION  formed  by  the  late  J.  A. 
HELPS,  Esq.,  together  with  the  Mahogany  Cabinets,  4c,  in  which 
they.are  contained. 

On  view  day  prior  10  till  4  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

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Street,  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C.,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  —  Telescopes  — Theodolites- 
Levels — Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments — Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
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On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 

Valuable  Books,  including  a  Library  removed  from  the 
North  of  England. 

ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON   will  SELL 


M 


by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
WEDNESDAY,  June  6,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past  1 
o'clock  precisely,  valuable  BOOKS,  including  Gray's  Elegy,  First 
Edition,  1751— Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  2  vols..  First  Edition, 
1  Tim— Gould's  Birds  of  Great  Britain,  5  vols.— Fine  Examples  of  Early 
Printing  —  Works  on  Costume  —  a  Presentation  Volume  from 
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Shakespeare's  Plays,  and  other  important  items, 

MESSRS  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  &  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,   May  28,  RHODIAN,  EARLY 

PERSIAN,  and  other  FAIENCE,  the  Property  of  Mrs.  CHARLES 
ClUTi'HETT. 

On     TUESDAY,     May     29,     ENGRAVINGS 

AFTER  MEISSoNIER.  and  of  the  EARLY  ENGLISH  SCHOOL. 

On    WEDNESDAY,    May    30,    PORCELAIN, 

OBJ  El  TS  OF  ART,  DECORATIVE  FURNITURE,  and  TAPESTRY. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  May  30,  valuable  BOOKS 

of    JULIAN     SENIOR,    Esq.,    deceased,    and    THOMAS     HOADE 
WOODS 

On  THURSDAY,   May  31,   OLD  PICTURES, 

the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN. 


^agasiius,    &r. 


THE  BUILDER  (founded  1842),  Catherine  Street, 
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THROUGH  INDIA  WITH 
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With  many  Illustrations.        Demy  8to,  12s.  W.  net. 


SIR     JOSHUA     FITCH. 

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and  in  the  Elizabethan  Drama. 

By    J.     A.     DE    ROTHSCHILD, 

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Crown  8vo,  5*.  net. 

THE  JENEID  OF  VIRGIL. 

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By  the  late  Major-General  Sir  CHARLES  W.  WILSON, 
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if  tcukiew'CZ   is    best    known    to   English   readers   as   the   author   of  the 

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Illustrations  and  Maps.      Demy  Svo.  _M-.  net, 

GREAT    BRITAIN. 

FISHING  IN  SCOTLAND. 

By  PHILIP  GEEN.     A  companion  volume  bo 

'  Fishing  in  Ireland.'     Illustrated     S&  titL  net. 

BY  MOOR  AND  FELL. 

Landscape  and  Lang-Settle  Talk 

in  West  Yorkshire. 

By  BALLIWELL  SUTCLIFFE.   Illustrated. 

Seoond  Edition.     Crown  S\ 

CONWAY  AND  COOLIDGE'S 
CLIMBERS     GUIDES. 

Edited  by  Sir  WILLIAM  M.  OONWAY  and 
the  Rev.  W.  A  B  OOOLIDGE,     32mo,  cloth, 

Rls.  each. 

List  o/tit/i.<  .  ■<  njiplkaiion. 

T.  FISHER  UNWIN,  I,  Adelpbi  Terrace,  London. 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


629 


SATURDAY,  MAY  M,  1906. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
629 

630 
031 
633 


A  History  ok  English  Prosody 

Mr.  Bodley  ox  the  Church  in  France 

The  Complete  Cricketer 

The  Egyptian  Heaven  and  Hell 

New  Novels  (Ring  in  the  New ;  The  Mystery  of  a 
Motor-Car ;  In  Subjection  ;  Tracks  in  the  Snow  ; 
Beyond  the  Rocks  ;  Richard  Baldock  ;  The  Magic 
Island  ;  Criniinel  ?) 633—634 

Travel 634 

Glides 636 

Ocr  Library  Table  (Sidelights  on  the  Home  Rale 
Movement ;  Joseph  Chamberlain,  an  Honest  Bio- 
graphy ;  The  Jottings  of  an  Old  Solicitor  ;  Two 
French  Books  on  the  Religious  Crisis  ;  Essays  in 
the  Making  ;  New  Editions) 638—639 

List  or  New  Books 639 

Henry  Gocgh  ;  Unpublished  Letters  of  Charles 
Lamb;  The  Birth-Year  ok  Henry  V.;  'A 
History  ok  Modern  Liberty'       ..        ..      639—640 

Literary  Gossip        640 

Science— Research  Notes;  Societies;  Meetings 
Next  Week  ;   Gossip 642—643 

Fine  Arts— Drawings  at  Messrs.  Paterson's  ; 
The  Royal  Academy ;  Sales;  Gossip   ..     643—644 

Music— Schumann  Festival  at  Bonn;  Gossip; 
Performances  Next  Week 645—646 

Drama— Boy  O'Cakkoll;  The  Lonely  Million- 
aires; Othello;  Shore  Acres;  Hazi.itt's 
View  ok  the  English  Stage;  Henrik  Ibsen; 
Gossip  646—648 

Index  to  Advertisers       . .        648 


LITERATURE 


A  History  of  English  Prosody  from  the 
Twelfth  Century  to  the  Present  Day. 
By  George  Saintsbury.— Vol.  I.  From 
the  Origins  to  Spenser.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.) 

If  any  one  doubts  whether  the  writer  of 
this  book  was  the  right  person  to  under- 
take so  difficult  and  contentious  a  task, 
he  has  only  to  read  the  latter  part  of 
note  1  on  p.  561.  "  It  is  inexpressible," 
says  this  note, 

"  what  a  joy  the  first  occurrence  of  such 
rhythms  as  '  Vi  |  kel  and  frak  |  el  and  wok  | 
and  les,'  of  such  an  internal  rhyme  as  '  Under 
molde  hi  liggeth  colde,'  gives  one.  The  very 
bones  of  an  Englishman  under  the  cold 
mould  itself  ought  to  start  and  tremble  at 
the  hearing  of  them." 

From  this  passion  for  form,  from  this 
energy  of  sympathy  to  which  the  forms 
of  the  twelfth  century  are  as  vital  as  the 
poetry  of  the  twentieth,  nothing  in  the 
whole  history  of  versification  can  escape  ; 
there  will  be,  one  realizes,  no  dry  or  dead 
page  in  a  book  written  by  so  ardent  a 
lover  of  what  to  most  people,  and  even 
to  most  scholars,  is  a  dry  or  dead  subject. 
And  the  very  defects,  as  a  critic,  of  one  to 
whom  ideas  are  so  much  less  interesting 
than  literature,  will  be  found  actually 
aiding  in  a  task  concerned  with  things  so 
abstract  and  so  definite  at  once  as  the 
vehicle  and  vesture  of  the  finer  part  of 
literature,  poetry.  In  the  preface  to  the 
second  volume  of  his  'History  of  Criti- 
cism,' Prof.  Saintsbury  defended  himself 
against  a  critic  who  had  objected  to  him 
that  he  "  treated  literature  as  something 
by  itself."  His  defence  was  "  to  admit 
the  impeachment,  and  to  declare  thai 
this  is  the  very  postulate  of  my  book." 
And  he  lamented  that,  after  all,  literature 


could  not  be  "  absolutely  isolated."  Here, 
then,  is  part  of  the  material  and  sub- 
stance of  literature  which  is,  in  the  full 
sense,  "  something  by  itself,"  which  can 
be  "  absolutely  isolated."  The  critic  who 
has  never  been  entirely  satisfying  when 
he  dealt  with  literature  finds  himself  at 
last  face  to  face  with  a  subject  "  made  to 
his  hand."  The  result,  so  far  as  the  first 
volume  allows  us  to  judge  of  it,  is  a  thing 
complete  and  convincing  beyond  any 
former  work  from  the  same  hand.  "Hardly 
any  one,  who  takes  a  sufficient  interest  in 
prosody  to  induce  him  to  read  this  book  " 
(how  many  of  such  readers  are  there, 
among  those  who  "  read  verse,  and  think 
they  understand  "  ?),  will  fail  to  find  it 
absorbing,  and  even  entertaining,  as  only 
one  other  book  on  the  subject  of  versifica- 
tion is  :  the  '  Petit  Traite  de  Poesie 
Francaise  '  of  Theodore  de  Banville. 

Banville  was  a  poet,  and  there  is  some 
excuse  for  thinking  that  a  poet  has  the 
first  claim  to  be  heard  on  any  subject 
connected  with  poetry.  In  English, 
Coventry  Patmore  and  Mr.  Bridges  have 
written  invaluable  fragments  on  versifica- 
tion ;  but  they  have  written  only  fragments, 
and  each  has  been  to  some  extent  engaged 
in  defending  his  own  practice  as  a  poet. 
Mr.  Saintsbury  comes  forward  with  no 
better  authority  than  that  of  being  a 
Professor  of  Rhetoric,  confessing  that  he 
has  been  "  a  little  helped,  but  more 
hindered,  by  his  earlier  professional  duties 
as  a  critic  and  journalist."  But  at  least 
he  sets  out  with  no  game  of  his  own  to 
play,  and  at  least  he  gives  us  all  the  facts 
on  which  he  has  formed  his  opinions,  with 
fair  leave  to  dispute  them  where  we  can. 
Above  all,  he  gives  them  chronologically, 
a  treatment  in  which  apparent  lack  of 
system  is  a  practical  gain  in  method,  for 
it  allows  us  to  see  language  and  versifica- 
tion growing  together.  So  disinterested 
and  consecutive  an  examination  of  the 
whole  subject  has  not  previously  been 
supplied  ;  and  it  is  further  to  be  noted 
that  the  examination  sets  out  from  the 
only  proper  starting-point,  that  of  the 
examiner  fully  conscious  of  "  the  main 
business  of  the  poet,  which  is  to  get 
poetical  music  out  of  the  language  which 
he  uses." 

One  of  the  main  qualities  of  Prof. 
Saintsbury's  book  is  what  may  be  called 
its  practicalness.  "  In  this  book,"  he 
says,  with  something  of  customary  petu- 
lance, but  truly,  "  we  do  not  rope-dance, 
but  keep  to  solid  paths,  and  where  the 
paths  are  not  solid  we  do  not  care  to  walk." 
Questions  of  abstract  theory  are  brushed 
aside  with  perhaps  unnecessary  contempt ; 
but,  as  these  are  questions  which  have 
been  already  sufficiently  dealt  with  by 
others,  does  this  very  much  matter  ?  The 
main  value  of  the  book  is  that  it  is  a  firm 
denial,  and,  as  it  seems  to  us,  complete 
disproof,  of  "  the  error  that  the  prosody 
of  English  is  a  fixed  syllabic  prosody." 
It  is  on  this  error  that  the  great  practical 
heresy  of  the  eighteenth  century  founded 
itself  ;  it  is  on  this  error  that  theorists, 
to  this  very  day,  base  their  condemnation 

of  precisely  what  is  most  characteristic  in 

English      versification.      Where     English 


versification  differs  from,  for  example, 
French,  is  in  the  fact  that  its  liberty  to 
vary  the  time  of  its  cadences,  either  by  a 
pause  equivalent  to  two  syllables  (or  one 
foot)  or  by  the  substitution  of  three  for 
two  syllables  in  a  foot,  is  really  liberty, 
and  not  licence — that  it  is  freedom  under 
the  law,  and  not  the  freedom  of  an 
outlaw.  We  discover  here  the  metre 
of  English  poetry  arising,  not  in  a  direct 
evolution  from  the  alliterative  measure 
of  Anglo-Saxon  "  recitative,"  nor  yet 
from  the  Latin  and  French  systems  of 
prosody,  "  the  rhythm  of  the  foreigner," 
but  from  the  contest  and  gradual  co- 
alescence of  the  two,  in  a  form  which  is 
to  be  seen  struggling  into  existence  as 
early  as  the  twelfth  century,  and  which 
is  to  be  found  still  in  existence,  without 
radical  change,  at  the  present  day. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  book — 
for  it  is  the  foundation  of  the  whole  scheme 
— is  the  detailed  and  unprejudiced  exami- 
nation of  the  earliest  known  fragments  of 
English  (as  distinguished  from  Anglo- 
Saxon)  poetry,  beginning  with  the  Canute 
song  of  1167  and  the  St.  Godric  fragments 
of  1170.  In  these  Prof.  Saintsbury  shows 
the  emergence  of  the  "  foot,"  or  the 
"  two  classes  of  sound- values,"  "  longs 
and  shorts," 

"  the  juxtaposition  of  wThich,  on  no  matter 
what  system,  constitutes  what  most  people 
call  poetry,  and  what  all  who  use  the  terms 
call  rhythmical  and  metrical  writings." 

He  shows  that  no  such  juxtaposition  of 
sound-values  is  to  be  found  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  alliterative  verse,  while  it  is  common 
to  the  verse  of  every  other  European 
language.  And  his  contention  is  that 
the  special  characteristic  of  English  verse, 
that  unparalleled  union  of  strict  measure 
with  legalized  freedom  within  that 
measure,  is  due  to  the  gradual,  partly 
unconscious  and  partly  conscious,  "  im- 
posing of  the  mould  of  metre — of  regular 
rhythm — on  the  loose  and  shifting  cadences 
of  Anglo-Saxon  poetry."  He  tells  us,  at 
the  first, 

"  not  so  much  the  story  of  men  who  are 
deliberately  endeavouring  to  conform  to  a 
particular  prosodic  system  as  that  of  men 
who  are  writing  with  tw7o  entirely  different 
systems  in  their  ears  and  before  their  eyes  ; 
who  have  lost  complete  executive  grasp  of 
the  older  ;  w*ho  have  not  gained  complete 
executive  grasp  of  the  younger  ;  but  who 
exemplify  the  one,  then  the  other,  accordingly 
as  the  respective  tendency  is  uppermost." 

He  shows  us  how 

"  there  was  something  in  the  English  genius 
which  held  it  back  from,  which  disenclined 
it  to,  the  regular  syllabic  uniformity  of 
French," 

and  how 

"  clearly  something  had  survived  from  the 
old  versicular  prosody  which  the  national 
ear,  modified  as  it  had  been,  was  not  pre- 
pared to  abandon.  And  this  something, 
as  the  patient  examination  of  the  facts  should 
clearly  show,  was  the  preference  Of  appa- 
rently, though  by  no  means  really,  irregular 
length  of  time  t<>  the  cast  iron  uniformity  of 
1  he  French,  and  to  some  extent  of  Low  Latin 
likewise.  This  might  be  done  by  omission 
of  syllables,  or  even  of  whole  feet   (anacrusis 

and  eatalexis)  at   tin-  beginning  or  end  of 

lines,  or  it  might  be  done  by  the  substitution 


Til  E    ATI!  ENiEUlfl 


N*4100,  Mai  20,  1906 


Of    t  risj  ll.-iluc,    or    in    s .•    ciiscm    8VtO    uppu- 

nrid\  monosyllabic,  feel  for  disyllabic.' 
Anil    he   shows    00,    U    the    1 1  <  >  i  in .    not    llir 

exception,    of    English    versification,    the 

v     met  re     of    ( 'oleridge's     '  ( 'hristahel,' 

five  hundred  yean  before  its  time,  in  the 
thirteenths lentoi v  poem  of  'Genesis  and 
ESxoduB.' 

What  is  essential  in  t  liis  argument,  where 
it  differs  from  theories  like  Guest's  and 
like  that   of   Prof.  Bkeat,  is  summed  up 

in  this  sentence  : — 

■  The  differences  of  Engli  •  ol  looo 

and  English  verse  of  1  .'><•(»  an-  diffi  rences 
of  nature  and  kind  :  the  dilTerenees  of 
l-aiL-hsh    verse    of    l.'ino    and    1900    ar<-    mere 

differences  <>t  praetioe  and  accomplishment 
And  this  difference  is  the  substitution, 
"  for  prosody  by  versiclee  with  accent,  but 
without  appreciable  metrical  rhythm  of  the 

moilern  kind,  of  a  prosody  by  'feet  '  with 
rhyme,  arranged  on  a  distinct  and  inter- 
changeable- system." 

In  his  explanation  of  these  changes,  and 
of  the  whole  development,  Prof.  Saints- 
bury  contends — very  plausibly,  as  we 
think — that  his  own  division  by  feet  rather 
than  by  section  or  by  accent  is  a  difference 
"  real,  vital,  irreconcilable,"  and  that, 
"  historically  and  logicallj-,  the  foot-division 
will  give  a  coherent,  a  consistent,  and  a  con- 
tinuous explanation  of  English  metrical 
prosody,  while  the  accent-division  will  not." 

It  may,  after  all,  be  questioned  whether 
the  theories  of  accent  and  of  feet  are  so 
wholly  irreconcilable  as  Prof.  Saintsbury 
wishes  to  think  ;  where,  however,  his 
system  avoids  a  danger  of  the  other, 
is  in  its  wise  refusal  to  consider  any 
one  syllable  by  itself.  This  denial  of 
the  separate  and  distinguishable  metrical 
existence  of  single  syllables,  apart  from 
their  context,  the  necessity  of  scanning 
not  by  syllables,  but  by  groups  of  syllables, 
has  already  been  emphasized  with  good 
effect  in  a  book  not  always  in  agreement 
with  this  one  :  Mr.  Rudmose-Brown's 
'  Etude  comparee  de  la  Versification 
Francaise  et  de  la  Versification  Anglaise,' 
reviewed  in  The  Athenaeum  of  Septem- 
ber 16th,  1905. 

It  is  on  this  foundation,  then,  that 
Prof.  Saintsbury  has  raised  his  structure, 
and  the  structure  is  not  less  carefully 
shaped  than  the  foundation  is  solidly  laid. 
The  volume  now  published — the  first  of 
three — ends  with  Spenser,  and  it  is  hardly 
too  much  to  say  that  the  chapters  on 
Chaucer  and  Spenser,  the  two  great  poets 
of  the  period,  admirable  as  those  chapters 
are,  have  scarcely  more  importance  and 
interest  than  the  chapters  on  the  fifth- 
rate  successors  of  Chaucer  and  on  the 
Italian  influences  that  preceded  Spenser. 
Nothing  is  more  valuable  than  the  in- 
sistence everywhere  on  the  help  of  even 
bad  experiments  in  the  evolution  of  prosody 
and  the  retrograde  force  of  even  the  best 
achievements  when,  like  Chaucer's,  they 
pointed  backward,  or  at  most  summed  up 
known  results,  rather  than,  as  with 
Spenser,  indicated  new  directions.  Prof. 
Saintsbury  dwells,  with  significant  empha- 
sis, on  certain  moments  of  crisis  :  the 
moment  when  Chaucer  finally  "  tuned  " 
the   instrument   of    English    versification 


in  his  "  TroiluS  and  ( 'ressida  ;  t  he  moment 
When  tin-  ballad-writers  set  the  English 
tunes  free  from  fir  nd  the  moment 

when    the   strict    sonnet    came   <>\ci    t.. 

limits    to    improvisation.     He    overlooks 

nothing  that  has  been  supremely  well  done, 
whether  it    be  a  single  line  ;     a  stanza  ;     a 

put-in  still  not  generally  known,  like  the 

it    '  '  'anil,'  "  1   sing  of  a   maiden  "  ;    or 
two     poems     well     known     as    the    '  I'io- 

thalamion '  and  the  '  Epithalamion,1  hut 

rarely  distinguished  from  one  another  wit  h 

such  precision  as  in  the  paragraph  l 

devoted  to  them.  His  enthusiasm  for 
Spenser,  his  perhaps  excessive  enthusiasm 
for  the  Spenserian  stanza,  can  only  help 
towards  the  appreciation  of  the  least 
popular  among  our  great  poets,  whose 
reputation  has  received  some  hard  knocks 
of  late  years.  Full  justice  is  done 
to  Gower,  "who  rarely  gets  it ;  due 
justice  to  Lydgate  ;  and  due  justice 
also,  in  another  sense,  to  Sackville.  In 
spite  of  something  like  an  actual  pre- 
judice against  alliterative  measures,  Prof. 
Saintsbury  recognizes  the  writer  of  '  Piers 
Plowman  '  at  his  full  worth.  And  only 
in  occasional  references  to  blank  verse, 
and  in  occasional  searchings  for  alex- 
andrines where  they  probably  do  not 
exist  (as  in  Chaucer),  and  preferences  for 
them  where  they  certainly  intrude  (as  in 
the  heroic  couplet),  do  we  find  anything 
that  can  be  seriously  called  in  question 
throughout  the  whole  of  these  many 
weighings  and  valuings  of  the  difficult 
substances  of  poetic  form.  To  prefer,  as 
a  variation  of  decasyllabic  verse,  an 
alexandrine  to  a  line  such  as 

Is  it  with  thy  kisses  or  thy  tears  ? 

(the  modern  equivalent  of  the  lines  cited 
from  Chaucer)  seems  to  us  strange  ;  and 
the  controversial  remarks  on  trisyllables, 
elision,  or  slur,  seem  a  little  beside  the 
question.  Surely  elision  in  verse  means, 
not  that  two  syllables  are  read  as  one,  but 
that  they  can  be  read  as  one  ;  and  surely 
it  is  the  fact  that  they  can  be  so  read 
which  makes  them  permissible. 

To  the  prosodists  of  more  schools  than 
one,  and  chiefly  to  that  school  in  which 
Prof.  Skeat  still  has  weight,  much  of  this 
book  will  seem  lawless  and  arbitrary. 
That  is  because  it  traces  the  laws  of  growth 
rather  than  sets  up  bounds  for  growth. 
Where  it  is  particularly  good  is  in  its 
recognition  of  the  principle  of  variation 
(that  "  continual  slight  novelty  "  which 
is  the  main  thing  in  versification,  as  in 
poetry  itself)  as  really  a  principle,  and 
not  the  exception  to  a  rule. 

'  That  the  prosody  of  English  was  a 
prosody  of  strict  correspondence  in  feet,  yet 
not  of  strict  correspondence  in  syllables  ; 
that  one  main  secret  of  success  in  it  was  the 
variation  of  the  pause  "  : 

this  we  are  shown,  and  shown  again, 
century  by  century,  in  its  good  result  in 
good  poetry  and  in  its  bad  result  in 
bad  poetry,  with  a  persistence  and  a  con- 
tinuity which  can  hardly  fail  to  be  con- 
vincing. 

We  await  the  second  and  third 
volumes  of  this  admirable  undertaking 
with  impatience.     To  stop  reading  it  at 


tin-  end  "f  the  firs!  -.1.1111111-  leaves  one  in 

just    such    a  .if    it 

been  a  novel  of  adventure,  and  not 

v  <<f  tin-  adventures  of  prosody.        I 
am  myself  quit  1  Prof.  Saints- 

bury,     that   English  prosody  1-    and  ha* 
been,   a  living   thin;-,   fm    seven   hundred 

years    at     1.    .  That     he    sees    it    living 

is    his    supreme    praise,    and    such    pra 
belongs  to  him  only  among  historian 
English  vci 


77/'     Church    in    Fran',.     By    .J.    E.    I 
Bodley.     (< ionstable  A  * 

Mb.    Bodley    states    in    the    interest 
preface    in  which    he    has    drawn    less 
from  his  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution 
that    the   effort   represented    by  his  | 
sent  volume  has  once  more  laid  him  aside, 
and  that  continued   illness   must   further 
retard  his  larger  work  begun  eight  yean 
ago.     As    a    reason    for    the    immed 
publication    of    this    smaller   contribution 
to  the  history  of  the  Church  in  Fra: 
the  author  rightly  says  that  then 
no  work  suitable  for  English  readers  on 
the  Napoleonic  Concordat  and  the  recent 
disestablishment    of    the    Church    by    the 
Separation  Law.     These  documents  them- 
selves, with  others,  such  as  the  Organic- 
Articles,  he  prints  in  a  useful  appendix. 

The  merits  of  Mr.  Bodley's  book  . 
conspicuous  :  the  drawbacks  that  we  find 
are  the  same  as  those  which  we  pointed 
out  in  our  praise  of  his  original  '  France.' 
He  is,  perhaps  with  justice,  inclined  to  at- 
tribute exclusively  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
some  of  the  excellences  of  the  centralized 
organization  of  government  in  France, 
suitable  to  the  Latin  civilization  of  it- 
people.  The  share  of  Colbert  and  Louis 
XIV.  in  the  organization  of  a  com- 
munity to  which  the  work  of  Richelieu 
had  given  unity  would  be  emphasized 
by  those  who  hold  different  views. 

When  we  come  from  France,  in  our 
general  considerations,  to  the  relation  of 
the  Church  with  the  State  in  France,  we 
again  observe  the  tendency,  as  we  think. 
to  treat  the  Consulate  and  the  first  years 
of  the  Empire  as  a  starting-point  in  matters 
in  which  there  was  rather  return  to  pie- 
Revolution  organization  than  fresh  de- 
parture. The  Concordat  and  the  Organic 
Articles  were,  except  in  one  important 
point,  a  revival  of  the  ancient  Concordats 
of  the  monarchy  with  the  Pope.  Mr. 
Bodley  makes  some  allusion  to  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Bourges  and  to 
the  Concordat  of  1516  ;  but  passes  over 
the  close  resemblance  between  situations 
which  had  previously  existed  in  France 
and  that  presented  during  the  Consulate 
to  Napoleon.  In  his  lectures  Mr.  Bodley 
mentions  the  objections  taken  by  the 
Holy  See  to  the  Organic  Articles  of 
1802,  and  says  that  Thiers  declared  that 
all  that  was  objected  to  on  behalf  of 
the  Church  was  to  be  found  in  Bossuet. 
It  is  the  case  that  the  right  of  the 
monarchy,  and  even  of  the  lawyers,  to 
control  the  actions  of  the  Church  and  of 
the  Pope  himself  in  France  was  declared. 


N°  4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


631 


in  the  strongest  terms,  on  many  occasions 
during  the  existence  of  the  old  monarchy. 
This  subject  of  the  right  of  the  State 
was  closely  connected  with  that  of  the 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  Church,  and  it  is 
the  death  and  burial  of  Gallicanism  that 
Mr.  Bodley  commemorates  in  his  volume 
— the    Separation    Law    having,    in    his 
opinion,  brought  it  to  its  end.     We  take 
some  objection  to  the  phrase  in  which  it 
is  alleged  that  the  adviser  of  Napoleon, 
Portalis,     Minister    of    Public    Worship, 
would  have  been  appropriately  a  minister 
of  Louis  XIV.,  because  he  was  "  imbued 
with    the    spirit    of    Gallicanism    and    of 
Jansenism  of  a  century  earlier."  LouisXIV. 
was    Gallican   in   greater   or   less    degree 
throughout  his  life,  as  was  almost  every 
King  of  France  or  leading  Frenchman  of 
the  ancien  regime  ;    but  he  was  the  per- 
secutor of  the  Jansenists,  and  it  was  not 
until  after  his  death  that  their  portraits 
and  biographies  were  allowed  to  appear 
in  the  series  representing  the  great  men 
of  his  reign,  in  which  they  were  catalogued 
in  advance  and  spaces  were  left  for  them. 
The  Jansenists  may  have  been  Gallican, 
but  the  fiercest  Gallicans  were  so  little 
Jansenist  that  their  difference  with  the 
Church  was  wholly  upon  sovereignty7,  and 
not  upon  doctrine  or  upon  habit  of  life. 

There  is,  perhaps,  some  slight  contra- 
diction between  some  of  Mr.  Bodley's 
passages  and  his  statement  that  under  the 
Concordat  of  Napoleon  the  "  clergy  lost 
all  trace  of  their  Gallican  independence, 
in  spite  of  the  Gallican  origin  and  tendency 
of  the  Organic  Articles,  and  became  an 
entirely  Ultramontane  body."  We  agree, 
however,  that  the  conflict  is  more  apparent 
than  real,  inasmuch  as  under  the  Second 
Empire  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the 
mushroom  reign  gave  to  the  Pope  a  power 
in  France  which  he  had  not  possessed  under 
the  kings  or  in  the  time  of  the  first  Napo- 
leon. It  is,  then,  we  think,  hardly  the 
case  that  by  the  Separation  Law,  "  though 
the  work  of  anti-clericals  " — "  an  Ultra- 
montane Act  " — "for  the  first  time  since 
the  French  people  became  a  nation  the 
Pope  is  the  absolute  master  of  the  bishops 
and  clergy  of  France."  But  we  may  agree 
that  "  Gallicanism,  long  declining,  has 
received  "  what  seems  to  be  its  "  death- 
blow." 

In  this  connexion  Mr.  Bodley  writes 
that  the  recent  consecration  by  the  present 
Pope  of  fourteen  French  bishops  was  the 
ceremony  admitting  the  largest  number  of 
persons  to  the  high  pastoral  office  since 
the  day  of  Pentecost.  It  may  illustrate 
our  suggestion  that  the  "  restoration  of 
religion  rt  by  Henri  IV.  and  Sully,  and 
their  Concordat,  deserved  to  be  classed 
along  with  that  of  Napoleon,  if  we  remind 
historians  that  forty  bishops  were  con- 
secrated within  a  very  short  period  under 
Henri  IV.,  although  not  in  such  large 
batches,  and  that  the  Catholic  Church 
of  France  then  received  the  power  to 
celebrate  Mass  in  three  hundred  towns 
and  a  thousand  parishes  where  Mass 
had  been  forbidden  and  proscribed  : 
a  restoration  which  was  shortly  followed 
by  the  forcible  conversion  of  the  whole 
country    of    Beam.     The    very    phrases 


which  were  used  of  Napoleon  had  been 
previously  resorted  to  in  order  to  describe 
the  changes  made  under  Henri  IV.  The 
memorandum  of  Pius  VII.  written  for 
Napoleon  in  Paris  in  1804  expressly 
offered  to  the  Emperor  the  example  of 
Henri  IV.  for  the  administration  of  the 
new  laws. 

We   fail,    then,    to   follow   Mr.    Bodley 
completely  in  thinking  that  the  Concordat 
was  "  a  work  of  stupendous  genius,"  in 
the  sense  of  being  a  new  departure.     It 
states  in  the  Latin  and  French  versions, 
as   given   by   Mr.    Bodley,    the   desire   to 
follow     mainly    the     laws     or     customs 
regulating  the  Church  before  the  Revolu- 
tion.    But  these  suggestions  of  ours  do 
not  affect  the  general  view  taken  by  our 
author  of  the  significance  of  the  Law  of 
Separation.     The  one  conspicuous  differ- 
ence between  Napoleon's  Concordat  and 
the  Concordats  before  the  Revolution  was 
that  the  latter  rested  upon  the  existence 
of  large  property  in  the  hands  of  the  French 
Church,  whereas  Napoleon  (the  property 
having  been  confiscated)  made  the  clergy 
the  salaried  servants  of  the  State.     The 
Law  of  Separation  will  cause  an  eventual 
loss  to  the  Church  of  "  a  revenue  of  nearly 
two  millions  sterling."     Mr.  Bodley  con- 
siders  the  law  to   be  not  really  one   of 
separation  of  Church  and  State.     But  it 
is  difficult  to  say  in  what  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Church  consists.     The  estab- 
lishment in   England  is   one   thing  ;     the 
establishment  in  Belgium  is  another.     In 
Quebec  the  Church  is  not  nominally  estab- 
lished ;  but  it  is  established  in  fact  accord- 
ing to  many  tests.     The  Church  in  France 
receives  in  compensation  for  the  loss  of  its 
money  "  the  right  to  nominate  its  own 
bishops,  who,  in  turn,  will  have  the  privi- 
lege of  meeting  in  synods  and  councils." 
The  separation  as  accomplished  in  France 
appears  to  carry  out  the  ideal  of  "  a  free 
Church  in  a  free  State  "  as  nearly  as  is 
consistent  with  French  ideas  of  freedom. 
The  Concordat  of  Napoleon  had  accom- 
plished the  old  Whig  ideal  of  the  strict 
subordination  of  the  Church  to  the  State. 
Of  questions  which  are  treated  incident- 
ally in  Mr.  Bodley's  pages,  one  which  has 
a  special  interest  for  us  in  this  country 
at  the  moment  is  his  evidence  that  while 
for  a  generation  the  education  of  the  youth 
of  France  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Church, 
that  fact  would  not  be  gathered  from  the 
political  position  occupied  by  the  Church 
among  the  French  statesmen  of  the  day 
thus  trained  :— 

'  The  impartial  spectator  of  the  history 
of  France  cannot  but  be  amazed  that  a 
generation  so  trained  has  produced  so  few 
competent  men  to  defend  the  Church  when 
troublous  times  arrived,  or,  by  theircharacter 
and  intelligence,  to  have  guided  the  clerical 
party  into  a  policy  of  prudence." 

The  pleasantest  of  all  the  many  philo- 
sophical speculations  of  our  author  are 
those  which  concern  French  idealism  in 
the  past.  He  regretfully  admits,  however, 
that  in  the  very  latest  years  French 
idealism  has  died.  We  fear  that  his  con- 
clusions might  be  extruded  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  single  country  inhabited  by 
the  French  people. 


Entirely  apart  from  its  historic  and 
philosophic  value,  the  book  forms  a  manual 
for  all  who  would  understand  what  has 
occurred  to  the  Church  in  France,  and  an 
indispensable  guide  to  the  facts  which  are 
likely  to  influence  its  future  history. 


The    Complete    Cricketer.     By    Albert    E. 
Knight.     (Methuen  &  Co.) 

Sports  that  are  supposed  to  be  the  pre- 
rogative of  the  Philistine  are  not  often 
well  described  or  analyzed.     Those  who 
know  cannot  write,  and  get  their  narra- 
tives revised  by  some  ready  scribe  whose 
fluency   signifies   nothing.     Now,    just   as 
the  cricket  season  is  well  started,  we  get 
a  book  of  exceptional  merit  which  covers 
every  side  of  the  game.     It  is  written  by 
a  professional  player,   who  is   appearing 
this  year  for  his  county,  and  is  a  well- 
known  batsman  ;    but  he  wields  a  pen  as 
well  as  a  bat  with  considerable  facility. 
He  has  already  made  a  reputation  in  The 
Morning  Leader  as  one  of  the  best  corre- 
spondents on  the  game  ;    he  has  a  style, 
or  the  makings  of  one,  and  he  ranges  over 
the  field  of  books  for  copious  illustration. 
Sometimes  these  references  are  overdone, 
as  when  he  talks  of  an  "  oft-quoted  frag- 
ment "   of  Euripides.     No  single  line  of 
Euripides,  either  from  the  complete  plays 
or  the  fragments,  ranks  among  frequent 
quotations   nowadays.     The  book  is  ex- 
ceptional in  two  ways  :   because  it  studies 
character,  the  mind  which  lies  behind  the 
best  play,  as  it  does  the  best  work  ;    and 
because   it   presents   aspirations    towards 
an  ideal  and  a  philosophy  of  cricket  which 
are    sufficiently    rare.     Something    more 
than  mere  physical  proficiency  is  recog- 
nized here,  as  may  be  seen  in  an  excellent 
chapter  on  the  duties  and  difficulties  of 
'  Captaincy.' 

The  volume  begins  with  an  historical 
summary  of  the  advance  of  the  game, 
which  deals  with  such  old-time  characters 
as  Tom  Sueter  with  proper  gusto.  Then 
follow  chapters  on  the  three  main  depart- 
ments of  cricket — the  last,  fielding,  having 
only  recently  received  the  notice  it 
deserves.  It  is  pleasant  and  right  to 
see  experts  in  this  line  acclaimed.  We 
are  at  one  with  the  author  in  wishing  to 
turn  off  the  field  the  man  who  is  slack 
enough  to  let  a  ball  go  through  his  legs 
to  the  boundary,  even  if  he  is  a  Hay  ward, 
and  most  trustworthy  of  performers  when 
his  innings  comes.  Further  chapters  con- 
cern '  Umpiring,'  '  Australian  Wickets  ' 
(of  which  the  author  has  recent  experience), 
'  Players  of  the  Past  and  Present,'  'Modern 
Cricket  and  some  of  its  Problems,'  '  The 
Laws  of  the  Game,'  and  '  A  Glossary  of 
Colloquial  Cricket  Terms.' 

Though  the  author  has  not  the  expe- 
rience of  earlier  days  which  many  writers 
on  the  game  can  boast,  he  has  the  good 
judgment  and  the  insight  without  which 
no  writing  is  worth  much  ;  he  fully  recog- 
nizes that  an  ounce  of  practice  IS  worth 
a  pound  of  theory,  and  he  is  subtle  enough 
to  discuss  how  far  the  "  coach  "  is  justified 
in  making  the  learner  an  imitator  of  his 
own   special    style.      Me   is   clearly   an   ob- 


i;  ■:■' 


rril  E     ATI!  KX/KI'  M 


N    1100,  May  26,  1906 


i  not  bound  by  the  voice  «>f  the 
orowd,  ulii.ii,  apparently,  it  is  the  in- 
creasing pride  ox  the  popular  journalist 
to  ;i lit  icipate. 

The  whole  is  well  arranged,  except  for 
the  misplacement  of  a  few  facts  which 
mighl  have  appeared  in  the  chapter  on 
the  development   of  the  game.     One  or 

two  quotations  will  fairly  exhibit  the 
author's  point  of  view,  and  allow  us  to 
add    8    few    comments    of    our   own.      The 

originator  of  Lord's  ground  is  thus 
dee  l  [bed  : — 

Lord  was  an  able  man,  the  wisdom  of 
the  Berpent,  or  business  adaptability,  blend- 
ing   with    his    dove-like    simplicity    01     pure 

enthusiasm  lor  the  game." 

\-  for  the  Marylebone  enclosure  :  — 
'To  this  day  there  is  no  ground  whereon 

the  game  is  more  strictly  played,  none  where 
the  sporting  element  is  more  predominant, 
nunc   whose   habitues   arc    more   truly   lovers 

of  the  game,  or  more  free  from  the  partisan 

spit  it." 

On  every  county  mound  that  we  have  ever 
heard  of,  or  visited,  the  game  is  strictly 
played  :  evasion  of  the  rules  is  not 
expected  or  permitted,  as  is  sufficiently 
clear  from  the  saying  that  a  thing  is  "  not 
cricket.''  In  view  of  the  Oval  at  Kenning- 
ton,  we  cannot  agree  that  the  second 
claim  for  merit  is  veracious.  Two  or 
three  of  the  important  matches  at  Lord's 
are  mere  displays  of  fashionable  dressing 
by  people  who  go  to  eat  and  drink,  and  see 
each  other,  not  the  cricket.  There  are 
enthusiasts  and  good  critics  in  abundance, 
of  course,  at  all  times  :  but  the  Oval  holds, 
on  the  day  of  a  good  match,  a  higher  per- 
centage of  people  who  are  less  well  dressed, 
no  doubt,  but  nearly  all  players,  or  possible 
players.  Those  familiar  with  both  grounds 
must  have  had  this  difference  explained 
to  them,  though  with  tact  and  deference, 
by  the  ever-flourishing  figure  known  as 
"  The  Surrey  Poet."  The  refreshment 
department  at  Lord's  is  still  scandalous 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  moderate 
purse.  That  does  not  matter  much  to  an 
enthusiast,  but  we  have  seen  the  crowd 
here  so  encroaching  on  the  field  of  play  in 
a  Test  Match  as  to  make  catches  and 
boundaries,  in  the  one  case  too  difficult, 
and  in  the  other  too  easy,  to  be  fair. 

The  proceeding  known  as  "  the  toss  " 
is  elaborated  thus  : — 

'  This  tossing  of  the  coin  is  an  aged 
institution,  and  although  in  earlier  times 
it  carried  a  greater  number  of  choices  than 
at  present,  it  could  scarcely  convey  a 
greater  volume  of  advantage  than  it  may 
in  these  latter  days.  Symbol  of  a  game 
across  which  the  caprice  of  fortune  may  fling 
a  transient  brush  of  sunshine,  painting  a 
beauty  and  a  charm  richer  than  a  long 
Summer  of  pure  Skill,  those  who  desire  to 
eliminate  luok,  to  stamp  as  far  as  may  be  a 
lawyer-like  impartiality  upon  the  game, 
clamour  tor  its  abolition." 

A  salutary  change  of  special  rewards 
is  explained  in  the  following  passage  : — 

"  It  was  once  the  custom  of  the  counties 
to  give  their  professional  players  a  sovereign 

for  each  fifty  runs  they  individually  scored. 
This  automatic  arrangement  is  now  generally 
supplanted     by    a    discretionary    system    of 

marks  awarded  by  the  captain  for  any  play 


mod  i>>    him  worthy  <>f  such   additional 
recognition." 

We    hope    that     among    other    talents    the 

art  of  "  playing  to  the  is  properly 

recognized,  which  is  very  different   from 

"  playing    to    the    gallei\   "      The    vulgai 

craze  for  centuries  and  other  "records 
applauded  by  the  mob,  but  useless  for  the 

real  purpose  in  View,  has  gone  far  to  spoil 
the    national    game.       It     i-.     we    sup). 

only  a  feature  of  the  pervading  mega- 
lomania of  the  day.  but  it  is  distressing 
when  it  appears  in  sport  as  well  as  in  the 

many  quarters  where  self-advertisement. 
regardless  of  associates  or  the  general 
good,  is  considered  a  law  of  life  and  a  test 
of  efficiency. 

Another  modern  development  which 
we  cannot  applaud  is  the  writing  of 
remarks  on  his  own  team  by  a  captain 
or  prominent  member  of  it.  Pretending. 
we  presume,  to  be  the  fairest  or  most 
searching  of  criticisms,  these  outpourings 
are  obviousby  defective.  A  captain  can 
hardly  boast  in  print  about  his  own  achieve- 
ments, yet  these  may  be  the  feature  which 
the  public  ought  to  appreciate.  Further, 
he  cannot,  and  should  not,  distribute  in 
public  the  censure  which  may  be  equally 
due.     This  is  mildly  touched  on  here  : — 

"  Will  it  be  fairly  maintained  by  honest 
minds,  for  instance,  that  we  players  who 
write  cricket  criticisms,  are  characterised 
by  a  greater  grasp  of  cricket  problems  than 
the  preceding  Press  reporters  whom,  in 
some  measure  most  unfortunately,  this 
modern  development  has  tended  to  sup- 
plant? " 

Certainly  not,  and  the  foolish  vocabulary 
which  these  latest  slingers  of  slang  have 
produced  is  more  wearisome  than  amusing, 
as  a  glance  at  the  '  Glossary '  above  men- 
tioned will  show.  Some  of  the  explana- 
tions provided  here  imply  a  low  rate  of 
intelligence,  nor  does  the  list  exhaust  the 
cricket  lingo  of  to-day,  though  we  are 
far  from  complaining  about  that.  ' '  Artist," 
we  are  told,  '*  is  a  word  sometimes  used 
to  define  an  eminent  player."  But  in 
cricket,  as  at  Burlington  House,  all  artists 
are  not  "  eminent,"  and  all  the  eminent 
are  not  "  artists." 

On  bowling  our  author  is  admittedly 
not  an  expert,  but  he  has  many  sensible 
things  to  say,  noting  the  revival  of  leg- 
breaks,  and  the  importance  of  the  much- 
discussed  "  swerve."  He  does  not,  how- 
ever, insist  on  a  point  which  long  observa- 
tion has  impressed  upon  us — that  a  lengthy 
run  up  to  the  wicket  before  delivering  the 
ball  is  a  mistake.  The  exertion  it  involves 
in  a  long  day  shortens  the  already  brief 
career  of  a  fast  bowler.  The  swiftest 
pace  has  been  achieved,  apparently  with 
ease,  by  bowlers  who  took  quite  a  short 
run,  such  as  Mold  and  the  Australian  E 
Jones. 

With  most  of  the  author's  preferences 
we  are  in  full  agreement.  He  thinks 
Trumper  the  finest  living  batsman.  The 
grace,  the  sparkle,  the  wonderful  wrist. 
and  surpassing  impudence  of  the  Aus- 
tralian deserve  the  laurel.  But  he  might 
have  noted  that  the  evolution  of  Trumper 
has  been  visible  to  us  over  here,  for  on 
his     appearance     in     England     in     1S99 


Trumper  showed  a  stiffm  I  st)  le  and 
.(<  tion  rery  different  from  bis  present  , 

and  facility.  We  had  soonei  -<*<•  him  make 
20  with  In-  present  mastery  over  the  beet 

bowling,  whatevei   it-    length,  than    i<  , 
his    BOUd     135    not    out    afl    it    Was    mad'-   at 

Lord's  in  a  Test  Match  of  t he  ah 

He  i-  one  of   the  few  exhilarating  bat-men 

who  always  try  to  make  runs,    'the  many 

merely    defend    their    wicket-,   waiting    foi 

loose  bowling,  f os tor  their  avu  and 

depress  the  public. 

Pre-eminence  in  bowling  is  more  difficult 
to  judge   than   in    batting,    but    it 
that  the  first-class  bow  lei  nowadays  must 
command  a   break,  or,  at  any  rate,  a  turn 

both    ways.      We    cannot    believe  that   the 

best  of  George  Lohmann  was  ever  bettered 

by  any  man.  We  certainly  object  to  the 
fanciful  suggestion  that 

"  perfect    ease    of    delivery    is    probably  as 

incompatible ...  .with  perfect    bowling,  a 
perfect     physical     beauty     with     intellectual 

endowment." 

Both  clauses  contain  a  heresy,  to  our 
thinking.  We  should  say,  for  instance, 
that  the  bowling  action  of  Rhodes  of 
Yorkshire  is  as  easy  as  it  could  be,  without 
a  trace  of  strain  ;  and  we  recommend  a 
study  of  the  portraits  and  works  of  Goethe 
as  a  sufficient  refutation  of  the  other 
statement.  Metaphor  and  illustration  are 
a  veritable  snare  for  the  young  writer,  and 
land  him  often  in  unforeseen  difficulties. 
The  author  of  'The  Complete  Cricketer' 
will  understand  in  time,  if  he  goes  on 
making  books  as  well  as  runs,  that  clever- 
ness may  be  a  term  of  abuse.  We  think 
that  he  is  too  conscious  of  his  literary 
ornament,  and  that  a  course  of.  say. 
Addison  or  Goldsmith,  instead  of  the 
admired  modern  models  he  appears  to 
have  been  studying,  would  do  him  good. 

Withal,  he  is  thoroughly  practical,  as 
his  pages  show,  and  does  not  turn  aside 
for  the  sake  of  mere  anecdote.  We 
conclude  our  notice  with  one  of  his  few 
stories,  an  instance  of  the  ayxivom 
commended  by  Aristotle  : — 

"  I  once  saw  Frank  Sugg,  the  Lancashire 
elogger,  clean  bowled  at  Leicester.  The  ball 
flew  from  the  top  of  the  stumps  and  pain- 
fully hurt  our  wicket-keeper.  Sugg  was 
making  towards  the  pavilion  when  he 
gathered  from  the  attitude  of  the  umpire 
that  some  doubt  existed  in  his  mind.  As 
a  matter  of  fact.  Lilly  white,  the  umpire* 
believing  that  the  ball  had  rebounded  to 
the  bails  from  our  wicket  -keeper's  che-t. 
had  given  the  batsman  '  Not  out.'  With 
truly  astonishing  coolne-s.  Sugg  grasped 
the  situation.      '  Brandy,  brandy  !  '  he  cried 

out.  waving  his  bat  to  the  players  on  the 
stand.      Sugg   met    the   bearer  of  the  liquor 

half-way  and  came  back  to  assist  in  the 
revival  of  our  keeper  who  had  been  so  badly 
out  over.  Our  wicket-keeper  had  suffered, 
but  his  agony  was  not  greater  than  the 
surprise  with  which  he  saw  the  stalwart 
figure  of  Sugg  bending  over  him.  '  What 
the  devil  arc  you  doing  here  *  '  lie  gasped. 
Sugg  batted  on.  but  happily  not  for  long." 

The  only  triumph  equal  to  this  was  that 
of  the  English  player  in  Australia  who, 
on  being  bowled  with  the  first  ball  he 
received,  replaced  the  bails  with  the  easy 
comment.  I  never  could  play  a  trial- 
ball.''  and  resumed  his  innings. 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


633 


Books  on  Egypt  and  Chaldcea. — Vols.  XX.- 
XXII.  The  Egyptian  Heaven  and  Hell. 
By  E.  A.  Wallis  Budge.  3  vols.  (Kegan 
Paul  &  Co.) 

Dr.  Budge  here  continues  the  publica- 
tion of  the  written  documents  of  Egyptian 
religion  which  he  began  with  '  The  Book 
of  the  Dead.'  The  present  volumes  con- 
tain the  first  complete  English  version  yet 
published  of  'The  Book  of  Am-Tuat,' 
otherwise  called  '  The  Book  of  that  which 
is  in  Hades,'  and  '  The  Book  of  the  Gates  ' 
respectively.  Both  these  books  consist 
of  what  are  in  effect  magical  texts  buried 
with  the  dead  by  the  followers  of  Amen- 
Ra,  the  "  king  of  the  gods,"  worshipped 
by  the  kings  of  the  Seventeenth  and  all 
later  dynasties,  and  were  intended  to  act 
as  a  guide  to  the  dead  in  his  passage 
through  the  world  beyond  the  tomb. 
Yet  there  are  inconsistencies  between 
them,  and  Dr.  Budge  is  probably  right 
when  he  points  out  that,  while  '  The  Book 
of  Am-Tuat '  seems  to  show  the  unmixed 
doctrine  of  the  supremacy  of  Amen-Ra, 
'  The  Book  of  the  Gates  '  assigns  a  position 
to  Osiris  as  judge  of  the  dead  and  lord  of 
the  other  world  which  is  hardly  to  be 
reconciled  with  Amen-Ra's  pretensions. 
The  notion  that  they  were  in  effect  rival 
productions  seems,  however,  to  be  dis- 
posed of  by  the  fact  that  Seti  I.,  though 
he  had  '  The  Book  of  Am-Tuat '  painted 
on  the  walls  of  his  tomb,  caused  both  '  The 
Book  of  the  Gates  '  and  several  chapters 
of  the  earlier  '  Book  of  the  Dead  '  to  be 
carved  upon  his  sarcophagus.  In  con- 
nexion with  this  it  is  as  well  to  remember 
M.  Maspero's  remark  that,  if  ever  there 
were  initiates  and  secret  doctrines  in 
Egyptian  religion,  it  was  among  the  authors 
and  hearers  of  these  books  ;  and  the  fact 
may  be  paralleled  by  the  practice  of  many 
Gnostic  sects  in  Christian  times,  who,  as 
the  Fathers  tell  us,  attended  the  services 
of  the  Church  and  the  orgies  of  the  Great 
Mother  indifferently,  declaring  that  they 
alone  understood  the  hidden  meaning  in 
both  sets  of  ceremonies.  Such  syncretism 
is  perhaps  logical  enough  among  people 
who  really  believe  that  words  and  phrases 
have  an  inherent  action  of  their  own 
upon  animate  and  inanimate  nature, 
in  addition  to  the  effect  that  they  produce 
upon  the  minds  of  such  of  their  hearers 
as  understand  them. 

'The  Book  of  Am-Tuat,'  here  given  in 
full,  with  hieroglyphic  text,  translation. 
and  vignettes,  relates  tin-  passage  of  the 
Sun-God  through  the  Nether  World,  or 
what,  for  the  Egyptians,  was  the  same 
thing,  through  the  hours  of  the  night. 
Bach  of  the  twelve  hours  corresponds 
to  a  particular  division  of  the  Tuat  or 
Hades,  and  certain  words  and  prayers 
have  to  he  pronounced   by  those  in  the 

^'od's  retinue  before  the  guardians  of 
the  gates  will  admit  him.  This  is  of 
course  not  religion,  but  magic,  and  it  is 
plain  from  several  passages  I  hat  t  he  initiate 

who   knew    the   proper  words  and   phrase-t 

was  traditionally  credited  with  the  power 

to  compd  hi.-  ad  in  it  I  a  nee  to  all  the  privileges 
of  the  Sun-God,  an  actual  threat  being 
uttered  in  one  case  that  if  his  wishes  are 


not  complied  with,  the  gods  will  be  deprived 
of  the  offerings  of  mortals.  Hence  the 
chief  interest  in  the  book  attaches  to  the 
descriptions  of  the  scenes  in  the  different 
"  hours,"  which  are,  in  fact,  a  kind  of 
jumble  of  all  the  different  conceptions 
formed  by  the  Egyptians  at  different 
times  of  the  abode  of  the  dead.  Thus  in 
the  first  hour  the  Sun-God  advances  in 
his  boat  into  a  territory  where  the  inhabi- 
tants are  plunged  in  darkness,  are  rejoiced 
to  see  his  light,  and  wail  when  he  has 
departed.  In  the  second  he  arrives  at  a 
place  which  corresponds  with  some  close- 
ness to  the  Elysian  Fields  of  the  Greeks, 
where  the  deceased  has  land  allotted 
to  him,  and  where  the  raising  of  corn  and 
other  cereals  is  the  chief  occupation.  This 
and  the  third  hour  both  formed  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Osiris,  Lord  of  Amenti,  the 
ancient  god  of  the  lower  classes  among  the 
Egyptians,  and  were  reserved  apparently 
for  the  habitation  of  the  worshippers  of 
Osiris  and  Ra  only.  But  in  the  fourth 
hour  we  come  into  the  kingdom  of  Seker, 
whom  Dr.  Budge  considers  to  be  the  oldest 
of  all  the  Egyptian  gods  of  the  dead. 
This  kingdom  is  a  dark  and  terrible  desert, 
inhabited  only  by  monstrous  serpents, 
and  the  Sun-God  has  to  change  from  the 
boat  which  bears  him  across  the  sky  into 
another  formed  from  the  body  of  a  huge 
snake,  which  wriggles  along  a  rocky 
corridor  passing  above,  and  not  through, 
Seker's  territory.  In  this  last  are  lakes 
of  fire  and  some  of  the  machinery  of  the 
later  Christian  Hell  ;  but  after  traversing 
it,  the  Sun-God  enters  again  into  the  king- 
dom of  Osiris,  not  here  the  Lord  of  Amenti, 
but  the  god  of  Busiris  and  Mendes,  ap- 
parently in  the  shape  in  which  he  was 
worshipped  on  earth.  This  continues  up 
to  the  tenth  hour,  when  we  enter  into  the 
kingdom  of  Tum-kheper-Ra,  a  triune  god 
made  up  of  two  Sun-Gods  and  the  sacred 
beetle,  where  the  sun  is  revivified  and 
transformed  before  being  sent  forth 
again  for  his  journey  through  the  upper 
air.  These  ceremonies  occupy  the  tenth 
to  the  twelfth  hours,  and  the  purpose  of 
reciting  or  transcribing  them  was  appa- 
rently that  the  dead  man  on  whose  behalf 
this  was  done  might  share  all  the  privileges 
of  the  Sun-God,  in  whose  boat  he  was 
supposed  thus  to  gain  a  place.  At  the 
same  time  these  ceremonies  were  con- 
sidered to  be  peculiarly  connected  with 
the  worship  at  On,  or  Heliopolis,  in 
the  Delta  ;  and  it  is  possible  that  only 
those  who  worshipped  there  were  thought 
to  be  entitled  to  share  in  them. 

'  The  Book  of  the  Gates '  shows  in 
the  main  the  same  scenes  as  '  The  Book  of 
Am-Tuat.'  with  the  exception  that  the 
kingdom  of  Seker  is  entirely  omitted, 
and  that  more  prominence  is  given  to  the 
supremacy    of    Osiris.     But     perhaps    a 

more  important  modification  is  to  be  found 
in  the  fact  that  here  for  the  first  time  a 
belief    in    a    future    state    of    rewards    and 

punishments  begins  to  manifest  itself. 
The  souls  in  the  sixth  hour  are  brought 

before  the  judgmenl  seat  of  Osiris,  and  are 
there  judged  not  only  by  their  knowledge 
of  magical  words  and  names,  but  also  by 
the   actions  which   they   have   performed 


while  upon  earth.  The  punishment  of  the 
wicked  is  also  continued  throughout  the 
remaining  hours  or  divisions  of  the  Tuat, 
the  same  punishments  being  by  no  means 
of  a  remedial  nature,  but  concluding 
invariably  with  the  annihilation  of  the 
accused.  Nor  is  this  all.  In  the  first  and 
second  hours  of  '  The  Book  of  the  Gates  ' 
are  to  be  found  souls  who  are  not  sufficiently 
instructed  to  win  to  the  Hall  of  Judgment, 
but  who  are  nevertheless  maintained  in  a 
sort  of  suspended  animation  by  the  bounty 
of  the  God,  and  are  revivified  for  a  certain 
time  every  day  by  his  presence.  The  same 
idea  may  also  be  traced  in  '  The  Book  of 
Am-Tuat,'  and  it  would  seem  that  we 
have  here  the  first  hint  of  the  later  Gnostic 
belief  that  man,  by  initiation  into  certain 
"  mysteries  "  in  this  life  might  earn  the 
right  to  a  position  exalted  above  that  of 
his  fellows  in  the  next.  But  in  spite  of 
this,  the  belief  that  good  deeds  would  be 
rewarded  and  ill  deeds  punished  is  plainly 
apparent,  and  the  evident  influence  of 
this  upon  the  religions  of  future  ages 
cannot  be  ignored.  No  expert  in  the 
history  of  religions  will  need  to  be 
told  that  among  the  ill  deeds  here  set 
down  are  included  many  purely  eccle- 
siastical offences,  such  as  the  uttering  of 
blasphemy  against  the  Sun-God  Ra,  in 
which  we  may  perhaps  see  a  reflex  of 
the  heresy  of  Khuenaten. 

Dr.  Budge's  rendering  of  the  very 
difficult  texts  with  which  he  here  has  to 
deal  is  in  every  way  adequate,  and  his 
third  volume,  in  which  he  discusses  their 
bearing,  contains  matter  which  it  is  incum- 
bent upon  every  student  of  such  matters 
to  read.  By  publishing  them  in  a  form 
which  puts  them  virtually  within  the 
reach  of  all,  he  makes  an  important 
addition  to  the  many  benefits  that  he 
has  already  bestowed  upon  learning. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


/tin'/  in  the  New.     By  Richard  Whiteing. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Our  modern  Babylon  and  its  awful  pro- 
blems of  labour  and  poverty  are  once 
more  the  themes  to  which  Mr.  Whiteing 
devotes  himself,  but  this  time  he  attacks 
them  in  the  hopeful  spirit  indicated  by 
his  choice  of  a  title.  We  are  grateful  to 
him  for  his  confident  faith  in  the  near 
approach  of  a  better  order  of  things 
(foreshadowed  in  his  eyes  by  recent 
electoral  results),  and  yet  more  grateful 
to  him  for  setting  in  so  cheerful  and  whole- 
some a  light  the  possibilities  of  happiness 
which  London,  even  now.  holds  for  its 
poorer  inhabitants.  The  darker  side  of 
the  picture,  as  seen  by  his  heroine  during 
her    terrible    initiation    into    the    struggle 

for  existence,  is  presented  with  power, 
but  also  with  commendable  sobriety  and 
restraint,     There    is    virtually    only    one 

man  in  the  story,  and  he  is  sketched  in 
lather     impressionist     fashion;      but     the 

female  characters  cover  a  wide  range, 
and  are  for  the  most  part  excellent,  the 
gem  of  the  collection  being  undoubtedly 

Sarah    the    charwoman,    a   creature    with 

9 


634 


Til  E     A  Til  KX7KUM 


Nil 00.  May  -J'i,  iiMifj 


quaint  ambitions  and  a  heart  o!  gold. 
The  book  bristles  with  criticisms  (often 
estiva,  and  always  lively)  of  contem- 
porary theories,  occurrences,  and  men. 
\  notable  examples  from  these  classes 
respectively  we  may  mention  Christian 
-■Mine,  the  "buried  treasure"  craze, 
ami.  last  but  not  least,  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw. 


Thu  Mystery  of  a  Motor-Car.     By  William 

Le  Queux.     (H  odder  iV  Stoughton.) 

Those    who    are    acquainted    with    Mr. 

Le     Queue's     more     ingenious    efforts     in 

sensation  will  he  disappointed  with  'The 
Mystery  of  a  Motor-Gar, '  for,  though  a 
mass  of  incident,  crimes,  and  escapes,  it 

i-  not  ingenious,  neither  is  it  in  the  least 
plausible.  The  situations  technically 
known  as  "  curtains "  occur  at  regular 
intervals,  as  is  demanded  by  a  certain 
order  of  serial  publication.  But  the 
persevering  reader  is  rewarded  by  no 
logical  development  of  them  ;  they  lead 
nowhere,  beyond  that  point  at  which 
"  To  be  continued  in  our  next  "  might 
occur.  Naturally,  there  is  a  hurried 
drawing  together  of  threads  for  the  re- 
quired matrimonial  set  piece  at  the  end. 
It  is  a  sort  of  hasty  pudding  of  romance, 
and  Air.  Le  Queux  might  easily  have  mixed 
it  a  little  more  skilfully. 


In    Subjection.     By    Ellen    Thorneycroft 
Fowler.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

This  novel,  a  sequel  apparently  to  '  Isabel 
C'arnaby,'  is  devoted  to  the  elucidation 
of  a  theme  perennially  attractive,  in  one 
form  or  other,  to  feminine  writers  of  fiction: 
the  inalienable  right,  namely,  of  every 
woman  to  choose  for  herself  a  lord  and 
master,  and,  having  chosen  him,  to  lie, 
in  doormat  fashion,  beneath  his  feet  till 
the  end  of  her  natural  life.  Curiously 
enough,  it  is  a  proposition  which  appeals 
to  female  readers,  but  has  rarely  a  con- 
ciliatory effect  upon  those  of  the  opposite 
sex,  possibly  because  the  ideal  "  lord  and 
master  "  of  the  lady-novelist  is  generally 
some  way  off  the  masculine  ideal  of  a 
gentleman.  Three  studies  in  wifely  sub- 
miasiveness  carried  to  varying  degrees  of 
intensity  are  recommended  to  our  admira- 
tion by  Mrs.  Felkin.  First  we  have  our 
old  friend  Isabel,  who  heroically  refrains 
from  sacrificing  to  a  purely  personal  whim 
the  whole  of  her  husband's  political 
career  ;  secondly,  a  half-caste  girl,  married 
to  a  good-natured  imbecile  of  an  English- 
man whom  she  finds  it  impossible  to  love 
until  (in  the  disguise  of  a  man)  she  has 
felt  the  weight  of  his,  literally,  heavy 
hand  ;  thirdly,  a  parson,  whose  desertion 
of  his  wife,  arising  from  a  sequence  of 
incredible  occurrences,  is  by  her  endured 
with  a  meekness  which  is  happily  as 
incredible.  We  notice  at  least  one  de- 
lightful touch  of  humour — the  relief 
experienced  by  a  pious  Evangelical  lady 
on  learning  that  the  absconding  clergyman 
above    mentioned    has    only    taken    to    an 

immoral  life,  and  not,  as  she  feared,  gone 
over  to  Rome.  But.  in  general,  the  smart 
and  good-natured  aphorisms  in  which  the 


book  about  i  emote  from 

reality  a  -  i-  t  In-  framewoi  k  of  the  story. 

Tracks    in    tli<    Snow,     By    Godfrey    Et. 
Benson.    (Longman    >v  I  fc>.) 

Tins  is.  on  the  whole,  an  interesting  story 

of  murder  and  mystery,  but  it  has  the 
defect — a  serious  one  in  fiction— of  being 
too  closely  modelled  Upon  real  life.  Just 
such  hazy  recollections,  such  meaning] 
clues,  such  futile  incidents,  are  to  be 
found  in  the  newspaper  report  of  any 
cause  ceWbre  ;  but  in  a  novel  much  more 
lucidity  and  arrangement  arc  needed 
than  in  a  court  of  law.  Far  too  little  use 
is  made  of  the  conversational  method  ; 
and  the  characters  of  the  various  potential 
murderers,  though  well  enough  imagined, 
are  presented  in  the  old-fashioned  manner 
by  means  of  elaborate  descriptions,  instead 
of  being  allowed  to  unfold  themselves 
insensibly.  The  book,  in  short,  shows 
considerable  crudeness,  but  also  an  ima- 
ginative faculty  by  no  means  contemptible. 


Beyond    the    Rocks.     By     Elinor     Glyn. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) 

Adjectives  in  pairs  of  black  and  white 
are  applicable  to  this  novel.  It  is  tender 
and  coarse,  clever  and  stupid.  The  young 
heroine  is  pathetic  in  her  feeble  devotion 
to  the  marriage  bond  between  her  and  the 
middle-aged  Josiah  Brown.  She  seemed 
to  "  wither  up  all  low  or  vicious  things," 
and  yet  her  beauty  is  praised  in  a  way 
that  makes  it  akin  to  a  mutton-chop.  Her 
lover  is  an  English  nobleman  of  experi- 
ence and  breeding,  yet  he  is  "  maddened 
beyond  bearing "  and  asks  her,  "  For 
God's  sake,  what  is  it  ?  "  in  her  husband's 
opera-box,  when  Josiah  is  there.  Lack 
of  good  taste  and  deficiency  in  technique 
are  serious  handicaps,  and  in  fact  this 
novel  is  drawn  back  by  them  from  the 
domain  of  good  art  into  the  republic  of 
the  second-rate,  where  many  hours  may 
be  pleasantly,  if  unprofitably  whiled  away. 
The  best  thing  in  the  story  is  the  clever 
device  by  which  Josiah  is  suddenly  con- 
verted into  a  gentleman  with  a  nimbus. 
But  Mrs.  Glyn's  latest  work,  despite 
certain  characteristic  touches,  suggests 
the  'prentice  hand  of  an  ingenue  who  has 
been  to  Paris,  rather  than  the  matured 
talent  of  the  author  of  '  The  Visits  of 
Elizabeth.' 

Richard  Baldock.     By  Archibald  Marshall. 
(Alston  Rivers.) 

This  record  of  the  childhood  and  youth 
of  a  country  clergyman's  son  is  marked 
by  much  truth  and  originality,  hut  there 
is  also  a  certain  deficiency  in  art.  Things 
happen  incoherently  and  without  dis- 
cernible unity  of  purpose  ;  and  the  story 
has  many  flat  intervals.  The  hero's  early 
relations  with  his  pious  but  insufferable 
father  and  with  his  father's  delightful 
servant,  his  experiences  at  the  "genteel" 
day-school  of  his  dative  village,  and  his 
introduction  to  the  world's  pomps  and 
vanities  as  personified  by  a  budding 
Etonian  (bearing  the  suggestive  name  of 


Syde  are  all  cm  client.  But  t Ik-  sketchy 
uidicationi  of  his  amazingly  successful 
career  a  bookeellei  and  publisher,  founded, 
we  presume,  on  tact,  an-  not  equally  con- 
vincing, and  we  scarcely  understand  the 
part  played  by  the  mi  who 

befriends  him  in  his  boyhood.  The  hook 
is  virtually  without  a  heroine,  which  for  a 
novel  of  this  particulai  description  i- 
rather  an  advantage  than  othen 


The  Magic  Island.     By  E.  Everett-Green. 

(Hutchinson  A  I 

Wk  find  this  story  very  thin  and  Blight. 
It  tells  of  an  island-garden,  a  recluse — 

a  retired  diplomatist— and  a  simple  girl, 
in  language  which  Mark  Twain  might 
justly  term  "  highfalutin."  Luckily  the 
recluse  has  a  nephew  wounded  in  South 
Africa  and  invalided  home,  to  whom  the 
heroine  transfers  her  great  passion  for  his 
uncle — luckily,  because  it  turns  out  that 
the  uncle  has  an  Italian  wife  from  whom 
he  has  been  separated,  owing  to  her  indis- 
cretion and  fiightiness.  However,  the 
heroine  insists  on  their  meeting  again  on 
the  island-garden  to  which  the  old  man 
has  retired  ;  Philip,  the  nephew,  finally 
wins  her  affection,  and  we  gather  that 
they  are  married  and  succeed  to  the  uncle's 
property.  Rarely  has  so  poor  a  plot  been 
concealed  beneath  such  a  wealth  of  words. 


Criminel  ?     By  Mary  Floran.     (Paris,  Cal- 
mann-Levy.) 

'  Criminel  ?'  is  well  and  gracefuUy  written 
"  pour  les  jeunes  filles,"  but,  though  the 
delineation  of  character  is  satisfactory, 
the  plot  is  both  hackneyed  and  improbable. 
We  have  the  gipsy  who  steals  the  heiress  ; 
the  hero  falsely  charged  with  murder  and 
tried  for  his  life  ;  the  missing  child  dis- 
covered by  the  hero  himself,  though  by 
mere  chance  ;  and  the  winning  of  the 
"  gros-lot  "  in  a  lottery  by  the  virtuous 
young  man  who  could  not  otherwise  wed 
the  heroine.  Any  one  of  the  four  incidents 
is,  of  course,  now  tabu  on  this  side  the 
Channel. 


TRAVEL. 


.1  Summer  Ixidc  through  Western  Tibet. 
By  Jane  E.  Duncan.  (Smith  &  Elder.)— 
Miss  Duncan  rather  unduly  enlarges  peo- 
graphical  areas  in  calling  Ladakh  and  Bal- 
tistan,  the  scenes  of  her  tour  in  the  territory 
of  the  Maharajah  of  Kashmir,  Western  Tibet. 
She  is  also  inaccurate  in  saying  that  "  our 
borders  now  reach  to  the  Pamirs,  where 
they  march  with  Russian  territory."  as  a 
strip  of  Chinese  Turkestan  intervenes  ;  and 
in  another  place  she  erroneously  talks  of 
Qilgit  as  being  on  the  borders  of  Kashmir 
and  Russia.  We  must  admit,  too,  that  until 
she  brought  us  to  Khapallu  we  had  many 
doubts  as  to  there  being  any  need  for  her 
to  have  described  her  "  summer  ride  "  at 
all  :  but  when  she  reached  that  unspoiled 
Arcadia  we  quickly  forgave  her.  and  followed 
her  narrative  thenceforth  with  interest  to  the 
end. 

Miss  Duncan  travelled  alone,  and  re- 
cords with  pride  that  she  was  the  first 
lady  traveller  to  visit  several  places.  In 
consequence  she  had  one  or  two  experiences 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


635 


that  might  have  been  unpleasant,  owing  to 
the  doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  local  authorities 
as  to  whether  a  "  mem  saheb  "  was  entitled 
to  the  same  consideration  as  a  "  saheb," 
had  she  not  had  with  her  a  doughty  champion 
in  the  person  of  Aziz  Khan,  a  Pathan  courier 
whose  services  and  exploits  make  up  not 
the  least  interesting  portion  of  Miss 
Duncan's  narrative.  Taken  altogether,  her 
experiences  were  not  disagreeable,  and  the 
few  disappointments  and  hardships  that 
she  had  to  undergo  rather  lent  zest  to  her 
adventuie  than  detracted  from  her  pleasure. 
Her  journey  was  divided  into  two  parts. 
The  first  describes  her  visit  to  Leh  and 
Himis.  At  Himis  she  witnessed  the  so- 
called  Devil  Dance,  and  then,  crossing  the 
Chang-La  pass,  got  into  the  Pangkong 
valley,  which  was  her  most  easterly  point, 
and  not  far  from  the  western  borders  of 
Tibet.  Retracing  her  steps  through  Leh 
to  Khalatse,  she  turned  northwards  at  that 
place  into  Baltistan,  and  discovered  Khapallu. 
Khapallu  is  close  to  the  Shayok  stream,  and 
about  sixty-five  miles  east  of  Skardo,  the 
reputed  capital  of  Baltistan.  The  Baltis, 
or  Dards,  boast  a  good  deal  of  their 
descent  from  Alexander,  and  they  certainly 
show  some  traces  of  Greek  ancestry.  The 
women,  and  the  men  too,  are  remarkable 
for  their  good  looks  and  their  straight,  well- 
cut  features.  The  serious  business  of  life 
here  seems  to  be  polo  and  tamashas.  The 
latter  are  held  two  or  three  times  a  week, 
beginning  at  10  p.m.  and  ending  soon  after 
midnight.  These  ordinary  tamashas  are 
eclipsed  by  a  great  one  which  is  held 
every  thirty-six  years,  and  as  Miss  Duncan 
enjoyed  the  privilege  of  being  the  first 
European  to  see  this  special  show,  she  records 
with  much  satisfaction  that  no  one  else  can 
hope  to  witness  it  before  1940,  which  is  a 
long  way  off.  This  was  one  of  her  chk 
inducements  for  staying  on  at  Khapallu  for 
a  whole  month — not  that  there  was  much 
need,  we  should  say,  for  any  additional 
reason  to  remain  in  Khapallu  beyond  its 
natural  attractions  as  she  paints  them.  The 
blase  denizen  of  crowded  cities,  with  the 
rush,  noise,  and  dust  of  twentieth -century 
locomotion  offending  his  senses  and  shatter- 
ing his  nerves,  will  rather  pine  after  this 
"  charming  valley,"  as  described  by  the 
writer  : — 

"The  summer  climate  is  perfect,  rather  cold  at 
night  and  not  overpoweringly  hot  in  the  day,  when 
a  cool  breeze,  a  real  zephyr,  gently  stirs  the  leaves  ; 
beautiful  walks,  endless  wood-carvings  to  draw  from, 
the  village  people  a  constant  source  of  interest  and 
amusement,  nearly  70  miles  from  a  post  office, 
about  3">0  miles  from  a  railway  station,  no  cares, 
no  worries,  and  a  few  good  books  to  read  ;  what 
more  can  mortal  woman  wish  for,  and  would  she 
not  be  very  foolish  to  leave  such  an  earthly 
paradise  sooner  than  she  must  do?" 

If  this  was  the  Khapallu  that  Miss  Duncan 
knew  the  year  before  last,  there  is  fortunately 
no  great  reason  for  supposing  that  it  will 
change  in  the  near  future,  for  "  the  high 
passes  which  must  be  crossed  to  reach  it 
will  be  an  effectual  barrier  against  its  being 
overrun  with  trippers."  But  we  return  to 
the  great  tamasha,  for  which,  curiously 
enough,  another  English  lady  arrived  on 
the  very  day  of  the  principal  celebration. 
One  marked  peculiarity  to  be  noticed 
about  it  is  the  fact  that  the  people,  beinp 
Shiahs,  allow  their  women  to  attend  these 
festivities  freely,  instead  of  relegating  them 
to  a  distant  view  under  purdah.  The  big 
tamasha  covered  two  days,  one  for  pre- 
liminaries and  the  other  for  the  real  thing. 
<  onstant  drumminga  by  the  bands  as  they 
assembled  from  the  villages  of  the  district, 
dances  in  which  both  sexes  joined,  and  the 
election  of  a  temporary  rajah  to  fill  the  role 
of   a   "lord   of   misrule  "   formed   tho  pre. 


liminaries.  The  real  rajah  so  far  enteis 
into  the  fun  of  the  thing  as  to  lend  his  under- 
study his  clothes  and  his  pony,  while  he  him- 
self dons  for  the  day  the  garb  of  an  ordinary 
villager.  Sword  dances,  polo  tournaments, 
and  comic  representations  were  the  main 
features  of  the  entertainment,  but  perhaps 
the  most  remarkable  revelation  was  that  of 
the  existence  of  a  well-organized  "  claque." 
The  full  description  of  the  affair  as  recorded 
by  Miss  Duncan  will  show  how  closely  all  the 
world  is  akin. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  interest  in  Miss 
Duncan's  experiences  after  leaving  Khapallu : 
her  crossing  the  Shayok  on  a  zak,  or  ferry- 
boat of  inflated  skins  ;  her  journey  down 
the  valley,  traversing  rickety  platform  or 
parao  roads  along  the  sides  of  precipices 
hanging  over  the  river  ;  and  her  diligent 
collection  of  rock  inscriptions.  Her  visit 
to  the  Buddhist  rock  at  Sadpor  led  to  the 
more  careful  copying  of  the  inscription  by 
an  emissary  sent  some  time  afterwards  by 
Mr.  Francke,  of  the  Moravian  Mission.  The 
barrage  at  the  same  place,  with  its  clearly 
defined  sluice-gates,  is  another  interesting 
relic  of  antiquity  ;  but,  beyond  calling  atten- 
tion to  these  monuments  as  having  come 
under  her  personal  notice,  Miss  Duncan  does 
not  pose  as  an  archaeological  authority.  The 
real  interest  of  her  journey  centres  in 
Khapallu,  and  her  summer  ride  may  not  be 
without  its  beneficial  consequences  for  the 
inhabitants  of  that  district  if  it  leads  to  the 
appointment,  or  even  the  occasional  visit, 
of  a  doctor  to  a  spot  where  all  would  be 
perfect  but  for  the  prevalence  of  sickness, 
and  especially  of  ophthalmia. 

Vikings  of  the  Pacific,  by  A.  C.  Laut 
(Macmillan),  is  a  reprint,  carefully  revised, 
of  twelve  papers  originally  contributed  to 
various  American  magazines.  The  attrac- 
tive title  of  the  volume  is  scarcely  justified 
by  its  contents  :  for  although  the  author 
furnishes  interesting  accounts  of  the  deeds 
and  misdeeds  of  the  early  Russian  fur- 
hunters,  of  the  notorious  Count  Benyowsky, 
and  of  other  adventurers,  who  may  fairly 
be  described  as  Vikings  of  an  ignoble  type, 
that  designation  cannot  be  applied  to  seamen 
like  Bering,  Cook,  Vancouver,  or  Gray,  nor 
even  to  Baranof,  the  able  Governor  of  the 
Russian  fur  company,  whose  great  services 
met  with  so  ill  a  requital.  To  the  general 
reader,  especially  if  an  American,  the  author's 
accounts  of  the  doings  of  Gray  and  Ledyard 
are  likely  to  prove  of  special  interest.  Robert 
Gray,  of  Boston,  commanded  the  first  ship 
which  carried  the  American  flag  around  the 
world  ;  and  on  a  second  voyage,  in  1792,  he 
pluckily  crossed  the  bar  of  a  river  discovered 
and  named  St.  Roque  by  the  Spaniard 
Heceta,  but  now  known  to  us  as  the  Colum- 
bia. Ledyard,  a  New  England  ne'er-do-well, 
joined  Cook's  expedition  as  corporal  of 
marines,  and,  after  an  adventurous  life, 
died  on  the  road  to  Cairo,  when  on  the  point 
of  penetrating  Inner  Africa.  The  author, 
in  writing  his  popular  narratives  of  Pacific 
voyages  and  adventures,  claims  to  have  con- 
sulted the  more  important  of  the  "  first 
sources,"  and  this  claim  we  are  willing  to 
concedo  to  him.  We  cannot,  however, 
accept  in  every  case  his  estimate  of  the  value 
of  the  work  done  by  the  various  discoverers 
of  whom  he  treats.  It  is  a  gross  exaggeration, 
for  instance,  to  speak  of  Bering's  voyage  in 
1741  as  "  the  greatest  naval  expedition 
known  to  the  world."  Entirely  uncalled- 
for,  too,  are  the  contemptuous  terms  in 
which  he  speaks  of  men  of  science,  or 
"  ignoramus  savants  "  and  "  bookful  block- 
heads" as  lie  prefers  to  call  them.  Tho 
volume  is  illustrated  with  a  few  good 
portraits,  but  there  is  no  general  map  which 
would  enable  a  render  Jbo  traco  the  routes 
described. 


Three  journeys,  mainly  for  sport— one  to 
Abyssinia,  and  two  to  British  East  Africa 
— are  described  by  Lord  Hindlip  under  the 
title  Sport  and  Travel  :  Abyssinia  and 
British  East  Africa  (Fisher  Unwin).  The 
first  trip  was  apparently  the  result  of  an 
introduction  "  to  Colonel  (now  Sir  John) 
Harrington,  British  Minister  to  Abyssinia," 
and,  whilst  regretted  as  regards  sport,  was 
not  entirely  wasted  time,  as  some  insight  into 
the  country  and  the  ways  of  Menelik  was 
gained.  Although  no  remarkable  novelty 
is  recorded,  there  is  advantage  in  being 
reminded  of  matters  which  may  become 
serious,  and  are  apt  to  be  forgotten,  though 
they  have  already  attracted  attention. 
Thus  it  is  justly  remarked  that  Italy's  mis- 
fortunes in  that  land  are  of  serious  import  to 
other  countries  :  that  since  they  occurred 
"  Menelik  has  been  pandered  to  by  every  Power 
whose  territories  surround  his  country,  the  result 

being  that the  majority  of  the  chiefs  and   the 

whole  of  the  populace  firmly  believe  that  the}'  are 
capable  of  '  Licking  creation.'  " 

The  author  justly  considers  it 
"a  thousand  pities  that  the  cruel  rulers  of  Abys- 
sinia have  been  allowed  to  extend  their  occupation 
so  far  South,  to  the  detriment  of  our  interests  and 
those  of  the  unfortunate  tribes  with   whom  they 

come  in  contact To  any  one  who  has  travelled 

in  the  country  and  seen  the  Abyssinian  in  his  true 
colours,    the   present  alliance  with  Menelik   is  a 

humiliating  and  almost  degrading  spectacle I 

look  upon  Abj'ssinia  as  the  greatest  menace  to 
the  future  peace  of  the  African  continent,  and 
our  policy  with  the  country  should  be  a  most  firm 
one,  and  not  on  any  account  made  subordinate  to 
that  of  another  nation." 

No  sooner  had  Lord  Hindlip  returned 
from  Abyssinia  than  he  set  about  preparing 
for  a  visit  to  East  Africa,  concerning  which 
he  had  the  advantage  of  advice  from  Sir 
Charles  Eliot,  then  H.M.'s  Commissioner. 
January,  1903,  found  him  en  route  for 
Nairobi.  He  met  Mr.  F.  C.  Selous  ;  saw 
much  game  ;  passed  through  a  country  of 
perfect  climate  which  is  in  every  way  adapted 
to  support  a  thriving  population  of  Britons, 
but  which  has  been  made  over  to  undesirable 
aliens  ;  and  went  home  wondering  how 
soon  he  might  be  able  to  return. 

This  happened  in  May,  1905,  when,  accom- 
panied by  Lady  Hindlip,  he  set  forth  for 
the  same  country.  As  regards  sport,  the 
trip  would  seem  to  have  been  successful, 
and  by  way  of  travel  the  caves  of  Mount 
Elgon,  inhabited  and  uninhabited,  were 
visited  :  the  author  has  acquired  land  near 
that  occupied  by  Lord  and  Lady  Delamere, 
and  hopes  to  be  there  "when  this  volume 
is  in  the  hands  of  the  reader."  It  is  well 
illustrated.  There  arc  appendixes  on 
game  preservation,  licences,  and  regulations  : 
subjects  of  great  importance  in  need  of  re- 
examination, but  too  intricate  and  requiring 
too  much  space  to  admit  of  examination  in 
this  notice. 

No  Man's  Land  :  a  History  of  Spitsbergen 
from  its  Discovery  in  1596  to  the  Beginning 
of  the  Scientific  Exploration  of  the  Country. 
By  Sir  Martin  Conway.  (Cambridge,  Uni- 
versity Press.) — Sir  Martin  Conway  appeals 
to  reviewers  and  readers  henceforward  to 
spell  the  name  "  Spitsbergen  "  correctly. 
While  proposing  ourselves  to  follow  in  this 
article  his  advice,  we  think  there  is  some- 
thing to  be  said  on  the  other  side.  His  own 
very  full  bibliography  of  works  relating  to 
the' country  establishes  the  fact  that,  until 
less  than  twenty  years  ago.  for  fully  200 
years  no  nation  but  the  Dutch  and  Scandi- 
navians spelt  it  aeoording  to  its  Dutch  ety- 
mology. The  wide  prevalence  of  an  error 
(if  it  be  such)  for  so  long  a  period  seems  to 

give  it  a  sort  of  prescriptive  right  ;   and  we 

doubt  whether  alteration  is  now  possible. 
Spitsbergen     for     many     years     after     its 


M<\ 


Til  K     A  Til  KX.KI'M 


X    UOO,  M  ■-  26,  1906 


discovery  was  -u| i| m i-i-il  In  In1  pari  "t  (lii  i  ii 
lutnl  ;    l. ui   Sir    Martin  think*  thai    bj    1613 
i  he    En  amen   who   frequi  nted    thosi 

waters  were  aware  that    ii    was  a 
[aland.     The    name    Spitttbergun    does    no1 
ooour    even    bo    late    as    I  <  ■  7 1    in    Heylin's 
1  Cosmography  '  j     bul    thai    writer   speaks 
ui    Greenland    (Greenland)    anil    Greenland 
(Spitsbergen)  in  different   parte  of  his  work 
n-  if  In'  knew  then)  to  be  distinct  countrii  -. 
sir  Martin  says  thai    "in  a  sense"  Spits- 
bergen ran  have  no  true  history  of  its  own. 
for    it     has    never    been    an       inhabited" 
country.     The  adjective  might    perhaps  be 
disputed;    for  he  relates  thai   Borne  of  the 
Dutch  remained  there  for  two  whole  y< 
while  in  later  times  Bome  castaways  were 
there  for  sis  years,  and  a  Russian  trapper 
uninterruptedly  for  fifteen.     But  the  oo 
ui'  tliis  inhospitable  group  of  islands  were 
long  the  sccnr  nf  a  lucrative  whale-fishery, 
in  the  course  of  which  blood  was  often  spilt 
between  rival  nations,  though  nol  in  such  a 
way  as  to  lead  ti>  open  war.     It  is  rather 
tlir  history  of  this  industry  that  is  contained 
in  Sir  Martin's  volume;  hut    he  lias  added 
three    chapters    about    the    visits    of    tlio 
Russian  and  the  earlier  exploring  expeditions, 
which  are  not   the  least   interesting  part  of 
the  work.     His  task  has  been  accomplished 
in  a  characteristically  complete  fashion,  and 
lias    evidently    involved    a    good    deal    of 
research  in  rare  books  of  old  voyages,  both 
Blngliah    and    Dutch.      He    has    given    many 
minute  details  of  the  English  narratives  in 
verbatim  quotations,  wisely  preserving  the 
original  spelling  ;    and  in  these  days,  when 
Spitsbergen    is   annually   visited   by   tourist 
steamers,  such  a  book  ought  to  find  many 
readers.      One    of    these    steamers    in    1896 
actually  penetrated  the  ice-laden  sea  almost 
to  within  a  degree  of  Parry's  highest  latitude, 
which   was  for  half  the  nineteenth  century 
the    "farthest   north."     In    1896   and    1897 
Sir  Martin  himself  made  two  expeditions  to 
Spitsbergen,  with  the  double  object  of  moun- 
taineering and  exploration  ;    and  his  know- 
ledge of  the  country  and  its  shores  has  been 
of  great  service  to  him  in  interpreting  the 
statement  sol' seventeenth-century  navigators. 
He  has  provided  a  chronological  list  of  modern 
voyages  ;     but    we   regret   that   he   has   not 
enlarged  his  book  so  as  to  include  the  era 
of  more  scientific  exploration.      As  it  is,  the 
narrative  ends   abruptly,   and   with   a   story 
half-told.      For  the  expeditions  of  Franklin 
and  Parry  (if  not  also  that  of  Phipps)  which 
he  relates   in    his   last   chapter   were   under- 
taken with  a  scientific  object  ;    and  it  seems 
hardly  just  to  omit  the  excellent  work  of  the 
Swedes  (18r>8-68)  under  A.  E.  Nordenskiold, 
whose  book,  at  least  in  its  English  transla- 
tion, is  already  becoming  scarce. 

Sir  Martin  provides  two  excellent  appen- 
dixes on  the  ancient  cartography  and  nomen- 
clature of  Spitsbergen  ;  and  he  deserves 
much  ciedit  for  reproducing  twelve  early 
maps  of  the  country — most  of  them  beyond 
the  reach  of  the  ordinary  student.  On  one 
geographical  point  only,  which  has  been 
much  debated,  is  he  lacking  in  clearness. 
Id  supposes  that  "  Wiche's  Land,"  seen  by 
the  English  in  KiI7,  is  the  King  Karl's  Land 
of  the  Swedes.  This  is  quite  possible, 
although,  on  his  own  showing,  its  first  dis- 
coverers must  have  seen  it,  if  at  all,  from  a 
distance  of  seventy  miles.  But  when  he 
is  relating  the  voyage  of  the  Dutchman  Giles 
(or  (iillis),  in  17l>7,  he  speaks  of  the  much- 
COntested  Giles  Land  as  if  it  were  distinct 
from  the  Wiche  Islands.  White  Island, 
which  he  seems  to  identify  wi  h  it,  is  too 
small  and  not  distant  enough  to  be  the  land 
described  :  while  it  is  inconceivable  that 
Giles  should  have  sailed  east  of  Cape  Mohn 

without     sighting    the    Wiche     Islands.      Sir 

Martin  says  nothing  of  the  fact  that  Peter- 


iiiniiii   placid   the  land   Been  b\  Giles  a  long 
distance  i  •>  the  m  »rt  h-east.      1 1   the  lat  ii 
of  Gili  rrect     and  I 

many  instances  ol  the  errors  of  earl  j  voya 
in    t  iiis  r<  sped     it   seen  ble    t  hat  he 

ited  the  weal  coast  ol  I  ranz  •'•  ef  1  .and, 
for  Jackson  olaims  to  have  shown  that  the 
Giles  Land  nt  Petermann  do<  not  ■ 
But  the  simplest  solution  is  that  Giles  Laud 
is  the  Wiche  Islands  or  King  Karl's  Lund, 
us  in  the  map  of  Giles  and  Rep  (which  is  here 
reproduced)  no  land  is  marked  wlnie  those 
islands  me.  All  lovers  of  geography  will  be 
grateful  to  sir  .Martin  for  the  admirable 
map  of  the  Spitsbergen  group  in  the  cover 
of  t  his  volume. 

The    Land  of   Pardons.     By   Anatole    Le 
Braz.     Translated  by  Frances  M.  Goatling. 

(Methuen.)      The    few    who    like    France   and 

yet  prefer,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  read 
French  hooks  in  English  have  every  reason 
to    be    grateful    to    the    translator   for    her 

rendering  of  one  of  the  little  masterpii 
which  pass  almost  unnoticed  in  French 
literature  ;  while  other  lovers  of  France 
will  be  glad  to  have  this  edition  for  the  sake 
of  its  illustrations  from  photographs  by  the 
author  and  her  friends  and  in  colour  by  Mr 
T.  C.  Gotch.  The  translation  is  very  fair, 
but  liable  to  failure.  "II  a  beau  boire, 
l'haleine  lui  manque,"  does  not  mean  "  He 
has  drunk  a  good  deal,"  but  "  Let  him  drink 
as  he  will,  his  breath  fails  him."  There  are 
certain  other  renderings  which  indicate 
some  uncertainty.  Three  reaux  (which 
should  be  reals)  make  a  franc,  and  nuts 
are  sold,  not  at  "  28  for  a  sou,"  but  100 
for  18  sous  to  the  peasants.  Why,  too, 
are  sonnevr  (minstrel)  and  biniou  (bag- 
pipe) left  untranslated  ?  "  Assumes  once 
more  its  ancient  aspect  of  a  royal  road  "  is 
no  improvement  on  "  retrouve  sa  noble 
aisance  d'ancienne  voie  royale." 

It  would  be  superfluous  to  say  one  word 
in  praise  of  '  Au  Pays  des  Pardons.'  It 
contains  the  very  spirit  of  "  la  Bretagne 
bretonnante  "  ;  it  is  not  a  guide-book,  it  is 
a  poem.  We  can  well  sympathize  with  the 
translator's  desire  to  linger  over  its  pa| 
a;  a  labour  of  love,  and  we  hope  that  a  speedy 
call  for  a  second  edition  will  give  her  an 
opportunity  of  careful  revision.  The  illus- 
trations call  for  special  commendation. 

Picturesque  Brittany.  By  Mrs.  Arthur  G. 
Bell.  With  Illustrations  in  Colour  by  Arthur 
G.  Bell.  (Dent.)— The  type  of  illustrated 
book  in  demand  at  present  has  reached  a 
certain  fixity  of  form  :  as  we  open  the  book 
we  expect  a  pleasant,  chatty,  easy  flow  of 
words  which  serve  to  separate  the  coloured 
plates  from  one  another  by  a  seemly  interval, 
and  to  lead  from  each  to  its  successor.  The 
public  will  not — such  is  the  homage  it  still 
pays  to  a  literary  tradition — buy  a  book  of 
"  illustrations  "  without  a  text  of  some  sort 
to  be  illustrated.  But  neither  the  painter 
nor  the  writer  takes  this  notion  of  the  public 
seriously :  each  proceeds  independently, 
and  it  is  greatly  a  matter  of  chance  if  any 
unity  of  feeling  results.  The  painter,  how- 
ever conventional  his  training,  always  retains 
somewhat  of  the  power  of  seeing  anew  for 
himself:  the  write!'  can  rarely  free  himself 
from  the  enduring  chain  of  the  woids  in 
which  his  predecessors  have  recorded  their 
views.  Mr.  Hell's  drawings  are  the  most  im- 
portant feature  in  the  book  before  us:  we 
think  them,  indeed,  better  than  those  of  any 
other  colour  -  book  on  Brittany  that  has 
yet  been  issued.  He  has  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining a  great  deal  of  the  colour  and  feeling 
Of  the  province  in  the  sunshine,  though  t  he 
sterner,  more  cruel  side  of  the  Breton  land- 
scape and  the  Breton  character  hardly 
appears.  His  street  drawings  show  a  certain 
sense    of    architecture    not    by    any    means 


common.      M i  -.   Bell  in  the  .. 

1 1 1< -fit   and   proportion  of  her  hook  the  skill 

ol  a  pi. i'  tilted  writer,  ii  in  the  loose  st\l. 

•  limes     allowed     to     s<  >■     the    author 

almoal    «  it    deshabille.     Such  ions  ss 

the  "  Llc--.il  ||(  .  ■  .  fleet  which  has  just 

been   blessed  ma  |,ut 

should  never  roach  the  first   proof.     \\  ■■  do 
not  like  her  obiter  <Ii<tn  on  the  religj 
ions  going  on  in   France  :    t  hey 

of    place    in    the    mouth    of   a    foreigner,    ■ 

their  value  may  be  judged  from  ti 
ment  that  the  author  saw  "  numbers  of  b 
-i\  or  seven  years  old"  at  confession.     In 

her  account  of  the  "  pardons       Mr-.  Bell  has 
borrowed    much    from    Le    Bra/,    but     by    no 

means   unintelligently   or    blindly,    and 

adds    in    each    Case    something    of    her    own 

observation.     The    descriptions    of    scenery 
arc  very  good,  and  the  account-  of  Plougastel, 
Quimper,  Quimperle,  and  Font 
lent.      .Mrs.   Hell  found  at  Fougeres  the  well- 
known  collection  of  boots  and  foot-o 
which  have  so  long  been  a  prominent  fea- 
of  the  Cluny  Museum.     Altogether  '  Pictur- 
esque Brittany  '  is  a  harmonious  and  - 
fill  account  of  an  interesting  summer  holiday 
— one  which  might  be  followed   with  little 
trouble   by   train   if   a   circular   ticket    were 
taken     from      Hermes.      We     Commend     the 
notion   to   holiday-makers  willing  to  travel 
light. 


(II  DES. 


Lincoln  :  a  Historical  and  Topographical 
Account  of  the  City.     By  E.  Mansel  Sympson. 

(Methuen  &  Co.) — It  is  not  a  little  curious 
that  the  city  of  Lincoln,  which  is  certainly 
one  of  the  most  interesting  spots  in  England, 
has  never  found  an  historian  up  to  the  time 
of  the  issue  of  this  book.  It  was  to  have 
been  included  in  the  series  of  "  Historic 
Towns  "  (Longmans)  from  the  pen  of  Pre- 
centor Venables,  but  he  died  without  achiev- 
ing his  purpose.  Now,  however.  Mr.  Symp- 
son has  accomplished  the  task  in  the  new- 
series  termed  "Ancient  Cities."  It  is 
pleasant  to  be  able  to  follow  up  in  these 
450  pages  the  story  of  a  minster  and  a  town 
of  which  Kuskin  wrote  in  such  glowing  terms  : 

"I  have  always  held,  and  am  prepared  against 
all  comers  to  maintain,  that  the  Cathedral  of 
Lincoln  is  out  and  out  the  most  precious  piece  of 
architecture  in  the  British  Isles,  and,  roughly 
speaking,  worth  any  two  other  cathedrals  we  have 
got.  Secondly,  that  the  town  of  Lincoln  is  a 
lovely  old  English  town,  and  I  hope  the  Mayor 
and  the  Common  Councilmen  won't  let  any  of  it 
(not  so  much  as  a  house  corner)  l>e  pulled  down  t<> 
build  an  institution  or  a  market,  or  a  gunpowder 
or  a  dynamite  mill,  or  a  college   or  or  a 

barrack,  or  any  other  modern  luxury." 

Mr.  Sympson  has  given  us  a  readable  and 
carefully  compiled  book.  The  visitor  who 
desires  to  carry  away  more  than  a  transitory 
impression  of  a  unique  city  cannot  do 
better  than  purchase  a  copy  for  diligent 
study.     But  the  perusal  of  it  will  probably 

not  give  complete  satisfaction  to  those  who 
know  well  the  diversified  history  it  covers. 
It  is,  perhaps,  rather  too  bad  —  for  we 
are  genuinely  grateful  to  Mr.  Sympson 
for  what  he  has  accomplished  to  gird  at 
omissions  when  so  large  a  number  of  fads 
and  particulars  have  been  accumulated 
within  these  covers  :  but  there  is  an  absence 
of  a  due  sense  of  proportion  :  some  events 
that  have  often  been  chronicled  are  set  forth 

in  unnecessary  detail,  whilst  a  great  variety 

of    curious    and    untold    information,    which 

might  have  been  gleaned  with  comparatively 

little  trouble,  is  omitted. 

As   an    instance   of   redundant    fullness,    it 

may  be  mentioned  that  seven  pages  are 
devoted  to  the  supposed  murder  and  craoj- 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


637 


fixion  by  the  Jews  of  a  Christian  child — 
afterwards  known  as  Little  St.  Hugh — in 
1255.  Matthew  Paris's  narrative  is  repro- 
duced at  length,  probably  for  the  fiftieth 
time.  There  is  not  a  hint  given  that  the 
best  historical  students  agree  in  believing 
that  these  child-crucifixion  tales — ■  told  of  so 
many  places  both  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent,  and  revived  in  our  own  days — 
are  cruel  slanders  on  the  Jews.  We  would 
suggest  to  Mr.  Sympson  that  before  re- 
peating this  tale  he  should  read  the  critical 
and  scholarly  article  by  Mr.  Jacobs  on  this 
very  legend  in  his  '  Jewish  Ideals,  and  other 
Essays,'  published  in  1896. 

As  to  omissions,  it  does  not  appear  that 
Mr.  Sympson  has  made  any  study  of  the 
well-arranged  muniments  of  the  Dean  and 
Chapter  of  Lincoln,  of  the  fine  series  of 
Episcopal  Registers,  or  of  the  Patent  and 
Close  Rolls,  &c.  (now  for  the  most  part  so 
well  calendared),  which  contain  a  variety  of 
interesting  little  details  relating  to  the  civil 
history  of  the  city.  In  short,  this  book 
is  admirable  as  a  superior  kind  of  guide-book, 
but  does  not  offer  enough  to  satisfy  the  anti- 
quary or  historical  student. 

It  is  good  to  notice  that  the  writer  has 
the  courage  to  criticize  adversely  certain 
features  of  the  recent  restoration  of  the 
Minster. 

The  book  has  numerous  illustrations  by 
Mr.  E.  H.  New,  who  has  won  a  well-earned 
reputation  among  black-and-white  artists. 
Some  of  his  smaller  drawings  are  charming, 
particularly  in  the  initials  and  tail-pieces  ; 
but  his  style  is  wholly  insufficient  to  produce 
desirable  pictures  of  such  gems  of  archi- 
tecture as  the  Angel  Choir. 

The  Little  Guides  :  Northamptonshire.  By 
Wakeling  Dry.  (Methuen  &  Co.)— This 
small  handbook  to  Northamptonshire  is  un- 
worthy of  its  place  in  a  generally  good  series. 
Among  the  frequent  instances  of  haphazard 
writing  the  following  may  be  noticed  :  they 
are  but  samples.  Mr.  W.  Ryland  D.  Adkiiis 
is  a  well-known  writer  and  barrister  of  the 
county;  as  he  is  joint-editor  of  the  "Victoria 
County  History  "  of  this  shire  and  also  a 
member  of  Parliament,  it  would  be  easy  to 
give  his  name  and  initials  correctly  ;  but  the 
name  is  rendered  differently  in  each  of  the 
three  places  where  it  occurs,  appearing  once 
as  "  Atkins."  It  is  difficult  to  recognize 
the  famous  abbey  of  Pipewcll  under  the 
alias  of  Pipwell  ;  and  why  is  the  well- 
known  seat  of  the  Fanes  at  Apethorp 
rendered  Apthorp  ?  Only  two  lines  are 
given  to  the  once  highly  interesting  royal 
college  of  Eothoiinghay,  and  in  one  of  these 
we  are  told  that  it  was  destroyed  "  in  Ed- 
ward II. 'a  time  "  !  For  information  as  to 
Towcester  lazar-house,  which  is  in  itself 
faulty,  reference  is  made  to  the  "  Pope  rolls 
of  John."  In  matters  eccJ etiological  the 
author  is  but  ill  equipped.  The  old  con- 
fusion of  canons  and  monks  is  repeated  : 
the  corrected  errors  of  t lie  church  dedications 
of  the  county  reappear  in  great  profusion — 
St.  Luke,  for  instance,  being  given  as  the 
dedication  of  both  Wellingborough  and 
Spratton ;  Catesby  was  a  house  of  Bene- 
dictine, not  Cistercian  nuns,  nor  was  its 
partial  rule  by  a  warden  or  master  abnormal, 
or  in  the  slightest  degree  comparable  to  the 
Gilbertine  custom  of  double-sexed  houses. 
The    architectural    particulars    ore    so    im- 

perfect  that  Mr.  Dry's  guidance  cannot  be 
safely  followed.  The  visitor  to  Wootton 
must  not  !>«•  surprised  if  ho  fails  to 
find  the  "chantry  chapeld  at  the  west 
<nd  of  eaoh  ai  He.  There  is  a  well- 
known  tout,  of  easily  denoted  age,  in 
the   church   of  West,  lladdon.      The  writer  of 

this  guide  determines  to  call  it  Norman  on 
p.  36  ;    but  on  p.  145  it  lias  changed  to  "  a 


most  interesting  Early  English  font."  A 
still  more  noteworthy  font  is  that  of  Little 
Billing,  which  is  inscribed  with  the  maker's 
name  ;  it  is  one  of  the  very  few  fonts  in  the 
kingdom  which  are  certainly  Saxon,  but 
this  guide  cal]s  it  Norman.  Students  of 
architecture  will  be  startled  to  find,  on 
p.  38,  that  Duddington  has  a  broached  spire 
"  dating  from  the  time  of  John  or  early 
Henry  III."  ;  but  on  only  the  previous  page 
this  information  is  flatly  contradicted  by 
the  statement  that  Duddington  tower  is 
Early  English  with  "  a  later  spire  "  ! 

The  story  of  Northamptonshire  is  par 
excellence  the  story  of  a  forest  county  ;  the 
materials  for  its  forest  history,  past  and 
present,  are  overwhelming,  but  they  are 
almost  ignored.  The  brief  accounts  of  man3r 
of  the  parishes  will  be  scanned  in  vain  for  some 
noteworthy  points — for  instance,  the  ancient 
circular  dovecot  at  Harleston.  A  large 
number  of  villages  and  small  towns,  many  of 
which  are  among  the  characteristic  places 
of  the  shire,  are  forgotten.  The  one  village 
of  North  Northamptonshire  which  is  pre- 
eminent for  the  interest  and  variety  of  its 
old  stone  houses  and  cottages,  is  Col)  ey  West  on, 
but  there  is  not  a  word  of  description. 
Rauncls  and  Thrapston  are  small  and  old- 
established  towns,  the  former  having  a  par- 
ticularly fine  church  ;  but  this  book  is 
silent  as  to  both,  nor  is  there  even  a  sentence 
about  such  interesting  churches  as  those  of 
Maxey,  Greens  Norton  (Saxon),  Wilby, 
Wollaston,  and  a  score  of  others.  In  short, 
about  a  hundred  places  of  tin's  comparatively 
small  county  are  left  without  any  descrip- 
tion. 

The  only  feature  that  can  be  praised  is 
the  excellence  of  some  of  the  photographic 
plates   of   non -hackneyed   subjects. 

In  Months  at  the  Lakes  (MacLehosc)  Canon 
Rawnsley  gives  the  impressions  he  has 
derived  from  his  study  for  twenty  years  of 
"  the  changes  in  the  face  and  mood  of 
Nature."  it  is  never  easy  to  describe  effects 
of  scenery,  and  the  author's  style  is  some- 
what too  luxurious  and  sentimental  for  our 
taste.  But  if  we  are  inclined  to  "  skip  " 
some  of  his  descriptive  matter,  we  read  with 
pleasure  every  word  concerning  local  tra- 
dition and  custom,  of  which  the  Canon  is 
evidently  a  master.  He  has,  for  instance, 
a  most  interesting  passage  on  the  old  English 
numerals  which  the  shepherds  formerly 
used,  and  which  still  linger  in  aged  memory. 
With  this  book  and  the  same  author's 
Literary  Associations  of  the  Lakes,  2  vols., 
which  has  now  reached  a  third  edition,  and 
which  we  reviewed  at  length  in  1894,  the 
ordinary  man  will  find  himself  led  easily 
and  agreeably  to  a  knowledge  and  apprecia- 
tion which  will  double  his  pleasure.  He 
will  get  a,  clear  view  both  of  the  heroes  of  I  he 

past  and  tli"  homely,  kindly  humour  of  the 
men  of  to-day,  whoso  speech  is  full  of  effect  i\  e 
vigour.  We  pointed  out  in  1894  some  un- 
sightly errors,  and  aie  glad  to  see  that  our 
corrections  have  borne  fruit. 

Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  is  one  of  the 
"College  Monographs"  (Dent),  a  series  of 
short  handbooks  at  a  moderate  price1.     Bach 

book  is  to  be  by  a,  member  of  (he  college 
concerned,  and.  if  all  are  as  good  as  this  one 
by  Mr.  W.  W.  House-  Ball,  we  shall  be  well 
pleased  witli  the  scries.  There  are  fifteen 
illustrations  here,   which   are  all   important 

views  :  and  (he  author  writes  with  the  ease 
of  one  who  has  studied  his  subject.  The 
book  is  prettily  gol    up,  and  will  go  into  the 

ordinary  pocket.  We  have  one  suggestion 
to  make.  Would  it  no1  be  well  to  reprint 
From  'Cambridge  and  its  Storj  '  the  lists 
of  college  pictures  in  each  case  '.'  This 
would  be  a  valuable  page  added  to  the 
100  pages  or  so  presented  to  us.     This  list 


need  not  preclude  a  notice  of  the  more 
important  ones  in  the  text,  such  as  Mr.  Ball 
supplies  here.  He  must  have  had  work  to 
keep  to  his  limited  spa.ee,  but  has  made  good 
use  of  it.  Mr.  E.  H.  New's  illustrations  will 
please  some  and  iiritate  others.  They  are 
sketchy,  but  agreeable. 

The  Homeland  Association  issues  as 
No.  44  of  its  handbooks  Dorking  and  Leather- 
head,  by  Joseph  E.  Morris,  which  is  an  un- 
pretentious, but  compendious  and  efficient 
guide  to  the  district  embracing  two  of  the 
most  picturesque  towns  in  Surrey.  As  Mr. 
Morris  points  out,  Dorking  ha,s  the  advantage 
of  a  situation  betwixt  chalk  and  sand,  and 
so  secures  the  characteristic  beauties  of  each 
soil.  It  forms,  as  it  were,  a  gate  into  the 
Weald,  and  is  a  natural  centre  for  tourist 
and  pedestrian.  Mr.  Morris's  bird's-eye 
survey  of  its  history  is  serviceable,  and 
adequate  attention  is  paid  to  amtiquitics 
in  the  little  volume.  The  scope  of  the  book 
is  necessarily  not  wide,  but  within  his  limits 
the  author  offers  a  goodly  assortment  of 
information.  Thus  even  the  obscure  Mac's 
Well  on  the  slope  of  Leith  Hill  below  Cold- 
harbour  does  not  escape  him,  and  he  quotes 
from  The  Gentleman  s  Magazine  of  1763  that 
the  waters  "  are  found  to  be  very  salutary 
in  scorbutic  cases  ;  and  when  taken  inwardly, 
are  supposed  to  purifjr  the  blood."  A  good 
feature  is  the  admirable  selection  of  well- 
printed  photographs. 

A  guide-book  pure  and  simple  which 
includes  the  same  district,  but  covers  more 
ground,  is  Series  28  of  Field-Path  Rambles, 
by  Walker  Miles,  published  by  Messrs.  R.  E. 
Taylor  &  Son,  of  51,  Old  Street,  Aldersgate. 
Mr.  "  WTalker  Miles  "  is  obviously  a  con- 
scientious and  ardent  pedestrian,  and  his 
work  is  a  marvel  of  topography  in  detail. 
We  havo  tested  this  booklet  on  Mid-Surrey  in 
many  places,  and  never  found  it  wrong  ; 
and,  indeed,  it  would  be  impossible  for  the 
tourist  to  go  wrong  in  following  these  plain, 
unadorned  directions.  It  should  be  in 
the  pocket  of  every  Surrey  pedestrian,  and 
forms,  we  believe,  the  latest  sectional 
issue  of  the  "  Mid-Surrey  Series."  We  have 
also  before  us  the  complete  volumes  of 
rambles  about  Canterbury  and  Kent  Coast, 
East  Surrey,  and  Eastbourne.  These  are  illus- 
trated, bound  in  cloth,  and  of  a  handy  shape 
for  the  pocket.  The  special  and  commendable 
feature  of  all  is  the  fact  that  they  preserve 
paths  and  byways  for  the  public  use,  and 
give  exact  and  frequent  indications  of  dis- 
tance. In  these  days  of  encroachments  by 
owners,  big  and  small,  on  public  rights,  and 
of  main  roads  rendered  intolerably  dusty 
by  motor  traffic,  the  scheme  does  not  need 
commendation.  We  are  glad  to  learn  that 
the  South -Eastern  and  Chat  ham  Railway  now 
issue  special  cheap  tickets  for  country 
rambles,  and  can  strongly  commend  Mr. 
Miles's  guides  as  putting  a.  natural  means  of 
health    and    enjoyment    within    the    reach    of 

most  people. 

Londoners   can    take    Tramway    Trips  and 

Rambles,  by  A.  E.  Davies  and  E.  E.  Gower, 

issued   by   the  same   firm,   which   provides 

cheap  and  varied  tours  to  picturesque,  but 
little  known  centres.  The  Londoner  is.  we 
feai ,  lazy  as  a,  rule,  but  we  hope  t  his  modified 

exercise  will  lead  to  wider  excursions,  in 
which  the  ride  is  merely  a  means  of  staiting 
at  a.  good  point. 

Mr.  James  Baker's  booklet  on  Th*  Harro- 
gate   Tou/rist   Centre    (Simpkin    &    Marshall) 

pivos  a.  fair  idea,  of  what    ma\    be  done  in  a 

\i-it    of  ten  days  to  mi   attractive  region. 

lie  writes  with  spirit,  and  t  here  are  numei  ous 

illustrations  interspersed   in   the  text,   with 

more  references  to  matters  of"  literary  interest 
than  the  usual  guide  book  affords. 


r  1 1  E     AT  II  KX7KUM 


X    UOO.  May  86,  1906 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mit.  Johm  Mi  unw  publishes  Sidelights 
on  tin  II '...-.  /,'•'.  Movement,  bj  Bit  Robert 
Ami'  raon,  a  volume  which  is  uot  in  the  1 1 n< • 
of  ih>  Athenctwn,  and  does  not  deal  with 
those  points  of  recent  Irish  history  which 
we  have  been  compelled  to  treal  on  account 
of  discrepancies  between  biographical  wi 
reviewed  bj  us.  The  origin  ol  Home  Kule 
Bills,  discussed  bj  us  on  the  varying  state- 
ments of  Mr.  Churchill  in  his  life  of  lord 
Randolph  Churchill,  Mr.  O'Brien  in  his 
life  of  Parnell,  Mr.  Morley  in  liis  life 
of    Gladstone,   and  other   books,  dors  no! 

arise  in  connexion  with  Sir  Robert  Ander- 
son's pages.  He  deals  with  Secret  Service 
work,  with  the  conflict  between  The  Times 
and  Parnell,  and  the  circumstances  which 
were  then  revealed  or,  as  it   was  thought, 

disproved.      Sir     Roberl     Anderson    takes    a 

different  view  of  the  facts  from  Mr.  Morley, 
but  admits  that  there  is  conflict  not  reducible 

to  the  test  of  proof. 

THE    clever,    hut    rather   spitefully    chosen 

quotation  which  faces  the  title  of  Joseph 
Chamberlain:    an   Honest   Biography,  made 

us  expect    a  book  altogether   different   from 

what  we  find.  Mr.  Alexander  Mackintosh 
displayspatient  research  and  sound  judgment : 
lie  gives  us  a  volume  which  we  can  praise, 
though  it  is  too  strictly  political,  in  the 
personal  and  party  sense,  to  be  reviewed  at 
length  in  our  pages.  The  passages  which 
concern  historical  events,  such  as  the  Kil- 
mainham  treaty  and  the  origin  of  Home 
Rule,  yield  no  new  facts,  but  are  carefully 
handled,  without  apparent  prejudice.  The 
later  episodes — the  Boer  war,  the  Tariff 
controversy,  and  the  attacks  on  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain for  inconsistency — are,  we  incline  to 
say,  written  from  the  point  of  view  of  an 
opponent  ;  but  Mr.  Chamberlain's  alleged 
complicity  in  the  Jameson  raid  is  re- 
jected, and  the  impression  of  a  scrupulous 
wish  to  be  fair  is  maintained.  The  official 
party  biographies  of  living  statesmen  are 
seldom  satisfactory,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  Mr.  Chamberlain  may  not  prefer 
Mr.  Alexander  Mackintosh  to  some  of  them. 
Mr.  Louis  Creswicke  is,  perhaps,  better  than 
Mr.  Mackintosh  for  the  earliest  years  : 
neither  of  them  gives  a  full  account  of  Mr. 
Chamberlain's  action,  1869-71,  as  chairman 
of  the  Education  League.  One  matter  of 
history  alluded  to  by  Mr.  Mackintosh  de- 
serves a  word  of  comment.  Following  the 
usual  belief,  he  writes  of  "  the  Fashoda 
affair,  which  brought  France  and  this  country 
to  the  brink  of  war.  .  .  The  French  Govern- 
ment hesitated."  This  is  net  so.  Thete 
was  not  the  faintest  risk  of  war,  as  the  French 
Government  had  not  the  remotest  intention 
of  fighting  for  a  position  on  the  Nile.  The 
"  hesitation  "  was  for  public  opinion.  Tho 
overtures  of  Germany  were  declined  by 
Fiance,  and  although  she  incurred  large 
expenditure,  and  packed  Tunis  and  Algeria 
with  troops,  it  was  by  way  of  defensive 
action  against  apprehended  attack  I,  us. 
For  that  apprehension  there  was,  at  that 
time,  no  warrant,  though  we  should  hesitate 
to  say  the  same  with  regard  to  the  later 
stages  of  the  then  more  dangerous  question 
of  Newfoundland.  Messrs.  Hodder  &  Stough- 
ton  publish  Mr.  Mackintosh's  book. 

The  Jottings  of  an  Old  Solicitor  (John 
Murray)  comprise  recollections  of  obsolete 
practice  and  suggestions  as  to  legal  reform, 
illustrated  by  many  anecdotes  which  have 

been  stored   in   Sir  .John  Jlollams's  retentive 

memory.     The  book  is  inevitably  addressed 

less  to  the  general  public  than  to  those  pro- 
fessionally engaged  in  the  courts  of  law. 
Sir  John  has  also  been  constrained  to  omit 
reference  to  many  interesting  cases  which 


Itl  not  be  "  called  w  ithout  <ii  I 

living,  and  to  suppn   sinan)  drai 

which       were      Stifled  I  i.     i  lite      these 

honourable  limitations,  his  book  is  full  of 
i 1 1 1 1  n   t.     He   fully  '  tention 

e\ i  m  of  the  ordinary  and  non  lit i -^ i ■  ■ 
man    u  hen    he   arf  ties  i  lent 

freedom    "i    appeal    a%    tending    t'>    reduce 
litigation  to  a  gamble  ;   and  he  writes  much 
to  the  point   on  the  reform  of  the  circuit 
tem  ami  the  law  of  contract.     But  the 

general    reader   will    lie  attracted,   it    is   In   be 

i  (I,  less  by  Sir  .John  Hollams  as  a  would  be 
rectifier  of  professional  abuses  and  incon- 
sistencies than  by  Sir  John  Hollams.  the 
excellent    st  c.ry-tellt  r.      The  extent    to   which 

the  law  was  formerly  governed  by  techni- 
calities is  well  brought  out  by  a  barrister's 
audacious  retort  when  told  by  Sir  .John 
Jervis,   the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 

Common  I'leas,  that  his  argument  was  op- 
posed to  the  honesty  and  justice  of  the  I 
"1  know  it,  my  lord,"  said  the  unabashed 
counsel  ;  "  I  prefer  arguing  against  the 
honesty  and  justice  of  a  case."  Before  the 
law  of  liability  was  altered,  one  of  Sir  John's 
clients  bought  one  share  of  five  pounds, 
because  he  thought  the  project  would  be  to 
the  advantage  of  his  tenants,  and  ultimately 
had  to  pay  about  80,000/.  Sir  John  came 
to  town  in  1840,  and  in  his  vivacious  pages 
he  passes  under  discriminating,  yet  charit- 
able review  the  legal  luminaries  of  that  day 
and  later.  He  pays  due  compliment  to 
Lord  Campbell's  inexhaustible  energies,  but 
regards  him  as  having  been  fond  of  taking 
the  popular  side.  We  get  a  most  refreshing 
glimpse  of  Wetherell,  arrayed  in  a  night- 
shirt "  which  had  doubtless  been  white  "  ; 
and  it  is  interesting  to  find  the  display  of 
shirt  due  to  neglect  of  braces,  the  historic 
"  lucid  interval,"  confirmed  on  Sir  John's 
unimpeachable  authority.  Here  is  an  amus- 
ing story  about  Wilde,  afterwards  Lord 
Truro.  "  That  is  the  plaintiff's  case,"  said 
the  opposing  counsel.  "  That 's  the  plaintiff's 
case,"  thrice  cried  Wilde  with  emphasis. 
Then  up  got  the  foreman  of  the  jury  :  "  My 
lord,  we  think  there  is  no  case."  Sir  John 
does  full  justice  to  the  sterling  abilities  of 
Lord  Bramwell  ;  to  the  prodigiovis  memory 
of  Sir  George  Honyman — a  memory  compar- 
able, apparently,  to  that  of  Macaulay  or 
Porson — and  to  the  virtues  and  foibles  of 
many  a  well-known  name.  He  is  sparing 
of  Jesseliana,  but  it  may  be  that  he  thinks 
they  have  been  overdone.  A  word  of  com- 
mendation is  due  in  conclusion  to  the 
modesty  with  which  Sir  John  Hollams  refers 
to  his  own  professional  success,  and  to 
the  kindly  advice  administered  by  him  to 
aspirants  in  the  junior  branch  of  the  law. 

UEglise  Catholique,  sa  Constitution,  son 
Administration,  by  Andre  Mater  (Paris, 
Armand  Colin),  is  a  book  both  interesting 
and  useful  at  the  present  religious  crisis  in 
France.  It  is  not  in  any  sense  a  polemical 
work,  but  a  manual  of  information  on  the 
organization  of  tho  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Tho  author,  however,  makes  it  clear  that, 
while  on  matters  of  historical  fact  he  relies 
upon  tho  testimony  of  historians  represent- 
ing all  schools  of  thought,  on  matters  of 
doctrine  he  gives  the  official  opinion  of  the 
Church.  To  aid  serious  students  in  their 
researches,  he  adds  to  each  section  a  very 
elaborate  bibliography,  which  seems  to  be 
the  result  of  great  industry,  and  which 
includes  the  works  of  not  a  few  Anglican 
authorities  on  ecclesiastical  history. 

Tho  book  has  been  produced  in  connexion 
with  the  separation  of  Church  and  State  in 
France,  and  the  author  gives  an  interesting 
reason  for  the  need  of  such  a  work  at  this 
time.  He  points  out  that  until  this  year 
the  Roman  Catholics  of  the  world,  apart 
from    the    29    millions    whom    tho    Church 


claims    in    11.  I  ■  .      .    iiiniil"  n  d     1"<3 

millions     in     countries     where     the     Roi 
Church  Ognized     and     paid     by     the 

Mali-,    and    only     68    millions    in    count 

where  tl  no  form  of  establishn 

ting  it,  of  w hom  over  40  millioi 

in     North     and     South     Alini  :.<  .      the 

nit;  of  tin-  French  B  the 

1  lol  o  no  Ion.  phonal 

the  situation   of   the   (  'huich   in    lands   wl 

it    1^   not    recognized   or  supported   by   tho 

State,   for   by  the  uddition   to  ti  -    '■>' 

of  France,  which  con'  -  1  ounted 

BS  nominal  Catholics,  the  State  -aided  Roman 
( 'hiirch  is  now  only  1  1  5  million'-  strong,  w  hile 
there  are  (IT)  millions  of  Catholics  living  under 

the     opposite     rigime.     The     h. 

Verification    and    are    not    complete,    and    in 
any  case   are.    of    course,  only  approxin 
Rut   whatever   their   absolute    value,    they 

prove  that  relatively,  by  th<  -la- 

tion  in  France,  the  unestablished  Catholic 
Church  is  now  almost  as  numerous  as  the 
bUshed,  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere.  The  consequence  of 
this  great  change  is  that  nearly  half  the 
Roman  Catholics  throughout  the  world  are 
now  subject,  in  all  matt'  rs  of  ecclesiastical 
administration,  solely  to  the  canon  and 
customary  laws  of  the  Church,  uninterfered 
with  by  any  concordatory  prerogatives  of 
the  civil  power. 

The  opportuneness  of  this  work  is  there- 
fore manifest,  and  in  its  450  pages  it  covers 
a  large  number  of  subjects,  many  of  them 
of  a  highly  technical  character,  which  could 
not  be  appropriately  reviewed  in  these 
columns,  even  if  space  permitted  it.  The 
book  bezins  with  an  exposition  of  the 
sources  and  nature  of  Canon  Law.  to  which 
is  added  a  chapter  on  Customary  Law,  with 
especial  reference  to  its  features  in  the 
Gallican  Church.  The  authority  of  the 
Church  and  the  rights  of  the  laity  are  then 
treated,  after  which  the  ecclesiastical  law  of 
association  is  dealt  with,  and  the  difference 
explained  between  "  religious  orders  "  and 
"  congregations,"  the  two  being  frequently 
confused  by  French  writers.  The  central 
organization  of  the  Holy  See  is  described, 
and  this  is  followed  by  a  detailed  exposition 
of  diocesan  and  parochial  organization. 
Chapters  are  also  included  on  ecclesiastical 
property,  and  other  sources  of  revenue,  on 
the  various  kinds  of  missions,  and  on  eccle- 
siastical tribunals  and  their  attributes. 

If  it  were  within  our  province  to  criticize 
a  work  of  this  kind,  we  might  take  exception 
to  certain  positions  held  by  the  author,  as, 
for  example,  in  the  much-discussed  question 
as  to  whether  the  Organic  Articles  of  1802 
were  or  were  not  repudiated  by  the  Holy 
See.  We  have  also  noticed  certain  omissions, 
some  of  which  are  important.  In  a  work 
published  in  France,  primarily  for  the  n-e 
of  Frenchmen,  there  ought  to  have  been  an 
account  of  the  niensa  cpiscopalis  and  mensa 
curialis,  the  endowments  in  real  estate 
which  belong  to  episcopal  sees  and  to  parishes 
respectively  ;  but  we  can  find  no  reference 
to  either.  Moreover,  certain  subjects  of 
great  interest,  historical  or  actual,  are  treated 
too  briefly  nnd  superficially.  The  history 
of  the  Inquisition  is  thus  incompletely  dealt 
with,  as  also  the  highly  important  question 
of  annullation  of  marriage,  which  since  the 
legalization  of  divorce  in  France  has  been 
much  sought  after  by  French  Catholics. 
Rut  faults  of  disproportion  are  inevitable 
in  a  small  work  which  attempts  to  deal  with 
a  vast  range  of  subjects,  ami  in  spite  of  its 
delects  the  volume  can  be  recommended  as 
a  useful  and  learned  book  of  reference. 

Wi:  have  received  a  second  edition  of  .1 
propos  de  hi  Separation  des  aglises  ct  de 
VIS  tat,  par  Paul  Sabatier  (Paris.  Librairie 
Fischbacher),  the  English  rendeiing  of  which 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


639 


was  noticed  by  us  three  weeks  ago.  There 
is  a  new  Preface  of  over  seventy  pages, 
replying  to  criticisms. 

Essays  in  the  Making.  By  Eustace  Miles. 
(Rivingtons.) — At  the  end  of  this  collection 
of  hints  on  the  production  of  newspaper 
articles  we  are  cautioned  against  morbid 
self-introspection  and  being  fussy  as  to 
health  ;  but  no  directions  are  given  as  to 
the  preservation  of  a  healthy  tone  of  mind. 
An  average  person  who  followed  Mr.  Miles's 
suggestions  on  diet,  relaxation  and  tension 
of  muscles,  breathing,  mental  gymnastics, 
&c,  would  probably  become  a  valetudi- 
narian egoist.  If  he  had  any  moments  to 
spare  from  the  contemplation  of  his  physical 
economy,  he  might  acquire  a  certain  amount 
of  facility  in  giving  fairly  clear  expression 
to  current  ideas  in  correct  English.  We  are 
told,  "  Sometimes  obscurity  is  the  best 
means  of  emphasis "  ;  but  the  context 
shows  that  this  is  Milesian  for  "  Sometimes 
distinction  of  style  is,  in  spite  of  occasional 
obscurity,  a  means  of  impressiveness." 
Cooking  heads  the  list  of  "  the  right  hobbies  " 
for  making  "  more  real  your  stock  of  ideas." 
There  are  useful  remarks  on  the  art  of  reading, 
but  the  importance  of  making  sure  that  the 
exact  meaning  of  every  word  and  phrase  is 
understood  has  escaped  notice.  Buildings 
are  said  to  be  as  "  much  a  part  of  English 
'  geography  '  as  are  her  rivers,  trees,  hills, 
and  lakes."  Railways,  harbours,  and  coal 
areas  should  be  noticed  under  '  Geography  ' 
before  buildings,  which  are  omitted  in  another 
list  wherein  railways  and  coal  areas  are 
included.  The  impression  made  upon  us  by 
this  treatise  is  that  it  has  been  hurriedly  put 
together  by  selection  from  a  mass  of  lists 
and  notes  such  as  are  recommended,  with 
other  systematic  aids  for  collecting,  connect- 
ing, retaining,  arranging,  and  expressing 
ideas,  to  those  who  wish  to  practise  the  sad 
mechanic  exercise  of  writing  essays. 

Tom  Burke  of  "  Ours,"  with  forty-four 
illustrations  by  Phiz,  and  Lord  Kilgobbin, 
with  eighteen  illustrations  by  Luke  Fildes, 
complete  Messrs,  Macmillan's  uniform  edi- 
tion of  Lever's  novels,  which  ought  to  give 
pleasure  to  a  host  of  readers.  Incidentally, 
while  Lever  amuses  you,  he  teaches  you  some 
military  history. 

The  same  firm  send  us  Elizabeth  and  her 
German  Garden,  with  clever  illustrations  by 
Simon  Harmon  Vedder,  who  has  found  some 
vivid  harmonies  of  colour.  But  every  one 
must  be  a  little  tired  of  the  red  hair  which 
figures  so  prominently  hero,  adorning  the 
lady's-maid  as  well  as  the  mistress. 

The  second  volume  of  Messrs.  Macmillan's 
excellent  "  Pocket  Tennyson  "  includes  In 
Memoriam,  Maud,  and  other  Poems,  most  of 
whichhave  long  since  passed  into  the  treasure- 
house  of  English  literature.  Many  of  the 
shorter  poems,  however,  deserve  more  atten- 
tion than  they  have  received,  and  in  some 
eases  have  won  the  privilege  of  the  classic, 
which  is  misquotation. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLIS  IF. 

Theology. 

Bigg  (C),  Wayside   Sketches  In   Ecclesiastical    History, 

net. 
Bremner  (II.  I..),  'Die  Modern  Pilgrimage  from  Theology  to 

Religion,  Popular  Edition,  2/6  net. 
Care]  |  \ .  i.  I'n  ions  and  P ••■  ins,  8  <'■  net, 

i    \  i.  The  Paith  of  the  Bible,  2/8  net. 
Edghill  (I',.  A),  An  Enquiry  into  the  Evidential  Value  of 

Prophecy,  i  6 
Fisher  (G.  P.),  The  Reformation,  Revised  Edition,  I'm;  net. 
Hare(W.  L.),  Buddhist  Religion,  M.  net. 
Uorne  (C.  B.i  The  Relationships  of  Life,  i  B  net 
Horton  ut.  P.),  Inspiration  and  the  Bible,  Eighth  Edition, 

|/net 
James  (J.   DA  Th«'  Genuineness  and  Authorship  of  Hie 

Ps  toral  Epistles,  3  6  net. 
Bcholfleld  (J.  I-.),  Divine  authority,  2/8 net 
Twnsend  (W,  -i),  'the  Story  of  Methodist  Union,  3/0 


Law. 
Burton  (P.  M.)  and  Scott  (G.  H.  G.),  The  Law  relating  to 

the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals,  3/6  net. 
Williams  (J.),  Dante  as  a  Jurist,  3/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archceology. 

Amateur  Photographer  Little  Books :  To  Make  Bail  Nega- 
tives into  Good,  id.  net. 

Amsden  (D.),  Impressions  of  Ukiyo-ye,  6/ net. 

Lang  (A.),  Portraits  and  Jewels  of  Mary  Stuart,  8/6  net. 

Pope  (A.),  The  Old  Stone  Crosses  of  Dorset,  15/  net. 

Rawlinson  (W.  G.),  Turner's  Liber  Studiorum,  Second 
Edition,  20/ net. 

Rembrandt,  Part  VI.,  2/6  net. 

Royal  Academy  Pictures,  1906,  3/  net ;  Part  III.,  7d.  net. 

Royal  Collection  of  Paintings  at  Buckingham  Palace  and 
Windsor  Castle  :  Vol.  II.  Windsor  Castle,  2  vols.  420/ 

Vinycomb  (J.),  Fictitious  and  Symbolic  Creatures  in  Art, 
10/6  net. 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Ainslie  (D.),  John  of  Damascus,  Fourth  Edition,  3/6  net. 

Anthology  of  French  Poetry,  compiled  by  F.  Lawton,  1/6 
net. 

Heath  (T.  E.),  Tales  in  Prose  and  Verse,  and  Dramas,  6/ 

Housman  (L.),  Mendicant  Rhymes. 

Marriage  Symphony,  5/  net. 

Reed  (E.),  Coincidences  :  Bacon  and  Shakespeare,  7/6  net. 

Philosophy. 
Hooper  (C.  E.),  The  Anatomy  of  Knowledge,  3/6  net. 
Robertson  (J.  M.),  A  Short  History  of  Freethought,  2  vols., 

21/  net. 
Russell  (J.  E.),  An  Elementary  Logic,  3/  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Hare  (H.  E.),  Tariff  without  Tears,  Gd.  net. 
Ryan  (J.  A.),  A  Living  Wage :  its  Ethical  and  Economic 
Aspects,  4/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

Acts  of  the  Privy  Council  of  England,  New  Series : 
Vol.  XXXI.,  A.D.  1600-1,  edited  by  J.  R.  Dasent,  10/ 

Admission  Registers  of  St.  Paul's  School  from  1876  to  1905, 
edited  bv  Rev.  R.  B.  Gardiner,  21/ 

Annual  Register,  1905,  18/ 

Ball  (W.  W.  R.),  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  1/6  net. 

Burrage  (C),  The  True  Story  of  Robert  Browne,  1550?-1633, 
2/6  net. 

Dyce  (C.  M.),  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Thirty  Years' 
Residence  in  the  Model  Settlement,  Shanghai,  6/ 

Egerton  (H.  E.),  The  Claims  of  the  Study  of  Colonial  History 
upon  the  Attention  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  1/  net. 

Lamed  (J.  N.),  History  for  Ready  Reference  and  Topical 
Reading,  6  vols.,  Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition,  126/ 

Mackintosh  (A.),  Joseph  Chamberlain:  an  Honest  Bio- 
graphy, 10/6  net. 

Prescott's  Works,  Vols.  I. -XVI.,  Montezuma  Edition,  set  of 
22  vols.,  275/ net. 

Statesman's  Year-Book,  1906,  edited  by  J.  S.  Keltic 
assisted  by  I.  P.  A.  Renwick,  10/6  net. 

Thorpe  (T.  E.),  Joseph  Priestley. 

AVhish  (C.  W.),  Reflections  on  some  Leading  Facts  and 
Ideas  of  History,  5/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Adams  (I.),  Persia  by  a  Persian,  7/6 

Baker  (J.),  The  Harrogate  Tourist  Centre,  2/  net. 

Brabant  (F.  G.),  .Oxfordshire,  illustrated  by  E.  II.  New, 
2/6  net. 

Davies  (A.  E.)  and  Gower  (E.  E.),  Tramway  Trips  and 
Rambles,  1/  net. 

Field-Path  Rambles,  by  Walker  Miles  :  East  Surrey  Series, 
6/  net ;  Canterbury  and  Kent  Coast  Series,"  4/  net ; 
Eastbourne  Series,  2/  net ;  Series  28,  Reigate,  Kings- 
wood,  Horsley,  Cookham,  Ac,  1/net. 

Jan-old's  Illustrated  Handbook  to  Felixstowe  and  Neigh- 
bourhood, by  L.  Lingwood,  Gd. 

Purchas's  Voyages,  Vols.  XL  and  XII.,  12/6  net  per  vol. 
Sports  and  Pastimes. 

Golfing  Annual,  1905,  Edited  by  D.  S.  Duncan,  6/ 

Gwynn  (s.),  Fishing  Holidays,  3/6 

Philology. 
Batchelor   (Rev.    J.),    Ainu-English-Japanese    Dictionary, 

Second  Edition,  21/  net. 
FitzGerald  (J.  D.),  Versification  of  the  Cuaderna.  Via    as 

found  in  Berceo's  Vida  de  Santo  Domingo  de  Silos. 
Harvard  Oriental  Series,   Vols.   VII.  and  VIII.  :   Atharva- 

Veda  Samhita,  translated  by  W.  D.  Whitney,  edited  by 

c.  K.  Lanman,  21/  net. 
IIolroyd(W.  R.  M.),  Hindustani  for  Every  Day,  8/ net. 

School-Books. 
Borchardt  (W.  G.).  Junior  Arithmetic,  witli  Answers,  2/ 
Keen  ( T. ),  Fables  do  I,a.  Fontaine,  I/O  net. 

Perrault,  Contes   du   Temps   passe,  vol.   II.,  edited   by 

G.  Beyer  and  II.  Cammartin,  id.  net. 
Revolution  franchise,  edited  by  D.  I,.  Savory,  (!«/.  net. 
Rippmann's  Picture  Vocabulary  :  German,  First  Series,  1/ 

net. 
Skerry  (G.  I'"..),  Civil  Service  Geography,  2/6  net. 
Wordsworth's  Simpler  Poems,  edited  by  E.  Hutton,  3d. 

Science. 
Bardswell  (X.  D.).  The  Consumptive  Working  Man,  lo/Onet. 
Chamberlin  (T.  ( '.)  and  Salisbury  (R.  D.),  Geology:  Earth 

History,  Vols.   II.  and  III.,  21/ net  each. 
Edinburgh  Stereoscopic   Atlas  of  Anatomy,  edited  by   D. 
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HENRY    GOUGH. 

Mr.  Henry  (iot'cn,  well  known  to  a  past 
generation  as  the  compiler  of  the  valuable 
and  exhaustive  Index  to  the  publications 
of  the  Parker  Society,  died  at  Redhill  on 
the  15th  inst.,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four. 
In  his  earlier  years  ho  was  called  to  the  Bar 
as  a  member  of  the  Middle  Temple,  but 
retired  after  a  short  time  from  legal  practit  e 
its  n  conveyancer,  and  devoted  himself  to 
heraldic  and  antiquarian  studies.  Ilr  was 
the  original  author  of  the  'Glossary  of 
Heraldry,'  published  anonymously  in  1  si 7. 
and  in  vol.  in.  of  the  '  Records  of  Bucking- 
hamshire '  and  in  The  Scottish  Historical 
Hi  view  articles  on  kindred  subjects  aro  to  be 


r,jn 


T  ii  E    a  tii  i:x.i;r  m 


N#4100,  .May  26,  1906 


found.     'I'"  tin-  Tra  th<     Buoh 

inghamshire  Bociet)  contributed  a 

1 1 - 1  of  I k  -  !■  lut  ing  to  tli mty,  ^  hich 

w  .i  ■  ui i -i -ijn.  iii  i\  i  .in  I  iii  j i  epar ate  form. 
II:  own  .MS.  and  printed  colleotiona  ror 
Bedfordi  hii  e,  I  lucki  hire,  and  Middle 

■ex,  are  verj  exten  ive.  To  the  publioati 
of  the  Camden  Society  in  Lte  Brsl  -cries  he 
made  a  minute  and  voluminous    index,  the 
ater  part  of  which  remains  in  .MS.  in  1 1 » » - 
;  m  of  1  he  Sooiety. 

■d  in  theological  subjects  and  a 
devoul  Btudent  of  Holy  Scripture,  he  pub- 
liahed  in  1855  'The  Quotations  in  the  N.T. 
from  the  O.T.  collated  with  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  Texts,'  a  volume  which  met  with 
much  approval  and  is  now  scarce.  For  I 
late  Lord  Ashburnham  he  edited  in  1868 
•  Librorum  Levitioi  el  Numerorum  Versio 
Antique    Itala.'   from  a   MS.   in   the    Earl's 

library,  and  as  an  expert  pakeologist  de- 
scribed many  MSB.  in  the  catalogue  <>f  his 
collect  ion.  For  the  late  Marquis  of  Bute  he 
edited  in  1888  '  Documents  relating  to  the 
Campaign  of  K.   Edward   I.  in  Scotland  in 

120S.'  and  in  1900  the  '  Itinerary  of  Ed- 
ward [.throughout  liis  Reign,1  in  two  volumes ; 
while  at  the  time  of  being  laid  aside  by  infir- 
mity he  had  almost  completed  printing  the 
register  of  a  guild  at  Luton,  in  sumptuous 
form,  from  a  .MS.  in  the  possession  of  the 
Marquis,  and  was  engaged  upon  collections 
relating  to  the  Templars  in  Scotland.  He 
was  consulted  with  regard  to  the  heraldic 
decorations  in  Cardiff  Castle,  and  selected 
and  arranged  the  shields  in  the  great  hall. 
"  G.  E.  C,"  in  vol.  i.  of  '  The  Complete 
Peerage,'  1887,  p.  112,  quotes  him  as  "one 
of  the  most  accurate  genealogists  of  the 
present  century." 


SOME     UNPUBLISHED     LETTERS     OF 
CHARLES    LAMB. 

Major  Btjtterworth  ( A  thenceum,  May  19, 
p.  609)  is  undoubtedly  right  in  assigning  to 
the  year  1801  the  mutilated  letter  (No.  3) 
to  Manning  printed  in  Mr.  Dobell's  interest- 
ing communication  (Athenaeum,  May  5th, 
p.  f>4(>).  He  is,  however,  mistaken  in  his 
interpretation  of  the  phrase  "  the  Northern 
confederacy."  Lamb  asks  Manning  whether 
he  troubles  his  head  about  politics — "  about 
Peace,"  for  example,  "  or  the  Northern 
confederacy."  Tiie  reference  here  unques- 
tionably is  to  the  Neutral  League,  or 
Armed  Neutrality  of  the  North,  founded 
by  the  Baltic  Powers  in  1780,  and  revived 
in  1800  under  the  patronage  of  the  Tsar 
Paul  of  Russia.  The  death  of  Paul  (March 
23rd,  1801)  and  the  bombaidment  of  Copen- 
hagen (April  2nd)  put  an  end  to  this 
"  Northern  confederacy." 

B3  September,  1801,  the  question  of 
"  Peace  "  between  France  and  England  had 
become  a  topic  of  universal  and  excited 
discussion.  On  September  2nd  a  conven- 
tion was  signed  between  the  French  and 
English  generals  in  Egypt.  On  October  9th, 
1801,  Lamb  writes  to  Rickman:  "  Peace  is 
all  the  cry  here — fireworks,  lights,  &c, 
abound.  White  stationed  himself  at  Temple 
Bar  among  the  boys,  and  threw  squibs  ; 
burned  one  man's  cravat."  The  fireworks, 
&c,  were  expressions  of  London's  rejoicing 
over  the  Bigrung  of  the  prelirninai  ies  of  peace. 

The  mutilated  letter  aforesaid  appears  to 

have    been    written    during    Lamb's    holitl.i.\ 

sojourn  at  Margate  (September  7th  !  23rd), 
'You  certainly  imagined  that  London  had 
been  in  your  road  ;  and  misled  me,"  writes 
Land)  to  Manning:  this  is  explained  by  the 
opening  sentence  of  the  letter  to  Manning 
dated  August  31st,  1801:  "I  heard  that 
you  were  going  to  China.  .  .  .but  I  did  not 


know  that  London  lay  in  y<  ur  way  to  Pekin." 
in,  in  this  torn  lettei  I 

ilropt   h  word.... as  if  sou  would  join  me 

ii ie  n  ork,    ach  ai  a  ret  iew 

pup'  n,    i  or    anj  t  King,     \\  • 

eriou     . .  .or  was  it .  a^  < :.   I  )j  .   <  n 

passant  ■  "     This  is  illustrated  bj  a 
in  the  letter  to  Rickman  dated  November  24th 
1801  :   "  lb-  [George  Dyer]  talks  of  marrying, 
but   this  <  "  pa,  and  <  ntrt 

nous,"  .\ ' .  Lastly,  Lamb  writ*  "I  feel 
ii  I  wen-  going  to  leave  off  business" — 
a  frame  of  mind  not  unusual  with  him  during 
his  holidays  and  for  a  little  while  after.  On 
the     whole,     then,     we     may     with     tolerable 

certainty   place  this  fragmentary   letter  to 
Manning  alter  Letter  88  (Augu  I  31  t,  1801) 

in    Mr.    Lucas's  edition,    its   belonging   to   the 
i  ion   niont  Ii  (September)  of   1801. 

T.    HUT(  m\  -ov. 


THE    BIRTH-YEAR    OF 
HENRY    V. 

4,  Lawn  Road,  (f.W. 

Hithf.rto  great  uncertainty  has  prevailed 
as  to  the  exact  year  in  which  Henry  V.  was 
born,  and  various  guesses  have  been  made, 
such  as  1384,  1386,  1387,  1388,  and  even  1390. 
The  year  most  usually  accepted  has  been 
1387,  which  has  been  adopted  in  the  '  Dic- 
tionary of  National  Biography  '  (xxvi.  43), 
and  placed  on  the  king's  statue  in  Agincourt 
Square  at  Monmouth.  But  1  have  long  been 
convinced  that  the  true  date  is  1380,  and 
now  at  length  the  proof  has  come.  An 
extract  from  Vitellius  A.  xvi.  just  published 
by  Mr.  Kingsford  ('Chronicles  of  I  ondon,' 
p.  207)  states  directly  that  the  king  was  born 
in  10  Richard  II.,  which  year  began  on 
Juno  22nd,  13S0,  and  ended  on  June  21st, 
1387  ;  and  as  wTe  know  that  Henry  was 
born  in  August,  it  follows  with  certainty  that 
his  birthday  fell  in  August,  1380 — a  date 
quite  consistent  with  the  statement  given  by 
William  of  Worcester,  p.  442,  though  un- 
fortunately Mr.  Kingsford,  in  his  Introduc- 
tion (p.  xlvi),  has  drawn  the  inferenco  that 
the  king  was  born  in  1387. 

J.  Hamilton  Wyi.te. 


'  A  HISTORY  OF  MODERN  LIBERTY.' 

From  the  University  of  St.  Andrews  Prof. 
James  Mackinnon  has  sent  us  a  long  letter 
on  the  review  of  the  above  book  on  May  5th. 
We  give  the  points  of  it  that  seem  essential. 
Throughout  it  is  suggested  that  our  judgment 
was  warped  by  admiration  of  Acton's  views 
and  ideas  on  the  subject.  The  reviewer 
"quarrels  with  the  plan  of  the  work,  or  rather 
with  the  absence  of  a  plan.  Would  lie  kindly  re- 
read the  preface?  'My  object  in  the  following 
volumes  is  to  trace  the  development  of  liberty  as 
exemplified  in  modern  history.'  In  carrying  out 
this  plan,  J  have  elaborated  thefaotora  that  made 
for  liberty  throughout  the  Middle  Ages  and  the 
period  of  the  Reformation  in  Western  and  Central 
Europe.  J  cannot  help  it  it  your  critic  is  either 
so  obtuse  that  he  cannot,  or  so  malicious  that  be 

will  not,  see  the  realization  of  this  plan.  If  he 
cannot  find  'continuity  of  Bubjeot  or  idea'  in  this 
patient  attempt  to  set  forth  in  chapter  by  chapter 
the  forces  that  made  for  political,  social,  intel- 
lectual, and  religious  liberty,  throughout  the 
periods  named,  he  in  us!  simply  continue  to  nurt  me 

bis  disappointment,  and  keep  clear  oi  the  remain- 
ing volumes  of  this  work." 

Prof.    Mackinnon    then    comments   on    the 

\  ery  wide  scope  of  Acton'a  scheme,  and  adds: 

"1  really  cannot  undertake  to  kill  myself  out- 
right by  writing  a  whole  library  to  please  the 
reviewer,  ur  mar  my  work  by   compiling  an   en- 


cyclopu  di.i  •  1  ■.  .  ,-it.   if   this  v. 

.•I  i  ,'•■'• 

■i lent  on  the  of  banej  in  the  ai 

Midd  Would    h<-    kindly    particular 

and 

with   mod  .  !      Wan,    for  ii  ' 

many  reformed   in  ili<-  sixteenth   century  U^-auae 
the    Mauic-ha-aius    h«-ld    that    they    had    a 
indulge  in  the  lusts  of  the  fletih  in  the  -lie 

•  d    beoat  di»- 

■nh  of   the  Council  ,,i    Trent    pas*   without 
notice.'     Would  be  inform   me  •••  has  dis- 

red  that  the  Council  of  Trent  was  a  factor  in 
the  development  of  modern  liberty  ?    On  I 
band,  some  thii  .  ncluded  which  he 

omitted.     '  Ai  inization  in  the 

nth  century  r  I    as   a    whole,  the 

reader  may  be  at  s  loss  to  undi  I  the  ah*. 

of  allusion  to  "  serfishneas      in  the  second  volun 
Has  he  read  the  aooounts  of  the  peasant  i 
Germany  and  England  given  in  chaps,  iv.  and 
of  that  volume 

On    th<  -    it    would    be    idle    to 

comment.     The     Pro  idea     of     the 

iy  of  liberty  is  clearly  too  different  from 
our  own  to  allow  of  a  common  basis  of  die- 
on.      We  notice  that    he  does  not  rebut 
our  attack  on  his  historical  compt 

He  goes  on  to  complain  that  he  is  unfairly 
treated  because  he  does  not  belong  to 
such  and  such  a  university  or  club — a 
suggestion,  we  think,  unworthy  of  him  and 
ourselves — and  finally  says  that  our  "  flov. 
of  speech,"  detached  from  their  cont< 
are  as  choice  as  his  own.  That  falls  under 
the  heading  "  De  Gustibus,"  and  Ls  outside 
dispute. 


ICitcrarn  ©asstp. 

In  The  Cornhill  Magazine  for  June  Sir 
A.  Conan  Doyle  tells  how  lie  came  to  write 
his  pamphlet  '  The  War  in  Soutli  Africa  : 
its  Cause  and  Conduct,'  which  was  trans- 
lated into  twenty  different  languages ;  how 
it  was  received,  and  how  the  surplus  pro- 
ceeds were  used.  Mr.  David  Hannay  deals 
with  the  history  of  '  The  King's  Spanish 
Regiment ' — the  "  Zamora  " — of  which 
King  Edward  VII.  is  colonel ;  while  a 
paper  by  Mr.  E.  S.  P.  Haj'nes  is  concerned 
with  some  unpublished  letters  of  Lady 
Hamilton  and  "  Horatia."  Mr.  Frederick 
Boyle  writes  on  '  Ancient  Gardening,'  and 
F.  S.  contributes  a  tale  in  verse  entitled 
'  A  Mediaeval  Romance.'  The  number 
concludes  with  an  article  on  '  The  Birds 
of  London,  Past  and  Present.'  written  by 
Mr.  F.  H.  Carruthers Gould, and  illustrated 
with  drawings  by  F.  C.  G. 

Lord  Moncreiff  will  contribute  to 
Blackwood  for  June  an  article  on  '  The 
Verdict  Not  Proven.'  The  number  will 
also  contain  a  paper  on  '  The  Persian  Gulf  ' 
by  the  author  of  '  -V  Journey  to  Sanaa." 
'In  the  Heart  of  the  Coolins'  describes 
a  climber's  paradise  in  the  island  of  Skye, 
and  '  The  Purification  of  San  Francisco,1 
Chinatown,  and  other  prominent  local 
features  which  have  been  swept  away  by 
the  earthquake.  There  are  also  include  1 
a  humorous  poem  by  C.  N.  B.,  entitled 
"The  Christian  Scientist';  'Broken 
Heeds  :  England  and  Athens.'  by  Mr. 
T.  E.  Kebbel  ;  and  articles  on  '  The 
Volunteer  Problem  '  and  Fontenoy. 

A  mkmoik  of  Augustus  Austen  Leigh, 
the  late  Provost  of  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, edited  by  his  brother,  Mr.  William 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


641 


Austen  Leigh,  Fellow  of  King's,  will  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 
next  Tuesday,  with  two  portraits,  under 
the  title  '  Augustus  Austen  Leigh,  Provost 
of  King's  College,  Cambridge  :  a  Record 
of  College  Reform.'  While  the  memoir  is 
primarily  intended  for  his  relations  and 
friends,  and  for  the  members  of  the  college 
with  which  his  life  was  identified,  others 
will  be  interested  in  reading  an  account  of 
the  work  effected  by  the  late  Provost. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  publishing 
•  Names  and  Phrases  :  their  Origins  and 
Meanings,'  by  Mr.  Trench  H.  Johnson, 
which  is  described  as  the  outcome  of  a 
lifetime  of  omnivorous  reading.  The  in- 
dustry displayed  in  the  volume  is  remark- 
able. 

Mr.  John  Lane  announces  the  imme- 
diate publication  of  an  English  translation 
of  Sienkiewicz's  new  novel  '  The  Field  of 
Glory.'  Sienkiewicz  is  best  known  to 
English  and  American  readers  as  the 
author  of  '  Quo  Vadis  1 ' 

Many  scholars  will  be  glad  to  learn  that 
good  progress  has  been  made  towards 
the  completion  of  the  catalogue  of  Hun- 
terian  MSS.  at  Glasgow  University,  a 
considerable  part  of  the  catalogue  being 
already  in  type.  It  includes  all  the  lite- 
rary, antiquarian,  and  historic  treasures 
in  MS.  form,  chiefly  relating  to  media?  val 
times,  collected  by  Dr.  William  Hunter, 
the  celebrated  physician  and  anatomist. 

Mr.  A.  B.  Todd,  editor  and  proprietor 
of  the  Cumnock  Express,  is  probably  the 
oldest  working  journalist  in  the  country, 
being  eighty-three  years  of  age.  His 
father  was  only  nine  years  younger  than 
Burns,  with  whom  he  was  intimate,  and 
Mr.  Todd  has  many  reminiscences  of  the 
poet  derived  from  this  source.  These, 
with  other  interesting  matter  relating  to 
the  past  of  literary  and  journalistic  Scot- 
land, will  appear  in  '  The  Poetical  W'orks 
and  Autobiography  of  A.  B.  Todd,'  to  be 
published  shortly  by  Messrs,  Oliphant, 
Anderson  &  Ferrier.  Mr.  Todd  is  now  in 
enjoyment  of  a  Government  annuity. 

A  Literary  Theatre  Club  has  been 
formed  for  the  production  of  Oscar  Wilde's 
'  Salome '  at  the  King's  Hall,  Covent 
Garden,  on  Sunday,  June  10th,  and 
Monday,  June  18th. 

An  excessively  rare  item  of  Stevenson's 
work  is  announced  for  sale  this  week  at 
tiic  Anderson  Auction-Rooms  in  New 
York.  It  is  a  set  —  apparently  one  of 
only  two  known — of  '  The  Bottle  Imp  ' 
as  printed  in  a  Samoan  newspaper  in 
1891.  With  this  will  be  included  two 
numbers  of  Black  and  White  of  the  same 
year,  containing  the  first  publication  of 
the  story  in  England;  and  a  copy  of 
the  same  journal  for  February  6th,  is!»7, 
with  an  account  of  the  acquisition  of  the 
Samoan  issue.  It  is  stated  that  '  The 
Bottle  Imp  '  was  the  first  serial  story  ever 
read  by  the  Samoans  in  their  own  language. 

Mkssks.  T.  C.  ft  E.  C.  .1  uk  intend  to 

Complete  the  issue  of  'The  Century  Bible/ 
and    the    writers    of    the    ten    volumes    re 
quired  are  now  announced. 


At  a  time  when  much  ingenuity  is  being 
expended  on  the  subject  of  possible  in- 
vasions of  this  country,  an  authentic 
narrative  of  one  of  the  very  few  attempts 
of  the  kind  that  have  been  even  partially 
successful  will  be  of  special  interest.  The 
story  of  the  French  raid  on  Brighton  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  will  form  the 
subject  of  a  paper  to  be  read  before  the 
Royal  Historical  Society  next  autumn  by 
Dr.  James  Gairdner.  It  will  be  illustrated 
by  an  exact  reproduction  of  a  contem- 
porary coloured  plan  which  represents  the 
town  and  shipping  in  flames,  and  the 
royal  standard  of  France  planted  on  the 
Parade. 

'  Printers'  Pie,  1906,'  was  published 
yesterday  from  the  offices  of  The  Sphere 
and  The  Taller.  Mr.  W.  Hugh  Spottis- 
woode,  whose  energy  has  done  so  much  for 
the  scheme,  has  secured  the  usual  galaxy 
of  authors,  and  more  illustrations  than 
ever,  so  that  a  unique  shillingsworth  is  to 
be  had. 

Messrs.  Constable  will  publish  almost 
immediately  an  essay  in  historical  romance 
of  unusual  interest,  '  A  German  Pompa- 
dour :  being  the  Extraordinary  History  of 
Wilheimine  von  Gravenitz,  Landhof- 
meisterin  of  Wirtemberg,'  by  Marie  Hay. 
This  German  Pompadour  is  the  famous 
mistress  of  Eberhard  Ludwig,  Grand  Duke 
of  Wurttemberg.  Her  memory,  after  two 
hundred  years,  is  still  regarded  by  the 
descendants  of  her  protector's  people  as  a 
thing  too  sinister  for  polite  conversation. 
The  author,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Lord 
Dupplin,  is  the  wife  of  the  late  German 
Imperial  Charge  d' Affaires  at  Stuttgart, 
and  found  in  the  archives  there  her 
materials. 

The  prospectus  and  regulations  for 
exhibitors  in  connexion  with  the  Country 
in  Town  Exhibition,  which  will  be  held 
in  the  Whitechapel  Art  Gallery  from 
July  5th  to  19th,  are  now  ready,  and  may 
be  had  from  the  Honorary  Secretary, 
Mr.  Wilfred  Mark  Webb,  at  Toynbee  Hall, 
28,  Commercial  Street,  Whitechapel,  E. 

Temple  Bar  for  June  contains  a  paper 
on  Ruskin  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Collingwood, 
having  special  reference  to  the  commemo- 
ration at  Venice,  and  opening  with  pas- 
sages translated  from  a  letter  written  "  by 
one  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  ceremony." 
Mrs.  Townshend  contributes  a  record  of 
'The  Education  of  a  Viscount  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century,'  compiled  from  the 
letters  and  papers  of  the  Cork  family. 
'  L'Aristocrate,'  by  Mr.  D.  K.  Broster, 
treats  of  an  episode  in  the  first  French 
Revolution  ;  and  '  Paudeen  in  the  Woods,' 
by  Mr.  W.  M.  Letts,  describes  one  of  the 
most  poetic  of  Irish  superstitions. 

Tiir  June  number  of  Macmillans 
Magazine  has  an  article  on  'Russia  in 
Revolution,'  by  Mr.  Lionel  James,  and  a 
paper  on 'The  Decline  of  the  Ballet  in 
England,'  by  Mr.  S.  L.  Bensusan.     'The 

Adulteration  of  Butter*  is  treated  by  Mi. 

H.  L.  Puxley  ;  Mr.  Herman  Scheffauer 
describes  '  A  Victory  over  Vesuvius  '  ; 
while  Mr.  Hugh  Philpotl  writes  on  'Our 
Beggars,9   and   Mr.    H.   C.    Maedowall  on 

<  'oir.eille, 


'  The  Zoological  Gardens,'  in  the 
manner  of  Herodotus,  is  the  subject  just 
set  at  Oxford  for  the  Gaisford  Prize  for 
Greek  Prose. 

The  literary  interest  of  the  French 
elections  lies  in  the  first  appearance  in 
the  House  of  M.  Theodore  Reinach,  and 
the  return  after  an  absence  of  his  brother, 
M.  Joseph  Reinach,  and  of  M.  Barres. 
We  congratulate  our  esteemed  contributor 
M.  Joseph  Reinach  upon  having  regained 
the  seat  which  he  lost  owing  to  the  con- 
spicuous civic  courage  displayed  by  him 
in  the  famous  case  of  which  he  is  the 
historian. 

Among  the  many  prizes — in  money  and 
medals — announced  on  Friday  in  last 
week  at  the  Academie  des  Inscriptions 
et  Belles-Lettres,  the  more  important  were 
those  won  by  M.  Jules  Gay  for  '  L'ltalie 
meridionale  et  1' Empire  byzantin  depuis 
T Avenement  de  Basile  1"  jusqu'a  la  Prise 
de  Bari  par  les  Normands,  867-1071,'  of 
the  value  of  2,000  fr.  ;  by  MM.  Samaran 
and  G.  Mollat  for  '  La  Fiscalite  pontificate 
en  France  au  quatorzieme  Siecle,'  600  fr.  ; 
and  by  M.  P.  Champion  for  '  Guillaume 
de  Flavy,  Capitaine  de  Compiegne,'  400fr. 
These  3,000fr.  formed  the  Prix  Bordin. 

Two"  stormy  petrels ' '  of  French  j  ournal- 
ism  have  passed  away  during  the  last  week. 
M.  Cuneo  d'Ornano,  who  was  born  in 
Rome  in  1845,  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
Courrier  de  France  in  1872,  and  contributed 
to  a  number  of  other  journals,  including 
La  Presse,  besides  founding  at  Angouleme 
Le  Sttffrage  Universel  des  Charentes,  an 
uncompromising  Bonapartist  paper  ;  M. 
Cuneo  d'Ornano  was  elected  deputy  for 
the  arrondissement  of  Cognac  in  March, 
1876,  and  maintained  his  seat  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death.  M.  Henri  Brissac,  who 
has  just  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-five,  was 
a  prominent  figure  during  the  war  and 
the  Commune  ;  he  was  arrested  in  May, 
1871,  and  condemned  to  penal  servitude 
for  life.  After  the  amnesty  he  returned 
from  New  Caledonia,  and  was  connected 
with  various  journals.  He  published  his 
'  Souvenirs  de  Prison  et  de  Bagne.' 

In  The  Athenaeum  of  July  14th,  1900, 
it  was  asked,  "  Which  is  the  genuine  copy 
of  UAmi  dii  Peuple  stained  with  the  blood 
of  Marat  I  "  The  question  has  once 
more  become  an  "actuality"  through 
the  gift  to  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale,  by 
the  Baron  de  Vinck  and  his  son.  of  their 
collection  of  prints  and  portraits  of 
events  and  men  from  1770  to  the  present 
day.  The  collection  is  in  over  400  cartons, 
and  includes  a  copy  of  No.  678  of  VAmi 
du  Peuple,  dated  August  13th,  1702.  and 
purporting  to  bear  the  above-mentioned 
stain.  A  note  on  the  margin  by  Col. 
Maurin,  written  in  1X37,  states  that  he 
got  the  copy  from  Marat's  sister. 

We  have  to  announce  the  death  of  a 
Danish   author  and   art    historian,    l>r.  Th. 

Bierfreund,  on  the  I6tb  inst.,  at  the  age 

of  titty-one.  Among  his  wi  rks  may  he 
mentioned  an  essay  on  Shakspeare  and 
his  art,  and  hooks  on  Florence".  Raphael, 
Rembrandt,  &c,  some  of  which  are,  we 
believe,  to  be  published  in  England. 


642 


Til  E     ATI!  ENJ2UM 


N    lino,  May  ■._'<;,  1906 


Mk.    II i .p. i  m  \s s     announces    a     w  n 

edition  of  the  \\  ork  •  ol  [been,  edited,  and 

obiefly  translated,  b\  Mr.  William  Archer. 

\     M&.  Heinemann  holds  the  copyright  ol 

all  Ibsen's  later  plays,  this  "ill  be  tin- 
only  complete  edition  that  has  so  Ear  been 

issued.  The  first  volume  will  be  ready 
eai  1\  m  dune,  and  the  series  will  he  com- 
pleted in  monthly  i-  ".•  making  eleven 
volumes  in  alL 

Ar  the  monthly  meeting  <>f  the  Board 
of  Directors  ol  the  Bookfleflers'  Provident 
Institution  held  on  Thursday,   the    17th 

inst.,    the     sum    of    111/,     was    voted     to 

56    members   and    widows    of    members. 

Ten     members     were    elected,     and     three 

applications  for  membership  were  received. 

We  note  the  publication  of  the  follow- 
ing Parliamentary  Paper  :  Special  Report 
on  School  Training  for  the  Home  Duties 
of  Women  —  Part  2,  Belgium,  Sweden, 
Norway,  Denmark,  Switzerland,  and 
France  (Is.  6tt.).  We  allude  to  others 
under  '  Science  Gossip.' 


SCIENCE 


RESEARCH    NOTES. 

It  is  but  natural  that  earthquakes  should 
just  now  receive  a  great  deal  of  attention, 
and   Mr.    Milne's   Bakerian   Lecture   on   the 
subject  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  on  the 
score  of  fullness.     The  great  part  played  by 
Japan  in  the  scientific  observation  of  earth- 
quakes was  duly  noticed,  and  it  was  men- 
tioned that  the  Seismological  Investigation 
Committee  at  Tokio  has  already  published 
seventy    quarto    volumes    of    records.     For 
the  rest,   the  lecturer  was  of  opinion  that 
earthquakes  of  the  first  magnitude  are  gene- 
rally,   if   not    always,  accompanied  by   the 
displacement    of   large    masses    of   material 
within  the  earth's  crust,    and  he  suggests 
the  probability  that  in  such  cases  the  crust 
of  the  earth  is  moved  as  a  whole,  or,  to  use 
his  own  simile,  like  a  sheet  of  ice  upon  an 
ocean  swell.     He  is   of   opinion   that   obser- 
vations supply  data  from  which  we  can  fix 
the  depth  of  the  earth's  crust,  or,  in  other 
words,  the  point  at  which  the  materials  of 
which  it  is  constructed  cease  to  exhibit  the 
physical  properties  which  they  possess  at  its 
surface.     This  point  he  fixes  at  about  thirty 
miles  down,  lower  than  which,  he  thinks,  they 
merge  into  a  "  homogeneous  nucleus  with  a 
high  rigidity,"  though  he  does  not  attempt  to 
decide  the  point  raised  by  other  observers 
as  to  whether  a  solid  in  such  circumstances 
of  pressure  would  not  exhibit  most  of  the 
mechanical  propeities  of  a  liquid.     On  the 
whole,   Mr.   Milne's  conclusions  agree  fairly 
well    with    those    of    M.    de    Montessus    de 
Ballore,  whose  book  on  '  Les  Tremblements 
de  Terre  '  appeared,  with  a  preface  by  M. 
Lapparent,  not  long  before  the  San  Francisco 
catastrophe.      M.    de    Ballore    thinks    that 
the  ocean  floor,  which  he  conceives  as,  con- 
sisting of  an  extremely  thick  layer  of  small 
particles,  arriving   in  the  course  of  ages  at 
something  like  a  level,  and  of  course  made 
rigid  by  the  enormous  pressure  of  the  super- 
incumbent mass  of  water,  accounts  for  most 
of  the  phenomena.      Both  he  and  Mr.  Milne 
are  agreed  that  earthquakes  are  to  be  looked 
for  along  what  he  calls  geosynclinal   lines, 
which    are    permanent    lines    of    dislocation 
and  fracture  of  the  earth's  crust,   generally 
marked     by     chains    of    mountains     whose 
sides  descend  abruptly  into  the  sea.    He 


ftp        how  ing  t  In-  coin 

which  run  louehiy  along  the  northern  < 

Of     the     M ■  .III-  r  i  .on  an.     B    I  <   «  1.1  ral 

to  Japan,  and  again  down  the  w<  *t<  rn  coa 
ol  \"i ili  and  Sout h  America. 

In  the  same  number  of  thi   Royal 
Proceedings   in    which    Mr.    Mime's    lecture 
app<  to   be   found   a   paper   by    Mr. 

Marconi    describing    the    means    whereby 

radiation  can  be,  according  to  hiui,  confined 
to   one  direction.       In    principle,     he     D   • 

wire  ot  other  conductor  ,-trctclad  hori- 
zontally lit  a  short  distance  from  the  surface 

oi  the  earth  or  water,  and  connected  to  one 

ball  ol  a  Bpark-gap,  the  other  ball  of  winch 

is     connected      with      the     earth.       In     tl 
circumstances  he  claims    that  the  radiations 
emitted  attain  their  maximum  in  the  vertical 

plane  of  the  horizontal  wire,  and  proceed 
chiefly  from  the  end  which  is  connected 
to  the  Bpark-gap.     He  gives  many  diagn 

showing  that,  though  radiation  takes  place, 
as  was  formerly  supposed,  all  round  the 
point  of  emission-  to  use  the  classical  simile, 
like  the  ripples  produced  by  throwing  a  stone 
into  a  pond — their  minimum  efficiency  is, 
under  the  conditions  named,  at  a  distance 
of  about  100°  from  the  point  of  emission, 
the  efficiency  again  increasing  regularly 
until  it  reaches  its  second  (but  inferior) 
maximum  at  a  point  situate  180°  from  that 
first  mentioned.  Since  the  appearance  of 
Mr.  Marconi's  paper,  it  has  been  stated  in 
our  contemporary  The  Electrician  that  the 
principle  here  described  is  not  new,  having 
already  been  used  in  an  American  patent. 

Another  attempt  to  transmit  not  merely 
telegraphic  signals,  but  also  mechanical 
power,  to  a  considerable  distance  by  means 
of  the  Hertzian  waves  has  been  made  by 
Sen  or  Torres  Quevedo,  a  civil  engineer,  by 
a  system  which  he  calls  "  telekino."  Accord- 
ing to  the  account  given  in  the  Revue  Generate 
des  Sciences,  the  apparatus  he  employs  con- 
sists of  a  Branly  "  coherer,"  which,  when 
struck  by  the  wave,  causes  an  electromagnet 
to  oscillate.  The  vibrations  thus  caused 
effect  an  escapement  which  advances  the 
distance  of  one  tooth  at  each  vibration.  By 
this  means  he  has  succeeded  in  steering  a 
crewless  boat  from  a  station  on  shore,  and 
in  increasing  and  lessening  its  speed  at 
will.  The  experiments  which  have  recently 
been  carried  out  at  Bilbao  have  been  attended, 
it  is  said,  with  perfect  success,  and  the  in- 
ventor claims  that  the  principle  of  his 
invention  could  be  used  with  effect  for  the 
saving  of  life  at  sea,  as  well  as  for  its  original 
purpose  of  steering  torpedoes. 

The  latest  contribution  to  the  ever- 
increasing  literature  of  the  N  rays  has  been 
made  by  M.  Turpain  in  a  contribution  to  the 
Journal  de  Physique.  He  says  that  he  has 
been  experimenting  in  the  matter  for  more 
than  a  year,  and  that  he  finds,  like  many 
other  observers,  that  while  tho  light  of  the 
calcium-sulphide  screen  seems  to  increase 
and  diminish  with  tho  presence  and  with- 
drawal of  the  supposed  source  of  the  rays, 
the  coincidence  vanishes  directly  means  are 
adopted  to  ensure  the  withdrawal  of  the 
source  taking  place  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  observer.  Hence,  he  argues,  this  part 
of  the  proof  seems  to  depend  on  "  auto-sug- 
gestion," and  must  be  discarded.  He  thinks 
the  case  is  different  with  regard  to  the  photo- 
graphy of  tho  electric  spark,  and  he  suggests 
that  joint  experiments  should  be  made  with 
this  by  M.  Blondlot  and  Prof.  Rubens  of 
Charlottenburg.  The  controversy  has  been 
further  embittered  by  the  refusal  of  M.  Mas- 
cart  to  present  M.  Turpain's  communication 
to  the  Academic  des  Sciences,  on  the  ground, 

apparently,  that  merely  negative  experi- 
ences of  the  kind  prove  nothing.  The  editor 
of  the  Revue  ScwnHfique,  which  has  now 
for  gome   time  taken   up  a  hostile  attitude 


to  tl  periraent  i  the 

flumes  by  broadly  hinting  that  M.  Blondlot'g 

'ant    known   more   about    the    real    <  anise 

oi  tin   plienomena  than  be  should. 
Thi  slity    of    photographing    • 

in   then-   natural   col..  Im-i-ii    brought  a 

little  nearer,  according  to  an  article  i ...   sj 

'  '<t    in    the    journal    last    in<  I 

some  experiments  made  by  Dr.  Neuhaas  at 

Ltchtei  felde.     M.    I  ippmann' 
ferential    method,    previous!}  in 

'Notes,  tin-     means     of     re;  ■ 

(hieing     the     natural     ColouTH     of     the    oh 

photographed,  hut  in  a  fleeting  form  which 

could     not    be    fixed.       \V ;  .   as 

M.   Coustet   quote-   from   Dr.    Otto   YVienj 

a  dark  absorbing   ubstance,  composed  of 
a  mixture  of  elemcntarj  .of 

which    would    reflect    a    particular    one    and 
absorb   all    the   rest   of   the   coloured   ra 
Such  a  mixture,  on  the  same  authority,    I 
Neuhass    has     found    in    a    combination    of 
gelatine   and   distilled    water   with   Bolutii 
of   methylene   blue,   Bayer's   auramh 
Schnchardt's    erythrosine.      This    is   spread 
upon  a  film  of  india-rubber  upon  opal  glass, 
and  allowed  to  dry.     Shortly  before  uat 
is    made    sensitive    by   immersion    for    five 
minutes   in   a   bath   of   hydrogen    peroxide, 
and  fixed  with  successive  solutions  of  tannin 
and  sodium  acetate,  tartar  emetic,  and  lead 
acetate.     The  drawback  to  the  operation  is 
that  it  demands  several  days  of  exposure, 
during  which  the  object  is.  of  course,  under- 
going  changes   of   light    and    the    like.     M. 
Coustet  points  out  a  method,  however,  by 
width,    he    thinks,    some    of    these    incon- 
veniences can  be  remedied. 

M.  Metchnikoff,  who  will  shortly  be 
lecturing  in  this  country,  has  followed  up 
his  observations  upon  the  whitening  of 
human  hair  with  advancing  years  by  a  com- 
munication to  the  Academie  des  Sciences 
upon  the  whitening  of  the  fur  and  feat! 
of  animals  during  winter.  He  has  no 
difficulty  in  attributing  this  to  the  same 
cause  as  the  other  phenomenon,  namely, 
the  devouring  of  the  pigment-cells  by  the 
bodies  which  he  calls  cliromophages.  The 
theory  seems  to  have  been  sufficiently  venti- 
lated in  the  daily  press,  and  needs  no 
further  description  here. 

t  The  Societe  de  Biologic  appears  of  late 
to  have  been  rather  hard  on  certain  popular 
superstitions  with  regard  to  the  lower 
animals,  of  most  of  which  its  members 
suggest  rational  explanations.  Thus  it  is 
often  said  that  hydrophobia  can  be  caused 
by  the  scratch  as  well  as  by  the  )>ite  of  a 
rabid  animal.  M.  Remlimier  points  out 
that  this  is  undoubtedly  the  case  with 
animals  which,  like  cats  and  dogs,  are  in 
the  habit  of  licking  their  paws,  and  that  the 
saliva  may  even  be  virulent  and  capable  of 
imparting  the  disease  before  the  other 
symptoms  of  rabies  become  evident.  So, 
too,  with  the  long-prevalent  notion  that 
spiders  have  very  acute  powers  of  hearing 
and  are  capable  of  appreciating  music. 
M.  I.ecaillon  declares  that  spiders  have 
no  means  of  hearing  at  all,  and  do 
not  know  one  note  from  the  other  in 
tho  ordinary  sense,  but  that  they  show- 
agitation  when  certain  notes  are  sounded. 
because  these  happen  to  give  the  same 
vibrations  as  the  insects  which  form 
their  prey.  With  this  may  perhaps  be 
coupled  the  announcement  of  Mr.  Shelford 
to  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Zoological  Society 
that  certain  serpents  from  Borneo  owe  their 
supposed  reputation  of  being  able  to  fly  to 
their  power  of  so  contracting  their  muscles 
as  to  present  a  concave  surface  to  the  air 
with  their  bellies.  By  the  example  of 
bamboo  canes  split  longitudinally,  he  showed 
that  this  "ventral  gutter"  would  enable 
them,   when  launched  into  the  air  from  a 


fr°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


643 


slight  elevation,  to  reach  the  ground  by  an 
easy  lateral  motion,  and  thus  to  produce  the 
appearance  of  flying.  F.   L. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological. — May  9. — Mr.  Aubrey  Strahan, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair.  —  Mr.  W.  A.  T.  Da  vies  and 
Mr.  W.  Johnson  were  elected  Fellows.  — The  Chair- 
man read,  on  behalf  of  the  Council,  a  letter  of  con- 
dolence addressed  by  the  Foreign  Secretary  to  the 
Swiss  Geological  Society  on  the  loss  of  Prof. 
Eugene  Renevier,  Foreign  Member  (see  last  week's 
'Science  Gossip').  He  also  announced  that  the 
Council  had  resolved  to  award  the  proceeds  of  the 
Daniel-Pidgeon  Fund  for  1906  to  Miss  Helen  Drew, 
of  Newnham  College,  Cambridge,  who  proposes  to 
examine  the  relationship  of  the  Caradoc  and 
Llandovery  rocks  in  South  Wales,  between  the 
Llandeilo  and  Fishguard  districts. — The  following 
communications  were  read :  '  The  Eruption  of 
Vesuvius  in  April,  190(3,'  by  Prof.  Giuseppe  de 
Lorenzo, — and  '  The  Ordovician  Rocks  of  Western 
Caermarthenshire,'  by  Mr.  D.  Cledlyn  Evans. 


British  Archaeological  Association. — May  1G. 
— Mr.  C.  H.  Compton,  V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Dr. 
Winstone  exhibited  a  fine  black-letter  copy  of  a 
book  of  sermons  or  homilies  (printed  in  1587),  in 
the  original  binding,  but  with  the  clasps  missing. — 
The  Rev.  W.  S.  Lach-Szjrma  read  a  paper  entitled 
'  Relics  of  the  Cornish  Language. '  Nowhere,  he 
thought,  except  in  England,  could  we  fix  any 
death-place  of  a  language,  one  of  the  reasons  being 
that  languages  die  hard.  The  only  European  lan- 
guage beside  the  Cornish  that  has  died  out  in 
modern  Europe  is  the  Prussian  ;  and  he  questioned 
if  we  could  fix  the  time  or  place  of  its  expiration. 
Most  of  the  lesser  languages  of  Europe,  which  a 
century  ago  appeared  unlikely  to  last  much  longer, 
are  more  vigorous  now  than  in  the  middle  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  Although  Cornish  as  a  spoken 
language  is  dead,  we  yet  possess  quite  a  little 
literature  in  it  for  academic  and  philological  pur- 
poses, preserved  (like  a  mummy  in  a  glass  case  in 
a  museum)  in  the  MSS.  of  the  Cornish  dramas, 
some  of  which  have  been  published  ;  in  other 
writings,  some  in  print,  some  still  in  MS.  ;  in  the 
names  of  places  ;  in  the  names  of  families  ;  in  the 
tradition  of  the  numerals  ;  and  in  '  Jordans 
Creacon,'  the  last  Cornish  drama  of  1611.  The 
Cornish  MSS.  as  yet  imprinted,  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere,  are  of  more  in- 
terest to  archa-ologists  than  the  published  works 
in  and  on  the  old  language.  It  is  very  desirable 
that  these  MSS.  should  be  printed,  with  proper 
editing  and  translation,  that  they  may  be  available 
to  all  Celtic  scholars  throughout  Europe. — Avery 
interesting  discussion  followed,  in  the  course  of 
which  it  was  mentioned  that  there  are  still  some 
fifty  actual  Cornish  words  used  by  (ho  miners  ;  the 
numerals  are  also  extant,  and  probably  there  are 
between  300  and  400  words  still  in  use.  Mr. 
Jenner  considered  that  Cornish  Mas  not  a  dialect, 
but  a  distinct  language,  witli  more  affinity  to 
Breton  than  to  Welsh. 


1'ovu  Numismatic. — May  17.—  Sir  John  Evan? 
in  (lie.  ohoir.  —Mr.  W.  Gedney  Beatty  was  elected 
i  Fellow.  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters  exhibited  a  groat 
struck  in  the  name  of  Richard  II.,  and  having  on 
the  breast  of  the  king  a  crescent.  —  Mr.  Percy 
\Yel>l>  showed  a  "large  brass"  of  Faustina  the 
Younger,  with  reverse  type,  of  Pudioitiai  and  a 
plaque  executed  by  the  French  artist  Dupuis.  Mr. 
Iv  exhibited  a  penny  of  Cnut  struck  at 
Bath,  of  the  type  Hawkins  No.  207,  and  with  the 
moneyer'e  name  .Llfiie. — The  President  showed  a 
"  large  brass"  of  Agrippina  the  Elder,  with  reverse 
type  a  carpentum,  in  a  perfect  state  of  preserva- 
tion. 'I'h"  President  oommunioated  some  notes 
on  two  oopper  coins  of  Carausius  belongin 
Mi.  Jethro  A.  Cossms.  One  coin,  with  the  usual 
type  of  Pas  on  thi  ,  weighs  no  fewer  than 

133  era  troy.     The  other  ooin  has  for  reverse  type 

a  helmet ed  male  figure,  standing  near  a  trophy,  at 
the  foot  of  which  air-  two  seated  figures.  This 
type  is  unpublished,  M  r.  Grueber  read  a  paper  on 
the  coinage  ol  Luoeria,  in  Apulia.  Hitherto  two 
.  of  coins  of  contemporary  Issue  have  been 
attributed   to   that    town  :    an   autonomous  series 


based  on  the  Roman  bronze  standard,  dating  from 
circ.  B.C.  314-230 ;  the  other  also  following  the 
Roman  standard,  but  of  the  same  types  as  coins 
struck  at  the  Roman  mint,  distinguished,  how- 
ever, in  bearing  on  each  denomination  the  addi- 
tional letter  L,  eA'idently  a  town  -  initial.  The 
latter  is  of  silver  and  bronze.  As  there  seems  to 
be  no  parallel  of  a  city  in  Italy  at  that  time 
issuing  two  contemporary  series  of  coins  of  different 
types,  but  based  on  the  same  standard,  it  was 
suggested  that  those  of  the  Roman  pattern  may  be 
attributed  to  some  other  place,  possibly  Lanuvium 
in  Latium.  If,  however,  both  series  emanated 
from  Luceria,  it  must  be  accepted  as  a  fact  that 
there  were  two  mints  there,  one  issuing  money 
intended  only  for  circulation  in  the  city  and  neigh- 
bourhood ;  the  other  established  for  military  pur- 
poses, and  issuing  coin  which  would  be  current  in 
all  districts  into  which  the  armies  of  Rome 
penetrated. 

Historical. — May  17. — The  Rev.  Dr.  Hunt, 
President,  in  the  chair.  —  The  following  were 
elected  Fellows  :  F.  J.  W.  Crowe,  R.  S.  Lepper, 
W.  A.  Limbrick,  A.  L.  Simon,  F.  J.  Weaver, 
and  Miss  Mary  Wells-Sandford.  —A  paper  was 
read  by  the  Rev.  J.  Willcock  on  '  Archbishop 
Sharp  and  the  Restoration  Policy  in  Scotland.' — Sir 
Henry  Howorth  and  the  President  spoke ;  the  latter 
deprecated  the  very  severe  view  taken  of  Sharp 
by  the  writer  of  the  paper. — The  award  of  the 
examiners  for  the  Alexander  Medal  was  announced. 
The  medallist  is  Miss  R.  R.  Reid,  the  subject 
being  '  The  Rising  of  the  Earls,  1569.' 


Physical.—  May  11.— Dr.  C.  Chree,  V.P.,  in 
the  chair.  — A  paper  on  '  The  Dead  Points  of  a 
Galvanometer  Needle  for  Transient  Currents'  was 
read  by  Mr.  A.  Russell.  —  Prof.  H.  A.  Wilson 
exhibited  a  Lippmann  capillary  dynamo  and 
electromotor  from  the  George  III.  Museum  of 
King's  College. — Mr.  W.  Duddell  exhibited  some 
mechanical  and  electrical  phenomena  occurring  in 
the  telephonic  transmission  of  speech. 


Faraday.  —  May  15.  —  Dr.  F.  M.  Pcrkin, 
Treasurer,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H.  D.  Law  read  a 
paper  entitled  '  Behaviour  of  Platinized  Electrodes.' 
— Mr.  Julius  L.  F.  Vogcl  read  a  paper  on  '  The 
Electrolysis  of  Fused  Zinc  Chloride  in  Cells  Heated 
Externally. ' 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 


Mow. 


Sui  i  eyors'  Institution,  .1.— Annual  Meeting. 

Society  of  Arts.  8.—'  Heraldry  in  relation  to  the  Applied  Arts,' 

Lecture  ill..  Mi.  (;.  w.  Eve.    (Cantor  Lecture.) 
Uoyiil    Institution,  5.  —  '  Northern  Winter  Sports,'  Lecture  I., 

col   \.  Balck. 

—  Society  o!  Aits.  8.— 'Glass-Cutting,'  Mr.  H.  Powell. 

—  Zoological,  B  80. 
Tm  us.  Royal,  i.«0. 

—  Koyal  Institution.  .\— 'Man and  On- Gla<  ialilVi  ioil, 'Lei  lure  II., 

Prof.  W.  J.  Sollas, 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30.— ' Excavations  on  the  Site  of  the 

Roman  Town  of  Oallera  Atrebatuin  at  Silcheeter,'  Mr.  W.  n. 

st.  John  Hope, 
Philological,  8.— 'Notes  on  Old-English  Words,' Prof.   A.  S. 

Napier. 
Royal    Institution.    9.— ' Ii'EbulHtion    des  Metaux,'  Trof.  II. 

Dioiss&n, 
Royal    Institution,    3,—' The    Origins    of     PoeUy,'   Trot.    W. 

Mariieile  liixon. 


Ti  is. 


Fin. 


%tuntt  dfosstp. 

A  OOBRBSPOHDBHT  calls  attention  to  a 
curious  similarity  between  the  recent  type  of 
weather  and  that  recorded  by  Matthew  Paris 
during  the  spring  of  the  year  1255,  which 
followed  a  mild,  wet  winter  remarkable  for 
thunderstorms.  During  April,  he  tells  us, 
no  rain  fell.  There  was  a  prevalence  of  cold 
northerly  winds,  and  the  peculiar  colour  of 
the  sky  was  noticeable.  Vegetation  was 
very  backward,  hut  from  the  cud  of  May 
seasonable  weather  prevailed  during  the  rest 
of  the  summer,  followed  by  an  abundant 
harv  est , 

The  following  Parliamentary  Papers  have 
recently  been  issued  :  Reports  on  the  Meet- 
ot  the  international  Council  for  the 
Exploration  of  the  Sea,  m  1903,  1904,  and 
1905,  Vol.  I.  [2s.  2d.);  and  Final  Report  of 
the  Departmental  Committee  on  the  Royal 


College  of  Science,  &c,  Vol.  II.,  Minutes  of 
Evidence,  &c.  (Is.  lie?.). 

The  annual  visitation  of  the  Royal 
Observatory,  Greenwich,  will  be  held  next 
Wednesday,  the  30th  inst. 

It  is  very  satisfactory  to  learn  that  Prof. 
Campbell  states,  in  a  letter  to  Prof.  E.  C. 
Pickering,  that  neither  the  buildings  nor  the 
instruments  of  the  Lick  Observatory  sus- 
tained any  material  injury  from  the  Cali- 
fornian  earthquake. 

Two  new  small  planets  were  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Mr.  Metcalf  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  on  the  25th  ult.  The  one  announced 
in  our  '  Science  Gossip  '  on  the  12th  inst.  as 
having  been  detected  at  Heidelberg  on  the 
21st  ult.  turns  out  to  be  identical  with 
Medusa,  No.  149,  which  was  discovered  at 
Toulouse  so  long  ago  as  September  21st, 
1875  ;  but  it  would  seem  to  have  become 
much  fainter.  It  also  appears  that  No.  534, 
which  has  received  the  name  Peraga,  had 
been  registered  on  a  photographic  plate  at 
Heidelberg  on  September  7th,  1896  ;  but  as 
only  one  determination  of  place  was  then 
obtained,  it  could  not  at  that  time  be  num- 
bered or  named.  The  earlier  observation 
will,  however,  help  to  secure  an  accurate 
calculation  of  its  orbit. 


FINE   ARTS 


DRAWINGS    AT 
MESSRS.    PATERSON'S    GALLERY. 

The  drawings  at  this  gallery  should  be 
taken  as  a  supplement  to  those  in  the 
Black-and-White  Room  at  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, as  supplying  just  that  element  of 
selection  that  is  a  little  to  seek  at  the  latter 
show. 

Mr.  Crawhall,  whose  work  forms  the  larger 
portion  of  this  little  collection,  has  long  been 
admired  for  his  brilliant,  if  rather  mono- 
tonous treatment  of  animal  subjects.  He 
would  seem  to  study  the  details  of  their 
anatomy  by  trying,  above  all,  to  arrive  at  a 
clear  understanding  of  the  intrinsic  facts 
(in  contradistinction  to  the  flat  images  of 
facts  that  perspective  offeis  you  from  any 
one  view  of  any  one  pose),  and  to  rely  on  an 
instinctive  power  of  divining  the  effects  of 
perspective  to  enable  him  to  reproduce, 
perhaps  far  away  from  the  animal  he  has 
been  studying,  the  drawings  here  on  view. 
Mr.  Swan's  drawings  apparently  have  come 
from  the  opposite  method — a  constant 
watchfulness,  pencil  in  hand,  in  the 
presence  of  the  model,  at  great  expense 
of  paper  if  it  move  untimely.  Either 
method,  if  pursued  exclusively,  is  likely 
to  breed  vices  in  the  draughtsman  ; 
each,  if  wisely  exercised,  yields  line  draw- 
ings. Mr.  Swan's  Polar  Bear  is  admirable 
in  its  rendering  of  the  foreshortened  surfaces 
of  that  outflattened  entity  ;  but  the  Linn's 
Hi  ad  is  somewhat  undetermined,  noting 
facts  a  little  as  a  camera  might,  without 
welding  them  into  a  single  succinct  state- 
ment. On  the  other  hand,  like  the  Japanese 
bis  masters.  Mr.  Crawhall  has  bis  difficulties. 
With  a  mind  stored  with  great  wealth  of 
naturalistic     details,     each     reduced     to     an 

extreme  of  calligraphic  conciseness,  he  is 
inclined  to  regard  these  eloquent  little  dots 
and  dashes  as  a  sort  of  trimming  to  be 
applied  to  any  design  at.  a  certain  stage. 
When  the  base  design  is  very  simple  and 
telling,  as  in  the  White  Drake  or  Corbont  the 
/,<>/,'<  and  Reynarde,  all  is  well  :   but  when  it 

is  more  intricate,  as  in   I  loir  lirai/n  the   llrrr 

ati-  the  Honey,  the  main  structure  is  smothered 
in  an  unintelligible  mass  of  Japanesque  tiro- 
w  orks. 


(.44 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4100,  May  20,  1906 


The  other  artists  in  this  show  (which 
would  have  been  more  complete  had  it 
included  Mr.  John  and  Mr.  Minrliead  Bone) 
are  do!  adequately  represented,  though  Mr. 
Orpen's  old  man  has  finely  studied  head  and 
hands  dropped  in  as  unrelated  patches. 
Mi.  Sullivan  is  a  fine  and  even  an  inventive 
draughtsman  cursed  with  the  presence  ir 
the  same  skin  of  a  facile  gouache  painter 
perilously  resembling  Mr.  Sauber. 


THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY. 

(Fourth  Notice.) 
DRAWINGS. 

Neither  at  Messrs.  Paterson's  nor  at  the 
Academy  is  Mr.  Rackham  quite  at  his  best. 
but  The  Magic  Carpet  (No.  995)  is  a  very 
clever,  if  not  too  distinguished  example  of 
that  decorativelv  tinted  pen  drawing  that 
he  deserves  so  much  credit  for  having  in- 
vented :  its  power  of  concise  statement  and 
the  logic  of  its  construction  make  it  very 
welcome  among  the  commonplace  things 
that  fill  the  room.  The  key-note  of  Mr. 
Backhands  talent  is  an  intelligent  curiosity  : 
he  is  a  product  of  the  modern  scientific 
advance,  and  is  moved  by  a  Pythagorean 
faith  that  everywhere  is  life,  and  life  akin  to 
his  own.  From  this  sympathy  comes  a  great 
power  of  putting  himself  imaginatively 
into  the  place  of  whatever  he  is  drawing, 
making  the  act  of  drawing  a  kind  of  experi- 
mental metempsychosis.  Particularly  in 
the  main  structure  of  liis  trees  Mr.  Rackham 
appears  to  have  reached  a  high  level  in  the 
power  of  divining  what  nature  would  do  in 
any  circumstances— we  say  the  main  struc- 
ture advisedly,  because  Mr.  Rackham  lias 
his  limitations.  His  sympathy  is  above  all 
with  what  is  swift,  adroit,  actively  engaged 
in  adapting  itself  to  varying  conditions  :  the 
twist  of  a  trunk  and  the  writhe  of  a  branch 
arrest  him  ;  the  more  somnolent  rhythm, 
the  heavy  droop,  of  scarcely  stirring  leaves 
is  just  the  sort  of  thing  he  would  not  do 
particularly  well. 

There  is  little  else  to  detain  one  in  the 
Water-Colour  Room,  though  Mr.  Winter 
Shaw's  Interior  (901)  is  more  thoughtfully 
wrought  out  than  is  usual  among  Academy 
water-coloms  ;  and  in  Mr.  C.  M.  Detmold's 
Temple  of  the  Fire  Worshippers  (941)  it  is 
interesting  tc  notice  that  originality,  how- 
ever restricted  in  its  range  of  appeal,  is 
sure  nowadays  to  find  itself  followers. 
Gustave  Moreau  is  evidently  the  inspiring 
influence  of  this  rather  impressive  drawing, 
modified  by  the  example,  perhaps,  of  M. 
Bauer. 

The  Black-and-White  Room  is  largcly 
devoted  to  artists  drawing  for  the  weekly 
papers — men  of  ability,  but  pledged  to  the 
pretence  of  producing  constantly  a  fresh 
and  elaborate  drawing  of  some  event  a  few 
days  old.  It  would  be  possible  to  publish 
every  week  elaborate  drawings  that  would 
be  fresh  and  interesting,  but  not  topical  ; 
you  may  have  topical  drawings  that  are 
good,  but  not  elaborately  finished.  The 
public  that  demands  the  two  in  conjunction 
asks  for  humbug,  and  gets  it  ;  and  the  flood 
of  sham  observation  and  sham  finish  that 
is  poured  out  week  by  week  is,  alas  !  the 
work  of  nun  some  of  whom  are  capable  of 
better  things.  It  is  melancholy  to  see  a 
man  like  Mr.  Hatherell,  inventor  of  a  manner 
based  in  the  first  instance  on  original  re- 
search, sinking  by  degrees,  as  in  The  King 
reviewing  the  Honourable  Artillery  Company 
(1373),  to  the  level  of  his  imitators.  In 
this  field  also  confusion  of  motive  is  at  the 
root  of  the  evil  :  it'  fantasy  is  attempted, 
we  ask  for  something  more  compactly  ex- 
pressive, more  homogeneous,  more  beautiful ; 


if  record  is  desired,  mere  i  del  orial  plausibility 
might  well  be  sacrificed  in  favour  of  quainter 
and  more  interesting  observation:  one 
touch  of  unforeseen  and  suggestive  fact  or 
invention  is  worth  any  amount  of  laboured 
compilation  of  current  "  illustrators'  tricks." 
Of  the  etchings,  Mr.  Strang's  two  heads 
(1288,  1297)  are  capable  and  sensitive,  if  a 
little  photographic  in  their  abstention  from 
comment  on  the  characters  of  the  sitters. 
Mr.  Brangwyn,  in  Irs  desire  to  make  a 
design  mainly  in  pure  black  and  pure  white, 
has  perpetrated  in  No.  1324  the  hull  of  a 
ship  that  remains  hopelessly  transparent. 

SCULPTURE. 

As  among  the  painters,  but  with  less 
excuse  (for  sculpture  is  utilized  to  an  ever- 
increasing  extent  in  architectural  work), 
we  find  in  these  rooms  the  same  unpractical 
Academic  ideal  :  the  place  of  a  piece  of 
sculpture  is  in  an  exhibition  ;  its  function, 
the  literal  representation  of  the  human  form 
— preferably  nude.  Nursed  between  these 
two  misapprehensions  of  the  nature  of  Ins 
art,  the  sculptor  has  almost  ceased  to  be  a 
sculptor,  and  has  become  a  clay-modeller, 
delegating  to  others  the  chiselling  of  the 
stone,  the  moulding  of  the  bronze.  The 
row  of  marble  busts  that  line  one  side  of  the 
Lecture  Room  may  not  all  have  been  done 
by  this  form  of  proxy,  but  you  look  in  vain 
among  them  for  an  artist  really  delighting 
in  a  material  with  which  he  feels  at  home, 
and  in  which  it  is  natural  for  him  to  design. 
It  may  be  admitted  that  marble  is  a  difficult 
medium  for  the  devotees  of  literal  imitation, 
calling  almost  necessarily  for  a  more  delicate, 
low-relief  treatment  of  the  planes,  a  trans- 
position of  the  facts  of  a  head  into  forms  of 
less  abrupt  salience.  The  taking  naturalness 
of  Mr.  Derwent  Wood's  pretty  head  of 
Mademoiselle  Leelerc  (1664)  shows  how  much 
simpler  is  the  problem  of  graceful  finish  in 
plaster  ;  Mr.  Tweed's  Bishop  of  Stepney 
(1683),  how  it  is  still  easier  to  retain  the 
natural  values  of  a  head  if  you  throw  over  all 
idea  of  fineness  of  surface,  and  make  it  of 
a  coarse  and  broken-up  texture  answering 
somewhat  to  the  colour  of  life  by  its  play  of 
minute  light  and  shade. 

In  works  of  larger  scale  it  is  still  the  rare 
exception  to  find  sculptors  doing  more  than 
prepare  a  clay  model,  and  hence  the  statues 
that  adorn  our  public  buildings  have  a  soft 
and  rounded,  not  to  say  sand-papered 
appearance,  as  if  they  were  designed  by  men 
accustomed  not  to  driving  a  hollow  with  a 
chisel,  but  to  sticking  on  round  pellets  of 
clay.  It  is  because  anything,  however 
extravagant,  that  contradicts  this  dis- 
astrous tendency  is  a  step  in  the  right  direc- 
tion that  we  welcome  Mr.  Hodge's  big  relief, 
Commerce  (1738).  The  legs  of  the  man  are 
preposterous,  mannerism  running  riot  ;  but 
the  design  is  in  terms  of  a  chiselled  material, 
it  respects  the  nature  of  stone,  and  has, 
although  a  little  thin  in  effect,  a  carrying 
power  that  could  bear  comparison  with 
surrounding  architecture.  But  if  the  greater 
frequency  of  commissions  of  an  architec- 
tural character  has  as  yet  had  little  effect  in 
making  the  sculptor  a  craftsman,  it  has  had 
an  influence,  nevertheless,  and  that  influence 
a  disastrous  one.  The  tradition  of  severe 
study  of  the  figure  had  its  advantages.  Mr. 
Thornyeroi't,  who  is  only  represented  by  a 
heavily  draped  Dr.  Creighton  (1654),  should 
be  the  example,  but  in  his  absence  Mr. 
McGilTs  Herald  (1779)  may  serve  as  an 
instance  of  the  interest  sound  study  may 
give  to  even,  as  in  this  ease,  a  rather  affected 
pose.  The  comparative  plenitude  of  com- 
missions, with  the  consequent  opportunity 
it  affords  to  young  artists  of  seeing  then- 
work  in  high,  often  very  high  places,  has 
convinced    them    that    severe    modelling    is 


thrown  away,  or  at  least  does  not  suffice  for 
success  in  monumental  sculpture.  Instead 
of  baking  this  as  a  hint  to  study  more  abstract 
form,  they  have  regarded  it  as  an  excuse  for 
careless  modelling  and  devotion  topictui 
que  composition.  Mr.  Derwent  Wood's  Abun- 
dance (1718)  represents  this  sort  of  work,  a 
taking  group  well  put  together  for  temporary 
attractiveness,  but  wanting  the  sound 
structure  that  should  give  it  rich  and  per- 
manent interest:  notice  particularly  the 
bad  modelling  of  the  arm  supporting  the 
child. 

Mr.   Gilbert  has  made  a  plucky  effort  at 
the   revival    of   craftsmanship,    but,   in   the 

teeth  of  popular  opinion,  the  present  reviewer 
submits  that  his  natural  gifts  are  those  of  a 
painstaking,  a  delicate,  a  most  beautiful 
modeller  of  busts.  His  one  bust  here  (1737) 
is  but  a  sketch,  and  does  not  show  the  dis- 
tinction we  look  for  in  this  branch  of  his  art. 
His  sketch  design  (1773),  on  the  other  hand, 
has  all  the  flyaway  exuberance  that  has 
made  him  a  most  corrupting  influence  on 
young  decorators.  Mr.  Olson's  much- 
trimmed,  but  weakly  constructed  La  Gair 
(1641)  is  a  case  in  point,  for  the  modelling 
of  the  figure  shows  some  innate  capacity  for 
construction.  Mr.  Swan  has  wasted  much 
valuable  material  in  constructing  a  kind  of 
"  grotto,"  wherein  are  dimly  discernible 
fragments  of  what  the  catalogue  informs  us 
are  Polar  Bears  (1798).  Mr.  Brock,  at  the 
other  extreme,  has  a  Gainsborough  (1795) 
with  every  marble  button  in  place.  This  is 
the  sort  of  thing  that  ought  never  to  be  done  ; 
but  if  it  must  be,  let  us  be  grateful  to  the 
sculptor  for  having  endowed  the  figure  with 
some  distinction. 


SALES. 

At  the  sale  at  Messrs.  Christie's  on  the  19th 
hist,  the  host  prices  were  realized  by  J.  Maris's 
picture  On  the  Towing-Path,  409/.,  and  a  drawing 
of  Sam  Bough's,  The  Fens,  Lincolnshire,  336/. 
Other  drawings  were  sold  as  follows  :  T.  S.  Cooper, 
Four  Cows  and  Three  Sheep  by  a  Stream,  Sunset, 
11.5/.  D.  Cox,  Lancaster  Sands.  52/.  C.  Fielding, 
A  Scene  in  the  Highlands,  178/.  ;  A  Highland 
Landscape,  with  figures  on  a  road,  63/.  Birket 
Foster,  A  Landscape  with  Children,  dog  and 
poultry  on  a  road,  84/.  :  A  Landscape  with  a  Flock 
of  Sheep,  81/.  J.  H.  Mole,  Shrimpers,  52/. 
S.  Palmer,  The  Harvest  Field,  Sunset,  65/.  :  The 
Brothers  in  Comus,  99/.  ;  The  Brothers  and  the 
Attendant  Spirit  approaching  the  Palace  of  Comus, 
84/.  Turner,  The  Splugen  Pass.  84/.  D.  G.  Ros- 
setti,  A  Study,  50/.  Pictures :  W.  E.  Frost, 
Euphrosync,  1151.  Erskine  Nicol.  A  Whist  Party, 
283/.  E.  Verboeokhoven,  Ewes,  Lambs,  and  Sheep- 
dogs, 157/.  H.  Fantin-Latonr,  Roses  in  a  Bowl, 
■JS3/.  ;  Flowers  in  a  Vase,  220/.  W.  Bouguereau, 
La  Gitana,  199/. 

On  Monday  Cox's  drawing  A  Farm  Scene,  with 
a  flock  of  sheep  going  through  a  gate,  fetched  5S/. 

The  collection  of  coins,  except  the  living,  almighty 
dollar,  is  not  a  popular  hobby  in  the  United  States. 
List  week's  mail,  however,  brought  the  reports  of 
the  four  days'  sale,  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  collec- 
tion formed  by  the  late  Mr.  Harlan  P.  Smith,  and 
described  as  the  finest  ever  brought  together  of 
American  gold  coins.  The  prices  realized  appear 
to  have  been  far  beyond  those  previously  recorded. 
A  United  States  5-dollar  gold  piece,  dated  L822, 
realised  the  extraordinary  sum  of  2,165  dols.  ; 
another  piece,  of  the  same  face  value,  but  earlier 
in  date,  i.e.  1815,  sold  for  1,050  dols.  Among  the 
colonial  coins  were:  "Willow-Tree"  Shilling, 
L652,  30  dels.  ;  Lord  Baltimore  Sixpence,  34  dols.; 
Carolina  "  Elephant-Penny,"  1094,  '28  dols.  ;  Rosa 
Americano  Twopence.  -JS  dols.  ;  New  York  State 
Cent,  1786,  with  bust  of  Washington,  70  dols.  ; 
another  of  1787,  with  Indian  standing  with  toma- 
hawk anil  arms  of  New  York,  130  dols.  ;  and 
an  "Excelsior  "  Cent  of  the  same  year,  30  dols. 


N°4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


645 


Ifiiif-^rt  (gossip. 

Yesterday  tliere  was  a  private  view  at 
9,  Maddox  Street,  W.,  of  the  work  of  the 
Artificers'  Guild,  an  association  of  craftsmen 
trained  for  many  years  by  Mr.  Edward 
Spencer. 

Paintings,  sketches,  and  studies  in  oils 
and  water  colours  by  Mr.  Horace  Van  Kuith 
were  also  on  private  view  jesterday  at  the 
Dore  Gallery. 

The  picture  by  Jacob  Jordaens,  '  St.  Peter 
finding  the  Tribute  Money  in  the  Fish's 
Mouth,'  is  on  view  at  the  Marlborough 
Galleries  for  a  few  days. 

This  week  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.  have  been 
showing  at  the  Cutlers'  Hall,  Warwick  Lane, 
E.C.,  some  400  drawings  and  paintings 
which  have  been  done  for  their  various  pub- 
lications. 

The  Chenil  Gallery  announces  the  press 
view  next  Wednesday  of  an  exhibition  of 
etchings  by  Mr.  Augustus  John,  which  will 
be  the  first  collection  of  his  work  in  this 
medium. 

The  second  volume  of  '  French  Art  from 
Watteau  to  Prud'hon,'  edited  by  Mr.  J.  J. 
Foster,  forming  the  fifth  volume  of  "  The 
Dickinson  Art  Library,"  will  shortly  be 
ready.  The  introduction,  dealing  with 
French  society  from  1700  to  1730,  is  from 
the  pen  of  M.  Bebelliau,  Librarian  of  the 
Institut,  Paris  ;  MM.  Langevin,  Funck 
Brentano,  and  H.  Frantz  write  upon  Pater, 
Boucher,  Van  Loo,  and  Vernet  ;  Mr. 
Frederick  Wedmore  contributes  chapters 
on  Chardin  and  La  Tour  ;  and  Mr.  O.  M. 
Hueffer  and  the  editor  treat  of  other  French 
artists  belonging  to  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  numerous  illus- 
trations are  taken  from  the  most  celebrated 
collections  at  home  and  abroad,  including 
those  of  the  King,  the  German  Emperor, 
Mr.  Alfred  de  Rothschild,  Mr.  Pierpont 
Morgan,  and  others,  and  are  especially  rich 
in  the  works  of  Chardin  and  Boucher. 

The  Louvre  has  just  acquired  two  inter- 
esting and  important  works  of  art.  The  first 
of  these  is  the  picture  by  Jean  Fouquet 
known  as  '  L'Homme  au  Verre  de  Vin,' 
which  was  lent  to  the  Exposition  des  Primitifs 
Francais,  1904  (in  the  catalogue  of  which 
it  is  No.  43),  by  Count  Wilczeck,  of  Vienna. 
It  is  a  portrait  of  a  man  of  about  fifty, 
with  a  large  black  hat  and  a  fur  over- 
coat, with  a  glass  of  wine  in  his  hand.  This 
portrait  was  painted  about  1450.  The 
second  acquisition  is  of  a  temporary  cha- 
racter :  M.  Kian  has  lent  the  authorities 
for  a  period  of  not  less  than  two  years 
the  marble  statue  '  Flora  '  by  Carpeaux, 
executed  in  London  in  1873. 

An  exhibition  of  antiquities,  &c,  found 
at  Silchester  in  1904  and  1905  will  be  hold 
at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
Burlington  House,  from  June  6th  to  19th 
inclusive  (Sunday  excepted). 

77m  Antiquary  for  June  will  contain, 
among  others,  the  following  articles  :  the 
6rst  part  of  a  paper  on  Robin  Hood,  by  Sir 
Edward  Brabrook  ;  'The  Leicester  Gibbet- 
ing lions  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Mark- 
hain  ;  '  Bangor,  County  Down.'  by  Mr. 
\V.  .1.  Kennell  ;  'Sir  William  Wyndham.' 
by  Mr.  .1.  A.  Lovat-Fraser  ;  a  continuation 
of  the  :  Pilgrimage  to  St.  David's  Cathedral  ' 
(illustrated),  by  Dr.  A.  C.  Fryer;  and  the 
conclusion  of  Mr.  A.  Abrahams's  '  Chronicle 
History  of  the  Egyptian  Hall,  Piccadilly, 
1M3    1873.' 

Messrs.  Moiunc:  announce  '  A  Biblio- 
graphy of  Monumental  Brasses,'  by  Mr 
Herbert  Druitt,  as  a  companion  volume  to 


the  same  author's  '  Manual  of  Costume  as 
illustrated  by  Monumental  Brasses.'  The 
work  should  be  a  boon  to  archaeologists,  as 
there  is  no  bibliography  of  the  subject  in 
existence.  To  help  the  student  of  local 
antiquities,  the  titles,  when  appropriate 
thereto,  are  arranged  under  counties.  Other 
features  of  the  work  will  be  lists  of  authorities 
on  the  various  classes  of  costume,  vestments 
and  armour,  sepulchral  effigies,  and  incised 
slabs.  There  will  also  be  a  full  index  of 
authors. 


MUSIC 


SCHUMANN  FESTIVAL  AT   BONN. 

Among  the  composers  of  the  first  half  of 
the  nineteenth  century  Robert  Schumann 
occupies  an  exalted  place,  and,  as  is  usually 
the  case  with  genius,  it  was  long  after  his 
death  before  his  merits  were  duly  recognized. 
It  is  customary  to  represent  Beethoven  as 
the  last  of  the  classics,  and  Schumann  as 
belonging  to  the  romantic  school  ;  but  such 
divisions,  convenient  though  they  may  be 
in  histories  of  music,  must  not  be  taken 
literally ;  the  great  so-called  classical  masters 
themselves  were  once  regarded  as  roman- 
ticists. Beethoven,  after  all,  was  the  pro- 
tagonist of  the  romantic  movement  in  which 
Schumann  afterwards  played  so  important 
a  part,  both  by  his  writings  and  by  his 
music  ;  while  to  the  name  of  Beethoven  must 
certainly  be  added  that  of  Weber. 

The  festival  held  this  week  at  Bonn 
suggests  one  or  two  remarks  with  regard  to 
Schumann.  Of  his  four  symphonies,  the 
first  in  b  flat  and  the  second  in  c,  the  freshest, 
the  most  inspired,  are  his  best  contributions 
to  that  particular  form  ;  but  interesting  as 
they  are,  they  show  no  advance  on  Beethoven, 
while  at  the  present  day  the  first  two  sym- 
phonies of  Brahms  are  held  by  many  judges, 
and  even  the  public,  in  higher  favour.  Then, 
again,  Schumann  wrote  works  which  show 
little  inspiration,  and  others  in  which  only 
flashes  of  genius  light  up  pages  which  pain- 
fully reveal  the  state  of  his  mental  powers 
during  the  last  sad  years  of  his  life.  Apart 
from  this,  he  began  his  artistic  career  com- 
paratively late  in  life,  and  that  career  was 
short.  To  sum  up  :  Schumann  wrote  many 
things  which  will  not  live,  but  the  composer 
of  the  third  part  of  the  '  Scenes  from  Goethe's 
Faust,'  of  the  '  Frauen-Liebe  und  Lcben  ' 
and  '  Dichterliebe  '  song  cycles,  and  other 
fine  songs,  and  of  the  Pianoforte  Concerto, 
the  Fantasia,  Op.  17,  and  many  a  character- 
istic pianoforte  piece,  lias  achieved  such 
immortality  as  a  world  in  itself  transient 
can  offer. 

The  festival  began  on  Sunday  afternoon 
with  a  "  Gedaohtnisakt "  at  the  grave  of 
Robert  and  Clara  Schumann,  when  Dr. 
Joachim,  the  friend  of  both,  and  consoler 
of  the  latter  at  the  time  of  her  bereavement, 
delivered  a  touching  address.  Two  of  the 
daughters  were  present  at  the  solemn  cere- 
mony. The  works  to  be  performed  during 
the  festival  would  speak,  he  remarked,  for 
the  composer  :  he  therefore  only  referred 
to  the  man  and  his  generous  admiration  for 
Mendelssohn  and  Brahms,  and  his  recogni- 
tion of  men  less  gifted.  And  with  regard 
to  Schumann's  married  lite  he  declared  that 
"  Robert  and  Clara  would  always  remain  a 
symbol  of  purest  love,  of  genuine  German 

soul-life."' 

The  programme  of  the  first  concert   began 

with  tlie  Symphony  in  E  flat,  in  which 
Schumann  recorded  his  impressions  of 
Rhenish  folk-life,  while  the  fourth  move- 
ment originally  hore  the  inscription.  "  Im 
Charakter   der    IVgleitung    emer    feiertichen 


Ceremonie  "  ;  but  it  was  withdrawn,  for 
Schumann  declared  that  a  composer  should 
not  "  show  his  heart  to  the  world."  This 
work  was  conducted  by  Dr.  Joachim  with 
unflagging  energy.  The  remainder  of  the 
programme  was  devoted  to  the  '  Scenes  from 
Goethe's  Faust.'  There  are  many  inter- 
esting moments  in  the  first  two  parts, 
notably  '  Faust's  Death,'  with  which  the 
second  ends  ;  but  they  will  not  for  a  moment 
compare  with  the  glorious  third,  in  which 
Schumann  fully  caught  the  deep  mystic 
spirit  of  the  second  part  of  Goethe's  work. 
The  performance  was  under  the  intelligent 
direction  of  the  municipal  music  director, 
Prof.  Hugo  Gruters.  It  was  in  many  respects 
good,  and  if  it  was  not  ideal,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  time  for  rehearsal  of 
the  local  choir  with  the  Berlin  Philharmonic 
orchestra  was  limited.  The  principal 
soloists  were  Fraulein  A.  Kappel,  Frau  A. 
Munz,  and  Frau  Kraus-Osborne,  and  Herr 
Senilis,  Dr.  Felix  von  Kraus,  and  Prof. 
Johann  Meschaert.  the  last  named  winning, 
and  deservedly,  chief  honours. 

Next  week  will  be  noticed  the  remaining 
concerts.  Dr.  Camille  Saint-Saens  will  play 
in  the  pianoforte  quartet  on  the  last  evening. 
He  expressed  the  wish  to  do  so,  as  he  was 
the  first  to  introduce  that  work  into  France. 

In  connexion  with  this  festival  some  most 
interesting  autograph  manuscripts  and  letters 
by  Robert  and  Clara  Schumann  are  exhibited 
in  the  Beethoven  Haus  ;  they  have  been 
kindly  lent  by  Fraulein  Schumann  and  by 
Herr  13.  Litzman,  author  of  the  life  of  Clara 
Schumann,  of  which  the  second  volume  has 
just  appeared.  Among  the  exhibits  are  the 
'  Jugend  Album  '  and  the  book  in  which 
Schumann  entered  the  dates  of  letters 
written  by  him,  and  the  names  and  dates 
of  all  letters  he  received  between  the  years 
1835  and  1853. 


^lusical  (£o5Stp. 

Fbaulein  Ternina  made  her  first  appear- 
ance this  season  as  Isolde  in  '  Tristan  '  last 
Saturday  evening  at  Co  vent  Garden.  She 
was  heard  to  great  advantage  in  the  first 
act  and  again  in  the  wonderful  love  duet. 
and  her  embodiment  of  the  Irish  prim 
was  as  dignified  and  impressive  as  ever. 
Herr  Anton  Burger,  the  representative  of 
Tristan,  was  unable  to  deliver  the  music  of 
the  part  with  adequate  power  and  skill. 
His  singing  in  the  love  duet  lacked  distinc- 
tion and  fervour.  Madame  Kirkby  Lunn 
was  an  irreproachable  Brangane,  and  Hen- 
Anton  van  Rooy  sang  finely  as  Kurwenal  ; 
while  the  music  of  King  Mark  was  admirably 
declaimed  by  Herr  Knupfer. 

ON  Tuesday  evening  a  performance  of 
'  Die  Walkure  '  was  given  without  cuts. 
The  role  of  Sieglinde  was  assigned  to  Fraulein 
Ternina,  who  sang  the  impassioned  phrases 
in  the  first  act  with  customary  skill,  and  once 
more  greatly  distinguished  herself  as  an 
actress.  The  Briinnhilde  was  Frau  Gadsky, 
who  gave  an  admirable  rendering  of  the  music. 
especially  in  the  last  act.  Herr  Anthea  pre- 
ferred to  declaim  many  passages  which  he 
should  have  Bung,  hut  was  a  fairly  satis- 
factory Siegmund.  Herr  van  Rooy  was  a 
superb  Wotan,  and  Herr  Knupfer  did  well 

as  Bunding.  Dr.  Kiehter  conducted  both 
music  dramas,  and  the  hand  carried  out  his 
indications  faithfully,  the  playing  through- 
out being  on  a  high  level. 

I>k.  Edvabd  Griko  gave  the  first  ot  two 
concerts    at    Queen's    Hall    last    Thursday 

week.  It  is  several  years  since  the  Nor- 
wegian Composer  paid  B  visit  tO  London, 
and     his     welcome    was     most     enthusiastic. 


646 


TH  E     ATHKNJKUM 


N   4100,  May  26,  1006 


Grieg    Ims    worked    for    the    most    pari    on 

modest  linen,  but  within  small  oompaM  he 
has  accomplished  greet  things  ;  man]  of  hii 
aonga  and  pianoforte  pieces  are  known  and 
admired  all  the  world  over.  At  the  oonoerl 
in  question  the  Bret  '  Peer  Oynt  '  Orohe  tral 
Suite  proved  a  special  attraction.  Miss 
Johanne  Btockmarr  gave  a  good  rendering 

of   the  noIo   part    ni    the  romantic    I  'ianoforte 

Oonoerto ;  and  MissTita  Brand's  recitation 
of  '  BergUol  '  was  powerful.  .Miss  Dolores 
sang  with  marked  feeling  three  beautiful 
songs  with  orchestra]  accompaniment.     The 

hull  was  mil,  ;mk1  nil  scats  had  already  been 

Hold    for    the    second    concert.      It    may    be 

added  that  Dr.  Grieg  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Ifus.  Doc.  at  Oxford  on  the  22nd. 
A    like   honour   was   bestowed   on   him   by 

Cambridge  in  1894. 

Mxeoio  Bobszowski,  the  young  Polish 
pianist,  gave  a  Becond  ooncerl  at  Steinway 
Hall  last    Friday.     Be  is  only  eleven  years 

old,  but  already  has  studied  for  about  six 
years  under  Leschetizky.  He  is  a  wonderful 
boy  :  his  technique  is  advanced,  and  he  has 
intelligence  and  strong  feeling.  His  render- 
ing of  a  Beethoven  sonata  and  ten  of  the 
difficult  Chopin  Preludes  was  remarkable. 
But — and  this  is  an  encouraging  sign  for  his 
future — there  are  points  in  his  playing,  and 
also  in  his  interpretations,  which  show  that 
he  is  still  a  boy. 

Mr.  S.  Coleridge-Taylor's  new  setting, 
for  contralto  soloist,  chorus,  and  orchestra, 
of  Coleridge's  '  Kubla  Khan  '  was  brought 
forward,  under  the  direction  of  the  composer, 
at  the  Handel  Society's  concert  at  Queen's 
Hall  on  Wednesday  evening.  In  an  ex- 
tended prelude  reference  is  made  by  the 
orchestra  to  the  material  subsequently 
dealt  with  by  the  singers.  The  vocal 
writing  is  not  lacking  in  picturesqueness, 
though  it  hardly  ever  exhibits  the  strength 
and  charm  which  were  such  conspicuous 
features  of  the  West  Indian  composer's 
'  Hiawatha.'  The  orchestral  accompani- 
ment, in  the  modern  style,  is  judiciously 
varied.  Miss  Edna  Thornton  sang  the  solo 
passages  with  skill  and  vocal  ability,  but  the 
choir  and  orchestra  were  less  praiseworthy, 
intonation  being  more  than  once  at  fault. 

Vivien  Chartres,  the  child  violinist, 
gave  a  bright  and  pleasing  performance  of 
Mendelssohn's  Concerto  at  her  recital  at 
Queen's  Hall  on  Monday  afternoon.  She 
also  played  Bach's  Chaconne  steadily  and 
well,  the  technical  difficulties  being  over- 
come with  unfailing  resourcefulness.  Dr. 
Saint-Saens  has  now  arranged  his  gruesome 
'  Danse  Macabre  '  as  a  violin  solo,  and  this 
showy  piece  was  presented  with  skill  and 
effect  by  the  little  violinist.  Dr.  Theo. 
Lierhammer  gave  admirable  renderings  of 
songs  by  Schumann,  Max  Roger,  and  Claude 
Debussy. 

A  series  of  four  recitals  at  Bechstein  Hall 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Albert  Mallinson,  with  the 
assistance  of  Madame  Ada  Crossley,  began 
on  the  8th  inst.,  the  programmes  being 
devoted  to  the  songs  of  Mr.  Mallinson.  He 
is  a  gifted  composer,  and  his  great  merits 
were  recognized  when  he  gave  recitals  here 
in  1900  and  again  in  1902.  It  is  only  want 
of  space  which  has  prevented  us  from 
noticing  the  present  recitals,  which  have 
proved  highly  successful. 

FOB  a  similar  reason  we  have  been  unable 
to  call  attention  to  a  series  of  historical 
recitals  of  considerable  interest  by  the 
excellent  'cellist  Mr.  Boris  Hambourg*  or  to 
the  song  recitals  by  Herr  Franz  Naval,  who 
created  so  favourable  an  impression  at  a 
recent  Philharmonic  Concert. 
I  •  The  Cremona  Society  is  holding  a 
special  meeting  next  Wednesday,  at  which 


Mr.     E.    ( '.     Kimington    will    di  iolin 

Strings,    and    the    President    the   only    known 

violoncello    by    Joseph    Guarnerius.     There 

will  be  a  inn  [cal  programme  afterward  , 
and  t  In  \  ioloncello  m  question  w  ill  I"-  |>la\  i  1 1 
by   Mr.    I  bi  Ini  t    \\  'ali-nii. 

To-da\  M'     i  .  Sotheby  will  sell  by  auction 
the  scarce  second  edition  of  'The  Begg 
Opera'  (172kj,  with  the  overture  in  More, 

and    the    music    prefixed    to   each    BOng  ;     on 

Tuesday  firsl  editions  of  Gaffori's  '  Practice 

Musice       (1490)    and     '  he     llarmonia    M 

coram  [nstrumentorum '  (1518);  and  on 
Thursday     a    copy     of     Plutarch's     '  Vita? 

Yirorum    I  llustrium  '    (1491),    which    has   the 

following  inscription  in  Gaffori's  autograph  : 
"Liber   Franchini  Gafurii    Laudensis   RJegii 
Musici  Bcclesheq.  Bfediolanensis  phonastL 
Tin:  "  Wiener  Manner gesangverein/'which 

gave  its  first  concert  ;<t  Oueen's  Hall  yester- 
day, and  which  w  ill  give  its  second  on  Monday 
evening,  en  joys  a  high  reputation.  Schumann. 
Mendelssohn,  Liszt,  and  Wagner  composed 
part-songs  for  it.  The  proceeds  of  the  two 
concerts  will  be  devoted  to  King  Edward's 
Hospital  Fund  and  the  Francis  Joseph 
Institute. 


Sin. 

Hair. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Siuulay  Concert  Society.  8.80,  Queen  s  Hall. 
Sunday  League  Concert,  7.  Quecn'8  Hall, 
ill-.  (ire«ory  Hast  s  Vocal  Recital.  ::,  Bechrtwin  Hall. 
Jliss  K  Leginaka'a  Pianoforte  Recital,  -\  Bechstein  QalL 
Miss  Tilleard'e  Pianoforte  Recital,  B.18,  .T.olian  Hall. 

—  Vienna  B&annergesangyerein  [Hale  Choir),  8.15,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Koyal  Opera,  Cerent  Garden. 

Ti  ks.     Higcha  Elman'e  Violin  Recital,  ::,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Miss  Alice  Winch  anil  Mr.  \V.  Scott  s  Concert. :!,  Beclistein  Hall 

—  Mr.  Francis  Maciuillcn's  Violin  Recital,  DM,  Queen'a  Hall. 

—  Mr.  anil  Mrs.  Mallinson's  Son',-  Recital.  8.:i0,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss    May    Muklc    ami    Mr.    F.    Harford's    Cello   and    Song 

Recital.  m.::m.    Kolian  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  GoTent  Garden. 

Wed.     Miss    Ethel   Marsh  and    Mr.   Ernest    Groom's    Recital,    3.15, 
.Kolian  Hall. 

—  Miss  Florence  Mavc  and  Madame  Mylius's  Harp  Concert,  3.15, 

Steinway   Hall.' 

—  Miss  Inez  Vidah  and  Hiss  Julia  Higgins,  9..10,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Harden. 

Tin  us.  Miss  Auriol  Jones's  Pianoforte  Recital.  :l,  Beclistein  Hall. 

—  Philharmonic'  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hull. 

—  Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
Miss  Tilly  Koenen  s  Son--'  Recital,  3,  Beclistein  Hall. 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 

Mr.  Boris  HanihourK's  'Cello  Recital,  8,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Royal  Opera,  Corent  Garden. 


Fin. 

Sat. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

Imperial. — Boy    O'Carroll :     a    Comedy. 
By  B.  M.  Dix  and  E.  G.  Sutherland. 

Though  announced  as  a  comedy,  '  Boy 
O'Carroll,'  as  is  now  called  a  piece  originally 
produced  a  month  ago  by  Mr.  Martin 
Harvey  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne  under  the 
title  of  '  The  Rapparee  Trooper,'  is  in  fact 
romantic  drama,  into  which  enters  some 
conscious  or  unconscious  element  of 
burlesque.  The  place  of  its  first  pro- 
duction and  the  circumstances  attendant 
upon  its  reproduction  seem  to  indicate 
that  its  ultimate  destination  is  the  count  ry. 
If  such  be  the  case,  all  is  well.  For  a 
permanent  London  attraction  it  is,  cer- 
tainly, a  little  too  naive.  The  change  of 
title  is  probably  due  to  the  discovery  by 
the  authors  that  the  name  first  given  was 
a  misnomer,  the  employment  of  which 
involved  an  anachronism,  since,  while 
the  action  of  the  piece  passes  during  the 
Commonwealth,  the  Rapparee  did  not 
come  into  existence  until  the  time  of 
JamesII.,and  the  name  speedilyassumed  a 
dishonouring  signification.  Boy  O'Carroll 
is  a  pugnacious  Hibernian  Cavalier  who 
might  have  been  designed  by  Charles 
Lever.  Undertaking  the  defence  of  a 
slandered  maiden,  he  is  captured  by  her 


uncle,  a  jealous  and  Btern  Puritan,  who, 
finding   in   hi-    possesion   a   i  ompromi 
letter    from     hi-     niece,     insists     upon 
immediate    marriage    between    the    I 
Smarting    under    his    rejection    by    l^ady 
Honoria     Vere,     whom     h<-     love 
animated  by  a  thoroughly  Irish  Bpirit 
adventure,  the  hero  consents  to  • 

a    lady    whom    he    does    not    know.       I 

df  his  friend,  however,  and  the  a  ept- 
ance  at  sword's  point  of  a  wife  proves  the 
most  judicious  and  expedient  that  could 
have  been  math*.  One  romantic  adven- 
ture treads  upon  another's  heels,  and  the 
whole  is  carried  off  in  the  mos  ive, 

albeit  blatant  style  of  heroics.  Mr.  Martin 
Harvey  shows  much  earnestness  as  the 
fighting  Irishman  ;  Miss  De  Silva 
noisily  demonstrative  as  a  faithful  groom, 
Miss  Kate  Koike  delightful  as  the  Lady 
Eonoria,  and  Miss  Maud  Rivers  agreeable 
as  the  heroine. 

.\i>i:i.rni. — The    Lonely    Millionaires:     a 
Comedy  in  Three  Acts.     By  Mrs.  Henry 

de  la  Pasture. 
A  melodrama  lightened  with  farce  would 
be  an  apter  description  than  comedy  for 
the  novelty  by  Mrs.  de  la  Pasture,  which 
obtained  on  Tuesday,  the  loth  inst.,  a 
mixed,  but  rather  churlish  reception  at 
the  Adelphi.  Chief  among  the  millionaires 
in  question  is  Thomas  Frankland,  a  cotton 
spinner,  whose  pretty  and  wilful  daughter 
and  heiress  Christina  has  fallen  in  love 
with  a  particularly  unattractive  Italian 
painting  master,  Luigi  Peretta.  Though 
furnished  with  convincing  proof  of  his 
interested  designs,  she  remains  faithful  to 
this  creature  until  she  learns  from  a 
worthier  lover,  a  baronet  passing  as  her 
father's  secretary,  that  the  scamp  is 
already  provided  with  a  wife.  Simple 
and  attractive  is  the  story  that  is  told, 
especially  the  portion  of  it  that  deals  with 
the  escapade  of  the  self-willed  heiress  and 
her  salvation  from  the  consequences  of  her 
folly.  As  this  obstinate  and  mutinous 
heroine  Miss  Lily  Brayton  shows  a  cus- 
tomary measure  of  attractiveness  and  an 
irresistible  amount  of  girlish  ingenuous- 
ness. Mr.  Oscar  Asche  struggles!  hard 
with  the  character  of  the  self-made  million- 
aire, and  almost  succeeds  in  assigning  it 
some  individuality.  His  love-making  with 
a  widow,  played  by  Miss  Lottie  Yenne.  is 
vivacious.  Miss  Annie  Sehlettcr  imparts 
much  earnestness  and  passion  to  the  jealous 
Italian  wife.  In  this  character  she  at- 
tracted attention  on  the  first  production 
of  the  piece,  which  was  given  by  amateurs 
at  the  Court  on  February  25th,  1905. 


Lyric. — Afternoon  Representation  :  Othello. 
On  Thursday,  the  17th  inst..  Mr.  Lewis 
Waller  gave  the  first  of  four  afternoon 
representations  of  '  Othello.'  More  interest 
than  ordinarily  attends  similar  expeiinients 
was  inspired  by  the  occasion,  the  cist 
being  specially  noteworthy.  Mr.  Waller's 
presentation  of  the  Moor  is  soldierly  and 
virile,  and  is  informed  by  strong  passion. 
In  remarkable  contest  with  it  is  the 
Iago  of  Mr.  Irving,  which,  though  trans- 
parently    villainous     and     malignant     at 


N°  4100,  May  26, 


1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


647 


the  outset,  is  convincing  in  bearing  and 
deadly  in  the  subsequent  scenes.  Mr. 
Ainley  makes  an  excellent  Cassio.  Miss 
Evelyn  Millard  is  the  tenderest  and  most 
poetical  of  Desdemonas,  Miss  Wynne 
Matthison  a  thoughful  Emilia,  and  Mr. 
Henry  Neville  a  good  Brabantio. 


Waldorf. — Shore  Acres  :  a  Play  in  Four 

Acts.     By  James  A.  Heme. 
'  Shore  Acres,'  which  bears  some  traces 
of  its  American  origin,  reaches  us  with  a 
well-deserved  reputation  from  the  United 
States.     Though    containing    little    that 
appeals  to  a  sophisticated  public,  it  has 
every  element  of  a  popular  success.     Its 
simplicity  is  beyond  description,   but  it 
has  a  sweet  vein  of  domestic  pathos,  and 
rises  in  one  point  at  least  to   a  strong 
theatrical    interest.     Except    that    slight 
stress  is  laid  upon  the  comic  scenes,  and 
that  the  vein  chiefly  wrought  is  tenderness, 
it  might  almost  be  compared  to  an  Adelphi 
melodrama  of  a  generation  ago.     A  love 
affair  there  is,  of  course,  which  supplies 
the    principal    motive ;      but    the    chief 
interest  centres  in  the  struggle  between 
two  brothers,   one   of  whom  is   a  stern, 
obdurate  man,  a  lighthouse  keeper,  who 
drives  his  rather  self-willed  daughter  into 
revolt,    while    the   other,    though   cast   in 
heroic  mould,  is  a  miracle  of  gentleness. 
The  latter  character  is  played  in  inimitable 
style  by  Mr.  Cyril  Maude,  and  is  a  veritable 
masterpiece.       In    strong    contrast    with 
this  is  the  brother  of  Mr.  Edmund  Maurice. 
Miss  Mary  Rorke  shows  much  pathos  as 
the    mother,    and    Miss    Alice    Crawford 
surpasses    her    previous    accomplishment 
as  the  heroine.     The  great  effect  is  a  scene 
of  contest  in  a  lighthouse,  a  very  elaborate 
edifice.    The  whole  is  admirably  supported, 
and  is  an   agreeable  specimen  of  Trans- 
atlantic workmanship. 


A  View  of  the  English  Stage  ;  or,  a  Series 
of  Dramatic  Criticisms.  By  William  Hazlitt. 
Edited  by  W.  Spencer  Jackson.  (Bell  & 
Sons.) — To  "  Bonn's  Standard  Library," 
which  already  includes  the  '  Table-talk,' 
the  'Lectures  on  the  English  Poets,'  '  The 
Plain  Speaker,'  '  The  Round  Table,'  and 
other  works  of  the  same  writer,  has  been 
added  Hasditt's  '  View  of  the  English  Stage,' 
in  which,  for  the  first  time,  the  writer's 
criticisms  are  reprinted  in  their  integrity 
from  the  periodicals  in  which  they  saw  the 
light.  First  issued  in  The  Morning  Chronicle, 
The  Champion,  The  Examiner,  and  The 
Times  between  the  years  1813  and  1817, 
these  were  published  in  book  form  in  1818, 
the  first  edition  becoming  in  time  rare. 
Considerable  omissions — duo  partly  to  pru- 
dential reasons — were  apparent,  and  wore 
even  more  obvious  in  the  so-called  second 
•■.lit ion,  published   by    Routledge    in    1851. 

The  passages  excised  have  now  been  restored 
between  brackets.  As  a  rule,  the  restorations 
consist    of   passages   dealing   with    what,   was 

judged  of  ephemeral  interest  references  to 
the  pantomimes  at  both  the  patenl  houses, 
brief  criticisms  on  actors  of  no  special  repu- 
tation, and  the  like.  Some  of  them  have, 
however,  particular  significance.  The  general 
in. Tits  of  the  criticisms  were  recognized, 
and  the  place  to  he  assigned  them  was 
obviously  in  the   line-  of   progression   from 


Colley  Cibber  through  Steele,  Addison,  and 
Leigh  Hunt.  While  they  served  to  build 
up  the  reputation  of  Edmund  Kean— it  has 
been  stated,  with  no  shadow  of  apparent 
justification,  that  for  the  articles  on  that 
actor  which  appeared  in  The  Morning 
Chronicle  the  Drury  Lane  management  paid 
Hazlitt  1,5007. — and  did  something  to  estab- 
lish the  fame  of  some  other  actors,  there 
were  certain  performers  who  were  treated 
with  constant  and  manifest  derision.  One 
of  these  was  Conway,  an  excellent  actor, 
with  whom  Mrs.  Piozzi,  when  an  old  woman, 
was  infatuated,  and  who  committed  suicide 
off  Charleston  bar.  For  his  unfair  and  male- 
volent attacks  upon  this  handsome  man 
Hazlitt  had  to  make  a  public  apology.  The 
passages  which  may  well  have  led  to  such  a 
result  are  among  those  which  are  restored. 
They  are  very  cruel  : —    ..,,„_  _ .....  .-^^.._\:\  li-H! 

"His  acting  is  a  nuisance  to  the  stage.  The 
tolerating  such  a  performer  in  principal  parts  is  a 
disgrace  to  the  national  character.  We  saw 
several  foreigners  laughing  with  mischievous 
delight  at  this  monstrous  burlesque  of  the 
character  of  Romeo.  He  bestrides  the  stage  like 
a  Colossus,  throws  his  arms  into  the  air  like  the 
sails  of  a  windmill,  and  his  motion  is  as  unwieldy 
as  that  of  a  young  elephant." 

The  resemblance  of  the  last  sentences  to 
Scott's  description  of  the  Dominie  in  the 
then  just  published  novel  '  Guy  Mannering  ' 
is  striking.  Noteworthy  is  the  attack 
(September  22nd,  1816)  on  Coleridge  as  the 
long-winded,  heavy  -  handed  writer  in  The, 
Courier.  That  the  attack  is  designed  is 
shown  by  the  reader's  attention  being 
directed  to  "an  almost  forgotten  play  called 
'  Remorse.'  " 


HENRIK    IBSEN. 


The  death  of  Henrik  Ibsen  on  Wednesday 
is  likely  to  fan  the  embers  of  a  slumbering 
controversy.  We  are  as  yet  too  near  the 
dramatist  to  see  him  in  satisfactory  per- 
spective or  to  estimate  his  stature  aright. 
In  race,  as  in  method,  Ibsen  was  largely 
Teutonic,  and  was  never  in  this  country 
more  than  a  casual  visitor,  who  did  not  seek 
naturalization.  If  his  advent  among  us 
provoked  more  than  common  hostility,  the 
fault  was  nowise  his  own.  It  was  less  due  to 
the  indiscreet  zeal  of  friends  even  than  to 
our  own  anxiety  to  declare  every  goose 
a  swan,  and  that  curious  lack  of  the 
sense  of  proportion  which,  joined  to  our 
fancy  for  labels,  made  us  hail  Maeter- 
linck as  a  Belgian  Shakspeare,  and  might 
with  more  justification  induce  us  to  greet 
Daudet  as  a  Provencal  Dickens.  After  a 
score  of  years,  during  which  tentative  efforts 
have  been  made  to  acclimatize  him  in  this 
country,  Ibsen  remains  an  exotic.  Mr.  Tree, 
who  took  part  in  the  first  production  in 
England  of  any  play  founded,  however 
remotely,  upon  him,  has  retained  a  species 
of  loyalty,  and  has  once  or  twice  mounted 
his  plays  for  what  may  have  been  designed 
for  a  run.  Nevertheless,  such  has  in  no 
instance  been  obtained,  and  the  closest 
student  of  Ibsen  on  our  stage  has  but  vague 
and  fragmentarv  recollections. 

On  March  3rd,  1884,  at  the  Prince's 
Theatre,  in  an  adaptation  by  Mr.  Henry 
Arthur  Jones  arid  Henry  Herman  called 
'Breaking  a  Butterfly.'  A  Doll's  House' 
first  came  in  any  sense  on  the  English  stage. 
The  experiment  was  insignificant  and  mean- 
ingless, as  the  title  bestowed  on  the  piece 
indicated,  since,  whatever  else  she  is,  Nora 
Hehner,  then  called  Flora  Goddard,  is  no 
butterfly  ;  and  the  English  public  had  to 
wait  five  years  before  listening  for  such 
message  as  Nora  had  to  deliver.      Since  then 


most  of  the  dramatist's  prose  works  have 
been  given,  though  generally,  as  has  been 
said,  in  timid  and  tentative  fashion.  But 
recently  Mr.  Tree  revived  '  An  Enemy 
of  the  People '  at  His  Majesty's,  resum- 
ing in  it  his  powerful  presentation  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Stockmann.  Meantime,  almost 
all  the  plays  belonging  to  Ibsen's  middle 
period  have,  in  some  fashion  or  other,  been 
set  before  the  English  public,  the  rendering 
used  being  that  of  Mr.  William  Archer. 
Each  of  them  created  a  polemic,  and  many 
of  them  a  scandal.  The  latter  has  gone,  how- 
ever, diminuendo,  the  attitude  of  English 
criticism,  amateur  or  professional,  being 
not  unlike  that  commended  by  honest  old 
Dogberry  to  the  watch — that  if  a  man  will 
not  stand  when  bidden,  they  will  "  take  no 
note  of  him,  but  let  him  go,"  and  thank  God 
they  "  are  rid  of  a  knave." 

The  plays  of  the  middle  j)eriod  which  have 
incurred  most  censure  have  been  '  The  Wild 
Duck  '  and  '  Ghosts  '  ;  while  of  the  six  later 
plays — '  The  Lady  from  the  Sea,'  '  Hedda 
Gabler,'  '  The  Master  Builder,'  '  Little  Eyolf,' 
'  John  Gabriel  Borkman.'  and  '  When  We 
Dead  Awaken,'  all  of  which  have  been  given 
— not  one  has  escaped  reprobation,  on  the 
ground,  maintainable  enough,  of  obscurity, 
or  that,  more  disputable,  of  immorality. 
No  cause  exists  at  the  present  moment  to 
join  in  arraignment  or  to  undertake  defence. 
Thoughtful  and  enlightened  men  (and  in  the 
ranks  of  such  all  will  include  Ibsen)  are  apt 
to  be  attracted  more  by  the  unsolved  pro- 
blems of  our  nature  than  by  the  solved,  and 
the  knowledge  how  far  subjects  which  are 
unfit  for  common  discussion  may  be  treated 
in  a  work  of  art,  if  not  exactly  defined  in  a 
lex  non  scripta,  is  generally  felt  and  acknow- 
ledged. Ibsen  does  not  even  approach  the 
limits  fixed  for  themselves  by  Ford,  Shelley, 
and  Byron,  and  in  none  of  his  works  is  vice, 
or  even  irregularity  of  life,  exhibited  under 
alluring  aspects. 

In  seeking  to  arrive  at  an  estimate  of  his 
intellectual  stature  it  is  easier,  and  not  less 
safe,  to  contemplate  his  influence  upon 
dramatic  literature  generally.  Personally 
Ibsen,  like  most  of  the  symbolists  and 
mysticists,  perplexes  as  much  as  he  pleases. 
Although  we  have  seen  '  The  Wild  Duck  ' 
half  a  dozen  times  or  more,  its  messa  ;e 
remains  to  us  unintelligible,  its  mystery 
obscure,  and  its  significance  trivial.  The 
humour  which  the  esoteric  find  in  certain 
characters  passes  over  or  beneath  us  ;  and 
the  only  merit  we  are  prepared,  except  at 
sword  point,  to  concede  is  that  of  tenderness 
in  the  scene  of  suicide  on  the  part  of  the  girl. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  found  intensely 
absorbing  the  story,  morbid  as  it  is,  of 
'  Hedda  Gabler,'  and  have  attended 
mero  motu,  and  with  no  call  of  duty — 
more  performances  of  that  play  than  of 
any  other  dramatic  product  of  modern  t  imes. 

In  his  influence  on  the  modern  stage  In 
Europe,  however,  the  greatness  of  Ibsen 
most  emphatically  demonstrates  itself.  His 
reception  in  his  own  country  was  warm,  if 
tardy,  and  he  was  yesterday  a  national  asset 
of  the  highest  importance.  The  German 
stage,  meanwhile,  draws  a  Large  measure  of 
its  inspiration  from  him.  It  would  ho 
scarcely  too  much  to  say  that  of  recent  years 
Ibsen  has  been  the  most  potent  influence 
to    which     it     has     been     subject.       Kindred 

experience  on  the  part  of  Russian  dramatists 
m.i\    be  responsible  for  similar  results,  and 

it  is  perhaps  needless  on  account  of  resem- 
blance to  suspect  indebtedness.     In  England 

the  influence  of  Ibsen  is  not  confined  to  the 
school  he  has  founded,  but  is  traceable  in 
the  works  of  our  best  dramatists,  and, 
indeed,  is  scarcely  denied  by  them.  In 
France    and    Italy   it    is    less     assertive,    but 


CIS 


Til  E     ATI!  KNjKUM 


N   -1  loo,  M.u  J<i,  1906 


even  thi  n  it  « ill  rev©*l  it  -'it  to  Lntelligi  til 
Hearch, 

Poui  "i  [bsen'N  works  remain  unpublished, 
and  most  <>t  In-  early  writings  are  unknown 

in  thi     country.     It    '-  al -t   entirelj    due 

to  Mi  Archer  thai  -<>  much  familiarit)  ae 
exists  has  been  obtained.  Poetical  works 
such  a-  '  Brand  '  and  '  Peer  Qynl  '  scarcely 

con nil   themselves   to  ■   public   such   as 

Ul.  possess;  mill  the  production  of  the 
great  and  profoundly  interesting  drama  ol 
*  Emperor  and  Galilean  involves  more  risk 
than  an  amateur  management  is  likelj  In 
i it ii  1. 1 1  ake. 

rlenrik  [been,  the  eldest  child  of  parents 
of  mixed  German  and  Scandinavian  strain, 
with  a  alight  infusion  >>t  Scottish  blood,  was 
born  rt  Skien,  a  lumber  village  in  Norway, 
on    March    20th,    1828.     Of   the   conditions 

Burrounding    his   early   existence    lie   has   left 

an  account   interesting  enough,  but  adding 

little  to  what  can  he  divined  by  the  student 

of  bis  works.  Traces  are  abundant  of  the 
provincial  influences  to  which  he  was  subject 

— influences  of  which  he  was  never  able  to 

divest  hi>  work.  When  sixteen  years  of  age 
he  went  to  Grimstad,  B  place  smaller  and 
presumably  not  less  narrow  and  ])ietistic, 
where  he  was  apprenticed  to  an  apothecary. 
Out  of  his  studies  there  came  his  "  Catilina,' 
his  first  drama,  belonging  to  1850,  and  other 
work-  -till  unpublished.  A  portion  of  his 
education  seems  to  have  been  obtained  at 
Christ  iania,  where,  for  the  purpose  of  reading 
for  his  examination,  he  went  in  March,  1850. 
Here  his  second  play,  '  The  Warrior's  Tomb,' 
a  Viking  story,  was  given  three  times.  This 
amount  of  success  induced  him  to  embrace 
a  literary  career,  and  plunge  into  a  vortex 
of  journalism,  literature,  and  politics.  Tn 
1851  he  was  appointed  stage  manager 
and  poet  to  the  newly  built  theatre  of 
Bergen.  Here  he  superintended  the  pro- 
duction of  the  early  works  of  himself  and 
his  friend  Brandes,  and  many  plays  of 
English,  Scandinavian,  German,  and  French 
origin.  Jn  the  summer  of  1857  he  left 
Bergen  for  Christiania,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  Norwegian  Theatre. 
To  this  period  of  his  life,  spent  in  these  two 
centres,  belong,  besides  several  unpublished 
plays,  '  Fru  Enger  of  Oestraat  '  (1857),  'The 
Feast  at  Solhaug '  (1857),  'The  Chieftains 
of  Helgoland'  (1858;  produced  at  the 
Imperial  April  15th,  1903,  as  '  The  Vikings'), 
'Love's  Comedy'  (1862),  and  'The  Pre- 
tenders '  (1864).  Weary  of  management 
and  of  the  lack  of  sympathy  he  experienced, 
lie  left  Christiania  on  April  2nd,  1864,  for 
Berlin,  Trieste,  and  Rome.  His  work  was 
then  executed  abroad.  His  two  great 
poetical  plays  followed  :  '  Brand  '  in  1866, 
'  Peer  Gynt  in  1867.  These  were  succeeded 
by  '  The  League  of  Youth  '  (1869),  '  Poems  ' 
(1871),  'Emperor  and  Galilean'  (1873 
'  The  Pillars  of  Society 
House  '  (1879),  '  Ghosts  ' 
of  the  People  '  (1882), 
(1884).  ■  Kosmersholm  ' 
from     the     Sea'     (1888), 


'  (1877),  'A  Doll's 
(1881),  '  AnEnemy 
'The  Wild  Duck' 
(1886),  'The  Lady 
'Hedda    Gahler'' 


The  Master  Builder  '  (1892),  'Little 
(1894),  '  John  Gabriel  Borkman  ' 
and  '  When  We  Dead  Awaken  ' 
Since    that    year    nothing    has    ap- 


(1890), 
Eyolf  ' 

(189(1). 
(1899). 

peared. 

All  the  plays  given  to  the  world  since 
'The  League  of  Youth,'  with  the  exception 
of  l  Emperor  and  Galilean,'  have  been  seen 
in  London,  though  mainly  under  conditions 
that  involve  no  very  extended  public  know- 
ledge. In  some  of  his  works  we  have  had 
the  privilege  of  seeing  Signora  Duse  and  other 
foreign  artists.  The  later  plays,  when 
Ibsen's  managerial  responsibilities  were  o\  er, 
gained  greatly  in  freedom  of  grasp  and  power 
of  conception,  but  without  any  correspond- 
ing advance  in  intelligibility. 


ftrnmntir  (Gossip. 

A  PRESENTATION  ol  '  <  apt  .  Swilt,  with 
Mr.     Tree    m    the    name  |inrt    and    with    a   rit-t 

comprising    Mrs.   Tr  ( lecil    Raleigh, 

Mi-s  Lettice  Fairfax,  and  Mist  Sibyl  Carlisle, 

wa-  given  on  Tuesday  afternoon  at  His 
Majest]  >. 

On  Thursday  '  Castles  in  Spain,'  with  Mr. 

Harry  Pragson  and  Miss  Mary  de  Bousa  in 

their  original  parts,  wiM  transferred  from 
the  Royalty  Theatre  to  Terry's. 

\i  the  Savoy  'The  Conversion  oi  Nat 
Bturge,'    with    Mr.    Edward   Bass   and    Miss 

Ben  I  Mercer  in  the  principal  parts,  is  played 

before  '  The  Bhulamite.' 

On  Monday  'Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,"  by 
Mr.  K.  Kennedy  Cox,  with  Mrs.  Brown  Potter 
in  the  title-role,  was  produced  at  the  King's 
Theatre,   Hammersmith. 

Madame  Rej  we  will  begin  at  the  Royalty 
on  June  I st  1 1  a  season  in  the  course  ol  which 
she  will  produce  '  La  Piste  '  of  M.  Sardou, 

first  given  at  the  Varietes  on  February  22nd, 
and  a  new  play  by  M.  Pierre  Berton. 

The  run  at  the  Criterion  of  '  The  Little 
Stranger  '  concluded  on  Saturday  last,  and 
the  piece  will  in  the  autumn  be  transferred, 
with  Master  Edward  Garratt  in  his  original 
part,  to  America. 

Mr.  Wiliiam  F.  Owen,  whose  death  is 
announced  from  America,  was  a  member  of 
Daly's  company,  in  which  he  played  SirToby 
Belch,  Sir  Anthony  Absolute,  Touchstone, 
and  other  leading  comic  parts. 


To  Correspondents.— H.  H.— c.  is.— >i.  p.— Received. 

E.  F. — Send  more  definite  address. 

E.  II.  L. — We  cannot  enter  into  this  controversy. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


T 


HE  ATHENAEUM, 

PRICE  THREEPENCE. 

Is  published  every  FRIDAY  in  time  for  the  Afternoon  Kails.  Termi 
of  Subscription,  free  by  post  to  all  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  :  For 
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INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

Pass 

Arnold 627 

Authors'  Agents       620 

Bagster  &  Sons         650 

BELI.  &  Sons 648 

Catalogues       828 

Chatham  a.  Hatj 649 

CHATTO  &   WlNDUS        ..          651 

DENT  &  CO 652 

Em  CATIONAI 625 

Exhibitions      625 

GORER  &  Son 6S7 

Hurst  ft  bi.ackett 628 

Insurance  companies       eso 

Lam:          >'-' 

Lectures 626 

Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co 650 

Macmii.lan  it  Co BH 

,Mm;a/.ines,  ftC 887 

Miscellaneous 626 

Newspaper  Agents <'-,; 

Notes  and  Queries 050 

Pitman  ft  sons 851 

Printers'  l'n: 661 

Provident  institutions 621 

Bales  hv  auction     626 

Situations  Vacant *"«-"> 

situations  Wanted 898 

bocibttes 625 

Typk-whitkks,  Ac 626 

KNWIN           ••■^ 


MESSRS.    BELLS 

LIST. 

(  .1  7.1  LOO UEB m 

•  Mil     BUI    I. II  I.  01     NAPOl. I.O.N  I 

LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    I      By  J.  Holland 

ROW       l.i"  l>  .    1  itc     *  bolai    of    I 
Cambridge.      Largely  Compiled   from   New   M. 
taken     from     the     British     Official     K<-<  ortl". 
Dumerotu  Illustration*,   Map-,  and    Plans.     In 
riilRD   KI)ITIO> 
Mil   \l'll:   EDITION,  without  the  Illustrati 
2  rob.  10c  lK-i. 

"Thru-  i->  no  single  book  on   Napoleon,  either 
or    French,    to   i«.-   compared    t<»   tin  for 

information,  for  judgment,  nor  i-  there  any  thai 
reading."     Manekatn  Guardian. 
"Tin-  book  i-  likely  to  become  the  authority  for  English 
■  name  in  modem  history." 

Atltritari'iii. 
"  This  book  deeerree  to  stand  beMde  the  classical  % 
of  Tbien  ami  Ltvofn 

NAPOLEONIC    STUDIES.     By  J.  Holland 

BORE,  I.itt.D.    Poet  tvo,  with  Maps,  7a  <>'.  Bet, 

"  whatever  may  be  the  side  of   Napoli  eel   in 

which  the  reader  may  be  interested,  we  make  buhl  to  say 
that  he  will  find  something  new  to  him  within  the  four 
hundred  pages  of  thi>  modest  little  volume.  Dr.  Hose  is  to 
be  congratulated  on  his  mastery  of  a  difficult  and  com- 
plicated subject." — Athfiutrum. 

HENRY    VIII.   AND    THE    ENGLISH 

MONASTERIES.      By    the    Right     Uev.    ABBOI 
0A8QUET,    D.I).    Os.li.      SIXTH    and    CHEAPER 

EDITION.     With  a. New  Preface.     Dei  '.net. 

STUDIES  IN  POETRY  AND  CRITICISM. 

By  . I.  (H  IRION  COLLIN-      I  net. 

Content*  —The  Poetry  and  Poets  of  America  —  The 
Collected  Works  of  Lord  Byron— Tlv  I  Poems  of 

William    Watson  — The   Poetry   of    Mr.    Gerald   Ma- 
Miltonic  Myths  and  their  Authors— Longinus  and   Greek 
Criticism— The  True  Functions  of  Poetry. 

"The  remarkable  erudition  which  characterize-  each 
essay  in  thi*  volume  makes  it  well  worth  the  study  of  aU 
who  love  the  literature  of  Bnglnnd  "    Pfftri  Magazine. 

BROWNING  AND  DOGMA.     Being  Seven 

Lectures  on  Browning's  Attitude  to  Dogmatic  Theology. 

By  ETHEL  M.  NAISH.     Crown  Svo,  It  Ol.  net. 

These    Lectures  are  based   on  the  following   Works  of 

Browning  :— Caliban      upon      Setebos   —   Cleon  —  Bishop 

Blougrani's   Apology — Christmas    Eve   and    Easter   Day — 

La  Saisiaz. 

"  Browning's  Christianity  seems  to  us  very  well  and  wisely 
defined  in  an  interesting  and  scholarly  book." — Aeadr- 

CITIES     AND     SITES     OF     SPAIN.      A 

Handbook  for  Travellers.  By  Mrs.  A.  LB  BLOND 
(Mrs.  Main).  With  numerous  Illustrations  and  Maps. 
NEW  EDITION,  REVISED.     Crown  8vo,  5*.  net. 


JCST  Pl'BLISHED. 

TURBINES.     By    W.    H.    Stuart    Garnett, 

Barrister-at-Law.      Demy  Svo,   with    ?2    Illusu 

Ss.  Ol.  net. 
A  popular  book  on  the  subject  of  Steam  and  Water 
Turbines,  in  which  the  theory  of  the  subject  is  developed 
concurrently  with  its  history  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it 
readily  intelligible  to  the  general  reader.  The  problem* 
which  are  at  present  associated  with  it  are  stated,  with  a 
forecast  of  the  possible  future  of  the  engine.  At  the  same 
time  the  book  contains  the  most  complete  theory  that  has 
so  far  been  published  of  the  well-known  machines,  ami  will 
be  of  value  to  experts  and  to  all  users  of  power. 

A   HANDBOOK   TO    SHAKESPEARE.     By 

MORTON  LUCE,   Author  of    A  Handbook  to  Tenny- 
son,' &c.     Bean.  s\  i 
This  'Handbook  to  Shakespeare'  offers   in   cue  volume 
the  critical  and  explanatory  helps  that  must  otherwise  be 

sought  in  many  books.     As  far  as  possible   it   embodies  all 
recent    research :    and,    like    the  author's    '  Handbook    t<> 
Tennyson,'   to    which    it    forms  a    companion,   it   ain 
illustrating  principle-,  while  it  supplies  information. 

THE  UNIVERSAL   KINSHIP.      By  J. 

HOWARD     MOOR  K,     Author     of    '  Better     World 

Philosophy.'  Post  svo.  4.--.  6rf.  net. 
"He  has  brought  together  a  mass  of  scientific  informa- 
tion, anecdotes,  and  descriptions  of  the  ways  of  different 
animals,  and  seeks  to  establish  in  his  readers  a  sense  of 
their  kinship  with  all  things  that  live— kinship  of  a  triple 
character  physical,  psychical,  and  ethical ....  Written  in  a 
clear  and  Interesting  raahiftn  " — Puily  Trk'jraph. 

THE    LOGIC    OF   VEGETARIANISM. 

Essays    and    Dialogues.      Hv    HENRV    s.    SALT. 
SECOND    KD1TON,  REVISED.     Post  Svo,  1*\  6<i.  net. 


XEW  VOLUMES  OF  BOHN'8  STANDARD  LIBRARY. 
Post  s\o,  £*.  M  each. 

HAZLITT'S    VIEW    OF    THE    ENGLISH 

s|  Ml      or    i  v  nes  of  Primal!     C  1 1  ■  \.\  nis.     I  lUed 
by  W.  SPENCEB  JACKSON. 

EMERSON'S  WORKS     A  New  Edition  in 

E  vols.   With  the  Text  Edited  and  Collated  bv  G  K(  NEtG  I : 
SAMPSON.  

London:    GEORGE    BELL    &    SONS, 
Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


No  4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


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ALL  THE  BOOKS  BELOW  ENUMERATED  ARE  THIS  WEEK  READY  AT  ALL  THE  BOOKSELLERS'. 


DR.  REICH'S  NEW  BOOK, 

PLATO 

AS  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  MODERN  CRITICISM  OF  LIFE, 

Being  the  .Substance  of  his  Series  of  Plato  Lectures  at  Claridge's, 

WILL  BE  BEADY  ON  MONDAY,  MAY  28. 

Demy  8vo,  10*\  6rf.  net. 


ON  THE  SAME  DAY  WILL  BE  ISSUED 
A     NEW     STUDY     OF     SHAKESPEARE. 

THE    SHAKfESPEARE    SYMPHONY. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Ethics  of  the  Elizabethan  Drama. 

By    HAROLD    BAYLEY. 
Demy  8vo,  12x.  6rf.  net. 


ALSO    MB.  P.  F.  WARNER'S  BRIGHT  AND  BREEZY  RECORD  OF 
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THE     M.C.C.     IN     SOUTH     AFRICA. 

By  P.  F.  WARNER,  Author  of  '  How  We  Recovered  the  Ashes,'  &e. 
With  numerous  Illustrations  and  Portraits.     Crown  8vo,  $8. 


ALSO  A  LIVELY  AND  ENTERTAINING  VOLUME  OF  REMINISCENCES  OF 
LIFE  IN  SHANGHAI  THIRTY  YEARS  AGO,  ENTITLED 

THE     MODEL    SETTLEMENT. 

By  C.  M.  DYCE.     Crown  Svo,  6*. 


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NICEPHORUS :  a  Tragedy  of  New  Rome 

By  FREDERIC  HARRISON,  Litt.D. 
This  edition  is  limited  to  h~>0  copies,  each  of  which  is  numbered  aiid  signed  by  the  author. 

"Real  dramatic  power. . . .  All  the  qualities  of  a  good  .acting  play." — Spectator. 

"  We  can  remember  no  other  case  in  which  a  writer  making  his  first  dramatic  essay  so 

late  in  life  has  achieved  such  an  honourable  and  even  reniarkaole  success Vivacity  and 

power."— Mr.  William  Akcher  in  the  Tribune. 

"The  characters  are  large  and  conspicuous,  the  incidents  striking,  the  public  and 
private  matters  at  stake  are  important,  and  the  end  is  unquestionably  m  the  great  tragic 
manner."— Daily  Chronicle. 

"  Mr.  Harrison  is  a  master  of  a  stately  and  impassioned  style,  and  his  heroic  and  tragic 
subject,  together  with  his  blank  verse  medium,  lend  themselves  admirably  to  his  qualities 
as  a  writer." — Glasgow  Herald. 

A  FASCINATING  WORK  ON  HERALDRY. 

FICTITIOUS  CREATURES   IN   HERALDRY. 

By  JOHN  VINYCOMB. 
With  Numerous  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  10s.  (kl.  net. 


Among    the    recently     published    successes    in    Messrs. 
CHAPMAN  &  HALL'S  List  may  be  mentioned  : — 
THE  SCIENTIFIC  DISCOYERY  OF  THE  AGE. 

THE    ORIGIN    OF    LIFE:     Its    Physical    Basis    and 

Definition.  By  J.  BUTLER  BURKE.  With  Photographs,  Diagrams,  &c.  Demy 
Svo,  16*.  net. 

"Is  perhaps  unique  in  being  a  remarkable  contribution  to  the  fundamental  problem  of 
biology  by  one  who  is  not  a  biologist,  but  a  physicist.  It  is  as  a  physicist  that  Mr.  Burke 
has  been  attacking  this  question  for  the  past  decade,  and  his  success  is  a  new  testimony, 
not  only  to  the  continuity  of  Nature,  but  to  the  continuity  of  science — our  knowledge  of 
Nature."— Dr.  c.  W.  su.'kkhy,  in  the  Daily  Chronicle,  February  26,  1006. 

"Mr.  Burke's  discovers  is  of  immense  importance.  It  seems  to  put  the  problem  of 
life's  origin  one  step  further  back,  lie  states  the  case  for  continuity  in  Nature  with 
admirable  lucidity  and  force,  and  if  his  thinking  is  at  times  too  transcendental  for  some  of 
his  readers,  it  is,  at  any  rate,  eloquently  and  cogently  expressed.  He  lias  given  fresh  life 
to  an  inquiry  that  will  never  lose  its  interest." — Daily  Telegraph,  February  26,  1906. 

A  FRIEND  OF  MARIE  ANTOINETTE  (Lady  Atkyns). 

By  FREDERIC  BARBET.  With  an  Introduction  by  VTCTORIEN  SARDOU. 
With  Portraits.     Demy  Svo,  10.*.  6</.  net.  \jsecomd  Edition  in  the  press, 

"This  is  a  romantic  book  with  a  romantic  Origin,  and  all  readers  who  care  for  the 
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the  book  is  animated  and  full  of  colour,  and  it  loses  nothing  of  its  charm  and  vivacity  in 
the  hands  of  an  unusually  sympathetic  translator.  We  have  given  a  mere  outline  of  the 
story,  but  the  original  tills  in  the  details  with  innumerable  felicitous  touches,  fn  short, 
this  is  a  boob  of  genuine  attractions,  worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  historian,  ami  at  the 
.same  time  overflowing  with  interest  for  the  general  reader.''     Daily  Telegraph. 

"A  bod;  worthy  of  attention All  the  elements  of  an  historical  romance  and  some 

hints  of  new  historical  revelations."    Tribune. 

"  \  strange  romantic  story  ...A  fascinating  problem."    Daily  Graphic 

"An  invaluable  and  fascinating  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the  events  of  the  last 
years  of  the  eighteenth  century."— -Daily  Express. 

BY-PATHS  IN  THE  BALKANS.     By  Capt  F.  W.  von 

SERBERT,  Author  of' The  Defence  of  Plevna.'    DemySvo,  10*.  M.  net 
"  Contains  much  shrewd  criticism,  especially  on  military  affairs  in  Bulgaria."    Outlook. 
"  The  author  has  travelled  out  of  the  beaten  track,  and  has  picked  up  a  good  deal  ot 
curious  information  on  subjects  which  the  ordinary  tourist  has  no  time  to  attend  to,  or 
would  be  Incompetent  to  invest  igate,  even  If  the  opportunity  were  given  to  hiin." 

Standard. 
"It  is  at  once  a  collection  of  Essays  on  a   variety  of  subjects,  and  an  account  of 

experiences  obtained    well   off  the   ordinary   traveller's  track,   and    widch    different    from 

those  of  most  people  who  journey  abroad  ...He  has  much  that  is  fresh  and  informing  to 

tell  us..., of  inexhaustible  interest    to  a   large  number  of  readers . .  .  .<  'apt.  von   Herbert's 

work  has  about  it  thai  touch  of  personality  which  lifts  a  volume  out  of  the  ordinary  ruck 
of  travel  books.  Be  has  seen,  he  has  observed,  he  has  (bought,  and  he  can  write  in  a 
vigorous  and  Impretwive  fashion.''    Daily  Telegraph. 

"Capt  von  Herbert's  book  la  to  be  commended  alike  for  the  solid  information  ii 
contains,  and  as  a  source  of  pleasant  entertainment."— 5cot«»ian, 


langu 

heart 


Demy  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  10*.  6<7.  net. 

THE    UNITY    OF    WILL. 

Studies  of  an  Irrationalist. 
By  GEORGE  AINSLIE  HIGHT,  Author  of  'An  Essay  on  Culture.' 

A  BEAUTIFUL  BOOK  FOR  THOUGHTFUL  READERS. 

Crown  Svo,  6*. 

THE  MEASURE  OF  LIFE. 

By  FRANCES  CAMPBELL. 

"Marked  by  much  beauty  both  of  thought  and  expression." — Athenaeum. 
"  Shows  a  tine  sense  for  aspects  of  Nature  and  the  feelings  of  out-of-the-way  people." 

Outh„,k. 
"  Imaginative  sketches  and  stories  of  fine  quality,  full  of  the  mysticism  of  the  Celt." 

Times. 
Every  one  who  cares  for  really  exquisite  imagination,  expressing  itself  in  sensitive 
age,  will  welcome  'The  Measure  of  Life'  as  a  genuine  piece  of  literature.     It  has 
ami  it  has  distinction." — Daily  Telegraph, 
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THE  SMITHS  OF  SURBITON.    By  Keble  Howard. 

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[Fourth  Edition. 

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THE  MISSES  MAKE-BELIEVE.  By  Mary  Stuart  Boyd. 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF    Bl  vi  wii.n   DISRAELI, 
EARL  OF  Bl  i  LELD,  1820  189ft 

V    ..    i    r.  s        kKD       Q   D    B   B   I   B  B 

o.>      f.„   A|-|;ll.  ■.-•    M  \\   .      .       'I   Nfl  .  ■■    .1.   m  i."  LI  '.wo. 

'  ,  iim  i 

ubuoobapbi  oi  rn  i  mi.  "i  i.i  loomomu) 

■ii.i,  ladodM  kk\-  tc  'VIYIAJI  BUI 

,  omikomii    i "i ii  mii    '".i   nn>i moi 

f  i   tht  M\    N  uml-i-.  M  .  ■■[  n..-  hi  i—t,  ^.  M. 

l.  .11  N  (      H:  \M  IS  :,i,.|  .1     KHHAIIM  KHANl  IS. 
\  ,  lii.-iini!-  BnUdlnfS,  <  h.ui,.  i j   I 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP 
i  hi:  BIGHT  BON.  W.  B.  GLADSTONE. 

J    o  T    B   s       ixD        Q   0   B   R   I    B  8 

(a   DN  'KMlSKIMiiuii.l  VI    I-'',    .ui.l  JAM'ARY  7  hii.I 

i, 'Mains  A   UBUOGBAFKY  07  KB    <;i.\dstosk. 
Prist  ot  thi  Four  Nambsn,  la,  t'  ;  at  fiee  i.y  port,  It,  «xi. 

.liUIN  r    KKAMIS  and  .1    KDWAKD  KK  AMIS. 

iasOAoa,  Bream »  liiiit.iinKM.  < bam  •  rj  I. B.O. 


N 


T 


EACHERS'    SCRIPTURAL   LIBRARY. 

I'm.  Bbrpi  not  ru«  h  in  t. 
By  W.  T.  LYNN.  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

1.  BRIEF  LESSONS  ON  THE  PARABLES  AND 

MIKAi  I.K.S  OF  ol'K  LORD.  Th«  Fir>t  Part  OOOtallU  .short 
Expositions  ol  the  Parables,  arranged  according  to  Date:  In  the 
So-., ml.  ilie  Miracles  an  treated  under  tin-  heads  ,.f  the  Regions 
iu  whieli  tluj  «ere  wrought.     Willi  Two  Illustrations. 

•2.  EMINENT     SCRIPTURE    CHARACTERS: 

■  BariM  'if  Biographical  Studies  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
I  Must  nit.-, 1  )>)  si\  Views  ol  Biblical  Scene*,  which  will,  it  Is  hoped, 
be  found  useful  to  all  w  lio  are  interested  in  the  study  of  the  Holy 
Bexipture. 

Published  by  STONES! AN.  29.  Paternoster  Square,  E.C. 


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CELESTIAL      MOTIONS: 

A    Handy    Book    of  Astronomy. 
Tenth  Edition.     With  :i  PI 

By     W.     T.     LYNN,     BJL     F.lt.A.H., 

Associate  ol  King*!  College,   London]  Lay   Readei    in  tin    D  I   Southwark, 

Author  of  'Remarkable  Ooneto,'  'Remerksble  Eclipse*,'  '  Aftronom j  for  tiie  Voung,'  &c 

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BIBLE      CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Becorded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  arranged  under  their 

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and  a  Supplement  on  English  Versions. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 

"This  compendious  and  useful  little  work." — Guardian,  March  14,  1906. 


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NEW  TESTAMENT   CHRONOLOGY: 

The  Principal  Events  Recorded  in  the  New  Testament,  arranged  under  their 

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By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 

NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENEUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  ARTHUR  SHEDWELL'S 
INDUSTRIAL  EFFICIENCY  and  A.  C. 
BENSON'S  WALTER  PATER. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancer)'  Lane,  EC. 


N°  4100,  May  26,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


651 


THE 


LITERARY  SENSATION 
OF  1906. 


PRINTERS' PIE 

Edited  by 

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"The  letterpress    is  excellently  done,    but 
charm  ot  Mr.  (iordon  Home's  w  rk  1  ..ally 

in  the   two  dozen  colour  plates  from  watci  colour 
drawings,  exceptionally  well  reproduced  in  del 
and  restrained  tones."     Westmii 

SOME  GUINEA  COLOUR  BOOKS. 

PARIS  and  its  Story. 
ROME  and  its  Story. 
OXFORD  and  its  Story. 
CAMBRIDGE  and  its  Story. 
EDINBURGH  and  its  Story. 
VENICE  and  its  Story. 

Each  of  these  Books  is  by  an  Author  thoroughly 
conversant  with  his  theme,  and  is  fully  illustrated 
both  in  Line  and  Colour,  several  of  the  Vol 
have  over  100  Illustrations,  including  many  Repro- 
ductions of  famous  Pictures.  There  is  also  a 
Limited  Large-Paper  Edition  of  each  Book,  with 
the  exception  of  'Cambridge'  and  '  Veni<  .  which 
are  all  sold. 

MEDI/EVAL    TOWN     SERIES. 

"LITERARY  GUIDE-BOOKS. 
Volumes  now  ready: — 

Assisi.  Constantinople,  Moscow,  Nuremberg, 
Perugia,  Prague,  Toledo. 

Cloth,  3s.  6d.  net  ;  leather,  4*.  6V.  : 

Bruges,  Brussels,  Cairo,  Cambridge,  Chartres, 

Edinburgb,  Ferrara,  Florence,  London.  Rome. 

Rouen,  Siena,  Seville,  Venice,  Verona. 

Cloth.    K  dd.   net  :   leather.  5a  •>•/. 

i  Ahrlo.  /.'-  <idy  very  shortly. 

"Indispensable  to  those  about  to  visit  ...in- 
teresting to  those  who  stay  at  home.''      /' 

A  NEW  PROSPECTUS,  giving  full  particulars  of 
this  Series,  w^th  Specimen  Pages,  is  JUST 
READY,  and  fill  be  sent  post  free  on  appli- 
cation. 

JUST  READY.     Cloth.  3a  Bd.  net 

RECOLLECTIONS  OF  A 
TIGER  AND  BISON  HUNTER 

By    ••  FELIX." 

The  interesting  Reimnisrenees  of  a  Sportsman 
who  spent  twenty  six  years  in  India,  and  in  that 
time  killed  well  over  .""»< M >  head  of  big  game. 

••  This  lively  and  well-written  book  of  narratives 
iv    -,,    pleasantly    sit    out    that,    though    mainly 

interesting  to  hunters,  it  should  not  tail  also  to 
find  favour  with  readers  who  like  to  enjoj  an 
adventure  without  leaving  their  own  fireside-." 

v    toman, 


J.  M.  DENT  &  CO.  '29,  Bedford  Street,  London,  W.C. 


Editorial  Oommunioationi  ihould  be  addnsee  I  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Adrertlsements  and  Ihirinti*  Lttton  to  "THE  rrr.l.tsiiKKS  -at  the  office,  Hi-cam's  KtiiMiiiKt,  Chancery  Dane,  E.c . 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  o.  FRANCIS  and  .1.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream'i  Buildings,  Ohanoerj  Una,  B.C  and  Prime. 1  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Athanstnm  Press,  Bream*  Buildings.  I 

Agent*  for  Scotland  Messrs.  1.1:1.1.  a  BRADF1  ti:  and  Mr.  JOHN  MEN/.iks,  Edlnburgh.-Saturdaj  MaySMWe. 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

f  0itrnal  of  ^ngltslj  antr  yarrign  literature  %tfctut,  t\jt  $'mt  ^rts,  Jltusic  an&  tijt  Drama* 


No.  4101. 


SATURDAY,   JUNE    2,    1906. 


PRICE 

THREEPENCE. 

EEGISTEEED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


W    ILLIAM  BROWN, 

Pine  Art,  Antiquarian,  and  General  Bookseller 
and  Publisher, 

Begs   to   intimate   that  he   has 

NOW  REMOVED 

From  26,    Princes   Street,    Edinburgh, 

To  more  Commodious  Premises  at 

5,     CASTLE    STREET,     EDINBURGH. 


ORIANA      MADRIGAL      SOCIETY. 
THIRD  CONCERT,  at 
.3EOLIAN  HALL.  New  Bond  Street,  W., 
On  TUESDAY  EVENING,  June  12,  at  8.30  p.m. 
Vocalist— Miss  EMMIE  TATHAM. 
Reserved  Stalls,  7s.  ed.  and  5s. ;  Unreserved  Seats,  2s.  M. ;  of  Mr. 
H.  J.  L.  J.  MASSE  (Hon.  Sec.  Oriana  Madrigal  Soeietyl,  37,  Mount 
Park  Crescent,  Ealing,  W.,  or  at  the  iEolian  Hall. 


<EJ£rjtbttt0ns. 

EXHIBITION  of  PAINTINGS  by  ARTHUR 
STUDD  and  J.  D.  FEKGUSSON,  and  METAL  WORK  by  G. 
DIKKERS  &  CO..  of  Holland,  NOW  OPEN.— THE  BAILLIE 
.GALLERY,  54,  Baker  Street,  W.,  10  to  6. 


O 


LD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 

SPRING  EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 


traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERDS  GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square, 


ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS.— NOTICE  IS 
HEREBY  GIVEN  That  the  President  and  Council  will 
proceed  to  ELECT,  on  JUNE  13,  TWO  TURNER  ANNUITANTS. 
Applicants  for  the  Turner  Annuity,  which  is  of  the  value  of  SOI., 
must  l>c  Artists  of  repute  in  need  of  aid  through  the  unavoidable 
failure  of  professional  employment  or  other  causes.— Forms  of 
application  tan  he  obtained  by  letter  addressed  to  the  Secretary, 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts.  Piccadilly,  W.  They  must  he  filled  in  arid 
.returned  on  or  before  SATURDAY,  June  9. 
By  Order, 

FRED.  A.  EATON,  Secretary. 


LOST  MS— TO  LIBRARIANS  AND  COL- 
LECTORS  OF  MSB.— The  Original  SIS.  in  French  of  the 
HEMOLRS  OF  AMBROISE  TOUSSAINT  DE  CARTRIE,  COUNT 
DE  Y1LLENIERE  Ihrother  of  the  famous  Vendean  heroine.  Madame 
Bulkeley),  giving  hia  miraculous  adventures  in  the  war  in  La  Vendee 
and  his  experiences  after  his  arrival   at  the  Two  Friends,   Princes 

'  London,  1794,  and  subsequently  as  gardener  on  the  estate  of 
Mr.  Dott,  at,  Bltterne  Grove,  Southampton,  from  I7'.i7  to  isoo.     The 

user  would  be  glad  to  discover  the  original  Ms  before  the 
Memoirs  are  retranslated  into  French  by  M.  PIERRE  AMEDEE 
PICHKT,  under  the  editorship  of  M.  FREDERIC  MASSON.  and 
before  the  contemporary  English  translation  now  in  the  British 
Museum  has  been  published.  Information  would  be  gladly  received 
by  JOHN  LANE,  The  Bodley  Head,  Vigo  Street,  London,  W. 


(Educational. 

QT,      PAUL'S      GIRLS'      SCHOOL, 

v    '  BROOK  GREEN,  W. 

An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS  oven 
ru  undei  16  years  of  age,  will  be  held  al  the  SCHOOL  on 
.  10.  ll,  and  12.  which  will  exempt  the  Scholars  from  payment  of 

i,",' ' ;.'.','.' ,V  ?'."     further  particulars  maj  Is  obtained  from  the  HEAD 
U13J  lih>.'i  of  the  School. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION   will    be    held    on   JUNE    27!   38    and    «     to    fill 
INCIES   in    SCHOLARSHIPS  and    EXHIBPHONS.-Foi   par' 
letter  to  the  lit  RSAH     I  Little  Dean's 

Yard,  Westminster. 


J)   R    A    1'    E   R    S'     C    0    M    P    A    N    Y. 

sm.l'.v  BCH0LAR8HIP  ami  EXHIBITION  FUND 
DRAPERS   COMPANY  will  lb  ■  BCOLARSH1PS 

haw,  or  the  I>     n 
In   "  will  be    •  ■ 

at   the 

r 

I  al  henceds 

.,, 
'  ffnipanj  « 

il.     for    Tin. 
1 

1 

ro  THv7?Xl p'l'vv  "l?J   llC  °',lt?,n    !  '    '  l:i;K 

hi.  I  ".Ml  an\.  Drap  .     ii  01,  I 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  THE 

pERSE        SCHOOL,        CAMBRIDGE, 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  the  advantages  offered 

by    this    SCHOOL, 

Which  Prepares 

BOYS  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITIES,  AND  FOR 
PROFESSIONAL    AND    COMMERCIAL    CAREERS. 


Under  the  Head  Mastership  of  Dr.  Rouse  efforts  have 
been  made  to  improve  on  the  ordinary  methods  of  Teaching. 
Of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  School  Work  the  following 
may  be  specially  mentioned  : — 

(1)  Improved  Teaching  of  the  Classics,  resulting  in  a 

great  saving  of  time. 
(•2)  Spoken  French  and  German. 

(3)  Teaching  of  English  and  English  Literature  in  all 

the  Classes. 

(4)  A  carefully  graded  Science  Course. 

(5)  Drawing  leading  up  to  the  Engineering  Tripos. 

The  work  of  the  Preparatory  School  is  also  specially 
suited  for  Candidates  for  the  Navy. 

A  Detailed  Account  of  the  Work  of  the  School  has  been 
drawn  up,  and  may,  together  with  the  ordinary  Prospectus, 
be  had  of  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors, 

J.   F.   EADEN,  Esq., 
15,    SIDNEY    STREET,    CAMBRIDGE. 

pHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD.  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

.Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate 

TWO  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  2S.  a  year  each  are  offered  in  JUNE  to 
Students  entering  Cherwell  Hall  for  a  year's  training. 

Full  particulars  on  application 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  Boys  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
arc  invited  to  call  upon  or  semi  fully  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  OABBITA8,  THRING  &  00., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advii v.  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations   Vacant. 

jyjINISTRY      OF      EDUCATION,      EGYPT. 

1IEAH  MASTERSHIP. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  largest  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  in 
cairo.  under  I  he  Ministry  of  Education,  will  he  required  In 
OCTOBER  NEXT.    Salary  61M.    B2W.  per  annum. 

Mend  Master's  Souse,  newly  built,  close  to  the  School,    Allowance 

for   passage  out   to   Egypt.     Summer    Vacation    not    less    than   Two 
Months. 
Staff,  of  which  English  University  Men  form  a  large  put.  numbers 

OVI  i    I" 

Applicants  should  be  laymen,  between  30  and  40  wars  of  age 

Application,   with    Statement    of    age,    Honours    at    School    and 

University,  and  of  experience  in  teaching,  accompanied  hy  copies  of 

Testimonials,  to  he  sen  I  before  JUNE  30, 1906,  to  DOUGLAS  DUNLOP 

Esq.,  Gullane,  Haddingtonshire,  to  whom  Egyptian  Candidates  may 

apply  by  letter  for  furl  her  information. 

T>  R  I  G  G       GRAMMAR       SCHOOL. 


The   GOVERNORS    ini  itions    for   the  appointment    oi 

HEAD    M  V8TER    ot    tin  BOYS     si  HOOL.      Fixed    pearli 

with  Capitation  P»        Good  Hoi  nmodii 

Hon  for  Ji  Boarders),  Garden,  and  Sanatorium.    Thi    8i 

provided  with  Workshop  and  I  m,|  is 

liool. 


m  ersity 

'I'll-    d  il  ■'     -I   the   Head    Ma  tei    »  11 


TERM,   ltd 


begin  «  itb  the    w  TUMN 


Vppli.  ttioni  toll 

\TI    111'  \Y, 


I'll  INK  '     HETT,  <  lcrk. 


THE  VII  TOR]  \ 

TTNIVERSITY      OF      MANCHESTER. 


CO!  Nl  II,  ■     iboul    t  ■     ,  \\T  |,i;(  -it 

in    CI.',       i- 
should  be  ma  \K 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


Q 


UEEN'S  COLLEGES,  IRELAND. 


The  PROFESSORSHIP  of  CIVIL  ENGINEERING  in  the 
QUEEN'S  COLLEGE,  CORK,  will  become  VACANT  on  the  6th  day 
of  OCTOBER,  1906.— Candidates  for  that  Office  are  requested  to 
forward  their  Testimonials  to  the  UNDER  SECRETARY,  Dublin 
Castle,  on  or  before  the  7th  day  of  JULY  NEXT,  in  order  that  the 
same  may  be  submitted  to  His  Excellency  the  Lord  Lieutenant.  For 
any  further  information  Candidates  should  apply  to  the  PRESIDENT 
OF  THE  COLLEGE. 

Dublin  Castle,  May  24,  1906. 


B 


EDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 

(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE.  The  Council  reserve  the  right, 
if  found  desirable,  to  make  separate  appointments  for  Language  and 
Literature. — Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  to  Vie  sent  in 
by  JUNE  '20  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  information  can  be 
obtained.  HILDA  WALTON,  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  London  i, 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The    COUNCIL   are    about    to    appoint   a  DEMONSTRATOR    in 
CHEMISTRY.— Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to   lie   sent  in  by 
JUNE  20  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 
HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
in  FRENCH,  who  shall  be  a  Woman  specially  qualified  in  Linguistics. 
Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  20  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  Londoul, 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  WOMAN  .is   PHYSICAL 
INSTRUCTOR,  who  will  be  required  to  give  her  whole  time  to  her 
duties  in  the  College. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  he  sent  in  by  JUNE  20  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 
HILKA  WALTON.  Secretary. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


FOLKESTONE  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUBCOMMITTEE. 

COUNTY  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  FOLKESTONE. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS 

at  the  above-named  school.     Candidates  should  be  qualified   to 

teach  FRENCH,  CLASS  SINGING,    or  DRILL,  and  general   Form 

Subjects. 

initial  Salary.  lOOZ.  per  annum,  rising,  in  accordance  with  Hie  Com- 
mittee's Scale,  by  annual  increments  of  7/.  10s  for  the  first  Tu..  Years, 
then'of  51.  to  a  maximum  of  1401,  or  WW.,  according  to  Academic 

qualifications. 

Application  Forms  will  be  supplied  by  Mr  T.  WILKINSON,  Radnor 
Chambers,  Chariton  Place,  Folkestone,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned 
so  as  to  reach  him  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  June  Hi.  1906. 
Canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

By  onler  of  the  Committee, 

FRAS.  W.  crook.  Secretary. 
4-1,  Bedford  Row.  London,  W.C  ,  May  23,  1906. 


K 


ENT        EDUCATION        COMMITTEE. 


BROMLEY  HIGHER  EDUCATION  SUB-COMMITTEE. 
COUNTY  school  FOB  GIRLS,  BROMLEY. 

WANTED,  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  at  the  above  named  schooi 

(a|  An   ASSISTANT   MISTRESS  to  teach   MATHEMATICS 
Principal  Subject.     A  Graduate  in  Mathematics  will  be  preferred 
Initial  Salary,  L00J.  to  110!,  per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and 
expei  ience  i 

,l.i  An  assistant  MISTRESS  specially  qualified  to  teach 
NEEDLEWORK.  Initial  Salary,  901.  to  1001  per  annum,  according 
to  qualifical  ions  and  experience. 

Candidates  for  either  post  should  state  fully  what  Supplemi 
Subjects  they  can  offei 

in  each  case  the  Salary  «ill  rise,  in  accordance  with  the  Com 
mil  ( re's  Scale,  by  annual  in<  rements  of  72. 10s.  foi  the  first  Two  Years 

then  by  61.  to  a  maximum  oi   140L  oi   I60i  i ling  to 

Academic  qualifications. 

Application  forms  «ill    be   supplied    bj    Ml     n     3    WHARRIE 
Education  Offices,  Bromley,  Kent,  to  whom  the}  musl   I 
as  to  reach  him  not  latei  than  SATURDAY,  Jum   u 

Canvassing  will  be,  disqualifii  al 

Bj  Oi  ii  i  ..I  i  hi  i 

IK  \s   w   i  ROOK 

-ii,  Bedford  Row,  London,  w  .C    M 

rpHE    COUNTY     SCHOOL,    ABERDARE 

I  SOUTH  v\  \I,i:s 

v\  I.NTBD,  i.  ■  L: 

i    \1.    MISTRESS 
,-, 
,  to  "ml.  ii  ii.     I  \\  ork 

ii    in    addition        Commencing   S  llnuni 

I  A  I 
UGLISH     M  181  i  reparo 

Pupil 

SEP 

Tl   Mllll:    MAT 

Vppl  Id    he 

v.    ,  ii  v:i  |.-\  i  0X,  M   L,  B 


654 


TH  E     ATH  KNJKUM 


NMloi,  Juhe2,  1906 


rpiu:    BALI    BCHOOLS,   SHIPLEY,    i'ORKS, 

|OV8    MM. II   »  I I. 

\  ACAM  V    In  HKIVI  viii  i  HAHTBR:  II 

(ln«ni.hi    Kl.ii,.  niMr  HI,  .ill, mill-     100/ .  nun 
III    Mi    M  IHTKII 


c 


OUN  n      BOROUGH     OP     ORO"V  DON. 


KM  r  ITIOS  '  I'flM  ITTEE. 

BECONDAR1   ><  it I  "i;  hi  i:  I  -.  SOUTH   NORWOOD 

T  I,,    i  h\i  M 1 TTEF.    Invito   aMrilcnlknta    foi    the    t">»t    '•<    UEAD 

MISTIit  »-  ul  (III     ll W   lli'nl.  ,      , 

I    ,.    ,    Siiollilnri    •-•  Iiool    mi. I.i     tin-    K.  .-nl  ill. .111.    ..I    the 
■     ill.  n. I.. I  ..nljr  1 1*  Si  holam  who 

ml.  nl   t..  I- Teachers  lu   Publli    Elementary  BchooU,  of  ■bom 

re  nl. ml  _i«i 
UcanU  »hould  hme  a   t  nlvcndt!    I'-  rrei    01    it-  •  ''lulvnlent,  an. I 
must  iiuti-  li:i.l  experiem .-  Iii  .1  .  irj  BchocJ. 

IlltUlU. 

almoin nt     «ill    .lull-    from    SEPTEMBER    I.    1906,    and 

I  .:i  It  1 1  II  l.i  in  ..I  .In!  li-  il  II  I"-  ■  'I  -t  -«1  IK-.  1   1 1  "HI  the  llllilcl  signed. 

Apple  Hi. hi-  should  lie  made  on  tti.-ntlni.il  form,  t..  be  ol.tiiiin-.l 

f the    Clerk    t..    the    Education    C< nlttee,    Katharine    Street, 

Croydon,  t.i  whom  thoj  n hi -t  !••■  i.  iiiiin-il  nut  later  than  in  o'clock  •■" 
mpunied   In.   cyi'lps  ol  :it  least  Three 
i  CJlRB  BMTTH.  Clerk. 
M  i\    • 


s 


PANCUAS        llliLIC        LIHKARDBB. 


WANTED  ii.ii;i:\i;\  188I8TAN1  for  Temporary  Work.  Mary, 
not  exceeding  the  rata  of  7W.  pet  imiiiiiii.  Moonnng  to  age  ami 
qualifii  iii- ni-      Afi.lv.  in  own   handwriting,  aa  early  aa  possible  and 

without  Testimonials  In  the  first  |.l to  the  Borough   Librarian, 

No.  116,  Great  College  Street,  K.W.  Preference  will  he  given  to 
applicant*  with  exiierlence  in  Shorthand  and  Truing  aswell  aa  in 
Libran  Work  0.  II    V.  DARHETT,  Town  Clerk. 

Th.-  Town  Hall.  Pann-as  Road,  N.W..  H  May,  1908. 


0  R  K 


PUBLIC 


LIBRARY. 


An  ASSISTANT  WANTED.  Previoua  experience  in  »  I'n-r 
[dbrary,  and  ■  good  knowledge  of  Books  ami  of  Cataloguing,  essential. 
Belary  7W.— Applications,  stating  age,  &<v.  accompanied  by  copies  of 
not  niorc  than  three  Testimonials,  must  be  delivered  not  later  than 
the  morning  of  Tl  ESDAY',  June  5.  to 

ARTIU'K  11.  FURNISH,  City  Librarian. 

Clifford  Street,  York.  May.  rami. 

TNI)  I  A.  —  PUBLISHER'S     ASSISTANT 

J.  WASTED  for  BOMBAY.  One  with  Educational  Supply-House 
training  and  used  to  travelling  preferred.— Reply,  giving  full  nar- 
ti.ulais  an  to  experience,  age.  and  Salary  ex'pi-cted.  to  Box  liii», 
Athemcuin  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


JUNIOR  CLERK  WANTED,  in  the  Office  of  a 
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The  Library  of  the  latt  KDWAfiD  VILKS.  B«).  :  the 
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Bl'RBIDdE.  /■-'-/..  M.A.,  and  other  IHtMlMtt. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  k  HODGE 
will  SELL  i-v  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  H        :.  Wellington 

Street.  Strand.  W.C,  on  WEDNESDAY.  June  6,  and  Three  Foil 
Davs.  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  HOOKS  and  MANUSCRIPTS,  comprising 
the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  EDWARD  VII. ES.  Esq.,  Haver-stock  H-.'.l  ; 
the  LIBRARY  of  II  vKRISON  W.  WEIR   d,  .-eased  .  the  well-known 
Artist    sold  bv  order  of  the  Executors'  :  the  LIBRARY  ol  FREDE- 
RICK  W.    ItURBIDGE.    E-i-.    MA.     deoease.ll,   <  urator  of  Trinity 
College,   Dublin,  Botanic  Gardens,  including    Historical  and  Gen  en  - 
logical  Works— Dramatic,  Biography.  Poetical,  and  Modern  C:  - 
Works— Anti'innrixn  Treatises— TtH>ogTsrihy,  Voyages  and  Travels- 
valuable    Catalogues  —  French     Illustrated    Rtx-ks  —  Archteol 
Works—  Fine  Art    Publications  — Tracts  —  Old    N>»s]vn 
Illustrated   by   11.   K.    Browne.   Turner.   Grandvillc.    Aiken.    Heath. 
Rowland-on.   Thackeray,    Moreau,   Cochin,    Pttarin.     Ma.kcnric.    and 
others— valuable  Biniks  on  Natural   History,   Botany.  Ac— Annals  ,>f 
SiKifting  and  Fancy  Gaxctte— Ackermann's  History  of  the  Inn 
of     Camliridge  —  Onfrinal     Drawings     and     Sketches    of     the    late 
Harrison  W.  Weir.  Ac. 

May  be  viewed  an  Tin  s.lav.  June  V    Satadagnea  msy  be  had. 

The  raluahle  Collection  of  Early  British,  Anglo-Saxon, 
ami  BnytM  Coins    formed  by  an  Astronomer,  recently 

ilreeas,,!. 

MESSRS.  SOTHERY.  WILKINSON  ft  HOP' !  E 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  ]-..  Wellington 
Street.  Strand.  W.C,  on  MONDAY.  June  II. and  Following  Dav.  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  EARLY  BRITISH.  ANGLO-SAXON,  and 
ENGLISH  COINS  formed  by  an  ASTRONOMER,  recently  dec 
comprising,  amongst  other  rarities,  the  following  Pieces  worthy  of 
espci  ial  notice  In  the  Anglo-Saxon  Series  Pennies  ,.f  cuthrt.i.  Kin^- 
of  K.nt  .T'.>  :  Bal.lre.l  iSfn  ;  t>fra,  Kint  ;  Mercjn  with  and  without 
Bust,  several  varieties  i«2,  S»,  SJ  rnethrilh,  Queen  of  Offa, 

with  Bust    !>-.'';  Coenwulf.  with  and  without   Bnsl  .  C,-ol- 

wulf   I.,  with   Bust    !*i    loo  :  Bcornwnlf.  with   Bu-t     10]    :    Berhtulf. 
with   l'.u-t   '1"2':   \ethel-t.-in  I    of   Ea-t    AngUa.  without    liu-t 
Aethelw ear, I.  without  Bust    1071;  SI    Martin  of  Lincoln  .121  :  Aetlu-1- 
beard,   Ardlldsliop  of  c.interl  •  hbrshori  Wiilfre.1 

"St^lc  Vacante    IISI  :  Ecgl>eornt.  King  of  "  essex,  with  Bu-t.  canter- 
hury  Mint     lan.  1-7'.  Alfred  the  Great,  with  Bust  and  Monowram  of 
London  IIBI ;   Rdwnnl  the  Elder,  without    Bust   or  Mint,  the    rare 
Floral  and  Ecclesiastical  Types  (ie,  utt.  int.  lfl 
May  1  e  v  tewed  two  .'.ays  prior.     Illustrated  Catalogues  may  Ik-  I  ad. 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


655 


Works  of  A  rt. 
"ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  ft,  Wellingt 
,   Strand,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  .June  1J,   anil  Two   Followi 


Ml . 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  ft,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY,  .lime  12,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  WORKS  of  ART  comprising  English. 
Continental,  and  Oriental  Porcelain— Old  English  Pottery,  including 
a  COLLECTION  of  LUSTRE  WARE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLE- 
MAN—Silver  Plate,  Bijouterie,  Antiquities,  &e. 

Catalogues  may  be  had. 


May  be  viewed  two  days  prior. 


The  Important  Collection  of  Roman  Coins  formed  by  an 
Astronomer  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  dune  1::.  and  Five  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  important  COLLECTION  of  ROMAN 
COINS,  in  Gobi.  Silver,  and  Bronze,  formed  by  an  ASTRONOMER 
recently  deceased. 
May  be  vi«wed  two  days  prior.     Illustrated  Catalogues  may  he  had. 


MESS 
byi 
XES1 


Miscellaneous  Books,  including  a  Library  removed  from  the~ 
A'orth  of  England. 

ESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will   SELL 

•  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries.  47,  Leicester  Square.  W.C.,  on 
{ESCAY,  June  6,  and  Following  Day,  at  10  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  Books,  including  Gould's  Birds  of  Great 
Britain,  IS  vols..  Coloured  Plates— Naval  and  Martial  Achievements, 
Coloured  Plates— Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  First  Edition,  ]7<>S 
— (iiay's  Elegy,  First  Edition,  17.)1 — Works  on  Costume,  with  Coloured 
Plates— Moore's  Annals  of  Gallantry— Autograph  Letter  of  Lord 
Nelson— Chinese  Drawings— Early  Printed  Books — Various  Editions 
of  the  Works  of  Shakespeare— Hutehins's  History  of  Dorset— Speci- 
mens of  Binding— Dumas,  Modern  Artists— Selected  Pictures  of 
Great  Britain— Chamberlaine's  Engravings  after  the  Old  Masters, 
an«l  other  Fine -Art  Publications— Works  on  Travel,  Biography, 
Science,  Bibliography,  Sic. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Valuable  Miscellaneous  Books. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
TUESDAY,  .June  V>.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  oVl,„  k. 
VALUABLE  MISCELLANEOUS  BOOKS,  including  a  Complete  Bet 
of  the  Tudor  Translations,  on  Japanese  Vellum,  -40  vols.— Goupil's 
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Portraits  of  the  Court  of  Henry  VIII—  Editions  de  Luxe  of  the 
Writing.-  of  J.  H.  Jesse,  Lady  Jackson,  and  Edward  Fitzgerald  — 
rssues  from  the  Kelmscott  and  Vale  Presses— Horace  Walpole's 
Letters.  »  vols— The  Greville  Memoirs.  First  Edition.  8  vols.,  anil 
Biographical  and  Court  Memoirs— Library  Sets  of  Shakespeare, 
Fielding.  "Sterne,  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Bronte,  De  Cjnincey,  Kipling, 
and  others,  mostly  in  calf  or  morocco  bindings— Parkinson's 
Thcatrum  Botanicum,  1640  ;  Milton's  Paradise  Regained,  1671  : 
Shelley's  The  Cenci,  Italv,  1819,  and  other  First  Editions  ;  PORTION 
of  the  LIBRARY  of  an  EMINENT  SCIENTIST,  including  the  Royal 
Society's  Transactions,  from  1857  to  1905,  119  vols.— Booth's  Rough 
"Notes  on  British  Birds,  S  vols,  in  parts;  a  SELECTION  of  RECENT 
PUBLICATIONS  iroma  REVIEWER'S  LIBRARY,  &c. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


M 


Rare  and  Valuable  Books. 
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N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


657 


MR.    MURRAY'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


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THE    DUKE   OF    ARGYLL, 

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BASED  ON  HIS  CORRESPONDENCE  AND  DIARIES. 

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Elizabeth  Montagu. 

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N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^tfM 


659 


3= 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  2,  1906. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
659 
660 
661 


A  Life  of  Walter  Pater 

Industrial  Efficiency       

Wary  of  Modena       

New  Novels  (The  Ferry  of  Fate ;  The  Black 
Cuirassier  ;  Cecilia's  Lovers  ;  A  Young  Man  from 
the  Country  ;  The  Wood  End  ;  Henry  Northeote  ; 
By  Wit  of  Woman  ;  Lady  Marion  and  the  Pluto- 
crat ;  Murray  of  the  Scots  Greys ;  Jorijou  con- 
jugal)    661—662 

Verses  and  Translations 663 

Bibliography 665 

Hebrew  Scholarship         666 

Short  Stories 666 

Our  Library  Table  (Fenwick's  Career;  The  King's 
English ;  The  Naval  Annual ;  Gaelic  Names  of 
Beasts,  &c. ;  Jungle  Trails  and  Jungle  People ; 
Trial  of  Madeleine  Smith  ;  Camden  on  Snrrey  and 
Sussex;  Kenan's  Life  of  Christ;   "Punch  Library 

of  Humour ")  667—670 

List  of  New  books 670 

•The  Open  ROad';  Bret  Harte  and  San  Fran- 
cisco; 'The  Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scot- 
land';    The    Asloan    MS.;     Two    National 

Trusts  ;  Sale        671—672 

Literary  Gossip        672 

Science— The  Royal  Observatory,   Greenwich  ; 

Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip   673—675 
Fine  Arts— Flemish  pictures  at  the  Guildhall  ; 
Arcileo logical  Notes  ;  The  T.  H.  Woods  and 

other  Sales  ;  Gossip 675—678 

Music  — Schumann    Festival    at   Bonn;    Gossip; 

Performances  Next  Week 678—679 

Drama— Colonel  Newcome  ;    The  Lion  and   the 
Mouse;  The  Whirlwind;  Hazlitt's  'View  of 
the  English  Stage';  Gossip         ..        ..      679—680 
Index  to  Advertisers        680 


LITERATURE 


Walter  Pater.     By  A.  C.  Benson.  "English 
Men  of  Letters."     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  life  of  Pater  could  not  have  fallen 
into  safer,  kindlier,  or  more  sympathetic 
keeping  than  that  of  Mr.  Arthur  Benson  ; 
and  a  series  of  biographies  which  maintains 
a  high  level  is  to  be  congratulated  on  a 
volume  really  excellent  of  its  kind.     It  is 
not  that  the  last  word  is  said  here  about 
Pater — that    a    complete    evocation    has 
brought  up  body  and  soul  before  us,  in  an 
image  more  absolute  than  life  ;    the  book 
is  not  so  much  a  creation  as  an  analytic 
interpretation.     As     such    it    is    almost 
throughout    admirable.     No    comparable 
notion  of   Pater   can  be  got  from  any  of 
the  books  or  essays  yet  published  about 
him  ;      though     Mr.     Gosse's     paper     in 
'  Critical    Kit-kats '    has    great    personal 
interest,  and  the  little  book  of  Mr.  Ferris 
Greenslet  has  some  good  criticism.     Mr. 
Benson's  criticism  is  in  the  main  just  and 
sensitive,  and  his  treatment  of  Pater  as  a 
man  is  commendably  free  from  the  mere 
contemporary  gossip  which  is  so  easy  to 
collect,  and  so  difficult  to  use  in  any  valu- 
able way.     We  miss,  it  is  true,  the  per- 
sonal note  of  one  who  had  really  known 
kite    man    about    whom    he    is    writing: 
intimate    acquaintance    certainly    counts 
for  more  in  a  biographer  than  almost  the 
greatest  mental  sympathy  or  acuteness. 
The  Pater  who  is  seen  in  this  book  is  a 
portrait  very  closely  copied  from  existing 
sketches   and   recollections  ;    it  is  not,    it 
could  not  have  been,  a  direct  and  wholly 
vital   portrait  from   life.     But,   so  far   as 
actual    detail    is    concerned,    Pater's    life 
was  so   uneventful   that  nothing  further, 
of  any   real   importance,   is   left   for  any 
future     biographer,     and     Mr.     Benson's 


book  is  good  enough  to  be,  as  a  biography, 
final.     Trivial  detail  was  what  Pater  most 
disliked,  in  life  and  in  art ;   and  he  would 
not  easily  have  forgiven  any  accumulation 
of  the  unimportant  facts  of  his  life,  the 
passing  opinions  which  he  expressed,  or 
the  mostly  hurried  and  businesslike  letters 
which    he    wrote,    more    from    necessity 
than    from    choice.     There    are    writers, 
not  so  wholly  unlike  him  in  certain  ways 
as  Charles  Lamb,  in  whom  some  incal- 
culable spirit  or  instinct  gave  an  undying 
significance  to  their  idlest  words  or  actions. 
It  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  Lamb,  it  adds 
to  our  love  of  him,  to  be  let  into  every 
indiscretion,    levity,   or   folly    of   his    un- 
paralleled existence  as  a  tragic  comedian. 
His  letters  should  all  be  read,  not  only  in 
full,  but  also  in  facsimile  ;    for  the  hand- 
writing is  a  part  of  the  style,  and  lets  the 
life  through  as  the  pious  oaths  do  also, 
and  the  lies  deeper  than  truth.    But  Pater 
literally  suffered  from  the  oppression  and 
monotony  of  detail ;  he  dismissed  outward 
details  as  quickly  from  his  mind  as  he 
could,   and  they  meant  hardly  anything 
to  him  at  any  time.     His  desire      to  be 
present   always   at   the  focus   where   the 
greatest  number  of  vital  forces  unite  in 
their  purest  energy  "  left  him  little  time, 
"  on  this  short  day  of  frost  and  sun,"  to 
be  concerned  with  unessential  things,  or 
things    unessential    to    him.     He    disre- 
garded in  his  life  much  of  what  makes 
up  a  great  part  of  life  to  others,  and  must 
be  sought,  where  he  really  lived,  in  his 
ideas  and  sensations. 

Not  the  least  valuable  of  Mr.  Benson's 
pages  are  those,  near  the  end  of  his  book, 
in   which   he   discriminates   between   the 
doctrines  and  practice  of  art  in  Pater  and 
in    some    of    those    who    have    specially 
honoured  him,   and,   in  a  certain  sense, 
endeavoured  to  be  his  followers.     No  one 
admired   Pater   more   than  Oscar  Wilde, 
or  learnt  more  from  him,  or  understood 
him  less.     Writers  like  Vernon  Lee  have 
taken  direction  from  him,  but  with  little 
of  his  tact  or  instinct.     It  is  difficult  not 
to  see  traces  of  his  influence  in  D'Arinunzio. 
Much  vague  and  feverish  writing  owes  its 
origin  to  him — precisely  the  kind  of  writing 
which  he  himself  most  disliked.     For  all 
this  he  was  in  no  sense  responsible  ;    the 
knowledge  of  it,  borne  in  upon  him  from 
time  to  time,  distressed  him  ;    and  it  was 
this  certainty  of  having  been  misunder- 
stood that  led  him  to  suppress  for  many 
years,  and  only  to  re-establish  with  some 
changes,  the  most  fundamental  statement 
which  he  ever  made  of  his  conception  of 
life  and  art.     It  was  certainly  the  same 
reason  which  caused  the  omission  of  the 
vivid  and  subtle  essay  on  '/'Esthetic  Poetry' 
in  the  second  edition  of  '  Appreciations  '  ; 
he  told   the  present   writer,   who  had  re- 
proached him  for  the  insertion  of  a  trivial 
review   in    place   of   it,    that   some    people 
had  not  liked  it,  and  that  he  had  loft  it 
out  to  please  them.     He  did  not  pretend 
to  agree   with  them  ;    lie  did   not   defend 
his  amiable  weakness  in  deferring  to  their 
prejudices  ;     he  might    have  answered,   in 
the  words  in  which  he  sums  up  the  altitude 
of  Raphael  :    "  I  am  utterly  purposed  that 
I  will  not  offend."     And  even  now— even 


In  a  book  so  generally  appreciative  as 
this  of  Mr.  Benson's — there  are  evidences 
of  a  failure  to  realize  the  deepest  qualities 
of  Pater's  mind  and  art ;  in  a  criticism, 
for  instance,  of  perhaps  his  greatest 
and  most  perfectly  balanced  work,  the 
'  Imaginary  Portraits,'  as  showing  a  "  ten- 
dency to  dwell  on  what  is  diseased  and 
abnormal,"  as  having  "  something  of  the 
macabre,  the  decadent  element." 

For  the  most  part  Mr.  Benson  is  willing 
to  accept,  for  its  own  sake,  what  even  to 
him  is  not  immediately  attractive  in  Pater ; 
and  no  saner  judgment  has  ever  been 
passed  on  the  qualities  and  defects  of 
'  Marius  the  Epicurean,'  or  the  '  Greek 
Studies,'  or  the  book  on  Plato.  He  realizes 
the  extent  to  which  Pater's  criticism  was 
creative,  and  the  degree  in  which  his 
creative  work  was  apt  to  remain  critical, 
yet  did  not  fail  to  be,  in  its  own  way, 
satisfactory.  '  Marius,'  of  course,  is  not 
really  a  story,  nor  is  it  a  series  of  essays. 
As  Mr.  Benson  says  : — 

"  But  the  fact  is  that  most  of  the  objec- 
tions that  can  be  urged  against  '  Marius  ' 
are  prima  facie  objections  ;  it  is  criticized 
mostly  for  not  possessing  qualities  that  it 
was  not  meant  to  have  ;  it  stands  as  one  of 
the  great  works  of  ait  of  which  it  may  be 
said  that  the  execution  conies  very  near  to 
the  intention." 

Mr.    Benson    does    full   justice    to    those 
qualities  in   Pater's   criticism   which   are 
least    on   the   surface  :     to    the   basis   of 
thought,  knowledge,  and  deep  feeling  on 
which  structures  at  first  sight  so  merely 
ornamental    are    built.     He    refers    with 
great  felicity  to  the  two  essays  in  which 
Pater  is  perhaps  most  really  vital  in  his 
criticism  :    the  essays    on  Lamb  and  on 
Wordsworth,  neither  of  which  is  for  the 
most    part    liked   or   understood   by   the 
special  admirers  of  Lamb  or  of  Words- 
worth,  just   because  it  gets   so  close   to 
what    is    most    intimate,    perhaps    least 
clearly  expressed,  in  both  writers.     The 
account  of  the  essays  on  Greek  subjects 
condenses  much  difficult  material  into  a 
small  place  clearly  ;   and  the  general  view 
of  Pater  as  a  critic  of  art  is  certainly  just, 
though,    in    the    legitimate    criticism    of 
Pater's  imperfect  presentment  of  the  whole 
problem  of  Giorgione,  that  still  unsettled 
problem    is    hardly    presented    with    any 
nearer  approach  to  probable  accuracy. 

What  is  curious  in  Pater's  criticism — 
not  only  of  painting,  in  which  he  claimed 
no  sort  of  technical  knowledge,  but  in 
poetry  also,  with  which  he  had  so  deep 
and  revealing  a  sympathy — is  that  he 
was  so  often  wrong  in  detail,  and  never  in 
malters  of  general  principle  or  essential 
feeling.  His  selections  from  the  poetry 
of  ( 'oleridge  and  of  Rossetti  for  Mr.  Ward's 
'  English  Poets  '  contain  equally  singular 
inclusions  and  omissions;  they  might  bo 
taken  for  the  work  of  one  who  understood 
neither  Coleridge  nor  Rossetti  if  the 
accompanying  essays  did  not  show  a 
direct  insight  into  the  subtlest  qualities 
of  both.  Something  of  the  same  inability 
to  see  accurately  in  detail  is  to  be  found 
in  the  greatest  of  all  critics.  Coleridge 
himself,    who    is    invariably    set    right    by 


1.1,1' 


THE     ATHKNilUM 


NM101,  Jim   2,  1906 


Lamb  on  ill  points  requiring  immediate 
deoision. 

Mi.     Benson    has    many    good    p 

different  parte  of  bis  book,  on  Pater's 
style,  and  on  the  development  which 
(l,';,t  Btyle  underwent  — with  a  definite 
i,  ognition  everywhere  that  style,  with 
Pater,  was  nevei  a  thing  to  be  oonceived 
of  apart  from  substance,  and  a  definite 
realization  <>f  that  "something  holy,  even 

priestlv.  about  Pater's  attitude  to  art." 
.Mi.  Benson  sees  also  that  it  is  the  human 
quality,  the  lovingness  of  his  dream- 
about  life,  to  which   Pater's  work  owes, 

after  all.  its  deepest  appeal.  Love  of 
beauty  makes  some  men  inhuman  ;  in 
Pater  love  of  beauty  was  entwined  with 
memory,  and  with  a  sense  of  the  fragility 
of  beautiful  things  and  of  those  who  loved 
them.  He  put  all  his  heart  into  a  ehapter 
of  '  Marius  '  called  "  Sunt  lacrimal  rerum"; 
and  in  all  that  he  says  of  children  and  of 
animals— the  only  quite  innocent  beings 
who  suffer— there  is  a  pathos  which 
becomes  beautiful  out  of  mere  pity. 
One  of  the  best  pages  in  Mr.  Benson's 
book  is  a  page  on  Pater's  love  of  cats, 
and  on  the  qualities  of  those  arrogant 
and  exquisite  Epicureans,  whom  man 
has  never  been  able  to  conventionalize. 
It  is  a  page  which  reminds  us  of  some  of 
the  most  subtle  work  which  Mr.  Benson 
has  himself  done,  in  his  poems  on  animals, 
in  which  a  project  of  Charles  Lamb's 
.seems  to  be  realized. 

A  good  deal  is  said  by  Mr.  Benson  of 
Pater's  irony,  and  he  is  right  in  looking 
at  it  as  to  some  extent  a  mask  ;  but  it  is 
not  so  certain  that  what  seemed  to  many 
people,  in  his  paradoxes,  "  purely  per- 
verse," as  Mr.  Benson  takes  it  to  be,  did 
not  really  contain  more  than  a  "  germ  of 
critical  seriousness."  A  phrase  on  George 
Eliot,  which  he  quotes  as  if  it  were  de- 
liberate nonsense,  has  a  certain  undoubted 
truth  under  it,  if  not  exactly  in  it ;  and 
so  had  another  phrase  which  we  remember 
hearing  Pater  use  of  Pierre  Loti,  at  a 
time  when  that  writer's  showily  senti- 
mental brilliance  had  many  extravagant 
admirers,  here  as  in  France.  "  Isn't  he 
rather  like  Charlotte  M.  Yonge  ?  "  he 
asked,  with  an  apparently  outrageous 
irony  in  which  there  was  the  sting  of  a 
perfectly  definite  and  well-aimed  criticism. 

Pater's  humour  is  admirably  defined 
by  Mr.  Benson  as 

"  the  same  kind  of  humour  that  one  may 
sometimes  discern  in  the  glance  of  a  sym- 
pathetic friend  when  some  mirth-provoking 
incident  occurs  at  a  solemn  ceremony  at 
which  it  is  essential  to  preserve  a  dignity  of 
deportment.  At  such  moments  a  look  of 
-ili  nt  and  rapturous  appreciation  may  pass 
between  two  kindred  spirits  ;  such,  in  its 
fineness  and  secrecy,  is  the  humour  of  Pater's 
writings,  and  presupposes  a  sympathetic 
understanding  between  writer   and   reader." 

For  all  due  appreciation  of  Pater  some 
such  sympathetic  understanding  is,  indeed, 
required  ;  and,  so  far  as  any  outward  force 

is  likely  to  induce  it  this  book  of  Mr. 
Benson's  is  admirably  suited  to  that 
iod  purpose.  Put  it  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  Pater  will  ever  become  a  really 
popular  writer,  a  writer  n\'  ready  access  ; 


there  is,  in  the  beauty  of  bis  work,  too 
much   "  strangenet  •  in   ii  •   propoi  tion 

What  this  book—  the  \ery  fact  of  its  app< -ai  - 

anoe  in  a  series  re  erved  for  writer-  who 
are  thought  to  be  in  some  sense  classical — 

does  at  lea-t  indicate,  is  that  he  is  by  this 

time  "accepted,"  to  use  the  convenient 

phrase;     and    anything   more    than    that 
need   be  of  no  more  than  private  Concern 

to  private  lovers  of  his  genius. 


Industrial   Efficiency.     By    Arthur   Shad- 
well.     2  vols.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

These  two  large  and  most  interesting 
volumes  represent  a  study  in  a  kind  of 
sociology  still  only  in  the  making.  Mr. 
Shadwell  from  personal  investigation  has 
attempted  a  comparison  between  the 
phases  of  modern  industrial  life  repre- 
sented in  its  diverse  developments  in 
England,  Germany,  and  America.  "  In- 
dustrial "  passes  insensibly  into  "  social  "  : 
all  the  varied  factors  and  forces  modify- 
ing the  economic  energy  of  the  three 
peoples  are  drawn  into  the  investiga- 
tion ;  the  author  passes  from  the  more 
particular  investigation  in  factory  law, 
hours  of  labour,  rates  of  wages,  and 
conditions  of  health  within  the  factories 
to  a  larger  survey  of  habits  amongst  the 
industrial  peoples,  and  the  influences  of 
betting  and  gambling,  thrift,  love  of  games, 
and  religious  education.  The  style  is 
excellent  for  its  subject  :  even,  lucid, 
simple,  carrying  the  reader  insensibly 
forward  through  nearly  a  thousand  pages 
without  any  sense  of  fatigue.  And  the  study 
is  lightened  by  the  record  of  little  vivid 
personal  incidents,  as  of  the  indignities 
which  the  author  suffered  at  a  public  school 
for  abandoning  cricket,  or  of  the  method 
in  which  he  drank  whisky  out  of  a  teapot 
in  Columbia,  South  Carolina.  Mr.  Shad- 
well  makes  no  attempt  to  conceal  his  own 
predilections  ;  and  the  personal  equation 
is  strongly  marked.  He  has,  for  example, 
a  cheerful  contempt  for  the  whole  system 
of  English  elementary  education.  "  In 
spite  of  some  good  features,"  is  his  sweep- 
ing summary,  "  elementary  education 
has  certainly  been  a  failure  in  England." 
He  distrusts  Socialistic  developments,  is 
a  severe  critic  of  trades  unions,  and  can 
even  bestow  a  word  of  praise  on  that 
astonishing  organization,  the  Free  Labour 
League.  He  is  by  no  means  in  love  with 
modern  America,  and  stoutly  contests 
its  claim  to  represent  advanced  and 
pioneer  civilization.  Indeed,  he  is 
generally  inclined  rather  to  emphasize 
the  advantages  of  the  old  than  to  pro- 
claim the  necessity  of  the  new. 

In  the  first  volume  Mr.  Shadwell  takes 
his  readers,  in  general  and  rather  desultory 
fashion,  through  selected  industrial  centres 
in  England,  Germany,  and  America.  In 
England  the  Lancashire  cotton  towns. 
Sheffield,  Bradford,  and  the  Black  Country, 
provide  him  with  texts  for  discourses 
concerning  the  widespread  comfort,  pro- 
sperity, and  happiness  which  have  been 
the  products  of  England's  manufacturing 
supremacy.      Jn  Germany   he  describes  in 


detail    the   great    oentres   of   the    Rhine 

Provineei   and    industrial    Saxony.       In 

America  he  confines  hi*  m-  to  the 

\ew  England  cotton  town-.  Philadelphia, 
the  developing  industrial  South  (of  wh 
'  garden  nties     he  gives  a  far  more  favour- 
able picture  than  that  generally  painted 

and  Pittsburg  and  its  neighbouring  town* 

ships,    where   words  fail   him   adequately 
pieat  tin    dismal  reality  :  — 

"Compared  with  Pittsburg  and  it-  neigh- 
bours, Sheffield  i^  a  plea  rt." 

"If    Pittsburg    is    hell    with    the    lid    off. 

Homestead  is  hell  with  the  hatches  on." 

"Here  is  nothing  but  unrelieved  gloom 
and  grind  :   on  one  side  the  turning,  groaning 

works  wh<rc  nun  sweat  at   the  num. 
rolling  mills  twelve  hours  a  day  for   seven 
days  a  week  :  on  the  other,  rows  of  wretched 
hovels   where   they   eat   and   Bleep,    having 
neither   time   nor  energy   left   for   anvthing 

"  Only  those  who  worship  the  god  of  ^old 
can  pay  homage  to  the  lord  of  squalor  who 
sits  enthroned  on  the  Monongahela.  The 
money  made  here  carries  a  taint  witli  it — 
olet." 

In  the  second  volume  Mr.  Shadwell 
turns  from  this  pictorial  survey  to  a 
detailed  investigation  and  comparison  of 
the  factors  which  go  to  its  composition  : 
the  hours  of  work,  the  rates  of  wages,  the 
factory  regulations,  the  political  and 
social  ideals  of  the  people  in  this  new 
industrial  life  which  mechanical  science 
has  created  in  a  century.  All  through  he 
illustrates  England's  position  as  inter- 
mediate between  Germany  and  America  : 
the  former  succeeding  with  organization, 
patience,  and  indomitable  industry,  the 
German  intellect  since  1870  suddenly 
switched  on  to  the  world  of  practical 
affairs  :  the  latter  advancing  with  a  kind 
of  rude  and  savage  energy,  stimulated 
by  ambition  and  a  universal  unbounded 
hope  of  an  individual  triumph.  We  stand 
with  less  energy  than  the  one  and  less 
intellect  than  the  other,  but  still  with  a 
combination  of  the  two  adequate  to 
maintain,  though  not  to  better,  our  in- 
dustrial position.  In  the  charge  of  archaic 
plant  so  freely  brought  against  the  English 
manufacturers  he  finds  "  some  truth." 
but  exempts  the  whole  range  of  the  textile 
industries  and  a  very  large  branch  of  the 
machinery  industry.  '  The  best  textile 
machinery  is  still  English,  in  spite  of 
American  enterprise  and  German  appli- 
cation." In  hours  of  labour  he  finds  the 
German  excess  commonly  exaggerated  : 
most  holidays  taken  in  England,  fewest 
in  America.  In  housing  the  enormous 
increase  in  the  German  towns  during  a 
generation  has  resulted  in  a  house  famine 
far  more  serious  than  anything  in  this 
country,  where  '*  overcrowding  is  vir- 
tually confined  to  London.  Glasgow, 
Tyneeide,  and  a  few  of  the 
On  the  other  hand,  the  "slum  life"  is  a 
thing  peculiar  to  England — and  Ameri 

•"  Poor    and    overcrowded    ;i  rman 

home  may  be,  it  very  seldom  lies  that  horrible 
air  of  squalid  misery  which  is  common  in 
London,  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  similar 

towns,  or  that  horrible  fetid  smell  of  stuffi- 
ness.  of  dirty  humanity  ami  accumulated 
tilth,  which  is  much  commoner — so  common 

indeed    here,    and    so    seldom    encountered 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


661 


anywhere  else,  that  it  may  be  called  the 
national  smell." 

In  physical  condition  he  repeats  an  almost 
universal  testimony  to  the  superiority 
of  the  German  over  the  English  working 
classes — a  fact  he  attributes  to  the  greater 
care  of  the  children,  the  greater  care  for 
the  home,  the  avoidance  of  injurious 
habits,  and  the  two  years  of  military 
training.  The  greater  proximity  to  the 
rural  life — a  generation  further  away  in 
England  than  in  Germany  ;  the  superior 
care  in  education,  especially  in  connexion 
with  medical  inspection  and  physical 
development  and  cleanliness,  are  other 
factors  which  he  might  also  have  empha- 
sized. 

In  education,  plunging  boldly  into  a 
controversy  which  has  suddenly  become 
acute,  Mr.  Shadwell  holds  up  the  American 
system  of  schools  without  religion  for 
reprobation,  and  the  German  system  of 
universal  religious  teaching  in  the  schools 
for  praise,  exhorting  his  countrymen,  now 
at  the  parting  of  the  ways,  to  avoid  the 
one  and  cleave  to  the  other.  His  argument 
would  be  more  convincing  if  he  could 
show  that  the  artisan  classes  in  America 
are  more  conspicuously  immoral  or 
irreligious  than  those  in  the  German  cities. 
But  the  propagandism,  now  almost  uni- 
versal amongst  the  proletariat  of  the 
"  Protestant "  cities  of  Germany,  of  a 
Social  Democratic  creed,  broad  based  on 
a  materialism  which  rejects  all  super- 
natural sanctions  for  morality,  seems  to 
be  a  remarkable  result  of  the  universal 
religious  teaching  in  the  State  schools. 
The  creed  of  Engels,  "  We  are  simply 
done  with  God,"  or  of  Schek,"  We  open 
war  upon  God  because  He  is  the  greatest 
evil  in  the  world,"  apparently  endorsed  by 
so  many  million  votes,  increasing  at  each 
successive  election,  is  something  a  little 
aloof  from  the  State  religion  as  taught  in 
the  Prussian  schools. 

The  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter, 
as  it  affects  this  country,  is  full  of  a  note 
of  warning.  England  is  perishing  of  over- 
prosperity.  Everybody  is  bent  on  pleasure 
and  amusement  :  "  We  are  a  nation  at 
play."  '  There  is  no  country  in  which 
wealth  is  so  generally  diffused."  "  And 
that,"  Mr.  Shadwell  quaintly  reasons, 
"is  why  it  causes  so  much  demoralization." 

"  Life  is  easier  here,  much  easier,  in  spite 
of  American  wages.  As  for  Germany,  thero 
is  no  comparison.  And  under  these  condi- 
tions the  Gospel  of  Ease  has  permeated  the 
nation,  and  has  been  preached  from  every 
pulpit  and  every  platform.  This  is  what  is 
called  '  Progress.'  " 

Yet  he  lias  hopes  of  the  future  :  simply 
because  "  the  excessive  prosperity  and 
the  Gospel  of  Ease  with  it  are  already 
coming  to  an  end."  We  still  have  more 
physical  energy  than  our  rivals  :  "  It 
comes  from  our  detestable  climate,  the 
greatest  asset  we  have,  and  happily  im- 
perishable." Protection  lie  thinks  would 
exercise  a  disastrous  effect  by  restraining 
this  compulsory  awakening.  If  economic 
pressure  fails,  "  the  disease  will  certainly 
advance  until  nothing  but  a  major  surgical 
operation,  such  as  the  landing  of  100,000 
Prussians,    can    save    the    patient."     The 


most  menacing  change  of  all  Mr.  Shadwell 
finds  in  the  declining  birthrate  :  "  This  is 
by  far  the  most  important  question  which 
my  investigation  has  revealed.  Beside  it 
all  others  sink  into  insignificance."  "  It 
is  a  progressive  evil,  operating  amongst 
the  flower  of  the  industrial  classes,  which 
promises  slow  national  extinction."  He 
calls  at  the  end  for  ruralization  by  peasant 
proprietorships  or  small  holdings,  being 
convinced,  notwithstanding  the  example 
of  the  French  peasant,  that  the  restoration 
of  the  people  to  life  on  the  land  is  the  only 
cure  for  a  declining  national  vitality. 


Mary    of    Modena.      By    Martin    Haile. 
(Dent  &  Co,) 

Mr.  Haile,  in  his  biography  of  Mary  of 
Modena,  displays  an  honourable  contempt 
for  popular  taste  by  giving  references  to 
his  sources  with  enthusiasm.  In  his  first 
page  he  speaks  with  unaffected  delight 
about  the  letters  and  dispatches  which 
were  "  unknown  to  Miss  Strickland  and 
have  never  before  appeared  in  England," 
though  in  French  they  were  used  by  the 
author  of  '  Les  Derniers  Stuart  a  St. 
Germain  en  Laye,'  a  work  truly  "  monu- 
mental," not  to  say  sepulchral.  The 
story  of  the  wooing,  not  at  first  hand,  of 
the  reluctant  and  saintly  princess  as  bride 
of  the  unsaintly  and  unfortunate  Duke  of 
York  is  very  well  told.  The  Pope  had 
to  overcome  Mary's  preference  for  celibacy, 
by  pointing  out  that  she  might  help  to 
recover  England  for  the  Church,  which, 
perhaps,  an  angel  could  not  have  done. 
Peterborough  acted  as  James's  proxy, 
and,  after  all,  there  was  not  much  more 
attention  paid  to  papal  "  briefs  and  dis- 
pensation "  than  by  Mary  Stuart  and 
Henry  Darnley.  A  Catholic  marriage 
of  course  annoyed  the  Protestant  party 
in  England,  and  already  they  were  re- 
ported, in  1673,  to  speak  of  evidence 
proving  that  Monmouth  was  the  legiti- 
mate son  of  Charles  II.  Whether  he  was 
really  the  son  of  Charles  or  not,  the  public 
of  England  was  convinced  that  Mary 
herself  was  "  the  eldest  daughter  of  the 
Pope,"  for  the  popular  temper  was  rising 
gradually  to  the  level  on  which  Titus 
Oates  was  to  work.  A  poor  little  princess 
of  fifteen  came  to  a  country  where  she 
was  not  wanted,  and  to  a  husband  who 
had  lost  the  remarkable  beauty  of  his 
youth,  was  old  enough  to  have  been  her 
father,  was  eminently  volatile  in  his  affec- 
tions, and  was  highly  unpopular  on  account 
of  his  religion.  When  she  had  children, 
they  died  young  ;  and  when  Oates  began 
his  series  of  "  revelations,"  almost  the 
first  victim  was  her  secretary,  Coleman. 
She  and  James  were  obliged  to  leave 
England  ;  in  Scotland  they  were  not 
particularly  popular  ;  and  by  1682  the 
Duchess  had,  and  continued  to  have,  the 
most  assured  grounds  for  jealousy  of  her 
husband.  On  the  death  of  Charles  II. 
she  continued  to  suffer  in  a  more  con- 
SpicUOUS  position  :  she  always  suffered,  all 
her  life  long,  with  sweetness  and  dignity. 
The  few  gleams  of  light  appear  in  the 


earlier  part  of  her  exile  after  1688,  when 
her  children,  James  and  Louise,  were 
young  and  merry.  But  the  King  died  ; 
Louise  died ;  her  son  was  the  sport 
of  every  wind  of  ill  fortune.  He  for 
long  insisted  on  keeping  her  acquainted 
with  his  plans,  and  the  result  was 
that  every  Irish  lieutenant  in  Paris, 
as  Bolingbroke  said,  knew  nearly  as 
much  of  the  secrets  of  the  Jacobite 
party  as  he  did.  James  was  obliged  to 
exclude  his  mother  from  his  counsels  : 
nothing  that  she  knew  failed  to  be  known 
abroad,  and  there  was  a  spy  within  her 
household,  the  brother  of  the  trusted 
Sir  Thomas  Higgons.  This  exclusion  of 
Mary  from  her  son's  confidence,  which 
only  his  filial  affection  had  caused  him  to 
permit  her  to  share,  was  the  latest  sorrow 
of  a  life  full  of  bitterness.  But  she  was 
never  embittered ;  her  life  was  truly 
saintly. 

Mr.  Haile  has  told  the  story  fully,  and 
with  a  judicious  use  of  documents.  There 
are  not  many  sentences  in  the  book  like 
this  remarkable  one  (p.  47)  : — 

"  There  was  but  one  way,  and  that  second 
to  none,  in  which  Mary  Beatrice  could 
uphold  the  credit  and  dispel  the  ignorant 
contempt  and  fear  of  her  religion— by  being 
in  herself  the  example  and  charming  em- 
bodiment of  every  virtue  in  a  Court  where 
vice  seems  to  have  reigned  almost  supreme 
— and  not  in  her  closet,  immersed  in  per- 
petual prayer  like  the  disheartened  and 
neglected  Queen— but  strong  in  the  support 
of  her  husband's  affection  (which,  even  if 
then  unknown  to  her,  it  was  shared  by  baser 
objects,  at  least  gave  her  no  open  cause  of 
jealousy  or  doubt,)  in  the  intelligent,  high- 
spirited  pursuit  of  all  good  things." 

This  is  indeed  a  "  vast  and  wandering  " 
period  ! 

There  is  a  hopelessly  unsatisfactory 
index  of  two  pages. 

Mr.  Haile  mentions  a  curious  circum- 
stance which  is  new  to  us.  Critics  have 
doubted  Saint-Simon's  account  of  Stair's 
attempt  to  seize  or  slay  James  on  his  way 
to  Scotland  in  1715.  Mr.  Haile  remarks 
that  the  depositions  of  the  witnesses  at 
Nonancourt  exist,  and  are  in  Lemontey's- 
'  Histoire  de  la  Regence.' 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Ferry  of  Fate.     By  Samuel  Gordon. 
(Chatto  &  Windus.) 

Mr.  Gordon  is  known  as  the  author  of 
several  novels  that  have  met  with  a  fair 
degree  of  popularity,  but  in  '  The  Ferry 
of  Fate'  he  has  made  a  long  stride 
towards  the  goal  of  artistic  success.  His 
portrait  of  Alma  Koratoff  is  not  altogether 
unworthy  of  Tourguenieff.  The  slow  but 
unswerving  process  of  spiritual  develop- 
nient,  by  which  an  empty-headed  girl 
becomes  a  noble  woman,  is  described 
with  such  steady  restraint  and  invariable 
certainty  of  touch  that  the  woman  lives 
as  we  read  of  her.  The  hero  Volkmann  is 
also  drawn  with  care  and  fidelity  to  life  ; 
and   the   Russian   nobles  and    peasants, 

the  mujiks  and  the  .lews,  whom  we  meet 
in  the  course  of  the  story,  are  thoroughly 


662 


Til  B     Arril  KN7IUJM 


N°410l,  Ji n.  :!,  1906 


int.  |  If    tin  ii  Inn-    lit    the 

book,  it  [g  in  the  poiliait  of  Nyinan  the 
Irirviii.in.  who  alone  anion;.'  .Mi.  QordjOU  s 

}iri.Min;iL'i>      -n  I  lit-      rnelixli  a  ma  t  i< 

tussian    Nihilist    of    the    <lit  in  t  i\  c    iiowl. 

•  Tin-  I-Ym\  oj  I'.ur  '  deserves  to  he  i'.i'l 

carefully.  The  author  has  aimed  high, 
and  nio-t  of  his  leader-  will  agree  that  he 
lias  hit  the  mark. 


Thi     Black    Cuirassier.     By     Philip    L. 

Stevenson.      (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

'I'm:  Black  ( 'uirassiers  were  regiments  of 
that  renowned  cavalry  deader  in  t he  Thirty 
Years'  War.  Pappenheim.  The  particular 
Cuirassier  taken  hy  Mr.  Stevenson  for  his 
hero  is  Rittmeister  Devereux,  an  Irish 
soldier  of  fortune,  whom  students  of 
Schiller's  tragedy  will  remember  as  one 
of  Wallenstein's  murderers.  In  the  novel 
he  is  not  the  brainless  bravo  of  the  play, 
but  is  provided  with  as  fair  a  reason  for 
his  deed  as  it  is  possible  for  a  man  to  have. 
Still,  there  is  no  denying  that  Devereux 
deteriorates  in  the  course  of  the  narrative, 
which  is  thus  deprived  of  the  happy  ter- 
mination regarded  by  some  readers  as 
their  due,  and  ends  rather  abruptly.  The 
portraits  of  Pappenheim  and  his  daughter, 
who  is  wooed,  but  not  won,  by  Devereux, 
are  perhaps  the  most  successful  in  Mr. 
Stevenson's  gallery — the  account  of  the 
former's  death  at  Liitzen  being  specially 
fine.  The  horrors  of  war  in  the  seventeenth 
century  are  described  almost  too  realistic- 
ally. Mr.  Stevenson  writes  well,  though 
he  indulges  in  the  use  of  the  split 
infinitive.  But  in  this  he  has,  as  we 
point  out  elsewhere  to-day,  good  prece- 
dent. 


Cecilia's    Lovers.     By    Amelia    E.    Barr. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

Stories  of  New  York  society  written 
from  the  inside  point  of  view  have  always 
an  interest  for  English  readers,  if  only  as 
suggesting  certain  modifications  of  the 
traditional  views  entertained  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic  concerning  the  manners 
and  customs  prevailing  on  the  other.  A 
gentleman  embarrassed  by  the  awkward- 
ness of  having  to  meet  his  secretary  (the 
daughter  of  a  fellow-artist)  "as  a  social 
equal  "  at  the  house  of  a  common  friend, 
and  a  lady  disillusioned  by  six  years  of 
fruitless  homage  to  a  man  who  cannot 
make  up  his  mind  to  marry  her,  are  rather 
at  variance  with  our  ironbound  precon- 
ceptions concerning  the  dignity  of  labour 
and  the  sovereignty  of  women  in  the  great 
republic.  As  regards  the  literary  quality 
of  the  book  there  is  not  much  to  be  said, 
but  it  is  bright  and  pleasant,  and  likely 
enough  to  find  readers. 


A     Young    J\Ian    from    the    Country.     By 
Madame  Alhanesi.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.  \ 

In  her  new  story  Madame  Albanesi  intro- 
duces us  to  an  interesting,  because  natural, 
pair  of  sisters.  Their  mother,  of  a  re- 
pressed and  repressing  habit,  has  also 
good,  because  real,  touches.  We  should 
have  liked,  too,  to  know  a  little  more  of 


the  eldeih  wife  of  an  old  .ulnon  i  of  one 
of  the  "ills.  Hut  of  the  little  gul  called 
Mi  :_'«>•  (an  idol  of  the  health  and  home) 
we  should  ha\e  heiii  pleased  not  to  hear 
at  all.  Dogs,  cats,  and  I  hildrcn  must  he 
very  good  (in  a  sense)  before  they  are  put 
into  books.  This  child  seems  to  us  to 
strike  a  note  of  fal  ••  sentiment  throughout. 


The    Wood    Ewl.     By    J.    E.    Buckrose. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

This  is  a  novel  of  exceptional  merit,  all 
the  more  welcome  because  it  is  from  the 
hand  of  a  new  writer.  The  smell  of  the 
woods  is  in  the  book.  The  opening  scenes, 
in  which  a  love  idyll  ends  in  a  secret 
marriage,  are,  in  particular,  full  of  a 
delightful  sense  of  the  open  air.  This 
atmospheric  charm  is  not  its  only  merit. 
Mr.  Buckrose  has  an  interesting  story  to 
tell,  and  he  tells  it  skilfully.  Though  not 
wholly  free  from  signs  of  the  unprac- 
tised hand — there  is,  for  instance,  an 
irritating  touch  of  exaggeration  about 
one  or  two  of  the  minor  characters  — 
'  The  Wood  End  '  is  an  original  piece  of 
work. 


Henry  Northcoie. 
stable  &  Co.) 


By  J.  C.  Snaith.     (Con- 


Theee  can  be  no  two  opinions  about  the 
vivacity,  the  humour,  or  the  originality  of 
Mr.  Snaith's  work  :  his  account  of  very 
little  more  than  three  days  in  the  life  of  a 
briefless  barrister  engrosses  the  attention. 
Lovers  of  Mr.  Meredith's  work  will  recog- 
nize strong  indications  of  his  influence  ; 
but  Mr.  Snaith  should  give  his  whimsical 
imagination  and  dramatic  instinct  free 
play,  and  break  away  from  the  trammels 
which  this  style  imposes  on  him.  The 
unreality  of  the  whole  thing  is  in  striking 
contrast  with  the  realistic  touches  which 
he  introduces  so  well.  A  student  of 
character  who  can  sketch  in  the  restaurant 
chef,  and  the  hero's  old  mother,  with  so 
light  and  true  a  touch,  should  devote  his 
gifts  to  the  hard  problems  of  the  life  we 
are  all  living.  The  book  is  certainly  one 
to  be  read,  though  we  deplore  the  ultra - 
cynical  scene  at  the  end. 


By  Wit  of  Woman.  By  Arthur  W. 
Marchmont.  Illustrated  by  S.  H. 
Vedder.     (Ward,  Lock  &  Co.) 

It  is  amusing  to  find  so  definite  a  region 
as  Hungary  figuring  in  its  own  name  as 
the  latest  Ruritania  of  fiction.  Mr. 
Marchmont's  heroine  is  transformed  into 
an  amateur  detective  by  the  desire  to 
relieve  her  father's  honour  from  the 
reproach  of  a  murder  which  he  protested 
he  did  not  commit.  She  finds  a  lover  in 
the  heir  to  a  dukedom  ;  and  the  usual 
bland  and  unscrupulous  foe  is  provided  in 
the  person  of  his  would-be  supplanter. 
The  heroine's  antics  as  an  actress  off  the 
boards  are  on  one  occasion  ludicrous  in 
the  extreme,  but  her  handiness  with 
revolvers  commands  respect.  She  is,  in 
fact,  an  American  of  the  shopmade  sort, 
though  of  Hungarian  birth.  A  reviewer 
confronted  with  a  novel  devoid  of  evidence 


of  aili.-tn    aiiihition  n   wise  m  summoning 

his  humour  hefoie  pronounciag  upon  it. 

In  tin-  ia-f  buiiic  will  criticize  tin-  high 

life  with  enjoyment,  and  othei-  will  hi 
stined  by  a  movement  which,  though 
unflagging,     is    never    detrimental    to   tlus 

nerves. 


body  Marion  (lid  tin  Plutocrat.     By  Lady 
Helen  Forbes,    (John  Long.) 

In  this  story  the  pe.ple  draw  together 
with  difficulty — in  some  OMM  not  at  all. 
Lady  Marion  only  appeals  to  any  purp 
in  Part  II.  At' the  close  of  Part  111., 
the  end  of  the  story,  she  interests  us  aa 
little  as  at  the  beginning.  If  anything  of 
an  impression  is  made  hy  her  on  us,  it  is 
a  faint  distaste.  Some  oi  the  people  are 
meant  to  be  vulgar  or  "  middle-class." 
She,  without  being  supposed  to  be  either, 
seems  to  have  a  certain  claim  to  both 
descriptions.  She  comes  of  a  family  in- 
tended to  be  displeasing,  and  their 
unattractiveness  is  sometimes  success- 
fully drawn.  It  is  not  every  one  who, 
even  in  days  of  old,  admired  the  avowedly 
"  meek "  heroine.  Here  meekness  and 
primness  are  the  chief  characteristics. 
Her  season  of  love  is  delayed.  When  it 
does  come,  her  tameness  is  a  little  shock- 
ing to  the  unsympathetic  reader.  But 
the  personality  of  the  plutocrat  rather 
increases  in  interest,  though  one  never 
perhaps  really  visualizes  the  man. 


Murray  of  the  Scots  Greys.     By  L.  Clarke. 
(Jarrold  &  Sons.) 

We  find  here  a  romantic  love  story  and 
rapid  adventures  of  the  rough-and-tumble 
description.  The  historical  setting  is 
amazingly  unhistorical.  The  gallant  Lord 
Cutts  was  never  colonel  of  the  Scots  Greys  ; 
his  regiment  was  the  Coldstream  Guards. 
He  was  probably  never  in  Scotland.  The 
idea  of  English  noblemen  residing  in  the 
Highlands  in  summer  in  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century  is  as  ludicrous  as 
the  marriage  party  emerging  from  the 
church  upon  "  the  village  green  "  amid 
the  salutations  of  the  "  cottagers.''  The 
name  of  MaeiiieL'or  was  proscribed  at  the 
period,  and  Badenoch  is  not  the  Macgregor 
country.  George  I.  was  an  unamiable 
monarch,  but  there  is  no  record  of  his 
sending  to  assassinate  his  nobles.  Allow- 
ance being  made  for  these  draw  hacks,  and 
for  a  taint  of  journalese  in  the  style,  the 
book  may  be  praised.  Some  of  the 
incidents  are  excellently  told,  and  the 
death  of  Lord  Mowbray,  in  presence  of 
the  apparition  of  the  man  he  has  foully 
slain,  is  "'  thrilling."  The  strange  course 
of  events  which  separates  hero  and  heroine 
until  it  is  too  late  to  marry  is  an  original 
touch.     There  is  distinct  promise  here. 


Joitjou    conjugal.     By    Eugene    Joliclerc. 
(Paris,  Alphonse  Lemerre.) 

'  Joujou  conjugal  '  is  by  no  means  a 
book  for  young  ladies,  although  the 
heroine  recovers  her  husband  without 
finally    losing   her   own  character.     It  is 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^tFM 


663 


interesting  as  a  careful  study  of  the  influ- 
ence of  "  fast "  and  empty,  would-be- 
fashionable,  Parisian  life  upon  a  girl  well 
brought- up  by  strict  parents  in  a  pro- 
vincial city.  The  "  happy  ending "  is 
not  justified  by  the  development  of  cha- 
racter and  the  situations  in  the  book  ; 
and  the  impression  left  by  the  later  pages 
is  unreal.  The  paragraphing  of  the  dia- 
logue throughout  the  volume  is  so  ill 
managed  as  to  be  a  source  of  continual 
confusion,  even  to  careful  readers.  The 
ability  displayed  by  the  writer  in  other 
ways  is  far  above  the  average. 


VERSES   AND   TRANSLATIONS. 

The  Door  of  Humility.  By  Alfred  Austin. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) — The  appearance  of  a 
new  poem  by  the  Poet  Laureate  on  the  scale 
of  '  The  Door  of  Humility  '  ought  to  be  an 
event  of  considerable  literary  importance. 
That  it  is  not,  is  in  no  way  attributable  to 
any  want  of  good  intentions  on  Mr.  Austin's 
part.  It  is  obvious  that  he  has  written  with 
a  purpose,  and  that  purpose  a  most  excellent 
one.  In  the  cant  of  the  day,  he  felt  that  he 
had  a  message  to  deliver,  and  he  has  de- 
livered it.  This  will  doubtless  be  a  recom- 
mendation to  those — and  they  are  many — to 
whom  the  novel  with  a  purpose,  even  the 
picture  with  a  purpose,  appeals.  The  present 
writer  has  no  sympathy  with  the  divorce  of 
poetry  from  morals,  and  even  from  reason  ; 
but  he  holds  that  poetry  should  be  purpose- 
less, or  rather  that  thao  nly  purpose,  apart 
from  the  universal  one  of  pleasing  which 
it  may  legitimately  possess,  must  be  inherent 
in  its  own  constitution,  and  not  imposed 
on  it  from  without.  For  poetry  partakes 
of  the  nature  of  the  universal,  and  if  it  is 
narrowed  and  lowered  to  the  particular  in 
order  to  become  the  medium  of  a  "  message  " 
necessarily  loses  its  eternal  significance. 
What  purpose  can  be  divined  in  a  play  of 
Shakspeare  or  a  lyric  of  Sappho  ?  The 
monumental  work  of  Lucretius,  on  the  other 
hand,  and  '  The  Excursion  '  are  examples 
of  poems  with  a  purpose  ;  and  where  the 
exalted  mind  of  Wordsworth  and  the  austere 
enthusiasm  of  the  Roman  poet  have  failed, 
it  is  not  given  to  men  of  commoner  clay  to 
succeed. 

Mr.  Austin's  theme  is  the  quest  for  faith. 
After  a  short  account  of  the  influences  that 
shaped  the  poet's  youth,  the  birth  of  first 
love  is  described.  But  Monica  (the  name 
is  both  a  reminiscence  and  a  prophecy)  is  a 
parson's  daughter,  and,  learning  from  one 
of  "  the  unloving  and  least  wise  "  that  he 
has  lost  belief  in  Christianity,  she  bids  him 
see  her  no  more  until  he  find  himself  and 

Come  hack  and  look  for  me 

!*•  -i'lf  tile  little  lowly  door, 
The  doorway  of  Humility. 

He  goes  abroad,  but  the  search  for  belief 
per  mare,  per  terras,  is  fruitless.  Switzer- 
land and  Florence,  Rome  and  Constantinople, 
all  olike  leave  him  unsatisfied.  At  last, 
"  from  Delphi  gazing  down  on  Salona  and 
Amphissa,"  the  answer  comes  to  him  : — 

Be  strong : 
Mil.ilii-  the  sigh,  repress  the  t. 
Ami  let  not  sorrow  .silence  song. 

Yon  now  have  learnt  enough  from  pafn  ; 

And,  if  worse  anguish  lnrk  behind, 
Breathe  in  it  some  nnaelflsb  -.train, 

And  » iih  (Triers  wisdom  aid  your  kind. 

Immediately  there  arrives  a  message  from 
Monica,  urging  him  to 

Come  to  me  where  I  drooping  lie. 

I  f:i in  once  more  would  see  your  face, 
And  hear  your  voice,  before  I  die. 


He  returns  to  find  that  she  has  breathed  her 

last  : — 

Vestured  in  white,  on  snow-white  bed, 

She  lay,  as  dreaming  something  sweet, 
Madonna  lilies  at  her  head, 

Madonna  lilies  at  her  feet. 

She  has  left,  however,  a  letter,  in  which  she 
admits  that 

nought  should  keep  apart 

Those  who,  though  sore  perplexed  by  strife 

'Twixt  Faith  and  Doubt,  are  one  in  heart. 

For  Doubt  is  one  with  Faith  when  they 
Who  doubt,  for  Truth's  sake  suffering  live  ; 

And  Faith  meanwhile  should  hope  and  pray. 
Withholding  not  what  Love  can  give  ; 

and  bids  him, 

when  life  takes  autumnal  hues, 
Wjth  fervent  reminiscence  woo 
All  the  affections  of  the  Muse, 
And  write  the  poem  lived  by  you. 

Passing  from  the  death  chamber,  he 

wended  up  the  slope  once  more 
To  where  the  Church  stands  lone  and  still, 
And  passed  beneath  the  Little  Door, 
My  will  the  subject  of  Her  will. 
• 
Mutely  I  knelt,  with  bended  brow 

And  shaded  eyes,  but  heart  intent 
To  learn,  should  any  teach  me  now, 
What  Life  and  Love  and  Sorrow  meant. 

And  there  remained  until  the  shroud 
Of  dusk  foretold  the  coming  night ; 

And  then  I  rose  and  prayed  aloud, 
"  Let  there  be  Light !    Let  there  be  Light ! " 

The  common  four-line  stanza  with  alter- 
nating rhymes  gives  littlo  metrical  support 
to  the  thought  and  its  expression.  It  lends 
itself  to  a  clear  and  equable  flow,  and  on 
occasion  to  a  certain  epigrammatic  concise- 
ness and  finality.  It  abhors  archaisms  and 
affectations  and  inversions  of  the  natural 
order  of  the  language.  In  some  of  these 
respects  Mr.  Austin  is  a  hardened  offender. 
The  natural  order  is  often  displaced  without 
reason  ;  verbal  eccentricities,  such  as  "  re- 
roaming,"  &c,  are  met  with  frequently  ; 
necessary  words  are  omitted  metri  gratia  ; 
and,  worst  of  all,  the  rhyme  again  and  again 
is  seen  to  be  the  master  and  not  the  servant. 
When  Mr.  Austin  speaks  of  "  those  who 
reared  his  form  to  genuflexion,"  or  tells 
us  that  "  loud  the  blackbird  cheers  his 
bride,  Deep  in  umbrageous  Vicarage,"  one 
can  only  say  that  he  seems  determined  to 
be  his  own  parodist,  and  deplore  the  total 
absence  not  merely  of  the  critical  faculty, 
but  even  of  that  less  rare  possession,  a  sense 
of  humour.  The  philosophy  and  its  senti- 
mental setting  are  patently  planned  on  the 
Tennysonian  model,  btit  unhappily  it  is  not 
enough  to  succeed  a  poet  in  order  to  be 
successful  in  imitating  him. 

Poems  of  the  Seen  and  Unseen.  By 
Charles  Witham  Herbert.  (Simpkin,  Mar- 
shall &  Co.) — Mr.  Witham  Herbert's  modest 
and  slender  Volume  is  strong  where  most 
young  poetry  is  weak,  and  weak  where  most 
young  poetry  is  strong.  Most  young  poets 
are  all  emotion  (though  tho  emotion  may 
not  be  Very  intense,  or  subtle,  or  bracing 
— or  even  particularly  wholesome)  :  fancy 
may  be  scarce,  imagination  microscopic  ; 
but  they  luxuriate  in  emotion,  of  a  kind. 
Mr.  Herbert's  special  defect,  however,  is 
precisely  emotion.  Young  poets,  on  tho 
other  hand,  whatever  else  they  may  have, 
and  have  richly,  scarce  ever  exhibit  thought. 
In  that  precious  material  of  poetry  they  are 
nearly  always  weak.  It  is  tho  crowning  gift 
whirh  agr\  that  steals  from  tho  poet  so  much, 
bestows  in  compensation  for  what  it  takes 
away.  Mr.  Herbert  has  this  gift.  It  is 
just  the  individual  note  of  these  poems, 
their  redeeming  quality,  tho  quality  which 
exacts  for  them  respect.  So  rare  is  it  in 
modern  poetry  that  the  discovery  of  its 
presence  in  a  young  poet  brib<«»  us  to  indul- 
gence 

Y.t  Mr.  Herbert  needs  that  bribe  in  his 
hand.      Had    ho    the    emotional    faculty    of 


many  a  versifier  who  possesses  not  a  third 
of  Mr.  Herbert's  mental  faculty,  he  might 
have  produced  poetry  to  cherish.  As  it  is, 
we  do  not  say  there  is  no  emotion,  but  it  is 
qttite  insufficient  to  fuse  the  thought  which 
is  the  substance  of  his  verse.  The  pity  is  the 
greater  because  intellectuality  is  not  his 
sole  quality.  His  imagery  is  often  original, 
and  shows  at  times  a  genuine  imagination. 
But  he  is  defective  in  the  artistic  gifts  which 
are  so  much  akin  to  poetic  emotion  that  they 
may  be  said  to  be  a  part,  or  at  least  an  out- 
come, of  it.  His  language  has  not  inevitable 
felicity  ;  his  metre  seems  an  accidental  and 
separable  thing,  not  in  organic  union  With 
the  verse.  So  he  is  hot  at  his  best  in  the 
longer  poems,  which  do  not  compensate  by 
beauty  of  expression  for  the  diffuseness  and 
thinness  of  substance  which  are  apparent  in 
them.  The  sonnets,  which  oblige  compact- 
ness, perhaps  show  him  at  his  best.  The 
translations  from  the  ghazels  (an  Eastern 
form)  of  some  German  poets  also  show 
considerable  sitceess  in  a  very  difficult  task. 

Mr.  Herbert's  characteristic  trend  is 
revealed  by  the  fact  that  metaphysics  are 
the  direct  basis  of  many  sonnets.  Ono 
series  is  nothing  less  than  an  attempt  to  set 
forth  a  philosophic  argument  in  a  sequence 
of  sonnets  ;  and  at  his  best  one  feels  it  to  be 
rather  heavy  gold-ore  than  the  fused  and 
wrought  gold.  The  thing,  for  all  its  qualities, 
lacks  the  living  movement  which  only  the 
vital  heat  of  strong  poetic  feeling  can  quicken. 
Mr.  Herbert  is  a  thinker  with  certain  qualities 
of  a  poet  ;  but  his  work  does  not  at  present 
convince  us  that  he  is  a  poet  absolute. 

Corydon.  By  Reginald  Fanshawe 
(Frowde.) — Mr.  Fanshawe  explains  in  a 
sub-title  that  his  poem  is  an  elegy  in  memory 
of  Matthew   Arnold   and   Oxford,   and   in   a 

Sreface  that  the  title  was  suggested  by 
"mold's  own  '  Thyrsis.'  There  is  no  servile 
imitation,  however,  of  the  older  poet.  The 
metre  is  Spenser's — 

That  Colin,  who  must  mould  this  pastoral  plaint 
To  his  strong  measure's  warm  romantic  glow-, 
Deep  mystic  undersong  and  clear  melodious  flow  ; 

and  we  are  reminded  more  than  once  of  the 

Hymns,  as  in  the  invocation  to  tie  "  Spirit 

Divine,    that    at    the    warm    world's    heart 

Workest  eternal  "  : — 

Purge  Thou  this  faint  poor  function,  low  and  late, 
And  fill  anew  with  faculty  entire 
Of  reconciling  calm  to  recreate 
Gleam  of  Thy  primal  work's  Splendour  immaculate. 

In  other  places  a  greater  elegy  even  than 
Arnold's  '  Adonais  is  recalled.  But  gene- 
rally both  the  thought  and  its  expression 
have  a  rare  freshness  and  individuality. 
There  is  more  fundamental  brainwork  in 
Mr.  Fanshawe's  224  stanzas  than  in  a  score 
volumes  of  current  minor  verse.  The 
evolution  of  the  intellectual  life  of  Oxford 
during  the  last  sixty  years  is  traced  with 
knowledge  and  insight,  and  there  is  some 
felicitous  literary  criticism  by  the  way; 
Thus  Browning  is  summed  iip  in  a  single 
line  as  the 

Subtlest  apologist  of  groping  souls  that  grow, 

and  Shelley  as  the 

Prophet  of  all  things  starlike,  formless,  free. 
'  Corydou  '  is  by  no  moans  easy  reading,  in 
spite  of  the  detailed  tabic  of  contents  pro- 
vided. Part  of  the  difficulty  is  doubtless 
due  to  the  high  matters  treated  of,  but  in 
part  it  arises  from  a  certain  obscurity  of  style, 
which  with  a  tendency  to  monotony  is  the 
author's  main  defect.  Though  tho  e* 
abounds  in  memorable  phrases,  such  CM3 
"Time's  sad  realist  Winter,"  it  defends  for  its 
success  neither  on  those  nor  on  the  beauty 
of  individual   stanzas,    but  father   on    Ihe 

orderly  progress  of  the  closely  knit  thought 
and  the  sustained  dignity  of  the  language. 


664 


T  h  E    atii  EN  .i:r  M 


N    !1<»],  .J  i  m   2,  1906 


I  n  English  Bom ,      Bj    L.  Cb  nun.,  i   I 
(Elkin  Mathews.)-    t  m  the  making  ol    oi 
then  ii  no  end,  nioh  i    their  fat*]  facility. 
\n  English  R<  rdj  hali  English,  the 

other  half  having  a  l'>'  ian,  or  al  least 
tern,  ancestry.  'Dialogues  with  Ba'di ' 
close  the  Blender  volume;  and  there  are 
translations  of,  and  frequent  references  t<> 
him  in  the  sonnets  also.  Bui  Mr.  Cranmer- 
Bj  og  is  not  •  l-'it/(  ierald.  The  atmosphere  is 
rather  that  of  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips  a  early 
lyrics  (we  have  in  our  mmd  one  in  particular, 
which  begins.  "  ()  thou  art  put  to  many  uses, 
sweet  '.  ")  notaverj  congenial  atmosphere, 
it  might  be  thought,  for  I 

Mr.  Cranmer-Byng'a  thought   i    often  con- 
fused, and  its  expression  turgid.     I  inee  like 
l  iii'.u-  without  tiii-  M.icc  of  ni.-int  despair 

(  i  j  inn  aloud  on  ruin's  shapeless  troll  ; 
Then  iteet  my  silent  coarse  to  fairyland, 

are  not  good  sense,  much  less  good  poetry. 
There  are  moments,  however,  of  imagination, 
happily  phrased,  as  in  the  sonnet  called 'The 
Quietist  '  ;  and  this  couplet — 

Mown  the  rain-sodden  streets,  where  to  ami  fro 

The  dark  unhappy  human  meteors  go— 

lingers  in  the  memory. 

Love's  Testament.     By  G.  Constant  Louns- 
bery.     (John  Lane.) — 

How  shall  I  praise  thee,  seeing  thou  art  more 
Than  all  my  singing  or  all  Bong  to  me  ; 
Thou  who  basl  Bid  me  tone  my  lyre  for  thee, 
Though  little  skilled  in  verse,  or  poet's  lore.' 

sings  Mr.  Lounsbery  ;  and  it  is  not  for  the 
critic  to  dispute  the  excellence  of  his  reason 
for  singing.  But  it  is  nowhere  related  that 
he  was  bidden  to  publish  what  he  wrote, 
and  we  cannot  help  thinking  he  would  have 
been  well  advised  had  ho  interpreted  silence 
as  dissuasion  from  such  a  course.  '  Love's 
Testament '  is  a  sonnet  sequence  containing 
sixty-six  sonnets,  divided  into  sections  of 
six,  the  titles  of  which — '  Of  Passion,'  '  Of 
Doubt,'  '  Of  Separation,'  '  Of  Reconciliation,' 
&c. — indicate  that  it  proceeds  on  well-worn 
lines.  Mr.  Lounsbery  has  chosen  the 
Italian  form  of  the  sonnet,  but  were  not  the 
Elizabethans  right  after  all  in  preferring 
the  looser  structure  for  the  sequence  ?  En 
revanche,  he  has  imitated  some  of  Shak- 
speare's  sonnets  with  a  closeness  which  only 
serves  to  reveal  the  great  gulf  fixed  between 
the  original  and  the  copy.  The  sense  is 
frequently  obscured  by  faulty  punctuation  ; 
and  identical  endings,  such  as  "  comradeship" 
and  "  fellowship,"  are  too  often  made  to  do 
duty  for  rhymes.  A  few  of  these  sonnets 
have  merit,  e.g.,  the  sixtieth  and  the  sixty- 
fourth.  The  pity  is  that  they  are  sub- 
merged boneath  a  mass  of  tedious  common- 
place. 

Dramatic  Lyrics.  By  John  Gurdon.  (Elkin 
Mathews.) — Mr.  Gurdon  has  a  command  of 
his  instrument,  a  tunefulness,  and  a  variety 
of  harmony  which  lift  him  at  once  out  of  the 
ruck  of  latter-day  makers  of  verse.  He  has 
imagination  also,  without  which  the  qualities 
just  named  are  but  a  tinkling  cymbal-- 
witness  '  The  Flutes  of  Death,'  perhaps 
the  strongest  and  most  original  piece  in  the 
whole  volume  ;  and  he  has  dramatic  instinct 
—witness  '  The  Lament  of  Phrynichus,'  with 
its  stately  rhythm  culminating  in  the  cry, 
"  Miletus,  ah,  Miletus  !  "  and  '  Mad  Aloys,' 
which  tells  compactly  and  vigorously  a  story 
similar  to  that  of  Keats's  '  Isabella.  Many 
of  these  poems  are,  of  course,  immature  : 
some  in  technique  (for  example,  '  An  Evo- 
cation,' with  its  clever  but  crude  imitation 
of  Swinburne),  others  in  thought  which  is 
either  commonplace  or  extravagant  ;  but 
in  a  few  there  is  that  mating  of  thought  and 
expression  which  is  seen  immediately  to  bo 
indissoluble.  Listen  to  the  first  stanza  of 
'  J  )anse  Macabre  '  : — 


I    till  all 

linn?, 
I  ill  through  heaven  the  moon  and  ran 
tre  following  earth  ■  funeral  , 
U  *  row  t  ana 
\\ail  and  warble,  pine  and  i  rooa  ; 

or  to  thii  from  '  A  Bahamian  Night  ' : — 

Will  the  uind  go  Wooing  BllOthW  I     Hi-  Bight  i-  Mown, 

ill-  ii  leu, 

And  Love  Bias  free  as  the  wind  U)  one  baarl  alone 

In  nil  tin-  world. 
And  then    he  mast  tarrj  foi  erer,  daai  bead,  my  own. 

The  bulk  is  not  great,  but  of  the  quality 
of  such  grain  us  this  there  can  be  no  two 
opinions.  We  hope  that  the  present  volume 
is  the  earnest  of  an  ampler  and  riper  ban 

Wo  have  received  Poems  i>y  T.  > 
Moore,  collected  in  One  Volume  (Duckworth 
it  Co.).  The  six  brown-paper-dad  booklets 
which  are,  or  should  be,  known  to  all  \o\ 
of  good  poetry,  have  already  been  obtainable 
conveniently  packed  in  a  cardboard  case  of 
the  same  sober  hue.  Now  they  have  been 
definitely  gathered  in  a  single  neat  volume, 
and  in  this  form  will,  we  hope,  make  many 
new  friends  as  well  as  renew  old  acquaint- 
ances. 

When  Berni,  in  his  famous  eulogy  of 
Michelangelo,  observed  that,  as  contrasted 
with  the  facile  Pctrarchians  of  his  day,  he 
said  things  while  they  poured  out  words 
only,  he  indicated  at  once  an  advantage  and 
a  drawback  experienced  by  would-be  trans- 
lators of  the  great  artist's  often  crabbed 
rhymes.  The  thought  is  apt  to  be  of  so 
much  more  importance  than  the  garb  in 
which  it  appears  that  a  fairly  faithful 
rendering  can  be  produced  without  the 
anxiety  which  must  always  beset  the  mind  of 
one  who  essays  to  present,  say,  Petrarch's 
poems  to  English  readers — namely,  that 
he  will  never  succeed  in  transferring  to 
another  medium  the  beauty  of  ordered  sounds 
which,  rather  than  any  depth  of  thought, 
gives  them  their  chief  interest.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  must  be  confessed  that,  in  his 
struggles  to  get  his  "things"  said,  Michel- 
angelo is  somewhat  apt  to  "  let  the  sounds," 
and  the  words  with  them,  "  take  care  of 
themselves,"  thus  rendering  the  ascertain- 
ment of  his  meaning  at  times  a  difficult  task. 
Even  Sign  or  Guasti  himself,  in  the  prose 
version  which  he  appends  to  each  poem, 
seems,  if  one  may  venture  to  say  so,  now  and 
then  to  miss  the  precise  meaning  of  some 
obscure  phrase.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  it 
is  not  to  be  wondered  at  if — in  the  forty  years 
that  have  passed  since  Guasti  gave  the  world 
for  the  first  time  the  true  text  of  Michel- 
angelo's poems,  freed  from  the  embellish- 
ments introduced,  with  the  best  intentions 
and  most  disastrous  results,  by  the  author's 
great  -  nephew  —  translators  should  have 
been  rather  shy  of  trying  their  powers  on 
Michelangelo.  Only  two,  we  believe, 
among  English  writers  at  any  rate,  have 
essayed  to  reproduce  the  whole  body  of 
sonnets  :  J.  A.  Symonds  in  the  later  seventies, 
and  now  the  lady  whose  version  is  before  us. 
The  Sonnets  of  Michelangelo  Buonarroti, 
translated  into  English  verse  by  S.  Eliza- 
beth Hall  (Kegan  Paul),  contains  some  very 
creditable  work.  By  sacrificing  the  strict 
form  of  the  sonnet,  and  allowing  herself 
four  rhymes  in  each  pair  of  quatrains,  the 
translator  has  been  able  to  achieve1  more 
literal  renderings  in  some  places  than 
Symonds,  with  his  closer  adherence  to  the 
rules,  succeeded  in  doing.  The  opening 
of  Sonnet  xx.,  "  Quanto  si  gode,"  will 
illustrate  this.      Symonds  has  : — 

What. joy  hath  yon  gold  wreath  of  Mowers  that  is 
Around  her  golden  hair  so  deftly  twined. 

Bach  blossom  pressing  forward  from  behind, 

As  though  to  be  the  first  her  brows  to  kiss  ! 
The  livelong  day  her  dress  hath  perfect  Miss, 
That  now  reveals  her  breast,  now  seems  to  bind  : 
And  that  fair  woven  net  of  gold  refined 
Bests  on  her  cheek  and  throat  in  happiness 


1  knot 


la-  .*  .-*  : 


Miss  1 1  Is: — 

Hon  . 

I 

All  d 

Her  cl  i.im.-i  fiun,  • 

Both  branalaton  appear  to  have  goni 
in    the   fifth    line,    where    "  e    poi    par  ob 
■panda  indicate  the  loo-cr 

flow  of  the  gown  (not  bodice)  below  t) 

but  in  the  lii-t  two  lines,  in  order  to  main' 

his  rhyn  a,  Bymonds  has  been  obi 

not   only   to   introduce    two   otiose    worn 

the  ends  of  the  lines,  but  also  to  shirk  the 
TuBcanism  "  si  domanda,"  and  to  boil  d 

to    one    word    the   emphatic    "  di    toccar 

i i.i-   any   on  .   by  tin-  way,  i 

called    attention    to    the    Cil 
between  this  sonnet  and  a  well-knov 
of  Tennyson's  '.' ) 

The    success    of    Miss    Hall's    exj 

that  the  next  translator  of  Michel- 
angelo will  do  well  to  abandon  altogether 
the  strict  Italian  sonnet-form,  and  try  how  the 
rigorous  Shakspearean  model  will  serve 
the  turn.  It  would  be  no  case  of  forcing  the 
thoughts  into  an  unsuitable  framework,  for 
the  coincidences  of  idea  are  often  almost 
startling. 

The  Sonnets  are  prefaced  with  a  version 
of  Condivi's  '  Life,'  correctly  enough  ren- 
dered, but  rather  wooden,  and  scarcely 
needed  after  the  recent  performance  of  the 
same  task  in  more  adequate  fashion  by  Sir 
Charles  Holroyd.  A  point  is  missed  at  the 
beginning  of  chap,  iii.,  where  "  Buonarroti  " 
in  the  fourth  fine  should  be  "  Buonarroto." 
What  is  meant  is  that  a  certain  Christian 
name  occurred  so  frequently  in  the  family 
that  it  became  at  last  the  established  surna 
The  point  is  of  some  interest,  because  it 
seems  probable  that  Dante  acquired  in  the 
same  way  the  surname  which  he  has  made 
famous.  It  ma}'  perhaps  be  pointed  out 
here  that,  in  the  sonnet  Xon  e  piu  bassa," 
alto  does  not  mean  "  halting." 

Mr.  Mackail  has  achieved  another  instal- 
ment of  his  translation  of  The  Odyssey 
(Murray),  Books  IX.-XVI.  having  now 
appeared.  This  method  of  publication, 
while  doubtless  having  its  advantages  for 
the  author,  causes  a  certain  embarrassment 
to  the  reviewer,  who  having  presumably 
said  on  the  first  portion  all  he  has  to  say  on 
the  general  questions  which  the  work  suggests, 
is  left  in  the  case  of  the  subsequent  ones  to 
take  his  choice  of  three  courses,  none  of  them 
wholly  satisfactory  :  he  may  "  write  accord- 
ing "  to  his  former  remarks,  which  is  dull  ; 
he  may  contradict  them,  a  practice  best  left 
to  the  politician  ;  or  he  may  look  for  small 
blunders,  a  search  not  likely  to  be  very 
remunerative  in  the  case  of  a  workman  so 
careful  as  Mr.  Mackail.  Under  the  first  head 
we  may  say  that  further  experience  does 
nothing  to  diminish  our  conviction  of  the 
inadequacy  of  any  stanza,  the  "Omar" 
stanza  not  least,  to  rentier  the  Homeric 
rhythm.  A  good  deal  of  Omar  would  no 
doubt  go  very  well  into  Greek  hexameters, 
but  the  converse  does  not  follow.  Almost 
the  only  minuter  criticism  that  occurs  to  us 
— apart  from  an  occasional  and  perhaps 
unavoidable  tagging-out  of  a  line,  as  "  That 
was  Tiresias  when  on  earth  was  he  "  to 
represent  the  bare  name  of  the  prophet — is 
that  Circe's  wail  of  amazement  when  she 
finds  that  Ulysses,  so  to  speak,  knows  a 
trick  worth  two  of  hers,  n's  ttoOiv  e<ro-' 
dvSpwv  ;  is  a  little  weakened  by  the  intro- 
duction of  "  and  "  between  the  two  inter- 
rogatives.  One  remembers  the  dramatic 
force  of  Isaac's  "  Who  ?  where  is  he  ?  " 
in  Genesis. 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


665 


For  the  sample  without  which  no  notice 
is  complete  we  may  take  a  few  lines  from 
the  delightful  passage  in  the  thirteenth  book 
where  Ulysses,  waking  bewildered  on  the 
shore  of  his  native  land  and  meeting  Athena 
disguised,  is  instructed  as  to  his  locality  by 
her,  and  proceeds  to  tell  a  string  of  inge- 
nious lies,  to  the  high  approval  of  the 
goddess  : — 

So  said  he ;  and  the  grey-eyed  goddess  bland, 
Athena,  smiled  and  stroked  him  with  her  hand  : 
And  like  a  woman  tall  and  fair  and  skilled 
In  noble  works  before  him  seemed  to  stand. 

And  answering  him  in  winged  words  said  she  : 
"Artful  indeed  and  subtle  would  he  be 
Who,  meeting  you,  in  any  sort  of  guile 
Outdid  you,  even  though  a  God  were  he. 

Hardy  of  heart,  insatiate  of  deceit, 

Full  of  devices  !  so  you  thought  not  meet 

Even  in  your  own  land  to  lay  aside 

Your  treacheries  and  your  words  that  love  to  cheat. 

But  now  no  longer  let  us  talk  thereof, 
Being  both  well  practised  in  the  art  we  love  ; 
Since  you  in  counsel  and  in  tale-telling 
Are  far  away  all  mortal  men  above  ; 

Even  as  I  all  Gods  in  fame  excel 
Of  craft  and  wisdom." 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


The  Earlier  Cambridge  Stationers  and 
Bookbinders  and  the  First  Cambridge  Printer. 
By  George  J.  Gray.  (Bibliographical 
Society.) — In  this  very  interesting  work 
Mr.  Gray  has  collected  all  that  is  known 
of  the  Stationers  to  the  University  to  the 
end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  illus- 
trated with  some  29  plates,  most  of  them 
excellent  copies  of  Cambridge  bindings. 
No  Cambridge  bindings  before  1500  have  been 
certainly  identified,  except  by  the  colouring 
of  their  leather,  and  one  fears  that  there  is 
little  chance  of  any  book  with  distinctive 
stamps  or  rolls  ever  coming  to  light,  as  the 
volumes  bound  for  the  use  of  students  were, 
as  far  as  one  can  tell,  covered  with  unstamped 
leather  over  wooden  boards,  and  the  fine 
books  whose  bindings  were  probably  orna- 
mented, were  all  rebound  in  the  days  of  the 
Georges.  The  sixteenth-century  binders  at 
Cambridge  were  Dutchmen,  and  each  of 
them  had  his  peculiar  rolls  and  stamps. 
Lists  of  books  in  their  bindings,  with  a 
description,  have  been  collected  under  the 
binders'  names.  Considerable  attention  is 
paid  to  the  work  of  John  Siberch,  the  first 
Cambridge  printer,  on  whom  Mr.  Gray  and 
Mr.  Bowes  have  just  ready  an  important 
volume  of  'Bibliographical  Notes,'  with 
many  facsimiles  of  woodcuts  and  other 
ornaments.  The  chief  value  of  the  present 
book  lies  in  the  plates,  by  means  of  which 
any  Cambridge  binding  of  the  period  can 
be  at  once  identified. 

Catalogue  of  Fifteenth-Century  Books  in 
the  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
in  Marsh's  Library,  Dublin,  with  a  Few 
from  other  Collections.  By  T.  K.  Abbott. 
(Dublin,  Hodges,  Figgis  &  Co.  ;  London, 
Longmans  &  Co.) — This  is  a  very  interesting 
and  well-compiled  catalogue  of  the  incunabula 
in  Trinity  and  Marsh's  Library,  Dublin, 
with  a  note  of  some  half-dozen  others  in 
Armagh,  Cashel,  and  the  King's  Inns, 
Dublin.  It  contains  606  numbers,  of  which 
several  are  duplicates  ;  and  out  of  these 
no  fewer  than  72  have  not  been  identified 
by  Dr.  Abbott  as  previously  described. 
The^  Trinity  Library  contains  a  number 
of  French  incunabula  of  great  interest,  and 
some  raro  Spanish  ones.  Some  of  the  French 
books,  however,  should  probably  be  dated 
after  1500  ;  e.g.,  No.  122,  printed  at  Rouen 
by  Laur.  Hostinguo  and  Jamet  Louys  for 
Jac.  le  Eforestier.  Wo  suspect,  too,  that 
several  of  the  quartos  without  place  and  date 
will  turn  out  to  bo  printed  about  1510.     The 


book  is  illustrated  by  eleven  fine  plates, 
several  of  them  coloured.  It  seems  ungrateful 
to  look  a  gift-horse  in  the  mouth,  but  we 
should  have  preferred  to  see  facsimiles  of 
the  unidentified  types  in  the  place  of  the 
very  fine  work  of  Jenson's  illuminator.  Dr. 
Abbott  adds  some  excellent  indexes  :  (1)  in 
chronological  order  ;  (2)  Printers  and  Places  ; 
(3)  Watermarks,  with  printers  using  them  ; 
and  (4)  Former  Owners.  We  commend  the 
example  of  Dr.  Abbott  to  other  librarians, 
especially  to  those  of  Scotland. 

A    Short   Catalogue   of   English   Books   in 
Archbishop  Marsh's  Library,  Dublin,  printed 
before    1641.     By   N.    J.    D.    White.     Cata- 
logues, No.   1.      (Bibliographical  Society.) — 
In  this  new  development  the  Bibliographical 
Society  has  taken  a  further  step   towards 
the  great  object  of  English  bibliography — 
a    complete    catalogue    of    English    books 
printed  to  the  end  of  the  year  1640.     Many 
college  and  cathedral  libraries  possess  collec- 
tions   rich    in    works    of    this    period,    but 
hitherto  there  has  been  little  encouragement 
to  librarians  to  print  catalogues,  in  face  of 
a  certain  loss  on  their  cost  of  production,  and 
the    great    likelihood    that    the   catalogues, 
when  printed,  would  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of    those    likely    to    profit    by    them.     The 
Society    now    contributes    to    the    cost    of 
printing  on  the   one  hand,   and  brings  the 
catalogues,  when  printed,  before  those  best 
able  to  make  use  of  them.     We  hope  that 
this  hint  will  not  be  lost  on  the  librarians 
of  the  three  kingdoms.     Marsh's  Library  is 
a  pleasant  little  corner  of  the  late  seventeenth 
century     preserved     in     twentieth  -  century 
Dublin,   and  was  for  nearly   150  years  the 
only  really  public  library  in  the  city.     It 
contains   now   about    22,000   printed   books 
and  200  MSS.,  including  some  Celtic  works 
of    great    interest.     The    present    catalogue 
contains  about  1,350  titles,  of  which  a  number 
are  not  in  the  British  Museum — among  them 
several  Oxford-printed  and  Scottish-printed 
books,    some   of   the  latter   new   to   biblio- 
graphers.    We    note     a     book    in    French 
printed  by  Field  in  1600,  a  number  of  new 
arithmetical  books,   some  very  rare  books 
of    travels,    one    with    Humphrey    Dyson's 
book-label,  and  a  great  collection  of  visita- 
tion articles  under  the  names  of  the  various 
dioceses.     Holland's     '  Monuments     of     St. 
Paul's'      (1614),      Breton's      '  Melancholike 
Humours  '  (1600),  Harpesfeld's  'Concio,'  and 
others  are  also  rare.     The  broadside  cata- 
logued under  Elizabeth  is  not  a  proclamation, 
and  should  not  have  been  entered  as  one. 
One  or  two  unusual  forms  of  title  are  adopted : 
it  should  be    Duck,  not  Ducks  ;    Fitzsimon, 
not  Fitzsmon,  &c. 

Hand- Lists  of  English  Printers,  1501- 
1566.  Part  III.  By  E.  G.  Duff  and  others. 
(Bibliographical  Society.) — Of  these  biblio- 
graphies of  English  printers  the  most  im- 
portant are  those  of  Thomas  Berthelet 
(1528-54),  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Greg,  and  Richard 
Grafton  (1539-66),  by  Mr.  R,  B.  McKerrow. 
Both  were  King's  Printers,  Berthelet  losing 
his  position  on  the  death  of  Henry  VIII., 
as  his  patent  expired,  and  Grafton  already 
holding  the  patent  of  printer  to  Edward 
while  he  was  Prince  of  Wales.  Mr.  Greg 
finds  himself  faced  with  the  problem  of  a 
large  number  of  undated  books,  and  has 
grappled  with  it  very  successfully  on  the 
whole.  An  important  dividing  point  in 
Henry  V1IT.  books  is  fixed  by  the  proclama- 
tion of  November  10th,  1538,  which  forbade 
the  use  of  the  words  "  Cum  privilegio  "  or 
"  Cum  privilegio  regali "  unless  with  the 
words  "iid  imprimendum  solum"  added  to 
them.  Tho  effect  of  the  lieenco  or  pri\  i 
lege  was  also  to  be  appended  bo  books. 
Mr.  Greg  has  omitted  the  large  number  of 


proclamations  and  broadside  Acts  printed 
as  proclamations  which  we  know  from 
Berthelet's  bills  to  have  existed.  It  is 
almost  certain  that  all  the  Acts  of  Henry's 
reign  were  printed  as  broadsides.  The 
"  proclamation  of  naughty  books,  26  Feb., 
1538,"  is  probably  some  error  for  the  "  pro- 
clamation of  rites,  16  Nov.,"  the  Herbert 
proclamation  of  February  26th  being  that 
of  "  customs,"  not  "  custom."  The  two 
of  December  18th,  1543,  are  identical,  and 
that  of  February,  1543,  is  an  error  of 
Herbert's  in  dating  (1534).  That  of  May  22, 
1544,  is  not  known  in  print.  "  Celebs  the 
philosopher "  is  of  course  Cebes  (p.  18). 
The  unique  copy  of  the  1534  '  Instructions 
for  the  Lord  Deputy  of  Ireland,'  in  the 
Public  Record  Office,  is  not  noted.  In 
the  Grafton  list  a  proclamation  of  Septem- 
ber 9th-llth,  1551,  against  melting  coin,  at 
Haigh,  is  omitted.  The  proclamation  of 
July  22nd,  1541,  is  surely  Herbert's  mistake 
for  Berthelet.  Those  of  June  1st,  1548, 
September  23rd,  1548,  and  February  14th, 
1552,  are  in  the  library  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  though  they  do  not  appear  in 
the  volume  of  facsimiles.  The  problems 
connected  with  the  Injunctions  of  1547  and 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  are  almost 
insuperable.  Hardly  two  copies  are  alike, 
and,  as  Mr.  McKerrow  supposes,  a  constant 
renewal  of  sheets  must  have  been  going  on, 
rather  than  an  issue  of  entirely  fresh  editions. 
Add  to  this  that  probably  half  a  dozen 
presses  were  at  work,  and  all  the  elements 
of  a  bibliographical  puzzle  are  prepared. 

Another  interesting  bibliography  is  that 
of  Reginald  Wolfe,  the  Puritan  printer,  com- 
piled by  Mr.  Pollard,  who  is  also  responsible 
for  articles  on  Richard  Lant,  Richard  Rele, 
William  Middleton,  Thos.  Raynalde,  John 
Mayler,  James  Nycholson,  Thomas  Gibson, 
and  John  Herford. 

A  Century  of  the  English  Book  Trade  : 
Short  Notices  of  all  Printers,  Stationers,  Book- 
binders, and  others  connected  with  it  from  the 
Issue  of  the  first  Dated  Book  in  1457  to  the 
Incorporation  of  the  Company  of  Stationers 
in  1557.  By  E.  Gordon  Duff.  (Biblio- 
graphical Society.) — The  publication  of  this 
book  is  not  the  least  of  Mr.  Gordon  Duff's 
services  to  bibliography,  great  as  they  have 
been.  His  facts  are  always  trustworthy,  and 
the  deductions  from  them  to  be  carefully 
taken  into  account,  even  if  they  are  not 
accepted  blindfold  on  his  authority.  An 
interesting  list  of  London  signs  of  early 
booksellers  and  printers  is  added.  We  have 
noted  above  that  we  do  not  agree  with  Mr. 
Duff's  view  as  to  the  King's  Printer's  patent. 
If  a  man  is  appointed  printer  to  the  king 
without  limit,  his  patent  expires  with  the 
king's  death.  All  the  patents  after  Mary 
were  for  a  term  of  years,  thus  obviating  the 
likelihood  of  any  hiatus  in  the  succession. 
This  valuable  work  will  be  of  the  greatest 
use  to  all  engaged  in  early  English  biblio- 
graphy or  interested  in  early  English  books. 

Livraison  8  of  U Art  Typographiquc  dans 
les  Pays  Bas  (1500-1540)  has  been  issued 
to  the  subscribers.  It  contains  some  very 
fine  woodcuts  from  Van  der  Noot's  press  at 
Brussels;  an  interesting  set  of  reproduc- 
tions from  Gauter  of  Gouda,  with  an  armorial 
device  ;  and  a  page  from  Naehte^al  of 
Schiedam,  with  a  magnificent  block  from 
the  '  Camp  van  der  doot,'  1503.  There  are 
six  sheets  of  Antwerp  printers.      One  seems 

to  note  that  when  they  printed  in  French 
they  used  type  of  French  origin.  As  but 
200  copies  are  issued,  and  the  work  is  sold 
only  to  Subscribers,  we  would  call  the  atten- 
tion of  libraries  to  tins  indispensable  supple- 
ment to  Holtrop's  '  Monuments  Typo- 
graphiques.' 


oo<; 


THE     ATHKNiEUM 


NM101,  .1.  nj.  |,  1006 


HEBREW    8CHOL  IRSHIP. 

77     . /•        '    !  tia.     Vol.  XL  iStttn- 

fcm     Tdlnml  Hakatn.     (Funk  A    Wagnalte.) 

the  ii.w  Volume  of  this  encyclopedia  is 
n..t  behind  its  predeci  ota  In  usefulness 
and  greal  \iuiet v  of  interesting  information. 
Among  the  articles  contributed  by  tat. 
Joseph  Jacobs  are  (huso  on  '  Spinoza,' 
'  Spam.'  and  '  Statistics.'      The  aeeount  here 

given  of  Spinoza  and  his  philosophy  is  com- 
prehensive   enough,     though    kept    within 

judicious     limits;      and     the     illustrations — 

including  a  coloured  reproduction  (as  frontis- 
piece) <>f    the   philosopher's   portrait  in  the 

n  issession  of  the  hlfrn.  Mayer  Sulzberger,  of 
Philadelphia,  an  account  Dl  which  was  given 
in  The  Athenaeum  for  September  Kith  last 

add  a  Special  charm  to  the  contribution. 
Mr.  Jacobs  should  not,  however,  have  trans- 
lated, on  p.  ")l",  col.  2,  tmnsiens,  used  by 
Spinoza  as  the  opposite  of  immanens,  by 
"'  transient,"  which  is  an  Opposite  of  "  per- 
manent." We  need  hardly  stop  to  explain 
why  the  usually  adopted  rendering,  "  tran- 
scendent "  or  "  transcendental,"  is  correct, 
though  not  literal.  In  the  long  article  on 
Sixain  Mr.  Jacobs  has  taken  much  trouble  to 
give  full  information  on  the  many  vicissitudes 
of  the  Jews  in  that  peninsula.  The  paper  on 
*  Statistics  '  deals  with  the  distribution  of  the 
Jewish  population  over  different  parts  of 
the  globe.  The  entire  number  of  Jews  at  a 
point  of  time  within  the  last  few  years  is 
given  as  11,273,070.  Of  these  8,977,581  are 
assigned  to  Europe,  with  3,872,025  in  Russia, 
and  250,000  in  the  British  Isles. 

Among  the  Biblical  subjects  falling  within 
the  compass  of  the  volume  are  '  Samuel,' 
1  Solomon,'  and  '  Saul  of  Tarsus.'  The  last- 
named  article  is  from  the  pen  of  Prof. 
Kaufmann  Kohler,  who  has  made  a  special 
study  of  Christianity  in  its  relation  to 
Judaism.  His  view  of  the  apostle  will  no 
doubt  be  regarded  by  many  as  far  too 
severe.  Mr.  Israel  Levi,  of  Paris,  con- 
tributes an  article  on  Sirach,  dealing,  of 
course,  very  largely  with  the  much-contro- 
verted Hebrew  text  of  Ecclesiasticus.  Among 
the  biographies  that  of  the  pseudo-Messiah 
Shabbathai  Zebi  (1626-76)  is  the  most 
curious.  In  one  of  its  aspects  the  history  of 
this  mystic  represents  a  phase  of  seventeenth- 
century  Zionism.  The  mystical  side  of  the 
subject  reminds  us  of  the  useful  paper  on 
'  Sufism  '  by  M.  Isaac  Broydy,  a  member  of 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia,' 
who  has  done  well  to  draw  a  parallel  between 
Persian  and  Jewish  mysticism.  The  subject 
deserves  further  investigation.  The  volume, 
of  course,  abounds  in  matters  relating  to 
Rabbinical  lore,  mediaeval  and  modern  bio- 
graphies, and  geographical  subjects.  It  would 
not  be  difficult  to  point  out  shortcomings  of 
various  kinds  ;  but  the  work  as  a  whole  is 
very  creditable  and  scholarly. 

About  Hebrew  Manuscripts.  By  Elkan 
Nathan  Adler.  (Frowde.) — Mr.  Adler  has 
done  well  to  reprint  the  essays  contained 
in  this  volume.  By  '  Some  Missing  Chapters 
of  Ben  Sira,'  with  which  the  book  opens, 
the  controversy  regarding  the  original 
Hebrew  text  of  Ecclesiasticus  is  recalled  to 
our  memory.  The  paper  entitled  '  Prof. 
Blau  on  the  Bible  as  a  Book  '  is  a  summary 
by  Mr.  Adler  of  an  important  work  in  Ger- 
man which  was  published  in  1902.  The 
'  Letter  of  Menasseh  ben  Israel,'  which  was 
written  in  1648,  and  is  here  given  in  the 
original  Spanish,  with  an  English  transla- 
tion, treats  on  chronology,  and  contains  at 
the  end  a  number  of  autobiographical 
details.  Special  mention  should  also  be 
made  of  'The  Humours  of  Hebrew  MSS.' 
and    '  Tho    Romance    of    Hebrew    Printing.' 


Mr.     Viler    i-    a    BSSJoOl    and    \<i  fal 

collector  of    Hebrew    mss.,   nnd   h<-   m 

•  iiimri    oil   the   treasure,   m   his   posHession. 
Much    of    his    work    i   .    of   cour-e,    tentative; 

but  In'  at  the  Mkne  time  provides  very  useful 

material  for  further  study.  Besides  the 
facsimiles  of  the  lb-brew  IVn  Sira  nnd  the 
conclusion  of  Menasseh  hen  Israel's  letter. 
Mr.  Adler  _i\e-  a  photographic  reproduction 

of  the  same  author's  printed  cougratulat  ory 
address  to  Queen  Henrietta  .Maria  of  Eng' 
[and.      Students    will    be    grateful    for    I'rot. 

Bacher's  '  Zur   iiidisch  -  persischen    Littera- 

tur,'  which  concludes  the  volume  and  gives 
an  excellent  account  of  Hebrew  -\'< -r-ian 
MSS.  in  tho  possession  of  Mr.  Adler. 

WhistOtCs  Josephus.  Kdited  by  I).  S. 
Margoliouth.  (Koutledge  &  Sons.) — We 
know  from  recent  experience  that  the 
Jewish  historian  may  with  profit  be  read 
in  schools.  His  work  is  now  available 
in  a  handy  form.  Dr.  Margoliouth  comes 
to  our  aid  with  a  well-edited  issue  of 
all  Josephus  at  the  reasonable  price  of  five 
shillings.  His  editing  consists  chiefly  of  a 
collation  of  Winston's  translation  with 
Xiese  and  Von  Destinon's  Greek  text,  the 
more  serious  discrepancies  between  text  and 
English  version  being  rectified.  In  an  Intro- 
duction and  some  few  notes  the  editor 
summarizes 

"the  results  of  recent  research  on  the  works  of 
Josephus  and  those  passages  in  them  which  attract 
most  readers'  attention,  with  references  to  the 
monographs  in  which  each  question  is  discussed." 

Winston's  notes  are  omitted.  There  is  a 
reasonable  index  to  the  volume. 

The  editor's  Introduction  is  decidedly 
piquant.  He  seems  to  treat  his  author 
in  exactly  the  right  vein,  now  genially 
discounting  his  marvellous  exploits,  now 
politely  doubting  his  veracity  while  enjoying 
his  romance.  Thus  (p.  xi),  brought  before 
Vespasian,  Josephus  declared  that  he  had 
some  "  private  information  from  heaven  for 
the  general's  ear,  which  was  that  Vespasian 
and  his  son  Titus,  then  present,  were  to  be 
emperors."  How  was  it  that  the  prophet 
did  not  also  know  that  Vespasian's  other 
son,  Domitian,  would  be  emperor  too  ? 

"  The  answer  appears  to  be  that  during  the  joint 
reign  of  Vespasian  and  Titus  no  one  knew  that 
Domitian  would  succeed  ;  and  since  in  the  year  07 
a  message  from  Josephus  to  Vespasian  telling  him 
he  would  be  Roman  emperor  would  have  been  as 
hazardous  as  one  (say)  from  (ieneral  Cronje  to 
Field-Marshal  Lord  Roberts  telling  him  he  would 
bo  King  of  England,  this  story  may  be  dismissed, 
though  repeated  (not  without  considerable  varia- 
tions) by  some  pagan  historians  never  indisposed 
to  recount  marvels." 

This  rich  vein  of  amused  sarcasm  crops  out 
here  and  there  through  the  Introduction. 
Indeed,  we  incline  to  think  that  Dr.  Mar- 
goliouth sometimes  sails  a  point  too  near 
the  wind  in  his  frolicsome  little  craft,  though 
it  must  be  owned  there  are  few  tacks  in  which 
her  sprightliness  does  not  raise  a  smile  in 
the  spectator.  We  doubt  whether  this 
caustic  humour  will  not  rather  puzzle  than 
edify  a  large  section  of  his  probable  readers. 
We  do  not  think  it  desirable  that  any  modern 
reader  should  bo  allowed  to  hug  Scaliger's 
belief  that  Josephus  "  could  more  safely  be 
trusted  than  any  pagan  historian."  How 
was  it  the  arch-critic  allowed  himself  this 
solecism  ?  We  have  lived  since  Peter 
Brinch,  who  first  exposed  a  goodly  crop  of 
Josephus's  errors  and  inconsistencies  in  1699. 
and  sinco  whose  days,  with  the  constant 
growth  of  critical  method,  tho  credit  of 
Josephus  has  steadily  fallen.  Though  our 
editor  by  no  means  withholds  from  his 
author  what  he  may  justly  claim,  he  belongs 
to  the  line  of  Brinch  and  his  successors. 
Among  the  topics  dealt  with  in  the  notes  is 


the     ti      tlli.ollV     Ot     Jo-ophu».     to     Je-iOS     <    hfi-t. 
The     |>l\ot      ot      tin'     Kllbjeet      i*      the     BMN 

'  Ant..     .Will.    in.    :t.    cited    bj     I. 

and  found  in  «ll  Greek  and   Latin  MSS.  of 

Josephus.         The   literature   of   the    | 

extensive  to  disouss  here.     On  the  q 

whether    the    whole    or    part     ot     tic      | 
is  a   fabrication    Dr.    liargotiouth   BtSVl 

opinions  of  the  latest  and  most  authoritative 
writers,  like  Vfu 

Das  Viet  Jehovahs:    tin  huUur)     I         her 
Essay.      Von     Ernst     Hetibrofin.      (Berlin, 

Kciiner. )—  This    i-    an    ii  I  g    and    well- 

written  little  book,  combining  a  eonsfti 
amount    of    scholarship    with     much     poetic 
feeling.       The     chupter     on      the      fauna      of 

rale-tin.-    is    based    an     Prof.     Homo 
'  Namen  der    Saugetiere  bn  i  den    Budsemi- 

tischen  Volkern."  Among  the  other  mat  | 
dealt  with  are  "  clean  and  unclean  animal-  " 
(omit ting  the  question  of  tot  e> i ii-ni),  "animals* 
in  fable,"  "  vampires,"  and  "  po<  tic  ftimil* 
The  entire  subject  is  very  interesting,  and 
deserving  of  fuller  treatment.  We  should 
more  particularly  like  to  see  an  exhaustive 
work  on  the  cult  of  animals  among  diverse 
races.  Egypt  would,  of  course,  come  much 
to  the  fore. 


SHORT    OTORIES. 


Blazed  Trail  Stories.  Bv  Stewart  Edward 
White.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.)— The  forest 
lands  of  North  America  represent  the 
extensive  field  with  which  Mr.  White  has 
chosen  to  concern  himself  as  a  writer  of 
fiction  ;  and  the  forest  workers — lumber- 
men, hunters,  and  trappers — are  his  cha- 
racters. His  choice  is  wise,  for  we  gather 
that  he  was  almost  born  a  student  of  the 
forest.  It  is  more  familiar  to  him  than 
their  streets  are  to  townsmen,  and  the 
blazed  trail  is  both  highway  and  signpost 
for  him.  The  Michigan  timber-lands  have 
furnished  material  and  to  spare  for  this 
baker's  dozen  of  tales  ;  we  find  the  half- 
wild  men  of  the  lumber  camps  at  work  and 
at  play,  in  all  their  primitive  simplicity. 
Here  and  there  we  are  shown  aspects  of  their 
life  in  snow-bound  solitudes,  in  which  they 
are  very  closely  akin  to  the  wolves  and 
other  savage  creatures  that  patrol  the  wilds 
between  them  and  the  nearest  haunts  of 
other  men.  Again,  there  are  pictures  of 
those  simple  kinds  of  heroism,  of  passionate 
devotion  to  duty,  and  of  ungrudging,  matter- 
of-course  self-sacrifice  which  serve  to  divide 
the  human  from  the  brute  creation.  Mr. 
White  does  his  work  well  and  impressively, 
and  presents  notable  character-sketches — 
the  riverman,  the  scaler,  the  foreman,  the 
prospector,  among  others. 

Red  Records.  By  Alice  Pen-in.  (Cbatto 
A  Windus.) — Mrs.  Perrin  began  with  a  book 
called 'East  of  Suez,' which,  though  entirely 
an  echo  of  Mr.  Kipling,  by  n.O  means  lacked 
interest  and  vigour.  In  two  other  volumes 
she  has  shown  ability  to  think  and  observe 
for  herself,  where  the  people  of  the  Anglo- 
Indian  world  are  concerned;  and  here  %<•> 
have  further  evidence  of  the  same  gift,  lv 
may  well  bo  that  if  we  had  never  had  '  Plain 
Tales  from  the  Hills  '  there  would  have  been 
no  '  Bed  Records,"  but  it  is  none  the  less 
true  that  we  have  here  perfectly  genuine 
observation  and  a  number  of  independently 
Conceived  situations  ;  while  in  the  matter 
of  diction  Mrs.  renin  has  made  considerable 
advance.  In  writings  dealing  with  the  natives 
of  India  (and  most  of  these  stories  are  eon- 
corned  with  natives  and  their  relations  with 
the  sahib-log)  it  is  perhaps  natural  that 
destiny  should  play  a  prominent  part.  But 
this     volume     suffers     somewhat     from     its 


N°  4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


667 


author's  insistence  upon  the  fatalistic  element. 
It  shuts  out  the  unexpected,  and  wearies  the 
reader  a  little,  by  reason  of  its  hopelessness 
and  lack  of  relief.  Life  is  much  less  logical 
and  more  varied  than  it  appears  in  most  of 
these  stories.  Mrs.  Perrin  has  a  genuine 
dramatic  gift,  which  is  worth  cultivating. 

Parson  Brand,  and  other  Voyagers'  Tales. 
By  L.  Cope  Cornford.  (E.  Grant  Richards.) 
— Mr.  Cornford  has  a  strong  and  nervous 
style,  and  he  looks,  for  choice,  upon  the 
sterner  side  of  life.  The  present  collection 
of  stories  (some  of  them  magazine  reprints) 
sufficiently  testifies  to  his  bent  and  ability. 
Another  characteristic  is  his  strongly  anti- 
clerical bias,  also  exhibited  in  most  of  these 
tales  of  adventure.  Parson  Brand  himself 
is  a  savage  old  sea-dog  and  slaver,  who  in 
the  year  1759  finds  a  bishop  to  ordain  him 
to  the  exercise  of  functions  which  he  regards 
as  akin  to  those  of  a  skipper,  with  a  code  of 
the  strictest  sort  to  be  administered.  He 
compels  his  son  Martin  to  the  same  profession, 
and  on  that  young  man  preferring  love- 
making  to  theology,  combines  with  the 
lady's  father  to  have  him  pressed  for  the 
navy.  One  of  the  best  things  in  the  book 
is  the  way  in  which  the  lieutenant  of  the 
press-gang  turns  the  tables  on  the  elegant 
conspirator  Sir  Anthony  Vaughan,  the  father 
of  Sabrina,  the  lady  in  question.  Hard  as 
he  is,  there  is  much  that  is  pathetic  in  the 
Parson's  inarticulate  tenderness,  and  his 
son's  recognition  is  complete  when  a  terrible 
vengeance  for  a  terrible  deed  strikes  down 
the  most  remarkable  of  fathers.  '  The  Man 
from  Helgoland,'  '  King  Alfred's  Mariner 
Othere,'  and  '  The  Luck  of  Lindisfarne '  are 
good  stories,  involving  cynicism  at  the  ex- 
pense of  Saxon  monks.  '  The  Apostle  of 
Port  Royal  '  indicates  that  the  casual 
preacher  who  wrought  so  remarkable  an 
•effect  on  the  life  of  the  young  Mere  Angelique 
had  really  come  on  his  own  errand  to  steal 
the  pyx — surely  an  excess  of  secularist 
humour.  Other  stories  have  varying  merits, 
but  all  are  well  written,  with  an  acrid  flavour 
whicli  will  be  variously  esteemed.  Next  to 
a  priest,  the  writer  seems  to  hate  a  negro. 

Simple  Annals.  By  M.  E.  Francis. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) — We  are  rather  dis- 
appointed with  this  vohime  of  short  stories 
by  Mis.  Francis  Blundell  :  none  of  them 
reaches  the  high  level  which  the  best  of 
'  Dorset  Dear  '  attained,  though  '  Madame 
Felicien  '  and  '  The  Breadwinner  '  are  pretty 
and  effectively  told.  The  scene  is  not  con- 
fined to  Dorset  :  there  are  several  talcs  of 
Lancashire  life,  and  one  takes  us  to  Ireland  ; 
but  somehow  the  humour  and  the  sympathy 
with  country  folk  seem  less  spontaneous, 
the  characterization  more  vague,  and  the 
simplicity  more  laboured  The  author  has 
been  so  successful  in  the  past  in  this  style — 
notably  in  4  The  Manor  Farm  ' — that  we 
should  much  regret  to  think  that  she  was 
content  with  a  lower  standard  ;  yet  none 
can  know  better  than  she  docs  how  diffi- 
cult a  task  she  is  setting  herself  to  strike 
the  right  note  of  pathos  and  simplicity  in 
these  talcs  of  the  country-side. 

An  IJiJulii  Person.  By  Ella  Macmahon. 
(Chapman  <fe  Hall.) — The  first  and  longest 
<rf  fourteen  stories  gives  its  name  to  this 
volume.  The  motive?  of  '  An  Elderly  Person' 
uel.  though  the  treatment  is  not  unkind. 
Bui   here  motive  outweighs  treatment,  and 

impression    left   on    the   mind    would    be 
deep    silliness,    were    the    thing    only    a   little 

more   delicately   conceived   and   cunningly 

framed.  As  it  stands,  it  misses  the  in- 
tolerable note  sometimes  struck  in  modern 
-ton...  A  Variety  <>f  sentiments  is  more 
or  lesH  successfully  introduced  into  the 
other  stories.     A  greater  lefUBfl  of  proportion 


and  fewer  touches  of  the  obvious  would  have 
been  beneficial. 

In  Around  the  Camp  Fire,  by  Charles 
G.  D.  Roberts  (Harrap  &  Co.),  we  have 
half  a  dozen  characters,  including  the 
narrator — American  hunters  all,  and  lovers 
of  camp  life.  Their  garrulity  is  marvellous 
— only  less  so,  indeed,  than  the  fertility  of 
Mr.  Roberts's  imagination.  The  six  men 
tell  hunters'  stories  one  to  another,  with 
never  a  break,  through  more  than  three 
hundred  pages.  There  are  close  upon  fifty 
stories  in  all,  and  each  one  describes  a  sepa- 
rate and  generally  dramatic  incident.  The 
average  story-writer  would  be  moved  almost 
to  tears  by  contemplation  of  Mr.  Roberts's 
prodigality  ;  for  here  is  material  which 
might  easily  have  been  made  to  fill  ten 
volumes.  Naturally,  perhaps,  the  tales  are 
not  distinguished  by  any  particular  literary 
merit  ;  but,  where  an  author  has  been  so 
generous  (so  recklessly  generous,  one  might 
say)  with  his  incident,  it  seems  ungracious 
to  quarrel  with  the  guise  in  which  he  presents 
it.  These  hunters'  yarns  are  all  exciting 
and  plausible,  while  their  scope  is  almost 
as  wide  as  the  continent  in  which  their 
scenes  are  laid.  But  we  know  from  Mr. 
Roberts's  past  work  that  with  more  care  he 
could  do  better. 

Stories  of  Red  Hanrahan.  By  William 
Butler  Yeats.  (Dundrum,  Dun  Eraer  Press.) 
— This  little  volume,  with  the  other  produc- 
tions of  the  Dun  Emer  Press,  has  great  claims 
on  the  public,  as  being  one  of  the  pioneers 
in  the  attempt  to  bring  Ireland  into  rank 
with  the  modern  movements  of  art.  It  is 
an  attempt  to  perpetuate  the  new  ideals  of 
fine  printing.  These  books  are  printed  on  a 
specially  made  Irish  paper  of  good  quality, 
the  presswork  is  very  satisfactory,  and  the 
type  is  good.  If  we  might  advise  the  Press, 
it  would  be  to  be  more  careful  as  to  "  register." 
In  first-class  work  any  pages  not  in  perfect 
register  should  be  ruthlessly  thrown  on  one 
side.  The  red  is  rather  unsatisfactory.  The 
woodcut  of  the  four  suits  is  good. 

We  should  have  been  glad  to  write  at 
length  of  the  subject-matter  of  the  book,  in 
which,  it  appears  to  us,  Mr.  Yeats  lias 
touched  his  highest  point  as  a  prose  writer. 
Several  of  the  stories  are  familiar  to  readers 
of  '  The  Secret  Rose,'  but  in  rewriting  them 
for  the  purpose  of  tlvs  book  he  has  attained 
a  noble  simplicity  and  directness  which  the 
overwTOught  ornament  of  that  book  made 
impossible.  It  is  this  simplicity  of  diction 
which  has  exalted  '  Hanrahan's  Vision  ' 
from  a  fine  rhetorical  exercise  to  a  little 
masterpiece  of  the  romantic  spirit.  If 
Mr.  Yeats  had  never  published  a  line  of 
verse,  he  might  rest  a  claim  to  immortality 
on  these  '  Stories  of  Red  Hanrahan.' 

The  Sign  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  By  David 
Lyall.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — This  is  a 
collection  of  blameless  little  tales  of  pious 
Dissenting  folk  in  the  region  of  Canonbury — 
drab  in  colouring,  as  befits  the  atmosphere, 
and  exempt  from  the  note  of  aggressive 
Nonconformity.  Miss  Bothia  is  a  loving 
and  charitable  old  maid,  who  acts  the  part 
of  a  petty  providence  to  all  sorts  and  con- 
ditions of  neighbours.  How  she  softens  and 
subdues  the  buckram  self-sufficiency  of  Mr. 

Tredgold,  the  retired  tradesman  and  small 

landlord,  is  well  told,  and  the  exploit  results 
in  a  tenderness  in  her  gentle  heart  that  adds 
pathetic  grace  to  her  easy  death,  which 
concludes  the  volume.  As  to  characteriza- 
tion, it  is  obvious  that  the  writer  can  detect 
individuality  even  in  the  most  eommonplu(  < 
of  classes;  and  <  ho  lights  and  shades  are 
gently  graduated,  the  domestic  "general" 
pro\iding  most  of  the  originality. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Few  writers  of  modern  fiction  can  have 
received  such  a  tribute  to  their  importance 
and  popularity  as  is  implied  in  the  issue  of 
an  edition  de  luxe  of  their  work  while  it  is 
still  a  new  book  in  its  ordinary  form.  Messrs. 
Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  have  just  sent  us  Fen- 
wick's  Career  in  two  volumes,  beautifully 
printed  in  clear  type  on  luxurious  paper. 
The  edition  is  limited  to  250  copies,  and  Mr. 
Sterner's  remarkable  drawings  fully  deserve 
the  honour  of  being  printed  on  Japanese 
vellum.  He  has  the  rarest  of  appreciations, 
praise  from  the  author.  On  May  12th  we 
gave  a  long  notice  of  the  book.  We  need 
now  only  repeat  our  verdict  that  it  is 
"  thoroughly  enjoyable,"  and  that  it  deserves 
the  careful  and  leisurely  reading  which  its 
latest  form  suggests. 

The  Clarendon  Press  publish  The  King's 
English,  a  book  less  amusing  than  a  similar 
publication  of  the  late  reign,  but  one  which 
we  think  useful.  No  difficulty  would  be 
found,  we  imagine,  by  the  press  reader  of  The 
Athenosum  in  discovering  points  where  he 
and  many  skilled  specialists  might  differ 
from  the  compilers.  It  would  be  easy  for 
others  to  turn  them  into  ridicule,  for  tastes 
differ,  and  their  own  style  may  not  be  without 
blemish.  We  fancy  we  detect  an  unusual 
number  of  intensive  and  unnecessary '  'qui  tes.' ' 
We  are,  howTever,  grateful  to  all  who  take 
up  the  subject,  and  the  compilers  of  this 
volume  have  displayed  an  industry  whicli 
is  commendable.  Although  accused  by 
some  of  pedantry  and  by  others  of  mistakes, 
they  will  obtain  a  general  assent  for  most 
of  their  conclusions.  It  is,  on  the  surface, 
inconvenient  that  they  should  draw  a 
great  majority  of  their  examples  of  sup- 
posed error  from  a  limited  number  of 
sources,  and  those  somewhat  oddly  chosen. 
The  Times  figures  on  every  page,  but  no 
attempt  has  been  made  to  distinguish 
between  sentences  for  which  the  editors 
of  The  Times  are  responsible  and  phrases 
used  in  letters  in  circumstances  which 
forbade  interference  by  an  editor.  Mr. 
Morley  and  Mr.  Bryce  are  scarcely  treated 
with  Respect  when  placed  alongside  of 
Dickens,  Mr.  Kipling,  and  other  writers 
who,  for  one  reason  or  another,  are  not  set 
up  to  the  world  as  stylists.  Among  those 
roughly  handled  is  J.  R.  Green.  The 
writers  are  not  without  a  sense  of  humour, 
though  it  does  not  cause  every  page  to 
sparkle.  An  attempt  by  a  critic  to  consider, 
at  one  time,  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  Charles  Elton. 
Prof.  Bradley,  and  Prof.  Campbell  as  Shak- 
spearean  scholars,  while  the  title  of  one  of 
the  four  books  quoted  involves  the  drama 
of  the  two  greatest  Greeks,  leads  to  the 
following  remark  : — 

"  The  writer  has  thoroughly  puzzled  himself. 
He  cannot  call  Shakespeare  Shakespeare,  because 
there  is  ft  Shakespeare  just  before;  he  cannot  call 
him  he,  because  six  other  persona  in  the  sentence 
have  claims  upon  he  :  and  lie  ought  not  to  call  him 
th  dramatist,  because  Aeschylus  and  Sophocles 
were  dramatists  too.  We  know,  of  oourse,  which 
dramatist  is  meant,  just  as  we  should  have  known 
which  hi  was  meant  ;  but  the  appropriation  is 
awkward  in  either  ease.  77c  dramatist  is  no 
doubt  the  best  thing  Under  the  circumstances; 
hut  when  matters  are  brought  to  such  a  pass  that. 
we  can  neither  call  a  man  by  his  own  name,  nor 
use  a  pjPonoUB,  nor  identify  him  by  means  of  his 
profession,  it  is  time  to  remodel  the  sentence. 

The  split  Infinitive  is  not  forced  upon  our 
attention,  and  we  agree  that  it 
"has  taken  such  hold  upon  the  consciences  of 
journalists  that,  instead  of  warning  the  no\ 
against  splitting  his  inliintives,  we  must  warn 
him  against  the  curious  superstition  that  the 
Bplitting    or     not     Splitting     makes     the    ihtlerenCO 

)«etwe«'ii  a  good  and  a  bad  writer." 


Til  E     AT1I  KNM1UM 


N    *  1  "1 ,  Juice  2,  1906 


I  [Ml        Ol  '  't    li.i  \  i-    I  •<  •  1 1    ij'li  •!  ■  I  I 

from  our  two  |p  relists. 

The  i  Me  <  t   "  will "  and  "  --hall  "  i 
upon   which  we  have  been  driven  to  dwell 
in    oui    aotioci    of    many    Australian    and 
American  books.     Scotch  and   [nab.  writer* 
generally     conform     to     English     practice, 

although  in  Bpeech  the  Scutch  and  llisli 
are  offenders  upon  this  point.       In   Australia 

tin-  oonfuaion,  aa  we  think  it.  has  become 
complete,  and  is  now  recognized  by  altera- 
tion from  tin-  correct  or  English  fashion  to 
tlial  which  we  think  incorrect,  in  the  speeches 
of  accomplished  orators  when  recorded  in 
the  pages  of  the  official  "  Hansards."  Our 
authors  rightly  preface  the  rules  which  thej 
Btato  al  Length  by  the  following  remark  :  — 

"  It   i-  unfortunate  t  li.it  the  idiomatic  use,  while 

it  oomea  by  nature  to  southern  Englishmen  (who 

will   find  most  of  this  section  superfluous),  is  bo 

OOmpUoated  that  those  who  are  not  to  the  manner 
bom    can    hardly    acquire    it  ;    and    for   them    the 

m  is  in  danger  ox  being  useless." 
Quotations  of  error  from   Admiral   Mahan, 
from    Mr.    W.    B.    Yeats,    and     from     Oscar 
Wilde  are  subject  to  our  caution  as  to  Irish 
and  American  laxity  upon  this  question. 

Other  passages  which  are  redeemed  by 
humour  are  worth  quotation,  e.g., 
"  When  the  advert iseincnt  columns  otter  us  what 
they  call  uniqtu  opportunities,  it  may  generally  he 
assumed  with  safety  that  they  are  lying;  but  lying 
is  not  in  itself  a  literary  offence." 

The  popular  use  of  "  aggravate,"  in  the 
wrong  sense,  is,  we  think,  a  growth  from 
early  Victorian  humour  through  Sam  Weller  ; 
but  the  authors  quote  an  example  of  "  the 
notorious  vulgarism."'  which  "inevitably 
lays  a  writer  open  to  suspicion,"  from  another 
work  of  Dickens,  in  which  the  novelist, 
writing  in  his  own  person,  falls  into  the 
mistake  of  describing  "  the  unfortunate 
youth  "  as  "  greatly  aggravated."  A  defence 
of  "  reliable  "  is  not  new.  A  research  into 
"  formations  "  yields  a  protest  against  first 
presenting  the  Romans  with  a  word  for  which 
they  had  no  necessity,  and  then  borrowing 
it  from  them.  This  remark  may  be  gene- 
ralized. There  are  many  "  French  "  words 
and  phrases  commonly  used  in  England 
which  do  not  happen  to  be  French.  There 
are  still  more  "  English  "  words  and  phrases 
used  in  French  novels  which  have  never 
been  known  in  England.  "  Amoral," 
quoted  from  a  recent  review  of  a  novel  in 
The  Times,  is  discussed  as  though  it  were 
used  as  an  English  word  or  as  a  sham  Greek 
or  Latin  word  ;  but  the  writer  no  doubt 
used  it  as  French.  Although  of  bastard 
origin,  it  is  undoubted  modern  French  :  a 
fact  which,  like  some  others  connected  with 
the  French  language,  lias  escaped  the  re- 
searches of  the  authors.  The  word  "  morale," 
in  its  military  sense,  is  discussed  as  though 
it  were  sham  French.  It  comes  to  us,  as 
rman  sham-French,  directly  from  the 
German  military  writers. 

Our  judgment  as  to  words  which  have 
ceased  to  be  slang  does  not  agree  in  all  cases 
with  the  doctrine  of  this  volume,  but  the 
Subject  is  one  upon  which  no  two  writers 
or  critics  will  form  precisely  the  same 
opinion.  We  do  not  think  that  the  verb 
'"to  laze"  has  become  so  usual  as  seems 
to  be  supposed.  On  the  other  hand,  "a 
record  price"  and  "a  boom"  are  useful,  if 
not  necessary,  and  will  live.  "Banal"  is  an 
Anglo-Norman  foudal  term,  as  the  authors 
tell  us;  but  it  is  also  a  feudal  term  of  Franc,  . 
still  used  in  its  proper  sense  in  French  law. 
The  modern  use  of  "  banal,"'  adopted  from 
French  by  us,  has  not  made  the  word  an 
English  word,  and  it  is  still  a  foreigner,  not 
naturalized,  as  are  some  of  the  others  with 
which  we  find  it  classed.  The  authors  are 
human,  in  spite  of  what  some  may  think 
their  tendency  to  be  over-nice,  and  in  their 


discussion    of    '■nice,''    m    it-,    decline, 
frank  expression  to  this  easygoing  vien 

"  .1  irj'ull i/  mi,    i-    an    I  i    than  which    liu 

oould  be  ullior ;  but  to  nave  Buooaaded  in  going 
through  life  nritbout  laying  >'  a  oertain  numb* 

tunc.  i .  ,i-  bad  .i    to  have  no  rede*  ming  \  I  • 

The    leafl  accomplished   of   the  report. 

newspaper  staffs  are  sometimes  responsible 

for  the  alteration  of  good  colloquial  English, 
not  wholly  unknown  even  in  the  IJou-e  ol 
Commons,  into  forms  which  are  rightly 
pilloried    in    this    volume.       A    meml,. 

It  is  -me  to  .jet  out  "  :  which  is  unobjec- 
tionable. But  the  reporters  write  "  tran- 
spire," classed  in  the  volume  with  "plaein 

and    "antagonize."     We    differ,    however, 

from  the  compilers,  and  think  "  placate  " 
a  better  word  than  the  verbs  among  which 
it  has  been  put.  In  a  criticism  of  Mr.  E.  F. 
Benson  for  a  wanton  use  of  the  French  word 
lathe  the  compilers  state  that  taclie  means 
stain,  and  suggest  that  this  is  the  word 
which  should  have  been  employed.  We  are 
sorry  to  say  that  they  are  wrong.  In  the 
phrase  "  faire  tache,"  common  among  the 
best  French  art  critics,  the  sense  is  not 
exactly  to  be  expressed  in  the  English 
language,  and  it  is  in  that  sense  that  it  is 
used  in  the  sentence  emoted  from  Mr.  Benson. 
"  Entente  "  is  named  as  a  "  diplomatic  " 
word  which  "  may  pass."  It  is  hardly 
necessary.  When  made  use  of  by  diplo- 
matists the  word  is  exactly  equivalent  to  our 
diplomatic  "  understanding." 

The  Naval  Annual  for  1906,  edited  by 
Mr.  John  Leyland  and  Mr.  T.  A.  Brassey, 
and  published  by  Messrs.  Griffin,  of  Ports- 
mouth, is  as  interesting  as  usual — perhaps 
more  so.  There  is  an  article  on  the  literature 
of  the  Trafalgar  Centenary,  and  one  by  Mr. 
Thursfield  on  the  attack  and  defence  of 
commerce,  which  are  outside  the  ordinary 
annual  contributions  on  strength,  foreign 
navies,  engineering,  reserves,  gunnery,  and 
such  points.  Mr.  Thursfield  in  his  clear 
and  excellent  essay  adopts  the  view  which 
we  bad  already  put  forward  in  reviewing 
various  publications,  and  supports  the  con- 
clusions arrived  at  by  the  Food  Supply 
Commission.  Nothing  more  reassuring  to 
this  country  has  appeared  in  recent  times, 
and  we  feel  convinced  that  the  favourable 
view  is  based  on  sound  reasoning. 

Gaelic  Names  of  Beasts,  Birds,  Fishes, 
Insects,  and  Reptiles.  By  A.  R.  Forbes. 
(Edinburgh,  Oliver  &  Boyd.) — There  is 
"  fine  confused  feeding  "  in  this  book.  The 
author  deserves  the  credit  of  compiling  from 
every  printed  source  all  the  equivalents  in 
Gaelic  of  every  name  treated,  including, 
one  would  think,  nearly  every  proverb 
or  local  saying  about  it.  He  has  also 
obtained  an  enormous  number  of  English 
and  Lowland  provincial  synonyms.  The 
value  of  these  is  doubtful,  although  we 
have  noted  with  interest  many  rustic 
variants  properly  applied.  But  the  plan 
of  accepting  every  suggestion  must  lead, 
in  a  work  on  so  large  a  scale,  to  a  good  deal 
of  erroneous  nomenclature,  apart  from  the 
application  of  the  same  name  to  different 
species  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  Mr. 
Forbes  has  deliberately  rejected  the  use  of 
the  usual  scientific  Latin  (or,  as  he  calls 
them,  "classical")  names,  which  might 
have  served  as  a  corrective  to  false  classifica- 
tion. 

To  learn  that  a  snipe  is  called  a  wren  in 
some  pArts  of  England,  and  that  the  Gaelic. 
gabhar-adhair  is  applied  both  to  the  snipe 
and  the  nightjar,  might  raise  confusion  in 
the  infant  mind,  to  say  nothing  of  that  of 
the  teacher,  to  whom  Mr.  Forbes  thinks  his 
work  may  be  useful.  It  may  very  well  be 
so  as  a  storehouse  of  information,  but  is  not 


•  ii-    cnoujh     to    lx-    u  xt- 

book    prr    as.     Although    it    i-    in    form    a 
dictionary,  an  index,  too,  would  have  much 

enhanced  it      u  -,  tubnss. 

Tin    tn  t    pari    of  the   hook,  the  Gaelie- 

Engll'ah  VOCaonlai  full  and  accurate  ; 

hut  it  hi  the  wealth  of  illustrative  folk-lore, 

and     the     poetic     and     pro\ '  rhial     references, 
that     make    the    second    part,    the    Knglidi- 

Gaelio,  in  spite  of  tin-  fear  ahoftoomu 

have  indicated,   a   valuahle  hatidhook   to  any 
Celtic  student,  and  a  OOnHH  for  refer 
t  In-  num.  '  hjel  in  di-tant  land-. 

To  go  a  little  into  detail  :     Tin-  eat,   wild 

and  domestic,  u   the  subject  of  thy 

proverbs,  not  a  few  of  them,  as  through- 
out the  book,  being  derived  from  the  late 
Sheriff  Nioolson'fl  well-known  collection. 
"  Tigh  gun  chat,  tigh  gun  ghean  gun  ghaire  "' 
its  the  value  of  the  animal  to  the  cheer- 
fulness of  a  house.  Another  saying,  "K> 
the  cat  turning,"  refers  to  the  horrid  practice 
of  the  Taghairm,  or  divination  by  the  cat. 
Cattle,  of  course,  are  sure  to  be  celebra- 
by  a  pastoral  race,  and  "  I  took  my  milch- 
cows  to  the  fold.  With  me  to-day,  from 
me  to-morrow,"  gives  a  view  of  these 
possessions  in  the  "  lifting  "  times. 

But  the  deer  and  the  dog  were  nearer  the 
hearts  of  the  old  warriors.  Of  course  Oi- 
(the  fawn)  and  his  mother  the  hind  inspire 
their  song,  and  some  traditional  verses 
collected  by  the  author's  father  are  mentioned 
in  reference  to  '  Oisein  an  deigh  na  Feinne.' 
(Apparently  Mr.  Forbes  is  still  a  believer 
in  Macplierson's  Gaelic.)  The  famous 
'  Chrodh-Chailein,'  referred  to  by  Burns, 
is  given  here,  with  a  version  by  Mrs.  Grant 
of  Laggan  in  delightfully  old-fashioned 
English  (the  strongest  possible  contra-t  to 
the  Gaelic  original)  : — 

Oh  Colin,  my  darling,  my  pleasure,  my  pride, 

While  the  flocks  of  nch  shenherd.s  are  grazing  so  wife, 

Begudleea  I  view  them,  unheeded  the  swains 

Whose  herds  scattered  round  me  adorn  the  green  plain-. 

Their  offers  I  hear,  and  their  plenty  1 

But  what  are  their  wealth  and  their  offers  to  me, 

While  the  light-bounding  roes  and  the  wild  mountain  deer 

Are  the  tattle  of  Colin,  my  hunter,  my  di 

We  must  omit  quotations  from  Donnachadh 
Ban,  the  laureate  of  the  deer,  and  pass  to 
minor  celebrants,  to  the  topic  of  the  hound, 
to  Bran  and  Luath,  and  McPhee's  black 
dog  of  Colonsay.  Here  is  a  wealth  of 
allusion  we  have  no  space  to  follow. 

In  the  introductory  remarks  on  birds  it 
is  odd  to  find  our  author  speaking  of  Mont- 
gomerie's  '  The  Cherrie  and  the  Slae  '  as  an 
old  "  Glasgow  "  publication.  The  first  edi- 
tion of  that  classic  was  put  forth  in  Edinburgh 
in  1597,  some  fifteen  years  before  the  author's 
death.  The  Glasgow  versions  are  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  To  that  century  it  is 
probably  due  that  Macpherson  has  no  refer- 
ence to  song-birds.  Among  many  apposite 
quotations,  Duncan  Ban's  notice  of  the 
robin's  knack  of  posing  "  le  moran  uinicb," 
with  much  "  business,"  might  have  been 
cited.  But  it  is  rarely  indeed  that  a  good 
thing  is  omitted.  For  sympathetic  know- 
ledge of  the  lesser  creatures,  wide  reading  of 
his  subject,  and  hearty  patriotism  few  can 
equal  this  pleasant  writer.  He  has  acknow- 
ledged his  debts  to  the  lamented  "Nether 
Loohaber  "and  Mr . Carmichael  ;  and  perhaps 
the  name  of  Mr.  Charles  Fergusson  might 
have  been  added.  But.  as  we  have  said. 
he  has  admitted  suggestions  very  widely. 
In  another  edition  some  of  these  might 
be  omitted,  especially  in  the  field  of  ety- 
mology. His  good  Roimh-radh.  or  fore- 
word, concludes  happily  with  MacMhaighstir 
Alasdair's  prediction  : — 

Mhair  i  fos.  's  cha  teid  a  gloir  air  ehall, 

Dh'aindeoin  go  is  mi-ran  mo*  nan  call. 
"  The  malice  of  the  Lowlander,"  we  are 
glad  to  think,  is  becoming  a  thing  of  the  past 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


669 


among  educated  people,  while  the  knowledge 
of  the  old  speech  is  "  enduring  yet."  So  no 
false  shame  need  cause  the  modern  Gael  to 
disavow  his  native  tongue. 

Jungle  Trails  and  Jungle  People.  By 
Caspar  Whitney.  (Werner  Laurie.) — In  '  A 
Confession,  Sometimes  called  "  Foreword  " 
or  "  Preface,"  '  Mr.  Whitney  informs  us  of 
the  "  underlying  motive  "  which  prompted 
the  journeys  recorded  in  his  readable  book  : 

"  The  wilderness  in  its  changeful  tempers,  the 
pathless  jungle,  the  fascination  of  finding  your 
way,  of  earning  your  food,  of  lying  down  to  sleep 
beyond  the  guarding  night  stick  of  the  policeman, 
— these  are  the  things  I  sought  in  the  larger  world 
of  which  our  conventionalized  smaller  one  is  but 
the  gateway.  To  pass  through  this  gateway, 
to  travel  at  will,  by  my  own  exertions,  and  un- 
chaperoned,  and  to  tell  you  in  my  halting  style 
something  of  the  human  and  brute  life  which  I 
saw  in  the  big  world — that  is  why  I  went  into  the 
wondrous  Far  East,  into  India,  Sumatra,  Malay, 
and  Siam."' 

The  "  underlying  motive  "  of  the  book,  we 
should  have  thought,  consisted  in  the  illus- 
trations, which  are  numerous  and  of  the 
first  quality.  The  style,  instead  of  being 
halting,  has  the  rapid  stride  of  an  expert 
American  journalist,  and,  in  spite  of  occa- 
sional disfigurements,  the  author  has  pro- 
duced a  work  of  considerable  interest  to  the 
general  reader,  and  painted  some  pictures 
of  Eastern  manners  and  character  unfamiliar 
to  those  who  live  in  the  smaller  world  of  the 
West. 

Of  the  eleven  chapters  which  make  up  the 
volume  the  first  deals  with  '  The  King's 
Mahout,'  and  very  clever  is  the  sketch  of 
Choo  Poh  Lek,  who  "  took  up  the  double  life 
of  elephant  catching  and  the  more  prosaic,  if 
profitable,  occupation  of  rattan  trading " 
till  he  became  one  of  his  Majesty's  elephant 
drivers.  The  account  of  the  King's  annual 
elephant  hunt  is  written  with  spirit.  Ele- 
phant catching  in  Siam  differs  materially, 
as  the  author  states,  in  procedure  and  diffi- 
culties from  catching  elephants  in  India. 
In  Siam  it  is  an  easier  game,  because  the 
region  over  which  they  roam  is  much  more 
confined  than  in  India  ;  and  as  the  so-called 
hunt  is  a  periodical  event  of  many  years' 
standing,  large  numbers  of  jungle  elephants 
have  been  rounded  up  and  coralled  so  com- 
paratively often  as  to  have  become  semi- 
tame.  The  Siamese  elephant  belongs  to  the 
Asiatic  species,  which  in  size  both  of  body 
and  tusks  is  inferior  to  the  African. 

"Of  the  Asiatic,  the  Siamese  averages  neither  so 
large  as  the  Indian  nor  so  small  as  the  Malayan  ; 
and  sometimes  its  ivory  compares  favorably  with 
thai  of  any  species.  The  largest  tusk  ever  taken 
from  a  Siamese  elephant  measures  !)  feet  10§  inohes 
in  length,  and  eight  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base, 
and  is  now  in  the  Royal  Museum  at  Bangkok." 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  inform  even  an 
inhabitant  of  the  Western  world  that  "  the 
elephant  is  not  a  fast  traveller,  though  he 
is  sure  and  of  enormous  strength."  There 
is,  however,  one  fact  regarding  the  Asiatic 
elephant  which  is  not  generally  known  : 
twice  round  the  base  of  his  foot  is  the 
measure  of  Id's  height. 

In  the  chapter  '  Through  the  Klawngs  of 
Siam  '  we  have  an  interesting  sketch  of  the 
physical  features  of  that  marvellous  land, 
and  of  the  social  life  and  the  customs  of  the 
people.  The  great  feature  of  Siam  is  its 
magnificent  system  of  rivers,  tho  principal 
"I  which  is  the  Menam  Chow-Fhya,  com- 
monly called  Menam  (Meinam  Mr.  Whitney 
spells  it),  the  mother  of  rivers,  on  which 
Bangkok  is  situated,  thirty-five  miles  from 
Siam.  Tn  fact,  the  main  thoroughfare  of 
tho  city  is  the  Menam  Chow-Phya,  and  hence 
Bangkok  has  been  called  the  Venice  of  tho 
East.     But,    as    tho    writer    states,    though 


Bangkok  has  a  very  large  floating  population 
and  the  city  is  intersected  by  many  Klawngs, 
or  canals,  "  yet  the  larger  half  of  Bangkok's 
four  hundred  thousand  citizens  lives  on  land, 
though  the  easiest  means  of  travel  through 
much  of  the  city  is  by  boat,  and  in  fact  half 
of  it  is  reached  in  no  other  way." 

It  was  through  a  series  of  Klawngs  and 
tributary  rivers  that  the  author  was  piloted 
to  Rathburi,  where  lived  Phra  Ram, 
"the  governmental  chief  of  the  line  separating 
Burma  from  Siam,  the  King's  representative  to 
the  Karens — jungle  folk  living  on  both  sides  the 
boundary,  and  an  official  before  whom  the  common 
people  prostrated  themselves,  }'et  was  he  none  the 
less  Siamese." 

Phra  Ram  was  an  Oriental  born  to  command 
respect  : — 

"despite  a  cross  in  his  left  eye,  Phra  Ram  carried 
a  certain  air  of  distinction,  which  he  supported 
imperiously  in  intercourse  with  his  people.  He 
was  about  fifty  years  of  age,  with  a  generous 
stomach,  an  assortment  of  wives,  and  a  pair 
of  gray  oloth,  black-buttoned  spats  he  had  got 
from  a  (4erman  on  one  of  his  occasional  trips  to 
Bangkok,  and  which  he  wore,  over  bare  feet,  only 
when  in  full  dress." 

Phra  Ram  guided  the  writer  to  a  Karen 
settlement,  where  he  engaged  men  for  his 
buffalo  hunt  on  the  Burmese  border.  A 
chapter  is  devoted  to  '  Hunting  with  the 
Karens.'  It  is  interesting,  but  the  writer's 
descriptions  of  his  adventures  lack  vigour 
and  force.  They  are  evidently  written  by 
a  clever  man  who  is  not  a  born  shikari. 

Not  the  least  interesting  chapter  in  the 
book  is  the  one  on  the  'Human  Tree-Dwellers ' 
who  are  to  be  found  in  the  jungle  tangle  of 
interior  Malay.  These  men  of  the  woods — 
or  Sakais,  as  more  commonly  they  are  known 
— are  the  aborigines  of  Malaya,  and  to  be 
found  in  the  greatest  numbers  in  the  northern 
part  of  Perak  : — 

"Thej' are  a  smallish  people,  though  not  dwarfish 
or  so  small  as  the  Negritos  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
of  lighter  complexion  than  the  Malays,  though  not 
nearly  so  pleasing  to  the  eye.  Indeed,  they  are  far 
from  comely.  They  have  no  idols,  no  priests,  no 
places  or  things  of  worship,  no  written  language, 
and  their  speecli  is  a  corrupted  form  of  Malay. 
They  live  in  small  settlements,  invariably  in  trees 
if  in  the  jungle,  with  no  tribal  head." 

The  final  chapter,  '  The  Trail  of  the  Tiger,' 
is  of  interest,  but  contains  nothing  new. 

Trial  of  Madeleine  Smith.  Edited  by 
A.  Duncan  Smith.  (Sweet  &  Maxwell.) — 
We  confess  to  having  approached  the  perusal 
of  this  volume — tho  first  in  a  promised  series 
of  "  Notable  Scottish  Trials  "—Math  con- 
siderable distaste.  Of  course,  it  is  ex- 
pedient that  members  of  tho  criminal  bar 
should  have  easy  access  to  full  reports  of 
great  trials  ;  but  surely  these  are  open  to 
them  at  all  times  in  the  official  records  and 
law  libraries.  And  tho  editor  of  this  volume 
shows  pretty  plainly  that  he  is  not  working 
for  an  exclusively  professional  circle  of 
readers.  In  giving  a  "  correct  reproduction" 
of  the  correspondence  of  the  accused, 
Madeleine  Smith,  he  says  that  the  term  is 
used  "  subject  to  slight  omissions  here  and 
there,  deemed  by  the  editor  desirable 
because  of  the  indelicato  nature  of  the 
portions  omitted."  Such  portions  were  not 
withheld,  wo  presume,  from  tho  court  or 
tho  jury  ;  but  they  are  considered  by  the 
editor — rightly  enough,  no  doubt — unsuit- 
able for  a  public  which  is  invited  to  con- 
template tho  sickening  details  of  a  case  of 
prolonged  poisoning,  prefaced  by  extracts 
from  the  contemporary  press  describing  the 
personal  appearanco  of  the  prisoner,  her 
behaviour  in  the  dock,  her  dress,  her  meals 
in  prison,  and  other  minute  points  which 
have  not  the  slightest  bearing  upon  tho  legal 
B   pect  of  the  trial. 


The  story  is  described  by  Mr.  Duncan 
Smith  in  his  Introduction  as  "  tragic  and 
romantic."  Granted  the  tragedy,  where 
does  the  romance  come  in  ?  The  daughter 
of  a  respectable  Glasgow  citizen,  an  architect 
"  of  good  social  standing,"  conducted  an 
illicit  amour  with  a  French  clerk  in  a  neigh- 
bouring warehouse.  Their  clandestine  meet- 
ings continued  for  eighteen  months,  when 
there  appeared  on  the  scene  a  desirable 
suitor,  whose  proposal  of  marriage  was 
accepted  by  Miss  Smith  and  approved  by 
her  parents.  The  young  lady  naturally 
wished  to  get  back  from  L'Angelier,  the 
French  clerk,  the  numerous  letters  in  which 
she  had  expressed  her  passion  and  referred 
to  the  nature  of  their  intimacy  without  a 
trace  of  reserve.  The  Frenchman  not  only 
declined  to  return  these  compromising 
letters,  but  also  threatened  to  disclose  them 
to  Miss  Smith's  father  and  her  betrothed, 
in  order  that  the  engagement  might  be  broken 
off.  Then  Madeleine  dissimulated.  In  the 
early  part  of  1857  she  feigned  reconciliation 
with  L'Angelier,  admitted  him  to  an 
interview  by  night  on  February  19th, 
persuaded  him  that  she  was  not  engaged 
to  anybody,  and  on  the  morning  of 
the  20th  he  was  found  by  his  landlady 
writhing  with  pain  on  his  bedroom  floor. 
To  Miss  Perry,  who,  unconscious  of  its" 
real  nature,  was  confidante  and  go-between 
in  this  amour,  L'Angelier  said,  "  I  can't 
think  why  I  was  so  unwell  after  getting  that 
coffee  and  chocolate  from  her  [meaning 
Madeleine  Smith]." 

The  extraordinary  part  of  the  affair  is 
that  the  accused—"  the  panel,"  as  she  was 
termed  in  Scottish  legal  phraseology — escaped 
conviction.  The  illicit  amour — the  hys- 
terical appeals  of  the  girl  for  the  return  of 
her  letters — the  feigned  reconciliation  and 
renewed  meetings— none  of  these  points 
could  be,  nor  was,  disputed  in  the  defence  ; 
neither  was  it  denied  that  she  had  bought 
arsenic  three  times  during  tho  very  weeks 
that  L'Angelier  had  suffered  from  symptoms 
of  arsenical  poisoning,  nor  that  arsenic  was- 
found  in  the  stomach  of  the  deceased. 
Madeleine  Smith  escaped  through  a  loop- 
hole which  exists  not  for  prisoners  at  an 
English  bar. 

It  is  no  reflection  upon  the  integrity  of 
the  jury  to  suppose  that  they  availed  them- 
selves of  a  technically  defective  link  to 
avoid  sending  a  young,  beautiful,  and  accom- 
plished woman  to  the  gallows.  Since  the 
days  of  Phryne,  courts  of  justice  have  never 
been  absolutely  insensible  to  feminine 
charms — never  will  be,  so  long  as  judges  and 
juries  are  drawn  only  from  the  other  sex. 
When  the  jury  retired  to  consider  their 
verdict  on  the  ninth  day  of  this  trial,  they 
were  absent  only  half  an  hour.  By  a 
majority  of  13  to  2  (Scottish  juries  are  com- 
posed of  fifteen  members),  they  found  a 
verdict  of  "  not  guilty  "  on  the  first  count, 
which  charged  tho  prisoner  witli  administer- 
ing poison  in  February,  and  of  "  not  proven  'r 
on  the  other  two  counts,  which  charged  her 
with  administering  the  same  on  subsequent 
dates. 

Anybody  reading  tho  evidence  can  hardly 
have  any  moral  doubt  as  to  this  woman's 
deliberate  guilt ;    but  it  is  fair  to  add  that 
the  Lord    Justice    Clerk    concurred    in    tin 
verdict  "  not  proven." 

Surrey  and  Sussex:  Camden's  Britannia. 
(  Reigate  Tress.  Surrey.) — This  quarto  volume 

of  some  seventy  pa^es  is,  wo  understand,  tho 

first  venture  of  the  Reigate  Press,  South 
Park,  Reigate,  and  is  printed  by  Messrs. 
William  Bernard  Adeney  and  John  Madden. 
It  is  a  fine  example  of  modern  hand-printing 
lifter  the  old  style.  Tho  typo  is  delightfully 
clear,  and  affords  most  pleasurable  reading. 


670 


THE     ATHKN7KUM 


N°41oi,  Juke  3,  1006 


Wiliimi i  t  'iiupii  ii.  tip  Cather  oi  local  l > > -« < "> . 
■iirst  ianutt)  Ins  '  Ihituiiiiiu.'  the  result  <>f 
fifteen  yean1  labour,  in  1080,  hi  tim  Latin 
ttin^'iK'.  'I'ho  book  "i  once  attained  t*>  Buch 
welT-merited  (am*  i'i"t  three  othei  Latin 
editioni  were  issued  in  the  oourae  of  threa 
\.ai  .    Tin'  sixth  edition  (each  buocc 

ie    being   ""    irapjovernenl    ""    it  i    l" 
daceasor)   appeared    in    Kin",     it    was   tliis 

sixth     isbin"     which     l>r.     i'liilfiium     I !  <  >lla!ut 

oslated  into  pure  Elizabethan  English  in 

1010  ;    and  it  is  from  Holland's  edition  t hut 

tho  preeeni  reprint  of  the,  parts  pertaining 

to   Surrey  unci   Sussex    is    produced,       Jrro- 

ctive  <>f  1 1 n ■■  cinuiu  of  die  typography 

and  tlic  ehfliCfl  suvour  of  the  English,  this 
is  a  desirable  hook  ;  for  tho  various  editions 
of  Camden  are  usually  exceedingly  eumber- 

ae,   whereas  those  interested   in   Surrey 

and  Sussex  will  find  this  volume  light  to 
hold  as  well  as  ploasant  to  read.  It  is  of 
much  interest  to  contrast  tho  state  of  parts 
of  these  counties  thrto  centuries  ago  with 
that  which  now  prevails.  Thus  Bexhill, 
tho  newest  of  watering-places,  whoso  charms 
and  length  of  sunshine  are  set  forth  on  every 
modern  hoarding,  had  even  then  a  tradition 
of  having  been  once  "  much  frequented." 
Says  Camden  : — 

"Now  to  rctuine  to  the  Sea-coast  ]  about  three 
miles  iroin  I'euensey  is  Beckes-hill,  a  place  much 
frequented  by  Saint  Richard  Bishop  of  Chichester, 
and  where  he  died."' 

Mr.  Humphreys  has  added  to  his  excellent 
"  Royal  Library  "  an  English  translation 
of  Renan's  Life  of  Christ.  We  noticed  it 
at  length  in  1863,  when  it  first  appeared. 
At  the  present  day,  if  it  were  a  new  book, 
its  O]  unions  would  not  make  a  sensation  ; 
but  it  retains  its  charm  as  a  masterpiece  of 
style,  and  a  wonderful  realization  of  the  cha- 
racters and  conditions  of  the  first  Apostles. 
The  translation,  to  which  no  name  is  ap- 
pended, is  very  readable. 

The  "  Punch  Library  of  Humour,"  edited 
by  J.  A.  Hammerton,  consists  of  excellent 
selections  of  Mr.  Punch  at  the  Seaside,  Air. 
Punch's  Railway  Book,  and  Mr.  Punch  on 
the  Continong,  taken  from  the  half  a  century 
and  more  of  our  celebrated  contemporary. 
It  is  a  social  record  no  less  than  a  treasury  of 
jest  and  illustration.  The  volumes  are  sure 
to  be  much  thumbed,  so  we  think  it  a  pity 
that  the  paper  boards  of  two  of  them  should 
come  off  at  the  first  handling.  The  resources 
of  the  Amalgamated  Press,  the  publishers, 
surely  include  a  decent  binding,  which 
readers  often  get  now  for  their  shilling. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
•\ngus    (s.).    The    Sources    of     the     First   Ten    Books    of 

Augustine's  De  Civitate  Dei,  Idol. 
Barwefi  (J.  W.),  Science,  the  Mind  ;  Revelation,  the  Heart 

of  God,  Sfioeate. 
Brown  (1>-  B.\  The  Home  of  Faith,  3/0  net 
Essays  for  the  Times,  Nos.  (i  to  I<$,  <;</.  net  each. 
Gladstone  (J.  P.),  Should  Christians  make  Fortunes?  2/ net. 
Jones  (It.  M.X  The  Double  Search  :  Atonement  and  Prayer, 

2   net. 
Literary  Illustrations  of  the  Bible  :  St  Matthew,  1  6  net 
Lockyei(T.  F ),  The  truest  of  Faith,  2/ net 
Meyer  (F.  15.),  The  Soul's  Pure  lutcniion,  2/6  net 
Nell  (Rev.   ('.),    The    Biblical    Elucidator:    The    Pauline 

Epistles,  in  t:  net. 
Smith  (GoldWin),  In  Quest  of  Light,  4   net 
Swann  (X.  E.  E.),  New  Lights  on  the  old  Faith, :!/  net. 
Walker  (W.  L.),  Christian  Theism  and  a  Spiritual  Monism, 

9/ 
Ward  (Hev.  F  W.  ().).  The  Keeper  of  the  Kcvs,  :./  net, 
Wright    (ltev.  C.   II.  II.),  The   Rook  of   Isaiah,   and   other 

Historical  studies,  0  net 
Young  (J. X  The  Christ  oi  History,  Cd. 

Lair. 
Law  of  Charities  and   Mortmain,   by  L.  S,  Biistowe  and 

Others,  45    net. 
Pixley(F.  W.)and  fellows  (R.  B.).  Auditors,  tlieir  Duties 

and  Responsibilities:  Part  2,  Auditors  under  the  Cecal 

Oovernnient  Acts,  ,v.e.,  20/  net 
Spirit  of  our  Laws,  .">,  net. 


line,  Vol  \  I   Pari  in    I  6  net. 

(    111,.  Il  (C.    ).  M     Pattl  I  (Mill  •  •  t 

(i.itliti  'H  /.    I  hi  i»,   lei   MynUrio*,  Ruliu,  and  Museum, 

to  i 

Quids  t..  si    din.        II  I... ii. I. .ii,  I 

Johnson  ( w  .  >  ,iii.l  Wright   (Wj,   Nwolitaii  Man  in  Nartkv 

i 

Moon    HI    I.     Itemiuix  ell.  es    of    the     I  ln|,l  • — ii.Jii^t    1'..  iliti-l  », 
1     llet. 

Norfolk  Antiquari  .n   Misoellany,  Second   *    ■       P  it  I., 

edited  by  W.  I:  • 
Paris  s.iioii,  in.:  ilogue,  3/ 

Pictorial  Loudon     Views  of  th«  Mucin,  Public  Buildings, 

Pari 
Suffolk  Institute  of  Arcnwology,  Proceeding*,  VeJ.  XII. 

Part  ll. 
Thames  and  its  story,  from  the  CoUwoldt  to  the  Nore,  c/ 

Poetry  and  the  Dram". 

B.ivley  (ll.),  The  Shakespeare  Symphony.  12  8  net 

C.il.leion:     Eight    Dramas,    freely    translated    by    K.    Fitz- 
Qerald,  New  Edition,  I    net. 

Dieu  (K.),  msanndm  n.nd  other  Poemi 

Duff  (D.).  An  Exposition  of  Browning's  Sonlello,  Id  |  net 

English  Masques,  Introduction  by  ll.  A.  Evans, 

English  Pastorals,  Introduction  by  E.  K.  Chamhei 
English  Satires,  Introduction  by  <».  Smeaton,  |  | 

Euglisb  Talcs  in  Verse,  Introduction  by  CL  11.  Uerford, 

Farrell  (J.),  How  He  Died,  and  other  Poems,  .'    net. 

(;...  the's  [pbtgeueia  in  Tauris,  translated  by  E.  D.  Dowden, 

l/net. 
Could  ((i.),  Lyrics,  l/net 

Lawson  (IL),  When  I  was  King,  and  other  Verses,  3  0  net. 
New  march  (R.),   Songs  to    a    Singer,    and   other    Verses, 

5/  net 
Paterson  (A.  B.),  The  Old  Bush  Songs,  2/6  net. 
Summers  (J.),  Oliver  Cromwell,  Drama  in  Five  Acts,  2/ 
Traveller's  Joy,  compiled  by  W.  G.  Waters,  4/  net 
Turiiin  (A.   T.),   Edgar  Atiielstane ;    or,   Garland  of  Life, 

4/  net. 
Wallace  ('Rena),  A  Bush  Girl's  Songs,  5/  net. 

Music. 
Verdi's  II  Trovatore  and  Rigoletto,  by  F.   Burgess,  l/net 

each. 

Bibliography. 
Library  of  Congress  :    List  of  Works  relating  to  Govern- 
ment   Regulation    of    Insurance,    United  States   and 

Foreign  Countries. 

Philosophy. 
Jones  (W.   H.   S.),  The  Moral  Standpoint  of   Euripides, 

2/6  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Cunningham  (W.),  The  Wisdom  of  the  Wise,  2/ net 

History  and  Biography. 
Argyll  (George  Douglas,  eighth  Duke  of),   edited  by  the 

Dowager  Duchess  of  Argvll,  2  vols.  36/  net 
Ball  (W.  W.  R.),  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  2/ net 
Bodley  (J.  E.  CI),  The  Church  in  France,  3/6  net 
Broadley  (A.  M.),  The  Boyhood  of  a  Great  King,  1841-58. 

10/6  net. 
Calendar     of     Close     Rolls,     Vol.     IX.,     Edward     III., 

1349-54, 
Campan  (Madame),  Memoirs  of  Marie  Antoinette,  1/  net. 
Davey  (R.),  The  Pageant  of  London,  2  vols.,  15/  net. 
Davison  (A.  W.),  Derby  :  its  Rise  and  Progress,  5/ 
Ferguson  (G.  D.),  Lectures  on  the  History  of  the  Middle 

Ages, 
Fraser  (E.),  The  Enemy  at  Trafalgar,  16/  net 
Harris  (Rev.  I.),  History  of  Jews'  College,  1855-1905. 
Johns's  Notable  Australians,  7/6  net. 
Leigh  (Augustus  Austen),  edited  by  W.  A.  Leigh,  8'6  net. 
Mackenzie  (W.  C),  A  Short  History  of  the  Scottish  High- 
lands and  Isles,  5/  net 
Podmore  (F.),  Robert  Owen,  2  vols.,  24/  net. 
Records   of  the   Scots   Colleges  at  Donai.  Rome,  Madrid, 

Valladolid,  and  Ratisbon  :  Vol.  I.  Registers  of  Students. 
Rickett    (A.),    Pergonal     Forces     in     Modern     Literature, 

3/6  net, 
Russell  (G.  W.  E.),  William  Ewart  Gladstone,  Fifth   Edi- 
tion, 2/6  net 
Shaw  (W.  A.),  The  Knights  of  England,  2  vols.,  42   net. 
Shore  (T.  W.),  Origin  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Race,  !>/  net 
Stanmore  (Lord),  The   Earl  of  Aberdeen,  Third   Edition, 

2/8  net. 
Trail  (F.),  A  History  of  Italian  Literature,  16/  net. 
Yillari  (L.),  Firo  and  Sword  in  the  Caucasus,  10/6  net 
Witt  (J.  E),  Life  in  the  Law,  6/  net. 

Geography  and  Travel 
Cromarty  (D.),  Picturesque  Lancashire,  !  6  net. 
Harper  (C.    G.),    The    Hastings    Road    and    the   "Happy 

Springs  of  Tunbridge,"  16/ 
Hints  to  Travellers,  edited  by  E.  A.  Reeves,  Ninth  Edition, 

2  vols.,  15/  net. 
Button  (E.),  The  Cities  of  Spain,  7  ('.  net. 
King's  Lynn,  with  its  Surroundings,  l    net. 
Park  (Mungo),  Travels  in  the  Interior  Districts  of  Africa, 

3/  net. 
Royal  Geographical  Society  :  Year- Rook  and  Record,  1906. 
Koz(F),  under  the  Knglisii  Crown,  6 
Whates  (11.  R.),  Canada,  the  New  Nation,  3  (1  net. 

Sports  and  I'astiws. 
Aria  (Mrs.),  Woman  and  the  Motor-Car,  10,6  net 
Warner  (P.  F.),  The  M.C.C.  in  South  Africa,  6/ 

Folk-Lore. 
Weston  (J.  L),  The  Legend  of  Sir  Perceval,  Vol.  I.,  12.6  net 

I'hdology. 
Platonis  OpeHL  edited  by  J.  Burnet,  Vol.  I.  Fase.  1 
Skeat(Prof.  W.  W.),  Place  Names  of  Bedfordshire,  3/B  net 

ScJiool-  Rooks. 
Addison  and  Steele,  sir  Uoger  de  Co\erly  Papers,  l/net 
Arnold's   Lathi  'Texts:    Cornelius    Nepos  ;    Tihultus,   Selec- 
tions; Ovid,  Selections;  Ovid  in  Exile.  n(.  each. 
Carey  (F.  S.),   Elementary  Solid  (icomeliN,  New   Edition, 

26 
Dies  Komani  l  short  Readings  from  Luin  Literature,  com- 
piled bv  W.  F  W  Hum.  1  8 
Gregory  (R.  A.)  and  Simmons  (A.  T.),  Lessons  iu  Science,  3/6 


.ml  Mrtrie 
.king 


I 
\\ii,.n.     I:   (      \  i   A  -  H 

Bulm  iKll.  I         .1 

am I  M 
liurnli    ii    i',     II        I         i 

the  I 

Elliot  (I.    I  <  I  >,3/8 

Geod.  • 

of  Mo.illiem  HI 

I..  .!•  i  ;i   Put  j, 

i  1 1 1 1  ■ 

i       I  f  Chemical  Engineering, 

Holmes  (s.  J.) The  Biology  of  the  Prog,  (  I   I 
Huggiiis  (Nir  W.),  The  .  the 

Mate  and  in  the  Kchoofs,  4  I 

.N'ooi.ieii   (c.    \oii).    Diabetes    Meliitut  )'  '     i.gical 

Chemistry  and  Treatment  '■■  net. 
Skinner  (W.  ft.),  The  Mining  ." 
Smithsonian  Institntii        i-        •lings  of  the  United  States 

National  .Museum,  Vol.  XXIX. 
Stewart  (A .),  Modem  Polyphase  M  o  hit  ■ 
Text-Book    of   Anatomy,    edited    l.\    D.  ,  liam, 

Section  4,  T/S  net 

General  Literature. 
Counsels  .,f  Life,  roll.-,  ted  by  E.  I  '  net. 

OrommeHn  (M.),  Bay  Ronald,  N.w  Edition 
Cuities  (IL),  An  Imperial  Love  Story,  tft 

English  Literary  Criticism,  Introduction  b\  C.  E.  V  ughaa, 

2/8 
bniiliKN.),  A  Straight Oeer,  I  8 
Grosveno]  (CA  '1  he  Binds  of  on  . 
(;rifriths  (A.),  The  House  in  Spiin^  Garden! 
Heath  (Major  E.  C),  Examinati.  ine<l  Training, 

1  6  net. 
lleriing  (P.),  'The  Magjc  of  Mi"  Aladdin,  6/ 
Howard  (K.),  The  Old  Came,  1/  net. 
Inchbold(A.  ('.),  Phaic 
Koch  (Mrs,  M.  i,  Paul  Jerome,  6/ 
Koebel  (\V.  IL).  The  Seat  of  Moodt 
Lane  (E.  M.),  All  for  the  Love  of  a  Lidy,  3  C  net. 
Melville  (F.   J.),    Siaiu  :    its   Posts  and    PosUge   Stamps, 

<jd.  net. 
Mitford  (B.),  Harley  Greenoak's  Chan: 
Molesworth  (Mrs.),  The  Wrong  Envelope,  and  other  stories 

6/ 
Pain  (Barrv),  Robinson  Crusoe's  Return,  1,'  net 
Phillips  (C.  J.),  Fifty  Years  of  Philately. 
Pierce  (E.  F.),  The  Traveller's  Joy,  -i  6 
Power  (J.  O'Connor),  The  Making  of  ai   ' 
Pratt  (T),    Puck,    the    Rebellious,    and    other    Nonsense 

Stories,  2/6  net. 
Punch  (Mr.)  on  the  Continong  ;  Mr.  Punch's  Railway  Book  ; 

Mr.  Punch  at  the  Seaside.  1 '  ne; 
Quiller-Couch  (A.  T),  From  a  Cornish  Wind.  I 
Russell  (T.  ().),  Is  Ireland  a  Dving  Nat! 
Speight  (T.  \V.),  Mora:  One  Woman's  History,  of. 
Swift  (M.  I.),  The  Damask  Girl,  and  other  Stories,  IdoL 
Their  Husbands'  Wives,  edited   bv  W.   D.   liowells  and 

H.  M.  Alden.  3/6 
Tilton  (D.),  The  Golden  Greyhound,  6' 
Verbatim  Report  of  the  Five  Days  Congo  Debate  in  the 

Belgian  House  of  Representati'.  ■ 
Warwick  (Countess  of).  A  Nation's  Youth,  1   net. 
Wood  (M.).  A  Tangled  I,  6/ 
Yarcott  (\V.  G.),  Pinch,  Potty  &  Co.,  3,0 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 

Hoensbroech  (Graf  v.),  Moderner  Staat  u.  romische  Kirche, 

."■in. 
Meyer  (E.1,  Die  Israeliten  u.  ihre  Nachbarstamme,  14m. 
Hies  (J.),  Das  geistlicheLeben  in  seinen  Eutwicklungsstufen 

nach  der  Lehre  des  hi.  Bernhard  queUenmasslj 

gestellt,  7in. 
Smith  (W.  B.),  Der  vorchristliche  Jesus,  4m. 

Fine  Art  and  Arekm 

Beri.ht  der  Koinmissiou  BUT  Erhaltnng  der  Kunstdenk- 
lnalei  im  Konigieich  s.u  hsen  :  Tatigkeit  in  den  J.thren 
lsK)3-.r.. 

Furtwangler  (A.1  u.   Reichhold  (K.),    Qriecbische  \ 

male'rei.  Series  II.    Part  IL,   40m. 
Jahrhuch  .lev  EConiglich  Preuszischen  Kunsts;tmnilungen, 

Vol.  XXVII.   Part  II. 
Jahrburh   der  kunsthistorisehen  BniMS iblllgeil,  Vei  XX\., 

15m. 
Kaliuka(E.),  Antike  Denknialer  in  Bulgarien,  SQp. 

7/<'.*f,., ...  d/i<(  Biiniraphy. 
Denis  (E),  La  Foudation   de  l'Empire  Allemand,  |BGS-71> 

lOfr. 
Drv    (A.),     Soldats     imVeillialllll  I     sous     le     Directoire, 

"  2  vols.,  U»fr. 
Wiederhold    fW.Y     Papsturkunden    in    Frankreich  :    I. 
Franche-Cointc,  3m. 

Folk- Lore. 
Schiitte  (P.).   Die  Liebe  in  den  englischen  n.  -.  hottischen 
Yolksballadcn,  3m. 

Philology. 
Deaaaq    (11. ).    Inscripuones    Lttinx    Selecta-,     Vol.    IL 

Part  IL,  10m. 
(irasserie  (It.  de  1.0.  De  la  Categorie  du  Oenre,  lifr. 
lleiUrgfJ.  Li  En  Grmak  Porpost,  okr.  75. 
Melcber(PA  De  Sermons  Epictebeo  quibus rebus ab atttca 

regula  diseeilat.  SBL  SO. 
N;i,i|iiK.I,  Gaston  Paris,  lkr.  6& 

V  All  Books  received  at  the  Ojjice  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  tnis  List  unless  jrcriously 
noted.  '  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  pi-ices  icken 
muting  Books. 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


671 


'THE    OPEN    ROAD.' 

May  I  bring  before  your  notice  what 
seems  to  me  a  peculiarly  hard  case  as  between 
publisher  and  author  ?  In  1899  I  issued 
through  Mr.  Grant  Richards  a  collection  of 
poetry  and  prose  entitled  '  The  Open  Road,' 
which  became  in  its  small  way  a  popular 
book,  and  still  is.  In  1904  Mr.  Grant 
Richards  failed  for  many  thousand  pounds. 
I  was  among  the  humbler  of  his  creditors — 
chiefly  for  money  due  to  me  for  '  The  Open 
Road.'  In  1905  it  was  necessary  for  me  to 
go  to  law  before  I  could  get  that  book  trans- 
ferred to  another  publisher  ;  but  after  some 
expense  and  a  long  delay  I  succeeded  in 
establishing  my  right  to  it,  and  the  transfer 
was  made.  Last  week — while  the  debt 
owing  to  me  on  '  The  Open  Road  '  is  still 
unpaid,  except  for  a  small  fraction,  and  is 
likely  to  remain  so — the  firm  of  E.  Grant 
Richards,  of  which  Mr.  Grant  Richards  is 
the  manager,  issued  a  book  called  '  Traveller's 
Joy,'  as  like  as  possible  to  '  The  Open  Road  ' 
in  idea  and  in  format,  with  end-papers  by 
the  same  artist,  the  same  type,  the  same 
system  of  arrangement,  and  identically  the 
same  binding  as  that  in  which  '  The  Open 
Road  '  first  made  its  popularity. 

I  am  told  I  have  no  legal  redress.  One 
can,  however — and  I  hold  that  one  should 
— make  a  protest.  Ordinary  derivative 
publishing  is  one  thing  ;  but  this  is  another. 
In  my  detached  opinion,  unbiassed  by  the 
personal  element  in  the  case,  an  imitation 
of  '  The  Open  Road  '  as  close  as  '  Traveller's 
Joy  '  is.  under  the  circumstances,  the  one 
kind  of  book  which  neither  Mrs.  nor  Mr. 
Grant  Richards  was  entitled  to  put  forth. 
I  hope  I  am  not  singular  in  my  view. 

E.  V.  LtJCAS. 


BRET  HARTE  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Harrow. 

Seeint;  in  The  Athenaeum  for  May  19th 
(p.  608,  col.  1)  a  commendatory  reference 
to  an  essay  upon  Bret  Harte  done  over  the 
initials  W.  M.,  I  have  procured  a  copy  of 
Messrs.  Hutchinson's  reprint,  and  find  that 
it  is,  as  I  suspected,  a  reissue  of  the  book 
which  I  edited  for  another  publisher  five 
years  back,  but  which  an  early  and  foolish 
modesty  kept  me  from  putting  my  name  to. 
I  write,  however,  not  to  air  any  grievance 
in  this  matter — for  I  am  noways  wronged 
by  this  reissue,  and  must  believe  that  the 
world  is  benefited — but  to  point  out  a 
curious  thing. 

A  few  weeks  ago  all  the  newspapers  were 
quoting,  and  some  were  expending  leading 
articles  upon,  a  passage  in  which  Stevenson 
speaks  of  the  sudden  rise  of  San  Francisco 
as  suggesting  the  idea  of  a  fall  more  sudden, 
a  disappearance  by  cataclysm.  But  nobody, 
as  far  as  I  am  aware,  has  yet  pointed  out 
that  Bret  Harte,  in  one  of  his  earliest  and 
least-known  sketches,  written  a  good  many 
years  before  Stevenson  saw  America,  gives 
an  account  (from  the  standpoint  of  an  ima- 
ginary future  geologist)  of  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  San  FrtttlciSCO  by  earthquake,  which 
is  conceived  to  have  taken  place  "  towards 
the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century."  As 
to  the  exact  date  of  the  calamity,  we  are 
told,  "  historians  disagree  ";  but,  after  all, 
the  difference  between  the  close  of  the  nine' 
teenth  century  and  tho  beginning  of  the 
twentieth  may  be  considered  a  fairly  negli- 
gible quantity  in  geological  calculations, 
not  to  say  prophec* 

It  occurred  to  me,  when  making  up  the 
aforesaid  volume  in  1901,  that  this  sketch, 
so  unlike  the  other  matter  of  the  hook, 
might  serve  very  well  as  an  epilogue  to  the 


prose  section  ;  and  there  I  placed  it.  It  is 
pleasing  to  know,  since  events  have  given 
it  a  curious  interest,  that  the  speculative 
general  reader  can  now  have  this  prophetic 
arrangement — and  much  of  the  best  of  Bret 
Harte's  prose  and  verse — for  tenpence : 
besides  my  "  philosophic  "  Introduction 
(so  far  as  I  am  concerned)  for  nothing  and 
what  it  is  worth.  W.  Macdonald. 

%*  It  had  been  pointed  out  before  either 
of  these  authors  wrote  that  an  earthquake 
sufficient  to  destroy  the  city  had  happened 
at  the  spot  in  the  Mexican  days,  and  that 
such  events  were  probable. 


'THE  HIGHLANDS  AND  ISLANDS  OF 
SCOTLAND.' 

Your  reviewer  in  his  notice,  or  "  jotting," 
upon  Mr.  Hope  Moncrieff's  book  on  '  The 
Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scotland,'  has  raised 
a  few  questions  which  require  at  least  a 
remark.  "  How  did  the  Forbeses  or  Gordons 
get  a  tartan  ?  "  "They  fought  at  Harlaw  on 
the  Lowland  side,"  as  we  believe  did  also  the 
Macphersons.  The  Gordons,  like  the  Frasers, 
Chisholms,  Barclays,  Irvines,  and  others, 
came  from  the  Lowlands  at  about  the  same 
period  as  guardians  of  the  Highland  line. 
But  several  of  them  became  large  wielders 
of  Celtic  sovereignty,  and  took  up  the  tartan 
as  the  natural  uniform  of  their  followers. 
The  Gordon  tartan  at  any  rate  preceded  the 
Gordon  regiment,  which  has  made  the  tartan 
illustrious  through  the  world.  Forbes  is 
possibly  Celtic  in  origin,  but  never  com- 
manded so  large  a  Highland  following, 
though  many  adherents  of  the  house  were 
Celtic. 

The  story  of  the  contractor  from  England 
inventing  the  philabeg  is  exactly  one  which, 
from  its  mixture  of  clownislmess  and  malice, 
would  be  popular  among  the  vulgar.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  dispute  the  local  truth  of 
the  story.  Very  likely  the  kind  of  labourers 
the  contractor  found  in  Glengarry's  country 
had  the  belted  plaid  for  their  only  garment, 
and  the  delicacy  of  the  contractor  may  have 
been  hurt  by  their  nakedness,  and  he  may 
have  prescribed  a  loin-cloth.  But  per  contra 
the  kilt  is  the  most  ancient  garment  in  the 
world.  It  is  not  necessary  to  cite  Gauls  and 
Albanians  for  the  present  purpose.  Let 
your  reviewer  look  at  Lord  A.  Campbell's 
instances  of  the  monuments  at  Kilkerran 
and  Sad  dell,  or  in  more  modern  times  at  the 
portraits  of  the  Earl  of  Moray  temp. 
Charles  I.,  and  of  the  first  Duke  of  Argyll 
with  the  Highlander  in  the  background,  by 
Medina,  1*52. 

If  Highlanders  stripped  at  the  onset,  what 
was  the  exceptional  meaning  of  Blar-na- 
leine  ?  That  the  fable  about  the  contractor 
was  not  immediately  contradicted  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  newspaper  correspondence 
was  not  the  fashion  of  the  day,  and  that  the 
dress  was  proscribed  soon  after.  It  has 
been  contradicted  since. 

As  to  "  runrig  "  tenure,  it  was  abolished 
in  Tiree  in  1  7(59,  teste  the  late  Duke  of  Argyll  ; 
but  instances  must  have  occurred  much  later 
in  the  Hebrides.  Iain  Gallda. 

*„*  The  reviewer  reerets  that  lain  Gallda 
contributes  no  exact  information  In  aid  of 
his  ignorance'.  No  evidence  is  given  for 
the  Btatement  that  a  number  of  Lowland 
gentlemen  "  took  up  the  tartan  as  the  natural 
Uniform  Of  their  followers,"  and  there  is  no 
hint  of  a  date.  If  the  story  of  the  contract or 
froui  Kngland  may  possess  "  local  truth," 
what  are  the  limits  of  the  locality  in  which 
it   is   true  ?      The   reviewer   has   never   heard 

thai   the  labourers  in  Glengarry's  country 

"had  the  belted  plaid  for  theironly  garment ." 


nor  has  he  learnt  that  anybody  "  prescribed 
a  loin  -  cloth."  The  actual  statement 
about  the  English  contractor  is  in  a 
letter  of  Evan  Baillie,  of  Aberiachan,  dated 
March  22nd,  1768  ;  cf.  Edinburgh  Magazine 
for  1785,  p.  23").  No  doubt  the  statements 
of  Mr.  Baillie  "  have  been  contradicted  "  ; 
the  question  is,  have  they  been  disproved  ? 
Perhaps  Iain  Gallda  can  cite  texts  speaking 
of  the  philabeg  earlier  than  the  date  of  the 
English  contractor.  The  whole  question  of 
the  date  of  clan  tartans  is  difficult.  It 
appears  from  the  '  Graemeid  '  that  in  1689 
the  predominant  colours  worn  by  the 
Camerons  were  blue  and  yellow.  The 
reviewer  does  not  pretend  to  have  any  de- 
finite opinion  on  these  obscure  and  debated 
matters. 


THE    ASLOAN    MS. 


Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  May  15th,  1906. 
Writing  from  Edinburgh  in  the  fall  of 
1892,  I  asked  Lord  Talbot,  of  Malahi de- 
Castle,  Dublin,  for  permission  to  examine 
the  Asloan  MS.  I  received  a  prompt  reply 
stating  that  the  MS.  had  already  been 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum  for  some 
time  for  purposes  of  copying  and  editing, 
and  that  the  MS.  was  no  longer  accessible, 
"  even  for  scientific  purposes."  I  have  not 
saved  the  letter,  but  the  phrase  in  quotation 
marks  I  recall,  having  printed  it  in  a  note  on 
the  MS.  in  my  '  Study  of  Scottish  Prose,' 
Baltimore,  1893. 

It  may  be  that  Prof.  Schipper,  who  was- 
compelled  to  use  Chalmers's  transcript  in 
his  edition  of  Dunbar,  Vienna,  1891-3,  had 
transcripts  made  later.  It  is  my  impression 
that  the  MS.  was  deposited  in  the  Museum 
for  the  use  of  the  Scottish  Text  Society. 
While  it  was  doubtless  quite  natural  for 
Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide  to  decline  to  open 
his  library  to  an  unknown  foreigner,  it  is 
not  so  easy  to  see  why  a  learned  British 
society  should  suffer  from  that  which  in  the 
owner  of  a  unique  MS.  seems  to  a  foreigner 
very  like  un-British  obscurantism. 

Students  of  Scottish  literature  will  like  to 
think,  however,  that  the  needs  of  the  Scottish 
Text  Society  have  only  to  be  made  clear 
to  the  possessor  of  this  Scottish  MS.,  which 
has  come  down  through  many  generations 
of  Scottish  owners,  for  all  difficulties  m  the 
way  of  editing  to  be  removed. 

Wm.  Peters  Reeves. 


TWO    NATIONAL    TRUSTS. 

We  have  received  the  Report  of  the 
annual  meeting  last  month  of  the  Trustees 
of  Shakspeare's  Birthplace,  including  a  long 
speech  by  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  which  is  web 
worth  reading.  Mr.  Lee,  as  chairman  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  has  devoted 
much  care  and  time  to  putting  matters  on 
a  sound  and  business  -  like  footing.  The 
number  of  visitors  from  Stratford  and  else- 
where for  the  year  (34.408)  far  exceeds 
previous  totals.  Since  October  last  two 
members  of  the  Executive1  Committee  have 
been  appointed,  month  by  month,  as  visiting 
♦  rnstec^s.  and  the  work  of  repair  and  restora- 
tion has  been  done  locally.  Good  progress  has 
been  made  with  a  complete  inventory  of  tho 

property  o£    the  Trust,   and  a  descriptive 

leaflet  is  now  available,  free  of  charge,  both 
in  French  and  Knglish.  Other  practical 
improvements  in  working  will  receive  general 
commendation,  and  we  hops  thai  Increased 

Support  will  justify  at  an  early  date  tho 
addition  of  a  library  of  the  books  which 
Shakspoaro  himself  probably  used.      A  nutn- 

ber  of  gifts  are  announced  in  the  Report. 

The   annual    meeting   of   another   national 


672 


THE     ATHENjEUM 


N°4101,  Jim:  2,  1906 


Frust,  thai  oonoerned  with  Dove  Cottage, 
Graamere,  was  held  on  Monday  afternoon 
the  Temple,  Prof.  Knight  in  1 1 1 « -  ohair. 
There  were  also  present  Mr.  \V.  G.  Brooke, 
Mr.  Btherington  Smith,  Mr.  John  Graham, 
Mr.  Brneel  Coleridge,  Dr.  Q.  W.  Prothero, 
Jim!  Canon   Beeching.     The  Report   for  the 

year  wrtding  May  1st  stated  that  4,250 
tickets  of  admission  to  the  Cottage  had  boon 
sold,  which  was  95  more  than  in  any  previous 
year,  and  4(>:>  more  than  last  year.  There 
was  a  balance  of  1<>/.  19*.  Ad.,  which  enabled 
the  Trustees  to  make  an  addition  to  the 
invested  capital.  The  property  was  reported 
to  be  in  excellent  order,  and  several  gifts  of 
books  to  the  Cottage  were  announced. 


SALE. 

Mkssr-s.  Sothkbt,  Wilkinson,  &  Hodge  sold 
on  the  25th  and  26th  ult.  the  following  important 
1  looks  and  MSS.  :  Bellarmine,  Disputationes, 
Vol.  VI. ,  bound  by  Clovis  Eve  with  arms  of  dames 
VI.  of  Scotland,  1601,  41/.  Missale  Cassinense, 
1513,  finely  hound,  2W.  15&  Voragine,  Legendario 
<li  Sancti,  Venet.,  1518,  22/.  Gould's  Birds  of 
Asia,  1850-73,  4S/.  10s.  Roscoe's  Novelists' 
Library,  19  vols.,  1831-3,  17/.  5a.  AValpole's 
Anecdotes  of  Painting,  by  Dallaway,  Major's 
edition,  large  paper,  India  proofs,  1826,  22/.  10s. 
Dresser"s  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-96,  .54/.  10s. 
Blake's  Songs  of  Innocence,  1789,  83/.  Byron's 
Don  Juan,  Cantos  I.  and  II.,  presentation  copy, 
1819,  .51/.  :  Sardanapalus,  1821,  presentation  copy, 
69/.  Robinson  Crusoe,  first  edition  (imperfect), 
1719,  60/.  Hone  B.V.M.,  MS.  on  vellum,  Sa?c. 
XV.,  96/.  Horn-Book,  temp.  Ceorge  II.,  19/. 
Shelley's  Queen  Mab,  with  title  and  imprint,  1813, 
100/.  Tennyson's  The  Last  Tournament,  1871, 
16/.  10*.  Dame  Juliana  Berners's  Book  of 
Hawking,  Hunting,  and  Fishing,  &c,  1586,  31/. 
Drayton's  The  Owle,  1604,  29/.  Mrs.  Jordan's 
Letters  to  William,  Duke  of  Clarence,  335/. 
Documents  signed  by  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie 
Antoinette  (5),  140/.  Napoleon  I.,  Draft  of  a 
Proclamation  to  his  Army  before  the  Battle  of 
Rivoli,  122/.  Hone  B.V.M.,  MS.  on  vellum  (Paris 
Use),  Sa;c.  XV.,  195/.  Sarum  Primer,  1555,  34/. 
Bulletins  de  la  Convention  Nationale,  September, 
1,792,  to  January,  1795,  190/.  Seymour  Haden's 
Etudes  a  l'Eauforte,  1866,  165/.  Hone  ad  Usum 
Sarum,  printed  upon  vellum,  1526,  115/.  ;  Hone  ad 
Usum  Bisuntiensem  (Besancon),  MS.  on  vellum, 
Sac.  XV.,  110/.  Valerius  Maximus,  MS.  on 
vellum,  1418,  122/.  Christine  de  Pisan,  Livre  des 
Faita  d'Armes  et  de  Chcvalerie,  MS.,  XV.  Cent., 
225/.  Guillaume  de  (iuilleville,  Le  Pelerinage  de 
la  Vie  Humaine,  MS.  on  vellum,  XV.  Cent.,  290/. 
Martin  Le  Franc,  Champion  des  Dames,  MS.  on 
paper,  XV.  Cent.,  195/.  Lancelot  du  Lac  et 
antics  Romans  de  la  Table  Ronde,  MS.  on  paper, 
XV.  Cent.,  5(H)/.  Midsummer  Night's  Dreame, 
1»;im>.  280/. ;  The  Merchant  of  Venice,  1600,  460/. ; 
Sir  John  Oldcastle,  16(H),  Ho/. ;  Henry  V..  1608, 
150J. ;  King  Lear,  1608,  395/.;  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  1619,  295/.  ;  A  Yorkshire  Tragedv,  1619, 
12.V. :  The  Whole  Contention,  1619,  110/. ;  Pericles, 
1619,  L6U 


'  The  Balkan  Trail,'  by  Mr.  Frederick 
Moore,  which  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co. 
will  have  ready  on  the  11th  inst.,  with  a 
map  and  forty-eight  pages  of  illustrations, 
relates  the  experiences  of  an  American 
correspondent  during  the  recent  troubles 
in  the  Balkans,  and  affords  an  insight  into 
the  character  of  the  people  and  the  political 
situation.  Incidentally  Mr.  Moore  tells, 
on  the  authority  of  the  actors  in  the  drama, 
the  real  history  of  the  abduction  and 
iransom  of  Madame  Tsilka. 

Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  is  to  publish  a  work 
by  Dr.  J.  P.  Mahaffy,  entitled  '  The  Silver 


Age  of  the  Greek  World.'  It  is  a  study  of 
the  period  dining  which  the  Greeks,  after 
their  subjugation  by  Rome,  went  into  all 
parts  of  the  world  as  pioneers  of  Hellenic 
culture.  The  progress  of  Hellenism  in 
Inner  Asia,  Egypt,  and  Syria  is  treated  ; 
there  are  several  chapters  on  the  influence 
of  Greece  on  Roman  society  and  literature, 
and  two  on  Plutarch  and  his  times. 

Messrs.  Bell  announce  a  new  edition 
of  Trollope's  Barsetshire  novels,  which 
will  be  added  to  their  "  York  Library," 
The  series  will  consist  of  '  The  Warden,' 
'  Batches  ter  Towers,'  '  Dr.  Thome,' 
'  Framley  Parsonage,'  '  The  Small  House 
at  Allington,'  and  '  The  Last  Chronicle 
of  Barset.'  The  last  named  has  been 
out  of  print  for  some  years,  but  by 
arrangement  with  the  owners  of  the  copy- 
right Messrs.  Bell  have  acquired  the  right 
to  reprint  it,  and  it  will  be  published  soon 
in  two  volumes.  The  other  volumes  of  the 
series  will  follow  at  short  intervals. 

The  '  Life  and  Letters  of  the  First  Earl 
of  Durham,  1792-1840,'  will  appear  in  the 
autumn.  The  book,  which  will  probably 
occupy  two  volumes,  has  cost  the  author, 
Mr.  Stuart  J.  Reid,  a  good  deal  of  research, 
both  in  Canada  and  England,  and  is  based 
on  a  mass  of  letters,  dispatches,  and 
papers  at  Lambton  Castle.  It  will  con- 
tain many  unpublished  letters  by  pro- 
minent statesmen,  and  some  fine  portraits 
which  are  unknown  to  the  public. 

At  a  meeting  held  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  on  the  24th  ult.,  the  Master 
of  Christ's  in  the  chair,  a  testimonial  was 
presented  to  Prof.  I.  Gollancz,  Litt.D., 
subscribed  for  by  a  number  of  friends  and 
past  and  present  students,  "as  a  token 
of  affection  and  regard."  The  Masters 
of  Trinity  and  Peterhouse  and  Prof. 
Skeat  spoke  upon  the  occasion  ;  and  the 
Master  of  Christ's,  on  behalf  of  the  donors, 
presented  a  case  containing  doctor's 
robes,  a  copy  of  the  Wycnffite  Bible,  and 
a  cheque  for  the  publication  of  some  work 
or  for  the  purchase  of  books,  together 
with  an  album  enclosing  a  list  of  sub- 
scribers. Among  these  were  the  Bishops 
of  Bristol  and  Ely  ;  the  Dean  of  West- 
minster ;  the  Masters  of  Trinity,  Christ's, 
and  Peterhouse  ;  the  Mistress  of  Girton  ; 
the  Principal  of  Newnham  ;  the  Principal 
of  University  College,  London  ;  the  Head 
Master  of  Harrow  ;  Sir  John  Evans  ;  Sir 
E.  Maunde  Thompson  ;  Mr.  Holman 
Hunt ;  the  Rev.  Dr.  Abbott  ;  Drs. 
Braunholtz,  Breul,  Fraser,  Furnivall, 
Haddon,  Heath,  Keynes,  Kimmins,  Sidney 
Lee,  R.  D.  Roberts,  Rouse,  and  Spenser  ; 
Profs.  Clifford  Allbutt,  Conway,  Hales, 
Herford,  Ker,  Reid,  and  Trench  ;  Mr. 
Magnusson,  and  Mr.  Shipley.  Prof. 
Atkins,  Fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  acted 
as  honorary  secretary  ;  and  Prof.  Skeat 
was  mainly  answerable  for  the  carrying 
out  of  the  movement. 

Last  year  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Associated  Booksellers  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  was  held  in  Edinburgh,  when 
the  visitors  were  generously  entertained 
by  their  Northern  brethren.  This  year 
arrangements  are  in  progress  for  the  meet- 


ings  and  excursions,  which  will  be  held  at 
Oxford,  beginning  on  July  6th. 

<)\  May  1st  Cecil  Bendall,  late  Professor 
of  Sanskrit  at  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, was  made  Officier  of  the  French 
Academie.  The  nomination,  which  would 
have  given  the  Professor  much  pleasure 
and  gratification,  comes  too  late,  as  he 
died  on  March  14th. 

The  voting  at  Cambridge  on  the  pro- 
posal that  students  of  science  should  be 
permitted  a  choice  between  Latin  and 
Greek  and  a  modern  language  as  a  com- 
pulsory subject  in  the  "  Little  Go  "  was 
finished  on  Saturday  last.  The  numbers 
were,  for  the  proposal,  241  ;  against,  747. 
The  majority  opposed  to  change  seems 
to  be  pretty  constant  ;  it  was  a  clear  502 
against  making  Greek  optional ;  and  now 
it  is  506. 

In  her  new  novel  '  Clemency  Shafto,' 
which  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.  on  the  11th  inst.,  Miss  Frances 
G.  Burmester  uses  the  mystery  of  some 
vanished  jewels  and  the  supposed  murder 
of  an  old  general  who  was  Mrs.  Shafto's 
lover  in  India  to  open  up  a  struggle  of 
character  between  Clemency  and  her 
mother,  and  to  bring  about  the  nemesis 
of  a  long-concealed  love  story. 

A  new  novel  by  Mrs.  M.  Pennell, 
entitled  '  Amor  Veritatis,'  will  be  issued 
shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

Messrs.  Barton  &  Sons  are  selling  on 
the  20th  inst.  at  East  Dereham  the  small 
farm  and  house  at  Badley  Moor  where 
Borrow  was  born. 

The  death  took  place  on  May  26th,  at 
Edinburgh,  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Smith. 
He  was  born  in  1817,  and,  becoming  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
went  out  to  India,  joining  the  Free  Church 
later.  In  1840  he  instituted  the  Zenana 
Mission,  with  which  his  name  will  always 
be  associated,  and,  writing  much  on  Oriental 
subjects,  was  for  ten  years  editor  of  The 
Calcutta  Review.  After  the  Mutiny  he 
returned  to  the  ministry  in  Scotland,  and 
in  1880  was  made  Professor  of  Evangelistic 
Theology  in  the  New  College,  Edinburgh, 
a  post  which  he  held  until  1893,  when  he 
retired  as  emeritus  professor.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  him 
three  degrees,  viz.,  M.A.,  D.D.,  and  LL.D. 
honoris  causa.  Dr.  Smith  was  author  and 
translator  of  many  works,  among  which 
were  a  volume  on  w  Mediaeval  Missions,' 
lives  of  Dr.  Duff  and  Dr.  Begg,  and 
a  translation  of  Vinet's  '  Studies  on 
Pascal.' 

Mr.  Michael  Davttt,  whose  death 
took  place  last  Thursday,  was  born  in 
1846,  and  well  known  as  a  vigorous 
journalist.  His  books  include  '  Leaves 
from  a  Prison  Diary,'  1884,  and  '  Life 
and  Progress  in  Australia,'  1898 ;  his 
political  writing  was  too  obviously 
biassed  to  be  of  permanent  value. 

The  early  death  of  a  poet  of  much 
promise  is  announced  in  M.  George  Vannor, 
who  passed  away  last  week,  after  a  very 
short  illness,  at  the  age  of  forty-one.  He 
issued  a  volume  of  poems  in  1889  under 
the    title    of    '  Les    Paradis.'     This    was 


N° 4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


673 


followed  by  a  small  book  with  the  title 
of  '  L'Art  symbolique,'  to  which  M.  Paul 
Adam  contributed  a  preface,  and  by  two 
others  :  '  Le  Tombeau  du  Cid,'  and 
'  Pelerinage  d'Art,'  dealing  with  such 
varied  subjects  as  Wagner  and  Italian 
painting.  M.  Vannor  was  also  a  dramatic 
and  musical  critic,  and  contributed  to 
U  Evenement,  Gil  Bias,  La  Libre  Parole, 
and  La  Presse  ;  but  perhaps  he  was  best 
known  as  a  conferencier.  He  recently 
appeared  in  this  role  at  the  Odeon  and  at 
the  Porte  Saint  Martin. 

With  the  novelist  Claire  von  Gliimer 
another  of  the  few  survivors  of  the  "  tolle 
Jahr  "  1848  has  passed  away.  Her  father, 
Karl  von  Gliimer,  was  an  ardent  Liberal, 
and  her  early  years  were  spent  in  exile. 
In  1848  she  acted  as  reporter  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Parliament  of  Frankfort 
for  the  Magdeburgische  Zeitung.  In  1851 
she  was  sent  to  prison  for  three  months 
for  promoting  the  escape  of  her  brother, 
who  had  been  sentenced  to  imprisonment 
for  life.  She  eventually  settled  at  Blase- 
witz,  near  Dresden,  where  her  lifeVas  spent 
peacefully,  and  where  she  died  at  the  age 
of  eighty-one.  Her  book  '  Aus  meinem 
Fluchtlingsleben '  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  her  stormy  youth.  She  wrote 
a  number  of  novels  and  short  stories, 
many  of  which  were  very  popular  in  their 
day. 

The  publication  of  the  entire  series  of 
Grant  Allen's  "  Historical  Guides  "  has 
now  been  transferred  to  the  firm  of  E. 
Grant  Richards.  The  series  includes  at 
present  '  Paris,'  '  Florence,'  '  Venice,'  and 
'  The  Cities  of  Belgium,'  by  Grant  Allen  ; 
■  The  Cities  of  Northern  'Italy,'  by  Dr. 
G.  C.  Williamson  ;  and  '  Umbrian  Towns,' 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  W.  Cruickshank.  A 
volume  dealing  with  Christian  Rome,  also 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cruickshank,  is  in  pre- 
paration. 

The  fine  library  of  Mr.  William  S. 
Appleton,  lately  dispersed  at  Libbie's 
Rooms,  Boston,  U.S.A.,  included  two 
interesting  lots.  One  of  these  was  George 
Washington's  manuscript  map  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  1777,  "  laid  down 
chiefly  from  actual  surveys  received 
from  the  Right  Honourable  Lord 
Stirling  and  others,  and  delineated  for 
the  use  of  His  Excellency  General  Wash- 
ington, by  Robert  Erskine,  F.R.S.," 
39  in.  by  25  in.  It  realized  520  dollars. 
The  second  item  was  a  copy  of  the  very 
rare  piece  of  early  American  poetry,  Anne 
Bradstreet's  '  The  Tenth  Muse  Lately 
Sprung  up  in  America,  or  Severall  Poems 
compiled  with  a  great  variety  of  Wit  and 
Learning,'  London,  1650  ;  this  was  secured 
for  the  Library  of  Congress  at  191  dollars. 
The  McKee  copy  of  this  work  sold  for 
460  dollars  in  1900. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
Statutes  made  by  the  Governing  Bodies 
of  Corpus  Christi,  Merton,  and  Sidney 
Sussex  Colleges,  Oxford,  (Id.  or  \d.  each) ; 
Scotch  Education  Department,  Code  of 
Regulations  for  Continuation  Classes 
(2^d.) ;  Board  of  Education,  Statement 
as    to    the    Age    at    which    Compulsory 


Education  begins  in  certain  Foreign 
Countries  (^d.) ;  and  a  Return  showing 
the  Number  of  National  Schools  in 
Ireland  in  which  Irish  is  Taught,  &c.  (\d.). 

SCIENCE 


THE    ROYAL    OBSERVATORY 
GREENWICH. 

The  Board  of  Visitors  met  last  Wednesday, 
the  30th  ult.,  under  the  chairmanship  of 
Lord  Rayleigh,  President  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  we  have  before  us  the  Astro- 
nomer Royal's  Report,  which  relates  to  the 
history  and  state  of  the  Observatory  up  to 
May  10th.  No  important  changes  appear 
to  have  been  made  in  the  buildings  or  instru- 
ments, except  that  the  object-glass  of  the 
transit-circle  was  removed  for  repolishing 
early  in  January,  and  returned  in  February. 
The  sun,  moon,  planets,  and  fundamental 
stars  were  regularly  observed  on  the  meridian, 
as  in  previous  years.  A  new  determination 
of  the  forms  of  the  pivots  showed  there  was 
no  sensible  error  in  them.  The  corrections  for 
variation  of  latitude  have  been  applied,  the 
data  being  kindly  furnished  by  Prof.  Albrecht. 
The  Second  Nine- Year  Catalogue  (for  the 
epoch  1900),  the  observations  for  which 
were  terminated  at  the  end  of  last  year,  will 
be  divided  into  two  sections,  viz.,  Part  I., 
Fundamental  and  Zodiacal  Stars,  and 
Part  II.,  Astrographic  Reference  Stars. 
The  altazimuth  had  to  undergo  some  altera- 
tions, as  well  as  a  repolishing  of  the  flint  lens, 
wliich  made  it  necessary  to  suspend  observa- 
tions with  it  for  about  six  weeks.  It  is 
used  as  a  reversible  transit-circle  in  the 
meridian  in  four  positions  during  the  year, 
the  positions  being  changed  regularly  each 
two  months.  Besides  being  employed  for 
observations  of  the  sun,  planets,  and  funda- 
mental stars,  the  instrument  (which  is  under 
the  charge  of  Mr.  Crommelin)  has  been  used 
regularly  for  extra-meridian  observations  of 
the  moon  during  the  first  and  last  quarters 
of  each  lunation.  Observations  of  the  lunar 
crater  Mosting  A  were  begun  in  1905,  and 
have  been  continued  when  practicable.  A 
large  number  of  observations  have  been 
obtained  with  the  reflex  zenith-tube.  Occulta- 
tions  of  stars  by  the  moon  have  been  observed 
with  the  equatorials,  and  extended  to  stars 
below  the  limit  of  magnitude  hitherto  in- 
cluded in  the  'Nautical  Almanac'  The 
28-inch  refractor  has  been  in  use  throughout 
the  year,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr. 
Lewis,  for  micrometric  observations  of 
double  stars,  of  Jupiter,  and  of  Jupiter's 
satellites.  The  work  of  the  astrographic 
equatorial  has  been  under  the  charge  of 
Mr.  Hollis.  It  has  chiefly  consisted  of 
replacing  chart  plates  which,  though  satis- 
factory in  other  respects,  are,  owing  to  slight 
photographic  defects,  unsuitable  for  the 
production  of  enlarged  prints  ;  and  of 
remeasurement  of  catalogue  plates  wliich 
required  revision,  as  well  as  other  matters 
preparatory  to  the  completion  of  the  Green - 
wioh  section  of  the  meat  international  photo- 
graphic survey  of  the  heavens. 

Mr.  Maunder  has  continued  to  superintend 
the  observations  with  the  photo-heliograph. 
The  solar  activity,  as  shown  in  the  numbers 
and  areas  of  spots,  was  very  pronounced 
throughout  1905,  the  record  for  that  year 
being  about  double  that  for  1904.  In  par- 
ticular, a  great  number  of  large  groups, 
visible  to  the  naked  eye.  were  observed. 
During  the  present  year,  however,  there  has 
been  a  considerable  falling  off  in  activity: 
no  groups  really  of  the  first  magnit  ude  hiving 
been  observed  since  the  end  of  1905. 


The  magnetic  and  meteorological  depart- 
ment has  been,  as  before,  under  the  charge 
of  Mr.  Bryant.  The  mean  magnetic  declina* 
tion  for  1905  was  16°  9/-9  west,  the  mean 
dip  (with  3-inch  needles)  66°  55'  55".  There 
were  no  days  of  great  magnetic  disturbance  in 
that  year,  but  twelve  of  lesser  disturbance. 
The  following  are  the  most  interesting  of  the 
meteorological  results.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture for  1905  was  49°-7,  or  0o-2  above  the 
average  for  the  fifty  years  1841-90.  During 
the  twelve  months  ending  April  30th  the 
highest  temperature  in  the  shade  (recorded 
on  the  open  stand  in  the  Magnetic  Pavilion 
enclosure)  was  87°-2  on  July  26th.  The 
lowest  was  23°T  on  November  22nd.  During 
the  winter  there  were  59  days  on  which  the 
temperature  fell  below  freezing-point,  which 
is  three  more  than  the  average.  The  mean 
daily  horizontal  movement  of  the  air  during 
the  same  twelve  months  was  300  miles, 
which  is  18  miles  above  the  average  of  the 
preceding  thirty-eight  years.  The  greatest 
recorded  daily  movement  was  767  miles  on 
January  6th,  and  the  least  69  miles  on 
December  11th.  The  greatest  recorded 
pressure  of  the  wind  was  19"4  lb.  on  the 
square  foot  on  January  18th,  and  the 
greatest  hourly  velocity  50  miles  on  Janu- 
ary 6th.  The  number  of  hours  of  bright 
sunshine,  recorded  by  the  Campbell-Stokes 
instrument,  was  1,523  out  of  4,457,  the 
whole  time  during  which  the  sun  was  above 
the  horizon,  so  that  the  mean  proportion  of 
sunshine  for  the  year  was  0*342,  constant 
sunshine  being  represented  by  1.  The 
rainfall  was  23-33  in.,  being  1*21  less  than 
the  average  of  the  fifty  years  1841-90.  No 
rain  fell  for  a  period  of  eighteen  consecutive 
days,  from  March  27th  to  April  13th. 

All  the  reductions  are  in  a  satisfactory 
state,  and  the  printing  of  the  volume  for 
1904  approaches  completion.  Since  the 
date  of  the  last  Report  Mr.  Dyson  has  been 
appointed  Astronomer  Royal  for  Scotland, 
and  Mr.  Eddington  (as  has  already  been 
announced  in  The  Athcncviun)  has  been 
nominated  one  of  the  Chief  Assistants,  Mr. 
Cowell  being  now  the  Senior.  These 
two  have  the  general  superintendence  of 
all  the  operations  of  the  Observatory.  Not 
much  extraneous  work  was  done  during 
last  year  ;  the  expeditions  for  observation 
of  the  total  solar  eclipse  in  August  have  been 
already  described  in  our  columns. 

The  Astronomer  Royal  finishes  by  some 
remarks  on  the  disturbances  likely  to  be 
introduced  by  the  schemes  for  the  supply 
of  electric  power  to  the  whole  of  London 
and  the  surrounding  districts  from  generat- 
ing stations  planted,  or  to  be  planted,  in  the 
immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  Obser- 
vatory. The  most  serious  danger  arises 
from  the  generating  station  of  the  London 
County  Council,  which  is  planted  exactly 
in  the  Greenwich  meridian  and  in  a  position 
where  its  excessively  tall  chimneys  will, 
unless  their  height  be  materially  reduced, 
interfere  with  observations  of  stars  near 
the  north  horizon  (which  are  essential  for 
latitude  and  refraction),  and  will,  through  the 
effect  of  heated  air,  render  the  results  un- 
trustworthy. Moreover,  as  this  generating 
station  is  at  a  distance  of  only  half  a  mile 
from  the  Observatory,  there  is  grave  risk 
of  the  tremor  arising  from  the  vibrations 
produced  by  the  extremely  powerful  engines 
affecting  the  value  of  observations  made  by 
reflection  from  a  mercury  horizon,  which 
are  essential  for  the  fundamental  work  of 
the  Observatory.  None  such  has  been 
noticed  from  a  generating  station  at  Dept- 

ford,  which  is  on  a  much  more  modest  scale, 

and    has   hitherto    sufficed    to    supply    the 

Council  tramways  A\ith  electric  power. 
This  is,  however,  nearly  a  mile  from  the 
Observatory,    and    the    Astronomer    Loyal 


074 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


N°4101,  Jink  2,  1906 


naturally    complains    thai    the    immediate 

neighbourhood  of  the  Observatory  should 
have  been  selected  for  the  planting  of 
generating  stations  on  an  unprecedented 
scale,  to  supply  electric  power  to  distant 
districts. 


SOCIETIES. 


British  Academy. — May  23. —  Lord  Reay,  Pre- 
sident,  in  the  chair. — Prof.  Rhys,  Fellow  of  the 
Academy,  read  extracts  of  a  paper  on  '  The  Celtic 
Inscriptions  of  France  and  Italy.'  It  was  prac- 
tically a  continuation  of  the  one  entitled  'Celta- 
and  Galli,*  which  was  read  to  the  Academy  twelve 
months  ago,  and  was  devoted  principally  to  the 
fragmentary  Ooligny  calendar  and  the  Rom  tablet 
of  lead  with  writing  on  both  sides.  In  September 
and  October  last  the  Professor  resumed  his  study 
of  the  Coligny  calendar,  but  this  time  he  went  to 
the  original  in  the  museum  at  Lyons,  where  he 
carefully  collated  the  fragments.  He  did  the  same 
with  the  Rom  inscriptions,  which  are  in  the  pos- 
session of  their  discoverer  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Poitiers.  On  the  same  expedition  he  examined 
nearly  all  the  Celtic  inscriptions  known  to  exist  in 
France  ;  and  he  devoted  the  last  Easter  vacation  to 
examining  the  few  known  in  Italy.  The  present 
paper  thus  covered  pretty  well  the  whole  domain 
of  the  inscribed  monuments  of  the  Celts  on  the 
Continent  :  in  all  he  has  examined  about  forty, 
varying  in  length  from  a  single  name  to  the 
defi.rioiies  of  Rom  and  the  Coligny  calendar.  In 
the  editions  of  the  Coligny  fragments  he  has  dis- 
covered a  good  many  inaccuracies,  but  none  of 
such  importance  as  to  upset  any  of  his  main  con- 
tentions as  to  the  interpretation,  and  none  having 
any  bearing  on  the  epiestion  of  the  Celticity  of  the 
document  as  against  M.  d'Arbois  de  Jubainville, 
who  continues  to  regard  it  as  Ligurian.  The  col- 
lation of  M.  Jullian's  reading  of  the  Rom  texts  has 
likewise  yielded  some  interesting  results,  of  which 
the  details  were  embodied  in  the  paper.  With 
regard  to  the  more  usual  kind  of  Celtic  inscrip- 
tions, the  differences  between  Prof.  Rhys's  readings 
and  those  of  previous  epigraphists  are  fairly 
numerous,  not  to  mention  new  interpretations 
which  he  has  suggested.  The  paper  being  of  con- 
siderable length,  he  was  able  to  select  only  a 
couple  of  typical  examples,  namely,  one  of  the 
commoner  Gaulish  type,  and  one  from  a  group  of 
seven  or  eight  stones  found  at  Avignon  or  Nimes, 
or  else  in  the  neighbouring  districts.  This  group 
has  also  had  its  Celticity  challenged  by  M.  d'Arbois 
de  Jubainville,  who  tries  to  make  the  language  an 
Italic  dialect.  Prof.  Rhys  pointed  out  the  incon- 
clusive nature  of  the  reasoning  in  favour  of  an 
Italic  origin,  and  urged  reasons  for  regarding  the 
inscriptions  as  Celtic.  A  photograph  of  the 
Coligny  calendar  is  a  desideratum,  and  M. 
Esperandieu  is  of  opinion  that  it  is  quite  feasible  : 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  he  may  be  induced  to  under- 
take that  piece  of  work.  Since  he  and  M.  Dissard 
put  the  fragments  in  their  places  several  have  been 
again  shifted.  — Sir  E.  Fry,  Fellow  of  the  Academy, 
read  a  paper  on  '  The  Rights  of  Neutrals  as  illus- 
trated by  Recent  Events.'  The  war  between 
Russia  and  Japan  has  given  rise  to  some  novel 
questions  in  relation  to  neutrals.  The  first  question 
discussed  was  suggested  by  the  North  Sea  inci- 
dent, viz.,  whether  or  no  the  commander  of  a  ship 
of  war  belonging  to  a  belligerent  power  can  justify 
injury  to  a  neutral  ship  on  the  ground  of  his  sus- 
picion that  she  is  a  belligerent.  The  second  ques- 
tion discussed  was  how  far  belligerents  can  enlarge 
their  rights  against  neutrals  by  the  introduction  of 
novel  instruments  and  methods  of  warfare.  The 
third  question  raised  related  to  the  right  of 
neutrals  to  receive  and  use  messages  relating  to 
military  or  naval  operations,  sent  by  belligerents 
by  means  of  wireless  telegraph}-. — A  discussion  fol- 
lowed, in  which  Prof.  Westlake,  Prof.  Holland,  Sir 
John  Macdonell,  Sir  F.  Pollock,  and  others  took 
part. 

Society  of  Antiquaries. — May  10. — Mr.  F.  G. 
Hilton  Price,  Director,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  O.  M. 
Dalton  read  a  note  on  the  lot-casting  machine  in 
Carlovingian  representations  of  the  Crucifixion, 
where  it  is  found  as  an  adjunct  to  the  episode  of 
the  parting  of  Christ's  garments.  It  consists  of  an 
urn  fixed  upon  a  revolving  horizontal  bar  in  such  a 
way  that  at  each  revolution  one  of  the  balls  serving 


as  lots  fell  out,  the  neck  of  the  urn  being  too 
narrow  to  mini  t  the  passage  of  more  than  one  at 
a  time.  Two  representations  of  this  machine,  as 
used  in  the  circus  to  determine  the  position  of  the 

drivers  in  tho  chariot  races,  have  come  down  to  us 
from  about  the  fourth  century,  one  being  on  a  con- 
torniate  medal,  the  other  on  a  marble  relief  from 
the  hippodrome  at  Constantinople  J  while  the  mode 
of  its  operation  in  later  times  is  described  by  Con- 
stantino Porphyrogenitus.  The  late  Dr.  Gracven 
and  others  had  already  referred  to  the  appearance 
of  this  niacbine  in  the  Utrecht  Psalter,  and  Mr. 
Dalton  now  drew  attention  to  two  other  examples 
of  its  occurrence,  both  upon  Carlovingian  ivory- 
carvings  :  one  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Narh  nne, 
the  other  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  As  it 
is  not  likely  that  the  illuminators  or  ivory-carvers 
had  ever  seen  the  machine  in  operation,  the  use  of 
this  very  secular  method  of  resorting  to  the  verdict 
of  chance  a  fiords  a  striking  example  of  the  extent 
to  which  these  artists  depended  on  antique  models. 
Mr.  Dalton  also  described  a  circular  brooch  in  the 
British  Museum,  apparently  of  Frankish  manu- 
facture, and  ornamented  with  a  cress  in 
cloisonne  enamel  :  it  appeared  to  be  a  very  earl)' 
example  of  the  employment  of  this  method  of  ena- 
melling in  the  West.  He  further  described  a  small 
Byzantine  medallion  of  very  fine  workmanship  with 
busts  of  St.  Theodore  and  St.  George,  apparently 
of  the  eleventh  century  ;  it  was  remarkable  for 
being  enamelled  upon  both  surfaces,  and  for  being 
executed  on  copper  with  copper  cloisons  instead  of 

fold.  The  medallion  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Lead,  and  is  to  be  prest  nted  to  the  British  Museum. 
Finally  Mr.  Dalton  described  a  small  silver  dish  of 
the  sixth  century  a.d.  exhibited  b)T  Sir  William 
Haj'nes-Smith.  It  was  ornamented  with  a  mono- 
gram in  niello  within  a  wreath  of  ivy -leaves,  and 
had  on  the  bottom  the  usual  official  stamps  or 
"  hall-marks."  It  was  found  in  Cyprus,  and  ver}- 
elosely  resembles  a  larger  silver  dish  from  the  same 
locality  now  in  the  British  Museum. — Mr.  W.  R. 
Lethaby  read  a  note  on  the  early  Arabic  numerals 
on  the  sculptures  of  the  Resurrection  groups  on  the 
west  front  of  Wells  cathedral  church.  These  had 
been  described  some  years  ago  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Irvine, 
who  had  misread  several  of  them,  w  ith  the  result 
that  his  tables  contained  numbers  that  were  far  too 
high.  Mr.  Lethaby  showed  that,  if  the  numbers 
were  properly  read  by  the  light  of  late  thirteenth- 
century  and  other  MSS.,  they  formed  a  regular 
sequence,  which  corresponded  with  the  groups  of 
sculpture. — The  Rev.  E.  H.  Willson  exhibited  a 
silver-parcel-gilt  chalice  of  London  make  of  the 
year  1518-19,  now  belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
chapel  at  Lej'land,  Lanes. — Mr.  J.  C.  Carrington 
exhibited  a  curious  silver-gilt  secular  cup,  of  English 
work  circa  1470,  in  use  as  a  chalice  in  a  Hampshire 
church. 

May  17. — Lord  Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair. 
— Mr.  A.  Trice  Martin,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the 
Caerwrent  Exploration  Fund,  presented  the  annual 
report  of  the  work  done  at  Caerwent  in  1905  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  T.  Ashby,  jun.,  of  the 
British  School  at  Rome.  This  work  comprised  the 
exploration  of  five  houses  or  blocks  and  the  lately 
discovered  gate  in  the  south  wall  of  the  city.  Of 
the  former,  one  block  was  remarkable  for  the 
remains  of  a  colonnade  with  seven  columns,  the  use 
of  which  was,  however,  uncertain.  In  another 
house  there  was  found  an  octagonal  tank,  with  a 
tessellated  floor  and  cemented  walls,  which  was 
probably  a  bath  ;  and  the  whole  building  (which 
could  not  be  completely  excavated,  owing  to  the 
northern  portion  lying  in  a  garden  which  was  not 
available  for  excavation)  is  probably  part  of  the 
same  building  (House  II.  N. )  wherein  was  found 
the  large  hypocaust,  which  is  still  open  for  inspec- 
tion. The  whole  may  possibly  have  formed  part 
of  a  system  of  public  baths.  In  another  house  the 
wall  of  one  room  was  preserved  to  a  height  of 
14  feet,  and  there  were  some  interesting  remains  of 
plaster.  Among  other  features  of  interest  were 
well-constructed  stone  drains.  The  south  gate  is 
Extremely  well  preserved,  the  larger  part  of  one 
ring  of  the  stone  arch  being  intact.  It  differs  from 
the  north  gate  in  some  important  details.  Like 
that,  it  has  been  blocked  up  ;  but  the  filling  is 
of  an  altogether  better  and  more  deliberately 
constructed  character.  There  arc  also  the  remains 
of  two  large  stone  drains,  and  possibly  of  two 
roads,  one  overlying  the  other.  Among  the  finds 
exhibited  were  some  iron  spear-  and  arrow-heads, 
knives,  a  bronze  piped  key,  a  part  of  a  small  clay 


statuette  of  Venus,  a  little  bronze  sphinx,  a  perfect 
howl  of  a  ware  that  appears  to  imitate  Sarnian 
ware,  and  a  collection  of  plant  seeds  and  animal 
bones  that  have  been  recovered  fr<  m  the  earth 
taken  from  pits  and  wells  by  the  industry  and  care 
of  Mr.  Lyell,  and  identified  by  Mr.  Newton.  Wort 
is  to  1m-  shortly  resumed  on  alx  ut  five  acres  of  land 
that  have  been  lately  purchased  by  Lord  Tredegar, 
and  with  characteristic  generosity  offered  to  the 
committee  for  excavation.  Mr.  \V.  1).  Caree,  by 
permission  of  the  Rev.  T.  Green,  exhibited  three 
mutilated  stone  figures  of  knights,  and  the  pedes* 
tal  of  a  fourth,  which  had  lately  been  found 
embedded  in  a  mass  of  rubble  in  a  window-Sill  in 
Tilswoith  church,  Beds.— Mr.  \V.  H.  St.  John 
Hope  was  of  opinion,  from  the  action  of  the  figures,, 
that  they  had  originally  belonged  to  a  group 
representing  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  of 
Canterbury.  The  fact  that  they  were  not  shown 
as  sleeping  was  against  their  having  formed  part 
of  an  Easter  sepulchre.  Their  date,  he  thought, 
was  about  1230. 


.1 


Zooj.oc.icae.— map  15.— Dr.  J.  Rose  Bradiord,. 
V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — The  Secretary  read  a  report 
on  the  additions  to  the  menagerie  during  April, 
which  numbered  171. — Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  ex- 
hibited a  nearly  full-time  foetus  of  Lemur  rufifrons^ 
and  called  attention  to  the  carpal  vibrissa,  Which 
were  extremely  conspicuous,  though  the  rest  of  the 
ventral  surface  (  f  the  arm  was  devoid  of  hair. — Mr. 
Beddard  also  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  C.  <  •. 
Seligmann,  a  cock  of  mixed  breed  which  had  been' 
caponized  for  commercial  purposes  whilst  young. 
The  bird  at  no  time  showed  an)*  evidence  of  sexuaF 
attraction  for  or  towards  either  sex.  On  dissection,. 
there  was  no  trace  of  testicular  tissue. — Mr.  R.  I. 
Pocock  exhibited  and  made  remarks  upon  a  speci- 
men of  a  leaf-insect  (Phyllium)  from  the  Sey- 
chelles, which  had  been  brought  to  the  gardens  by- 
Mr.  E.  G.  B.  Meade- Waldo.— Mr.  H.  Munt 
exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Bussell,  a  skin  of  the 
spotted-necked  otter  (Lutra  macnlkollh)  obtained 
at  Fort  Jobnston,  Uganda. — A  communication; 
from  Mr.  J.  N.  Halbert  contained  descriptions  of 
the  two  species  of  water-mites  (Hydrachnidw)  col- 
lected by  Mr.  W.  A.  Cunnington  in  Lake  Nyasa 
during  the  Third  Tanganyika  Expedition,  1904-5. 
— Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  read  a  paper  on  a  collection 
of  mammals  made  by  Mr.  W.  Stalker  in  the 
Northern  Territory  of  South  Australia,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  National  Museum  bj'  Sir  William- 
Ingram  and  the  Hon.  John  Forrest.  The  collection 
included  sixteen  species,  of  which  two  were  of 
special  interest  :  Mus  forresti,  sp.  n.,  and  Phatco- 
yale  ingrami,  sp.  n. — Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  c.  m- 
municated  a  paper  bj-  Prof.  W.  B.  Benham  and 
Mr.  W.  J.  Dunbar  dealing  with  the  skull  of  a 
young  ribbon-fish  (Regalecus). — A  communication 
from  Dr.  von  Linstow  contained  descriptions  of 
two  species — one  of  them  new — of  hair-worms  of 
the  family  Gordiidw.  The  specimens  had  been 
obtained  in  Korea  by  Mr.  Malcolm  Anderson,  who 
was  making  collections  of  the  fauna  of  Eastern 
Asia  for  the  Duke  of  Bedford. — A  communication 
from  Mr.  G.  A.  Boidenger  contained  descriptions.; 
of  a  new  lizard,  a  new  snake,  and  a  new  toad  col- 
lected in  Uganda  by  Mr.  E.  Degen. — Mr.  R.  I. 
Pocock  read  a  paper  on  the  gestation  and  parturi- 
tion of  certain  monkeys  that  had  bred  in  the 
Society's  menagerie  in  the  spring  of  the  present 
year. 

Microscopical. — May  16. — Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,. 
President,  in  the  chair. — Dr.  Bernstein  gave  an 
account  of  some  observations  recently  made  on  the 
parasites  of  malaria  and  the  phagocytic  action  of 
the  polymorphonuclear  leucocytes.  The  subject 
was  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of  drawings  upon 
the  blackboard,  showing  the  results  of  observations- 
during  the  examination  of  blood  taken  from  a. 
patient  suffering  from  malarial  fever.  The  observa- 
tions were  made  at  intervals  of  a  few  minutes 
during  a  period  of  five  hours.  A  crescent  form  of 
the  parasite  was  seen  to  become  engulfed  by  a 
leucocyte,  in  which  it  was  soon  surrounded  by 
vacuoles  and  was  ultimately  destroyed,  only  the 
pigment  granules  remaining ;  other  ieucocyto 
afterwards  approached  and  absorbed  some  of  the 
granules.  The  blood  film  was  stained,  and  t he- 
preparation  showing  the  pigment  granules  in  the 
p>lvmorphonuelear  leucocytes  was  exhibited  under 
a  microscope  at  the  meeting.  —  Mr.  C.  Beclc 
exhibited    and    described    a    simple   wave-lengthi 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


675 


spectrometer  designed  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Nelson,  in 
■conjunction  with  Mr.  J.  W.  Gordon,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  testing  colour-screens.  It  consisted  of  a 
diffraction  grating,  a  slit,  a  collimating  lens,  and 
an  eye  lens.  Mr.  Gordon  had  worked  out  a  method 
of  measuring  wave-lengths  by  this  instrument 
without  any  reference  to  tables  (as  shown  by  a 
■diagram  exhibited),  wave-lengths  being  read  off  in 
millionths  of  an  inch. — The  President  referred  to 
the  annual  exhibition  of  pond  life,  in  giving  which 
the  Fellows  had  been  assisted  by  members  of  the 
■Quekett  Microscopical  Club.  Nearly  forty  micro- 
scopes were  upon  the  tables. 


Anthropological  Institute. — May  22.— Prof. 
W.  Gowland,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  T.  C. 
Hodson  exhibited  a  series  of  slides  of  stone  monu- 
ments found  in  Assam.  He  subsequently  read  a 
paper  on  the  genua  (tabu)  among  the  tribes  of 
Assam.  The  tabus  are  of  two  kinds,  general  or 
communal,  as  contrasted  with  private  or  individual 
tabus.  Communal  tabus  are  observed  by  the  whole 
village,  which  consists  of  several  exogamous  sub- 
divisions, and  are  automatic,  in  the  sense  that  they 
are  of  regular  occurrence  or  necessarily  follow  the 
occurrence  of  some  event.  These  regidar  tabus  are 
mostly  connected  with  the  crops,  and  arc  frequently 
times  of  great  licence.  The  village  is  made  genna 
before  the  crop  is  sown,  at  the  harvest  home,  and 
sometimes  on  the  appearance  of  the  first  blade  of 
the  crop.  When  the  village  is  genna  every  one 
must  stay  in  until  the  tabu  is  over,  and  it  some- 
times lasts  as  long  as  ten  days,  and  no  one  who  is 
outside  is  allowed  to  come  in.  The  village  is  also 
yeuna  when  a  rain-making  ceremony  is  necessary  ; 
and  in  fact  any  magical  ceremony  for  the  good  of 
the  whole  community  is  necessarily  accompanied 
by  a  general  genna.  Gemma  are  also  occasioned  by 
natural  phenomena,  such  as  earthquakes,  eclipses, 
&c,  and  by  the  annual  ceremony  of  laying  the 
ghosts  of  those  who  have  died  within  the  year. 
Individual  gennas  are  necessary  at  all  important 
•events  in  life,  such  as  childbirth  or  marriage,  and 
are  as  inevitable  as  crop  gennas.  They  are  also 
extended  to  certain  foods,  especially  in  the  case  of 
the  head  man  of  the  village,  and  are  necessary 
when  any  person  wishes  to  erect  a  monolith, 
usually  for  self-glorification.  Such  an  individual 
is  genua  from  the  moment  when  he  takes  the  first 
steps  towards  erecting  a  monolith  until  the  stone 
is  finally  in  position.  Slides  of  these  monuments 
were  shown  by  Mr.  Hodson.  Gennas  are  also 
occasioned  by  the  birth  or  death  of  any  animal 
within  the  house  ;  and  warriors  before  and  after  a 
raid  are  subject  to  them. 


British  Numismatic. — May  23. — Mr.  Carlyon- 
Britton,  President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  Wil- 
loughby  Gardner,  Charles  Gregory,  George  D. 
Nichols,  and  William  H.  Wells,  and  the  Ermitage 
Imperial  of  St.  Petersburg,  were  elected  to 
membership. — The  members  tendered  a  resolution 
■of  sympathy  with  the  relatives  of  Mr.  Richard  A. 
Hoblyn,  F.S.A. ,  whose  recent  decease  had 
•deprived  the  Society  of  one  of  its  Council,  and 
was  a  loss  to  arclucology. — The  paper  of  the 
■evening,  '  Historical  Notes  on  the  First  Coinage 
•of  Henry  II.,'  was  contributed  by  the  President. 
Except  with  regard  to  the  Pipe  Roll  of  Henry  I., 
which  had  been  treated  by  Mr.  Andrew,  no 
systematic  search  or  notation  of  the  earl)-  rolls  of 
the  Exchequer  had  previously  been  made  for  the 
purposes  of  comparison  with  the  coinage  of  the 
period  ;  but  Mr.  Carlyon- Brit  ton  now  supplied  a 
-complete  record  of  the  numismatic  references  con- 
tained in  the  rolls  for  the  twenty-one  years  f rum 
ll.i-l  to  117<>.  They  comprised  nearly  four 
hundred  entries,  and  included  the  names  of 
•eighty-two  moneyers,  with  the  various  cities  and 
boroughs  in  which  the)'  coined.  These  chiefly 
-concerned,  returns  of  the  fees,  tines,  and  penalties 
■due  to  the  Exchequer  ;  but  some  of  them  were  of 
-a  varied  and  more  interesting  character.  The 
author  was  able  to  identify  most  of  the  names 
recorded  with  those  on  existing  coins,  many 
examples  of  which  he  exhibited,  and  in  this 
relation  it  wis  interesting  to  note-  the  intnKbieti.ni 
of  the  surname,  which  was  then  gradually  extend- 
ing over  England.  For  example,  Alwin  of  London 
•on  the  coins  became  Alwin  Finch  in  the  roll  ; 
Richard  of  Exeter  appeared  as  Richard  lulz 
Estrange  ;  and  Fires  Mer  :  and  I'ires  Sal  :  of 
London   were  extended    into    Peter    Meielin    and 


Peter  de  Salerna,  and  so  on,  until  the  records 
seemed  to  be  almost  a  directory  of  the  coinage. 
The  whole  tenor  of  the  paper  confirmed  the  con- 
tention that  the  moneyer  whose  name  and  place  of 
mintage  appeared  on  the  coins  was  a  person  of 
considerable  wealth  and  importance,  who  farmed 
the  dies,  and  employed  artisans  (usually  termed  in 
the  roll  "  men  of  the  moneyer")  to  do  the  manual 
and  executive  work.  Mr.  Carlyon-Britton  acknow- 
ledged his  indebtedness  to  the  publications  of  the 
Pipe  Roll  Society,  which  had  materially  lightened 
the  task  of  research. — Mr.  L.  A.  Lawrence  exhi- 
bited a  half  -  groat  of  the  first  coinage  of 
Edward  III.,  when  the  Roman  M  was  still  in  use, 
and  a  groat  and  half -groat  of  Henry  VI.  with 
obverses  of  the  pinecone  -  mascle  coinages  and 
reverses  of  the  annulet  type  ;  and  Mr.  H.  M. 
Reynolds,  a  penny  of  Harthacnut  of  the  Langport 
mint. — Mr.  L.  Forrer  and  Mr.  E.  H.  Waters  made 
presentations  of  numismatic  works  to  the  Library 
of  the  Society. 


TfES 

Wed. 


MEETINGS  XEXT  WEEK. 
Roval  Institution.  5.—' Northern  Winter  Sports  :  Sweden  and 

its  People.'  Lecture  II.,  Col.  V.  Balck. 
Archaeological  Institute.  4  — '  Notes  on  the  Early  Architectural 

History  of    the  Parish  Church   of   Worth,   in  Sussex,'  and 

•  Notes  on  the  Architecture  of  Denharu  Church,  Bucks,'  Mr. 

W.  P.  I).  Stebbing. 

—  Entomological.  «.  — '  Predaceous  Insects.' and  '  On  some  Forms 

of  Papmo  dardanus,'  Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton  ;   'Notes  on  the 
BlattidaV  Mr.   K.  Shelford ;    'On    the  Bionomics  of   some 
Butterflies  from   the  Victoria  Nyanza    Region,'  Mr.   S.   A. 
Neave. 
Turns. Royal,  4.30. 

—  Royal   Institution.   5— 'Man    and    the    Glacial    Period,'   Lec- 

ture III..  Prof.  W.  J.  Sottas. 

—  Linnean.   s.  — 'On  Two  New  Species    of    Populus   from    Dar- 

jeeling,'  Mr.  H.  H.  Haines  :  '  Biscuvan  Plankton  :  Part  VIII. 
The  Cephalopoda,'  Mr.  W.  E.  Boyle;  Part  IX.  The 
Medusa?.'  Mr.  E.  T.  Browne. 

—  Chemical.   S.'.JO.— '  Ammonium   Selenate  and  the  Question  of 

Isodimorphism  in  the  Alkali  Series,'  Mr.  A.  E.  H.  Tutton  ; 
'An   Improved  Beckman   Apparatus  for  Molecular  Weight 
Determination, '  Mr.   J.  M.  Sanders;    'Resolution  of  Lactic- 
Acid  by  Morphine,'  Mr.  J.  C.  Irriue  ;  and  other  papers. 
Fri.       Astronomical,  5. 

—  Geologists    Association.  8— 'The  Higher  Zones  of  the  Upper 

Chalk  in  the  Western  Part  of  the  London  Basin,'  Messrs. 
H.  J.  Osborne  White  anil  LI.  Treacher. 

—  Physical,  8.— 'On  the  Solution  of  Problems  in  Diffraction  by 

the  Aid  of  Contour  Integration,'  Mr.  H.  Pavies  :  '  The  Effect 
of  Radium  in  facilitating  the  Visible  Electric  Discbarge 
in  Vacuo,'  Mr.  A.  A.  Campbell  Swiuton  ;  'Fluid  iLiijuid1 
Resistance.'  Col.  de  Villamil. 

—  Royal  Institution.  9.—'  Studies  on  Charcoal  and  Liquid  Air,' 

Prof.  Sir  .1.  Dcwar. 
Sat.       Royal  Institution,  3.—' Inspiration  in  Poetry,'  Prof.   W.   M. 
Dixon. 


#ci*na  (Snsstp. 

The  Clarendon  Press  are  now  publish- 
ing '  An  Introduction  to  Logic,'  by  Mr. 
H.  W.  B.  Joseph,  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  New 
College.  He  has  done  his  best  to  avoid  a 
superfluity  of  technical  terms,  and  goes 
back  largely  to  Aristotle  ;  but  all  the  Greek 
quoted  will  be  translated. 

A  Report  on  the  International  Congress 
of  Medicine  held  at  Lisbon  in  April  lias  just 
been  published  as  a  Parliamentary  Paper. 
The  price  is  \d. 

The  death  is  announced,  in  the  eighty- 
seventh  year  of  his  age,  of  Prof.  Lindhagen, 
who,  after  studying  at  the  University  of 
Upsala,  became  assistant  at  the  observatorv 
tliere,  removing  to  that  at  Pulkowa  in  1847. 
from  winch  he  was  called  by  the  Royal 
Swedish  Academy  of  Sciences  to  be  astro- 
nomer at  the  Stockholm  Observatory  in 
1855.  In  1851  he  undertook  a  share  in  the 
Russo-Swedish  geodetical  operations  ;  and 
in  1860  he  joined  an  expedition  to  observe 
the  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  Spain.  His 
literary  activity  also  was  considerable,  both 
in  scientific  and  popular  publications.  Whilst 
at  Pulkowa  he  married  a  daughter  of  the 
famous  F.  G.  W.  Struve,  by  whom  he  leaves 
tun  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Thi:  death,  in  his  seventy-eighth  year,  is 
reported  from  Heidelberg  of  the  naturalist 
Baron  Karl  Robert  von  Osten-Sacken.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works  on  zoology, 
and  ms  collection  of  beetles  was  specially 
valuable.  He  was  born  in  St.  Petersburg, 
and  was  a  member  of  a  well-known  Russian 
family. 

Thi:  distinguished  anthropologist  Her- 
mann Obst,  whose  death  in  his  seventieth 
year  is  also  reported,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the   Lcipziger  Yolkorinuseuin,  with  which 


his  very  valuable  collections  were  incor- 
porated. He  was  considered  one  of  the 
chief  authorities  on  Asiatic  races,  among 
whom  he  frequently  travelled  for  purposes 
of  study. 

The  summer  solstice  occurs  this  year  at 
9  o'clock  in  the  morning,  by  Greenwich  time, 
on  the  22nd  inst.  The  moon  will  be  full  at 
9h.  12m.  in  the  evening  on  the  6th,  and  new 
at  llh.  6m.  on  the  morning  of  the  21st.  She 
will  be  in  perigee  on  the  morning  of  the  6th. 
The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  superior  con- 
junction with  the  sun  on  the  8th,  and  visible 
in  the  evening  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
month,  moving  from  the  constellation 
Gemini  into  Cancer,  and  passing  about 
5*  due  south  of  Pollux  on  the  26th.  Venus 
is  increasing  in  brightness  in  the  evening  ; 
she  will  be  near  Pollux  on  the  14th,  enter 
Cancer  on  the  17th,  and  be  in  conjunction 
with  the  moon  on  the  24th.  Mars  is  not- 
visible  tliis  month.  Jupiter  will  be  in  con- 
junction with  the  sun  on  the  10th.  Saturn 
is  visible  in  the  morning,  nearly  stationary 
in  the  north-western  part  of  the  constella- 
tion Pisces. 

A  new  small  planet  was  photographically 
discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  13th 
tdt.  The  publication  of  some  earlier  plates 
has  enabled  Prof.  Berberich  to  identify  a 
few  recent  discoveries  with  previous  registra- 
tions, and  it  would  seem  that  some  of  these 
bodies  are  subject  to  variations  of  bright- 
ness. One  announced  at  Heidelberg  in 
1905,  and  afterwards  numbered  556  and 
named  Stereoscopia,  is  found  to  be  identical 
with  one  discovered  by  Dr.  Pulfrich,  using 
the  stereo-comparator  at  Jena,  on  June  9th, 
1899.     Other  identities  are  probable. 

S.  Exebo,  of  Dombaas,  Dovre,  Norway, 
announces  the  variability  of  a  star  in  the 
constellation  Gemini.  It  is  numbered 
+  26°.  1412  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung.' 
In  the  spring  of  1904  its  magnitude  was 
about  95,  from  which  it  had  increased  by  the 
end  of  that  year  to  about  9  1,  afterwards 
gradually  returning  to  9*5,  at  which  it 
seems  to  have  remained  in  the  spring  of 
the  present  year.  It  will  be  numbered 
var.  40,  1906,  Geminorum. 


FINE   ARTS 


FLEMISH    PICTURES    AT    THE 
GUILDHALL. 

From;  the  point  of  view  of  the  mere  con- 
noisseur this  woidd  be  a  notable  exhibition, 
were  it  only  for  the  collection  of  early  paint- 
ings in  Gallery  I.,  to  which  alone,  we  observe, 
Mr.  Temple  provides  an  explanatory  preface. 

From  the  Gymnasium  of  Hermanstadt, 
in  Hungary,  comes  one  of  the  two  fairly 
well-reputed  works  here  by  that  rarest  of 
masters  Hubert  van  Eyck,  and  apart  from 
the  interest  of  rarity,  botli  this  small  portrait 
and  Sir  Frederick  Cook's  Three  Maries  at 
tlie  Tomb  are  examples  of  realism  at  its 
highest  pitch  of  delicacy  and  nobility,  though 
neither  of  them  lias  to  the  same  degree  as 
the  upper  panels  of  the  Client  altarpieoe 
the  peculiar  aspiration  that  marks  the 
author  of  the  latter  as  a  painter  of  another 
character  from  John  van  Eyck.  '.The 
Three  Maries.'  in  fact,  though  at  a  rather 
lower  level  of  intensity  and  perfection, 
resembles    the   great    lower   central    panel    of 

the  Client  masterpiece  -  -the  part  of  the  work 
precisely  which  seems  to  many,  whichever 
brother  painted  it.  the  most  splendid  and 
powerful  of  all,  and  the  technical  quality 

of  which  the  host  work  of  John  greatly 
rwscnibles,     though     it     may     scarcely     eV6f 


070 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4101,  Jink  2,  1006 


attain  such  a  pitch  of  imaginative  power. 
To  any  l>ut  the  purely  retrospective  student, 

indeed,  John  van  Eyck's  work  must  now 
seem  of  greater  value,  when  shown  at  its 
full  pitch  of  intensity,  than  the  work  of  those 
of  his  contemporaries  and  successors  whose 
aim  was  to  present  an  ideal  rather  than  to 
record  facts.  He  is  not,  however,  in  the 
present  exhibition  thus  shown  at  his  best. 
In  the  Virgin  and  Child  (No.  3)  he  seems, 
curiously  enough,  to  have  been  hampered 
by  the  smallness  of  scale  of  the  work,  nor 
is  No.  4,  the  portrait  of  a  man,  more  satis- 
factory ;  the  Enthronement  of  Thomas  a 
Becket  (5)  is  a  crowded  composition,  every 
head  in  which  seems  to  have  been  painted 
at  a  much  later  date  ;  while  the  large  trip- 
tych (7),  said  to  be  his  latest  work,  suggests 
that  inspiration  had  deserted  him  :  we  have 
the  procedure  and  the  finish,  but  the  vitality 
is  gone,  and  the  colour  is  at  once  sickly  and 
foolishly  bright.  For  an  example  of  the 
realistic  portraiture  we  connect  with  his 
name  we  have  (besides  the  Hubert  van  Eyck 
already  mentioned)  the  forceful  Edward 
Grimston  (25),  by  Peter  Christus  ;  while 
Memlinc's  noble  pair  of  portraits  of  Moreel 
and  his  wife  (18  and  19)  from  Brussels, 
mark  the  transition  between  that  realism 
and  the  idealization  of  the  more  strictly 
religious  painter. 

Memlinc  is  often  praised  for  his  religious 
feeling.  His  modern  popularity,  however, 
is  rather  due  to  the  fact  that  he  never 
allowed  his  religious  convictions  to  go  to  the 
length  of  making  his  pictures  disquieting 
or  uncompanionable — other  than  pleasant 
everyday  things  to  live  with,  the  gentle 
exaltation  of  Barbara  Moreel  being  about 
as  intense  an  emotion  as  is  usual  with  this 
poet  of  dignified,  yet  easy  and  enjoyable 
leisure.  See  the  Duke  of  Devonshire's 
Triptych,  with  its  serene  landscape  (21)  ; 
note  the  delicate  beauty,  in  particular,  of  the 
young  girl  to  the  beholder's  right  in  the 
central  picture.  Here  is  truth,  idealized 
may  be,  but  breathing  aspirations  that  can 
never  grow  stale  in  a  busy  and  hustling 
world. 

It  is  otherwise  with  many  of  the  dis- 
tinctiveljr  religious  pictures  which  come 
later  in  the  show,  and  which  carry  on  the 
spirit  rather  of  Van  der  Weyden  than  of 
John  van  Eyck.  There  is  something  in 
the  work  of  Van  der  Weyden  that  is  not 
without  its  message  to  a  generation  absorbed 
in  the  hunt  after  material  prosperity,  a  kind 
of  eerie  and  transcendental  earnestness  ;  but 
the  works  of  his  less  inspired  followers 
express  little  except  the  instinctive  self- 
repression  and  self-effacement,  the  spiritless 
submission,  that  is  so  potent  a  factor  in  the 
dreariness  of  modern  existence.  We  cannot 
greatly  love  this  sort  of  thing,  nor  even  in 
the  name  of  superior  culture  ought  we  to 
try  to  do  so,  and  in  several  of  these  later 
pictures  our  interest  shifts  to  the  rather 
charming  landscape  backgrounds.  An  in- 
stance of  this  may  be  found  in  The  Virgin 
by  the  Fountain  (59)  or  the  Virgin  and  Child 
(61)  by  Patinir.  In  Gerhard  David's  scenes 
from  the  life  of  St.  Nicholas  (49)  we  have  a 
slight  revival  of  the  realistic  spirit,  and  again 
and  again  throughout  the  exhibition  beauti- 
ful fragments  (in  the  way  of  red  drapery  and 
the  like)  that  are  the  despair  of  modern 
technicians.  The  Last  Supper  (73),  of  much- 
disputed  origin,  is  a  curious  jumble  of  many 
influences  insufficiently  digested,  yet  speaking 
here  and  there  of  great  native  ability  in  its 
rather  unlucky  author.  The  portrait  of 
Mary  Tudor  (75)  is  accomplished  and  sym- 
pathetic, but  somewhat  marred  by  a  left  eye 
disquietingly  out  of  place. 

It  is  our  contention  that  the  true  use  of 
these  retrospective  exhibitions  is  not  to 
bury   contemporary   art,   but   to   revive   it, 


and  we  trust  that  the  painter  who  visits 
the  Guildhall  will  linger  long  in  this  gallery, 
for  rarely  has  there  been  gathered  in  so 
small  a  compass  more  technical  accomplish- 
ment than  is  to  be  found  here,  where  are, 
moreover,  some  of  the  best  pictures  of  their 
kind  ever  painted.  Having  so  lingered  and 
saturated  himself  with  their  spirit,  let  him 
descend  into  the  second  gallery  and  examine, 
just  against  the  door  by  wliich  he  enters, 
the  portrait  of  Van  Zurpelan  and  his  wife 
by  Jacob  Jordaons. 

Is  there  any  but  experiences  a  sense 
of  deliverance,  of  emerging  into  a  freer 
air  and  a  larger  life  ?  It  is  not  a  mere 
question  of  technique  ;  the  technique  is  the 
inevitable  outcome  of  a  franker  and  more 
generous  ideal,  for  Jordaens  is  as  much  an 
idealist  as  any  purveyor  of  downcast 
Madonnas,  and  we  submit  to  the  conscience  of 
the  modern  painter  the  question,  Is  not  this 
genial  ideal,  with  its  glorification  of  the  more 
social  qualities,  its  happy  confidence  in  the 
fundamental  health  fulness  of  naUire,  a 
healthy  and  useful  ideal  for  us  to-day  ?  Is 
not  the  technique  which  it  needs  for  its 
adequate  expression,  elastic,  based  in  its 
very  conception  on  acceptance  of  the  move- 
ment, the  ebb  and  flow  of  nature  as  the  law 
of  life — essentially  more  beautiful  than  that 
other,  the  expression  of  mediaeval  rigidity  ? 

In  so  far  as  a  painter  is  impartial,  realistic, 
the  interest  of  his  work  is  abiding,  valid  for 
all  ages  ;  but  in  each  successive  generation 
that  interest  is  eclipsed  by  another,  more 
transitory,  but  more  poignant,  which  is 
wielded  by  the  man  of  ideals  ;  and  here 
at  first  sight  seems  an  injustice  to  the  philo- 
sopher, in  whose  broader  view  sinner  is  as 
necessary  to  the  general  scheme  of  things 
as  saint — at  first  sight  only,  however,  for 
though  the  human  race  as  a  whole  may  be 
perfect,  balanced,  yet  at  any  given  moment 
it  has  terrible  imperfections,  and  a  healthy 
consciousness  of  this  tends  to  worship  of  the 
qualities  most  wanting.  Naturally,  in  a 
bloodthirsty  and  violent  age,  the  beauty  of 
mercy,  of  pity  for  the  weak,  of  shrinking 
from  anything  approaching  brutality,  seemed 
almost  unearthly,  and  its  worship  tended  to 
moral  balance.  It  is  not  at  all  so  healthy  a 
cult  in  a  super-civilized  society  of  shy 
creatures  of  routine,  who  have  to  be  en- 
couraged to  do  anything  so  odd  as  follow 
their  inclinations — a  society  artificially  pro- 
tected from  anything  that  might  disturb 
its  ennui.  With  no  inconsiderable  section 
of  the  community  to-day  (and  a  well- 
meaning  body  of  people  it  is),  life  tends  to 
become  imprisoned  within  narrow  frontiers, 
not  by  any  material  force,  but  by  the 
softer  and  more  clinging  bonds  of  cowardly 
habit,  and  it  is  the  part  of  the  artist  to  kindle 
sedition  beneath  the  surface  of  tliis  seeming 
content.  Have  you  an  itching  for  freer 
self-expression,  for  more  intimate  confidences 
than  are  prescribed  by  convention,  a  hanker- 
ing after  private  adventure  or  public 
splendour,  then  you  have  possibly  in  you 
the  stuff  of  perhaps  not  an  immediately 
successful,  but  a  most  useful  artist  ;  you 
may  even  ultimately  gather  recognition  as 
one  well-behaved  citizen  after  another 
gains  courage  to  confess  his  secret  sym- 
pathy. 

To  no  small  degree  the  art  of  Rubens  and 
of  Jordaens  answers  in  this  fashion  to  our 
secret  needs.  One  part  of  their  message, 
indeed — their  praise  of  material  well-being 
— we  have  assimilated  thoroughly  enough. 
We  are  lapped  and  padded  in  comfort  ;  but 
the  luxury  of  free  intercourse,  the  zest  for 
adventure,  for  the  frank  following  of  indi- 
vidual taste  instead  of  fasliion,  the  thirst 
for  public  gaiety  and  public  splendour — 
these,  the  joys  of  liberty,  must  still  be 
extolled  before  we  consent  to  take  them. 


Of  the  three  great  attempts  at  decoration  on 
a  generous  scale  here  placed  side  by  side, 
the  Rubens  is  not  so  fine  as  the  Jordaens, 
while  the  Van  Dyck  is  inferior  to  the  Rubens  ; 
yet  all  are  spacious  and  splendid  examples 
of  the  sort  of  art  we  need,  but  do  not,  in  an 
economic  sense,  demand.  Finer  than  his 
great  historical  swagger,  Rubens's  Lioness 
(94)  is  (despite  a  doubtful  twist  in  the  back) 
a  glorious  presentment  of  beauty  and  power. 
Some  Van  Dyck  portraits  (one  or  two  of 
which  are  in  his  most  elegant  mood,  but  none 
in  his  most  virile)  and  a  fine  landscape  by 
Teniers  (107)  are  the  most  important  of  the 
other  later  pictures  in  the  historic  section. 

Among  the  moderns  we  are  on  much  lower 
ground  with  one  exception.  A  modest  little 
interior,  Hall  of  the  Brewers'  House  (199),  by 
H.  de  Brakeleer,  is  a  work  of  genuine  merit, 
as  is  also  the  portrait  (182)  by  Alfred  Cluy- 
senaar,  an  Orpen  of  other  days.  Emile 
Wauters  shows  a  kind  of  aimless  com- 
petence, along  with  Baron  Leys.  Towering 
above  these,  Alfred  Stevens  reveals  him- 
self the  master  he  was  in  his  narrow  vein. 
(Fedora,  No.  206,  and  L'Accouchee,  No.  204, 
might  well  have  been  omitted  from  what  is 
otherwise  a  collection  of  singularly  beautiful 
work.)  The  charm  of  this  artist  just  eludes 
analysis,  and  almost  as  elusive  is  his  method 
of  painting.  Inasmuch  as  his  work  is  suffi- 
ciently recent  to  be  almost  contemporary, 
there  must  be  a  few  people  living  who  could 
speak  authoritatively  as  to  his  method,  and 
it  would  be  interesting  to  establish  some 
record  of  his  technical  processes  before  the 
tradition  is  lost. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

In  an  article  not  yet  published  Prof. 
Sayce  continues  the  study,  begun  by  him 
twenty-two  years  ago,  of  the  true  names  of 
the  Assyrian  kings  recorded  under  Greek 
forms  by  Ctesias.  He  then  pointed  out  that 
S6s  is  the  form  that  the  name  of  the  Sun-God 
Samas  regularly  takes  in  Greek,  Samas- 
Ramman  being  thus  the  Sosermos  of  the 
Greek  physician.  To  this  he  now  adds  that 
B  ellepares  must  be  the  Assyrian ' '  Bilu-labiru , ' ' 
or  "  Bel  the  elder,"  mentioned  in  the  inscrip- 
tion of  Tiglath-pilezer  I.  ;  and  he  compares 
this  with  the  classical  Bellerophon,  a  name 
which  has  hitherto  defied  interpretation. 
That  Semiramis  was  probably  Sammu-ramat, 
the  queen  of  Adad-nirari  III.,  has  long  been 
conjectured  ;  but  Prof.  Sayce  has  now  found 
the  masculine  form  of  the  same  name  in  one 
Sumu-rame,  a  West  Semitic  name  which 
conceals  another  form  of  the  Sun-God's  name 
mentioned  above,  and  which  passed  into 
Hebrew  as  Shem.  Why  Semiramis  should 
have  become  so  famous  in  history,  or  rather 
in  legend,  is  still  unknown  ;  but  Prof.  Sayce 
suggests  that  the  first  royal  lady  of  that  name 
was  probably  the  wife  of  Hammurabi  or 
some  other  king  of  the  first  Babylonian 
dynasty,  and  that  most  of  the  stories  that 
have  gathered  round  her  were  originally 
told  of  the  goddess  Ishtar.  The  article  in 
question  will  appear  in  an  early  number  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Biblical 
Archaeology. 

Mr.  Garstang,  concerning  whom  it  was 
stated  in  the  last  instalment  of  these  Notes 
that  nothing  had  been  heard,  has  now 
written  from  Abydos  to  say  that  on  the 
concession  that  he  has  there  received  he 
finds  work  enough  to  occupy  him  for  four 
or  five  years,  and  that  he  hopes  this  time 
effectively  to  clear  the  site  which  many 
previous  explorers  have  reported  as  "  ex- 
hausted," only  to  find  that  their  suc- 
cessors gleaned  from  it  a  richer  crop  than 
before.  He  has  obtained  many  objects  of 
Hyksos    times    at    Esneh  ;     and    from    the 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


677 


scarabs  and  other  small  antiquities  there 
discovered  he  hopes  to  be  able  to  put  the 
chronology  of  that  much-vexed  period  on  a 
satisfactory  footing.  But  his  greatest  find 
has  been  at  Kostamneh,  in  Nubia,  where  he 
discovered  an  entire  necropolis  as  it  was  left 
by  its  last  users,  and  from  this  he  pro- 
poses to  throw  fresh  light  upon  the  origin 
of  the  predynastic  civilization.  In  particular 
he  seeks  to  show  the  original  birth- 
place of  the  black-lined  pottery  sometimes 
called  predynastic,  and  to  correct  the  system 
of  so-called  "  sequence-dates "  in  several 
important  particulars.  Altogether,  the  forth- 
coming exhibition  of  the  results  of  his  expe- 
dition— to  be  held,  as  usual,  in  the  University 
of  Liverpool — should  be  most  interesting. 

In  this  connexion  it  may  be  as  well  to 
refer  again  to  M.  Georges  Foucart's  remark- 
able article  on  the  painted  vases  of  Negadah, 
first  summarized  here  (see  Athenaeum, 
No.  4070)  some  six  months  ago.  In  it  he 
evolves  a  perfectly  consistent  and  logical 
theory  that  the  boats  depicted  in  these 
paintings  are  really  boats,  and  not,  as  M. 
Victor  Loret  and  Mr.  Cecil  Torr  would  have 
them,  stockades  or  fortified  villages.  But 
the  curious  branched  signs  at  the  prow  of 
each  vessel  lie  holds  to  be  neither  palm-trees, 
as  M.  Loret  thinks,  nor  deck-houses,  as 
Prof.  Petrie  considers  them,  but  ciphers  or 
indications  of  the  number  of  days  that  the 
festival  which  he  supposes  them  to  record 
was  intended  to  last.  This  fully  agrees 
with  the  branched  sign  found  on  the  Palermo 
Stone  and  on  the  ivory  and  ebony  tablets 
of  the  First  Dynasty,  and  shows  that,  in 
both  these  cases,  the  purpose  of  the  inscrip- 
tion was  to  record  the  happening  of  some 
festival.  But  we  may  also  guess,  without 
much  fear  of  contradiction,  that  the  festivals 
in  question  were  in  all  these  cases  connected 
with  the  early  conquest  of  Egypt,  and  that 
the  Negadah  vases  represent  the  invaders 
in  their  many-oared  galleys  sweeping  down 
the  Nile,  the  dancers,  castanet-players, 
wielders  of  boomerangs,  and  perhaps  the 
gazelles  and  other  animals,  representing  the 
aborigines  standing  on  the  banks,  and  por- 
trayed, with  due  regard  to  the  later  Egyptian 
conventions  of  perspective,  as  above  the  boats. 
That  these  invaders  came  from  the  south 
seems  certain  ;  but  was  that  their  first 
starting  place — or,  in  other  words,  were 
they  Africans  or  Asiatics  ?  That  is  the  ques- 
tion which  now  requires  to  be  solved,  and 
perhaps  the  solution  will  not  be  long  delayed. 

Less  disputable  matter  is  to  be  found  in 
the  translation  by  Prof.  Golenischeff,  in 
M.  Maspero's  Recueil  de  Travaux,  of  a  text 
in  the  Hermitage  at  St.  Petersburg.  Of 
this  text,  which  is  on  papyrus,  and  appa- 
rently (though  the  fact  is  nowhere  stated) 
in  hieroglyphics,  he  presents  a  full  tran- 
scription and  translation,  with  notes  and 
commentary  ;  and  it  is  to  be  gathered  that 
he  will  in  time  do  the  same  for  the  other 
MSS.  of  the  Hermitage  Museum,  which  have 
till  now  been  inaccessible  for  the  majority 
of  Egyptologists.  The  MS.  in  question, 
some  account  of  which  was  communi- 
cated by  Prof.  Golenischeff  to  the  Berlin 
Oriental  Congress,  is  one  of  those  folk-tales 
or  fairy  stories  in  which  the  Egyptians  in  all 
3  seem  to  have  delighted,  and  sets  forth 
.  a  mariner,  while  sailing  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Punt,  was  shipwrecked  and  cast 
upon  an  enchanted  island,  the  king  of  which 
was  a  mighty  serpent,  who,  upon  receiving 
promise  of  worship,  dismisse  !  him  to  his 
own  country  with  assurance  of  supernatural 
protection,  and  a  whole  shipload  of  pre 
for  the  reigning  Pharaoh.  Prof.  Goleni- 
scheff points  out  many  ani  between 
this  tale  on  the  one  hand,  and  that  of 
Ibad  the  Sailor  end  certain  episodes  in 
the  Odyssey  on  tho  other.     In  view  of  the 


way  such  things  go  in  the  East,  this  is  not 
unlikely  ;  but  M.  Maspero  thinks  the  resem- 
blance too  far-fetched.  The  assimilation 
which  Prof.  Golenischeff  discovers  between 
the  "  roc,"  or  monstrous  bird  of  the  Arab 
tale,  and  the  "  rekhiu  "  or  three  ostriches 
to  be  found  on  so  many  objects  in  the  royal 
tomb  at  Negadah,  is  certainly  rather  daring. 

M.  Maurice  Croiset  has  communicated  to 
the  Academie  des  Inscriptions  a  study  on 
the  legend  of  Calypso,  in  which  he  seeks  to 
show  that  two  accounts  of  the  goddess  have, 
in  the  Odyssey,  been  intermingled.  The 
earlier  he  would  have  to  be  that  which 
makes  her  a  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  with- 
out pity  for  her  captive  ;  while  the  later  is 
the  more  human  one,  which  represents  her 
as  the  daughter  of  Atlas  and  honestly  in  love 
with  the  much-enduring  hero.  The  pro- 
position is  at  least  reasonable. 

An  excellent  article  on  '  The  Origin  and 
Development  of  Sufiism  '  appears  in  the 
April  Journal  of  tlie  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 
The  author,  Mr.  Reynold  Nicholson,  thinks 
that  though  quietism  and  mysticism  were 
not  unknown  to  the  earliest  Mohammedans, 
a  complete  change  took  place  in  this  respect 
about  800  a.d.,  and  that  this  must  be  attri- 
buted to  the  influence  of  Greek  mystics,  as 
exemplified  by  the  Christian  Gnostics  and 
the  pagan  Neo-Platonists.  He  points  out 
that  the  first  Mohammedan  writer  who 
attempts  to  define  Sufiism  is  Maruf  el-Karkhi, 
whose  parents  were  Mandaean  Christians  ; 
and  he  gives  some  curious  information  as  to 
the  extent  to  which  Babylon  was  always  con- 
sidered by  the  orthodox  Moslem  as  the 
primitive  seat  of  magic  and  alchemy.  Yet 
these  pseudo-sciences  probably  came  to  the 
Arabs  not  direct  from  Chaldaca,  but  through 
the  intermediary  of  the  Coptic  monks,  who 
were  great  practisers  of  "  curious  arts,"  and 
hence  the  belief  common  in  Islam  that  the 
hieroglyphs  of  the  Egyptian  sculptures  really 
cover  magical  secrets.  The  more  speculative 
features  of  Sufiism  were,  however,  as  Mr. 
Nicholson  clearly  shows,  taken  straight  from 
the  later  Greek  philosoplry,  which  no  doubt 
found  congenial  soil  in  the  minds  of  the 
Persians,  who  were  as  Aryan  as  the  first 
founders  of  philosophy. 

M.  Senart  in  a  recent  discourse  to  the 
Academie  des  Inscriptions  gave  the  welcome 
news  that  many  photographs  of  the  Angkor 
inscriptions  (as  to  which  see  Athena um. 
No.  4080)  have  been  received,  and  will 
shortly  be  published.  We  shall  therefore 
have  a  chance  of  judging  the  relics  of  the 
much-talked-of  art  of  the  Khmers  at  first 
hand. 

Mr.  Alan  H.  Gardiner,  author  of  '  The 
Inscription  of  Mes'  and  other  Egyptological 
studies,  has  been  appointed  Worcester 
Scholar  in  Egyptology  in  succession  to  Mr. 
Bandall-Maclver,  who  has  just  been  writing 
about  Rhodesia  and  the  Zimbabwe  ruins. 
Oxford  will  thereby  get  another  Berlinist. 


THE  T.  H.  WooDs  AND  OTHER  SALES. 

Messrs.  Christie's  sale  last  Saturday  was  partly 
made  up  of  the  small,  but  curiously  unequal  collec- 
tion of  the  late  head  partner  in  the  firm,  Thomas 
Hoade  Woods,  and  partly  <>f  properties  from  a 
number  <>f  sources,  the  day's  total  for  l-'f7  lota 
amounting  to  the  exceedingly  high  figure  of 
58,3111.  3«.  <'k/..  a  total  which  is  nol  likely  to  be 
exceeded  t  hia  Beason. 

Although  Mr.  WbodB'a  collection  of  eighty- 
five  lota  contributed  only  about  one  -  third — 
19,9422.  12s.  6a\-  to  the  day's  total,  if  furnished 
most  of  the  more  inter  ituresof  the  Bale. 

Hia  firsl  purchase  was  made  in  1852,  when  he  gave 
II.  iQe.  for  a  pair  of  pastels  by  Hubert  of  a  young 
Pierrot  in  white  dreaa  and  hat,  and  a  young  girl  in 
dark  bodice  (this  pair  now  sold  for  eight  guim 
and  from  that  time  till  In-  retired  from  Christie's 


his  purchases  in  the  saleroom  averaged  but  about 
one  picture  a  year.  In  most  cases  his  judgment 
was  amply  vindicated  on  Saturday.  At"  least 
three  of  his  bargains  stand  out  in  clear  relief 
from  the  others.  The  Hoppner  portrait  of  Lady 
Waldegrave  (Cornelia  van  Lennap,  wife  of  Sir 
William  Waldegrave,  who  was  created  Baron 
Radstock  in  1800),  in  grey  dress  and  large  straw 
hat,  with  blue  ribbon,  was  purchased  in  1881  for 
23gs.,  and  now  sold  for  6,000gs.  The  Lawrence 
portrait  of  Miss  Emily  C.  Ogilvie  (who  married 
Charles  Beauclerk  in  1799),  in  yellow  dress  with  blue 
sash,  purchased  in  1885  for  195gs.,  now  brought 
3,000gs.  ;  and  the  beautiful  group  of  the  Stanhope 
children  by  Romney,  the  two  sons  of  Charles,  third 
Earl  of  Harrington,  purchased  at  the  Edward 
White  sale  in  1872  for  28gs.,  now  found  a  new 
owner  at  4,600gs.  It  is  not  a  little  curious  that 
there  is  no  record  whatever  of  Romney  ever  having 
painted  these  children,  and  yet  there  can  be  no 
question  of  his  having  painted  this  picture. 
Two  other  Romneys  may  be  here  mentioned  :  a 
head  of  Lady  Hamilton,  engraved  by  Scott  Bridg- 
water in  1897,  brought  300gs. ,  as  against  10/.  paid  for 
it  at  the  Auldjo  sale  in  1859,  a  fairly  good  price  at 
that  time  for  a  small  Romney  ;  and  a  portrait  of 
Mr.  Forbes  of  Culloden,  bought  for  two  guineas, 
now  realized  350gs. 

Mr.  Woods's  other  pictures  included  :  G. 
Jacquet,  A  Type  of  Beauty,  head  of  a  girl,  1889, 
from  The  Graphic  Gallery,  260gs.  R.  R.  Reinagle, 
River  Scene,  with  castles  and  peasants,  50gs. 
Baptiste,  Vases  of  Flowers  (a  pair),  54gs.  (this  pair 
cost  seven  shillings  in  1866).  F.  H.  Drouais, 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  in  white  flowered  dress, 
17Qgs.  (cost  6/.  15.--.  in  1863).  T.  de  Keyser,  Portrait 
of  a  Lady,  in  black  and  yellow  dress,  lOOgs.  (cost 
1/.  5*.  in  1864).  P.  Mignard,  Mary  Mancini,  in  rich 
yellow  dress  with  purple  cloak,  loOgs.  Sir 
William  Beechey,  Lad}-  Whitbread  (Lady  Mary 
Keppel,  daughter  of  the  fourth  Earl  of  Albemarle), 
in  white  dress  with  yellow  scarf,  520gs.  (cost  26gs. 
in  1877)  ;  a  beautiful  copy  of  Reynolds's  Portrait 
of  Mrs.  Sheridan  as  St.  Cecilia,  750gs.  This  copy 
was  commissioned  by  R.  B.  Sheridan,  but  he  never 
claimed  or  paid  for  it,  and  on  March  20th,  182ti.  as 
appears  from  an  entry  in  an  unpublished  account- 
book  of  Beechey's,  it  was  sold  to  a  Mr.  Burgess 
(one  of  Sheridan's  creditors)  for  lOOgs.  Mr.  Woods 
paid  120/.  for  it  some  years  ago.  G.  H.  Harlow, 
Portrait  of  a  Lad}',  in  dark  dress,  210gs.  J. 
Northcote,  Mrs.  Hughes,  in  white  dress,  loOgs. 
(cost  10gs.).  Reynolds,  Mrs.  Robinson  ("Perdita"'), 
in  white  dress,  a  version  of  the  picture  in  the 
Wallace  C  llection,  480gs.  (cost  50gs.  at  the  Wynn 
Ellis  sale,  1876)  :  Miss  Ridge,  in  white  dress, 
115gs.  :  Master  Hare,  in  white  dress  and  mauve 
sash,  ISOgs. 

With  regard  to  the  second  portion  of  the  day's 
sale,  it  will  be  more  convenient  to  our  readers  it 
we  group  the  pictures  by  various  artists,  rather 
than  follow  the  order  in  which  the  works  were 
sold.  The  honours  of  the  day  were  about  equally 
divided  between  Romney  and  Raeburn.  On  the 
score  of  price  Romney  takes  precedence.  His  fine 
portrait  of  Mrs.  Mingay,  wife  of  the  eminent 
K.C..  James  Mingay,  painted  in  1786  for  40gs., 
now  brought  (i.2(Ktgs.  The  portrait  of  William 
Petrie,  of  the  East  India  Company,  painted  when 
the  sitter  was  home  on  furlough  in  1777  for  Sags., 
realized  830gs.  The  Romnoy  portrait  of  Mrs. 
Siddon's,  originally  intended  for  a  whole-length, 
but  out  down  to  30in.  by  'Join.,  given  by  the 
artist  to  his  old  friend  Daniel  Braithwaite,  and 
inherited  by  the  late  Judge  Martineau,  brought 
2,500gs.  The  other  Romneys  were  :  Portraitol  a 
Lady,  in  white  dress  with  yellow  sash,  a  veryearlj 
example,  540gs,;  Portrait  of  a  Young  Girl,  in 
white  dress,  anus  folded,  hair  falling  on  her 
shoulders,    7">Oi:s.  :    Mrs.    Dawk.    .  ;    wife  ot 

Morris  Robinson,  and  mother  of  the  third  ami 
fourth  T,..nl  Rokebys,  in  white  satin  cloak  trimmed 
with  fur,  320gs. ;  ami  Mi-s  Honoria  Dav< 
daughter  of  the  above  by  her  first  husband,  in 
pink  dress  with  blue  muslin  scarf,  350gs.  (both  very 
early  pict  ures,  painted  about  1765  or  a  little  lat 

The  most  important  of  the  Raeburnswasa  group 
of  John  Johnstone  of  Uva,  his  sistei 
and  his  niece  Miss  Wedderburn,  5,800g  .      Three 
►-length  portraits  of  the  Harvey  family  wt 
Lee   Hai  •■  i  j .  of  the  Gord  m    H 

seaiht    coat     and    white    h; . 

ey  and  her   Daughter,  in  v 
2,200gs.  ;    and   John    Harvi  I  nplc, 


678 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


N°4101,  Ji:ni-:2,  1906 


62(>gs.  The  other  Raeburns  were:  Mrs.  Fergusson, 
daughter  of  the  William  Petrie  above  named  as 
painted  l>y  Ronmey,  in  green  dress  with  scarlet 
shawl,  l,650gs. ;  Mrs.  Fergusson  of  Monkhood,  in 
white  dress  with  yellow  fichu,  2,350gs. ;  Charles 
Gordon,  fourth  Karl  at  Aboyne,  in  brown  coat, 
white  vest,  and  black  breeches,  250gs.  ;  Lord 
Douglas  Hallyburton  of  Pitcur,  130gs. ;  Lord  Glen- 
lee,  Lord  President  of  the  Court  of  Session, 
engraved  by  Walker,  020gs.  ;  and  Dr.  George 
Cameron  when  a  Boy,  in  dark  blue  coat,  580gs. 

Gainsborough,  Indiana  Talbot,  wife  of  Lewis 
Peak  Garland,  in  light  blue  dress  with  gold  trim- 
ming, 980gs.  (sold  by  one  member  of  the  family  at 
Christie's  on  May  0th,  1905,  when  it  was  bought 
for  2,000gs.  by  another,  Mr.  C.  T.  Garland,  who 
has  since  died).  Morland,  Rocky  Coast  Scene, 
with  fishermen  hauling  up  a  boat  on  a  sandy 
beach,  signed,  500gs. ;  Winter  Landscape,  with 
two  horses  and  a  donkey  taking  shelter  by  the  side 
of  a  shed,  780gs.  Reynolds,  Mrs.  Thomas  Orby 
Hunter,  in  white  bodice  and  blue  dress  lined  with 
ermine,  420gs.  (at  the  Earl  of  Egremont's  sale, 
1892,  it  fetched  only  lOOgs.);  Miss  Theophila 
Palmer,  in  pink  and  white  dress  with  black  cape, 
170gs.  Lawrence,  John,  sixth  Duke  of  Bedford, 
in  brown  coat,  500gs.  Hoppner,  Miss  Lucy  Clark, 
afterwards  Mrs.  Addison,  in  white  dress  with  blue 
sash,  340gs. ;  Richard  Burke,  Recorder  of  Bristol, 
in  dark  coat,  265gs.  Angelica  Kauffman,  Miss 
Anne  Braithwaite,  wife  of  Dr.  Robert  Batty,  in 
white  dress,  400gs.  W.  Hamilton,  The  Duke  of 
Hamilton's  Return  from  Coursing,  engraved  by 
A.  Cardon,  230gs.  R.  M.  Paye,  Portrait  of 
his  Daughter,  Miss  W.  Paye,  afterwards  Mrs. 
Richard  Hayward,  in  black  dress  with  white 
collar,  420gs.  W.  Pratt,  A  Cricket  Match  on 
Bembridge  Common,  Isle  of  Wight,  signed  and 
dated  1761,  140gs.  P.  Nasmyth,  Extensive  View 
over  a  Woody  Landscape  with  Peasants,  265gs. 
F.  Guardi,  Procession  of  Triumphal  Cars  on  the 
Piazza  of  St.  Mark's,  Venice,  150gs. ;  Pair  of  Views 
near  Venice,  with  ruined  buildings,  &c. ,  230gs. 
Sir  J.  Watson  Gordon,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  dark 
coat  and  yellow  vest,  400gs.  A.  Ostade,  Portrait 
of  a  Boy,  in  black  dress,  holding  his  gloves  in  his 
left  hand,  1666,  240gs.;  Portrait  of  a  Boy,  in  black 
dress  and  grey  cloak,  holding  his  hat  in  his  right 
hand,  180gs. 

Drawings  :  J.  Downman,  Miss  Mary  Cruik- 
shank,  in  white  dress,  230gs. ;  Miss  Nott,  in  white 
dress  and  large  hat,  350gs. ;  George  Lock,  of  Nor- 
bury  Park,  when  a  boy,  resting  his  arm  en  a  chair, 
55gs.  D.  Gardner,  Miss  Hopkins  (afterwards  Mrs. 
Neville),  in  white  dress  with  yellow  cloak,  in 
gouache,  180gs. 

Messrs.  Christie  also  sold  on  the  29th  idt.  the 
following  engravings.  After  Zoffany  :  The  Flower- 
Girl,  by  J.  Young,  47/.  ;  The  Watercress-Girl,  by 
the  same,  27/.  After  Reynolds  :  A  Bacchante,  by 
W.  Nutter,  52/.  ;  Signora  Bacelli,  by  J.  R.  Smith, 
67/.  After  Bunbury  :  Black-Eyed  Susan,  by 
Dickinson,  35/.  After  Bigg  :  Cottage-Girl  shelling 
Peas,  by  P.  W.  Tomkins,  43/.  After  Morland  : 
Feeding  the  Pigs,  by  J.  R.  Smith,  53/.  After 
Romney  :  Mrs.  Stables  and  Children,  by  J.  R. 
Smith,  25/.  After  Lawrence  :  Countess  Gower 
and  Daughter,  by  S.  Cousins,  109/.  After  Land- 
seer  :  The  Stag  at  Bay,  by  T.  Landseer,  29/.  By 
A.  H.  Haig:  Mont  St.  Michel,  36/.  By  Sir  F. 
Seymour  Haden  :  Shere  Mill-Pond,  67/.  After 
Meissonier  :  Piquet,  by  A.  Boulard,  28/.  ;  The 
Sergeant's  Portrait,  by  J.  Jacquet,  27/.  ;  Partie 
Perdue,  by  F.  Bracquemond,  27/.  ;  1806.  by  J. 
Jacquet,  33/.  ;  1807,  by  the  same,  63/.  ;  1814,  by 
the  same,  94/.  ;  La  Rixe,  by  F.  Bracquemond,  94/. 


3Fine-^rt  dossip. 

An  exhibition  of  oil  paintings  by  Mr. 
Charles  Ricketts  is  now  open  at  the  Dutch 
Gallery,  14,  Grafton  Street. 

The  Fourteenth  Exhibition  of  the  Photo- 
graphic Salon  will  take  place  at  5a,  Pall  Mall 
East,  from  September  14th  to  October  27th. 
The  receiving  day  is  September  3rd. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  June  number  of 
The  Burlington  Magazine  is  a  photogravure 
of  a  hitherto  unknown  portrait  drawing  by 
Gentile  Bellini,  which  was  recently  discovered 


at  Constantinople  by  Mr.  F.  R.  Martin,  of 
the  Swedish  Legation,  who  contributes  a 
note  on  the  subject.  The  first  editorial 
article,  '  Some  Pressing  Questions  of  the 
Public  Service,'  deals  with  the  directorship 
of  the  National  and  Tate  Galleries.  There 
is  another  short  editorial  article  on  the  late 
M.  Emile  Molinier.  Mr.  Robert  Ross  writes 
on  '  The  Place  of  William  Blake  in  English 
Art,'  and  Mr.  W.  R.  Valentiner  on  '  The 
Blinding  of  Samson,'  by  Rembrandt,  recently 
acquired  by  the  Frankfort  Gallery.  The 
first  part  of  an  account  of  the  exhibtion  of 
Netherlandish  art  at  the  Guildhall  is  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  W.  H.  J.  Weale  ;  Mr.  A.  J. 
Finberg  writes  on  '  Some  so-called  Turners 
in  the  Print-Room,'  and  Mr.  A.  Van  de  Put 
on  '  Valencian  Tiles.'  Among  the  other 
contents  are  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  R.  S. 
Clouston's  '  Eighteenth- Century  Mirrors,' 
and  (in  the  American  Section)  an  article  by 
Miss  Gisela  Richter  on  the  Canessa  collection 
of  Greek  and  Roman  pottery  in  the  New 
York  Metropolitan  Museum. 

We  recently  referred  to  the  acquisition 
by  the  Louvre  of  the  portrait  of  Madame 
de  Calonne  by  Ricard,  and  now  we  notice 
that  the  Petit  Palais  has  acquired  what  is 
described  as  the  most  important  known 
work  by  the  same  artist,  a  whole-length 
portrait  of  the  Marquise  Landolfo  Carcano. 

The  Annual  Congress  of  the  Archaeological 
Societies  in  Union  with  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries will  be  held  at  Burlington  House  on 
Wednesday,  July  4th.  Lord  Avebury,  Pre- 
sident of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  will  be 
in  the  chair. 


MUSIC 


SCHUMANN    FESTIVAL    AT    BONN. 

"  How  are  you  getting  on  with  your 
poem  ?  "  wrote  Wagner  to  Schumann  in 
1848,  the  reference  being  to  the  libretto  of 
'  Genoveva,'  the  opera  which  gave  the  com- 
poser so  much  trouble,  and  afterwards 
caused  him  such  great  disappointment.  In 
that  letter  Wagner  states  that  he  is  sending 
the  score  of  his  '  Lohengrin  '  for  Schumann's 
perusal,  and,  he  hopes,  approval.  '  Genoveva' 
and  '  Lohengrin '  were  both  produced  in 
the  same  year,  1850,  the  one  at  Leipsic,  the 
other  at  Weimar.  Of  the  former,  however, 
virtually  only  the  noble  Overture  survives, 
and  it  stood  at  the  head  of  the  programme 
of  the  concert  of  the  second  day,  while  later 
was  performed  the  great '  Manfred  '  Overture. 
Both  were  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Joachim, 
who  in  the  latter  displayed  special  power  ; 
he  showed  how  highly  he  felt  and  esteemed 
the  music.  Herr  Ernst  von  Dohnanyi's 
performance  of  the  Pianoforte  Concerto'  in 
A  minor  was  irreproachable  as  regards 
technique  ;  the  reading,  too,  was  sound 
enough,  though  just  now  and  again  the 
balance  between  the  letter  and  the  spirit 
of  the  music  was  not  absolutely  perfect.  An 
excellent  rendering  of  the  b  flat  Symphony 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Gruters  revealed 
the  charm  and  freshness  of  that  work, 
written  in  the  golden  season  of  Schumann's 
art-career  ;  It  is  interesting,  by  the  way,  to 
note  that  he  originally  gave  the  following 
superscriptions  to  the  four  sections  :  '  Friih- 
lingsbeginn,'  '  Abend,'  '  Frohe  Gespielen,'  and 
'  Voller  Friihling.'  The  programme  included 
a  '  Conzertstiick'  for  four  horns  and  orchestra. 
The  programme-book  stated  that  Schumann 
thought  highly  of  this  work,  biit  that  the 
difficulties  of  the  horn  parts  stood  in  the 
way  of  frequent  performance.  But  there  is 
another  reason  why  the  work  is  seldom 
heard :     the    music,    except    for    the    short 


middle  section  entitled  Romanze,  shows- 
little  or  no  sign  of  individuality  ;  for  the 
hearer  the  music  is  dry,  for  the  performer* 
ungrateful.  The  able  soloists  from  Paris 
were  MM.  J.  Penable,  E.  Vuillermoz,  J. 
Copdevielle,  and  A.  Delgrange.  Why  it 
was  selected  is  a  mystery.  There  were  two- 
vocal  numbers  in  the  programme :  the 
beautiful  '  Mignon  '  Requiem,  and  the 
'  Neujahrslied  '  for  soli,  chorus,  and  orchestra, 
a  work  in  which  the  promise  of  the  first  pages- 
is  unfortunately  not  fulfilled. 

The  third  and  last  programme  included 
chamber  music  belonging  to  Schumann's 
grandest  period.  The  Pianoforte  Quartet  in 
e  flat  is  not  so  characteristic  a  work  as  the 
Quintet,  yet  the  music  is  very  fine.  Dr. 
Saint-Saens  was  ill,  and  unable  to  come  as 
announced  ;  but  Herr  Ernst  von  Dohnanyi 
took  his  place,  the  other  performers  being 
Profs.  Joachim,  C.  Halir  (viola),  and  R„ 
Hausmann  ;  and  the  music  was  interpreted 
with  genuine,  earnest  feeling.  Herr  von 
Dohnanyi  was  afterwards  heard,  and  to- 
special  advantage,  in  the  '  Kreisleriana/ 
Prof.  Messchaert  sang  the  whole  of  the 
'  Dichterliebe  '  cycle  :  his  voice — the  result 
probably  of  hard  work  on  the  previous  days 
— was  somewhat  dry,  but  his  conception  of 
the  songs  and  his  declamation  were  altogether 
admirable.  Prof.  Gruters  played  the  im- 
portant pianoforte  parts  with  marked  refine- 
ment. The  concert  and  the  festival  ended 
with  the  '  Spanisches  Liedcrspiel,'  in  which 
Fraulein  Kappel,  Frau  A.  von  Kraus- 
Osborne,  and  Herren  F.  Senius  and  von 
Kraus  tastefully  sang  the  solo  and  concerted 
numbers.  The  music  is  pleasant  enough,, 
yet  in  this  '  Liederspiel  '  there  is  little  which 
recalls  the  charm  and  rhythmic  life  of 
national  Spanish  mUsic. 

The  festival  was  undoubtedly  a  success,, 
and  the  presence  of  Dr.  Joachim  formed  a 
memorable  link  between  past  and  present  ;. 
while  the  holding  of  the  festival  at  Bonn,, 
where  the  composer  lies  buried,  added  to  its 
significance.  With  this  commemoration  of 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  Schumann's 
death  was  indirectly  connected  that  of  the 
poet  by  whom  the  composer  was  so  strongly 
inspired  :  the  '  Dichterliebe  '  recalled  the 
name  of  Heine,  who  died  at  Paris,  February- 
nth,  1856. 


iltttstntl  (£o55tp. 

The  performance  of  Puccini's  '  Madama 
Butterfly  '  last  Saturday,  with  Mile.  Desthm 
in  the  title-role  and  Signor  Caruso  as  F.  B. 
Pinker  ton,  and  the  other  parts  ably  filled, 
was  bound  to  be  a  success  ;  but  the  work 
itself,  apart  from  this  fine  rendering,  has 
taken  firm  hold  of  the  public.  Signor  Cam- 
panini  conducted. 

Two  excellent  performances  of  '  Die 
Meistersinger  '  have  been  given  with  Frau 
Gadsky  (who  sang  and  acted  well)  as  Eva. 
At  the  first  Herr  van  Rooy  was  Hans  Sachs, 
and  Mr.  Whitehall,  who  afterwards  took  the 
part,  of  course  suffered  by  comparison  ;  but 
still  he  sang  and  acted  most  creditably. 
Fraulein  Ternina  in  '  Tannhauser  '  on  Monday- 
acted  magnificently,  and  this  largely  com- 
pensated for  her  voice,  which  lacked  strength. 

The  two  concerts  of  the  Vienna  Male 
Choral  Society  at  Queen's  Hall  on  May  25th 
and  28th  were  brilliantly  successful.  Glowing 
accounts  had  previously  been  received  of 
this  old-established  society,  and  it  occasion- 
ally happens  that  disappointment  is  caused 
through  too  great  expectation  ;  in  this  case, 
however,  the  result  confirmed  the  reports. 
The  singers  have  excellent  voices,  the  low- 
notes  of  the  basses  being  particularly  notice- 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


679 


able  for  their  rich,  round  quality  ;  but  the 
deep  impression  caused  by  the  performances 
•of  various  part-songs,  sacred  and  secular, 
•also  of  Wagner's  '  Das  Liebesmahl  der 
Apostel,'  was  owing  to  the  clear  declamation, 
to  the  lights  and  shades,  but  especially  to 
the  intellect  and  emotion  displayed.  The 
members  have,  it  is  true,  been  well  trained 
■by  the  conductors,  Herren  E.  Kremser 
;and  Richard  Heuberger  ;  but  without  good 
material  to  work  on  the  best  conductor 
<jannot  produce  such  exceptional  results  as 
'those  in  question. 

Dr.  Edvabd  Grieg's  second  concert  at 
'^Queen's  Hall  on  May  24th  again  attracted 
an  immense  audience.  The  programme 
included  two  sonatas — one  in  a  minor,  for 
"'cello  and  pianoforte,  the  other  in  c  minor  for 
•violin  and  pianoforte  ;  in  the  former  the  com- 
poser was  assisted  by  Prof.  Hugo  Becker, 
and  in  the  latter  by  M.  Johannes  Wolff. 
The  performances,  therefore,  could  not  fail 
to  give  pleasure.  The  Swedish  vocalist 
Madame  Emma  Hohnstrand  sang  eight 
songs.  The  lady  has  a  well-trained  voice  ; 
moreover,  her  sympathetic  rendering  of  the 
music  showed  both  skill  and  thought.  She 
^as  accompanied  by  Dr.  Grieg,  and  this,  of 
•course,  added  to  the  effect.  The  composer 
.also  played  pianoforte  pieces  from  his  later 
Avorks  and  granted  as  an  encore  his  delicate 
Berceuse  in  o. 

The  first  volume  of  a  '  Catalogue  of  Manu 
-.script  Music  in  the  British  Museum,'  by  Mr. 
Augustus  Hughes-Hughes,  assistant  in  the 
Department  of  MSS.,  and  printed  by  order 
of  the  Trustees,  has  just  been  issued.  It 
as  devoted  exclusively  to  sacred  vocal  music. 
Vol.  ii.,  which  may  be  expected  within  a 
year,  will  comprise  secular  vocal  music  ;  and 
-vol.  hi.,  instrumental  music,  treatises  on 
music,  &c.  The  present  volume  has  most 
^lseful  indexes,  and  the  two  volumes  to 
■come  will  be  provided  with  similar  ones, 
each  volume  thus  being  complete  in  itself. 
It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add  that  such  a 
catalogue  will  be  welcomed  by  writers  on 
music. 

An  interesting  concert  of  music  of  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  was 
^recently  given  at  the  Bibliatheque  Nationale. 
Paris,  in  connexion  with  the  inauguration  of 
■an  exliibition  there.  The  programme  in- 
cluded two  harpsichord  suites  by  Couperin, 
entitled  '  Les  Folies  francaises,  ou  les 
Dominos,'  and  '  Les  Fastes  de  la  grande 
«t  ancienne  Menestrandrie,'  performed  by 
Madame  Wanda  Landowska  ;  also  '  Le 
Triomphe  de  la  Raison  sur  l'Amour,'  a 
Pastorale  by  J.  B.  Lully,  second  son  of  the 
great  Lully,  produced  at  Fontainebleau, 
•October  25th,  1690,  in  the  presence  of 
Louis  XIV.  This  work,  written  for  orchestra, 
chorus,  and  soli,  was  given  under  the  direction 
•of  M.  Ecorcheville. 

The  Mozart  Festival  will  be  held  at  Salz- 
burg from  the  14th  to  the  20th  of  August. 
Two  performances  of  '  Don  Giovanni  '  will 
be  given,   and  two   of    'Figaros  Hochzeit.' 
There  will  be  one  orchestral  and  two  chamber 
•concerts,  and  at  one  of  the  latter  the  Bur- 
mester  Quartet  will   perform  tliree  hitherto 
unknown  Divertimenti  by  Mozart,  of  which 
Heir   Willy   Burmester   possesses   the   auto- 
graplis.     There   will    also    be   a   concert    of 
•sacred    music.     The   conductors   announced 
.are  MM.   Felix  Mottl,   CUistav   Mahler,   and 
-J.  F.  Hummel. 

The  death  is  announced  of  Heinrich 
Ki  iiuumi.  the  well-known  writer  on  musical 
subjects,  and  editor  of  the  '•'  Beruhmtr 
Musiker  "  series.  He  composed  music  for 
*,he  organ,  and  was  an  able  performer  on 
*hat  instrument.  He  was  born  at  Rengersdorf 
<Silesia)  in  1850. 


Le  Menestrel  of  May  27th  notes  that  in 
addition  to  the  incidental  music  of  Grieg  for 
Ibsen's  '  Peer  Gynt,'  which  in  suite  form  has 
become  so  popular,  Stenhanuner,  a  Swedish 
composer,  has  written  an  opera  entitled 
'  The  Feast  at  Solhaug.'  Hugo  Wolf  also 
wrote  incidental  music  for  that  play,  as  did 
Herr  Hans  Pfitzner,  composer  of  '  Die  Rose 
vom  Liebesgarten.'  We  may  add  that  Dr. 
Grieg  has  also  set  the  following  poems  of 
Ibsen  to  music  :  '  En  Svane,'  '  Stambogsrim,' 
'  Med  en  Vandlilje,'  '  Borte,'  and  '  Spille- 
maend.' 


PEKFOKM ANTES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Srs.      Sunday  League  Concert.  T.  Queen's  Hall. 

Mon. — Sat.    Royal  Ojiera.  Covent  (iavden. 

Tics.     Miss  and  Mr.  Chastain's  Violin  ami  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.15 

Bechstein  Hall. 
Tin  ks.  Mr.  Dturbishire  .loness  'Cello  Recital.  8.30.  Bechitein  Hall. 
Svr.       Mr.  Boris  Hamrwirp's  Cello  Recital  3,  £oHan  Hall. 

—  London  Symphony  Orchestral  Concert,  3.  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  M.  rachm-.um's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Bcchstein  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE    WEEK. 

His  Majesty's. — Colonel  Newcomc  :  a 
Play  in  Four  Acts.  Extracted  from 
'  The  Newcomes  '  of  W.  M.  Thackeray 
by  Michael  Morton. 

From  the  concluding  scene  of  Thackeray's 
novel  Mr.  Morton  has  extracted  a  fairly 
workmanlike  play,  which,  with  Mr.  Tree 
as  the  Colonel,  won  on  Tuesday  night  a 
favourable  reception  at  His  Majesty's. 
That  the  production  is  not  in  anj^  sense 
a  version  of  Thackeray's  lengthy  story 
might  be  inferred  without  the  disclaimer 
put  forth  by  the  dramatist.  In  the  times 
when  the  great  novels  of  Thackeray  and 
Dickens  saw  the  light  liberal  allowance 
was  made,  and  the  characters  intro- 
duced in  a  work  such  as  '  The  New- 
comes  '  or  '  Bleak  House '  constituted  a 
not  inconsiderable  microcosm.  In  the 
present  case  omissions  were  expedient  for 
many  reasons.  The  excision  of  the  frailty 
of  Barnes's  wife,  though  this  supplied  the 
one  dramatic  episode  in  the  book,  was  com- 
mendable on  ethical  ground;  that  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  Honeyman  was  expedient ; 
and  that  of  the  opening  scenes,  perhaps 
the  most  familiar  of  all,  counselled  by  the 
exigencies  of  stage  mounting.  At  any 
rate,  the  action  in  the  play  begins  when 
the  fortunes  of  the  Colonel,  though  appa- 
rently at  their  highest,  are  on  the  point  of 
turning,  and  the  main  interest  is  found 
in  his  defeat,  his  treatment  by  the  Cam- 
paigner, his  reconciliation  with  Ethel,  and 
his  solitary  death  in  the  courtyard  of  the 
Grey  Friars.  Much  stress  is  laid  on  the 
devotion  of  Madame  de  Florae,  whose 
husband  disappears  from  the  list  of  cha- 
racters. Comic  relief  is  shown  in  Lord 
Farintosh,  whose  wooing  of  Ethel  with 
his  Gaelic  accessories,  though  effective, 
is  rather  burlesque  :  Lord  Kew  sinks  into 
insignificance  ;  and  Ethel's  patronage  of 
Rosey  is  naturally  discomforting  to  that 
'•  wife  for  a  month."  Farintosh,  and  not 
Sir  Barnes,  is  the  recipient  of  the  flagrant 
insult  of  ('live  Newcomc. 

The  action  opens  in  the  house  of  the 
Colonel,  who  is  entertaining  at  dinner  a 


mixed  assemblage,  including  Farintosh, 
Barnes  Newcome,  and  one  or  two  of 
his  Indian  and  military  allies,  the 
festival  being  presided  over  by  Mrs. 
Mackenzie,  already  counting  upon  secur- 
ing Clive  for  Rosey.  It  ends,  as  has 
been  said,  in  the  Grey  Friars,  the 
intervening  scenes  presenting  the  grow- 
ing perplexities  of  the  Colonel  and  the 
insults  to  which  he  is  subjected  by  the 
Campaigner.  The  principal  characters 
find  good  representatives.  No  easy  task 
awaited.  Mr  Tree  in  undertaking  the 
Colonel.  It  is,  however,  successfully 
accomplished,  especially  in  the  later 
scenes,  which,  if  elaborate,  are  very 
touching.  Those  in  the  last  act  are 
admirably  effective.  Among  the  parts 
that  are  well  played  is  Fred  Bayham,  a 
superb  rendering  of  whom  is  given  by 
Mr.  Lyn  Harding  ;  Mrs.  Tree  as  the 
Campaigner  is  the  life  of  the  piece  ;  and 
Miss  Marie  Lohr  is  perfect  as  her  daughter. 
The  Ethel  of  Miss  Braithwaite  and  the 
Madame  de  Florae  of  Miss  Marion  Terry 
are  beautiful  in  their  respective  lines  ;  and 
the  Clive  of  Mr.  Basil  Gill,  the  Barnes  of 
Mr.  Norman  Forbes,  and  the  Lord  Farin- 
tosh of  Mr.  Sydney  Brough  obtain  merited 
recognition.  The  whole  constitutes,  indeed, 
a  successful  and  very  creditable  perform- 
ance of  a  very  difficult  task. 


Duke  of  York's. — The  Lion  and  the 
Mouse  :  a  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By 
Charles  Klein. 

Like  many  recent  productions,  '  The 
Lion  and  the  Mouse  '  reaches  us  from  New 
York,  and  is  American  in  characters, 
environment,  and  sentiment.  It  is  not 
particularly  ingenious  in  plot,  nor  literary 
in  flavour,  but  it  tells  sympathetically  a 
fairly  pleasing  story  of  the  aid  a  daughter 
is  able  to  render  a  beloved  and  an  oppressed 
father.  By  his  action  in  defeating  the 
planned  robbery  of  a  trust  Judge  Rossmore 
has  provoked  the  animosity  of  a  body  of 
financiers,  whose  great  political  power 
is  used  for  securing  his  removal  from  the 
bench,  and  menacing  him  with  further 
penalties.  His  daughter  Shirley,  a  novelist, 
undertakes  to  protect  and  rehabilitate  him. 
As  Jefferson  Ryder,  the  son  of  John 
Burkett  Ryder,  the  leader  of  the  cabal, 
is  in  love  with  her,  she  ultimately  succeeds 
in  her  task,  and  by  the  charm  of  her  manner 
converts  what  was  her  father's  arch-enemy 
into  an  influential  and  enterprising  friend. 
The  heroine,  taken  by  Miss  Illingt'on,  has 
many  opportunities  (of  which  she  avails 
herself)  of  displaying  coolness  and  aplomb, 
and  in  the  third  act  has  one  scene  of 
passionate  revolt.  The  experiment  of  a 
mixed  American  and  English  company  is 
in  the  main  successful,  the  honours  being 
fairly  divided.  An  excellent  type  of 
Young  America  is  supplied  by  the  pre- 
sentation, by  Mr.  Richard  Bennett,  of 
Jefferson  Ryder.  Against  this  may  be 
pitted  the  Hon.  Fitzrov  Bagley  of  Mr. 
Gilbert  Hare.  The  general  cast  is  satis- 
factory, and  the  entertainment,  though 
scarcely  remarkable,  *'  will  serve.*' 


080 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


N°4101,  Jink  2,  1906 


Criterion. — The  Whirlwind :  a  Play  in 
Three  Acts.  Translated  by  Harry  Mel- 
vill  from  the  French  of  Henry  Bernstein. 
Produced  at  the  Gymnase  on  October 
20th  last,  'La  Rafale'  of  M.  Henry 
Bernstein  stirred  a  French  public  by 
the  brutality  of  its  pictures.  This 
fact  is  far  from  interposing  any 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  its  transference  to 
English  boards.  Against  this  we  should, 
in  presence  of  pieces  which  have  within 
recent  years  found  their  way  from  France 
to  England,  have  nothing  special  to  urge. 
It  has  occurred  to  the  translator,  however, 
to  change  the  scene  to  England.  A  more 
unfortunate  inspiration  could  scarcely 
have  possessed  him.  That  a  parallel  to 
the  Helene  of  the  original  could  not  be 
found  in  our  own  aristocracy  we  will  not 
maintain.  But  the  entire  environment 
of  the  action  is  French,  not  English,  and  in 
order  to  accept  as  possible  the  scene  in 
which  the  false  wife  owns  to  her  father 
her  infidelity,  a  complete  alteration  of 
treatment  seems  indispensable.  Only  less 
inconceivable  than  the  wife's  avowal  is 
the  shameful  bargain  made  and  carried 
out  by  the  Countess  of  Ellingham  and  her 
ally  Joseph  Locksley,  the  latter  imposing 
as  the  price  of  saving  her  lover  her  accept- 
ance of  his  own  embraces.  However  low 
may  be  in  certain  society  the  moral  tone, 
we  have  not  reached  the  point  at  which 
adultery  is  a  known  and  recognized  social 
institution.  In  England,  accordingly,  the 
suppositions  on  which  the  whole  action  is 
based  seem  not  less  repellent  than  incon- 
ceivable. The  very  difficulties  which 
interfere  with  the  possibility  of  the 
wretched  woman  obtaining  the  money 
to  free  her  lover  from  his  responsibilities 
are  scarcely  conceivable  in  this  country. 
In  France  the  heroine  was  played  by 
Madame  Simone  Le  Bargy,  who  assigned 
to  the  part  some  sorely  needed  excuse  of 
passion.  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell,  by  whom 
it  is  now  rendered,  takes  it  in  slower 
time,  but  contrives  to  charge  the  stronger 
scenes  with  much  agony.  A  difficult  task 
awaited  the  representatives  of  the  ruined 
and  dishonoured  gambler  and  the  loath- 
some moneylender,  whose  rate  of  interest 
puts  to  shame  that  of  Shylock. 


HAZLITT'S    'VIEW  OF  THE  ENGLISH 
STAGE.' 

Will  you  allow  me  to  point  out  that  the 
last  sentence  of  the  cruel  attack  upon 
Conway,  quoted  by  you  last  week  in  your 
notice  of  this  book,  was  printed  by  Hazlitt 
in  1818  ?  Conway's  protest  was  not  directed 
against  the  anonymous  newspaper  criticism 
of  1814,  but  against  the  reproduction  of  the 
articles  with  Hazlitt's  name  to  them  in  the 
*  View.' 

The  slight  resemblance  to  the  description 
of  Dominie  Sampson  cannot  have  been 
suggested  by  '  Guy  Mannering,'  as  that  novel 
was  not  published  till  four  months  after  the 
criticism  appeared. 

W.  Spencer  Jackson. 


Dramatic  (gossip. 

As  a  lever  de  rideau  at  the  Criterion  is 
played  the  first  act  of  Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney's 


adaptation  of  '  Undine,'  with  Mrs.  Patrick 
Campbell  as  Undine  and  Mr.  Julian  Royce 
as  Count  Hulbrund  of  Ringstetten.  There 
seems  no  reason  for  giving  the  piece  in  so 
fragmentary  a  form. 

M.  Coquelin's  appearance  at  the  Royalty 
took  place  on  Monday  as  Noel  in  '  La  Joie 
fait  Peur,'  the  touching  one-act  piece  of 
Delphine  Gay  (Madame  de  Girardin),  and 
'  Les  Romanesques  '  of  M.  Rostand.  In  the 
former  role,  in  which  he  is  excellent,  he  has 
had  for  predecessors  in  this  country  Regnier 
and  Got,  as  well  as  inEnglishDionBoucicault. 
First  produced  at  the  Comedie  Francaise 
on  May  21st,  1894,  the  bright  and  fantastic 
piece  of  M.  Rostand  has  been  more  than 
once  seen  in  London. 

'  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  '  is  tliis 
evening  revived  at  the  Adelphi,  in  place  of 
'  The  Lonely  Millionaires.'  Mr.  Matheson 
Lang  is  now  Lucentio,  and  Miss  Florence 
Dillon,  Bianca. 

'  The  Other  Man's  Business  '  is  the  title 
of  a  new  farce  which  has  been  produced  at 
the  Fulham  Theatre. 

The  assignment  of  the  management  of 
the  Odeon  to  M.  Antoine  seems  likely  to 
impart  a  little  vitality  to  the  highly  respect- 
able, but  rather  somnolent  second  Theatre 
Francais.  M.  Antoine  will  not,  as  hereto- 
fore, be  entirely  his  own  master,  being  subject 
to  the  control  of  the  Director  of  the  Fine  Arts. 

'  L'Etrange  Aventure,'  a  three-act 
comedy  attributed  to  M.  L.  Gleize,  and  pro- 
duced at  the  Odeon,  proves  to  run  on  the 
same  lines  with  '  The  Admirable  Crichton  ' 
of  Mr.  Barrie,  and  has  brought  on  its  reputed 
author  some  charges  of  plagiarism. 

The  statue  to  the  memory  of  Corneille 
was  inaugurated  by  M.  Dujardin-Beaumetz, 
Under-Secretary  of  the  Fine  Arts,  at  the 
Place  du  Pantheon,  Paris,  on  Sunday  last. 
It  is  by  M.  Allouard,  and  is  a  pendant  to 
that  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  at  the  Biblio- 
theque  Sainte  Genevieve.  One  of  Corneille's 
direct  descendants,  Madame  Pauline  Deraine, 
was  among  the  company.  Ten  "  discourses' ' 
were  pronounced,  and  delegates  from  various 
French  societies  were  present.  M.  Mounet- 
Sully  recited  some  verses  of  Corneille,  and 
also  aV'  poeme  de  circonstance,"  '  Triomphe 
Heroi'que,'  by  M.  Gustave  Zidler. 


To  Correspondents.— W.  H.  C— S.  j.  R.— H.  F.— 
G.  D.  F.— Received. 

S.  J.  R.— W.  M.— W.  J— Noted. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  a«ents      654 

Bell  &  Sons 680 

Blackwood  &  Sons 633 

Business  for  Disposai 654 

Catalogues      654 

Duckworth  &  Co esi 

Educational 653 

Exhibitions 653 

goker  &  son 655 

Harper  &  Brothers         655 

Hurst  &  Blackett 658 

Longmans  &  Co 683 

Macmillan  &  Co 658 

Magazines,  &c 655,682 

Methuen 658 

Miscellaneous 664 

Murray 657 

Newspaper  Agents 654 

Notes  &  Queries      683 

Printers'  Pie 682 

Reeve  a  Co 656 

Sales  by  Auction 654 

Situations  vacant 653 

Situations  Wanted 654 

Surgical  Aid  Society        6S3 

Typewriters,  &c 654 

Unwin       684 


MESSRS.    BELLS 


NEW    BOOKS. 


Catalogue*  sent  pout  free  on  application. 


Demy  8vo,  with  82  Illustrations,  8*.  6d.  net. 

TURBINES.     By  W.  H.  Stuart  Garnett, 

Barrister-at-Law. 
A  popular  hook  on  the  subject  of  Steam  and  Water 
Turbines,  in  which  the  theory  of  the  subject  is  developed 
concurrently  with  its  history  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it 
readily  intelligible  to  the  general  reader.  The  problems 
which  are  at  present  associated  with  it  are  stated,  with  a 
forecast  of  the  possible  future  of  the  engine.  At  the  same 
time  the  book  contains  the  most  complete  theory  that  has 
so  far  been  published  of  the  well-known  machines,  and  will 
be  of  value  to  experts  and  to  all  users  of  power. 


By 


Fcap.  8vo,  6s. 

A  HANDBOOK  TO  SHAKESPEARE. 

MORTON  LUCE,  Author  of  'A  Handbook  to  Tenny. 

son,'  <fec. 
This  '  Handbook  to  Shakespeare '  offers  in  one  volume 
the  critical  and  explanatory  helps  that  must  otherwise  be 
sought  in  many  books.  As  far  as  possible  it  embodies  all 
recent  research ;  and,  like  the  author's  '  Handbook  to 
Tennyson,'  to  which  it  forms  a  companion,  it  aims  at 
illustrating  principles,  while  it  supplies  information. 


Imp.  8vo,  21s.  net. 

THE  ADMISSION  REGISTERS  OF  ST. 

PAUL'S  SCHOOL  FKOM  187G  TO  1905.  Edited  with 
Biographical  Notices  by  Rev.  ROBERT  BARLOW 
GARDINER,  M.A.  F.S.A.,  with  Appendices. 


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HAZLITT'S  YIEW  OF  THE  ENGLISH 

STAGE  ;  or,  a  Series  of  Dramatic  Criticisms.     Edited 
by  W.  SPENCER  JACKSON. 

EMERSON'S  WORKS.     A  New  Edition 

in   5  vols.    With  the    Text   Edited  and  Collated  by 

GEORGE  SAMPSON. 
Contents: — Vol.  L,  Essays,  Representative  Men.  VoL  IL, 
English  Traits,  Conduct  of  Life,  Nature.     Vol.  ILL,  Society 
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Miscellaneous  Pieces.     Vol.  V. ,  Poetical  Works. 


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PENDLEBURY,  M.A.,  Chief  Mathematical  Master  at 
St.    Paul's    School,    and    F.    E.    ROBINSON,    M.A., 
Assistant  Master  at  St.  Paul's  School. 
***  A  new  Arithmetic  for  Lower  and  Middle  Forms  of 

Secondary  Schools,   written    on  modern  lines,    with  free 

employment  of  Graphs,  <fcc. 


Crown  8vo,  Is.  6d. 

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lands  Academy.  Glasgow. 


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HAWTHORNE'S      TRANSFORMATION 

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PLUTARCH'S  LIYES.  Translated,  with 

Notes  and  a  Life,  by  AUBREY  STEWART,  M.A.,  and 
GEORGE  LONG,  M.A.     4  vols. 


London:    GEORGE    BELL    &    SONS, 
Portugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


N°4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


681 


DUCKWORTH    &    CO.'S    NEW^UBLICATIONS. 

BY    THE    AUTHOR    OF    'THE    VISITS    OF    ELIZABETH/ 

BEYOND    THE    ROCKS,    a  love  story. 

By  ELINOR   GLYN.      Crown   8vo,    65. 

"  She  (Mrs.  Glyn)  is  so  charming  a  humorist,  she  understands  so  well  the  heart  of  •woman.  '  Beyond  the  Rocks '  is,  indeed,  a  very  charming  and  a  very  distinctive  novel,  and  it 
will  even  add  to  Mrs.  Glyn's  reputation." — Daily  Express. 

"  In  the  tales  of  this  clever  and  amusing  writer  there  is  an  atmosphere  which  one  finds  in  no  other  books  of  the  present  day.  Here  is  a  better  story  in  '  Beyond  the  Rocks '  than 
she  has  told  before.    She  is  getting  more  command  over  her  materials,  and  displays  her  knowledge  of  men  and  women  to  better  effect." — Evening  yews. 

"  '  Beyond  the  Rocks '  is  by  far  the  most  daring  novel  to  which  the  authoress  has  yet  put  her  pen.    It  will  enhance  her  special  reputation,  and  will  be  widely  read." 
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TRAFFIC.      The  Story  of   a  Faithful  Woman. 

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THE     SCOTTISH     SCHOOL     OF     PAINTING. 

By  WILLIAM  D.  McKAY,  R.S.A.,  Librarian  to  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy. 

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FULL  FROSPECTUS  SEXT  TO  ANY  ADDRESS. 


THE  MUSEUMS  AND  RUINS  OF   ROME. 

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VELAZQUEZ.     By  AUGUSTS  BREAK.     68  Illustrations. 
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ROSSETTI.     By  FORD  Madox  Hi  eh  kr.     62  Illustrations. 


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2.  EMINENT     SCRIPTURE     CHARACTERS: 

:i  Sei  -in  the  Old  and  Ke«  T.  -l.mienU. 

Illustnit.  d  hjr  Six  views  of  Bittlii       S  'ieh  will,  it  i«  h>«»,l. 

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N°  4101,  June  2,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


683 


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ASTRONOMY    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

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London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES:— A  Dowsing-Jessop  Forgery— "  Bung  "  and  "  Tun  "—Greene's  Prose  Works— "Roan"  :  its 
Etymology — "Duma"' — "Swerve" — Edward  IV.  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery — Kipling's 
'With  Scindia  to  Delhi' — "Pannier  Market" — "Revenue":  its  Pronunciation — Shakespeare: 
a  Remarkable  Folio — Funeral  Garlands — Peat — Parish  Constables. 


QUERIES; — Snakes  in  South  Africa — Napoleon  and  the  Grand  Duchess  Catherine  of  Russia — Grav's 
'  Elegy '  :  its  Translations — Defoe  on  the  Vicar  of  Baddow — G.  Rossetti's  '  Tre  Ragionamenti  — 
"A  thimbleful  of  sense" — Tuileries  Gardens  in  1796— "  Aryan  Sun-Myths' — Italian  Songs — 
Japanese  and  Chinese  Lyrics — Sir  William  Noye's  Wife — May  Light  and  Young  Men's  Light — 
Olvarius's  History — Cateaton  Street — Seventeenth-Century  Libraries — Shakespeare's  Creations — 
Anne  Gliddon — Nottingham  Psalter — Spain  and  England — Twyford  Abbey. 

REPLIES  :— "  Rose  of  Jericho  " — Epitaph  at  Bowes,  Yorkshire — •"  Brock  "  :  "  Badger  " — Henry  Angelo 
— Mr.  Thompson  of  the  6th  Dragoons — Americans  in  English  Records — Delmer — Ladies'  Head- 
dresses in  the  Theatre — "  Cast  not  a  clout  till  May  be  out  " — Travelling  in  England — "  Saturday  " 
in  Spanish — "Place" — "Pour" — Coleridge  and  Newman  on  Gibbon — Earthquakes  in  Fiction  - 
Escutcheon  of  Pretence — '  Leicester's  Ghost ' — The  Gunnings  of  Castle  Coote — Leigbton's  '  British 
Crests' — Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted — Dr.  Richard  Garnett — Lord  Camelford's  Duel — Bury 
Familv. 


NOTES    OX    BOOKS  :— 'Lands  and  their  Owners  in  Galloway '- 

Magazine  of  Fine  Arts.' 
Booksellers'  Catalogues. 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 


-'The  Assemble   of  Goddes— The 


JOHN  Q   FRANCIS  and  J.   EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
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NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENJEUM  will  contain 
Eevieivs  of  THE  CAMBRIDGE  MODERN 
HISTORY.— Vol.  IX.,  NAPOLEON,  and 
WARWICK  GOBLE'S  CONSTANTINOPLE. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  C0.S 
LIST. 


HERESIES 
OF 
SEA 

POWER. 

By  FRED.  T.  JANE, 

Author  of  '  Fighting  Ships,'  (fee. ; 

Inventor    of   the   Naval    War   Game. 

WITH  8  MAPS  AND  14  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

8vo,  12s.  Qd.  net. 

The  object  of  this  booh  is  to  prove  that 

the  theories  oj  Sea  Power  generally  heldr 

and  specially  as  connected  with  the  name 

of  Capt.  Mahan,  are  incorrect. 

WAYSIDE 

SKETCHES       IN 

ECCLESIASTICAL 

HISTORY. 

Nine  Lectures,  with  Notes  and  Preface. 
By  CHARLES  BIGG,  D.D. 

Canon  of  Christ  Church  and  Regius  Professor  of 
Ecclesiastical  Histoiy  in  the  University  of  Oxford. 

8vo,  7s.  Qd.  net. 
"  These  Lectures  might  haue  been  called 
Essays  on  the  Development  of  the  Church. 
They  refer  to  three  great  moments  in 
that  fateful  process—the  making  of  the 
mediaeval  system,  the  decay  of  the 
mediaeval  system,  and  the  beginnings  ot 
modern  Christianity.  "—From  the  Preface. 
CONTEXTS. 

PRUDEXTIUS. 

PAULINUS  OF  NOLA. 

SIDONIUS  APOLLINARIS. 

GROSSKTESTE. 

WYCLIFFE. 

A  KEMPIS. 

THE  ENGLISH  REFORMATION. 

(Three  Lectures. ) 

THE 

ANNUAL  REGISTER: 

A  Review  of  Public  Events  at  Home  and 
Abroad. 

For  the  Year  1905. 
8vo,  18s. 


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WORLD : 

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By  the  Author  of  'Through  Spectacles  of 
Feeling,1  &c. 

Crown   8vo,    6s. 


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<;,s-i 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


N°4101,  Jura  2,  1906 


T.    FISHER    UNWIN'S    NEW    BOOKS. 


HISTORY,    BIOGRAPHY,    ETC. 
A  LITERARY  HISTORY  OF   THE   ENGLISH  PEOPLE. 


Vol.  II. 


from thi) BonniMnnrni to  the  ('nil  War. 

int. 


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s.VDI  (AD.  1000-12901  By  Edward  (;.  BBOWNB,  .M.A.  MB.  KB.  A.,  Fallow 
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Svo,  12*.  orf.  net.    ("Library  of  Literary  History.") 

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PALL  OF  THE  TEMPLE  (70  CB.)  TO  THE  ERA  OS  EMANCIPATION  (1708  c.k.). 
By  ISRAEL  ABRAHAMS,  M.A.,  Hauler  in  Babbinic  Literature  in  the  University 
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21a  net. 

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demy  8vo,  21«. 

THE  "  POPE "  OF  HOLLAND  HOUSE.  Edited  by  Lady  Seymour. 
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With  Photogravure  Frontispiece.     Demy  Svo,  16«. 

HAECKEL:   His  Life  and  Work.     By  Wilhelm  Bolsche.    With  an 

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NATURAL    HISTORY. 

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TRAVEL 

AND   TRAVEL: 


SPORT 

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P.B.O.R  k.z.n.    wuii  M;,],,  and  mm 


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than  '<>  Qlnntrationa 


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NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 


THE  DREAM  AND  THE  BUSINESS-John  Oliver  Hobbes. 

DIVORCE     Paul  Bourget. 

LATTER-DAY  SWEETHEARTS-    Mrs.  Burton  Harrison. 
NEW  CHRONICLES  OF  DON  Q.     K-and  Eeskjsth  Pbichabd. 

A  DAZZLING  REPROBATE W.  R.  H.  Trowbridge. 

ADVENTURES  OF  A  SUPERCARGO Louis  Bucks. 

A  DOUBLE  MARRIAGE Lucas  Cleeve. 


THE  LADY  NOGGS,  PEERESS  Edoab  Jepsoh. 

FANNY  LAMBERT    H.  de  Yere  Siai  pools, 

A  SUPREME  MOMENT    Mrs.  Hawltoh  Syhgb. 

A  SON  OF  ARVON Gwendolen  Phyce. 

CECILIA'S  LOVERS Amelia   K.    I'.arr. 

THE  THRESHING  FLOOR J.  S.  Fletchs*. 

A  MILLIONAIRES  COURTSHIP.   Mrs.  Archibald  Little. 


T.   FISTIER   UNWIN,    1,    Adelphi   Terrace,    London,    W.C. 


1  itlona  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR  "—A     .  I    Iters  to  "  THE  PUBLISHERS       itheOfl   ..  Bn    ms  Build 

i  \\.,klj  bj  JOHN  0.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Bream'i  Buildings,  Chanoerj  Una,  E.O.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  FRANCOS,  Athenaeum  Press,  Breams  Buildings,  Chancery  Lmm.RO. 

!,  Messrs.  BELL  a  BRADF1  ti:  and  Mr,  .h>iin  mi:.\/.u:s,  Edinbnrgh.-Saturdaj,  Junes, 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


f  nnntal  of  aBnglisIj  atttr  Jfamgn  %ittxatmc,  %timtt,  t\)t  fmt  Jtrts,  JtUtsk  ani  tljt  Drama. 




No.  4102. 


SATURDAY,   JUNE    9,    1906. 


PRICB. 

THREEPENCE.- 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


B 


(Biljttotians. 


RUTON  c    A  L  L   E  R  I  E  S, 

13,  BRCTON  STREET.  BOND  STREET.  W. 

EXHIBITIONS  NOW  ON  VIEW: 

ANGLO -FLORENTINE  PICTURES  by  E.  I>E  MORGAN. 

WATER-COLOUR  DRAWINGS  of  CORNWALL 

by  W.  E.  CRONFORD. 

OPEN'  DAILY  10  to  6.  including  Saturdays.     Admission  18. 


o 


BACH    &    CO..    168,    New    Bond    Street,    W. 

EXHIBITION  of  PICTURES  by 

FRENCH  AND  DUTCH  MASTERS  of  the  XlXth  CENTURY 

Now  OPEN. 

ALPINE  CLUB,  Mill  Street,  Conduit  Street.— 
Large  DECORATIVE  PANELS   by  J.   KERB   LAWSON   are 

being  EXHIBITED  by   Messrs.    CARFAX   &  CO.  every  day  from 
10  till  6.    Admission  One  Shilling. 

OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING   EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERD'S  GALLKRY,  27,  King  Street.  St.  James's  Square. 


(Ebucational. 

THE  GOVERNORS  OF  THE 

pERSE        SCHOOL,        CAMBRIDGE, 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  the  advantages  offered 

by    this    SCHOOL, 

Which  Prepares 

BOYS  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITIES,  AND  FOR 
PROFESSIONAL    AND    COMMERCIAL    CAREERS. 


Under  the  Head  Mastership  of  Dr.  Rouse  efforts  have 
been  made  to  improve  on  the  ordinary  methods  of  Teaching. 
Of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  School  Work  the  following 
may  be  specially  mentioned  : — 

(1)  Improved  Teaching  of   the  Classics,  resulting  in  a 

great  saving  of  time. 

(2)  Spoken  French  and  German. 

(3)  Teaching  of  English  and  English  Literature  in  all 

the  Classes. 
<4)  A  carefully  graded  Science  Course. 
<5)  Drawing  leading  up  to  the  Engineering  Tripos. 

The  work  of  the  Preparatory  School  is  also  specially 
Bolted  for  Candidates  for  the  Navy. 

A  Detailed  Account  of  the  Work  of  the  School  has  been 
drawn  up,  and  may,  together  with  the  ordinary  Prospectus, 
be  had  of  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors, 

J.  F.   EADEN,  Esq., 
1=>,    SIDNEY    STREET,    CAMBRIDGE. 


S 


PAUL'S      OIRLS'      SCHOOL. 

BROOK  GREEN,  W. 
An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open 
to  Girls  under  16  years  of  age.  will  lie  held  at  the  SCHOOL  on 
.1  FLY  10.  11,  and  13,  which  will  exempt  the  Scholars  from  payment  of 
Tuition  Pees.— Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  HEAD 
MISTRKSS  of  the  School. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  held  mi  JUNE  -<:.  SB.  and  29.  to  fill 
VACANCIES  in  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  by  letter  to  the  BURSAR,  The  Bursary,  Little  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster. 


QT.  PAULS  SCHOOL,  WEST  KENSINGTON. 

O    -An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  above   SCHOOL  "i> 

II  ESDAY,  -li 26,  1906,  and  on  tin-  following  daw.  f..r  FILLING 

IP  SEVERAL  VACANCIES   ON   THE    FOUNDATION.-  Full  par- 
can  he  obtained  on  application  to  THE  BCRSAR 


UNIVERSITY     OF     MANCHESTER 
AND 

MANCHESTER    ROYAL    [NFIRMARY. 
Entrance  medical  scholarships. 

two  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  offend,  one  for  proficiency  in  ARTS 
and  One  for  proficiency  in  SCIENCE. 

Each  Scholarship  i-  ol  the  value  of  loot.,  and  tin-  successful 
Candidate*  will  be  required  to  enter  for  the  full  Medical  Curriculum 
in  the  I  '"I  the  Infirmary. 

The  Scholarship  «ill  be  awarded  to  Candidates  who  give  evidence 
•of  a  high  standard  of  proficiency  in  Art-  or  Science  respectively, 
-  applications  should  he  sent,  "n  or  before  JULY  I.  to  the 
REGISTRAR,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


BEDFORD    COLLLEOE    FOR    WOMEN 
(University  of  London', 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STHEET.  W. 
TheCOUNCTL  offer  TWO  RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIPS,  each  of 
the  value  of  501,  one  in  PHYSIOLOGY.  One  in  ZOOLOGY,  for  the 
SESSION  liiiHJ-7  only.— Applications  should  he  sent  by    UNE  20  t.. 
the  PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  further  information  can  lie  obtained. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress— Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON.  M.A.  date  Second  His- 
tresa  St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College.  London  :  The  Master  o:  Peterhouse,  ( ambridge. 


EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 


/CHURCH 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODI).  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froehel  Certificate 

TWO  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  SSI.  a  year  each  are  offered  in  JUNE  to 
Students  entering  Cherwell  Hall  for  a  year's  training. 

Full  particulars  on  application 


E 


DUCATION. 

Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 

the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 

TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 

are  invited  to  call  upon  or  Bend  fullv  detailed  ivarticulars  to 

MESSRS    GAHBITAS,  THRING  &  CO.. 

who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 

leading  Educational  Estacuiahmente. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING.  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  M     »er  of  Uppingham.  M,  Sackvillc  Street.  London.  W. 


Situations    Vacant 

UNIVERSITY        OF        LONDON. 

NOTICE  IS  HEREBY  GIVEN.  That  on  WEDNESDAY.  July  25 
next,  the  SENATE  will  proceed  to  ELECT  an  EXAMINER  in  the 
ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  and  I.ITERATFRE.  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Prof  .1.  Lawrence.  D.Lit.  M.A. 

The  Examiner  appointed  will  he  called  ui>on  to  take  part  in  the 
Examination  of  hoth  Internal  and  External  Students,  and  will  he 
eligible  for  two  annual  re-elections.  The  remuneration  of  the 
Examinership  consists  of  a  Retaining  Fee  for  the  year,  and  a  ;.,-■<  rata 
payment  for  Tapers  set.  Answers  marked,  and  Meetings  attended. 
Full  particulars  can  he  obtained  on  application  to  the  Principal. 

Candidates  must  send  in  their  names  to  the  Principal,  with  any 
attestation  of  their  qualifications  they  may  think  desirable,  on  or 
before  MONDAY.  June  Is.  If  Testimonials  are  submitted,  three 
Copies  should  he  forwarded.  Original  Testimonials  should  not  he 
sent.  .It  is  particularly  desired  that  no  application  of  any  kind  he 
made  to  individual  Members  of  the  Senate. i 
By  Older  of  the  Senate. 

ARTHUR  W.  Rt'CKER.  Principal. 
University  of  London,  South  Kensington,  s.W. 
Hay,  1906. 

TTNIYERSITY   COLLEGE,   LONDON. 

l_J  (University  of  London. i 

The  COUNCIL  will  shortly  proceed  to  FILL  the  VACANCY  in  the 
CHAIR  of  SANSKRIT  caused  by  the  appointment  of  Prof.  E.  .1. 
Rapson  to  tin-  chair  oi  Sanskrit  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

Applications,  accompanied  by  such  Testimonials  and  other 
evidences  of  fitness  for  the  post  as  Candidates  may  wish  to  submit, 
should  reach  the  Secretary,  from  whom  further  information  may  he 
obtained,  not  later  than  JUNE  -i\. 

WALTER  w.  SETON,  M.A.,  Secretary. 


niTY       OF      LONDON       COLLEGE, 

\J  \\  HIT K  STREET.  MooRFI  ELDS.    E  i. 

The  GOVERNING  BODY  invites  applications  for  the  post  of 
LECTURER  in  MATHEMATK  9 

The  Salary  i<  2251.  per  annum,  and  the  applicant  will  he  required  to 
devote  his  full  time  to  the  work,  most  of  which  is  evening  work.  The 
candidate  elected  will  ).e  required  to  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
OCTOBER  I,  1906. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  three  Testimonials,  most  reach  the 
undcr-ianed  not  later  than  ,IULY  2.  l<"»fi. 

DAVID  SAVAGE,  Secretary. 


II 


THE  VICTORIA 

TNIVERSITY        OF       MANCHESTER. 


The  COUNCIL  is  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE.— The  detailed  conditions  of  appointment  may  he 
obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 


U 


THE  \  D  TORIA 

NIYERSITY      OF      MANCHESTER. 


The  i  OUN(  II.  i-  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LECTURER 
in  (I  VSSICQ  Stipend  fi.-lir  i  tailed  conditions  applications 
should  be  made  to  the  REGISTR  \R. 


TITINISTRY       OF      EDUCATION,      EGYPT. 

HE  \D  MASTERSHIP. 
A  HEAD  master  f.,r  the  largest  SECONDARY   BCHOOL  In 
i   Mint    under   the    Ministry   of    Education,    will    Ice   required    in 
OCTOBER  NEXT     Salary  61M.  -89M.  per  annum. 

Head  Master's  House,  newly  built,  close  to  the  School  Allowance 
her  passage  out  to  Egypt.  Summei  Vacation  not  less  than  Two 
Months. 

r,  of  which  English  University  Men  form  a  large  part,  numbers 

c.Vel    4" 

Applicants  should  be  laymen,  between  30  and  M  yean  of  aee. 

Application,    with     statement     of    age.     Honours    at     School     and 
University,  and  of  experience   in  teaching,  accompanied   hi  cot 
Testimonials,  to  besent  before  ,71  M:   ■>  iflOfl.to  l>ol  01  V-  1)1  SLOP, 
Esq..  Gullane,  Haddingtonshire,  to  whom  Egyptian  Candidates  maj 
apply  by  letter  for  further  Information. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 


WILLIAM   JONES'S    CRAM  MAR    SCHOOL, 
MONMOUTH. 
HEAD    MASTERSHIP. 

The  GOVERNING  BODY  of  the  above  SCHOOL  invite  applications 
for  the  post  ol  HEAD  MASTER,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some 
I  Diversity  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  School  is  conducted  under  a  scheme  of  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners dated  February  ■_'::.  1891,  and  is  a  First-Grade  School  of 
modern  type  There  an-  suitable  Buildings  for  the  reception  of 
.loo  Boys, 

The  School  has  a  Classical  and  Commercial  side,  and  the  i  nrrieuhim 
embraces  every  Subject  comprised  in  the  highest  class  of  Education, 
including  Subjects  proper  to  be  taught  in  a  Public  Sei  ondary  School 

Tlie  Emoluments  of  the  Head  Master  consist  of  a  Residen  iv-r  of 
Rent.  Hates,  and  Taxes,  with  accommodation  for  40  Boarders,  and  a 
fixed  Stipend  of  9001  per  annum:  also  of  Capitation  Payments  of  4.. 
per  annum  for  each  Roy  up  to  the  number  of  .."•.  and  of  SI.  per  annum 
for  eaeli  Boy  ahovc  that  number,  and  the  profits  arising  from 
Be  carders. 

There  are  Thirty  Scholarships  tenable  n  the-  S.  hooL  and  Twelve 
Exhibitions  to  any  University  or  other  place  of  higher  education  in 
the  United  Kingdom. 

The  duties  will  commence  in  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Candidates  for  the  appointment  must  send  in  their  applications, 
together  with  twenty  conies  of  Printed  Testimonials  and  the  11 
of  not  more  than  three  Persons  to  whom  reference  maybe  made,  on 
or  before  JULY  7,  1906.  to  Mr.  ARTHUR  Vl/ARIh  Clerk  t..  the 
Governors,  Monmouth,  from  whom  Forms  of  Application  and  further 
information  may  Ice  obtained. 


BEDFORD  COLL  EC  E  FOR  WOMEN 
University  of  London', 
TORE  PLACE,  BAKER  STREET.  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  an  assistant  in  MATHE 
MATH'S  Salary.  100U,  and  a  JUNIOR  DEMONSTRATOR  in 
PHYSICS  (Salary,  75U,  for  the  SESSION  1906  7.— Applications  from 
Women  only),  with  Testimonials,  to  he  sent  fay  JUNE  2  to  the 
PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 


B 


EDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STHEET.  YV. 
Tlf  council  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE.  The  Council  reserve  the  right. 
if  found  desirable,  to  make  separate  appointments  for  Langu  ige  and 
Literature-.  — Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  to  I  e  Bent  in 
by  JUNE  '-"I  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  information  can  be 
obtained.  HILDA  WALTON,  S    retary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 

YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET.  AV. 
The    COUNCIL    are    about    to    appoint    a   DEMONSTRATOR    in 
CHEMISTRY.— Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be   sent   in  hv 
•'UNE  20  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 
HILDA  WALToN.  Secretary. 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
il'niveiMty  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET,  YV. 
The  t  OFNCIL  are  about   to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  LEI  Tl'RER 
ill  FRENCH,  who  shall  be  a  Woman  specially  qualified  in 
Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  30  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

HILDA   WALTON    - 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
[University  of  London), 
YORE  PLACE.  BAKER  STREET.  W 
The  COUNCIL  arc  about  to  appoint  a  WOMAN  as  PHYSN  \l. 
INSTRUCTOR,  who  will  be  required  to  give  her  whole  time  to  her 
duties  in  the  College. 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  SO  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  ice  obtained. 

HILDA  Walton.  S<   retary. 


T 


HE    SALT    SCHOOLS.    SHIPLEY.    YORKS. 


Roys  HIGH  SCHOOL. 
\  A'    \NcY.  in  SEPTEMBER,  for  BNGLI8H   M  \>TER 
Geography,  Elementary  Shorthand.    lOOf.,  men  res. 
Apply  HEAD  MASTER 


History 


M 


WINCHESTER   HICH  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS. 


WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER    NEXT,   the  following  A-M-TWT 
MISTRESSES  For    MODERN     LANGUAGES  ERA- 

'IT  RE.  with  power  to  -peak  an.  1  wiite  i  hi  Tn.in  -Salary  IS  F01 

GEOGRAPHl    and   to  tike-  a  small  Middle  Form     S 

NIOR  SCHOOL  FORM  aged  11     Good  Arithmetic  essential— 
Bahtr]  1001      \pplv  to  HE  \D  MISTRESS 


fllTY     AND    COUNTY      BOROUGH     OF 
\J  B  B  1  1   L8T. 

BB  \M  H   I.IBR  \R1  LN 
The  I.IBR  \RY  and  TEi  HNICAL  INSTRUCTION  1  OMM] 
invite  applications  for  the  post  of  BRANCH  LIBRARIAN 
new   BRANCH    LIBRARY.    OLDPARK    ROAD 
annum. 

Candidate-  are  required  to  have  had  previous  ex]  Public 

Library  Work  iind  Organisation,  and   to  state  the 
cue 
not    t, ..>...  .1    10 

l»,  t add. 1  to  till'  1  11  \ii;m  v\   Thi  Pol       I 

Retta-t    mat  ked  on  the  Fine  lo|  e  "Branch  1 
,„i  or  befi        "   ' 

1 1  f  y . 

1.     II     I)  I  1 


686 


THE     AT  II  KN7EUM 


N*4102,  Ji  m  !»,  1906 


\    K    I  . 


i 


I     K  I :  K        BOHOOL        < '  I 

1  i  ii  -i  vi  i  ORMfURK 

A    III   Vh   M  VM  BR  will  he  Rl  I  MHKU  I.  I»» 

II.  -ill  1. 

Art  I  I' 

In. 
Ai     I 

KINfcTON    I'AKstl    • 

si  bolaoo  Institi  

i\-  00  I-  R  I  C  II        l'"  I-  S  I  El    H  NIC. 

The  GOVERNORS  ■■'  the    WOOLWICH    POLYTECHKU     Invite 

application   for  the  >i> tmenl   of   ASSISTANT    ART    vivs'lEK 

Coinm  mnum      Further  parti,  'il  in    " 

in    il,.-     PIUNI  II'  VI li. t     "I    i I--.I    and 

„.,.i 1  rnvel(>|M>>,  i..  whom  applli  itlona  iliould  i»-  forwarded  not 

nJI  m:  ••». 

A  VACANCY  ....  ui  -in. i  well  known  PUBLI8H- 
in,,   ii, -i  -i  for  «  BOOK  EDITOR      Experieu '  Publishing 

easeiiti.il       v  Gentleman  ,,r  in  il  .1.  ii.  .-  among  Author*  preferred 

mired  .in.  1  lull  lai  ii.  ',1  ll  -  as  I  lew  •'. 

■  •.Ti.i.ii. .-.  to  T   I.  I      D      .   '     Smith')  Advertising  Agency,  100, 
Fieri  Mini 


UNIVERSITY  GRADUATES  REQUIRED  by 
PUBLISHER,    to    Compile    ...    Contribute    i..    Educational 
Ouidet     HEX,  Bos  1134,  Athenaeum  Press,  IS,  Bream's  Buildlngi,  i   I 


RUSSIAN    TRANSLATOR     REQUIRED    AT 
i.m  EbyPl  BLI8HER     PartlculaisRF.X.  Boxll23.Athenn)uin 

lv  s.-   i  .   Hi.  ,in  -  Buildings,  Cham  erj  Lane,  B  I 

A  YOUTH  WANTED.— One  brought  up  at  a 
r,h.,i  school:  good  handwriting;  ...n.-.  t  ai  additions,  and 
quick  al  Bgure*  One  anxious  to  learn  business  methods  preferred. 
Smtll  commencing  Salarj      Apply  GIBSON,  ca I  UcOorquodale  S 

i  ,    i.i-i  .  io,  i  ..1  in. in  Street,  E.C. 


Situations   WLmttb. 

BALLIOL  SCHOLAR  (First-class  Classics. 
University  Prizeman]  desires  ENGAGEMENT  at  School, 
Tutor's,  or  would  take  «  Private  Pupil.  Highest  Classics,  Modern 
languages,  EUstory,  Philosophy,  Literature,  Science.  —  BALLIOL, 
Bhelleys,  Qracechurch  Street,  EC. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT WANTED  in  any  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
Mss  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling,  Indexing, 
Researches  at  tli"  l!riti-h  Museum,  4c.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowledge  oi  Continental  Affairs  and  Literature. —ERNEST  A. 
VI/.F.TEI.LY.  IS,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chancery  1  ane,  W.C. 

SECRETARY.— Bachelor  of  Arts  (LADY),  rapid 
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ENGAGEMENT.— Address  B.A.,  Box  1122,  Athenaeum  Press,  13, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 


AN  active  YOUNG  MAN  (23)  requires 
SITUATION  ,-is  PUBLISHER'S  or  BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TAN  T.  Can  supply  good  references. — T.,  Uox  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 
13.  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience.  —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  lis, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  B.W. 

GENTLEMAN,  long  resident  Abroad,  knowing 
Public  Galleries  of  Continent  and  Private  Collections  of 
England,  desires  RESEARCH  WORK.  Strii  i  accuracy.  Would  take 
I*.-)      Not  afraid  of  work.— Box  isit:.  Witling's,  125,  Strand. 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken    at    the 
British  Museum  an, l  elsewhere  on  moderate  ir Excellent 

Testimonials.— A. B..  Box  lOU-',  Atlicnxiim  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings, 
Chancery  Lane,  Ed  '. 


iftisttilaiuous. 


T 


O  PROPRIETORS.—  JOURNALIST  wishes  to 
Ill'Y  a  MAGAZINE  or  PERIODICAL  of  standing,  with  genuine 
circulation.  AH  communications  treated  confidentially.— JOURNAL, 
Box  1123,  Athenaeum  Press,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


TO  AUTHORS    and    PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known    CAMBRIDGE    MAN.     MA,    is    open    to    ADVISE 

AUTHOR8,  Revise  Copy  or  Proofs,  so.    Highest  referc ■   -Address 

If.,  Box  1039,  Athenaeum  Press,  is,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 

mRAINING  FOR  PRIVATE  SECRETARIAL 
A  WORK  AND  INDEXING. 

s     etarial  Bureau :  B2a,  CONDUIT  ST.,  BOND  ST.,  LONDON,  W. 
Pounded  U  Telephone :  2*26  Gkbr.vdd. 

MISS  PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos). 

EuPLorio  m  mi  Im.u  Omci  is— Indezer  of  the  East  India 
Company  a  Records;  Dutch  and  Portuguese  Translatoi 

Tin-  Drapers' Company's  Kecords  Catalogued  and  Arranged. 

Im.ixmi  ..i  The  Records  ,,f  the  Count]  Borough  of  Cardiff;  The 
Warrington  Tow  n  Records  ;  The  Blue  Hooks  of  the  Roral  <  bramixsions 
on:  London  Traffic,  The  Supply  of  Food  in  TimeofWar,  Motor  Cars 
cm, is  .m, i  Waterways;  The  Minutes  of  the  Education  Committee  of 
th,  s  imei  set  <  lounty  i  'ouncu. 

MISS  PETHERBRIDGE  trains  from  Three  to  Siv  Pupill  even 
for  Private.  Secretarial,  and  Bpecial  Indexing  v\,,,k  The 
training  is  ..m-  of  Apprenticeship,  Pupils  skirting  o  Junior  Members 
of  the  Staff  and  working  ui>  through  all  the  Bran.  hes.  It  i-  practical 
on  actual  work,  each  Pupil  being  Individually  coached.  The  training 
consists  of  Indoxlng  which  Includes  Researrh  Work  nnd  Precis 
Writing    Shorthand,  Type  Writing,  nnd  Business  Training 

THE  TECHNIQUE  0!   INDEXING.     Bj   Ma  in    Petukkh i 

I     ]„.st    lice 


PUBLISHER    REQUIRES   SHOP,  with  Office 

J       •.■•.'oiuniod.itiou  behind  or  above.    Moderate   rental     !'     Box 
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(Tnpf-Mritfrs,  &r. 


HEADERS   and   (  OLLKCTORS   will  find 
Um«|  I    VI  I. WIN  s     MoN 


AUTHOR 8*    Mss.,    fct,    par    I  ,<><">    worda 
-I  i:\i..\s    PLAYS,    I  N\  I  I     PI  lefullj 

TYPED  si   I It.  um. 

M     I.    I.     .    v,,,,.,n  Road  .  Don   known  ss  Is,  Rdgeurj   , 
Ulapham,  1  vv 

THE  CO  OPERATIVE  TYPE  WRITERS,  Ltd. 
-nil-  -»  II  I  V 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  men  HOLBORN,  W.C 

(Oral  u         i      ran 
SHORTHAND,  TYPING,  DUPLICATING,  TKAN.SLATl.NO. 
•i  i:  v.  ING,  Ac 
A  limit. -.1  uumlx-i  of  Pu|»ils  taken. 

"Living  Wage.'     Uttla  orertims     Ho  work  grran  ont    Office*  waTJ 
lighted  and  healthy,    MSS  kept  in  nrvproof  safe.    Efficient  Staff. 


•  'ATA  I 
lion 


MillVMi    I 


rpYPE-WRITER.     PLAY8  and   Mss. 

1      description.    Cartion  ami  other  Duplicate  oi   Manifold  I 
Mb    i:   \l   TIGAR,  84,  Maitland  Park  Rood.  Haverstock  Hill.  N.W. 
Established  .     . 

riiVI'K  \\  i:i  I  l\c.  !i,/.  per  1,000  words.     Trans- 

1      lations.  w   T   I  i  RTIS   10,  Bartngej  Park, ich  End,  N. 

TYPE-WRITING  of  all  deacriptions  WANTED 
by  LADY  (Royal  Barlock  Machinal.    Work  carefully  done  and 
promptly  returned,     lOd.  1,000  words.— Hiss  BRIDGES    P 
Itudgwick. 

TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.,    SCIENTIFIC,    and 
of   all    Descriptions,    COPIED.       BpscJa]    attention    to    work 
requiring  care.      Dictation    Rooms    {Shorthand   or    Type-Writing). 

Usual  terms.— Misses  E.   Ii  and  I.  FAHKAN.  Doningtou  House.  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TyPE-WRTING. —AUTHORS'  MSS.  of  all 
kinds  carefuUy  TYPED.  M.  per  1,000  after  3.000.  Knowledge 
of  French,  German,  and  Italian.— A.  I'.  Row  man,  74,  Limes  Avenue, 
New  Southgate,  N. 

TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  (Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modem 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room. — 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE-WHITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
adelphi,  W.C. 

TYPE-WRITING,  9.Z.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS..  STORIES.  PLAYS,  ic.  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons.  :;,/.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

A  UTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  S  TORIES,  PLAYS, 

xY  ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  comnlete  accuracy  9d.  per 
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known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow 

^.utljors'  ^.g£itta, 

THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1S79. 
The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
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Mr.  WILKINSON  SHERREN,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Authors 
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1    PRINTED  and  other  INT  El  >1  A  NIX  it  I  ITS. 

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I'll.  ••  '.>.      Just   I-- 


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CATALOGUE  No.    4.-..  -  Drawi 
and  !'..«. ks.  Indmling  an  extensive  and   hi 

I. II. I  II  STI  DIOKI'M  in 
Tin  ii.  i      M  u  hjhtli  t»    liy 

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Richmond,  Buiiey. 

pLAISHER'S       REMAINDER        BOOK 

"  '      i  ATALOGUE.     UNE  BUPPLEMKXT  Now   RKADY 
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Pi  ' 

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T 


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Historical  Monoi.-rsi.li-.  Large  and  Small  Paper.  9  vols. — Holbein  - 
traits  oi  the  Court  of  11,-nrv  VIII. — Editions  do  Line  of  the  Writing* 
of   J.   II.   Jesse,  l^i.lv   Jackson,    and    Edward    Fttsgerald  —  I 
from   the  Kelmsoott,  Vale,  and  Carad.      IV  --.  -    Hones  Walpole's 
Letters,  :>  vols.-  The  QreviUe   Memoirs.   First    Edition.  K  vols.,  an.l 
other  Biogmphicnl  and  Court  Memoirs     Library  Sets  of  Shakespeare. 
Fielding,  Sterne.  Dickens.  Thackeray,  Bront£,  !>••  Quincey.  Kiplinc. 
and    others,    mostly    in    calf    and    morocco    Und&gs— rarkii 
Theatrum     Botanicum,    1640;    Milton's    Paradise    Regained,    li~l  ; 
Shelter's  The  Cenci.  Italy.  1»19.  and  other  First   Editions;  PORTION 
of  the  LIBRARY  ol  an  EMINENT  SCIENTIST,  Including  the  I 
Society's  Transactions,   from    1857  t..  1903,  119  vols— Rooth  s  Roneh 
N..i.  .  on  British  Birds,  3  vols  in  i>srts:a  SELECTION  ol  El' 
PUBLICATIONS  rrom  s  REV  IEVVERS  LIBRARY.  Ac. 
T.  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 

o,..,;  \'alwi>ile  Boots,  including  a  Selection  rVMRMoM 
l.iiniirii,  removed  from  Tunbriigt  HVAs. 

ESSRS.    HODGSON   &    CO.   will  SELL    by 

v.  .  noy  ai  their  Rooms,   110,  Chanoan    Lane    v^  ■ 
WEDNESDAY.    June   an.    an.l   Two    Following    llavs,    RARE   and 
\  VII    Vl'.I.K  BOOKS,  coinpriaiiut  The  Engraved  Works  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  3  Its  of   Members  of  Grilliou's  dub,t  vols.— 

Ackermann's  History  ol  Oxford  University,  'J  rob.,  aid  morocco— 
Dihdin'a  Bibliographical  Tour.  Isvrge  Paper,!  roas..  moroeoo  extrs  - 
Tvier's  Bartoloszi.  Large  Paner,  2 vols.-  Original  Octavo  Ed  I 
Writings  oi    Lecky,    Fronde,    Morlev,   Motley,   Preacott.  Napier,  ami 
others    Symonds's  Kenaiaaance  in  Italy.  Oriarinal  Edition.  #  vols.,  and 

Hooka  on  Vrt     Bxtenaive  Scries  of  First   Editions  of  Di   - 
l.e\ei.   Hardy,  Stevenson,  Jefferies,   Browning,  Swinburne.  A.     * 
eluding  many  nve  volumes-  K.s.Ks  illustrated  by  Rowlandson,  Cruik- 
(hank,  and  Leech    Sporting  Books— Americans    Mss    \ 
Oat  ;.[.'ii.-ition. 


M 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


687 


Valuable  Library  of  Modern  Books  (removed  from  the 
Country). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION  at  their  Ilooms,  116,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  at  the 
End  of  JUNE,  a  VAMJAIJLE  blliRAKY  OF  MODERN  BOOKS, 
comprising  a  Complete  Set  of  the  Tudor  Translations,  40  vols.— Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  Works,  14  vols.— Geneste's  History  of  the  English 
Stage,  10  vols.— Aldine  Poets,  ~d  vols.— Lytton's  Works,  Edition  de 
Luxe,  32  vols.— Carlyles  Works,  :!4  vols.  1870-/1  —  Kuskin's  Works. 
2.)  vols.— Brinklev's.lapan,  1'2  vols.— Folio  Antiquarian  and  Architec- 
tural Works— and  a  large  Selection  of  Standard  Works  in  all  Classes 
■of  Literature. 

Catalogues  are  preparing. 


The  valuable  Collection  of  Early  British,  Anglo-Saxon, 
and  Enylisk  Coins  formed  by  an  Astronomer,  recently 
deceased. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street.  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MOXHAY,  June  11,  and  Following  Day,  the 
valuable  COLLECTION  of  EARLY  BRITISH,  ANOLO-SAXON,  and 
ENGLISH  COINS  formed  by  an  ASTRONOMER,  recently  deceased, 
comprising,  amongst  other  rarities,  the  following  Pieces  worthy  of 
especial  notice  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Scries:  Pennies  of  Cutbred,  King 
of  Kent  1791;  Baldred  (80);  Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  with  and  without 
Bust,  several  varieties  iS2,  K'i,  84,  8.1,  86,  881 ;  Cvnetlnith,  Queen  of  Offa, 
with  Bust  (92):  Coenwulf,  with  and  without  Bust  (93,  !>7,  98);  Ceol- 
wulf  I.,  with  Bust  199  1001 ;  Beomwulf,  with  Bust  (101);  Berntulf, 
with  Bust  (1021;  Aethelstan  I.  of  East  Anglia,  without  Bust  (105) ; 
Acthchveard,  without  Bust  11071 ;  St.  Martin  of  Lincoln  (1211;  Aethel- 
beard,  Archbishop  of  Canteiburv  1123);  Archbishop  Wulfred  (12i5) ; 
•'Sede  Vacante"  (131):  Ecgbeornt,  King  of  Wessex.  with  Bust,  Canter- 
bury Mint  1136,  1371,  Allied  the  Great,  with  Bust  and  Monogram  of 
London  (153);  Edward  the  Elder,  without  Bust  or  Mint,  the  rare 
Floral  and  Ecclesiastical  Types  (102,  163,  104,  166),  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Works  of  Art. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  TUESDAY*.  June  12,  and  Two  Following 
nays,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  WORKS  of  ART,  comprising  English, 
Continental,  and  Oriental  Porcelain— Old  English  Pottery,  including 
a  COLLECTION  of  LUSTRE  WARE,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLE- 
MAN—Silver  Plate,  Bijouterie,  Antiquities,  &c. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  lie  had. 

The  Important  Collection  of  Roman  Coins  formed  by  an 
Astronomer  recently  deceased. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  bv  AUCTION,  at.  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
■Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  June  13,  and  Five  Following 
Hays,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  important  COLLECTION  of  ROMAN 
■COINS,  in  Gold,  Silver,  and  Bronze,  formed  by  an  ASTRONOMER 
recently  deceased. 

May  be  viewed.    Illustrated  Catalogues  may  be  bad. 


The  Library  of  the  late  FliAXCIS  LEVTEX,  Esq.; 
rah/able  Sporting  Books,  the  Property  of  Sir  HUMPHREY 
I)E  TRAFFORD,  Hart.  ;  and  a  Selection  of  valuable 
Sporting  and  other  Books  from  the  Library  of  Sir  DAXIEL 
COOPER,  Bart. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  strand.  W.O.,  "n  MONDAY  JUNE  is.  and  Two  Following 
Days,  ai  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  FRANCIS 
LEY1EN.  Esq.;  valuable  SPORTING  BOOKS,  the  PROPERTY  of 
Sir  HUMPHREY  DE  TRAFFORD,  Rait.:  and  a  SELECTION  of 
valuable  SPOUTING  and  other  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of  Sir 
DANIEL  COOPER.  Bart. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  War  Medals  and  Military  end  Naval 
Decorations,  the  Propertyofthe  late  J.  S.  WJIIDBORXE,  Esq. 

"IU"ESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

1x1.  will  SELL  by  AUCTION",  at  their  Hi  use,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  on  THURSDAY,  June  21.  at  i  o'clock  precisely,  the 
>le  COLLECTION  of  WAR  MEDALS  and  NAVAL  and  MILI- 
TARY DECORATIONS,  the  Property  of  the  late  J.  S.  WIIIDUOKNE, 
Esq.,  of  Dawlish. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Books,  and  Illuminated  and  other  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  BELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.O.,  on  WEDNESDAY.  June  27,  and  Three  Follow- 
ingDays, at  i  o'clock  precisely, valuable  BOOKS, and  ILLUMINATED 
ther  MANUSCRIPT'S,  HISTORICAL  and  UTERARY  DOCU- 
MENTS, AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS,  *c.,  including  17  extremely  rare 
Pre-Shakespearean  Plays,  Original  Sixteenth-Century  Editions— the 
First  and  Fourth  Shakespeare  Folios,  and  numerous  Woiks  of 
Shakespearean  interest— an  interesting  Shakespearean  Manuscript— 
the  Whit  worth  Papers— Nelson  Documents— John  Knox's  Book  of 
Common  Order,  in  Gaelic,  First  Edition-  a  Letter  and  Song  in  the 
Autograph  of  Robert  Rum-;  Books  from  the  LIBRARY  of 
W.  HAGGARD,  Esq.;  Byromnna— Manuscript  of  the  Oi  ler  i  the 
Garter-  Blake's  Poetical  Sketches,  1783,  Presentation  Copy  Qoupil's 
illustrated  Monographs,  &c. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Curiosities, 

TUE8DA  V  and  WEDXESDA  V,  June  IS  and  IS, 

at  half-past  IS  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms.  :;s.  King  Btreet.  Oovcnl  Garden,  London.  w.c,  a 
CONSIGNMENT  of  OLD  CHINESE  and  JAPANESE  PORCELAIN 
—Twenty  Lois  of  old  Lace— Indian  and  Paisley  Shawls— Pictures, 
including  one  rery  important  Work  bv  Gavin  Hamilton;  the  RE- 
MAINING PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of  SAMPLERS  formed 
bi  the  late  W.  W.  ROBINSON,  Esq.  ;  a  small  hut  choice  Collection 
ol  Inns  and  Armour.  Native  Weapons,  he..— Old  Cut  Glass  and  Table 
China  liioii/..-  -Idols— Ornaments  from  India  and  Borneo  Persian 
pictures  and  Curios— s  fine  Specimen  Mummy,  In  case  beautifully 
embroidered  Chinese  Mandarins'  Koi.cs— Japanese  Sword  Guards  and 
Netsukes — and  an  Immense  Number  of  Curios. 

On  I  tow  day  prior.     Catalogues  on  application, 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  i>egs  to  announce  that 
WALKS  are  held  EYKRY  FRIDAY,  at  hid  Rooms,  88.  King 
Street,  Oovent  Garden,  London,  W.f'.,  f„i  the  disposal  of  micro. 
SCOPES,  SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  —  Telescopes— Theodolitei 
L«t«U  electrical  nod  Scientific  Instrument!  -Cameras,  Lenses, and 
M  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  I/Hiih-rns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  in  grrat  variety  by  Beet  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery— and  other  Miscellaneous  Property, 

On  Ticw  Thursday  2  to  5  and  moi  ning  of  Sale. 

SALES  by  AUCTION,  &c, continued  on  p.  688. 


CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

A   NORFOLK    MANOR,    1086-1565.       By   Frances   Gardiner 

Davenport,    Ph.D.,    of  the    Department    of   Historical    Research    in  the   Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington. 


Royal  8vo 

2  plates,  1  map 

10s  net 


In  this  book  the  economic  development  of  the  manor  of  Forncett,  in  Norfolk, 
is  traced  from  the  year  1086  to  the  year  1565.  In  the  case  of  this  manor  a  com- 
paratively rich  series  of  manorial  documents  exists  and  these  and  other  extant 
records  have  been  examined  for  facts  throwing  light  on  economic  conditions  in  the 
manor  during  that  period. 


NO  MAN'S  LAND.    A  History  of  Spitsbergen  from  its  Discovery 

to  the  beginning  of  the  Scientific  Exploration  of  the  Country.    By  Sir  Martin  Conway. 


Hoyal  8vo 

11  plates,  13  maps 

10s  6d  net 


Here  the  author  tells  the  story  of  events  in  and  on  the  coasts  of  Spitsbergen 
since  its  discovery  in  1596.  Year  by  year  from  early  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
Spitsbergen  has  been  the  scene  of  industries  attracting  adventurers  of  many 
nations,  whose  purposes,  rivalries  and  fortunes  are  related.  The  book  is  illus- 
trated and  lias  many  excellent  maps. 


TRANSLATIONS  INTO  GREEK  VERSE  AND  PROSE.     By 

R.  D.  Archer-Hind,  M.A.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 

'  No  one  would,  after  reading  this  book,  attempt  to  better  the  translations  it 
contains  of  the  verse  of  Shelley  and  Mr.  Swinburne,  the  prose  of  William  Morris, 
and  other  pieces  of  inspired  English.  These  renderings  are  not  elaborate  mosaic, 
like  some  very  clever  work  of  present-day  scholars,  but  so  simple  and  graceful  that 
they  seem  for  the  most  part  obvious,  abounding  though  they  do  in  feats  of  scholar- 
ship. "The  Garden  of  Proserpine,"  with  which  the  volume  opens,  flowers  so 
naturally  in  its  Greek  form  beside  the  English  that  it  may  now  be  called  twice 
classic. ..  .If  we  once  began  to  quote,  we  should  not  know  where  to  stop;  so  we 
will  simply  say  that  this  book  is  unequalled  in  its  way  by  the  work  of  any  living 
scholar  we  know.  A  syndicate  might  compete  with  Mr.  Archer-Hind,  "but  no 
single  man.' — Athenceum. 

PRAELECTIONS  delivered  before  the  Senate  of  the  University 

of  Cambridge,  25,  26,  27  January,  1906. 


Large  Crown  8vo 
6s  net 


Demy  8vo 
5  s  net 


This  book  contains  the  expositions  delivered  in  January  last,  according  to 
statute,  by  the  five  candidates  for  the  Regius  Professorship  of  Greek,  Professor 
Jackson,  Br.  Adam,  Dr.  Verrall,  Dr.  Walter  Headlam,  and  Professor  Ridgeway. 


ARISTOTLE   DE   SENSU  AND  DE  MEM0RIA.      Text  and 

Translation,  with  Introduction  and  Commentary.    By  G.  R.  T.  Ross,  D.Phil. 


Demy  8vo 
9s  net 


...  nan  mi  auequa.be  means  m  oecoiinng  acquainted 
with  these  two  important  works.  Biehl's  text  is  given,  witli  the  translation  on  the 
facing  pages.  The  appended  commentary  will,  it,  is  hoped,  elucidate  the  many 
difficulties  occurring  in  the  interpretation  of  the  text. 


FOUR  PLAYS  OF  EURIPIDES.    Andromache,  Helen,  Heracles, 

Orestes.    Essays,  by  A.  W.  Verrall,  Litt.D.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 


Demy  8vo 
7s  6d  net 


'Here  he  [Dr.  Verrall]  takes  four  of  the  plays,  veritable  puzzles,  and  after 
Showing  the  absurdity  of  the  common  interpretations  of  them,  offers  new  ones  Of 

his  own,  based  on  the  general  view  of  the  poet's  genius  which  be  has  formed,  lie 
claims  to  have  found  for  these  four  plays  interpretations  reasonable  and  con- 
sistent, in  jdace  of  the  only  possible  alternative,  the  assumption  t hat  as  dramas 
they  were  complete  failures.  Granted  the  fame  of  Euripides,  we  are  inclined  to 
think  that  Dr.  Venall's  view  is  likely  to  be  right . .  .  .We  must  offer  our  COngrat  illa- 
tions in  Dr.  Verrall  on  the  admirable  clearness  with  which  he  states  and  analyzes 
the  intricate  plots.' — Athenceum, 


THE  WISDOM  OF  THE  WISE.    Three  Lectures  on  Free  Trade 

Imperialism.     By  W.  Cunningham,  D.D.  F.B.A.,  Fellow  and  Director  of  Economic 
Studies  in  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 


Crown  8vo 
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The  three  lectures  printed  are  on  (I.)  Mr.  Haldane  and  Economic  Science, 
(II.)  Mr.  St.  Loe  str.u  hoy  and  Imperial  Sentiment,  and  (III.)  Lord  Roseberyand 
the  Unemployed.  Two  appendices  follow  on  cognate  matters  referred  to  iii  the 
lectures,  '  Religion  and  Political  bife '  and  '  The  Imperialism  of  CromwelL' 


BEAUMONT  AND  FLETCHER.    Complete  Plays  and  Poems. 

Edited  by  Arnold  Glover,  M.A.,  and  A.  R.  Waller,  M.A.    Volumes  I,  II  and  III. 

The  text  of  this  edition  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  reprinted  from  the  folio  of 
Hi/'.)  with  a  record  of  all  earlier  variant  leadings,  will  be  completed  in  ton  volumes  ■ 
Of  which  Vols.  1,  II  and  III  are  now  ready  and  Vol.  IV  in  the  press. 

'  l'ne  leiivre  Bolide  et  qui  rendra  los  plus  grands  services.'     /,',  ear  Grnncni-jue. 

'  Pre-eminently,  then,  this  new  edition         is  an  edition  for  scholars.1 

'An  ideal  Ho.iuinont  and  Fletcher.'     Soottman.  Athrmiiini. 

'In  the  full  sense,  then,  the  edition  is  critical  and  adequate.'-  Xotesaml  (," 


Largo    crown    8vo 
4s.  6d.  net  each 


Subscription  price 


Subscribers  for  complete  setsof  the  edition  are  entitled  to  purchase  copies  at  the 
reduced  rate  of  4s.  net  per  volume.     A  prospectus  will  be  sent  on  application. 


Lond)X,  Fetter  Lane:  Cambridge  University  Press  Warehouse  :  0.  P.  Clay,  Manager. 


T  HE    ATM  ENJEUM 


N    U02,  June  9,  1906 


.  i    -H.lsMI  Mi    MUR1T/., 


18,    at 
13,     at 


1    o'olook, 
I    o'olook. 


9sta  by  Aurlion--- continued, 

|\1ESSR8    CHRIRTIK,    MANSON   .V    Woods 

.'I  mil    hold    ii"    feUowtni 

BALM      if  AUCTION  »t  their .  Btrwt.  Bt.  J 

o.i  MONDAY  .  Jane  II,  at  I  o'olook,  PICTURE8 

mil i  UKAWLNUD.  tin   Property  o' the  Ute  U   n    iii.|..ii\m 
nml  i  "i 

On   TUESDAY,   June    12,    tA     I    o'olook,    the 

(  OLLEI  ii"'-   if  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  Uti  I.\i-\  <  i  itltli: 

On    I  UESDA^  ,  June    12,     it     l    o'olook,   the 

i  OLl  I  '   i  ln\    ol    "in   \\  BDOWOOI) 

I 

WEDNESDAY,    June 

Important  u:u  i:i> 

On    WEDNESDAY,    June 

Important  BOOKS  fi be  LI  BR  UUK8ofthe  late  LAD  1  I  I  Hit  IK 

\     M    UUKAVES.  17,  tier.  Inriil   U  irdera,   Hjrdi    Park  :  W.   II. 
MJLLIOA.N  indothen 

On  THURSDAY,  Jane  14,  at  2  o'olook,  choice 

w  INE8  .ui.i  i  n.Mis.  the  Property  ol  the  late  Bti  JAMBA  Mil, l. Kit. 
Bart 

ON    FRIDAY,   .run.-    15,   at     1    ..Cluck,   OLD 

ENOLI8H   «ii.t   FRENCH    DECORATIVE   FURNITURE  ol   Q     \ 

iiii.i.\.  i:- , 

On   SATURDAY,   June    16,  at    1    ./clock,  the 

.  "1.1. in  l  l"\  ..i  N BRN  PICTURES  and  DRAWINGS  ronned  by 

the    late    THOMAS    AONEW,    Esq   ;    MODERN     PICTURES    anil 
DR  \v>  INOS,  the  Proiwrtj  ol  the  bte  G   K    HARRISON,  Esq  .  Hu- 
ll  TOD  HKATLY,  Esq.,  and  other*. 

Valuable  Books. 
SSSRS.  PUTTICK  ft  SIMPSON  will  SELL 

i.v  Alt  II.  iN  :ii  their  Galleries,  it.  Leli  eater  Square,  W.O.,  <ni 
THURSDAY  Jl  SE21,  and  Following  Day,  ;.t  ten  minatea  p.-t 
i  n.l,..  k  precisely,  ;i  COLLECTION  of  raluabTe  Uoiiks,  including  the 

l.il.i:  u:\  ol  a  i  l.i:i:..\  M  IN 


M 


fit  a  rr  I  sham   VICARAGE. 

Fivemilei  from  Ipswich,  Suffolk. 

On  WBDNBSDA  Y  and  THURSDA  1',  June  tS  and  /',, 

at  U  o'clock  each  day  precisely, 

GARROD    TURNER    ft    SON   will    SELL  by 
AUCTION  lbs  direction  of  the  Executor  of  the  Rev.  H.  A. 
wai.kki:.  ,:.    •  ,.,-,!i  tin-  fin." 

LIBRARY  OP  BOOKS 
gmprudng  Standard  Worki  <.f  History,  Biography, 
Poetry,  and  Pi.  tion — Works  of  Reference  on  Art,  Furniture,  Ceramics, 
and  Natural  History  —  Topographical  and  Architectural  Unoks  —  a 
(  ..IK  rt  i,  .m  c.t  Missals  and  Breviaries  and  of  Musical  Works.  Also 
the  ANTIQUE  FURNITURE,  OLD  PORCELAIN,  ENGRAVINGS, 
PI  \Ti:.  and  MISCELLANEOUS  EFFECTS. 

<>m  view  TUESDAY,  June  12.    Catalogues  of  the  AUCTIONEERS, 
Ipswich. 


T 


ittaga^irus,    &r. 


HE  G EO( !  R APHICAL  JOURNAL.     Price  2*. 

Contents.    JUNE. 

EXPLORATION  IN  THE  AI1AI  BASIN,  ABYSSINIA.  By  H. 
Weld  Blumlell.    With  skit.li  Hap. 

SUGGESTIONS  POB  AN  INQUIRY  INT.)  THE  RESOURCES  OF 
THE  EMPIRE.     By  Prof.  U.  P.  Scott  Elliot. 

BATHYMETRICAL  SURVEY  OF  THE  FRESH-WATER  LOCHS 
OP  SCOTLAND.  Under  the  Direction  of  Sir  John  Hurray,  K.C.B., 
and  Laurence  PuUar,  P.R.S.E.    With  Index  Map  and  6  Plates. 

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ALEXANDER 

HAMILTON. 

An  Essay  on  American  Union. 
Bj   P.  B.  OLIVER 
Illustrated  with  Portrait*    Demj  -••>,  \l*.  6d. 
SOME  PRESS  OPINIONS. 

TIMES.  -".Mr.   Ol  It-  ha* 

written  of  what  Hami  -■■   illu^tr.iUr*  audi.-. 

with  great  ability,  with  great  enthusiasm  and  )>ersu:urive- 
iii—*.     lb-  has  depicted  Hamilton  with  force  and  i  leamessL 
with  humour,  with  rympathy,  and  charm.    Ueh 
a  big  subject  in  a  large  and'  masterly  way.    No  iwxik  baa 
red  lately  which  conveys  a  more  raluable  lesson  or 

urn-  more  tactfully  and  skilfully  unfolded 

OUTLOOK.-  "Mr.  Oliver  has  revealed  for  the  first  time 
to  the  average  English  reader  the  significance  of  aaextav 
ordinar)  personality  and  the  waning  of  a  ]>eri<.d  :  he  has 
thrown  reflex  light,  as  he  intended,  upon  the  deepest  of  oas 
own  jirolilems,  and  we  do  not  hesitate  at  all  to  say  that  he 
has  written  one  of  the  distinguished  books  of  a  decade. 
Bince  Lord  Rosebery's  monograph  upon  Pitt,  there  has  tieea 
no  equally  acute  criticism  of  the  j,),.,,  ,,f  statesmanship  and 
the  psychology  of  popular  government." 

NATIONAL  REVIEW.—" Mr.  Oliver  has  written  :l  life 
of  Alexander  Hamilton  ...  .of  which  we  need  only  say  that 

it  is  worthy  of  the  subject.    And  besides  being 
thetic  biography  of  a  remarkable  character,  it  is  a  stimu- 
lating and  suggestive  political  study,  which  should  be  read 
by  all  Bnjtlishm  n  interested  in  construct*  ve  Imperialism." 

DAILY  NEWS.— "The  author hasa  ^omplished  his  tank 
with  admirable  judgment  and  entire  success.    His  firible 
style  lends  rigour  and  reality  to  the  various  rharartei 
they  cross  the  stage,  while  his  political  insight  ^ives  a  per- 
manent Value  to  the  work." 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH— "Hamilton  stands  out  vividly 
and  certainly  as  a  m  in  and  as  a  st  itesm  in.     Mr.  Oliver  has 
given  proof  of  a  power  to  brush  aside  irrelevaaciet 
grasp  the  essentials  of  a  situation  which  is  rare  iudeed  in 
this  age  of  chroniclers." 

WESTMINSTER   GAZETTE.— "Mr.   Olivers   beak    is; 
cerefully   studied    and    admirably    written.     Ho    b 
example  of  this  kind  of  history  has  appeared  for  muiy 
months." 

Mk.  Frederic  Hvkkison  in  the  TRIBUNE.— "Mr. 
Oliver's  book  does  not  profess  to  be  a  history  ora  biography, 
but  'merely  an  essay  on  the  character  and  achieveme 
a  man  who  was  the  chief  figure  in  a  series  of  striking 
events.'  This  is  perhaps  rather  too  modesta claim  ...As 
to  a  biography  of  Hamilton,  a  living  portrait  of  the  nun 
himself  is  vigorously  drawn  in  tiie  midst  of  the  historical 
and  political  chapters." 

PALL  MALL  GAZETTE.— "Mr.  Oliver's  essay  is  a 
m  sterly  performance. " 

THE  CHURCH  IN  FRANCE.   By  J.  E.  C. 

BODLEY,  Author  of  '  France,"     Crown  Svo,  3«.  Of.  neL 
SECOND  IMPRESSION  IX  THE  '■■.:■  3S. 

THE  LIFE  OF  ALFRED  AINGER.     By 

EDITH  SICHEL,  Author  of  'Catherine  de'  Medics.' 
with  l  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  o  H  ilf-Toue 
Ulustrationa     Demy  svo,  i-n.  8  I.  net. 

SOME    LITERARY   ECCENTRICS.     By 

JOHN"  FY  VIE.  Author  of  'Some  Famous  WoBBSSl  of 
Wit  and  Beauty,'  Ac.     Illustrate. L     Demy  svo,  lit.  Oi 

net. 

THE  POETRY  AND  PHILOSOPHY  OF 

GEORGE  MEREDITH.  By  GEORGE  M.  TRE- 
V ELYAX.    fro  vn  S •  o,  is.  6  i.  net. 


HURST  &  BLACKETT,  Limited, 
182,  Higli  Holborn,  W.C. 


POPULAR  SIX-SHILUN3  NOVELS. 

SET  IN  AUTHORITY.    By  Sara  Jeanettc 

DUNCAN,  Author  of  'An   American  Girl  fa)  London,' 
'The  Path  Of  a  St  ir.'&c. 
The    OUTLOOK   says:— "Mrs.   Colas  Ins    written   th9 
novel  of  the  year.  ' 

THE  HOUSE  OF  COBWEBS.    By  George 

GISSING.       With     an     Introduction     by     THOMAS 

SECCOMBE 
The  1>M1.Y  TELEGRAPH,  says  I  "They  are  beautiful 
stories,  told  with  Consummate  art.  and  have  a  flavour  rare 
in  present-day  Action.... It  ['The  House  of  Cobwebs']  is 
really  a  masterpiece,  which  one  is  glad  to  rind  in  the 
English  language." 

THE  ARENA.     By  Harold  Spender. 

PUNCH  says:— "The  book  before  the  House  is  'The 
Arena.'  Thoss  iu  favour  of  it  'Aye':  contrary  '  Xo.'  The 
'Ayes'  have  it." 

ANTHONY     BRITTEN.       By    Herbert 

M  ACILWAIXE,    Author   of    'Dinkinbar,'    '  Ka'.e    the 
Fiddler'  A- 
The  MANCHESTER  QUA RDIAN  says .«— M  The  book  is 

something   inure  than  well  worth  reading;    it  is  a   serious 
mid  artistic  contribution  to  the  Imaginative  writing  of  the 

day.- 

ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  k  CO.  Ltd., 
16,   James    Street,    Huymarket,    Ljndon,   S. W. 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


691 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  9,  1906. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

691 
692 
693 
094 


The  Cambridge  Modern  History:   Napoleon     .. 

Dr.  Westermarck  on  Moral  Ideas 

Constantinople  Painted  and  Described     .. 

Julie  de  Lespinasse 

New  Novels  (The  Flower  of  France  ;  What  became 
of  Pam  ;  Amelia  and  the  Doctor;  The  Avengers; 
A  Double  Marriage;  The  Tower;  The  Grey 
Domino  ;  Igdrasil ;  Love — with  Variations  ;  A 
Spanish  Web)  694—695 

Theological  Literature 695 

Our  Library  Table  (India  under  Royal  Eyes ; 
Heresies  of  Sea  Power  ;  The  Statesman's  Year- 
Book  ;  Fire  and  Sword  in  the  Caucasus ;  The 
Naval  Pocket-Book  ;  Canada:  the  New  Nation  ;  A 
Deathless  Story  ;  A  Book  of  Memory  ;  Early  Lives 
of  Charlemagne) 697—700 

List  ok  New  Books 700 

Giles  Fletcher's  Version  of  Jeremiah  ;  State 
Trials  of  Edward  I.'s  Reign;  'The  Open- 
Road';  "American  Advertising";  'The 
Highlands  and  Islands  of  Scotland'  ..      701—702 

Literary  Gossip        702 

Science  —  Medical  Books;  Anthropological 
Notes  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  ;  Gossip     ..     703—705 

Fine  Arts— Graves's  Royal  Academy  Dictionary; 
Moore  on  Renaissance  Architecture  ; 
English  Domestic  Architecture;  Cathedrals 
of  England  and  Wales  ;  Costume  on  Brasses  ; 
Mu.  and  Mrs.  Stanhope  Forbes  ;  Flemish 
School  at  the  National  Gallery  ;  Coin  Types  ; 
Greek  Coins  at  Glasgow;  Contemporary 
German  Artists  at  Knightsbkidge  ;  Jordaens 
at  the  Marlborough  Gallery;  Gainsborough 
at  Colnagiii's  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip        ..        ..      705—710 

Music— Our  Library  Table  (Wagner  to  Mathilde 
Wesendonck  ;  Standard  Operas  ;  Folk-Songs  from 
Somerset);  Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week 

711—712 

Drama— Gossip 712 

Index  to  Advertisers       . .        ;         712 


LITERATURE 


The  Cambridge  Modern  History. — Vol.  IX. 
Napoleon.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) 

From  the  ninth  volume  of  '  The  Cam- 
bridge Modern  History  '  we  naturally 
expect  two  things.  No  other  period  in 
modern  history,  the  editors  rightly  say, 
was  so  completely  dominated  by  a  single 
personality  as  that  which  we  call  the  Age 
of  Napoleon.  We  expect  not  only  a 
clear  and  full  account  of  the  achievements 
of  this  dominating  genius,  but  also  an 
analysis  and  estimate  of  the  character 
and  th?  fundamental  aims  of  the  man. 
But  the  period  was  an  era  of  great  events 
as  well  as  the  epoch  of  an  overwhelming 
personal  influence.  We  expect  a  history 
of  what  men  did  on  all  the  European,  and 
on  part  at  least  of  the  wider,  stage  of  human 
affairs.  How  are  our  expectations  satisfied 
in  the  volume  before  us  ? 

In  the  first  place,  as  to  Napoleon  him- 
self we  read  the  book  with  a  large  measure 
of  satisfaction.  If  it  cannot  be  said  to 
add  in  any  appreciable  degree  to  our 
knowledge,  it  presents  the  facts  with 
some  precision,  and  analyzes  the  character 
with  pat  ience  and  sympathy.  The  greater, 
or  at  least  the  more  important,  part  of  the 
work  in  this  regard  is  clone  by  Mr.  H.  A.  L. 
Fisher,  who  is  understood  to  have  been 
originally  designated  for  the  task  by  Lord 
Acton,  and  who  has  already  published  a 
book  of  much  merit  on  the  German  history 
of  the  Napoleonic  experiment .  His  chapter 
on  the  'odes  is  one  of  the  best  pieces  of 
work  in  the  present  volume — admirably 
dear,  well  informed,  coherent,  and  in- 
structive. Mr.  Fisher  writes  also  well 
on  the  French  dependencies  :  sums 
up    with     vigour     the     career,     opinions, 


and  influence  of    his    hero  in  a   chapter 
called   '  St.   Helena  '  ;    and  in  a  chapter 
entitled  '  The  First  Restoration,  1814-5,' 
reaches  the  highest  level  of  achievement 
attained  by  any  of  the  contributors.     We 
can  hardly  praise  too  highly  the  twenty 
pages  in  which  Mr.   Fisher  tells   of  the 
days   from   the   entry   of   the   Allies   just 
before  Napoleon's  first  abdication  to  the 
flight    of    Louis    XVIII.     He    sees    ten- 
dencies,   sums    up    events,    characterizes 
policies  and  parties,  with  remarkable  skill 
and    finish.      Occasionally    he    blunders, 
or  is   a  little   behind  recent  knowledge  ; 
but   not  often.      His  most  serious  defect 
is  in  style.      His   style   is   a    distinctive 
one,    well   marked,   personal.     He   has   a 
fondness  for  making  a  sharp  statement, 
and  then  in  the  next  sentence  confirming 
it,    or  contradicting  it — "  this    is   true," 
"  this  view  in  untenable,"  and  the  like. 
There  is  a  good  deal  to  be  said  for  this 
emphatic  manner,  if  it  is  not  overdone  ; 
but  Mr.   Fisher  must   be  careful  not  to 
make  it  a  mannerism.     His  attempts  at 
epigram  and  phrase-making  cannot  receive, 
from   the  judicious   at  least,   much   com- 
mendation.    We  are  told  that  "  Napoleon's 
visit  to  Northern  Italy  in  1805  was  like 
the  passing  of  a  hailstorm  over  a  parched 
land.     Wherever  he  went  he  poured  out 
ideas,  schemes,  improvements  " — some  of 
the  last  things,  surely,  to  be  suggested  by 
the  simile  of  a  hailstorm.     "  The  confused 
effulgence  of  his  contradictory  apologies," 
again,  is  not  a  phrase  which  we  can  read 
with  anjr  pleasure  ;   nor  can  we  find  much 
amusement    in    the    statement    that    the 
Queen   of  Naples   "  absconded   with   the 
fleet,"  or  in  the  sneer  at  the  Christianity 
of  Toussaint  l'Ouverture  as  being   "  the 
unctuous  piety  of  a  convert."     We  should 
be  glad,   too,   to  know  why   Mr.   Fisher 
thinks    that    Gallicanism    was    "  beloved 
by  St.  Louis,"  or  tells   us  that  the  Tsar 
Alexander  spoke  of  Providence  as  "  she." 
It  is  worth  noting  these  among  what  we 
can   only   consider   as   aberrations   when 
they  come  from  so  clever  and  learned  a 
writer,  because  Mr.  Fisher  seems  almost 
the  only  contributor  to  this  volume  who  is 
allowed  anything    like    expanded   treat- 
ment, or  even  generalization  ;   and  he  has 
not  always  used  his  freedom  to  the  best 
advantage.     But   it   is   his    manner,    not 
his  matter,  that  is  at  fault.     If  we  find 
that  the  amount  of  space  devoted  to  legal 
history    is    somewhat     disproportionate, 
that  there  is  nothing  so  full  as  his  treat- 
ment of  the    Codes    in    the   rest   of   the 
volume  in  regard   to  matters  literary,  or 
artistic,   or  ecclesiastical,  or  even  purely 
military,    we   see   no    reason    for   special 
complaint  when  we  remember   the   excel- 
lence   and   thoroughness   of   Mr.  Fisher's 
dealing  with  his  subject. 

Mr.  Fisher  may  claim  to  be  a  specialist, 
and  there  is  much  other  valuable  work 
contributed  by  specialists  to  this  volume. 
The  new  Beit  Professor  at  Oxford  gives 
B  deai'  account  of  the  British  colonies 
and  thi'  Rev.  W.  If.  Mutton  a  sharply 
compressed  summary  of  the  history  of 
British  India  the  one  from  1  TS.'J,  the 
other  from  1785.  Dr.  T.  A.  Walker  deals. 
from    the    point    of   view   of    International 


Law,  Mr.  H.  W.  Wilson  from  that  of  the 
naval  expert,  with  the  Armed  Neutrality  ; 
while  Mr.  Wilson  also  tells  the  tale  of  the 
British  victories  at  sea  from  1803  to  1815 
with  admirable  force  and  freshness.  The 
military  history,  generally,  is  dealt  with 
by  Major-General  August  Keim,  of  the 
German  army,  by  Col.  Lloyd,  and  by 
Prof.  Oman.  The  chapter  on  the  Penin- 
sular War  by  the  last-named  is  just  such 
an  exact,  coherent,  and  vigorous  sketch 
as  we  should  expect  from  his  practised 
hand  ;  and  the  chapter  on  the  Hundred 
Days,  with  its  vivid  and  thrilling  account 
of  Waterloo,  is  the  work  of  the  same 
master  of  lucid  arrangement.  Something 
more  than  a  word  of  praise  is  due  to  Mr. 
L.  G.  Wickham-Legg  for  his  careful  and 
unprejudiced  story  of  the  Concordats  : 
we  could  wish  that  he  had  been  allowed 
to  deal  more  fully  with  the  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  time,  which  is  of  abundant 
interest,  and  had  given  us  a  connected 
history  of  the  divorce,  which  at  present 
we  have  to  search  for  in  different  parts 
of  the  book,  and  without  much  satisfac- 
tion. Dr.  Holland  Rose,  who  has  made 
a  high  reputation  by  his  separate  Life  of 
Napoleon,  writes,  as  usual,  freely  and 
well  ;  and  some  distinguished  foreign 
contributors — MM.  Pariset  of  Nancy,  Guil- 
land  of  Zurich,  Stschepkin  of  Odessa — add 
variety,  if  they  are  not  always  trust- 
worthy or  complete.  Dr.  Julius  von 
Pflugk-Harttung  of  Basel  is  responsible 
for  a  really  excellent  account  of  the  War 
of  liberation. 

Two  Cambridge  contributors  to  the 
volume  are  the  Master  of  Peterhouse  on 
the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  Mr.  G.  P. 
Gooch  on  the  history  of  England  and 
Ireland.  Dr.  Ward  is  so  full — he  has  an 
unusual  allowance  of  space  —  as  to  be 
encumbered  by  his  facts,  and  Mr.  Gooch 
has  written  from  the  Whig  point  of  view 
in  his  summary  of  great  political  develop- 
ments, and  managed  to  include  a  good 
deal  of  literary  interest,  as  well  as  some 
picturesque  touches  concerning  the  great 
Englishmen  of  the  day.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  observe  that  the  latter  writer 
emphasizes  the  fact  that  Pitt  desired  to 
meet  Irish  problems  by  the  creation  of  a 
Legislature  free  from  local  prejudices. 
We  wish  he  had  added,  apart  from  any 
political  opinions,  that  Pitt  believed  that 
the  only  way  of  making  Irish  needs  and 
wishes  known  in  England  was  by  the 
addition  of  Irish  members  to  the  House 
at  Westminster,  with  rights  similar  to 
those  of  the  English  and  Scottish  members. 
If  we  have  dealt  with  this  volume  of 
'  The  Cambridge  History  '  rather  in  detail 
than  by  general  view,  it  is  because  that 
is  the  course  which  the  method  of  the 
editors  and  the  style  of  the  contributors 
seemed  to  enforce  on  us.  Again  we  miss 
the  scope  and  freedom  of  the  hest  French 

historical  writing.  Again  we  find  con- 
fusions and  repetitions  which  might  have 
been  avoided.  There  are  at  least  two 
accounts  of  the  divorce,  neither  of  them 
(piite  satisfactory  :  and  they  are  little 
better  than  topsy-turvy  as  regards  chro- 
nology. Long  though  it  is,  the  volume 
is    yet     not    complete.      We    arc    not    told 


09: 


TH  E     ATII  KNMUM 


N°4102,  .Jim:  9,  1006 


what    bOfUlWC   Of    Mural    or    Ney      a  I    l< 

with  all  "in-  industry  and  the  help  of  the 
index  u>-  «an  find  nothing  except  the 
ttememt  that  Napoleon*!  imprisonment 
at  St.  Helens  was  a  hard  fate,  but 
brighter  than  an  Austrian  fortress,  and 
gentler  than  the  doom  of  Moral  and  of 

NYy."  'The  mention  of  Mnrat  reminds 
us  that  the  index  is  not  always  helpful. 
afl  any  one  may  see  if  he  will  look  out   the 

referenoes  to  Biuret's  wife  and  to  her  pre- 
decessor as  Queen  of  Naples.     N'o  doubt 

it  is  difficull  to  avoid  confusion  in  such  a 
hook,  hut  we  cannot  help  thinking  that 
something  might  have  been  done  to  con- 
nect and  elucidate  the  histories  of  the 
divorce    and    of    Queen    Louisa.      We    are 

told  that  the  "German    Empire,"  which 

did  not  begin  till  1871,  ended  in  1806, 
and  we  are  given  two  accounts  of 
Jerome's  marriage.  In  truth,  we  some- 
times sigh  for  an  editorial  despotism 
which  would  have  allowed  more  scope 
and  discretion  to  Prof.  Oman  and  Dr. 
Holland  Rose.  The  chief  aim  of  the 
editors  is  so  closely  adhered  to  that 
many  great  events  and  great  characters 
seem  to  us  unduly  dwarfed.  The  Indian 
battles  secure  hardly  a  fiftieth  part  of 
the  attention  which  is  allotted  in  these 
pages  to  the  lesser  victories  of  Napo- 
leon, yet  who  shall  estimate  their 
importance  in  the  history  of  the  world  ? 
Metternich,  Talleyrand,  Wellington,  play 
minor  parts. 

But  we  are  far  from  wishing  to  leave 
the  volume  in  too  critical  a  spirit.  If 
it  is  not  so  fresh  as  the  volume  on  the 
United  States,  or  so  coherent  as  that  on 
the  French  Revolution,  it  contains  a  great 
deal  of  good  work  by  capable  writers  ; 
and  if  it  does  not  reach  Acton's  ideal,  it 
does  not  fall  below  that  of  M.  Ernest 
Lavisse. 


The  Origin  and  Development  of  the  Moral 
Ideas.  By  E.  Westermarck.  Vol.  I. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Dr.  Westermarck  deserves  all  honour, 
if  only  as  a  pioneer.  It  may  roundly  be 
said  that  his  is  the  first  attempt  to  deal 
with  the  subject  of  the  evolution  of  human 
morality  in  the  concrete  on  a  scale  at  all 
corresponding  to  its  complexity  and  sheer 
bulk.  The  author  of  the  '  Synthetic 
Philosophy  '  might  claim  priority  were 
his  work  more  genuinely  inductive.  As  it 
is,  however,  he  appears  to  be  but  verifying 
or  exemplifying,  by  the  aid  of  material 
mostly  collected  by  not  very  intelligent 
collaborators,  a  set  of  evolutionary  prin- 
ciples excogitated  a  priori.  Besides 
Spencer,  there  is  little  or  nothing  of  the 
sort  in  our  own  literature,  save  a  bril- 
liant magazine  article  of  Dr.  Tylor,  never 
republished,  and  so  almost  lost  to  sight ; 
the  amorphous  treatise  of  Wake  ;  and  a 
slight,  but  highly  suggestive  essay  by 
Mr.  Sutherland.  Nor  does  the  Continent 
fill  the  gap,  save  on  the  side  where  ethics 
touches  law.  This  aspect  of  the  matter  has 
fortunately  received  attention  from  Post 
in  Germany  and  Dr.  Steinmetz  in  Holland, 
whose  monographs  have  become  anthro- 
pological   classics.     It   is    doubtless    due, 


directly  or  indirectly,  to  their  influence, 

and   more  especially   to  that  of   Dr.  Stein- 
metz.  that    the  juristic   point   of  view   | 
predominant    with   Dr.   Westermarck.      On 

the  other  hand,  despite  the  strong  pre- 
occupation of  anthropologists  with  que 

(ions  of  religion,  no  writer  at  home  or 
abroad    has    hitherto    ventured    to    tackle 

the  thorny  theme  of  the  relation  of  ethics 

to  religious  belief  and  practice,  notwith- 
standing   the    fact    that    it    is    becoming 

increasingly  plain  that  primitive  man  is 
primarily  and  in  very  essence  a  religious 
being.  Hence,  if  Dr.  Westermarck's  work 
is  weaker  on  this  side — for  all  that  he  i- 
by  no  means  unappreciative  of  the  decisive- 
ness of  the  religious  co-efficient  in  certain 
contexts,  witness,  for  instance,  his  highly 
illuminative  treatment  of  the  motives  of 
savage  hospitality — this  must  be  put 
down,  not  to  want  of  insight  or  research, 
but  simply  to  want  of  backing  on  the  part 
of  contemporary  scholarship. 

The  book  as  we  have  it  in  its  uncom- 
pleted state  falls  into  two  parts  of  ap- 
proximately equal  extent.  The  first  is 
more  or  less  general  and  definitive,  the 
second  being  particular  and  descriptive. 
Dr.  Westermarck  realizes  that,  before 
proceeding  to  study  the  history  of  the 
moral  ideas  in  detail,  it  is  necessary  to 
form  a  precise  notion  of  what  is  meant 
by  moral  ideas  as  such,  or  a  mere  wild- 
goose  chase  is  likely  to  ensue.  So  boldly 
he  essays  a  task  fit  to  daunt  the  philo- 
sophic expert.  He  himself,  perhaps,  would 
scarcely  lay  claim  to  this  title.  We 
seem  to  perceive  a  by-product  of  the 
anthropological  method  in  the  copious 
extracts  from  previous  moralists  that 
adorn  the  argument.  To  make  a  "  slip  " 
of  an  isolated  fact  is  one  thing :  of 
an  isolated  opinion,  another.  Again,  a 
trained  philosopher  who  had  reflected  on 
the  logic  of  the  moral  sciences,  and  marked 
how  it  recognizes  complementary  methods 
involving  plurality  of  standpoints,  would 
have  been  at  pains  to  make  it  clear 
that  his  explanations  are  relative  to  certain 
definite  presuppositions.  But  Dr.  Wester- 
marck seems  to  take  it  for  granted  that  his 
is  the  way,  and  the  only  way,  of  the 
science  of  ethics.  Making,  therefore,  no 
allowance  for  legitimate  difference  in  the 
point  of  view,  he  plies  a  utilitarian  such 
as  Henry  Sidgwick  with  criticisms  which 
that  thinker  would  at  once  have  turned 
aside  by  the  aid  of  his  famous  distinction 
between  "  origin  "  and  "  validity."  Even 
suppose,  however,  a  few  citations  in- 
apposite, a  few  strictures  irrelevant,  it  is 
but  an  ounce  of  dross  to  a  ton  of  the  pure 
metal.  Dr.  Westermarck's  outlook  is 
that  of  empirical  psychology  as  it  inclines 
towards  naturalism.  Such  a  position,  as 
our  limited  methods  go,  yields  the  best 
means  of  organizing  our  knowledge  with 
regard  to  the  development  of  morality 
at  any  but  its  most  advanced  stages.  At 
these  highest  stages  the  modes  of  indi- 
vidual self-determination  come  to  form 
the  centre  of  ethical  interest,  and  we  begin 
to  inquire  for  the  rational  grounds  of 
conduct  rather  than  for  its  causes.  But 
in  dealing  with  uncivilized  peoples,  or 
even  with  civilized  mankind  in  the  mass, 


a     quasi-biologica]     t  reatment     i1-     a 

appropriate.     Our  best  plan  i-  to  try  to 

gn    "natural    causes*'    "i    something 

eery  like  them.     We  might  Buspect  from 

his  methods  that  Di .  Westermarck  would 

deal     mOSt      fully     and     happily     with     the 
earlier   development    of    the    moial    id' 
and  this  is  what  we  actually  find  to  be  the 

The  quasi-causative,  because  relatively 

Constant  and  "  fatal."  element  in  morality 

on  which  Di .  tYestermarck  lays  chief  -i 

is      what      he      Oftlls      "  emotion."'      Moral 

judgments  with  him  are  in  essence 
emotional  discharges  along  channel-  estab- 
lished  of  old    by   instinct    reinforced    by 

social    custom.      Ideas    accompany    tl 

discharges,    no    doubt,    and    presumably 

condition  them  to  some  extent.  To  what 
extent,    however,    and    how.    i-    left    rat 

vague.     Dr.  Westermarck  seen         regard 

the  emotion  a-  in  the  first  instance  gene- 
rating the  ideas  as  it  were  out  of  itself. 
This  perhaps  may  pas<.  But  in  course 
of  time  these  ideas  will  tend  to  combine 
with  ideas  born  of  quite  other  emotion-, 
and  thus,  in  reacting  on  the  parent  feeong, 
will  bring  to  bear  a  mass  of  alien  inline; 
capable  of  modifying  it  out  of  all  likeness 
to  its  original  nature.  Dr.  Westermarck's 
treatment  of  the  moral  emotion  scarcely 
affords  a  hint  of  this.  Moral  feeling  with 
him  is  a  kind  of  retributive  feeling— a 
description,  by  the  way,  which  covers  the 
case  of  indignation  far  more  naturally 
than  that  of  approval,  "  retributive  kindly 
feeling  "  being,  to  say  the  least  of  it.  a 
solecism.  In  resentment  we  adopt  an 
aggressive  attitude  towards  a  cause  of  pain 
as  an  impulsive  and  more  or  less  uncon- 
scious means  of  getting  rid  of  it. 
Primarily,  then,  we  are  just  angry  with  it. 
and  hence  "go  for  it.'"  Prevention, 
however,  is  implicated,  but  secondarily. 
Further,  reformation  will  gradually  suggest 
itself  as  a  mode  of  prevention. 

"  Thus  the  theories  both  of  determent  and 
of  reformation  are  ultimately  offspring  of 
the  same  emotion  that  tirst  induced  men  to 
inflict  punishment  on  their  fellow  treat ures. 
It  escaped  the  advocates  of  these  theories 
that  they  themselves  were  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  very  principle  they  fought 
against,  because  they  failed  to  grasp  it-  tone 
import.  Rightly  understood,  resentment  is 
preventive  in  its  nature,  and.  when  suffi- 
ciently deliberate,  regards  the  infliction  of 
suffering  as  a  means  rather  than  as  an  end. 
It  not  only  gives  rise  to  punishment,  hut 
readily  suggests,  as  a  proper  end  of  punish- 
ment, either  determent  or  amendment  or 
both.  Hut.  first  of  all,  moral  resentment 
wants  to  raise  a  protest  against  wrong. 
And  the  immediate  aim  of  punishment 
has  always    been  to  give  expression  to  the 

righteous  indignation  of  the  society  which 
inflicts  it." 

Consider  the  question  genetically  (which 
those  who  theorize  about  punishment — 
for  instance,  T.  H.  Green — mostly  do  not 
set  forth  to  do),  and  the  above  conclusion 
seems  just  so  long  as  we  are  speaking  of 
law.  But  law  is  not  morality,  and  every 
day  lags  further  behind  it.  Nor  does  it 
even  seem  correct  to  hold  that  moral 
indignation  is  a  kind  of  highly  sublimated 
and  enlightened  protest  in  the  name  of 
violated  law  and  custom  as  they  ought  to  be. 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


693 


No  doubt  one  way  of  feeling  about  the 
morally  wrong  is  that  it  is  quasi-criminal. 
But  that  is  only  one  way.  We  may  like- 
wise feel  that  it  is  quasi-sinful — something 
awful  and  portentous  ;  or  that  it  is  foul 
and  ugly.  The  moral  feeling  is  a  complex 
of  emotions.  The  moral  ideas  gather  at 
the  confluence  of  many  streams. 

Let     the    appeal    be    to    morality    in 
the  concrete.     Under  well-chosen  heads, 
reached  by   a   consideration  of    the   chief 
relations  that  bind  the  moral  subject  to 
his  environment— his  relation  to  society 
at   large,    to   himself,    to   the   family,    to 
animals,    to    the    dead,    to    supernatural 
beings — Dr.  Westermarck  collects  a  vast 
number  of  facts  concerning  the  various 
human  valuations  of  character  and  conduct. 
But  does  he  in  practice  succeed  in  exhibit- 
ing these  valuations  as  the  outcome  of  a 
single    principle— a    kind    of    retributive 
feeling  ?     It    can    scarcely    be    admitted 
that  he  even  tries  to  do  so  ;    and  the  two 
parts   into   which   the   volume   falls   thus 
display  but  slight  cohesion.     The  pheno- 
mena   of    blood  -  revenge    themselves — to 
take  the  case  which  he  puts  in  the  fore- 
front    of    his    argument — do    not    bear 
witness  to  an  unmitigated  impulse  to  seek 
requital.     The   religious   feeling — itself   a 
complex — lends  a  colour  all  its  own  to 
the  sense  of  the  wrong  done  as  wrong. 
Even    suppose,    however,    certain    short- 
comings on  the  side  of  pure  theory,  this 
book  remains  an  achievement  unsurpassed 
in  its  own  kind,  a  perpetual  monument 
of  the  courage,   the  versatility,   and  the 
amazing  industry  of  its  author. 


Constantinople.  Painted  by  Warwick 
Goble.  Described  by  Alexander  van 
Millingen,  D.D.     (A.  &  C.  Black.) 

In  Constantinople  Messrs.  Black  had  an 
ideal  subject  for  their  series  of  pictured 
cities.  If  not  the  most  beautiful  city,  it 
has  the  most  beautiful  situation  in  Europe, 
perhaps  in  the  world  ;  and  in  its  history 
and  associations  it  is  second  only  to  Rome. 
The  unique  interests  of  Athens  are  distinct 
from  those  of  either  of  the  imperial  capitals. 
Such  a  subject  makes  exceptional  demands 
upon  both  painter  and  describer,  and  it 
says  much  for  Mr.  Warwick  Goble  and 
Prof,  van  Millingen  that  they  have  risen 
to  their  great  occasion.  To  paint  Con- 
stantinople it  is  not  enough  to  be  good  at 
"  street-scenes  "  and  genre.  Mr.  Goble 
is  admirable  in  these,  as  witness  his  '  Fruit 
Market,1  'Shoemaker,'  'Blacksmith's 
Shop'  'Flower  Market/  'Gypsies,'  'Street 
Beggar,'  and  many  more.  The  difficulty 
is  to  catch  the  atmosphere  in  the  landscape, 
always  evasive  in  the  Bast,  and  pecu- 
liarly apt  to  lead  the  pointer  into  exag- 
gerated effects.  We  do  not  say  that  Mr. 
Goble  always  succeeds,  but  we  have 
seldom  seen  views  which  were  more 
successful  in  imparting  the  subtle  secret 
of  the  scenery  beloved  by  every  one  who 
has  enjoyed  the  unspeakable  privilege  of 
ting  his  eyes  on  the  Bosporus  and  the 
Seven  Hills.  One  has  to  live  at  New 
Rome    to    understand    her    charms.     Not 


every  day  does  she  deign  to  reveal  them 
all,  yet  there  are  few  moments  when  she 
is  not  divinely  lovely  in  some  of  her  shapes 
and  colours.  One  would  like  to  see  the 
originals  of  these  fine  illustrations,  for 
notwithstanding  the  marvellous  improve- 
ments which  have  been  made  in  colour 
printing,  by  the  three-colour  process  and 
otherwise,  no  printed  picture  can  possibly 
reproduce  all  the  delicacy  of  the  original 
tones,  and  there  is  frequently  a  shock  of 
glare  that  hurts  the  eye  of  any  one  who 
has  been  fascinated  by  the  landscape 
itself.  Mr.  Goble's  paintings  are  doubtless 
better  than  their  reproductions,  but  these 
are  good  enough,  and  we  do  not  know  to 
whom  they  will  prove  the  more  delightful 
— to  the  man  who  by  them  for  the  first 
time  sees  Constantinople  nearly  as  it  is, 
or  to  the  happier  man  who  has  seen  it  and 
loves  to  see  it  again,  though  not  quite  as 
he  thought  he  saw  it.  Especially  note- 
worthy are  the  exquisite  sketches  of 
'  Seraglio  Point  from  the  Stones,'  '  The 
Golden  Horn  from  Galata,'  '  The  Sulei- 
maniyeh  at  Sunrise,'  '  Galata  from  the 
Aqueduct  of  Valens,'  '  A  Wet  Day  on  the 
Galata  Bridge,'  several  sketches  at  Eyoub, 
and  '  The  Golden  Horn  after  Sunset.' 
Mr.  Goble,  however,  shuns  architectural 
drawings  as  a  rule,  and  his  pictures  cannot 
be  said  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the 
famous  monuments  of  Stamboul.  St. 
Sophia  is  very  imperfectly  represented  by 
three  sketches  of  interior  details  ;  but  we 
can  easily  imagine  that  the  superb 
general  view,  whether  from  the  pave- 
ment or  from  the  gallery,  was  too  over- 
whelming to  be  attempted. 

We  confess  we  were  a  little  curious  to 
see  how  Prof,  van  Millingen  would  figure 
as  a  popular  guide  to  the  city  in  which 
he  has  lived  so  long,  the  city  whose  history 
and  antiquities  are  as  the  breath  of  his 
life.  He  is  best  known  as  a  learned  and 
authoritative  archaeologist,  and  his  '  By- 
zantine Constantinople,'  published  seven 
years  ago,  is  the  book  on  the  ancient  city, 
its  walls  and  its  sites.  The  question  was 
whether  he  could  descend  from  his  anti- 
quarian pedestal,  unbend,  and  make  him- 
self agreeable  to  that  troublesome  person 
the  "  general  reader."  It  is  a  proof  of 
versatility  that  he  has  almost  shaken  off 
his  archaeological  "  dust " — whether  "  dry" 
or  not  depends  upon  the  intellectual  equip- 
ment of  the  reader — and  has  contrived 
to  present  a  sketch  of  the  history  and  life 
of  the  city  suggestive  to  the  imagination, 
not  too  crowded  with  facts,  yet  sufficiently 
full  to  embody  the  impression  created  by 
the  pictures — which  is  his  object — and 
still  to  make  us  ask  for  more.  We  cannot 
conceive  any  intelligent  person  resting 
content  with  the  outlines  and  allusions 
skilfully  wrought  into  this  interesting 
narrative  of  Byzantine  history,  and  not 
being  impelled  at  once  to  rush  to  Gibbon, 
and  Pears,  and  Bury,  and  Finlay.  or  even 
to  such  comparatively  flimsy  material  as 
he  may  find  in  more  ecstatic  volumes.  The 
virtue  <>f  a  book  lies  more  often  in  sugges- 
tion and  stimulation  than  in  finality. 

Dr.  van  Millingen  does  not,  indeed, 
wholly  divest  himself  of  his  professorial 
robes  ;    he  descants  perhaps  at   too  great 


length  upon  his  favourite  subject  of  the 
walls  and  sites,  but  it  would  have  been 
less  than  reasonable  to  expect  the  author 
of  '  Byzantine  Constantinople  '  to  ignore 
the  results  of  his  archaeological  labours. 
The  historical  chapters,  on  the  other  hand, 
might  have  been  fuller.  But  the  writer's 
object  was  not  to  retell  Byzantine  history, 
but  to  pick  out  such  epochs  and  incidents 
as  may  cast  a  light  upon  the  growth  and 
life  of  the  noble  city  which  he  tries  to 
image  for  us.  In  this  he  shows  a  rare 
restraint  and  judgment.  He  introduces  the 
great  figures  of  Byzantine  history — Con- 
stantius,  Pulcheria,  Theodosius,  Eudocia, 
Cyrus  the  Prefect,  Chrysostom,  and  the 
rest — at  the  right  place,  and  says  just 
enough  about  them  for  his  purpose.  He 
can  describe  with  force  such  dramatic 
scenes  as  the  stupor  of  Vladimir's  envoys 
at  the  worship  of  St.  Sophia,  whence  came 
the  salvation  of  Russia,  if  salvation  it  is, 
from  the  danger  of  becoming  a  Moham- 
medan State  ;  the  fatal  sentence  of  excom- 
munication pronounced  by  the  Papal 
legates  in  the  same  cathedral,  which 
finally  severed  the  Western  from  the 
Eastern  Church  ;  and  the  supreme 
moment  when  Mohammed  II.  entered 
the  great  edifice,  which  only  his  followers 
have  ever  since  preserved  from  certain 
ruin,  and  the  imam  stood  up  in  the 
pulpit  and  proclaimed  the  confession  of 
faith  of  Islam.  No  other  church  has 
witnessed  three  such  momentous  scenes. 

Prof,  van  Millingen  appears  to  us  to  be 
not  only  accurate,  as  might  be  expected, 
and  enthusiastic  when  occasion  calls,  but 
also  remarkably  impartial  and  under- 
standing in  his  estimates  of  men  and  events. 
He  is  just,  and  even  admiring,  in  his  atti- 
tude towards  Islam,  although  the  form  in 
which  it  shows  itself  at  Constantinople  is 
predominantly  the  somewhat  arid  and 
unspiritual  orthodoxy  of  the  Sunnis.  He 
has  some  good  remarks  about  the  aristo- 
cratic idea  which  upholds  and  separates 
all  Mohammedans.  "  Every  Mohamme- 
dan is  an  aristocrat  to  his  finger-tips." 
He  has  also  an  understanding  mind  upon 
the  metaphysical  bias  of  the  Greek  Church. 
He  quotes,  indeed,  the  sarcastic  words  of 
Gregory  of  Nyssa  : — 

"  The  city  is  full  of  mechanics  and  slaves, 
who  are  all  of  them  profound  theologians, 
and  preach  in  the  shops  and  in  the  streets. 
If  you  desire  a  man  to  change  a  piece  of 
money  for  you,  he  informs  you  wherein  the 
Son  differs  from  the  Father  ;  if  you  ask  the 
price  of  a  loaf,  you  are  told  by  way  of  reply 
that  the  Son  is  inferior  to  the  Father  ;  and 
if  you  inquire  whether  the  bath  is  ready, 
the  answer  is  that  the  Son  was  made  out  of 
nothing." 

But  he  realizes  clearly  that  religious 
metaphysics  and  politics  have  always 
been  closely  connected  in  the  Fast,  and 
that  it  was  national  antipathies,  and  not 
the    Filioque,   that    divided   the   Churches. 

He  makes  his  readers  conscious  through- 
out of  the  essentially  Greek  spirit  which, 
despite  t  ho  Western  influences  coming 
from  Venetian  and  other  sources,  domi- 
nated  all    that    was   thought    and   done   at 

I  lonstantinople  : — 

"  It    is  tin-   Greek   spirit,   not    the    Koman. 

that  appears  in  the  theological  speculation 


69  1 


tii  E    a  rr  ii  k\m;i\m 


N   4102,  .Ii  he  9,  1000 


of  tin-  Eastern  Church,  in  the  (stress  laid  on 
correal  thinking,  ami  the  philosophical 
development  ol  Christian  dogma.  Mter 
making  everj  allowance  for  the  \nst  differ- 
ence between  the  splendid  genius  of  Ancient 
Greece  and  the  mental  life  that  flourished 
in  Nrw  Rome,  it  dues  not  seem  too  much 
to  siiv  thai  the  old  intellectual  temperament 
of  Hellas  survived  and  prevailed  in  the  capital 
of  the  Bast.  There  was  undoubtedly,  at 
all  times,  enough  and  to  Bpare  of  ignorance, 
superstition,  and  narrow-mindedness  at 
Constantinople,  but  no  period  in  the  history 
of  the  Byzantine  world  quite  corresponds 
to  the  Dark  Ages  in  Western  Europe.  As 
in  the  Parthenon  <>n  the  Acropolis  of  the 
city  with  the  violet   crown,  so,  under  the 

dome  Of  St.  Sophia,  beside  the  blue  waters 
of  the  Bosporus,  men  agreed  that  the  highest 

attribute  of  the  Divine,  anil  the  ideal  of 
human  attainment,  is  Wisdom." 

It  will  be  inferred,  and  rightly  inferred, 
that  Prof,  van  Millingen's  Constantinople 
is  not  Stamboul.  He  is  ever  thinking  of 
the  Byzantine  city,  not  the  Ottoman. 
Hence  there  is  an  obvious  gap  both  in  his 
historical  sketch  and  in  his  topographical 
descriptions.  He  prefers  the  centuries 
when  the  walls  of  New  Rome  wrere  a 
bulwark  against  the  "  barbarians  "  to 
those  when  a  race  of  barbarians  seated 
themselves  on  the  throne  of  the  Basils. 
No  doubt  he  is  right  ;  yet  there  is  much 
that  is  interesting  in  Turkish  history,  and 
beautiful  even  in  Turkish  mosques,  and 
it  is  a  pity  that  this  part  of  the  subject 
should  not  have  been  treated  with  more 
sympathy.  His  account  of  the  modern 
inhabitants  is,  however,  both  sympathetic 
and  life-like,  besides  being  decidedly 
readable. 


Julie  de  Lespinasse.     Par  le  Marquis  de 
Segur.     (Paris,  Calmann-Levy.) 

The  admirers  of  Mile,  de  Lespinasse  must 
rejoice  that  this  fascinating  woman  should 
have  won  the  affection  of  a  biographer  so 
able  as  M.  de  Segur.  He  has  brought  to 
his  task  all  the  charm  of  style,  the  sym- 
pathetic insight,  the  patient  industry  and 
keen  research  which  distinguished  his 
admirable  work  upon  Madame  Geoffrin, 
'  Le  Royaume  de  la  Rue  St.  Honore.' 
He  has  discovered  many  new  sources  of 
information,  chief  among  which  are  the 
original  autographs  of  the  famous  love 
letters,  containing  numerous  passages 
excised  by  Guibert's  widow,  as  bearing 
too  hardly  on  her  husband's  reputation  ; 
a  large  number  of  his  replies,  suppressed 
for  the  same  reason  ;  the  correspondence 
of  Mile,  de  Lespinasse  with  Abel  de  Vichy, 
the  eldest  and  best  beloved  of  her  pupils 
at  Champrond  ;  and  several  documents 
relating  to  the  Marquis  de  Mora  and  his 
family. 

Owing  to  these  discoveries,  M.  de  Segur 
has  succeeded  in  clearing  up  the  mystery, 
hitherto  regarded  as  insoluble,  which,  on 
one  side,  has  hung  over  the  origin  of  Julie 
de  Lespinasse.  In  his  opinion,  her  father 
was  that  very  Gaspard  de  Vichy  who, 
when  she  was  seven  years  old,  married 
her  elder  and  legitimate  half-sister,  and, 
fearing  the  diminution  of  his  wife's  portion, 
insisted  that  his  hapless  daughter  should 


lie     left      almost      unpr<i\ided     for      by      her 

mother's    will.     Well    might    Julie    irrite 

long    alter    to    her    friend    Condorcet,    "1 
ha\e   had   nothing   but    the   most    atroci 

treatment  from  the  wry  people  who  owed 

me  most  consideration  ! 

Not     less     important     is     the    complete 
refutation  now  furnished  of  the  ealumnics 

to    which    former    biographers,    in    mere 

joi(  (h  en  in-,  gave  currency  conoerning  a 

woman   who   was,   by   her  own   contempo- 
raries,    regarded     with     a     most     unusual 

degree  of  respect.  The  author  has  con- 
clusively demonstrated  what  the  reviewer 
has  always  believed,  that  .Mora  was 
nothing  else  than  her  promised  husband, 
and  D'Alembert  never  more  than  her 
friend.  The  calamitous  passion  which 
ruined  her  life  admits,  unhappily,  of 
neither  explanation  ;  but  even  here  M. 
de  Segur  does  much  to  palliate  her  con- 
duct by  showing  that  Guibert  throughout 
played  the  part  of  tempter,  and  that  it 
was  entirely  owing  to  her,  and  against 
his  will,  that  their  former  relation  was 
never  renewed  after  his  marriage.  This 
famous  lady-killer  appears,  indeed,  under 
a  sorrier  aspect  than  ever  ;  for  the  purely 
personal  magnetism  which  fascinated  all 
the  women  of  Paris,  including  even  his 
gentle  young  wife,  has  not  come  down  to 
us  across  the  intervening  years  to  plead 
in  his  behalf.  It  would  be  unjust,  how- 
ever, to  deny  him  the  merit  of  a  reforming 
instinct,  and  a  manly  independence  in 
attacking  public  abuses,  as  shown  in  his 
once  celebrated '  Essai  general  de  Tactique.' 
His  rival  Mora,  on  the  other  hand,  stands 
out  more  plainly  than  before  as  a  rare  and 
elect  nature,  less  on  account  of  the  hyper- 
bolical laudations  of  the  Encyclopaedic 
party,  whose  swans  proved  sometimes  to 
be  birds  of  a  humbler  plumage,  than 
through  the  spirit  of  generous  chivalry 
which,  against  all  the  traditions  of  his  age 
and  class,  and  the  violent  opposition  of 
his  family,  kept  him  for  six  years  faithful 
to  his  project  of  marriage  with  a  woman 
much  older  than  himself,  disfigured  by 
smallpox,  and  endowed  with  neither 
birth  nor  fortune. 

Most  interesting,  perhaps,  of  the  docu- 
ments for  the  first  time  put  in  evidence 
are  the  letters  of  Mile,  de  Lespinasse  to 
her  pupil  and  half-brother  Abel  de  Vichy, 
which  throw  a  pleasing  light  upon  the 
domestic  side  of  her  character,  her  strong 
capacity  for  family  affection,  her  love  for 
children,  and  her  shrewd  common  sense 
in  the  affairs  of  everyday  life.  To  this 
honest  and  good-hearted,  but  rather 
commonplace  correspondent  she  writes. 
not  of  the  thousand  literary  and  social 
interests  which  play  a  large  part  in  the 
letters  to  Condorcet  and  Guibert,  but  of 
dogs  for  himself  and  chiffons  for  his  wife  ; 
and  we  are  especially  edified  by  the  readi- 
ness with  which  "  samr  Lespinasse,"  of 
the  Encyclopaedic  Church,  undertakes  to 
procure,  if  required,  a  satisfactory  clerical 
tutor  for  the  sons  of  her  orthodox  brother. 

The  frontispiece  is  a  reproduction  of  the 
only  authentic  portrait  existing  of  Mile. 
de  Lespinasse  taken  from  one  of  the  Car- 
montelles  preserved  in  the  Musee  Conde  at 
Chantilly.     It  represents  her  as  she  was 


in  youth,  when  her  expressive  and  intelli- 
gent face,  though  never  regularly  pretty, 
might  still  faith    be  called  chaiming. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


Thu  Flowet  of  France.     By  Justin  Huntly 
McCarthy.    (Hunt  A  Blackest.) 

Tin;   career   of  .Joan    of   Arc    has   often 

attracted  the  attention  of  the  no'.eh^t. 
We  can  call  to  mind  several  romances 
of  recent  years  in  which  the  figure  of  the 
.Maid  of  Domremy  has  been  offered  for 
transfiguration.  Mr.  Lang  wrote  one, 
and  Mark  Twain  another— oddly  different 
minds  attracted  by  the  same  theme. 
Despite  the  dispassionate  sceptics,  the 
world  will  go  on  crediting  the  miracles  of 
the  Domremy  tradition  until  the  end  of 
time  ;  and  Joan,  whom  a  bishop  of  the 
Church  condemned  as  an  outcast,  is  to-day 
a  fair  subject  for  canonization.  Mr. 
McCarthy  is  the  latest  to  adapt  the  familiar 
story,  and  he  manages  to  squeeze  the  full 
romantic  value  out  of  it.  He  chooses  his 
villain  well,  and  he  has  handled  his  hero 
with  judgment  and  skill.  Lahire  he 
makes  the  faithful  adherent  of  the  Maid, 
and  the  romance  concludes  with  his  death. 
Mr.  McCarthy  has  been  uncommonly 
successful  in  reproducing  the  life  of  that 
distant  century,  and  in  reading  we  do  not 
feel  that  the  people  are  merely  figures 
"  taken  out  of  stock."  To  realize  medieval- 
ism is  difficult,  and  he  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  his  attempt,  Perhaps,  however,  it 
wrould  have  been  wiser  if  he  had  used  his 
romantic  talent  on  a  subject  less  trite. 


What  became  of  Pam.     By  Baroness  von 
Hutten.     (Heinemann.) 

'  What  became  of  Pam  '  is  a  proof  of 
the  author's  faith  in  the  public  and  the 
public's  confidence  in  the  author.  The 
book,  a  sequel,  is  dedicated  "  To  those 
who  understood  and  liked  Pam,  and  have 
asked  what  happened  to  her."  The  day 
of  hurried  book-making  and  hurried 
reading  is  trying  to  memory,  but  readers 
of  '  Pam,'  which  appeared  in  the  autumn 
of  1904,  probably  recollect  more  or  less 
dimly  something  of  her  story  and  person- 
ality. Her  new  adventures  show  her  at 
the'  age  of  twenty-seven,  with  her  old 
nurse,  in  cheap  lodgings,  making  a  liveli- 
hood by  writing.  The  story  ends  happily 
for  the  heroine.  A  certain  rather  way- 
ward independence  of  thought  and  original 
view  of  life  and  character  arc  still  to  be 
noted.  Though  there  is  more  of  con- 
ventional treatment,  there  is  in  places 
the  difference — not  a  small  one — between 
things  and  people  seen  at  first  instead  of  at 
second  hand.  But  the  edge  of  observation 
seems  less  keen,  the  vitality  of  the  picture 
not  so  high  either  in  the  heroine  herself 
or  in  the  surrounding  figures.  The  fresh 
people  introduced  arc  not  in  themselves 
very  interesting  as  types,  nor  are  they 
essential  to  the  incident  and  action  or  to 
the  development  of  Pam  the  woman. 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


695 


Amelia   and   the   Doctor.     By   Horace   G. 
Hutchinson.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Horace  Hutchinson  has  often  shown 
that  he  has  an  agreeable  literary  style, 
and  this  simple  tale  of  a  West-Country 
village  confirms  the  fact.  The  inhabitants 
of  Barton — the  warm-hearted  doctor  with 
his  rough  veneer  of  cynicism,  the  good 
old  maid  who  in  her  innocence  goes  far 
to  roughen  him,  the  kindly,  blundering 
vicar,  the  gallant  and  hardly-tried  veteran, 
the  "  polished  piece  of  ungodliness  "  at 
the  Castle,  Vera's  other  grandfather — 
are  drawn,  one  would  think,  from  life. 
Most  of  them  are  old-fashioned  types, 
but  not  the  less  interesting  in  a  quiet 
way,  and  true,  we  think,  to  nature.  The 
weak  part  of  the  story  is,  we  think, 
the  conception  that  the  peer's  son 
should  have  seduced  the  colonel's 
daughter,  or  that  all  parties  should  have 
accepted  the  disgraceful  theory  without 
serious  examination.  The  eventual  vindica- 
tion of  the  poor  lady  and  the  wedding 
chimes  which  ring  out  the  piece  follow  the 
way  of  accepted  precedent. 

The  Avengers.     By  Headon  Hill.     (Ward, 
Lock  &  Co.) 

'  The  Avengers  '  just  falls  short  of 
honourable  mention  in  the  category  of 
the  "  detective "  story.  Immaturity 
marks  the  treatment  of  an  idea  which 
promises  well.  A  man  engaged  to  marry 
a  lady  of  great  wealth  has  been  placed 
by  his  friends  in  a  private  lunatic  asylum. 
The  lady,  after  much  search,  mainly 
directed  from  a  window  in  the  Strand, 
finds  his  physical  double  in  an  ex-cavalry 
officer  whose  impecunious  condition  mate- 
rially assists  her  plans.  It  is  arranged 
that  he  shall  effect  the  release  of  her  lover 
by  temporarily  taking  his  place  in  confine- 
ment. But  things  go  wrong  :  the  double 
falls  in  love  with  the  heiress,  fails  to  bring 
the  affianced  couple  together,  and  eventu- 
ally, personating  the  lunatic,  marries  her 
himself,  succeeding  with  the  incidental 
millions  to  a  feud  contracted  in  the  States 
— and  its  avengers. 


A    Double    Marriage.     By   Lucas   Cleeve. 
(Fisher  Unwin.) 

Surely  it  is  an  essential  condition  of  a 
novel  that  its  plot  should  be  credible  ;  or 
at  least  that  it  should  afford  the  reader 
the  possibility  of  "  making  believe  "  that 
it  is  credible,  as  is  the  case  with  several 
of  the  ingenious  stories  written  by  F. 
Anstey  and  Mr.  Wells.  But  in  the  present 
volume  Lucas  Cleeve  makes  demands 
upon  the  credulity  of  her  readers  which 
are  fatal  to  the  credibility  of  the  story. 
They  are  told  that  a  man  who  had  been 
married  to  a  young  wife  nearly  a  year 
deserted  her  because  she  tired  him. 
Twelve  years  later,  having  changed  his 
name  and  grown  a  beard,  lie  meets  her 
—she  too  having  adopted  a  new  name — 
and  the  two  do  not  recognize  one  another'. 
They  fall  in  love,  and  are  married  for  the 
second  time,  after  which  the  man  confesses 


that  he  has  a  deserted  wife  still  living. 
Naturally  this  confession  troubles  the 
new  wife,  but,  after  passing  through  painful 
mental  struggles,  the  pair  suddenly  happen 
to  recollect  that  they  had  met  before  as 
man  and  wife,  and  the  story  ends  with 
the  unmerited  happiness  of  the  two  un- 
deserving people.  Had  this  plot  been 
credible  the  author  might  have  made 
something  of  it.  The  hero  of  the  story 
is  as  grossly  improbable  as  the  plot.  He 
is  the  sort  of  melodramatic  person  who  is 
never  seen,  except  through  feminine 
spectacles  ;  and  the  heroine,  who  is 
intended  to  attract  the  sympathy  and 
admiration  of  the  reader,  exasperates 
him  by  her  blind  devotion  to  the  cad  who 
deserted  her. 

The   Tower.     By   Mary   Tappan   Wright. 
(New  York,  Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  author  has  evidently  taken  great 
pains  with  this  book.  Her  characters 
are  numerous  and  fairly  well  individualized. 
She  writes  good  English,  and  seldom  uses 
an  Americanism.  Indeed,  the  whole  tone 
is  decidedly  English,  and  were  it  not  for 
the  occasional  mention  of  New  York,  or 
some  other  well-known  American  town, 
the  reader  might  mistake  the  book  for  an 
English  novel,  with  its  scene  laid  in  an 
English  provincial  town.  There  is  obvious 
merit  in  '  The  Tower,'  but  its  plot  is 
extremely  slight,  and  lacks  movement 
and  interest.  The  author  takes  nearly 
a  hundred  thousand  words  to  tell  us  that 
a  college  professor  loved  one  woman  and, 
without  any  very  evident  reason,  married 
another.  That  is  virtually  the  whole 
story,  and  it  fails  to  hold  the  interest  of 
the  reader,  in  spite  of  Mrs.  Wright's 
excellent  workmanship. 


The    Grey    Domino.     By   Mrs.    P.    C.    de 
Crespigny.     (Eveleigh  Nash.) 

'  The  Grey  Domino  '  is  an  eminently 
readable  book,  not  of  great  worth  or  merit, 
but  pleasantly  conceived,  and  written 
with  facility.  The  first  part  has  a  capital 
denouement,  where  the  young  wife,  a  high- 
spirited  and  sensitive  girl,  discovers  her 
husband,  whom  she  is  seeking  in  Paris, 
to  be  the  king's  fool.  The  second  part  is 
mainly  concerned  with  the  estrangement 
following  on  this  discovery  and  the  equally 
necessary  reconciliation,  which,  however, 
is  rather  obviously  the  work  of  the  author 
and  a  lucky  coincidence.  Many  novels 
are  less  slight  in  plot  and  construction  than 
this,  but  many  also  are  less  readable. 


Igdrasil.     By  Winefride  Trafford-Taunton. 
(Grant  Richards.) 

A  want  of  lucidity  is  the  chief  defect  of 
tins  story,  which  is  dedicated  "  to  the 
souls  in  Purgatory."  It  is  a  strange 
mixture  of  mysticism  and  realism.  An 
Italian  duchess,  who.  dying  in  an  English 
convent,   believes   that    she   will   return   to 

her  old  lover,  an  English  nobleman,  in  a 

new    form  ;     Dea  Zavienska,   who,   coming 

to  London  from  Austria,  is  employed  m 
a  milliner's  showroom  when    Lord  A\alon 


begins  to  realize  that  she  has  inherited 
the  Duchess's  soul  ;  a  cardinal,  who, 
notwithstanding  his  advanced  views,  rises 
to  the  chair  of  Peter  ;  a  prosperous,  ill- 
living  Jew,  who,  devoting  his  better 
instincts  to  the  Zionist  movement,  dreams 
of  becoming  Dictator  of  Jerusalem  ;  and 
a  captain  in  the  Salvation  Army,  who  is 
the  daughter  of  an  earl — these  are  the 
principal  characters  in  this  puzzling  story. 
It  is  not  wholly  destitute  of  merit.  There 
are  passages  that  prove  that  the  author 
has  powers  of  observation  and  expression 
that  might  be  much  better  employed 
than  they  are  here.  The  book,  regarded 
as  a  whole,  is  too  extravagant  in  idea  and 
style  to  be  interesting  or  pleasing. 


Love— with     Variations.      By     Alice     M. 
Diehl.     (John  Long.) 

The  strong  but  unpleasant  story  may 
interest  while  it  repels  ;  the  weak,  well- 
meaning  story  may  find  us  charitable, 
though  impatient  ;  but  the  combination 
of  the  weak  with  the  unpleasant  is  not 
easily  forgiven.  The  writer  in  this  instance 
founds  a  highly  improbable  plot  on  the 
supposition  that  a  famous  London  surgeon 
is  prepared,  when  it  suits  himself  or  his 
clients,  to  make  away  with  undesirable 
and  inconvenient  child-life  by  the  chloro- 
formed blanket.  We  believe  this  to  be 
an  utter  libel,  and  only  mention  the  sup- 
position to  show  the  depths  which  a 
morbid  imagination  may  reach.  The 
love  in  the  story  is  of  an  insipid  and 
commonplace  type. 


A  Spanish  Web.     By  Reginald  St.  Barbe. 

(Skeffington  &  Son.) 
The  plot  of  this  tale  is  so  simple  as  to 
make  the  title  inappropriate,  for  the  reader 
divines  the  solution  before  he  finishes  the 
second  chapter.  Most  of  Mr.  St.  Barbe's 
personages  are  the  conventional  Spaniards 
of  fiction  :  the  heroine  at  once  passionate 
and  indolent,  the  libidinous  priest,  the 
chivalrous  scapegoat,  the  superstitious 
country  beauty,  and  the  dull-witted 
avenging  lover.  These  characters,  and 
others  like  them,  never  were,  and  never 
could  be,  in  such  a  world  as  ours  :  but  the 
wine-seller  Pedro  Porro  and  the  venal 
Don  Vicente  are  not  ill-observed,  and  the 
description  of  the  landscape  about  Malaga 
is  sufficiently  accurate.  Moreover,  the 
Spanish  words  with  which  the  text  is 
plentifully  garnished  are  given  with  toler- 
able correctness.  "  Capricioso  "  (p.  L57) 
is  probably  an  oversight.  However,  the 
book  is  not  so  much  a  novel  as  a  tract 
against  sacerdotalism  and  celibacy,  and, 
like  most  tracts,  it  is  dull. 


THEOLOGICAL    LITERATURE. 

The  History  of  Early  Christian  Literature  : 
th<-  Writings  of  the  New  Testament.  By 
Baron  Hermann  von  Soden,  D.D.  Translated 
by  the  Rev.  .1.   H.  Wilkinson.     Edited  by 

tin-     Hev.     W.     D.     Morrison.      (Williams     A 
Norgate.) — The  title  of  this  hook   is  not    an 

exact,   rendering   of   the   German,    bu!    the 
translator  may  be  excused,  as  it  is  not  easy 

to  convey  the  precise  meaning  in  few  words. 


69<i 


T  II  E     ATI!  KN7KUM 


N*4102, 


Jim.  !»,  1906 


l  frchriatliche   Lit<  meana 

the  historj  of  the  literature,  <>r  original 
ht<  rai\  documents,  trora  which  our  knon 
[edge  of  tli«'  earliest  Btages  of  Christianity 
i  derived.  The  addition  made  within  par<  a 
theses  by  FVeiherr  von  Boden  himself,  *'  the 
Writings  of  the  Nevi  Testament,"  limits  the 
main  title  oorrectly  :  bu1  even  tliis  title  is 
too  wide.  What  Vim  Boden  intended  to  do 
was  tn  discuss  all  the  documents  whioh 
l»-ar  upon  the  origin  of  Christianity.  Il<' 
takes  1 1 ] >  tirst  tlic  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  or  the 
portions  of  them  which  he  considers  genuine 
as  being  the  earliest.  Then  he  expounds 
the  nature  of  the  tw<>  writings  which,  he 
maintains,  formed  the  bs  Is  A  th  ■  Synoptic 
Gospels    St.    Matthew's    collection    of    the 

sayings  Of  Christ,  and  St.  .Mark's  narratives, 

derived  principally  from  St.  Peter  ;   and  he 

endeavours  to  determine  what  is  the  relation 
of  the  three  Gospels  to  these  writings.  He 
finds  tin-  next  phase  of  Christianity  in  the 
post-Pauline  literature,  including  the  Acts 
of  the  Apostles,  tin'  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews, 
the  First  Epistle  of  St.  Peter,  the  Epistle  to 
the  Ephesians,  and  the  Pastoral  Epistles. 
And  he  ends  with  a  discussion  of  the  Johan- 
nine  literature.  He  dismisses  as  too  late 
and  not  pertinent  to  his  subject  the  Epistles 
of  St.  James  and  St.  Jude  and  the  Second 
Epistle  of  St.  Peter. 

Von  Soden's  plan  of  treatment  is  to 
explain  what  he  believes  to  be  the  purpose 
and  teaching  of  each  book,  and  to  point 
out  how  these  agree  \\  ith  the  particular 
stage  of  Christianity  to  which  he  assigns 
the  book.  His  work  is  the  result  of  a  thorough 
study  of  the  books  of  the  New  Testament 
and  an  endeavour  to  enter  into  the  very 
spirit  of  the  writers.  It  will  prove  beneficial 
to  any  one  who  undertakes  its  study  in 
earnest,  but  justice  can  be  done  to  it  only 
by  a  continual  reference  to  the  passages  of 
the  New  Testament  which  Von  Soden 
examines.  Many  of  the  opinions  which  he 
advocates  are  based  on  what  we  may  call 
subjective  impressions,  and  therefore  they 
do  not  create  the  feeling  of  certainty  ;  but 
Von  Soden  would  allow  this,  and  affirm  that 
they  attain  a  high  degree  of  probability. 

Aon  Soden  has  evidently  been  strongly 
influenced  by  the  Tubingen  school.  He 
sees  in  early  Christianity  the  same  lines  of 
evolution  as  are  recognized  by  that  school, 
ending  in  the  union  of  the  different  tendencies 
in  the  Catholic  Church.  But  his  tone  is 
very  different  from  that  of  the  Tubin- 
gen leaders — from  that,  for  instance,  of 
Schwegler's  '  Nachapostolisches  Zeitalter.' 
Von  Soden  has  the  greatest  enthusiasm  for 
the  writers  of  the  New  Testament,  and  has 
a  heartfelt  sympathy  with  them.  Thus  he 
says  of  the  letters  of  St.  Paul : — 

"  No,  indeed  !  in  these  letters  we  possess  an 
imperishable  memorial  of  one  of  the  grandest 
spirits  of  humanity,  of  one  who  fulfilled  in  many 
respects  the  ideal  of  a  noble  Christian  character." 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  short  biography 
of  Von  Soden  has  not  been  prefixed  to  the 
volume,  for  it  would  have  been  a  strong 
recommendation  of  it.  And,  indeed,  some 
of  his  opinions  are  unintelligible  if  no 
exposition  is  supplied  of  Tubingen  thought. 
Thus  we  doubt  whether  an  ordinary  reader 
will  understand  what  Von  Soden  means 
when  he  says  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians, 
which  ho  does  not  regard  as  genuine  :  "  The 
Catholic  Church  has  learnt  and  borrowed 
more  from  this  epistle  than  from  all  the 
writings  of  St.  Paul  taken  together." 

The  translation  is  vigorous  and  good,  but 
some  accident  must  havo  happened  to  the 
correction  of  the  press.  Thus  on  p.  14  it  is 
said  :  "  Finally,  it  was  a  favourite  practice 
of  rhetoricians  and  sophists  to  foster  speeches 
■or  letters  upon  great  men."  "  Foster  "  here 


is  sheer   non  en  ■  -.    and    we   cannot    he   far 

wrong  ill  suspecting  that  the  MS.  had  fulln  r. 
Still  more  curious  is  the  mistake  which 
OCCUra  in  the  following  sentence  ;  '  The 
repining  sun  of  summer  shines  upon  the  scene 
l>\  Jacob's  Well."  The  mistake  is  explained 
when  we  turn  up  the  original.  The  German 
WOrdj    are     :  "  Cber    der    S/.ene    am    Jacobs- 

bruiiiien  liegt  die  das  Oetnidt  reifendt 
Sommermittagssonne."     There    are    several 

such  mistakes.      The  book  re<pui  ion. 

Tfu    Christian   Doctriru   of  Salvation.     By 
George     barker     Stevens.     "International 

Theological  Library."     (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T. 

Clark.) — This  book  is  divided  into  three 
parts.     The  first  deals  with  the   Prophetic, 

Pauline,     Johannine,     and     other     doctrines, 

under  a  general   heading  of   'The    Biblical 

Basis  of  the  Doctrine.'  In  the  second  part, 
'The  Principal  Forms  of  the  Doctrine/ 
definite  theories  — such  as  the  commercial 
theory  of  Ansehn  and  the  yovernmental  theory 
of  Grotius — are  considered.  'The  Con- 
structive Development  of  the  Doctrine  "  is 
the  subject  of  the  third  part.  Prof.  Stevens's 
work  is  a  notable  addition  to  our  modern 
theological  literature.  It  is  marked  by 
lucidity  in  its  historical  presentations  and 
acuteness  in  its  criticisms  ;  and  there  is 
evidence  of  the  author's  acquaintance  with 
recent  books  on  his  subject.  It  may  be 
wrong  to  say  that  this  volume  illustrates 
the  trend  of  theological  thought  of  the  present 
day  ;  but,  at  any  rate,  it  shows  how  far  one 
competent  scholar  and  reverent  thinker  is 
removed  from  the  orthodoxy  which  seemed 
impregnable  till  recent  times.  "  Religion," 
he  says,  "is  the  union  of  man  with  God,  the 
Godlike  life,  the  Christian  character — which 
is  salvation  "  ;  and  in  this  definition  there 
is  no  suggestion  of  belief,  as  an  element  of 
religion,  in  this  or  that  dogma.  In  the  chapter 
on  '  The  Necessity  of  Christ's  Death  '  Prof. 
Stevens's  mind  is  very  clearly  revealed. 
Death  for  Jesus,  we  are  told,  "  stood  in  no 
contrast  to  life  ;  it  was  the  completion  of 
life."  "  He  influenced  men,"  it  is  declared, 
"  because  he  revealed  and  interpreted  God 
to  them  ;  his  whole  meaning  lies  in  this 
mediation."  Without  hesitation  it  is  asserted 
that  "  there  is  not  a  trace  in  his  words  of 
the  idea  that  he  was  to  die  to  appease  the 
wrath  of  God  "  ;  and,  further,  "  his  work 
would  not  have  been  a  failure  if  he  had  died 
a  painless  or  accidental  death."  The  ordinary 
religious  man,  accustomed  to  hear  that  the 
death  of  Christ  stands  in  direct  and  specific 
relation  to  salvation,  might  be  startled,  were 
he  to  read  that 

"if  divine  Providence  had  found  it  '  possible  '  to 
giant  his  prayer  and  to  have  let  the  '  cup  pass  from 
him,'  his  saving  work  of  holy  love  would  not  have 
failed,  though  it  would  have  lacked  the  highest 
illustration  and  attestation  of  which  we  can  con- 
ceive." 

In  interpreting  the  mind  of  Jesus  in  regard 
to  His  death  Prof.  Stevens  holds  that,  as 
He  knew  His  plan  and  aim  to  be  in  accordance 
with  the  Divine  will,  He  could  not  be  spared 
the  experience  of  death.  "  His  self-giving," 
he  says,  "  must  involve  it,  since  it  was  to  be 
an  unreserved  self-giving.  His  obedience  to 
the  Father's  will  must  be  an  obedience  even 
unto  death."  It  may  be  noted  that  these 
words  point  to  the  conclusion  that  the  death 
of  Jesus  stood  to  His  life  in  precisely  the 
relation  which  the  death  of  any  man  con- 
secrated to  the  will  of  God  bears  to  his  life. 
Many  there  be  that  will  deny  the  conclusion, 
but  it  is  Prof.  Stevens's.  His  position  can 
bo  further  determined  from  another  of  his 
conclusions — that  the  word  "  atonement  " 
represents  a  process,  and  not  merely  a  single 
event,  and  that  it  designates  a  continuous 
action  of  God  in  relation  to  sin  and  salvation. 
The  book  contains  a  multitude  of  statements 


which  will  exciU  oppo  ition  in  many  quail 
and  which  will  therefore  show  how  far  the 
writer  baa  passed  from  th<   beaten  trash 
orthodox] .     Tl.  many 

things  in  t be  book 

of  recognized  th<    •  .-. hich  will  command 

the    ;  all    w  ho   read    i'  .       The   HUtl 

'-t n ones  -.  ii   mi. -i   be  adm  I  not 

wholly  confined  to  theological  interpretation. 

Very    ingenious    is    the    idea,    to    take 

example,    that    Anselm  -    th'-oi 

"  a  feudal  theory    an  interpretation  UiM-d  on  the 
ideas  ni  mi  (literal  cbivalrj .     Bin 
an    offence    againsl    th< 

sign,  and  ioi   i  hii  i  eaaon  nothii 
reparal  ion  can  fy  for  it.'' 

Outlines  of  Christian  Apologetics  for  Use 
in  Lectures.  By  Hermann  Schultz.  Trans- 
lated by  Alfred  Bull  Nichols.  (Maemillan 
tv  Co.)  Remarkable  changes  in  the  subject- 
matter  and  the  methods  of  presenting 
of  apologetics  have  taken  place  Since  Chris- 
tianity began  to  be  defended  in  the  da\ 
the  earl}-  Church,  and  the  history  of  these 
changes  forms  an  interesting  chapter  in  the 
movement  of  religious  thought.  There  is, 
of  course,  no  longer  a  hostile  Roman  empire 
to  be  pacified,  and  no  longer,  in  justification 
of  Christianity,  an  appeal  to  the  fives  of 
Christians  ;  but  there  is  now  needed  a  plea 
for  religion  itself,  and  a  proof  of  Cliristianity 
as  the  perfect  religion  is  demanded.  A  book 
such  as  that  before  us  shows  the  problems 
of  religion  which  are  exercising  the  thought 
of  the  present  day,  and  shows,  too,  what 
attempts  may  be  made  to  solve  them.  Herr 
Schultz  deals  with  a  number  of  these  pro- 
blems which  are  of  supreme  interest  to  the 
student  of  religion,  and,  if  a  distinction  be 
made,  to  the  religious  man.  In  a  defence 
of  the  religious  view  of  the  world  he  discusses 
the  nature  of  religion,  and  examines  the 
postulates  and  reasonableness  of  the  religious 
view.  Under  the  heading  of  '  Philosophy 
of  Religion  :  Religion  in  its  Historical  Pheno- 
mena,' he  discourses  on  nature,  culture,  and 
prophet  religions,  and  passes  to  a  defence 
of  Christianity,  treating  of  Jesus  in  history 
and  Christianity  as  faith  in  Jesus.  The 
book  does  not  profess  to  be  more  than  a 
sketch  or  outline  ;  but,  short  though  it  is, 
it  is  worthy  of  high  praise  for  the  reasoned 
attempt  to  state  and  answer  certain  of  the 
problems  of  religion.  Religion  itself  is  de- 
fined as  "  consciousness  of  God  roused  by 
impressions  of  God  on  the  reasoning  person- 
ality "  ;  and  faith  is  said  to  be  "  religious 
conviction,  i.e.  the  conviction,  based  on  reli- 
gious experience,  of  the  divine  significance 
of  things  for  us  "  ;  it  is  different  from 
knowledge,  which  ''  is  the  conviction,  based 
on  the  experience  of  the  senses  and  the  laws 
of  thought,  of  the  reality  and  unity  of 
things."  Another  statement  may  be  quoted 
to  illustrate  the  suggestive  ideas  scattered 
throughout  the  book.  "  He  only  is  devout." 
it  is  said,  "  in  the  Christian  sense,  who  lets 
himself  be  determined  in  bis  personal  life 
by  the  historical  revelation  of  God  which 
he  finds  in  Jesus."  While  many  of  the 
definitions  and  statements  are  suggestive 
and  interesting,  there  are  others  which  are 
not  easily  understood,  ^"e  are  told,  for 
example,  that  "faith  sees  in  the  world,  not 
a  mechanism  in  which  dead  laws  reign,  but 
the  continuous  revelation  of  God's  will  for 
the  weal  of  the  Church  and  its  members." 
The  idea  of  the  reign  of  dead  laws  is,  to  -ay 
the  least  of  it,  not  scientific,  and  even  lies 
beyond  the  horizon  of  t*he  ordinary  imagina- 
tion ;  while  the  notion  of  the  world  being 
the  scene  of  a  revelation  of  God's  will  for 
the  weal  of  the  Church  is  -ingularly  out  of 
harmony  with  Christ'.-  teaching  that  God 
"  maketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on 
the  good,  and  sendeth  rain  on  the  just  and 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


697 


on  the  unjust."  The  problem  of  miracles 
is  not  neglected  by  Herr  Schultz.  He  points 
out  that  the  Christian  apologist  will  believe 
the  revelation  of  God  in  Jesus  to  be  miracu- 
lous, and  that  it  will  be  a  satisfaction  to  him 
to  make  clear  to  himself  the  relation  of  the 
religious  faith  in  miracles  to  the  scientific 
view  of  the  world;  but,  we  may  ask,  Is  there 
not  a  suggestion  of  failure  or  of  the  task  of 
the  apologist  unfinished  in  the  statement : 
"  Nor  will  his  scientific  conviction  of  the 
reign  of  law  be  shaken  if  he  has  to  leave  a 
part  of  the  facts  unexplained  "  ?  The  sub- 
ject-matter of  Herr  Schultz's  book  is  in  a 
sense  holy  ground,  on  which,  however,  critics 
do  not  fear  to  tread.  He  meets  many  of 
these  critics  in  contest  ;  and  he  himself, 
by  reason  of  his  vigorous  thought,  though 
not  by  an  aggressive  style,  is  sure  to  suffer 
attack. 

The  Religion  of  All  Good  Men,  and  other 
Studies    in    Christian    Ethics.     By    H.    W. 
Garrod.     (Constable     &     Co.) — The     essay 
which  gives  the  title  is  not  the  first  in  this 
volume,   and  it  has  not  the  importance  of 
being  the  longest.     '  Christ  the  Forerunner,' 
with  which  the  book  begins,  does  not  suggest 
a  study  in  Christian  ethics  ;    but  its  thesis, 
that    Christ     was     the     forerunner     of    the 
Messiah,   and  that  He  expected  an  imme- 
diate end  of  all  things,  leads  to  an  examina- 
tion of  His  ethical  teaching.     Mr.    Garrod 
asks  the  question,  "  Does  Christ,  in  employ- 
ing this  phrase  '  Son  of  Man,'  apply  it  to 
himself  ?  "    and,    by    way    of    reply,    says  : 
"  I  am  fully  convinced  that  he  never  does 
so  ;    and  that  the  idea  that  he  did  so  came 
into  being  only  after  his  death."  Examination 
of  the  use  made  by  Jesus  of  the  words  6  mo? 
tov  av&pMirov  is  not  a  novelty.     Wellhausen 
argued  that    as    Jesus    spoke    Aramaic    He 
would  use  the  word  barnasha,  which  means 
simply  a  man,  while,  by  its  use  He  could  not 
have  asserted  any  Messianic  claim.     Lietz- 
mann,  Dalman,  Schmiedel,  and  others  have 
taken    part    in   the    discussion  ;     and    Prof. 
Bousset,  holding  the  title  Son  of  Man  to  be 
Messianic,  says  that  Jesus  adopted  it,  and 
that  the  return  in  glory  was  the  only  meaning 
it  had  for  Him.     There  can  be  no  objection 
to  Mr.  Garrod's  entering  the  discussion  with 
the  suggestion  that  Jesus  did  not  call  Him- 
self the   Son  of    Man  ;    and   the  suggestion 
does  not  demand  censure  merely  because  of 
its  novelty.      Arguments  in  its  favour  must 
be  weighed,   and  interpretations  examined. 
An  example  of  Mr.  Garrod's  exegesis  may  be 
supplied.     When  Jesus  spoke  of  the  betrayal 
of  the  Son  of  Man,  He  meant,  we  are  told, 
the    betrayal    of    His    cause.     Mr.    Garrod, 
dealing     with     another     reference     to     the 
betrayal,  says  : — 

"I  understand  the  words  '  Son  of  Man'  to  have 
been  used  by  Christ  as  equivalent  to  '  the  cause  of 
the  Son  of  Man.'  Such  a  manner  of  Bpeeob  would 
ho  just  as  natural  as  many  which  we  employ  in 
common  parlance  to-day." 

A  principle  of  Mr.  Garrod's  exegesis  is  his 
own  thinking,  his  own  understanding.  An 
example  of  his  arguments  may  also  be  given. 
After  the  Transfiguration  the  disciples, 
according  to  the  narrative  in  St.  Mark, 
asked  why  the  Scrihes  said  that  Elias  must 
first  come.  Mr.  Garrod  proceeds  to  say  : — 
"Why  has  the  companion  prophet,  Enoch, 
Jeremiah,  Isaiah,  or  Ehsha,  dropped  out  J  The 
answer  is  clear.  Christ  himself  was  this  cm 
panion  prophet  at  that  time;  only  later  was  he 
tip-  .Messias." 

This  argument  could  not  have  appealed  to 
the  writer  of  the  narrative,  since  in  that 
narrative  Jesus  is  not  the  companion  prophet, 
but  is  distinguished  from  .Moses  and  Elias, 
for  whom,  with  Jesus,  the  disciples  propo  •  d 
to  make  three  tabernacles.  Vet  Mr.  Garrod, 
in   reference  to   certain   other   words   in    St.  ' 


Mark,  says  that  by  them  "  he  is  most  natu- 
rally to  be  understood  to  identify  himself 
and  Elias." 

The  object  of  trying  to  prove  that  Jesus 
was  the  forerunner  of  the  Messiah  is  to  account 
for  certain  ethical  maxims  of  Jesu^  which 
seem  to  imply  that  the  end  of  all  things  was 
at  hand.  For  this  purpose,  however,  Mr. 
Garrod  does  not  require  his  thesis  to  be 
established.  He  could  have  taken  the  theory, 
for  which  certain  proofs  could  have  been 
obtained  from  the  Gospels,  that  Christ 
believed  in  His  own  immediate  return,  and 
he  could  have  argued  that  Christ's  ethical 
teaching  was  affected  by  this  belief.  Mr. 
Garrod's  conception  of  Christ's  ethical 
teaching,  many  will  affirm,  is  fundamentally 
wrong.     "  The  message  of  Christ,"  he  says, 

"  to  every  man  is  that  he  shall  lose  his  life.  He  is 
not  only  to  give  up  some  things,  but  he  is — literally 
and  not  in  a  metaphor — to  give  up  all,  all  that 
makes  life  what  it  is  and  worth  living." 

Mr.  Garrod  may  be  advised  to  look  at  the 
Christian  antithesis  "  Die  to  live,"  and  to 
consider  such  words  as  these,  from  the 
'  Evolution  of  Religion,'  by  the  present 
Master  of  Balliol :  "  The  Christian  surrender 
of  life  and  of  all  its  immediate  interests  to 
God  is  not  the  emptying,  but  the  filling  of  it 
with  deeper  and  wider  interests." 

Throughout  the  book  Mr.  Garrod  repre- 
sents Christianity  as  a  religion  to  which 
some  men  cling,  and  from  which  others  have 
departed  who  need  or  are  seeking  another 
religion.  Those  who  cling  to  it  will  hardly 
take  him  as  a  just  interpreter  of  its  "essential 
character.  In  the  essay  styled  '  The  Religion 
of  All  Good  Men  '  are  these  words,  written 
after  Christianity  has  endured  for  nineteen 
hundred  years  : — 

"And  I  here  merely  repeat  that  an  ethical 
system,  framed  for  a  world  momentarily  about  to 
perish,  cannot  have  validity  for  all  time,  and  can 
have  for  us  to-day  but  a  very  partial  validity." 

The  Century  Bible.  —  Isaiah  i.-xxxix. 
Edited  by  the  Rev.  Owen  C.  Whitehouse, 
D.D.  (T.  C.  &  E.  C.  Jack.)— Dr.  White- 
house's  little  volume  of  38 1  pages  is  a  scholarly 
and  useful  piece  of  work,  but  perhaps  too 
scholarly  for  a  series  with  so  popular  a  title 
as  "  The  Century  Bible."  The  names  of 
modern  scholars  are  frequently  cited  ;  the 
Peshitta  and  the  Targum  are  quoted  ;  and 
even  references  to  Hebrew  and  Arabic 
grammars  appear.  Such  a  note  as  the 
following  (on  xxvii.  4)  should  surely  be 
differently  put  in  a  work  intended  to  be 
widely  read  : — 

"LXX.  followed  by  Peshitto  read  the  Hebrew 
for  'fury'  (or  'wrath')  as  another  word  with 
different  vowels  rendered  'wall,'  which  Gratz- 
Bredenkamp  would  adopt,  but  no  satisfactory  sense 
is  thereby  obtained." 

There  are  similar  notes.  The  book  would 
prove  helpful  almost  everywhere  to  the 
student  who  was  reading  the  Hebrew7  text 
for  the  first  time  ;  but  the  English  reader 
who  desires  to  get  full  benefit  from  it  must 
know  how  to  skip  wisely.  Dr.  Whitehouse 
uses  the  Revised  Version  as  the  basis  of  his 
comments,  and  indicates  at  the  top  of  each 
page  his  views  of  the  authorship  of  each 
chapter.  He  is  careful  and  reasonable  in 
his  literary  criticism,  and  the  whole  book, 
if  not  sufficiently  "  popular,"  is  very  good. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

India  under  Royal  Eyes,  by  Mr.  Prevost 
Battersby  (George  Allen),  is  the  third  of  the 
books  by  the  correspondents  who  went  with 

the    Prince  Of  Wales.       hike  its  predecessors, 
it  runs  counter  to  the  ordinary  and  expected 

optimism.     Mr.    Battersby,    like   Mr.    Low, 


takes  note  of  the  empty  detachment  of  Anglo 
Indian  modern  official  life,  and  thinks  for 
himself  instead  of  accepting  guidance.  His 
judgment  is  the  same  :  "  We  are  becoming 
more  and  more  foreign  to  India,  our  isola- 
tion as  a  ruling  race  is  growing  with  every 
decade  more  complete." 

Our  author  forms  a  high  opinion  of  the 
capacity  and  fitness  for  administrative  office 
even  of  the  Rajputs,  and  writes  of  Bikanir, 
the  desert  city,  famous  for  its  camels  : — 
"  business  instinct  and  the  power  of  rule  maybe 
sought  outside  the  white  core  of  India.  The  time 
may  come,  ere  long,  when  we  may  have  to  use  it, 
or  rather,  for  indeed  we  use  it  alread}',  to  a  scale 
and  on  a  system  we  have  not  contemplated 
hitherto." 

The  charm  of  this  volume  lies  in  the  illus- 
trations from  the  author's  photographs,  and 
in  his  appreciation  of  the  beauties  of  Indian 
art.     Mr.    Battersby's    weak    point,    as    we 
think  it,  is  to  be    found    in    a    tendency  to 
make    of   Lord    Kitchener   his    Indian   god. 
His  attack  upon  Lord  Curzon  for  needlessly 
wounding  the  feelings  of   "  the  intellectual 
part  of  India  "  lias  our  sympathy  ;    but  we 
cannot  go  with  him  in  wholesale  adoption 
of    the    "  reforms  "    of    the    Commander-in- 
Chief  in  India.     Mr.  Battersby  is  a  compe- 
tent authority  on  military  matters,  and  has 
written  well  on  cavalry.     A  chapter  in  the 
present    volume    upon    the    Indian    native 
cavalry    is    excellent,    and    we    are    glad    to 
learn   that   Lord   Kitchener   has   not   inter- 
fered so  greatly  with  cavalry  recruiting  as 
was  reported.     Mr.  Battersby  begs  the  main 
question  in  Lord   Kitchener's  favour  when 
he  begins  a  chapter  on  '  The  New  Army  '  (!) 
by  asking  whether  India    "  shall  be  given 
adequate  protection."     It  was  the  opinion 
of   the   Government   of   India,    before   Lord 
Kitchener     became     their     Commander-in- 
Chief,    that    India    had    already    adequate 
protection,  at  a  cost  of  between  17,000,000?. 
and  18,000,000/.  sterling  a  year,  which  they 
thought  too  high.     Lord  Kitchener  induced 
the  Viceroy  in  Council  to  agree  to  raise  the 
charge  to  21,000,000/.  fixed  for  several  years, 
and  it  is  as  a  fact  22,000,000/.    Mr.  Battersby 
again  begs  the  question  when  he  writes  that 
"  the  defence  of  India  from  invasion  by  a 
Great  Power  "  was  "  absurdly  inadequate  "  ; 
and  he  severely  blames  those  who  postponed 
the  "  solution  "  of  the  problem.     There  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  the  invasion  of  India 
by  a  Great  Power  is  probable,  or  could  be 
otherwise  than  a  most  hazardous  adventure. 
That   such   an   invasion   could    only    be   at- 
tempted after  Russia  had  brought  her  rail- 
ways   across    a    conquered    Afghanistan    is 
officially     and     universally     admitted.      The 
rearmament  of  the  Indian  army  could  have 
been  carried  out  by  any  Commander-in-(  'hief. 
The  increase  and  improvement  of  transport 
have  been  continuous  since  Sir  W.   Nichol- 
son's mobilization  inquiry,  and  the  1  Join  its 
reforms    which    followed.     Mr.    Battersby's 
proof  of  the  sudden  salvation   of   India   by 
his  Heaven-sent  general  lies  in  the  proposal 
to   "redistribute"  the  scattered  army— or, 
in  other  words,  to  put  most  of  it   Ln  hateful 
desert  stations  in  Baluchistan  and  Waziristan. 

Happily,     "the    determination    of    the    best 

sites  for  the  new  barracks  has  been  hedged 
about  with  difficulties."  The  insane  pro- 
posal to  create  immense  stations  at  Mastung 
(when-  the  Mekran  Corps  of  Brahuis  is  raised 
by  the  Baluch  Agency)  and  in  the  Kurram 
has  been  vetoed.  The  Prussian  army, 
which  might  have  to  move  on  the  Moselle 
at  a  day's  notice,  is  "scattered."  The 
French  army,  in  similar  case  is  also  "scat- 
tered." I  f  Lord  Kitchener  intends  to  defend 
Herat  with  a  British  regular  force,  he  should 
say  so.      If    not.    a    peace   disposition    of    the 

troops  in  the  best,  climates  and  on  the  rail- 
ways is  the  wi-est  course.      At  Mastunu  t here 


698 


THE     ATI!  KN  KIWI 


N   U02,  Juhe  0,  1906 


i  no  water,  and  in  the  kiniaiii  tin-  men 
would  be  -hot  Ht  everj  time  they  went 
fori  walk.  Peehawur,  which  is  now  Lord 
Kitchener's  favourite,  is  unhealthy.  To  the 
proposod  hutch--  <>l  tin-  white  force  at 
Ouctta  tin  if  i-  Ii  —  objection.  '1'lic  invalid 
iii_>  from  pneumonia  can  be  prevented  b\ 
precautions,  and  the  Pishin  valley  afl 
good  ground  for  manosuvrt  i. 

Messbs.  Lonomam  publish  Heresies  of 
Sea  Power,  bj  Mr.  I'.  T.  .lane,  a  bonk  which 
is  interesting,  but  does  oot  exactly  corre- 
spond tn  the  promise  of  the  title.  There  is 
much  ancient  naval  history  in  its  pa 
and  especially  in  the  earlier  portion  of  the 
volume,  but  Part  II.  is  well  worth  Btudy. 
The  sub-title  is  '  Problems  t  hat  '"Sea  Power" 
does  not    Solve.'     Jn  this  part   the  author 

la    with    "examples   Of    minor    paradoxes 

or. ..  .problems  that   are  no  nearer  solution 

than  they  were  in  the  past."      It  is  Mr. 

Jane's  chief  doctrine  that,  so  far  from  the 
principles  of  naval  strategy   being  eternal, 

as  18  commonly   supposed,   reasons  exist    for 

doubting  whether  they  have  not  completely 
changed.     He  fails  to  prove  his  case.     The 

hing  of  all  time  put  into  maxims  by 
Napoleon  and  Clausewitz  continues  to  be 
applicable  to  naval  as  to  land  warfare, 
though  all  sensible  men  admit  the  existence 
of  difficulties  which  cannot  be  solved  by  rule. 
The  hook  has  at  Least  the  merit  that,  whether 
sound  or  not.  it  will  make  the  sailors  who 
may  read  it  apply  thought  to  certain  im- 
portant points.  To  "  think  clearly  "  is  as 
necessary  for  the  admirals  as  for  the  Secre- 
tary   of    State    for    War  :     unhappily,    it   is 

;•  said  than  done.  Mr.  Jane  is  inclined 
to  "  think  aloud/'  in  the  popular,  but 
inexact  sense  of  that  phrase.  He  presents 
us  with  the  whole  process,  and,  starting  by 
laying  down  a  paradoxical  position,  often 
ends  by  proving  the  opposite,  or  orthodox 
position.  On  commerce-destruction,  for 
example,  our  author  begins  his  chapter  by 
an  assertion  which  has  ceased  to  be  applic- 
able to  our  case.  He  says  that  the  defence 
of  commerce  is  so  difficult  a  question  "  that 
there  is  a  general  conspiracy  now  and  again 
to  shelve  it."  The  Admiralty  have  never 
shared  the  anxiety  upon  the  subject  of  the 
outside  public,  though  it  is  true  that  many 
admirals  have  recommended  a  plan  of  com- 
merce-defence which  is  not  suited  to  modern 
conditions.  The  inquiry  set  on  foot  by  the 
late  Government  was  not  necessary  for  the 
Admiralty  or  for  the  Defence  Committee  of 
the  Cabinet.  It  was  no  doubt  intended 
either  for  the  instruction  of  the  public,  or 
to  warn  possible  enemies  that  we  are  far 
1  ■--  vulnerable  than  is  commonly  supposed. 
Mr.  Jane  writes  as  though  the  matter  still 
stood  where  it  did  before  the  publication 
of  the  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Food 
Supply  in  War.  After  he  has  devoted 
twenty  pages  to  a,  statement  of  the  well- 
known  apparent  risk-.,  he  tells  us  that  it  is 
(  Ktremely  foolish  to  under-estimate  the 
national  danger  of  "commerce-attack." 
The  disposition  has  been  till  lately,  and  still 
is  with  all  but  the  w  ell  informed,  to  over- 
estimate the  danger.  Mr.  Jane  goes  on, 
however,  to  put  the  other  side  of  the  case 
so  well  as  to  produce  on  the  reader's  mind 
the  same  result  as  that  reached  more  directly 
by  Mr.  Thursliel.l  in  his  excellent  essay  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Brassey  in  the  new  number 
of  'The  Naval  Annual.'  Our  author  has 
been  a  little  damaged  by  the  total  failure 
in     the    recent     war    of    bis    friends    of    the 

Russian  Beet.  It  is  not  a  just  judgment, 
but  a  rough  popular  opinion,  with  which 
he  has  to  reckon.  This  makes  his  fre- 
quent comments  upon  the  strategy  and 
tactics  of  the  Russian  fleet  interesting  to 
naval  readers.     On  the  other  hand,  it  should 


have  led   him  to  avoid  such   parad< 
in-  attack  upon  "  perfection  "  on  p.  -').  and 
prophecj    that    "the   KusHian  navy  will 

probablj     exist     lore.'    alter    the     liiiti    h    and 

Japanese  fleets  nave  sunk  Into  relative  non- 
existence." 

There  are  a  good  many  secondary  points 

dealt     with    b\     Mr.    .lane    on    which    we 

disposed  to  linger.  Be  is  perhaps  inclined 
t.i  rediscover  as  though  they  were  new  some 

things  that    all  who  have  thoughl  upon  such 

questions  know,  but  incidental  remarks 
raise     interesting     point-,    of    controversy. 

Mr.   .lane  stems   in   some   passages   to  expect 

the  Commonwealth  to  get  up  on  her  own 

account,  but  spoils  his  examination  of  the 
subject    by  the  statement    that,   in  the  event 

of  separation,   Australia   will   be  swallowed 

by  Japan.  His  remarks  on  the  future  of 
the  Dominion  are  out  of  date,  and  n 
rather  the  beliefs  current  up  to  a  few  years 
ago  than  those  which  are  now  accepted. 
Mr.  -lane's  contribution  to  the  problem  of 
the  invasion  of  England  does  not  satisfy  us  ; 
and  we  again  find  paradox  in  his  declaration 
that  "the  question  is  essentially  a  military 
rather  than  a  naval  one."  Our  author  has 
some  valuable  reflections  upon  naval  base--, 
but  in  attacking  the  extreme  "  Blue  Water 
School  "  he  declares  that  "  the  Extremist 
School  is  not  worth  consideration  here." 
Does  he,  then,  exclude  Sir  John  Fisher  from 
his  *"  Extremist  School  "  ?  Sir  John  Fisher 
will  not  spend  naval  money  upon  bases. 
He  will  not  insist,  as  did  recent  Boards  of 
Admiralty,  that  the  War  Office  shall  spend 
any  large  proportion  of  Army  Votes  on 
naval  bases.  It  is  easy  to  wrangle  over  such 
points,  inasmuch  as  the  language  of  all  who 
take  part  in  the  discussion  is  unscientific. 
In  one  sense  some  naval  bases  are  obviously 
necessary,  but  in  the  opinion  of  the  present 
Board  of  Admiralty  these  are  few,  and  our 
enemies  have  little  power,  against  our  offen- 
sive strength,  of  interfering  with  them.  Mr. 
Jane  believes  that  "  hardly  an  impregnable 
base  exists ....  Actual  impregnability  is 
conferred  only  by  the  existence  of  a  fleet .... 
But  the  base  can  go  on  existing  for  a  con- 
siderable period  without  a  fleet."  We 
confess  that  we  do  not  understand  the  passage. 
Brest  is  a  good  example  of  a  home  naval  base, 
and  it  is,  for  all  practical  purposes,  impreg- 
nable. In  this  chapter  on  '  Base-Power  '  Mr. 
Jane  developes  his  viewr  that  the  Japanese 
should  have  attacked  Port  Arthur  from  the 
sea,  by  means  of  heavily  armed  armoured 
floating  batteries. 

Among  matters  in  which  we  do  not  agree 
with  our  author  are  several  which  figure  in  a 
chapter  upon  '  International  Law.'  He  here 
states  incidentally,  of  the  events  at  Che- 
mulpo, that  the  neutral  captains  "  signed 
(so  it  is  said)  a  protest  "  against  the  Japanese 
threat  to  attack  the  Yariag  in  port.  We  are 
under  the  impression  that  the  facts  are 
officially  known.  They  have  been  the  subject 
of  public  discussion  by  distinguished  naval 
officers  and  by  international  lawyers  of  high 
standing.  Mr.  Jane  writes  as  though  the 
neutral  captains  were  agreed,  but  as  a  fact 

one  of  them  publicly  dissented  from  the  course 
pursued  by  the  majority,  and  his  conduct  in 
so  doing  was  approved  by  his  own  Govern- 
ment. It  is,  we  believe/ the  case  that  the 
British  officer  to  whose  action  objection  has 
been  taken  by  two  of  otir  principal  writers 
on  international  law  was  told  by  our  Govern- 
ment that  he  was  wrong. 

The  Statesman's  Year-Book  for  1000  is 
edited,    as    usual,    by    Dr.    Scott     Keltic    and 

Mr.  Renwick,  and  published  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  The  present  issue  con- 
tains large  additions,  and  is.  on  the  whole, 
unproved.  Table  [.,  'The  British  Empire,' 
has  on   p.  xxxiv  a  very   bad   mistake.     The 


I    revenue    for    I  ndia    ha*  in 
printed    .•  •    the    Bg  in 

.  th.-   total    population  of  | 
h    Empire   is   given   at    only    hall 

proper    |  :    t|,js    , 

•  in  p.  txxii  the  population  of  Brit 
India  i^  correct,  but    • 
i-   omitted.     The    total    population   <»f   I 
Empire  appears  correctly  on  a  later  p.- 
at  the  heart  of  '  Additions  and  Correctioi 
but  there  is  no  specific  reference  to  the  un- 
fortunate mistake  in  the  fuller  table  aid 
summary. 

\\  ••   pi  oceed   to   make  a   fi 

the  utility  of  the  pubucat 
The  account  \\  est  Indian  islai 

allude  to  the  improvement  in  the  cultiva- 
tion  of  Jamaica  was  thought 
one  time  to  be  likely  to  produce  good  cige 

but    we  h'-ar  in   this  volume  no  mote  ol    the 

riment.     Navertheli  should  ha 

thought  that  the  West  Indies  might  appear 
in  the  tobacco  table  of  the  British  Empire. 

Jo  our  notice  of  the  issue  of  1  :>« > 4  we  called 
attention   at   some   length   to   the   weakness 
in  the  figures  for  the  French  debt,  which  as 
regards  earlier  and  later  years,  and  incr 
of  debt,  do  not  compare  like  with  like.      \\  . 
admit  the  difficulty  of  the  subject,  but  i 
that  the  tables  have  not  been  altered.      Wo 
also  suggest  again  that   it  is  useful  to  find 
in   'The    51  nan's   Year-Book'    the   f< 

necessary  facts  about  the  abnormal  portions 
of  the   British   Empire.     In    1904   we  com- 
plained of  the  absence  of  sufficient  account 
of  the  Channel   Islands  and  of  the  Isle  of 
Man.      We     continue     to     think     that     tlx 
account  of  their  financial  systems  should  be 
made   more   clear.     In   the   list   of   coui  • 
having   County   Council   administration 
note  also  that  the  peculiarity  of  the  statut 
County    Council    of    the    Scilly    Islands,    as- 
distinct  from  the  County  Council  of  Cornwall, 
is  not  named.     Under  Fiji  we  find  a  continu- 
ance of  the  old  account  of  the  government 
and   constitution,    the    change  of    1904  not 
having  been  recorded. 

The  value  of  such  a  work  as  '  The  States- 
man's Year-Book  '  depends  in  part  upon 
the  Index,  and  we  are  inclined  to  suggest 
that  this  feature  would  be  worth  expanding 
even  though  a  condensation  of  many  portions 
of  the  volume  was  involved  thereby.  Those- 
who  consult  this  book  of  reference  often  do 
so  with  regard  less  to  a  special  country  than 
to  a  special  question.  'The  Statesman's 
Year-Book'  and  its  Index  rest  entirely 
upon  a  geographical  and  governmental  baM». 
and  the  whole  of  the  treatment  of  subjects 
is  fragmentary  and  far  from  uniform.  There 
i--.  for  example,  a  good  account  of  Zanzibar 
as  it  is  and  was.  but  nothing  to  show  that 
though  the  inland  is  under  the  Foreign  Office, 
the  coast  strip — formerly  under  the  Foreign 
Office— is  new  under  the  Colonial  Office. 
Those  who  desire  to  deal  with  the  legaf 
status  of  slavery  are  not  helped  by  the 
Index,  and  are  confused  by  the  geographical 
treatment.  At  the  present  moment  many 
turn  to  the  volume  for  information  upon 
primary  education.  There  is  no  attempt 
to  index  the  more  important  references  to 
the    subject.      It     is    necessary    to    look    out 

separately  in  the  Index  each  of  the  countries 

or  colonies  or  states  likely  to  yield  facts  for  t  ht 
inquiry.     The  States  of  the  American  I'nion 
are  separately  treated  this  year  for  the  Brsl 

tune,  and  there  is  an  account  of  the  system 
of  education  in  each  of  them  :    but   there  l- 
nothing  to  show,  on  the  one  hand,  that  the 
ull-but   uni\  ersal  American  system  i-  secular. 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  there  are  BOm< 
exceptions  as  regards   Bible  reading  and  as 
regards  State  endowment  of  Roman  Catholic 
institutions.      We    are    well    aware    that    thl 
preparation  of  such  an  index  as  we  sue._ 
would   be  a  considerable  task.      But   as  ad- 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


699 


mirers  of  '  The  Statesman's  Year-Book  '  we 
urge  our  proposal  that  it  should  be  under- 
taken, and  feel  certain  that  the  result  of  the 
examination  of  the  volume  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  such  an  index  would  be  condensation 
in  the  contents.  On  education,  for  example, 
an  enormous  amount  of  unnecessary  infor- 
mation, which  no  one  would  ever  look  for, 
is  supplied,  while  essential  points  are  fre- 
quently omitted.  The  attempt  to  deal  with 
the  States  of  the  American  Union  is  admit- 
tedly tentative  and  subject  to  improvement. 
The  style  of  some  of  the  accounts  should  be 
revised.  We  find,  for  example,  in  that  of 
Illinois  the  sentence,  "  The  largest  city  in 
the  State,  and  next  the  largest  in  the  United 
States,  is  Chicago."  We  presume  that  the 
meaning  is  that  New  York  City  alone  is  more 
populous  than  Chicago,  but  there  is  no  refer- 
ence to  the  city  of  New  York. 

We  have  found  some  fault  with  a  previous 
book  on  Russia  by  Mr.  Luigi  Villari,  but  are 
able  to  praise  Fire  and  Sword  in  the  Caucasus 
(Fisher  Unwin).     The  story  which  he  tells 
has  a  do\ible  interest.     A  large  part  of  the 
revolutionary  situation  described  may  stand 
for     the     anarchy     prevailing     throughout 
Russia.     Another  portion  shows  the  special 
difficulties    of    governing   outlying   portions 
of  the  empire,  where  animosities  of  race  and 
ereed  complicate  the  already  difficult  problem. 
The  Caucasus  is  a  second,   and,  except  for 
its    distance   from   the    territories    of    other 
Powers,   a  worse   Poland.     The  Armenians, 
Hke  the  Finns,  had  suffered  during  the  present 
reign  by  measures  of  "  Russification.''     The 
revenues  of  the  Armenian  Church  had  been 
taken  by  the  State,  and  replaced  by  salaries. 
At  all  times,  the  cultivation  and  the  ability 
■of  the  Armenians  make  them  hateful  to  the 
Moslem  population  among  whom  they  live 
in    the    country  between   the   chain   of   the 
Caucasus    and    the     Persian    and     Turkish 
frontiers.     The   destruction   of   the  prestige 
of  the  empire  in  the  Japanese  war  brought 
about    a    paralysis    of    administration,    and 
anarchy,     accompanied    by    murder    on    a 
gigantic  scale,  was  the  result.     Our  author 
knows    Bulgaria   and   Macedonia,    and    was 
present    during   the   fighting    of    1903.     He 
■draws    an    interesting    comparison    between 
chaos    in   the    Balkans    under   Turkey    and 
ehaos  in  the  Caucasus  under  Russia.     It  is 
not  more  easy  to  see  what  form  of  pacifica- 
tion is  possible  in  the  latter  than  it  is  in  the 
former  case.     The  author  seems  to  have  been 
•originally  impartial,  and  has  come  to  take  a 
pro-Armenian  view.     Those  who  remember 
the  visit  to  this  country  of  the  Katholikos, 
already  frail  when  he  came  hither  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago,  will  read  with  sympathetic 
interest     the     author's     description     of     the 
dignity  with   which   the   head  priest   of   the 
Gregorians  bears  the  sufferings  of  his  Church 
and  people.     Under  the  stress   of  a  forced 
acquiescence  in  the  triumph  of  revolutionary 
ideas,   the   Emperor   dismissed    the   Viceroy 
who  had  raised  the  Tartars  against  the  non- 
""  Orthodox  "  Christians  of  the  older  Church  : 
restored  their    revenues,   much   dilapidated, 
to  the  Armenians;    and  appointed  to  the 
post,  of  Governor-Genera]  of  the  Caucasus 
a  weak   aristocrat,   well   known  in   London, 
whose  estates  in  another  part  of  Russia  arc 
i-  ing  plundered  as  we  write.     The  Georgians 
have    set    up  claims  on   their  own  a-count. 
A    smaller    tribe    has    declared    its    complete 
independence  under  a  republican   form   of 
government,  blest,  for  the  moment,  by  the 
authorities.      The     Russian     Court    of    Tifiis 
extends  a  beneficent    patronage  to  all   the 
creeds  and   races.      The   Social    Democrats 
parade  the  streets  of  every  town,  under  the 
red    flag,    and    scoff    at    viceroy,    Emperor, 
Churches,  and  racial  aspirations.    The  Arme- 
nians   and     Tartars    massacre   one   another 


from  time  to  time  ;  and  magistrates  and 
police  officers  are  almost  daily  blown  to  bits 
by  bombs.  The  Cossacks  occasionally  fall 
upon  a  procession,  and  do  a  certain  amount 
of  murdering  and  robbery  on  their  own 
account,  but  receiving,  for  the  most  part, 
contradictory  orders,  usually  look  on  smiling 
at  all  that  happens.  It  is  difficult  to  see 
how  either  the  Duma  or,  more  probably, 
the  Reaction,  is  to  restore  order.  The 
Government  at  St.  Petersburg  will  hardly 
now  be  able  to  raise  the  Orthodox  peasantry 
throughout  the  empire  in  favour  of  auto- 
cracy against  the  Liberals  and  the  Social 
Democrats.  It  can  only  do  so  by  adopting 
the  land  confiscation  schemes  of  the  most 
extreme  section  of  the  Duma.  In  the 
Caucasus  the  autocracy  can,  and  probably 
will  again,  make  use  of  the  Tartars  to  crush 
the  Armenians  and  the  Social  Democrats  ; 
but  the  Tartars  cannot  put  down  Georgia, 
and  the  mountaineers  will  have  to  be  con- 
quered, if  at  all,  in  warfare  by  regular 
troops.  In  the  meantime  the  whole  popula- 
tion is  armed  with  excellent  rifles,  and  all 
creeds  and  classes  drill  continually  in  local 
militia  and  town  guards,  who  keep  them- 
selves in  exercise  by  fighting  one  another. 
The  best  assistant  of  the  Viceroy  is  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Crim-Tartars,  who  rejoices 
in  a  magnificent  Eastern  name  and  title, 
but  has  the  religion  of  his  English  mother. 
Prince  Louis  Napoleon  does  not  bear  a  high 
reputation  in  Paris,  either  for  tact  or  for 
ability  ;  but,  although  he  refused  to  receive 
the  author,  Mr.  Villari  thinks  him  the  one 
shining  exception  among  Russian  adminis- 
trators in  the  Caucasus.  The  general  was 
commanding  troops,  but  was  sent,  as 
Governor-General  of  a  province  under 
martial  law,  to  the  Turkish  frontier,  and 
seems  to  have  displayed  energy  in  his  sup- 
pression of  risings  by  both  sides,  and  to 
have  won  by  impartiality  a  local  popularity 
which  caused  him  to  be  dismissed  from  his 
temporary  employment.  It  is  known  that 
Prince  Louis  Napoleon  has  shown  his  opinion 
of  the  manner  in  which  he  was  treated  by 
attempting  in  the  last  few  months  to  obtain 
high  military  employment  in  Italy. 

Mr.  Villari  tells  his  story  well  ;  he  has  a 
picturesque  contrast  to  the  tales  of  fire  and 
sword  in  an  American  of  distinction  sent  by 
the  LTnited  States  Board  of  Agriculture  to 
make  researches  into  bee-keeping.  In  the 
height  of  the  disturbances  this  man  of  science 
was  only  looking  for  a  unique  description  of 
grey  bee,  and.  after  finding  it,  he  started, 
though  in  delicate  health,  to  travel  on  horse- 
back across  Persia  and  the  desert  to  India. 
in  order  to  prosecute  his  inquiries.  The  last 
trials  of  our  author  were  caused  by  the 
railway  strike:  attempting  to  go  northwards 
into  Little  and  Great  Russia,  he  was  stopped 
in  the  mountains  at  a  station  from  which  a 
train  started  every  morning,  trying  to  "  get 
through  "  ;  but  "  every  evening  it  returned 
like  the  dove  to  the  Ark." 

In  his  present  volume  our  author  makes 
few  mistakes.  We  object  to  the  translation 
of  bashKk  by  "  hood-turban,"  for  it  is  a  hood. 
The  other  common  head-dress  of  the  Caucasus 
is  elsewhere  photographed,  and  described 
by  its  right  name.  The  style  is  pleasant, 
and    generally   good,    though    we   dislike    the 

description  of  an  inn  as  "  quite  elemental." 

Mksshs.  Thacker  &  Co.  publish,  in  its 
eleventh      year.      The      Naval      Pocket  Hook, 

which  Mr.  Geoffrey  Clowes  edits  in  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  his  father.  Sir  William 
Clowes.     We  have  checked  at  several  points 

the  information  given,  and  found  it  accurate. 
although  the  tables  of  guns  are  not  so  clear 
as  they  would  be  if  confined  to  the  more 
modern  and  important  "  marks." 


Messrs.    Dent    &   Co.    publish    Canada  : 
the  New  Nation,  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Whates,  of 
which   the   first   half   consists   of   letters   to 
The  Standard  on  emigration,  and  the  second 
of   interesting   general   remarks   on   Canada 
which    we    commend    to    our   readers.     Mr. 
Whates   is   a   little   wild   in   his   emigration 
scheme,   and   appears  in  some   passages  to 
upset  himself.     He  suggests  in   his  preface 
that    British    statesmen    have   been    merely 
careless  in  not  carrying  out  such  a  scheme 
as  that  which  Sir  George  Grey,  backed  by 
Mr.  Torrens  and  Lord  George  Hamilton,  put 
before  the  country  in  1870  and  1871.     The 
fact  is  that  no  party  in  the  State  could  make 
proposals    for    State    emigration,    which    is 
hopelessly  unpopidar  with  almost  the  entire 
electorate.     The   scheme   was   never   better 
presented  than  by  Sir  George  Grey,  and  where 
his  eloquence  failed  all  subsequent  proposers 
of  such  projects  have  failed  more  conspicu- 
ously.    It   is   difficult   to   discover   whether 
Mr.   Whates  proposes  State  emigration  for 
our  benefit,  or  for  that  of  Canada,  or  of  the 
Empire  as  a  whole  ;    and  as  he  suggests  on 
the  next  page  that  Canada  is  destined  to 
become  an  independent  nation,  the  connexion 
with  this  country  being   "  very  fragile,"   it 
is  clear  that  he  does  not  expect  that  the 
British  taxpayer  would  be  likely  "  to  see  his 
money    back."     On    the    other    hand,    Mr. 
Whates  points  out  in  his  emigration  chapters 
that  the  Canadian  prefers  the  Irishman  or 
the    alien    to    the    Englishman.      Over    and 
over   again   it     is   shown   that     the    young 
Englishman   grumbles,   while   the   Scot,   the 
Irishman,   the   Swede,    and   the   Norwegian 
take  their  places  more  easily  in  the  Canadian 
system.     It  can  hardly  be  for  the  benefit  of 
the  person  sent  out  that  Mr.   Whates  pro- 
poses his  scheme,  for  in  many  other  passages 
he  shows  that  our  emigrant  will  have  to  face 
the  competition  of  those  who  are  more  fitted 
for  the  life  of  the  Far  North-West  than  he  is. 
There  are  several  passages  that  suggest  that 
the  emigrant  must  go  alone,  and  even  then 
will  find  the  life  extraordinarily  hard,   and 
be  not  unlikely  to  starve  in  circumstances 
which  will  make  him  regret  his  English  home, 
however  bad.     While  the  emigration  chapters 
are  not  helpful  to  any  particular  view,  we 
have  formed  the  opposite  opinion  of  those 
which    follow  that   calling  for  an  '  Imperial 
Emigration  Policy.' 

The  second  part  of  the  book  is  headed 
'  An  Analysis  of  Canadian  Thought,'  and 
it  is  interesting  to  compare  it  with  the  volume 
by  M.  Andre  Siegfried  reviewed  by  \is  on 
April  14th.  The  first  chapter  is  on  the 
republican  tendency  in  Canada.  Mr.  Whates 
repeats  in  it  the  statement  of  his  preface 
that  Canada  is  rapidly  moving  towards  her 
future  existence  as  a  self-dependent  nation, 
"away  fromClreat  Britain,  though  not  neces- 
sarily towards.  ..  .the  United  States."  In 
the  chapter  on  the  republican  tendency  the 
words  are  "  absolute  independence."  Our 
author  discusses  the  insistence  of  Canadian 
opinion  on  the  right  of  the  Do  oinion  to  the 
treaty-making  power  :  and  he  has  some 
interesting  passages  on  the  total  inconsistency 
of  (lie  Canadian  ideal  with  the  fiscal  policy 
of  .Mr.  Chamberlain,  a  stales  nan  for  whom 
in  all  respects  he  has.  however,  a  marked 
admiration.  Facts  have  dispelled  for  our 
author  "  the  dream  of  a  federal  imperial 
Parliament  in  London.'"  aid  have  shown 
him  thai  Canada  insists  on  being  able  to 
make  commercial  treaties  with  any  Power 
in  the  world  on  the  same  free  footing  a<  that 
in  which  she  Stands  Inwards  the  mother 
country.  He  rightly  adds  that  his  revelation 
on  this  subject  will  be  a  shock  to  his  friends 
in   London,   who.   as  he  s\\s.   an    told  e . cry 

morning  in  their  favouri  e  newspapers  that. 
Canada  is  pining  for  the  adoption  by  us  of 

a  preferential  system.     Some  of  the  oiher 


'(Ill 


'I'll  E    a tii  EN  ,i:i:  M 


N    U02,  Jim.  9,  L906 


HI.         Ill it-    I  -       till.'  ■■lit-       III       | 

t ii  uilar  "ii   '  Some  'I'rini.  i ii    Religion.' 

I       i  liuroh  m  Canada  is,  in  il"'  opinion  ol 
our  author,  likelj  to  tako  the  exactlj  oppo 
line  to  I  hal  ol  her  de\  elopmcnl  and. 

i'li.  Ideal  "i  a  uiiit><l  Proteatanl  Church  of 
Cam  t"    have    captivated     the 

imagination  <>t  1 1 um \  <>i'  her  leaders.  The 
power  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in 
('lunula  is  perhaps  one  reason  why  the 
I  ibyterian,  Methodist,  and  Congregational 
Churches  of  Canada  are  considering  with 
mam  Churchmen  the  idea  <>t  a  Proteatanl 
unit]  in  which  the  Anglican  Church  would 
take  i  h<-  foremost  posit  ion. 

From  the  title,  .1  Deathless  Story,  which 
Messrs.  \.  C.  Addison  and  W  .  II.  .Matthews 
have  given  to  their  "  only  full  and  authentic 
account     of. ...the    most     glorious    ocean 

tragedy    in   history"'    (Hutchinson   &   Co.),  it 

ia  i  videnl  from  the  first  that  the  treatment 
i-  to  be  enthusiastic  ;   and  it  is  so.     It  is,  of 

coin-.',  a  matter  of  general  belief  that   there 

never  was  such  an  instance  of  disciplined 
heroism  as  was  shown  in  the  wreck  of  the 
Birkenhead  a  belief  that  is  wholesome 
enough,  though  historically  inaccurate.  Hut 
the  joint  aul hora  of  this  hook  have  no  doubts, 

and    have    elaborated    the   received    opinion. 

They  have  carefully  investigated  all  the 
details  of  the  disaster,  and  have  brought 
together  the  results  of  their  inquiries  in 
what  must  be  regarded  as  a  final  report.  It 
might,  indeed,  be  objected  that  the  enthu- 
siasm of  the  authors  is  excessive  and  their 
story  told  at  needless  length.  Not  only  have 
they  described  the  part  played  by  each 
survivor  on  that  memorable  26th  of  Feb- 
ruary, but  they  have  also  added  an  account 
of  the  subsequent  career  of  as  many  of  them 
as  they  have  been  able  to  trace.  It  may  be 
that  in  this  they  have  done  wisely,  for  they 
have  shown  that  these  men — whose  bodies 
are  buried  in  peace,  but  whose  names  live 
for  evermore — wore  no  demigods  of  fable, 
but  mortals  of  ordinary  flesh  and  blood, 
"  brothers  of  me  and  you."  And  by  empha- 
sizing this  point,  as  well  as  by  dissipating 
the  Legends  which  have  already  grown  up 
round  the  event,  they  add  to  the  value  of 
the  example  and  the  moral  which  are  to  be 
drawn  from  the  story. 

There  are  many  illustrations — portraits, 
relevant  and  irrelevant,  of  men  and  of  ships. 
In  what  is  intended  to  be  a  permanent 
record  more  care  might  have  been  taken 
with  these,  some  few  of  which  seem  exceed- 
ingly questionable  :  for  instance,  a  naval 
surgeon  is  shown  wearing  a  military  uniform  ; 
and  why  should  the  "  master  commanding," 
whose  portrait  shows  him  in  what  is  probably 
intended  for  a  master's  uniform,  be  con- 
stantly referred  to  as  "  Captain  "  Salmond  ? 

A  Book  of  Memory.  Compiled  by  Katha- 
rine Tynan.  (Hodder  &  Stoughton.) — 
Mrs.  Hinkson  has  had  the  original  idea  of 
compiling  what  she  calls  "The  Birthday 
Book  of  the  Blessed  Dead,'  arranged  upon 
exactly  the  same  lines  as  t  hose  of  an  ordinary 
birthday  book,  with  a  view'  to  keeping  a 
record  of  the  anniversaries  of  the  deaths  of 

friends.  Bach  day  has  its  own  text,  followed 
by  B  few  lines  in  verse  or  prose.  The  selec- 
tions are  well  chosen,  and  they  all  naturally 
treat  of  the  subjects  of  death  and  eternity. 
The  book  lias  been  a  labour  of  love,  much 
of  it  compiled  in  memory  of  a  dear  friend, 
and  there  are  many  for  whom  the  idea  will 
have  a  distinct  charm,  and  to  whom  it  will 
bring  some  measure  of  consolation. 

Early  Lives  of  <  'harlemagru  .  By  Eginhard 
and  the  Monk  of  St.  Call'.  Edited  by  A.  .!. 
Grant.  (De  La  More  Press.)-  Prof.  Grant 
has  succeeded  in  preserving  something  of  the 
quality  of  Einhard  (we  prefer  this  form  of 
the  name)  in  his  translation,  "intellectually 


1 1  ong,  bul  i  The  Monk  of  St 

I ■  l < . •  ■     ii    better  with  hi     sturdy  prejudice 

and   good      toHl     .   -iirli  OS   that    ol     OlCI  dOCOD 

"who    i  •    ii'il    the   course   of    da!  on 

sha\  inu;  and  cleaning  his  nails,  sVc,  and   was 

killed  by  a  spider,     lb   in  full  of  pithy  com 
mon    •!    ■     !•!■  I.      ide  with  credulous  super- 
tit  ion     a    very    good    mixture    from    the 
reader's  point  of  view.     The  book  maki     ■* 
noteworthy  addition  to  the  "  King's  Classii 


blsT  OF   NEW   BOOKS. 

K  N  QLIS  II. 
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Fotheringhaai  <i>.  it . >,  The  Chronology  of  the  OW  Ti 

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Letter*  and  Reflections  of  Fenelon,  edited  bj  B.  W.  Ran- 
dolph, i   net, 

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Eighth  Sunday  after  Trinity,  1/ 

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tect oral  History,  18  8  net 

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Stevens  (A.),  A  Painter's  Philosophy,  2/6  net. 
Poetry  and  the  Drama. 

Halford  (J.  G.),  A  Throne  of  Sorrow,  1547-53,  2/ 

Routledge's  Muses'  Library  :  Poems  and  Dramas  of  Matthew 
Arnold,  2  vols.,  1/  net  each. 

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Hughes. Hughes  (A.),  Catalogue  of  Manuscript  Music  in  the 

British  Museum  :  Vol.  I.  Sacred  Vocal  Music,  21/ 
Shaw  (G.  B.),  The  Perfect  Wagnerite,  3/6  net. 

Bibliography. 
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Political  Economy. 
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Gambling  in  Options  and  Futures :  the  Economic  Ruin 

to  the  World,  5/  net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Breasted  (J.    IL),    Ancient    Records   of    Egypt:    Vol.    III. 

Nineteenth  Dynasty,  4  vols.,  lidols. 
Davenport  (F.  CI,  The  Economic  Development  of  a  Norfolk 

Manor,  10/ net. 
Evelyn  (J.),  Diary,  edited  by  W.  Bray,  with  Life  by  II.    B. 

Wheatley,  Vol.  III.,  4  vols.,  \i  net. 
Hume  (Martin),  Modem  Spain,  with  a  new  Preface,  5/ 
.lane  (F.  T.),  Heresies  of  Sea  Power,  12/6  net. 
Journals  of  the  Continental   Congress,  1774-89:    Vol.   V., 

1776. 
Leach  (A.  F.),  History  of  Warwick  School,  10    net. 
Nevinson  (H.  W.),  The  Dawn  in  Russia;  or,  Scenes  in  the 

Russian  Revolution,  7/6  net. 
Okey  (T.),  The  Story  of  Paris,  I  6  net. 
Plutarch's    Lives.     Translated  liv  A.  Stewart  and  G.  Long. 

Vols.  IL,  III.,  and  IV.,  2   net  each. 
Prescott's  Works,  Vols.  X vil. -XXII. ,  Montezuma  Edition, 

11  vols.  275/  net. 
I'rin  Uon  Hr.t:  rr  ill   \    ■     liiian      \  lin.f  Ninitiv-.'  of  the 

Ravages   of    the    British    and    Hessians    at   Princeton, 

edited  by  v.  L.  Collins,  1  dol. 
Speight  (II.)',  Niddcrdale  from  Nun  Monkton  to  Whernside, 

8  6  net. 

Geography  and  Trarel. 
Battersbj  (ii.  F.  P.),  india  under  Royal  Byes,  12/6 net. 
Black's  Guide  to  Scotland,  West  and'  South-West,  2  8 

Ne\  ills. hi  (II.  W'.l,  A  .Modern  Slavery,  6/ 

Redmond  (\v.).  Through  the  New  Commonwealth,  :i  6 
Beavers  (T.  a.)  and   Briden  (XV.  S.),  The  Log  of  ILM.s. 

scvll.i,  190  i  8,  i  net 
Tucker  (W.    11.1,   The    Log   of    ll.M.S.    Hvacinth,    1908-6, 

I    net. 

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Motorist's  Daily  Record  of  Runs,  2   net. 

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Babies,    with    Introduction    and    Notes   liv   .1.    Horace- 

Smith  and  M.  L.  Milfonl,  2/6 


i  l.l.r 

i  I 

i     .     w  .  • 
l 

LH  l. 

■' -Ih-i   .    \  .,|     II       N 

"i  Midwirea  and  M  ■•• 
II 
i         '    . 
i  >'■     0  I    '.  i.  (  Inn.  ,1  );...  teriolot  II 

loi  Prtu-tilionei 
Gardening  Mitdi    I  .  i  bj  I.    I    <  •  ••>    : 

i  -uffoik  from  Cnder- 

groiind  Si.iiii  ,--. 

1 1 ni ••- 1  i.i    B  I,  '  unmiuipl  ion  i 

civ  (ligation,  21    net 
Leathea(J.  B.),  Problem*  in  Animal  Metabolise 

If  (IL),   The    Ri--  and    I'n.-r.---   of   Hydropathy   in 

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Transvaal  Agricultural  Journal,  April. 
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Thureau-Daiunn (P.), La  Renaissance Catholiqne:  Part  III. 

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Orient,  Om.  ■'". 

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History  and  Biography. 

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die  Anfange  des  Kaisers  Matthias,  iMn.  20. 
Guiraud  (J.\  Questions  d'Histoire  et  d'Anheologie  chre- 

tienne,  Sfl 

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1786  1862,  rfv.  .'•!'. 

Education, 

sigwalt   (('.),  De  I'Enseignement    des    Langues   vrvantee, 

3fr.  sa 

nee. 
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Part  I.  14m. 

Philology. 
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N°  4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


01 


General  Literature. 
Antt:e,  Juin,  Ofr.  50. 
Formont  (M.)>  Le  .Sacrifice,  3fr.  50. 
Reval  (G.),  Le  Ruban  ile  Venus,  3fr.  50. 

*«*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


GILES    FLETCHER'S    VERSION    OF 
JEREMIAH. 

The  Syndics  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Press  have  in  preparation  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Giles  and  Phineas  Fletcher  as  part 
of  their  "  Cambridge  English  Classics." 
They  would  like  to  have  included  therein 
the  version  of  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah 
from  the  MS.  formerly  in  the  library  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  mentioned  in 
the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  ' 
under  the  title  of  "  iEgidii  Fletcheri  versio 
Poetica  Lamentationum  Jeremise.  Pre- 
sented to  the  College  2  Feb.,  1654-5,  by 
S(amuel)  Th(oms),  Soc,"  and  entered  in  one 
of  the  oldest  catalogues  at  King's  as  "Lamen- 
tationes  Jeremiad  per  metaphrasin.  Authore 
^Egidio  Fletcher."  Unfortunately,  the  MS. 
cannot  be  found  in  the  library,  and  it  pro- 
bably disappeared  a  long  time  ago,  as  it  is 
not  mentioned  in  a  catalogue  made  some 
fifty  or  sixty  years  since  ;  nor  in  one  made 
about  twenty-five  years  ago  ;  nor  in  the 
one  made  by  the  present  Provost.  If  any  of 
the  readers  of  The  Athenceum  can  throw  any 
light  upon  the  matter,  or  offer  any  hint  that 
might  lead  to  the  MS.  being  traced  to  its 
present  home,  the  Syndics  would  be  grateful. 

Communications  may  be  addressed  to 
F.  S.  Boas,  Esq.,  Cranford,  Bickley,  Kent, 
the  editor  of  the  new  edition  referred  to 
above,  or  to  me  at  the  University  Press, 
Cambridge.  A.  R.  Waller. 


THE    ROYAL    HISTORICAL    SOCIETY. 

STATE     TRIALS     OF     THE     REIGN     OF 
EDWARD    I. 

The  new  volume  of  the  Society's 
"Camden  Series"  is  concerned  with  a 
mediaeval  subject  of  considerable  interest 
and  importance.  The  graphic  and  romantic, 
story  of  the  trial  and  conviction  of  many  of 
the  royal  ministers  and  judges  for  various 
enormities  committed  during  the  king's 
long  absence  from  England  previous  to 
August,  1289,  has  been  duly  related  by  con- 
temporary chroniclers,  with  numerous  embel- 
lishments suggested  by  obvious  motives. 
In  our  own  time  the  episode,  like  others  of 
the  same  kind — such  as  the  famous  "  Inquest 
ot  Sheriffs  "  in  1170,  or  the  inquisitions  "  De 
Miniatris  "  between  1275  and  1279 — has 
received  considerable  notice  from  constitu- 
tional historians  and  legal  biographers.  For 
the  first  time,  however,  these  proceedings 
have  been  elucidated  from  contemporary 
records  i.i  the  laborious  compilation  pre- 
pared by  Prof.  Tout,  assisted  by  his  pupil 
Miss  Hilda  Johnstone,  a  research-fellow  of 
the  University  of  Manchester.  In  the  present 
edition  we  have  the  results  of  their  joint 
investigation  of  the  two  bulky  Assize  Rolls, 
ntly   discovered   at   the  Record   Office, 

which  i  (port  the  proceedings  Of  a  Commission 

of    Enquiry   held  at  the  Tower  of   London 
b<  bween  the  years  1289  and  1293. 

We  need  scarcely  regret  that  space  did 
M"t  permit  of  the  publication  of  a  complete 
text  of  these  very  technical  and  somewhat 

mon<  fcoi -  proceedings.     The  editors  have 

■  i  ujiily  solved  t  he  problem  of  t  heir 
reproduction  by  printing  a  limited  numbei 
of  selected  csises,  together  with  :ui  elaborate 
analysis,  in  tabular  farm,  of  the  remaining 

•       i  >n  these  rolls.      This  method  <>t  pre- 


senting the  contents  of  the  records  is  pro- 
bably sufficient  for  all  practical  purposes. 
It  is  at  least  more  helpful  to  historical 
students  than  a  perfunctory  calendar,  since 
the  excerpts  and  precis  are  supplemented 
by  an  exhaustive  Introduction,  in  which 
the  constitution  of  the  court  and  the  com- 
position of  its  records  are  minutely  described, 
and  the  historical  literature  relating  to  the 
subject  is  ably  reviewed. 

The  many  difficulties  presented  by  a 
mutilated  and  disjointed  text  and  an  almost 
total  failure  of  subsidiary  documents  have 
been,  on  the  whole,  successfully  overcome 
by  the  editors,  even  though  they  have  in- 
evitably failed  to  reconstruct  the  whole 
procedure  indicated  by  the  surviving  records. 
The  strenuous  character  of  these  researches 
may  easily  excuse  a  certain  indifference  to 
minor  points  of  editorial  treatment  which 
may  be  noticed  in  respect  of  proper  names 
and  references.  If  Isabella  de  Fortibus 
must  be  gallicized,  the  form  should  be  "  des 
Forz  "  and  not  "  de  Fors  "  ;  whilst  such 
abbreviations  as  "  Warwicks,"  "  Gloucests," 
"  Derby s,"  though  warranted  by  analogy, 
require  some  apology.  Again,  a  short  glos- 
sary of  technical  words  might  have  been 
prefixed  to  the  index  with  advantage.  Even 
an  accomplished  mediaeval  Latinist  might 
be  excused  for  ignorance  of  the  meaning  of 
"  scorvettus,"  or  might  fail  to  be  further 
enlightened  by  the  equivalent  "  escroe." 

Such  points  as  these  are,  however, 
largely  matters  of  taste,  and  scarcely  detract 
from  the  real  value  of  this  edition.  In  this 
Prof.  Tout  is  not  only  to  be  congratulated  on 
his  own  successful  share.  To  judge  from 
that  attributed  to  his  assistant,  he  can  claim 
to  have  equipped  a  mediaeval  student  of 
remarkable  promise,  and  one  of  whose  per- 
formance the  History  School  of  the  new 
University  of  Manchester  may  well  be  proud. 


'THE  OPEN  ROAD.' 

I  have  just  read  Mr.  Lucas's  letter  to  you 
in  which  he  complains  that  the  house  of 
E.  Grant  Richards,  of  which  I  am  manager, 
has  published  an  anthology,  Mr.  W.  G. 
Waters's  '  Traveller's  Joy,'  in  a  form  similar 
to  that  in  which  Mr.  Lucas's  own  book, 
'  The  Open  Road,'  was  first  issued.  Mr. 
Lucas  makes  out  a  case,  but  it  is  based  on 
misapprehension,  or  on  ignorance  of  all  the 
facts.  And  as  his  book  has  been  appearing 
now  for  many  months  in  a  dress  entirely 
different  from  that  which  I  gave  it,  I  cannot 
appreciate  the  ground  of  his  grievance.  Here 
are  the  facts  : — 

1.  The  original  cover  of  '  The  Open  Koad,' 
the  form  in  which  it  was  printed,  and  so  on, 
were  no  part  of  Mr.  Lucas's  scheme.  I  alone 
was  responsible  for  them.  Moreover,  at 
least  one  other  book  was  published  by  me  in 
exactly  the  same  form.  The  artist  who 
designed  the  end-papers  had  been  previously 
employed  by  me  for  similar  work  on  another 
anthology  ;  it  was  therefore  natural  that, 
knowing  his  familiarity  with  a  publisher's 
requirements,  we  should  turn  to  him  for 
the  end-papers  of  'Traveller's  Joy,'  which, 
however,  are  in  colour,  and  very  different 
from  the  end-papers  he  did  for  me  in  the 
previous  case. 

2.  '  The  Open  Road'  has  been  imitated 
several  times  by  other  publishers,  both  as 
to  form  and  contents.      For  instance,  during 

last    year    Messrs    Routledge   produced    an 
anthology,  "The  Voice  of  the  Mountain 

book    which    is,    Save    for    the    addition    of    ■! 

pictorial  design  on  the  side  cover,  an  almost 
exact  imitation  of  the  original  form  of  'The 
Open  Koad  '     as  to  size,  arrangement,  t\  pe, 
paper,  material  of  binding,  and  cover  design. 

I 'nt    the   tWO   books  side   by   side   on   a    shelf. 


and  there  is  no  difference  save  of  title.  Now 
this  book  was  produced  while  '  The  Open 
Road  '  was  still  selling  in  its  first  form,  but 
as  far  as  I  know  Mr.  Lucas  made  no  protest. 

3.  Mr.  Lucas  says  that  Mr.  Waters's 
anthology  is  based  "  in  idea  "  on  '  The  Open 
Road,'  and  the  suggestion  is  that  I  com- 
missioned its  preparation  with  the  definite 
object  of  supplanting  his  book.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  Mr.  Waters's  anthology  has,  to  my 
knowledge,  existed  in  manuscript  just  as  it 
has  now  been  printed,  and  with  its  present 
title,  for  at  least  three  years.  I  had  nothing 
whatever  to  do  with  its  preparation,  and 
never  heard  of  it  until  it  was  completed. 

4.  '  Traveller's  Joy  '  was  offered  to  its 
present  publisher,  and  after  some  delay  was 
accepted.  Having  invented  the  form  oi 
'  The  Open  Road,'  I  should  have  liked  to 
produce  something  even  more  attractive 
for  this  new  anthology.  Frankly,  I  found 
that  impossible  ;  and  finding  that  that 
design  seemed  to  be  consideied  common 
property,  I  felt  myself,  as  its  originator,  at 
liberty  to  use  it  here.  I  should  not  have 
used  it,  however,  if  I  had  not  seen  that  in 
reissuing  '  The  Open  Road  '  with  another 
house  Mr.  Lucas  had,  as  I  have  said,  aban- 
doned entirely  the  original  cover.  The 
change  is  indeed  so  great  that  it  would  be 
impossible  for  any  intending  purchaser  to 
confuse  the  two  books,  so  entirely  different 
are  they  in  appearance.  Still  Mr.  Lucas 
protests  ;  and  yet,  as  I  have  shown,  he  did 
not  protest  against  '  The  Voice  of  the  Moun- 
tains,' although  its  imitation  was  obvious 
and  confusing  ! 

5.  Mr.  Lucas  says  :  "  Mr.  Grant  Richards 
failed  for  many  thousand  pounds ....  the 
debt  to  me  is  still  unpaid,  and  is  likely  to 
remain  so."  It  is  difficult  for  me  to  comment 
as  I  should  wish  on  this  sentence,  but  his 
"  likely  to  remain  so  "  seems  unnecessary  ; 
in  any  case,  I  hope  he  may  have  cause  to 
change  his  opinion.  But  as  the  matter  has 
been  referred  to,  I  should  like,  with  the 
knowledge  of  my  trustee,  Mr.  H.  A.  Moncrieff, 
to  make  certain  facts  clear.  My  total  lia- 
bilities at  the  time  of  my  failure  were  ap- 
proximately 50,000/.  My  creditors,  at  my 
invitation,  had  my  assets  independently 
valued.  As  a  result  they  were  reckoned 
to  be  worth  at  least  50,000/.  as  long  as  the 
business  was  not  pulled  up.  This  fact 
appears  on  the  official  records.  No  pub- 
lishing business,  however,  could  sustain  a 
suspension  of  eighteen  months,  for  during 
that  eighteen  months  the  assets  must 
necessarily,  according  to  their  nature, 
waste.  The  result  in  consequence  has  been 
unsatisfactory  to  my  creditors,  and  even 
more  unsatisfactory  to  me.  Still,  for 
my  creditors  and  for  myself  there  remains 
the  future. 

6.  Finally,  as  regards  the  debt  still  owing 
to  Mr.  Lucas.  I  bud  that  it  is  for  royalties, 
Arc.  for  the  six  months  preceding  my  failure, 
and  that  the  sum  is  a  small  one  compared 
with  the  large  sum  1  paid  Mi-.  Lucas,  half 
year  by  half  year,  in  connexion  with  'The 
Open  Koad."  and  compared  with  the  much 
larger  sum  1  had  occasion  to  pay  Mr.  Lucas 
during  the  period  of  our  association. 

( in  \\t    1!  icu  \ki>s. 


"AMERICAN    ADVERTISING." 

'I  he  Cottage,  •■'mm  mbridge,  Kent,  June  6th,  MM  6. 

Alt(  n  1  three  weeks  BgO  a  friend   of  mine. 

vicar  of  a  country  parish,  received  a.  post 

card  of  which  I  send  \  ou  a  copy  :  — 

Bddington,  Canterbury,  t^  May, 

Rsvd.  Sib,     I   feel  it   mj  dutj   to  bring  before 

your  noiicr  iin  extraordinary   attack    made   upon 

you  in  chapter  ii.  page  16  of  a  recently  published 

book  entitled  'Parsons and  Pagans.'    The  book  la 


70! 


Til  E    ATHENJSUM 


N°  4  !<•■>,  J i  m.  !i,  1906 


published  l>\  Henry  J.  Drane,  tnd  the  author'i 
nunc  ii  \'i\mii  Hope.  Tb«  mattei  m»j  pomiibbj 
hevfl  Ik-cm  brought  i"  vour  notice,  otherwise  it 
ma  to  .I.  in. mil  atteotioa  Could  not  the  lav  <>i 
libel  be  Invoked  '  Vra.  to  ah . 

..Ii      K.  I-  n/lli  i.ii  i.r. 

Although  dated  from  "  Ekldington,  Canter- 
bury," the  postmark  is  thai  of  the  London 
district  8.W.  My  friend  was  not  unnaturally 
a  little  disturbed.  The  post  card  was  Been 
by  his  servants  and  by  the  postman,  and  of 
oourse  it  tnusl  have  been  oonoluded  that 
jomething  disgraeeful  was  alleged.  The 
book  was  procured,  and  was  found  to  be  tin- 
work  of  Borne  ignorant,  Btupid  person  who 
cannot  write  English  ;  but  it  contained  no 
reference  to  my  friend,  direct   or  indirect. 

In   The  Publishers'  Circular  of  the     2nd  inst. 
the    mystery    is    cleared    up.      Similar    post 

eards  have  been  sent  to  other  clergymen,  and 

the  editor  Of   The  Circular  asked  Mr.    Diane 

for  an  explanation.     Here  it  is  : — 

Salisbury  House,  Salisbury  Square,  London,  K.C., 
May  81,1! 

The  Editor, 

Tin  Publishers'  Circular. 
Di  lb  S 1 1 : . — 1  have  with  thanks  to  acknowledge 
the  receipt  of  your  favour  respeoting  the  post  cards 
•sent  out  in  referenoe  to  '  Parsons  and  Pagans.'   As 
you  say,  it  is  an  American  form  of  advertising,  but 
they  were  sent  out  without  my  sanction  or  know- 
ledge, and  on  getting  a  complaint  from  some  one 
who  had  received  a  card  similar  to  the  copy  you 
send   me  I    immediately  communicated    with    the 
author  and  demanded  that  he  cease  sending  out 
such  cards,  and,  according  to  his  communication 
to  me,  he  stopped  at  once  what  I  looked  upon  as  a 
very  questionable  way  to  push  the  sale  of  his  book. 
Thanking  you  for  your  courtesy  in  the  matter, 
Yours  very  faithfully, 

(signed)     H.  J.   Dkase. 

I  make  no  comment  whatever  on  this 
"  form  of  advertising,"  nor  is  it  worth  while 
to  express  what  must  be  the  general  opinion 
of  Mr.  E.  FitzHerbert  or  Mr.  Vivian  Hope. 
I  write  merely  to  assist  in  exposing  his  fraud, 
and  to  prevent  clergymen  from  putting 
money  in  his  pocket.       W.  Hale  White. 

%*  This  scandalous  fraud  lias  already 
•been  exposed  elsewhere,  but  wo  think  it  well 
to  warn  our  readers  of  the  lengths  to  which 
modern  advertisers  are  prepared  to  go.  We 
are  glad  to  notice  that  Mr.  Diane  has  re- 
pudiated responsibility  for  this  "  very 
questionable  "  business. 


'THE  HIGHLANDS  AND  ISLANDS  OF 
SCOTLAND.' 

In  your  issue  of  June  2nd  is  a  letter 
signed  Iain  Gallda,  on  which  your  reviewer 
comments.  Your  reviewer  says  that  "  the 
whole  question  of  the  date  of  clan  tartans 
is  difficult." 

Iain  Gallda  refers  to  various  books  and 
pamphlets  I  have  brought  out.  I  will,  if 
you  will  allow  me,  refer  to  one  or  two  records 
that  I  have  obtained. 

The  Rev.  Alexander  Stewart,  whose  many 
writings  under  the  name  Nether  Lochaber 
are  well  known,  gave  me  the  following 
(see  '  Records  of  Argyll,'  p.  440).  He  saw 
a  Stewart  tartan  "  Vulgate  " — so  bound 
Hi:?!)  ;  also  a  fragment  of  MacKenzie  tartan 
handed  down  from  father  to  son  with  a 
charm  stone  of  crystal,  the  owner  having 
been  killed  at  the 'Rattle  of  Kilsyth.  This 
fragment  had  been  preserved  in  the  family 
"  kist  "  or  locker. 

I  have  myself  a  fragment  of  Fraser  tartan 
which  was  worn  by  a  Fraser  at  the  hat  tie  of 
Culloden,  and  given  to  me  by  his  lineal 
descendant,  a  keeper  on  Lord  Lovat'a  estate. 

The  Jacobite  Campbell  of  Lochnell  wore 
tho  common  clan  Campbell  tartan  at  Cullo- 
den. This  plaid  was  often  in  the  hands  of 
Mie  late  Mrs.    Lilias   Davidson,  nix  Campbell 


nf    Ardslignisli    and    Lochnell.     This    pro 
that  this  tartan  wai   not  first   made  at  the 
formation    <»f    the    Highland    regiments    on 
the  Government  or  Protestant  side.    Family 
tartans  and  olan  tartai  ne  and  the 

same,  the  chiefs  being  distinguished  by  some 
si  i  ipe. 

The  wedding  coat  of  Charles  [I.,  tied  with 
Stuart  tartan  rihhon,  is  preserved  at   b\ 
w  ood. 

In  the-  ' Vestiarium  Scoticum,'  1660  70, 
is  the  following  : — 

■  Pot  as  meikle  a^  in  their  present  tymea,  k<-.  as 
was  nun  li  usit,  he  our  umquhile  Lorae  and 
raine,  King  .lames  of  nobil  memorye,  f  r  he  had 
ever,  besydes  tbae  <<\  l>i--  awin  ooiouria,  two  or 
three  plaidis  of  divers  kyndes  in  Ins  wardrobe 
when  that  be  wald  not  l>c  knawin  openlye." 

In  the  ' Depradations  committed  on  the 

Clan    CampbeU    and    their    Followers,     1686 

1686,'  by  the  troops  of  the  Duke  of  Cordon, 
Marquis  (if  Athole,  Lord  Strathnaver,  and 
others,  plaids  of  various  kinds  are  named 
as  being  robbed  : — 

"  Item,  1  Lowland  playd  mantle,  kc.  12  lab. 

"Item,  I  pair  aprainged  playds,  Hi.  13.  4. 

"Item,  For  a  Highland  plaid  with  some  oyr 
cloathes,  linen  and  woolen,  tj .  13.  4." 

Among  the  many  passages  having  tartan 
is  one  I  quote  : — 

"  Twa  tahartis  of  the  tartane  from  a  poem  called 
Symmye  and  his  hinder,  1490." 

Archibald  Campbell. 


ftifoatij  ©cssip. 

Mr.  Werner  Laurie  is  about  to  publish 
'  Lotus  Land,'  an  account  of  the  country 
and  the  people  of  Southern  Siam,  by  Mr. 
P.  A.  Thompson,  with  map  and  numerous 
illustrations  and  drawings.  The  author 
was  engaged  for  three  years  in  survey 
work  in  Siam,  and  he  has  much  to  tell  of 
the  beliefs  and  customs  of  the  people.  He 
has  collected  the  legends  which  have 
gathered  about  the  ruins  scattered  over 
the  country,  and  includes  a  chapter  on 
Siamese  art. 

Dr.  Stanley  Lane-Poole  is  preparing 
a  new  edition  in  three  volumes  of  Lane's 
'Thousand  and  One  Nights,'  which  Messrs. 
Bell  are  about  to  add  to  their  "  York 
Library."  The  edition  will  present  several 
new  features. 

'  The  Hampstead  Garner  '  is  the  title 
of  a  new  anthology,  to  be  published  shortly, 
giving  a  collection  of  verse  in  praise  of 
Hampstead  or  relating  to  the  celebrated 
writers  who  have  been  connected  with  the 
locality.  Among  these  are  Keats,  Leigh 
Hunt,  Akenside,  Mrs.  Barbauld,  and 
Joanna  Baillie.  The  work  will  have  a 
Preface  by  Mr.  Clement  Shorter  and  will 
be  published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock. 

We  have  to  record  the  death,  at  the 
great  age  of  ninety-one,  of  Dr.  W.  G. 
Blackie,  of  the  Glasgow  publishing  firm 
of  Blackie  &  Son.  In  his  active  years  Dr. 
Blackie  devoted  himself  largely  to  the 
literary  side  of  the  publishing  business. 
He  was  a  man  of  fine  taste,  and  had  a 
remarkable  linguistic'  faculty,  being  able 
to  read  German,  French.  Italian,  Spanish. 
Danish,  Norse,  and  Dutch,  besides  Latin 
and  Greek.  He  had  studied  at  Leipsic 
and  Jena,  and  derived  his  degree  of  Ph.D. 
from  the  latter  university. 


\    special  <-dit ion  of    M<  -  :       Mden'i 
1  I  iford    <  ruide  '    will    be    given 
publishers'  to  each  member  at  the  Oxford 
meeting  <<f  the  Associated  Booksellers  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  which  begins, 
already  announced,  on  duly  6th.    The 
arrangements   include   a    lecture   <>n 
rod  day,  by  Mr.  James  Parker,  on 
I   irly  History  of  Oxford  and  the  Growth 
of  the  University.1 

Tiik  Sixty-Fifth  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
London  Library  will  be  held  in  the  Reading 
Room  next  Thursday  afternoon,  tin    I' 
Son.  A.  .J.  Balfour  in  the  chair. 

Bbvxbal  very  interesting  letters  which 
form  part  of  the  secret  official  correspond' 

cure    between    the    Lord    Lieutenant    of 
Ireland   (Karl  Temple)   and   the    English 
Cabinet,  in  reference  to  the  legislal 
judicial  independence  of  Ireland  in  I  7V_ 
liave  been  presented  to  the  Home  Office 
by  .Mr.  Gregory,  the  well-known  bookseller 
of  Bath,  for  preservation  with  the  J 
State  Papers  in  the  Public  Record  Of 
from  which  the  letters  in  question  have 
long  been  missing. 

Wk  are  requested  to  state  that  persor 
desirous    of    attending    the    performance 
of   Oscar   Wilde's    '  Florentine   Tragedy 
and    'Salome'    at    the   Literary   Theatl 
Club  on  the  10th  and  18th  irist.  Bhoolfl 
communicate    with    the    secretarv.     Mi 
Currey,  88,  Philbeach  Gardens,  8.W. 

A  somewhat  unusual  periodical  is  about 
to  make  its  appearance  at  Madras  under 
the  title  of  Gossip.  It  claims  to  be  dev<  >t< 
to  the  interests  of  the  Indian  sepoy,  anc 
the  prospectus  states  that,  while  all  other 
classes  of  the  Indian  community  hav< 
organs  to  ventilate  their  opinions  and  cal 
attention  to  their  grievances,  the  nativi 
soldier  has  no  such  mouthpiece.  The 
attitude  of  the  military  authorities  fa 
India  towards  this  publication  must 
arouse  some  curiosity,  more  especially 
Gossip  proclaims  its  intention  to  h 
an  Indian  Truth. 

An  interesting  exhibition  of  old  news- 
papers, for  the  most  part  German,  wi 
opened  at  Frankfort  last  week,  and  the 
archives  of  the  city  as  well  as  seven 
private  collections  have  been  liberally 
drawn  upon.  The  oldest  German  news- 
paper in  existence  is  dated  March  12th, 
1622,  but  the  first  daily  German  newspaper 
is  known  to  have  been  started  at  StraSB- 
burg  in  1609.  Another  feature  of  the 
exhibition  is  the  display  of  daily  news- 
papers in  French  issued  at  Frankfort  froir 
1739  to  1879. 

The  London  County  Council,  whose 
historical  zeal  is  most  commendable,  has 
decided  to  mark  the  residence  of  Capt. 
Cook  at  No.  SS.  Mile  End  Road,  by  means 
of  a  memorial  tablet. 

In  the  New  York  Outhxik  for  Jane  Mr. 
James  F.  Muirhead  tells  the  story  of  the 
rise  of  "  The  House  of  Baedeker."  with  the 
gradual  evolution  of  their  famous  guides. 
founded  on  English  models.  In  1872  the 
firm  removed  from  Coblenz  to  Leipsic. 
Karl  Baedeker,  the  founder  of  the  Guides. 
died  in  1859  :  he  was  succeeded  by  Karl 
the    second.     The    present    cliief    repre- 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


703 


sentative  is  Fritz,  a  younger  brother  of 
Karl  the  second,  with  whom  are  associated 
his  two  sons. 

'  Tilting  in  Tudor  Times  '  was  a 
feature  of  the  recent  Naval  and  Military 
Tournament.  The  display  of  dress  was 
brilliant,  but  the  sport  itself  not  particu- 
larly exciting.  Gallant  knights,  as  Scott 
remarks  in  his  Introduction  to  '  The 
Monastery,'  had  at  that  period  given  up 
hazardous  feats,  and 

"  their  chivalrous  displays  of  personal 
gallantry  seldom  went  further  in  Elizabeth's 
days  than  the  tiltyard,  where  barricades, 
called  barriers,  prevented  the  shock  of  the 
horses,  and  limited  the  display  of  the 
cavaliers'  skill  to  the  comparatively  safe 
encounter  of  their  lances." 

Mr.  A.  Russell  Smith,  the  bookseller, 
has  removed  from  24,  Great  Windmill 
Street,  to  28,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent 
Garden. 

A  Blue-Book  on  the  '  Progress  and 
Condition  of  India,  1904-5,'  as  exemplified 
in  literature  and  the  press,  is  just  out 
(Is.  8d.),  and  gives  details  of  the 
number  of  publications  registered 
throughout  the  country  in  various 
languages.  Madras  had  424  publications 
in  English,  335  in  Tamil,  and  233  in  Telugu ; 
Bombay,  247  in  Gujarathi,  and  154  in 
Marathi  ;  the  United  Provinces,  567  in 
Hindu,  and  451  in  Urdu  ;  Punjab,  614  in 
Urdu,  and  455  in  Punjabi.  Bengal  claims 
a  large  majority  of  publications,  English 
reaching  242,  Hindu  140,  and  Bengali  916. 
The  Bengal  Library  received  3,045  items 
in  1904,  religion  being  the  most  popular 
subject.  The  fiction  was  markedly  in- 
fluenced by  theosophy,  and  the  Report 
rather  quaintly  describes  the  average 
Bengali  novelist  as  "  ever  ready  to  indent 
on  the  supernatural."  Bombay  now  has 
a  Hindi  version  of  '  The  Merchant  of 
Venice,'  and  a  Marathi  rendering  of  '  The 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream.' 


SCIENCE 


MEDICAL    BOOKS. 

The  Morphology  of  Normal  and  Patho- 
logical  Blood.  By  George  A.  Buckmaster. 
(John  Murray.) — This  volume  contains  the 
sul. stance  of  Dr.  Buckmaster's  course  of 
lectures  delivered  in  the  Physiological 
Institute  of  the  University  of  London.  They 
are  addressed  primarily  to  students  who  have 
i»l ready  a  sound  knowledge  of  physiology  and 
histology  and  a  working  acquaintance  with 
clinical  medicine.  Incidentally  they  serve 
to  reveal  our  ignorance  of  the  life-history 
of  so  important  an  element  in  the  body  as 
the  blood.  The  chapter  on  polycythemia 
is  perhaps  tbe  most  interesting  to  the  general 
der.  It  deals  with  the  effect  of  altitude 
on  the  blood  as  shown  by  experiments 
carried  oul  by  the  author.  Mr.  Clinton  Dent, 
and  Dr.  Slater  during  two  successive  years 
at  heights  of  from  3,000  to  14,000  feet. 
Dr.  Buckmaster  found  that  sustained  mental 
work  was  out  of  the  question  at  10,000  feet, 
and  was  performed  with  difficulty  at  6,000. 
The  results  obtained  at  these  heights  were 
photographed  therefore,  and  the  details  were 
afterwards  recorded  at  leisure.  The  chief  con- 
clusion arrived  at  was  that  the  number  of 
Fed    blood    corpuscles    increase     rapidly    at 


high  levels,  and  tend  to  augment  for  some 
weeks  ;  whilst  return  to  a  lower  level  is 
followed  within  twelve  to  twenty  -  four 
hours  by  a  distinct  fall  both  in  the 
haemoglobin  and  in  the  number  of 
corpuscles  contained  in  the  blood.  There 
seems  to  be  a  certain  level  at "  which 
this  condition  of  polycythemia  is  at  its 
maximum,  probably  6,000  to  8,000  feet  in 
Europe.  Double  this  height  certainly  does 
not  produce  a  more  evident  polycythemia, 
or  richness  in  hemoglobin. 

The  expert  histologist  may  learn  much 
from  these  lectures  upon  many  debatable 
points  in  connexion  with  the  blood,  and  upon 
the  position  assumed  by  Dr.  Buckmaster 
in  connexion  with  the  blood  platelets  and 
the  mechanism  by  which  foreign  cells  and 
leucocytes  introduced  into  the  body  are 
destroyed.  The  guaiacum  test  for  blood  is 
rehabilitated  ;  and  there  is  a  good  account  of 
Uhlenhuth's  work  on  the  subject,  conducted 
at  Bucharest  with  the  object  of  distinguish- 
ing the  blood  of  different  animals  in  medico- 
legal cases.  The  last  chapter  of  the  book 
deals  with  the  morphology  of  pathological 
blood,  especially  in  regard  to  the  various 
forms  of  oligemia,  and  is  well  illustrated  by 
a  number  of  coloured  plates.  The  book 
concludes  with  a  useful  appendix  on  clinical 
methods,  a  series  of  bibliographical  refer- 
ences, and  a  sufficient  index. 

On  Leprosy  and  Fish-eating  :  a  Statement 
of  Facts  and  Explanation.  By  Jonathan 
Hutchinson,  F.R.S.  (Constable  &  Co.)— 
Leprosy  is  one  of  the  old-world  diseases 
which  seem  to  have  diminished  in  importance 
with  the  advance  of  civilization,  bringing 
with  it  better  food  due  to  easier  means 
of  transport.  It  is  still  endemic  in  certain 
parts  of  the  world,  and  conditions  still 
arise  occasionally  which  enable  it  to  spread, 
as  has  lately  been  seen  in  South  Africa. 
But  even  now  it  is  not  known  how  it  is 
transmitted  from  person  to  person.  Many 
authorities  maintain  that  it  spreads  by  con- 
tagion, as  is  the  case  with  other  diseases 
associated  with  the  presence  of  a  micro- 
organism ;  whilst  others  believe  that  it 
arises  de  novo,  in  the  sense  that  the  affected 
individual  has  ingested  the  materies  morbi 
in  food  or  by  other  means.  It  is  important 
to  discover  which  is  right,  for  the  happiness 
of  thousands  depends  on  the  answer.  One 
party  would  isolate  the  victims,  and  render 
possible  the  misery  of  Robben  Island  and 
Crete  ;  the  other  would  be  content  with 
home  attention  and  a  careful  diet. 

Mr.  Jonathan  Hutchinson  has  long  been 
known  as  the  most  able  exponent  of  the 
hypothesis  that  fish  is  in  some  way  the  cause 
of  leprosy,  and  the  book  before  us  is  a  luminous 
exposition  of  his  present  position  in  regard 
to  the  problem.  It  is  an  attempt  to  show 
that  in  some  way,  not  yet  fully  understood, 
the  poison  which  causes  leprosy  is  received 
into  the  system  in  connexion  with  fish  eaten 
in  an  unsound  or  bad  condition.  Fish 
which  is  quite  fresh  from  the  sea,  river,  or 
lake,  and  fish  which  has  been  well  cured, 
are  harmless  ;  but  either  cured  or  un- 
cured  fish  in  a  state  of  decomposition  may 
occasionally  contain  some  ingredient  which 
is  effective  in  causing  leprosy.  Mr.  Hut- 
chinson has  collected  his  facts  from  many 
sources  :  some  ore  traditional,  some  his- 
torical, some  statistical,  and  many  are  from 
his  own  observation  (hiring  tours  in  Norway, 
India,  and  South  Africa.  Mr.  Hutchinson 
first  put  forward  his  theory  about  1863,  but 
the  discovery  of  fresh  facts  lias  led  him  to 
alter  his  position  from  time  to  time  in  regard 
to  the  influence  of  a  fish  diet  Upon  the  origin 

of  Leprosy,  and  the  last  word  has  clearly  not 

been   said    on    the    subject.      The  conclusions 
arrived  at  by  Mr.  Hutchinson  show  that  the 


theory  is  a  good  working  hypothesis,  which, 
might  well  be  submitted  to  the  test  of  experi- 
ment, were  that  possible  ;  for  as  yet  we- 
know  nothing  of  the  comparative  pathology 
of  the  disease.  The  fallacies  attending  the 
research  are  very  similar  to  those  besetting 
the  investigation  of  cancer.  Both  diseases 
are  widely  spread,  run  a  slow  course,  have 
few  distinctive  signs  in  the  earliest  stages, 
and  have  an  absolutely  unknown  incubation 
period.  Leprosy,  however,  is  associated 
with  the  presence  of  a  bacillus  which  has 
been  found  in  the  milk  of  suckling  women 
who  are  affected  with  the  disease  as  well  as 
in  the  usual  lesions. 

The  book  contains  many  maps  showing 
the  distribution  of  leprosy  in  different  parts 
of  the  world,  both  now  and  in  past  times. 
There  is  also  an  interesting  account  of  the 
leper  houses  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
These  shelters  attained  their  maximum  off 
usefulness  in  the  fourteenth  century.  Some 
of  them  afterwards  received  the  blind,  when 
lepers  had  become  scarce  ;  whilst  others, 
like  "The  Spital  "  at  Kingsland  and  "The 
Lock  "  in  Kent  Street,  Southwark,  lingered 
on  late  into  the  eighteenth  century  as  isola- 
tion hospitals  to  the  great  mother  hospital 
of  St.  Bartholomew. 

The  Edinburgh  Stereoscopic  Atlas  of  Ana- 
tomy.  Section  III.  Edited  by  David  Water- 
ston.  (T.C.&  E.C.Jack.)— This  section  of  the 
'Stereoscopic  Atlas'  contains  fifty-one  views. 
These — which  are  stereoscopic  photographs,, 
as  in  the  earlier  sections — maintain  the  same 
high  standard  of  excellence,  and  it  woidd 
be  difficult  indeed  to  improve  upon  them  for 
sharpness  and  clearness  of  detail.  They  have 
been  taken  from  specially  prepared  specimens,, 
hardened  in  formalin  to  prevent  distortion  of 
the  various  structures  after  dissection.  Each 
photograph  is  pasted  on  a  card,  on  which  is 
printed  a  description  with  reference  numbers. 
Great  care  has  been  taken  to  ensure  accuracy, 
but,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out  in  a 
notice  of  an  earlier  section  of  this  work,  we 
do  not  think  that  for  teaching  purposes 
anatomical  preparations  can  be  so  well  illus- 
trated by  photography  as  by  carefully 
executed  drawings. 

The  Real  Triumph  of  Japan  :  Hie  Con- 
quest of  the  Silent  Foe.  By  L.  L.  Seaman. 
(Sidney  Appleton.) — The  records  of  the  last 
two  hundred  years  show  that  there  has 
rarely  been  a  war  of  any  duration  in  which 
at  least  four  men  have  not  died  of  disease 
for  every  one  killed  in  action  Our  military 
commanders  have  come  to  look  upon  typhus, 
typhoid,  and  dysentery  as  indispensable* 
concomitants  of  war,  and,  with  character- 
istic ignorance  and  contempt  for  hygiene, 
have  been  content  to  let  these  scourges  run 
their  course  without  proper  attempts  at  pro- 
phylaxis. The  Japanese,  as  lately  as  1894, 
during  the  war  with  China,  lost  men  from 
disease  in  at  least  the  usual  proportion  ;  but 
they  learnt  their  lesson  well,  and  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  campaign  in  Manchuria 
they  achieved  the  astounding  record  of  four 
men  killed  for  every  soldier  who  died  of 
disease,  and  this  in  armies  liable  to  be 
decimated  by  beri-beri,  though  partly 
immune  to  enteric  fever. 

Surgeon-Major  Seaman,  of  the  United 
States  army,  gives  an  interesting  account  ot 
the  means  by  which  this  Splendid  achieve- 
ment was  attained  in  the  face  of  all  obstacles. 
His  knowledge  of  the  medical  needs  of  an 
army  in  the  tield,  and  the  peculiar  privileges 
granted   him  by  the  Japanese,   who  made 

him   a  military   attache,   with   passes   to   tin 

extreme  front  in  Mongolia,  enable  him  to  give 

a  very  graphic  account  of  t  he  medical  servic. 

in  Nippon's  army.     The  practical  abolition 

of  disease  was  brought  about  by  the  applica- 
tion     of      thoroughly      scientific      priuciplesw 


Tdl 


TH  E     ATI!  KN\i:r  M 


N  4102,  Jl-ne  9,  1906 


dered  po  ible  bj  the  hearty  co-operation 
of  even  one  from  the  highest  genera)  to  the 
lowliest  private,  it  -will  be  shameful  if  Euro- 
pean nations  make  no  attempl  to  emulate 
<ln-  Japaneae  in  this  reepeol  :  but  it  is 
to  preaiol  that  in  every  campaign  for  yean 
to  come  thousands  of  homes  w  ill  !)'•  darkened 
)>\  the  deaths  of  husbands,  sons,  and 
brothers  from  causes  which  arc  absolutely 

Itreventible,  and  which  the  Japanese  have 
teen  able  to  prevent.  Burgeon-Major  Sea- 
man includes  in  his  book  a  short  account  of 
the  history  of  medicine  and  medical  educa- 
tion in  Japan,  BS  well  as  of  the  means  by 
which  beri-beri  was  eradicated,  tirst  from 
the  navy,  and  afterwards  from  tho  army, 
hook  is  well  illustrated  with  photographs 
of  the  work  of  the  army  medical  Bervioe  in 
Japan  and,  as  a  woeful  contrast,  in  Cuba. 

The  Physiology  of  tht  Nervous  System.  By 
J.    P.   Morat.     Authorized    Rngliwb    Edition. 

Translated  and  edited  by  H.  YV.  Syers.  With 
263  Illustrations  (GO  in  Colours).  "  (Constable 
A  Co.) — This  volume  deals  at  some  length 
with  the  most  difficult  part  of  modern 
physiology — the  nervous  system.  The  pre- 
sent state  of  our  knowledge  and  the  problems 
to  be  solved  are  stated  with  the  clearness 
which  generally  characterizes  the  French 
school  of  medicine.  Dr.  Syers  has  trans- 
lated the  text  into  good  English,  but  he  has 
neglected  to  correct  the  mistaken  spelling 
of  proper  names  which  is  a  well-known 
failing  of  French  writers.  The  work  is 
disfigured,  therefore,  by  such  mistakes  as 
"  Huglings  Jackson  "  for  Hughlings  Jackson, 
and  "  Schaffer  "  instead  of  Schafer  for  the 
present  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  The  index  is  hardly 
sufficient ;  and  the  illustrations  are  for  the 
most  "'part  taken  from  well-known  sources. 
These  defects  are  only  of  minor  importance, 
for  the  text  is  a  valuable  addition  to  books 
on  physiology.  It  deals  with  subjects  which 
are  often  so  condensed  in  modern  hand- 
books that  students  are  unable  to  obtain 
adequate  knowledge  without  referring  to 
monographs.  But  monographs  can  only 
be  consulted  where  a  good  scientific  library 
is  available,  and  it  thus  happens  that  the 
majority  of  students  are  obliged  to  content 
themselves  with  their  lecture  notes  as  a 
supplement  to  the  bald  statements  of  even 
the  best  English  textbooks  of  physiology. 
Here  the  physiology  of  the  nervous  system 
and  of  the  special  senses  is  dealt  with  bio- 
logically ;  for  Prof.  Morat  considers  the 
•developmental,  anatomical  (comparative  as 
well  as  human),  histological,  and  purely 
physiological  aspects  with  a  wealth  of  detail 
which  makes  the  book  easy  to  read  and  easy 
to  remember.  The  bibliographies  appended 
to  each  division  of  the  subject  are  very 
serviceable,  because  they  enable  the  reader 
to  follow  up  the  literature  of  any  subject 
in  which  he  may  be  specially  interested. 

Meals  Medicinal,  with  "  Herbal  Simples  " 
{of  Edible  Parts)  :  Curative  Foods  from  the 
Cook;  in  place  of  Drugs  from  the  Chemist.  By 
W.  F.  Fernie.  (Bristol,  John  Wright  &  Co.) 
— The  title  of  this  book  fully  explains  its 
scope  ;  it  may  be  said  to  be  a  culinary 
materia  medica."  Its  object,  as  stated  in 
the  Preface,  is 

" to  instruct  readers,  whether  medical  or  lay,  how- 
to  choose  meats  and  drinks  which  can  afford 
precisely  the  same  remedial  elements  for  effecting 
Dures,  as  medicinal  drugs  have  hitherto  been  relied 
on  to  bring  about." 

This  is  a  wide  statement,  but,  although 
it  is  exaggerated,  there  is  ground  for  the 
author's  firm  belief  in  the  efficacy  of  diet  in 
the  treatment  and  prevention  of  disease. 
An  immense  number  of  articles  of  food  and 
drink  are  dealt  with  in  alphabetical  order 
— an  arrangement  winch  considerably  facili- 


tates lei  ere  nee.       Tine  alt  icle     eont  Hill  milch 

(piaint  folk-lore,  and  are  filled  with  quotatii 
mostly  taken   from    English   authors,   often 
unnec<  warily.     The  article  on   '  Butter.'  to 

take    the    tirst    example    we    came    across,    is 

adorned  with  extracts  from  Lewis  Carroll, 
Dickens,  Carlyle,  Trollope,  Thackeray,  and 
Lamb,    not    to    mention    others;    and    the 

information  it   contains  in  rather  more  than 

four  pages  is  most  mi  a 
The  scientific  value  of  the  book  cannot  be 

placed    very   high,   and    it   is   of   no   practical 

use  for  the  cook.     With  fewer  quotations 

from  modern  writers  its  bulk  would  have 
been  greatly  lessened,  and  it  would  not 
have  Buffered  materially. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

The  life  and  work  of  Joseph  Dombey, 
ethnographical  explorer  in  Peru,  Chili,  and 

Brazil  from  1778  to  178.r>,  form  the  subject 
of  a  recent  work  of  M.  Hainy. 

M.  1  )eniker  has  stated  that  his  recent  obser- 
vations have  confirmed  as  generally  applic- 
able the  empirical  formula  suggested  thirty 
years  ago  by  Topinard,  that  the  average 
height  of  females  of  a  race  is  12  centimetres 
=4?  inches  less  than  that  of  the  males. 

The  death  is  announced  of  M.  Lionel 
Bonnemere,  author  of  contributions  to  the 
Society  of  Anthropology  of  Paris  on  pre- 
historic subjects,  and  to  the  Society  of  Popu- 
lar Traditions  on  the  songs,  customs,  and 
superstitions  of  Anjou  (his  native  country) 
and  of  Brittany.  He  had  made  a  large 
collection  of  rustic  ornaments  and  of  amulets. 

Dr.  Marcel  Baudouin  and  M.  G.  Lacoulou- 
mere  have  communicated  to  the  Society  of 
Anthropology  of  Paris  an  account  of  their 
discovery  at  Plessis  au  Bernard  (Vendee)  of 
a  fallen  dolmen,  called  the  Dolmen  of  the 
Scaffold,  and  of  their  excavations  and  partial 
reinstatement  of  it.  The  same  authors  have 
communicated  to  the  Prehistoric  Society  of 
France  an  account  of  their  discovery  of  a 
megalithic  structure  at  Morgaillon,  and  have 
published  a  work  on  the  prehistoric  remains 
at  Apremont,  both  in  the  same  department. 

Dr.  W.  J.  McGee,  the  Director  of  the  St. 
Louis  Public  Museum,  who  spent  some  time 
last  year  in  an  adventurous  exploration  of 
South-Western  Arizona,  has  read  before  the 
Medical  Society  of  Missouri  a  paper  on  desert 
thirst  as  disease,  containing  particulars  of  a 
remarkable  case  of  recovery  of  a  patient 
who  had  been  reduced  to  an  apparently 
hopeless  condition  by  several  days'  suffering. 

The  establishment  at  the  University  of 
Oxford  of  a  diploma  in  anthropology,  and 
the  syllabus  of  the  subject  for  examination 
drawn  up  by  Prof.  Tylor's  committee,  are 
commented  upon  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Bead  in  Man 
for  April.  He  also  refers  to  the  fact  that 
the  Senate  of  the  University  of  London  have 
authorized  the  addition  of  archaeology  to  the 
list  of  subjects  in  which  tho  B.A.  honours 
degree  and  the  M.A.  degree  may  be  taken, 
and  have  propounded  a  scheme  of  curricula 
in  archaeology.  He  alludes  in  this  connexion 
to  the  irreparable,  and  even  incalculable, 
losses  which  science  has  suffered  owing  to  the 
misdirected  zeal  of  excavators,  the  excellence 
of  whose  intentions  has  far  surpassed  their 
qualifications. 

The  part  of  Archcrologia  issued  to  the 
Fellows  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  the 
present  year  includes  Dr.  Arthur  J.  Evans's 
treatise  ( 1 7'2  pages,  illustrated  by  147  figures) 
on  the  prehistoric  tombs  of  Cnossus.  The 
work  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first 
relating  to  the  cemetery  of  Zafer  Papoura, 
with  a  comparative  note  on  a  chamber-tomb 
at  Milatos  explored  by  the  author  in  1899. 
The  cemetery  appears  to  belong  to  the  Bronze 


The   second    part    relates   to  th<     royal 
tomb  at    Isopata,   in   which   many  ol 
peat     i  •  '  •  red. 

Dr.   I  include*  that  i  U  to  • 

period  contemporary   with   the  <|..-e  of 
middle    empire    m    Egypt.       At    a    late    stage 
it  became  a  common  burial-pit.       I 

-' -rihed    and    figured 
b\   Mr.  I).    I 

Mr.   \V.  Innes  Pocock  has  contributed  x<> 
Folk-Inn   a  description  of  the  game  of  eat'i 
cradle  (-Jn  pages,  illustrated   i.\    \H   I 
He    is   able    to   distinguish    nine    met! 
playing  the  game,  with  many  variatione 
those  methods,      it  is  played  in  Japan  and 
Kon 

The  Journal  of  the  Royal  St  a' 
contains  two  important  papers  of  which  the 
anthropologist     should    take    account.     The 
first    is  on  the  decline  of  human  fertility  in 
the    United    Kingdom    and    other    countries, 

shown  by  corn  cted  birtl 
i)v.  A.  Newsholme  and  Dr.  T.   I  i 
son  ;    the  second  is  on  the  chang<  -  in 
marriage-   and    birth-rate-   in    I.  and 

Wales  during  the  past  half  century,  with  an 
inquiry  as  to  their  probable  causes,  and  is 
by  Mr.  G.  Cdny  Yule. 


SO  [ETIES. 


Geological.  —  May  23.  —  Mr.    R.    s.    Henries, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — The  following  communi 
were  read:   '  On  the  Importance  of  Halimeda  as  a 
Reef-forming  Organism,  with  a  Descripl 
Halimeda  Limestones  of  the  New  Hebridi 
Messrs.  F.  Chapman  and  D.  Mawson. — '  Notes  on 
the  Genera  Omospira,  Lophospira,  and  Turritoma; 
with  Descriptions  of  New  Species,'  by  Mi- 
Donald. — The  Rev.  H.   H.  Winwood  exhibited  a 
series  of  water-colour  drawings  of  Mexican  - 
executed   by  Miss  A.  C.  Breton  during  a  recent 
visit  to  Mexico,  and  representing  the  line  of  active 
and  extinct   volcanoes   which    stretches    from  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  east  to  the  Pacific  0 
the  west,  including  Orizaba,  Popocatepetl,  Jurullo. 
and  Colima.  — Prof.  H.  J.  Johnston-Lavis  exhibited 
upwards  of  forty  lantern-slide  views,  to  illustrate 
the    late    eruption    of   Vesuvius    and   its  effects. 
Nearly   all    were    taken    by    the    exhibitor,    who 
explained  the  different  phenomena  portrayed. 


PHTBrcAL. — May  2"\ — Dr.  C.  Cbree,  V.l'..  in  the 
chair.— A  paper  on  '  Colour  Phenomena  in  Photo- 
metry"  was    read    by   Mr.    J.    S.    Dow.— Ml 
Skinner     described     an    '  Automatic    Arc  -  lamp ' 
exhibited  by  Mr.  H.  Tomlinson  and  the  Re 
Job 
Coil 

was  read  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Wilson. — Mr.  A.  (.'amp- 
hell  exhibited  a  '  Bifilar  Galvanometer  free  from 
Zero  Creep.' 


hnston. — A   paper  on   'The  Theory  of  Moving 

>il  and  other  Kinds  of  Ballistic  Galvanomet 


Hi  menu.  —  Muy  29. — Prof.  Lewis  Campbell, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  Horace  Sandars  read  a 
paper  descriptive  of  a  collection  of  pre-Roman 
bronze    votive    objects     from    I1  .in 

Spain.      The  collection  was   on   view.  and.  with  it* 
affinities,  was  ako  illustrated   by  lantern-olid 
The    objects    comprised     representations    of    the 
human     figure,     in     many     instances     of     pureh 
perfunctory  workmanship,   while    in    others 
details  were  carefully  elaborated  :  some  equestrian 
statuettes  of  considerable  artistic  merit  j  portions 
of  the  human  body  dedicated — in  accordance  with 
a   linage   with   which   we   arc  familiar  in  classical, 
medieval,    and   modern  times— as    thank-otic: 
for   recovery   from   sickness;  and,  probably   to 
taken    in    connexion    with    thes<  .  -live 

surgical  instruments.     The  ethnological  '■■ 
these    objects  was   interesting.      The    inthieiv  < 
Greeoe  had  reached  primitive  Spain  by  two  ro 
— southwards  from  Massilia,   and  northwards,  by 
the  so-called  Phoenician  trade  routes,  from  G* 
To  a   local   school  of  art.  modified  by  one  or  l>oth 
of  these  channels,  and  suited  to  what  was  then,  as 
now.  ■  mining  population,  these  bronze 
should   be  attributed.      But    apart    from    their  in- 
trinsic interest  and  their  ethnological  bearing,  the 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


705 


collection  from  Despenaperros  threw  light  on  a 
work  of  first  importance— the  remarkable  head 
found  at  Elche,  the  Iberian  city  of  Ihci,  now  in 
the  Louvre.  This  head,  from  the  extraordinary 
elaboration  of  the  coiffure,  with  its  huge  ear-disks 
and  profusion  of  necklaces  dependent  from  it, 
produces  a  quite  unfamiliar  impression  on  the 
student  of  Greek  art  on  Greek  soil.  But  its  un- 
hesitating acceptance  by  the  Louvre  authorities 
and  by  the  savants  who  have  done  most  work  in 
the  field  of  early  Iberian  art— MM.  Pierre  Paris 
and  Heuzey  may  be  cited— has  received  fresh  con- 
firmation by  the  little  figures  from  Despenaperros. 
These,  which  are  themselves  of  undoubted 
antiquity,  unquestionably  reproduce,  when  due 
allowance  has  been  made  for  the  difference  of 
material  and  an  altogether  lower  standard  of 
execution,  the  details  in  the  Louvre  marble  which 
have  hitherto  been  regarded  as  unique.— In  the 
subsequent  discussion  the  Chairman  and  Mr.  Cecil 
Smith  took  part.  The  latter  considered  it  doubtful 
whether  the  influence  on  Western  Europe  generally 
called  Plvenician  might  not  really  be  more  directly 
Ionian.  He  congratulated  Mr.  Sandars  on  the 
side-light  he  had  been  able  to  throw  on  the  Paris 
head,  though  the  genuineness  of  that  work  had 
never  been,  in  his  judgment,  matter  of  doubt. 


MEETINGS    NEXT    WEEK. 

Institute  of  Actuaries.  5.— Annual  Meeting. 

Royal  Institution,  S.— General  Monthly  Meeting. 

Society  of  Engineers,  1.30.—'  Submarine  Groyning,  Mr.  G.  O. 
Case.  _  _ 

Aristotelian.  8.— Paper  by  Dr.  G.  F.  Stout. 

Geographical,  8.30.— 'The  Geography  of  the  Indian  Ocean,   Mr. 
J.  S.  Gardiner.  ,  _  ...  . 

Colonial    Institute,    8.  —  '  The  Development    of    our    British 
African  Empire,'  Mr.  Lionel  Decle. 

Anthropological    Institute,    8.15.  — 'Two    Years    among    the 

Akikuyu  of  British  East  Africa,'  Mi.  W.  s.  Routledge. 
Dante.  3.30.— 'The  Companionship  of  Dante,'  Rev.  J.  P.  Hogan 

Geological,   8.—' Recumbent   Folds  produced  as  a  Result  of 
Flow  '  Prof.  W.  Johnson  Sollas  ;  '  The  Crag  of  Iceland— an  In- 
tercalation in  the  Basalt  Formation,'  Dr.  Helgi  Pjetursson. 
Tuiiis.  Royal,  4.30. 


Mox. 


Tens. 


Wed. 


Sfcuna  (Sosstp. 

The  ranks  of  American  geologists  have 
recently  been  thinned  by  the  death  of  two 
professors,  whose  writings  are  well  known 
in  this  country.  Prof.  Nathaniel  Southgate 
Shaler,  of  Harvard,  who  lias  passed  away 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  having  been  born  on 
February  22nd,  1841,  was  at  one  time 
Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Ken- 
tucky, his  native  state.  At  Harvard  he 
was  professor  at  first  of  palaeontology,  and 
afterwards  of  geology.  Among  his  numerous 
works,  the  '  Aspects  of  the  Earth  '  is  perhaps 
the  best  known  in  England  ;  but  his  writings 
were  by  no  means  confined  to  geology  and 
physical  geography.  Sociological  studies 
engaged  his  attention,  and  works  entitled 
'  The  Individual,'  '  The  Citizen,'  and  '  The 
Neighbor  '  proceeded  from  his  prolific  pen 
— the  last  named  dealing  with  the  problem 
of  the  Jew  and  the  negro  in  American  society. 
With  the  view  of  proving  that  devotion  to 
scientific  work  does  not  necessarily  lead  to 
the  loss  of  imaginative  power,  lie  composed, 
when  upwards  of  sixty  years  of  age,  a 
dramatic  romance  in  five  volumes,  entitled 
'  Elizabeth  of  England.' 

The  death  of  Prof.  Israel  Cook  Russell, 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  lias  occurred 
at  the  age  of  fifty-throe.  For  many  years 
he  was  attachod  to  the  Geological  Survey 
of  the  Unitod  States,  and  it  was  as  one  of 
the  Survey  monographs  that  he  published 
his  well-known  work  on  Lake  Lahontan. 
This  was  the  name  given  by  him  to  an  ancient 
body  of  water  in  Nevada,  which,  though 
now  passed  away,  must  have  had  in  the 
Quaternary  period  an  area  of  nearly  8,600 
square  milos.  Prof.  Russell  was  the  author 
of  ti    'i  i"    of  works  on  the  ( Maciers,  the  Lakes, 

the    Rivers,   and    the   Volcanoes   of   North 

America.      His    '  River     Development  '    ap- 
n,   ncd  in  this  country  in  "The  Progressive 

Science  Series." 

Bomb    curious    rather    than    important 
corrections    have    resulted    from    the    recent. 


inquiry  into  the  work  and  methods  of  the 
Indian  Survey  Department.  One  result  is 
the  discoverv  that  India  has  been  placed 
600  feet  too  far  north,  and  2£  miles  too  far 
east,  on  the  globe's  surface.  Many  altitudes 
havo  been  found  to  be  out  from  5  to  3d  feet  ; 
and  Mount  Everest,  which  was  allowed  only 
29,002  feet,  is  now  admitted  to  be  entitled 
to  29  141.  The  error  in  placing  India  too 
far  east  might  produce  some  inconvenient 
results  with  regard  to  the  true  position  of 
any  boundary  pillars  on  either  the  western 
or  the  eastern  frontier. 

Among  recent  Parliamentary  Papers  is 
the  Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Astronomer 
Royal  for  Scotland,  1905-6  (Ad.). 

The  small  planet  which  was  photographic- 
ally discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  Heidel- 
berg on  February  22nd  proves  to  be  one  of 
exceptional  interest.  Prof.  Berberich,  after 
computing  its  elliptic  orbit,  finds  that  its 
mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  5-25  which 
slightly  exceeds  that  of  Jupiter  (5'20),  so 
that  it  is  the  outermost  of  all  the  small  planets 
hitherto  known.  The  eccentricity  of  the 
orbit  being  0-168,  the  aphelion  distance 
from  the  sun  amounts  to  6-151,  exceeding 
that  of  Jupiter  by  about  the  distance  of  the 
earth  from  the  sun.  Prof.  Berberich  also 
points  out  that  two  supposed  discoveries 
announced  by  the  same  astronomer  on 
November  21st  and  December  23rd,  1902, 
relate  to  the  same  planet.  Permanent 
numbers  and  names  have  now  been  assigned 
to  eight  others,  all  discovered  by  Herr  Gotz 
at  Heidelberg— four  in  1904  and  four  m  1905. 
The  first  four,  detected  on  July  18th, 
October  3rd,  and  October  14th  (two)  1904 
are  numbered  538,  545,  547,  and  548,  and 
named  Friederike,  Messalina,  Praxechs  and 
Cressida  respectively.  The  last  four  found 
on  January  8th,  April  6th  May  9th,  and 
May  28th,  1905,  are  numbered  55b,  563,  5o4, 
and  567,  and  named  Phyllis,  Suleika,  Dudu, 
and  Eleutheria  respectively. 

The  latest  determination  (by  Herr  Ebell) 
of  the  orbit  of  Kopff's  comet  (6,  1906)  shows 
that  it  is  remarkable  for  its  great  perihelion 
distance  from  the  sun  (3-33  in  terms  of  the. 
earth's  mean  distance),  which  is  exceeded 
by  that  of  only  one  known  comet.  The 
ephemeris,  also  computed,  enabled  Prof. 
Wolf  to  find  that  the  comet  had  been  regis- 
tered on  a  photographic  plate  taken  at 
Heidelberg  on  January  14th,  1905,  more 
than  a  year  before  the  discovery. 


FINE   ARTS 

The  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  :  a  Complete 
Dictionary  of  Contributors  and^  their 
Work  from  its  Foundation  in  1769  to 
1904.  By  Algernon  Graves.  Vol.  V. 
(H.  Graves  and  Bell  &  Sons.) 

Not  the  least  important  feature  about 
this  great  undertaking  is  the  remarkably 
prompt  manner  in  which  each  quarterly 
volume  is  issued.  Mr.  Graves,  indeed, 
is  usually  ahead  of  his  time,  a  virtue  which 
can  be  claimed  for  very  few  single-handed 
tasks  of  similar  magnitude.  In  spite  of 
the  rapidity  of  issue,  there  is  no  trace  of 
"  scamping,"  editorial  or  typographical, 
so  that  this  *  Complete  Dictionary' will 
remain  an  enduring  monument,  not  only 
of  the  editor's  sustained  industry,  but  also 
of  the  resources  and  good  taste  of  the 
Chiswick  Press. 

Mr.  Graves's  fifth  volume  extends  from 
Lawrence  to  Nye,  and   thus  includes  two 


lone*  letters.  It  comprises  the  exhibits  of 
three  Presidents  of  the  Royal  Academy 
—Lawrence,  Leighton,  and  Millais.  It 
will  be  generally  conceded  that  the  most 
interesting  of  these  three  sections  is  that 
relating  to  Lawrence,  whose  exhibits 
extend  from  1787  to  1830.  This  entry, 
however,  has  not  the  charm  of  novelty, 
for  it  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Graves  to 
the  volume  on  'Romney  and  Lawrence 
in  the  late  Mr.  Joseph  Cundall's  "  Great 
Artists"  Series,  published  by  Messrs. 
Sampson  Low  &  Co.  in  1889.  In  one  case, 
at  least,  the  compiler's  addition  has  not 
been  happy;  the  1788  'Portrait  of  a 
Gentleman  '  originally  appeared  as  '  Mr. 
Dance,'  but  is  now  qualified  to  Mr. 
Dance  or  Dansie  '  ;  but  there  can  be  little 
or  no  doubt  that  it  represented  George 
Dance,  R.A.,  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  Academy,  whose  portrait  of  Law- 
rence himself  is  now  in  the  possession  of 
that  body. 

Lawrence's    portrait    of    Lady    Emily 
Hobart  as  Juno,  1794,  No.  173  (nothing 
is  said  by  Mr.   Graves  about  her  being 
represented  as  Juno),  recalls  the  case  of 
Whistler    v.    Eden.       Anthony    Pasqum 
condemned   this   portrait,    and   described 
the  face  as  "  chalky  and  sickly,"  with  the 
result  that  the  family  refused  to  take  the 
picture.     We  think  that  '  Mr.  Loch,  the 
Antiquary,'    of   1790,   No.    19,   would  be 
more  correctly  described  as  William  Locke 
(1732-1810),  the  well-known  art  amateur 
and  collector,  of  whom  a  notice  appears 
in  the  '  D.N.B.,'  and  of  whose  son,     Mr. 
Locke,     Junr.,'     Lawrence     exhibited     a 
portrait  in  the  Academy  of  the  following 
year.     We  have  a  note  to  the  effect  that 
the  '  General  Officer '   of  1790,  No.   103, 
was  General  Pattison  ;    but  Mr.  Graves, 
who  may  be  correct,  gives  the  name  as 
General   Paterson.      'Lady  Hamilton   ot 
Naples,'   whose  portrait  as   'A   Lady  ot 
Fashion  as  La  Penserosa  '  was  in  the  1 HM 
Academy,  was,  of  course,  the  fatuous  wife 
of  Sir  William  Hamilton.  The  '  J.  Kemble 
of  1800  and  1801  would  be  better  described 
as  '  J.  P.  Kemble.'     There  is  a  great  temp- 
tation to  linger   over   the   nine   columns 
devoted   to  Lawrence,   for  nearly   every 
entry  is  an   "actuality"   to-day   almost 
as  much  as  it  was  at  the  time  of  exhibition 
In  one  column  we  come  across  the  beautiful 
Miss  Croker,  who  died  only  the  other  day. 
elsewhere    we    meet    with    such    familiar 
names  as  Cowper,  Warren  Hastings,  Sir 
Humphry  Davy,  the  Duke  of  Welhngton, 
Walter  Scott,  Southey,  and  so  forth. 

Passing  on  to  the  other  names,  we  come 
to  that  of  Mr.  B.  W.  Leader,  who  has  been 
an  exhibitor  for  over  half  a  century, 
having  first  contributed  as  B.  Wilhams. 
His  earliest  Academy  picture,  Cottage 
Child  blowing  Bubbles,'  was  (we  learn 
from  other  sources)  bought  by  Mr.  Currie, 
of  Philadelphia,  for  50*.  The  Mrs.  R.  Lee 
who  exhibited  at  the  L843  Academy  was 
Sarah  Wallis,  who  married  first  1  Iv 
Bowdich,  and  secondly  Richard  Lee. 
She  was  well  known  in  her  day  as  a 
novelist,     traveller,      and     author.  Dtie 

Misa  Lee  of  1844  6  was  the  daughtei  (or 
granddaughter)  of  James  Lee  whose 
nursery  at  Hammersmith  (the  address  of 


706 


TH  E     A  Til  KNittUM 


N  4102,  Junk  9,  1906 


1  lie  exhibitor  in  i  be  <  iatalogti  for 

i    in\  yean  one  of  the  horticultural  eights 
of  London,  m  irere  tho  te  ol  I  be  Lodd 

at   li:t(  kn<\   (see   / /"    Mi"  mi  inn,  Kobiu.i  i  \ 

18th,  L899)  and  the  Rollissons  a<  Tooting. 

It  u  c  in n.iis  to  note  Francis  I  ■ 
ranked  m  b  "  painter  (he  exhibited  two 
pioturee  only  :  one  in  l~(.»t>.  and  the  other 
in  1800),  tor  li«'  is  now  remembered 
m  an  engraver.  Be  did  much  excellent 
work  for  the  Boydells,  the  founders  of  the 
buaineea  still  continued  by  Mi.  Graves 
and  his  partners. 

Lord  Leighton,  who  was  exhibiting 
from  1865  to  1896,  towers  above  the  four 
other  exhibitors  of  the  Bame  Burname,  in 
connexion  with  one  of  whom  Mr.  Graves 
has,  excusably  enough,  perpetrated  a 
"  double.''  The  "  Luke  Limner  "  of  the 
Academy  of  L854  (p.  62),  and  tlie  "•John 
Leighton  "  of  the  Academy  of  1858  (p.  33), 
in  both  instances  described  as  a  ""  stained- 
glass  painter,"  are  the  same  person.  Mr. 
Leighton  was  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors of  The  Graphic,  and  has  done 
much  work  as  a  book-illustrator  ;  he  is  a 
man  of  many  accomplishments,  and  has  of 
late  years  renewed  his  youth  as  a  vice- 
president  of  the  Ex-Libris  Society. 

There  are  fewer  continental  artists 
recorded  in  this  volume  than  in  some  of 
its  predecessors.  We  should  like  to  have 
had  more  definite  particulars  about  the 
sculptor  "  Le  Masson "  (p.  35),  who  in 
1790  exhibited  a  bust  of  Sir  William 
Chambers  and  two  medallions  of  two  Miss 
Chambers  :  he  is  described  simply  as 
"  R.A.  of  Paris."  J.  Bastien  -  Lepage 
exhibited  from  1878  to  1880,  and  one  of 
his  four  pictures  was  a  portrait  of  the  Prince 
of  Wales.  The  1878  portrait  of  Madame 
Lebegue  is,  by  the  way,  interesting  as 
being  the  only  full-length  life-size  portrait 
ever  painted  by  this  artist,  and  is  generally 
regarded  as  one  of  his  best  achievements  ; 
it  lias  been  frequently  reproduced,  notably 
in  The  Portfolio  monograph  on  Bastien- 
Lepage.  L.  A.  Lhermitte,  another  French 
artist,  was  irregularly  exhibiting  at  the 
Academy  from  1872  to  1881,  and  was 
presumably  a  friend  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Edwards,  as  his  London  address  in  1880- 
1881  was  the  same  as  that  of  Fantin-Latour, 
viz.,  2(\  Golden  Square.  The  cross- 
reference  under  Lieb  to  '  Munkatsy ' 
(p.  61)  is  an  error  for  Munkacsy,  which 
is  correctly  printed  on  p.  325  :  this 
distinguished  artist  exhibited  only 
twice  at  the  Royal  Academy — in  1880 
and  1882. 

One  of  the  many  minor  points  in  con- 
nexion with  the  annals  of  art  revealed  in 
this  volume  refers  to  Richard  Livesay,  the 
portrait  painter,  who  is  described  by  Mr. 
Austin  Dobson  in  his  monograph 
on  Hogarth  as  lodging  with  Mrs. 
Hogarth  in  Leicester  Square  (at  that  time 
known  as  Leicester  Fields)  "  in  1781-82"; 
as  a  matter  of  fact  he  appears  to  have 
lodged  here  from  1777  to  1783.  He  was 
an  engraver  as  well  as  a  painter,  and  Mrs. 
Hogarth's  letters  to  Lord  Charlemont, 
requesting  him  to  allow  Livesay  to  engrave 
her  husband's  picture  'The  Lady's  Last 
Stake  '  (now  in  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan's 
collection),    were    only    published    a    few 


ream  ago.     The  request,  however,  came 

to    nothing.      Livesa\'s    addn   -    in     1 77 *>, 

the    date    of    his    tilst     a  ppeai  alii  ■••    at     the 

Royal  Academy,  was     al  Mr.  Spilburj 

from  whom  he  doubtless  learnt  the  art  of 

engraving.     Samuel  Lysons(p.  121)  would 
perhaps  be  more  accurately  described  B 
an    "architectural    artist       than    as    a 
"painter,"  for,   with  one  exception,   hi' 

exhibits   from    17*.">   to    lsol    axe  of  BOCle- 

siastieal  monuments.      The  Samuel  L< 

K.H.A.,  who  was  exhibiting  at  the  Academy 

from  1832  to  1862,  is  the  author  of 
'  Handy  Andy.'     All  the  exhibits  of  Lov<  C 

were  apparently  miniatures  ;  Mr.  Graves 
cannot  be  regarded  as  an  authority  on 
Irish  novels  and  novelists,  or  he  would  not 
have  copied  the  Academy  Catalogue's 
ul,\  ions  blunder  of  1843,  No.  735,  '  Charles 
Lover,  Esq.  (Harry  Lorrequer)  '  :  "Lover" 
clearly  should  be  Lever.  A  reference 
to  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  ' 
would  have  informed  Mr.  Craves  that  the 
Christian  name  of  the  medallist  "  J. 
Milton  "  (p.  259)  was  John.  Masquerier's 
1809  exhibit,  '  W.  Hastings,  Esq.,'  is  of 
course  the  portrait  of  the  great  Proconsul, 
engraved  by  T.  Watson,  and  presented 
to  the  Oriental  Club  in  1815. 

The  Morland  entries  are  among  the  many 
interesting  ones  in  the  present  volume. 
They  occupy  less  than  two  columns,  Ceorge 
exhibiting  from  1773  to  1804,  whilst  his 
father  Henry  Robert  sent  eight  works  from 
1771  to  1792.  Mr.  Graves's  notes  to  both 
Henry  Robert  and  Maria  Morland  appear 
to  us  to  be  superfluous.  There  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  about  the  Academy 
exhibits  of  1779-92  being  those  of  Henry 
Robert  Morland — the  "  Henry  Morland, 
Junior,"  must  be  a  creation  of  Mr.  R. 
Richardson's  imagination  ;  nor  can  there 
be  any  doubt  about  the  Maria  Morland  of 
1785-6  being  the  daughter  of  Henry  R. 
Morland  and  the  sister  of  George  ;  she 
married  William  Ward  in  August,  1786. 
In  the  '  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  ' 
Mr.  Monkhouse  was  simply  copying  from 
previous  writers  when  he  described  her 
as  George  Morland's  mother,  of  whom  all 
we  know,  or  are  likely  to  know,  is  that 
she  was  a  Frenchwoman. 

A  long  list  might  be  drawn  up  from  this 
volume  alone  of  artists  whose  appearances 
at  the  Academy  averaged  half  a  century. 
John  Linnell  apparently  comes  first  in 
this  direction,  for  he  was  represented  from 
1807  to  1881— for  the  first  forty  years 
almost  exclusively  by  portraits,  and  after- 
wards almost  entirely  by  genre  subjects. 
F.  C.  Lewris  was  exhibiting  from  1802  to 
1853  ;  J.  F.  Lewis  from  1821  to  1877  ; 
Lennard  Lewis  from  1848  to  1898  ;  G.  D. 
Leslie  from  1857  to  1904  ;  and  Millais 
from  1846  to  1896. 

We  have  not  by  any  means  exhausted 
the  many  and  varied  points  of  interest 
suggested  by  the  perusal  of  Mr.  Graves's 
new  volume  ;  but  to  do  so  would  double 
the  length  of  this  notice.  One  point,  how- 
ever, must  not  be  overlooked,  and  that 
is  the  predominance  of  Macs  in  this  volume. 
The  Scotch  have  their  full  share  of  the 
Royal  Academy  as  they  have  of  other 
positions  of  honour  and  emolument. 


(  hum 

(  Inn  lea  Herbert  Moore. 

I  ■  .-.  companion  volume  t<>  t  .• 

\  'eiopmenfl    sod   Character  "i   Gothic   Archi- 
tecture'   by    tin-   siinif   author.      At    a   t. 
when  it  to  admire  equally  all 

periods    of    architectural    work,    with    i:' 

filiation  of  fir-t   principh 
ing  to  crime  across  an   author  insisting  tl 
fine  architecture  must  be  structurally  truth- 
ful.    His    position  much    that 
Kuskin,  and  ho  adopts  his  attitude  ■ 
ment    approval    of   ever}  thing    (iothic,    . 
"i    course   disapproval  of   tl 
Bo  we  have  here   a   study,  both   lucid  and 
critical,     of     Renaissance     architecture    by 
one  who  may  almost  I"-  classed  as  an  a\  owed! 
enemy,  without  sympathy  for  the  oiii:-  and 
aspirations   of   the    Renaissance   architer 
while  the  shifts  and  inconsistencies  to  which 
they  were  forced,  in    the  attempt    to  apply 
the  classic  details  of  Imperial  Home  t. 
totally  different  buildings  of  their  own  tit 
find  in  him  a  stern  accuser. 

An    exceedingly    interesting    -tudy    it    is- 
While  it  is   short — some    250  pages — it 
conveys    the    impression    of    thoroughm 
In  no  sense  a  history  of  the  period,  it  is  an 
attempt  to  set  forth  its  true  character,  and 
a  thoroughly  genuine    and    individual  p 
of   work.     In   the   interesting    Introduction 
the  author  claims  that  much  that  was  best 
in    the    Renaissance    epoch    was    in    reality 
derived  from  the  conditions  prevailing  in  the 
.Middle  Ages,  especially  in  the  cultivation  of 
literature,  philosophy,   and  the  fine  arts  in 
the  monasteries,   and   the  rise  of  the  great 
communal  organizations.     He  says  : — 

'•  The  fine  arts  are  always  an  expression  of  the 

historical  antecedents,  the  intellectual,  moral,  and 
material  conditions,    and    the    religions  1- 
the  peoples  and  epochs  to  which  they  belong." 

Though  the  idea  here  conveyed  may 
now  almost  be  looked  on  as  a  truism,  it  needs 
insisting  on  in  the  case  of  the  Renaissance, 
which,  it  is  too  often  assumed,  derived  its 
impulse  entirely  from  the  study  of  ancient 
authors  and  buildings,  combined  with  the 
desire  for  scientific  knowledge  and  freedom 
from  corrupt  ecelesiasticism.  A  little  farther 
on  he  discusses  the  growth  of  individualism, 
in  art  : — 

"  A  building  of  the  Renaissance  is  thus  al\\ 
the  product  <  f  the  fancy  of  a  particular  designer, 
as  a  building  of  the  Middle  Aires  is  not.  But 
architecture  of  the  highest  excellence  can  hardly 
he  produced  by  an  individual  working  inde- 
pendently. The  noblest  architecture  of  the  past 
has  always  bean  an  evolution  of  a  people,  the  joint 
product  of  many  minds,  and  the  natural  expieuuii  n 
of  many  conditions." 

This  is  only  partly  true  of  the  Renaissance, 
but  has  been  becoming  increasingly  true 
of  architecture  ever  since.  Renaissance 
architects  were  all  striving  together  after 
the  same  ideal,  and  though  scholarship 
largely  took  the  place  of  experiment, 
unity  of  aim  maintained  during  a  long  period 
did  produce  a  national  Style,  "  the  joint 
product  of  many  minds." 

We  do  not  propose  to  follow  the  author 
through  his  criticisms  of  the  work  of  the- 
various  schools.  It  is  easy  enough  to  find 
reasons  to  condemn  on  fundamental  principles 
almost  everything  produced  by  the  architects 
of  his  special  period.  He  is  at  his  best  when 
tracing  the  genesis  and  development  of  the 
dome  in  such  architecture.  The  t\w> 
chapters  on  the  domes  of  Florence  and  Rome 
are  as  good  as  they  covdd  be.  He  is 
evidently  greatly  interested  in  the  subject 
himself,  and  consequently,  in  considering 
them  both  as  to  structure  and  affect,  he 
brings  to  bear  a  grasp  of  the  subject  which. 
combined  with  clearness  of  expression  and 
good  illustrations,  conveys  a  vivid  impression. 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


707 


The  get-up  of  the  book  is  satisfactory. 
The  illustrations  in  the  text  are  from  wood- 
cuts or  line  drawings,  while  the  photographs 
are  confined  to  separate  plates.  This  is 
far  preferable  to  mixing  them  in  the  text. 
There  are  one  or  two  misprints.  Mr. 
Reginald  Blomfield's  name  is  misspelt  four 
times,  while  Giuliana  da  San  Gallo  is  spelt 
on  another  page  "  de  San  Gallo."  The 
author  repeats  the  surprising  opinion  he 
expressed  in  the  earlier  volume  that  there 
was  no  true  Gothic  art  outside  France ;  but 
he  has  very  little  praise  for  French  Renais- 
sance work.  Of  Inigo  Jones  he  also  has  a 
very  poor  opinion,  but  Wren  compels  his 
admiration,  if  only  as  a  good  "  engineer." 

English  Domestic  Architecture  of  the  Seven- 
teenth and  Eighteenth  Century.  By  Horace 
Field  and  Michael  Bunney.  (Bell  &  Sons.) 
— It  has  been  the  design  of  the  authors  of 
this  book  to  set  forth,  by  picture,  plan,  and 
description,  a  number  of  examples  of 
Renaissance  minor  buildings  in  England  in 
the  period  preceding  the  revival  of  the  Gothic 
style.  Pugin,  as  they  point  out,  fiercely 
assailed  the  neo-Gothic  and  the  classic 
revivals,  and  sought  inspiration  in  "  the 
•spirit  and  principles  of  pointed  architec- 
ture." But  they  ask  why  it  was  necessary, 
in  a  resumption  of  tradition,  to  go  so  far 
back  as  mediaeval  times.  The  Renaissance 
entered  into  the  mood  and  spirit  of  English 
architecture,  and  during  the  period  in  which 
the  style  reigned  it  was  truly  native  and 
national.  The  enthusiasm  of  Messrs.  Field 
and  Bunney  has  led  to  the  compilation  of  a 
volume  which  has  exacted  diligence  and 
taste  and  time.  It  is  evident  that  they  have 
an  ideal,  and  would  like  it  accepted  to-day. 
They  say  : — 

•"  Surely  never  in  the  history  of  England  was 
there  a  style  which  demanded  less  rigid  uniformity, 
and  as  this  is  an  age  <  f  free  thought,  it  should  suit 
sis  best." 

The  development  of  Renaissance  architecture 
■was  prematurely  arrested  in  the  eighteenth 
•century.  "Is  it  impossible  to  revive  and 
irein  vigor  ate  it  ?  " 

The  numerous  illustrations  of  Renaissance 
buildings  are  calculated  to  make  one  sym- 
pathetic. The  meie  procession  of  plates, 
exhibiting  handsome  and  comfortable  houses 
with  the  picturesqueness  of  age,  is  convincing 
in  itself;  it  has  the  effect  of  persuasion.  The 
authors  have  measured,  drawn,  and  photo- 
graphed houses  over  a  wide  area  of  the 
country,  and  have  added  notes  to  assist 
the  eye.  The  book  should  be  valuable  to 
architects,  and  to  all  who  are  interested  in 
our  domestic  architecture. 

The  Cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales. 
Part  I.  (Cassell  &  Co.) — Messrs.  Cassell 
&  Co.  are  now  producing,  in  cheap  fort- 
nightly parts,  a  well  -  illustrated  quarto 
account  of  the  cathedral  churches  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales.  The  letterpress  gives  some 
account  of  the  history  of  the  fabric  and  its 
associations,  and  the  scheme  also  provides 
for  architectural  description.  The  first 
part,  containing  thirty-two  pages,  embraces 
the  story  of  Canterbury  Cathedral,  and  the 
•opening  description   of    York    Minster.      The 

scope  of  the  ill  ust  rations  can  be  realized 
•from  the  fact  that  those  of  Canterbury 
anclude — in  addition  to  a  ground  plan  and 
a    sixteenth-century    map    of    the    city — four 

full-page   plates   and   twenty-seven  smaller 

pictures.      The   let  t  erpress   is.    on   the   whole, 

nrefully    done   and   up   to   date.      Dr.    Cox's 

work  on  Canterbury,  issued  in    1!M).~),  is  cited 

Pal  times.      To  judge  from  the  first  part, 

this    publication    promises    to    be    one    of 
genuine  value;  it  is  no  mere  dressing  up  of 

old  material  and  hackneyed  views. 

Costume,  on  Brauee.     By  Herbert  Druitt. 

(De  La  More  Press.) — The  main    interest  of 


this  manual  of  costume  as  illustrated  by 
monumental  brasses  centres  in  the  plates, 
which  are  one  hundred  and  ten  in  number. 
These,  like  Martial's  own  estimate  of  his 
epigrams,  may  be  divided  into  good,  bad, 
and  indifferent,  with  a  decided  predominance 
of  the  last  of  these  three  classes.  Among 
the  few  good  ones  may  be  ranked  the  effigies 
of  Sir  Thomas  Brook  and  his  wife  Joan,  1437, 
from  Thorncombe,  Devon  ;  the  bracket 
brass  of  John  Strete,  1405,  from  Upper 
Hardres,  Kent  ;  and  the  mural  brass  to 
William  Strachleigh  and  his  wife  and 
daughter,  1583,  from  Ermington,  Devon. 
The  frontispiece  deserves  commendation  ; 
it  is  a  photogravure  (the  only  one  in  the  book) 
giving  the  famous  effigies  of  Sir  John  D'Auber- 
noun,  1277,  and  Sir  John  D'Aubernoun, 
1327,  from  Stoke  D'Abernon.  The  details, 
also,  from  the  Hastings  brass  at  Elsing, 
Norfolk,  from  photographs  taken  by  Mr. 
E.  M.  Beloe,  jun.,  come  out  with  much 
clearness. 

The  old  way  of  collecting  examples  of 
brass  costumes  was  by  means  of  heel-ball 
rubbings,  a  process  still  followed  by  not  a 
few  enthusiasts  ;  the  later  method  is  by 
photography,  which  necessitates  (save  for 
mural  instances)  a  considerable  degree  of 
ingenuity  in  the  arrangement  of  the  camera. 
The  risk  in  the  latter  case — unless  much 
care  is  taken,  and  unless  there  is  a 
legitimate  amount  of  touching  up  afterwards 
— is  that  the  brass  itself  is  almost  lost  sight 
of  amid  the  unseemly  roughness  or  worn 
surface  of  the  paving  stone  to  which  it  is 
affixed.  Instances  of  this  occur  in  the  very 
unsatisfactory  plates  opjjosite  pp.  95,  96, 
105,  and  142,  as  well  as  in  several  other  cases. 
A  preparatory  and  harmless  treatment  of 
the  brass,  with  which  most  competent  photo- 
graphers, whether  amateur  or  professional, 
are  acquainted,  would  also  have  saved 
several  of  Mr.  Druitt's  photographic  pictures 
from  being  spoilt  by  the  glossy  surface  of 
the  actual  effigy. 

Again,  the  care  required  to  produce  a 
good  heel-ball  rubbing  of  a  brass  for  repro- 
duction is  by  no  means  inconsiderable;  and 
in  some  instances,  notably  on  the  plates 
opposite  pp.  1S4  and  290,  inferior  rubbings 
have  been  used. 

It  would  have  been  far  better  if  a  smaller 
selection  of  characteristic  examples  of  each 
period  and  style  had  been  chosen,  and 
greater  trouble  taken  with  their  reproduction. 
As  it  is,  there  are  about  ton  plates  which  in 
no  way  illustrate  any  phase  of  costume  or 
armour.  Most  of  the  well-known  examples 
appear  again  ;  but  we  look  in  vain,  par- 
ticularly amongst  those  of  later  date,  for 
remarkable  specimens  that  are  to  be  found 
in  seldom-visited  churches. 

Collectors  will,  however,  be  glad  to  have 
this  book,  on  account  of  the  lists  of 
brasses  which  illustrate  particular  details  ; 
these  are  a  great  advance  on  those  given  in 
Haines's  manual.  The  text  concerning 
ecclesiastical  and  academical  costume  has 
been  compiled  with  much  care  and  accuracy. 
The  volume  will  also  be  of  value  as  a  general 
book  of  roference  on  the  subject. 

Stanhope  A.  Forbes.  A.  L\  A.,  and  Elizabeth 
Stanhope  Forbes,  A.R.W.S.  By  Mrs.  Lionel 
Birch.  (Cassell  cV  Co.) — The  genera]  utility 
of  monographs  on  living  artists,  or  at  am 
rate  on  those  who  are  still  in  their  productive 
period,  is  perhaps  somewhat  open  to  question. 
The  time  is  not  ripe  for  a  biography,  and  the 

materials  for  a  critical  estimate  are  not  full}' 
fori  hcoming.  Moreover,  t  he  work  is  usually. 
though  not  invariably,  written  from  the 
Standpoint  of  personal  friendship,  and  this 
is  apt  to  preclude  the  full  independence 
necessary  for  critical  judgment,  for  which 
laudations   of   personal    comity    offer   a    verj 


ineffective  substitute.  At  best  the  result  is 
biographical  up  to  a  point,  and  by  the 
intimacy  of  the  knowledge  which  it  displays 
it  may  serve  as  useful  material  for  the  future 
historian.  This  is  the  case  with  the  present 
work,  which  contains  a  concise  and  inter- 
esting record,  pleasantly  tempered  by 
anecdote,  of  the  lives  and  various  works  of 
the  two  painters  of  whom  it  treats. 

Mrs.  Birch's  accotmt  of  the  beginnings  of 
the  Newlyn  School  serves  to  recall  the  ancient- 
legendary  connexion  of  Brittany  with  Corn- 
wall. It  was  at  the  village  of  Pancale,  near 
St.  Malo,  that  Mr.  Forbes,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  La  Thangue — each  fresh  from  a 
term  of  study  in  Paris — first  attempted  to 
develope  and  practise  the  principles  of  out- 
door painting.  Circumstances  brought  about 
a  change  of  scene,  but  the  guiding  influences 
remained  unchanged,  and  the  work  of  the 
Newlyn  School  may  be  said  to  be  an  offshoot 
of  French  realism.  Mrs.  Birch  speaks  of 
the  impression  made  upon  Mr.  Forbes  when 
in  Paris  by  the  work  of  Bastien  Lepage, 
and  Mr.  Forbes  would  seem  also  to  have 
studied  specially  the  art  of  Courbet,  whose 
'  Enterrement  a  Ornans  '  ranks  as  perhaps 
the  most  impressive  example  of  that  school 
of  realistic  genre  to  which  the  work  of  the 
English  painter  belongs.  To  their  principles 
and  influence  he  has  remained  iaithful,  as 
he  has  likewise  to  the  village  of  Newlyn. 
Others  have  sojourned  there  for  a  season, 
but  the  name  would  now  call  up  only  the 
memory  of  a  row  of  moving  tents,  were  it 
not  for  the  continued  presence  and  work  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanhope  Forbes. 

Mrs.  B'rch  gives  a  brief  but  admirable 
survey  of  the  circumstances  relating  to  the 
production  of  the  more  noteworthy  of  his 
pictures,  such  as  '  The  Health  of  the  Bride  ' 
and  '  Forging  the  Anchor.'  The  volume  is 
well  illustrated,  eight  of  the  reproductions 
being  in  colour,  and  the  remainder  in  half- 
tone—the most  entirely  satisfactory  of  the 
latter  being  some  of  the  slight  and  delicate 
outline  sketches  by  Mrs.  Stanhope  Forbes, 
which  seem  to  us  more  effective  in  reproduc- 
tion than  the  larger  compositions. 

The  National  Gallery  :  The  Flemish 
School.  With  an  Introduction  by  Frederick 
Wedmore.  (Newnes.) — Messrs.  Newnes  are 
extending  the  original  scheme  of  their  well- 
known  "  Art  Library  "  by  issuing  in  it  a 
number  of  volumes  containing  representative 
plates  of  the  various  different  schools  in  the 
great  national  collections,  together  with 
critical  introductions.  The  idea  is  excellent, 
and  the  fulfilment  of  it  should  be  of  distinct 
value  to  the  student.  It  is,  for  example, 
extremely  useful  to  have  such  a  work  as  the 
present  at  hand  to  refer  to  when  visiting 
the  exhibition  of  Flemish  art  now  on  view 
at  the  Guildhall.  The  utility  of  the  volumes 
would,  however,  be  much  increased  if  the 
quality  of  the  reproductions  were  improved. 
The  misty  and  blurred  effect  of  some  examples 
in  the  present  volume  causes  them  to  fail 
altogether  to  suggest  the  delicacy  of  the 
originals.  This  is  especially  the  case  with 
Memtinc's  'Virgin  and  Child  Enthroned' 
and  Gheeraerl    David's  'Mystical  Marriage 

of  St.  Catherine.1  In  others  the  contrasts 
of  light  and  shade  are  much  exaggerated. 
In    the    plate    of    Mi.    Salting's    portrait    by 

Bartholomaus  Bruyn  the  exquisitely  worked 

collar  of  the  vest  is  invisible,  as  the  result, 
apparently,  <>f  too  long  exposure  :  and  in 
that  of  Rubens's  '  Peace  and  War  *  the 
masterly  modelling  <>f  the  figures  has  Buffered 
the  same-  fate.     The  plate  of  the  'Chapeau 

de  Poil  '  is  too  dark  in  its  shadow-  and  halt" 
lights,    and    conveys    no    Suggestion    of    tin- 
intense  clearness  of  the  flesh  tints. 

Mr.  Wedmore's  Introduction  is  not  an 
altogether  favourable  specimen  of  his  power 


'IKS 


Til  E     ATI!  EN  .i:r  M 


N    U03,  Ji  m  '■»,  1906 


us  m  writer  on  mi.     Tim  ,  it  contain*  some 
very  apposite  criticisms,  bul  then  art   intei 
-|iisril  with  somewhat  captious  digi 
I  ■  i mint  «  it  h  the  other  port  ion  of  t  he 

k  leaves  something  to  be  desired.  The 
'Man's  Portrait  '  bj  Jan  van  Eyck,  dated 
ii     ,  i ■:   w hiih  Mr  Wedmore  states   u 

\  words  thai  it  is  not  reproduced,  is 
actually  the  first  < » t"  the  pistes  which  follow. 
In  Rpeaking  of  the  '  Chapeau  de  1'oil  '  he 
ol  erves  in  a  parenthesis,  "The  'Chapeau 
i!i  Paille  '  it  has  been  called  absurdly  in  the 
by  no  means  remote  past."  The  error  is  in 
fact  perpetuated  on  |>.  xxiii,  in  the  lisl  of 
Flemish  pictures  in  the  National  Gailerj  ;> 
well  as  on  the  plate  itself,  ol  which  the 
titl.  is  '  Portrait  of  Susanne  Fourment, 
known  ;'  -  the  "  Chapeau  de  Paille." 


COINS. 

(  oin  Types,  their  Origin  and  Developrm  nt  : 
being  the  Rhind  Lectures  for  1904.  By 
George  Macdonald,  J.L.I).  (Glasgow,  Mac- 
Lehose  &  Sons.) — One  of  the  most  difficult 
questions  in  Greek  antiquities  is  the  inter- 
pretation of  types,  and  the  state  of  affairs 
is  not  unlike  that  which  prevailed  in  Homeric 
criticism  after  the  publication  of  Wolf's 
"  Prolegomena.'  For  generations  interpre- 
tation followed  the  same  general  lines:  it 
v,.'-  mystical,  religious,  and  allusive.  Then 
le  the  iconoclast,  who  threw  everything 
into  the  melting-pot,  proposing  a  new- 
solution,  which  shocked  the  older  school 
ami  raised  loud  clamours  of  disapproval. 
By-and-by  the  new  leaven  began  to  leaven 
the  lump  ;  exaggerations  were  pruned  off, 
improvements  were  suggested,  and  the  world 
settled  down  to  something  like  a  com- 
promise. It  is  probably  not  far  from  the 
truth  to  say  that  scholars  are  now  much 
less  inclined  than  formerly  to  interpret  Greek 
art  on  a  mystical  principle.  In  the  matter 
of  coin  types  the  innovator  was  Prof.  Ridge- 
way,  whose  brilliant  work  on  the  'Origin 
of  Coin  and  Weight  Standards  '  threw  a  flood 
of  it  w  light  upon  the  question,  as  our 
readers  know.  Prof.  Ridgeway,  without 
denying  altogether  the  religious  element, 
set  about  to  connect  the  types  of  coins  with 
the  units  of  value  which  preceded  coins — 
the  ox,  the  measure  of  corn,  the  tunny  fish, 
the  axe,  the  tripod,  and  so  forth.  These 
units  of  value  differed  in  different  places. 
But,  although  this  principle  did  excellent 
service  by  sweeping  away  allegorical  and 
sophisticated  explanations,  and  by  sub- 
stituting an  explanation  in  itself  reasonable 
and  simple,  so  much  was  left  unexplained 
that  it  was  clear  that  there  was  work  yet 
to  be  done.  For  example,  if  we  may 
assume  that  a  certain  coin  bearing  the  de\  ice 
o!  an  ox  represented  the  value  of  the  ox  in 
silver,  we  might  expect  to  find  that  thede\  ice 
of  half  an  ox  would  represent  half  the  value. 
But  this  is  not  so  :  sometimes  the  half  device 
is  found  on  coins  of  a  higher  value  than  those 
bearing  the  whole  device. 

Dr.  Macdonald  comes  before  us  with  a 
in  w  explanation.  lie  has  observed  that 
there  is  no  difference  in  principle  between 
the  coin  types  and  the  marks  which  are 
frequently  used  to  denote  the  magistrates 

who  struck  them.  Often,  in  fact,  the  very 
same  types  are  used  for  both  ;  and  to  put 
the  matter  briefly,  he  regards  these  marks  as 
derived  from  seals,  coins  being  pieces  of 
metal  of  fixed  quality  and  weight  sealed  by 
some  responsible  person  who  vouches  for 
the  quality  and  weight. 

The  beauty  of  this  explanation  is  that 
it  at  once  makes  intelligible  the  enormous 
variety  of  these  designs.  If  the  object  of 
seals   was   to  distinguish   their  owners,   they 


must  obviously  have  been  man}  in  number, 
and  the}  ma}  have  been  chosen  on  many 
different  principles.  An  exhaustive  i 
mination  ot  the  devices  on  Greek  shields 
<h  closes  the  fact  that  a  large  number  ol 
them     appear    to    !»•    arbitrary,    and    the 

<li  lignB,  whether  or  not  they  were  the  same 
.1  ih"  i  on  (lie  owners'  private  seals,  win 
at    any   rate  chosen   tor  the  same   r 0(11101 

governed  the  choice  of  magistrates'  mail. 

NO  doubt  then-  was  a  reason  for  their  choice  ; 
but    there    is    often    nothing    to    show    what 

that  reason  was.  Others,  again,  are  "cant- 
ing symbols,"  forming  a  pun  on  the  owner's 

name,  or  the  like.  Again,  it  si  cms  occasion- 
ally as  if  the  symbol  chosen  was  some- 
thing   connected    with    a    god,    the    owner's 

name  being  also  connected  etymologically 

with    the    name    of    that    god,    or    his   family 

connected  with  its  worship. 

What  is  true  of  the  individual  is  true 
of  the  State.  The  city  name  sometimes 
recalled  the  name  of  some  common  object, 
as  Rhodes  ;  and  the  coin  type  of  this  city  is 
the  rose.  Others,  again,  might  be  indicated 
by  some  device  which  would  recall  them 
at  once  to  any  who  saw  it.  A  city 
famous  for  any  given  worship  might  have 
the  image  of  the  god  who  was  the  object 
of  that  worship,  as  Athens  with  the  image 
of  Athena  or  her  favourite  owl.  It  might 
be  some  local  legend  that  the  types  repre- 
sented. Such  are  the  coins  of  Pheneus, 
which  show  a  head  of  Artemis  on  the  obverse 
and  a  horse  feeding  on  the  reverse — alluding 
to  the  story  that  Odysseus  lost  his  mares, 
and  searched  ior  them  all  over  Greece  until 
he  found  them  at  this  place,  where,  in  grati- 
tude, he  founded  a  sanctuary  of  Artemis. 
Many  of  the  devices  which  puzzle  us  may 
refer  to  stories  which  have  been  forgotten. 
Then,  again,  the  staple  product  of  a  district 
may  be  used  to  indicate  it,  as  the  silphium 
at  Cyrene,  and  the  ear  of  corn  at  Meta- 
pontum.  These  do  not  by  any  means 
exhaust  the  different  kinds  of  types  ;  but  if 
the  explanation  be  true,  whatever  the  type 
selected  may  have  been,  it  served  as  a  kind 
of  shorthand  note  which  was  meant  to  be 
easily  intelligible. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  principle  on 
which  the  types  of  coins  were  chosen  is  one  ; 
but  it  is  not  necessarily  the  same  as  that 
which  caused  the  original  choice  of  a  design 
by  the  individual  or  the  State.  That  diffi- 
culty still  remains  :  Dr.  Macdonald  does  but 
push  it  back  one  step  ;  but  it  is  an  enormous 
gain  to  have  the  problem  settled  for  the 
numismatist.  It  is  settled,  if  the  explana- 
tion be  accepted  ;  and  it  does  in  one  respect 
make  the  general  problem  less  complicated  : 
it  becomes  clear  that  the  Greek  did  not 
look  upon  these  symbols  on  coins  with  any 
religious  awe.  In  fact,  they  ought  not  to 
be  called  symbols  at  all,  if  we  use  the  word 
in  its  strict  sense  as  implying  something 
more  than  a  shorthand  mark,  something 
sentimental  or  reverend.  If  this  be  true 
of  the  coin  types,  it  may  also  be  true  of  the 
types  in  their  relation  to  their  owners.  We 
have  here  another  indication  of  the  soberness 
and  sanity  of  the  Creek  mind. 

We  have  now  sketched  the  principle 
which  these  lectures  set  forth.  It  may  be 
worth  while  to  indicate  the  subjects  with 
which  they  respectively  deal.  A  brief 
introduction  describes  the  invention  of  coins, 
and  the  various  hypotheses  which  have  been 
put  forward  to  explain  their  types.  The 
author  then  proposes  his  own  view,  with 
ii  marks  on  the  principles  of  ancient  heraldry. 
In  this  section  a  reference  would  have  been 
useful  to  the  important  monograph  of  Mr. 
Chaso  in  the  "Harvard  Studies  in  Classical 
Philology,"  xiii.  (1902).  The  rest  of  the  book 
is  taken  up  with  a  discussion  of  the  various 
kinds  of  types,   and  the  inscriptions  upon 


the  coins,  including  tho  Koine, 

and  tin    Byzantine  Empire.     Many  iuten 
ing    questions   are   touched    on,   with  which 
we  have  no  ipace  to  d<  al  :    such,  for  ii 

I    portraiture;     and   the  author, 
with  much  tact.  n   a   Rue  I'Xanipll 

the    modern    coin,    the    "  bonnet-piece "    of 

.James  \\,  remn  try  :  — 

••  'I  hi    ' ;.  |"-  "it  .  •        s    ,i tmli  lion, 

heraldic,  representing  ;i  return  t<>  what  was 
probably  the  origins]  form  <>f  type.  Round  the 
in. n  .  peoimen  at  the  coin   motto — 

Honoi  Regis rvnicrvM  J)iligit     'The  king 
loveth  judgment,      Mrving  to  recall  the  money  of 
Byzantium,  and  the  influenci  ed  upon  i'  by 

the  currency  <>f    Mohammedan  If   a 

protest    against    the    image-worship  ith- 

oentury  Christiana.  The  obverse,  with  the  j*>r- 
brait  ot  the  king  and  an  inscription  recording  his 
name  and  titles,  with  the  dat  to  a 

Roman  original,  and  to  an  even  more  distant   | 
Although  portraiture  on  coins  is  a  purely  secular 
thing  now,  we  must  not  forget  that  i'  ding 

record  of  the  deification  of  living  rulers,  and  of  the 
oikc  all-powerful  influence  that  religion  • 
in  determining  the  selection  of  coin  tj 

In  the  last  sentence  the  writer  shows  that 
he  has  not  wholly  shaken  himself  free  from 
tradition  ;  for  his  book  is  designed  to  prove 
that  this  is  not  the  case. 

The  reader  will  see  that  this  is  an  emi- 
nently suggestive  book,  which  calls  for 
serious  attention  not  from  numismat 
only.  The  explanation  commends  itself  as 
well  by  its  simplicity  as  ^comprehensiveness, 
and  each  step  is  supported  by  evidence.  It 
would  not  be  profitable  to  offer  a  criticism 
on  the  details  ;  but  one  suggestion  we  may 
make,  because  it  is  a  question  of  interpreta- 
tion. On  a  coin  of  Selinus  which  seems  to 
commemorate  deliverance  from  a  plague, 
Apollo  is  represented  hi  the  act  of  discharging 
an  arrow,  "  directed,  no  doubt,  against  the 
powers  of  evil  "  ;  but  the  scene  in  the  first 
book  of  the  Iliad  surely  would  show  that 
Apollo  is  conceived  as  causing  the  plague. 
The  river-god  Selinus  on  the  reverse  would, 
no  doubt,  be  offering  sacrifice  to  Apollo 
himself,  the  plague  having  been  stayed  by 
turning  fresh  water  into  a  stagnant  marsh. 

Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  Hunterian 
Collection,  University  of  Glasgow.  Vol.  III. 
By  G.  Macdonald.  (Same  publishers.)  — 
Dr.  Macdonald  is  to  be  congratulated 
on  having  completed  his  laborious  task 
of  cataloguing  the  Hunterian  collection  of 
Greek  coins.  In  the  Preface  he  tells  us  that 
the  work  represents  twelve  years  of  strenuous 
leisure,  by  which  we  understand  that  this 
catalogue,  in  three  volumes  and  extending 
to  nearly  2,000  pages,  has  been  compiled 
during  such  time  as  he  was  not  engaged  in 
his  professorial  duties,  which  in  a  university 
like  that  of  Glasgow  are  by  no  means  light. 
It  is  a  work  which  does  great  credit  to  the 
author  and  to  his  University,  and  also  to 
Mr.  James  Stevenson,  who  so  munificently 
offered  to  bear  the  whole  expense  of  printing 
and  publication,  but  who,  alas  !  with  others 
who  took  a  great  interest  in  the  work,  did 
not  live  to  see  its  final  accomplishment. 

The  series  included  in  this  last  volume  are 
those  of  Further  Asia.  Northern  Africa,  and 
Western  Europe,  and  they  comprise  the 
extensive  coinages  of  Syria.  Seleucis  and 
l'ierin,  Phoenicia,  Palestine,  and  Parthia,  in 
Asia  :  Egypt,  Cyrenaica.  Zeugitana,  Mauri- 
tania, Sec.,  in  Northern  Africa  ;  and  Spain, 
GauL  and  Britain  in  Western  Europe.  The 
coinages  of  these  districts  are  much  more 
varied  than  those  in  either  of  the  preceding 
volumes,  and  though  artistically  they  may 
be  inferior,  yet  historically  their  importance 
is  certainly  equal,  if  not  greater.  In  the 
completeness  of  the  various  series  this 
portion  of  the  collection  is  fully  equal 
to    the   rest,  and   the    extent    of    some    of 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


709 


them  has  enabled  Dr.  Macdonald  to  effect 
some  important  modifications  in  the  chrono- 
logical order  of  the  coins.  Amongst  these  is 
the  classification  of  the  early  issues  of  the 
Seleucid  kings  of  Syria,  which  has  always 
been  a  crux  to  Greek  numismatists.  On 
this  subject  the  author  has  written  a  special 
memoir  in  the  pages  of  The  Hellenic  Journal, 
and  the  results  of  his  inquiries  are  embodied 
in  the  Catalogue.  The  difficulties  in  the 
classification  of  these  early  coins  arise  from 
the  circumstance  that  the  first  three  kings 
who  bore  the  name  of  Antiochus  only  added 
the  title  of  "  Basileus."  By  dint  of  close 
comparison  of  a  large  number  of  examples 
brought  together  from  all  possible  sources, 
a  division  of  the  coins  into  the  separate  reigns 
has  been  effected.  This  could  only  be  done 
by  noting  minute  variations  in  the  portraits 
and  by  slight  differences  of  style.  The  notes 
which  are  given  in  the  Catalogue  are  scarcely 
sufficient  to  convey  to  the  reader  the  lines 
on  which  Dr.  Macdonald  bases  his  conclu- 
sions ;  but  the  admirable  plates  which  illus- 
trate this  series  obviate  to  a  certain  degree 
this  difficulty. 

In  the  classification  of  the  coins  of  Juda?a 
we  note  that  the  early  shekels  have  been 
restored  to  the  period  of  the  Maccabees, 
from  which  an  attempt  was  recently  made  to 
remove  them  and  to  place  them  in  the  first 
century  A.r>.,  i.e.,  in  the  time  of  the  so-called 
first  revolt.  On  the  evidence  of  recent  finds, 
in  which  some  of  these  shekels  were  discovered 
with  silver  coins  of  a  later  date,  it  was  pro- 
posed by  M.  Theodore  Reinach  to  bring  them 
down  nearly  two  centuries  later.  The  views 
expressed  by  M.  Reinach  were  generally 
accepted  by  numismatists  in  England  as  well 
as  on  the  Continent,  and  there,  perhaps,  the 
matter  would  have  rested  for  a  while  ;  but 
M.  Reinach  suddenly  changed  his  views,  on 
account  of  the  archaic  aspects  of  the  coins 
and  of  the  existence  of  shekels  of  the  year  5, 
and  now  has  practically  restored  them  to  their 
former  date — not,  however,  to  B.C.  143, 
when  Demetrius  II.  granted  autonomy  to 
the  Jews,  but  to  B.C.  138,  when  it  is  recorded 
(1  Mace.  xv.  5,  6)  that  Antiochus  VII. 
specially  granted  to  Simon  Maccabaeus  the 
privilege  of  striking  money  with  his  own 
dies.  Tli is  sudden  change  of  front  is,  to 
say  the  least,  amusing,  and  it  will  be  inter- 
esting to  learn  what  other  numismatists  may 
have  to  say  on  this  subject,  and  whether 
they  are  equally  ready  to  accept  M.  Reinach's 
latest  dictum. 

These  are  a  couple  of  points  which  have 
arrested  our  attention  in  glancing  through 
the  pages  of  this  important  contribution  to 
Greek  numismatics.  Many  other  series 
would  supply  material  for  reflection,  had 
we  space  to  notice  them. 

The  relegation  of  the  coinages  of  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Britain  to  the  end  of  the  volume 
seems,  From  a  numismatic  point  of  view, 
not  to  require  any  justification.  In  a  geo- 
graphical classification  of  the  coinages  of  the 
Greek  world  these  series  are  placed  first. 
The  coinage  of  Spain,  after  all,  is  mostly  of 
Roman  times,  and  those  of  Gaul  and  Britain 
chiefly  degraded  imitations  ;  so  that 
their  true  position  is  at  the  end,  and  not  at 
the  beginning,  of  the  series.  This  appears 
to  be  the  order  adopted  for  the  catalogue 
of  Greek  coins  in  the  British  Museum  ;  but, 
so  far  as  we  are  aware,  these  coinages  have 
not  yet  engaged  the  attention  of  the  officials 

of  t  hat    inst  il  ut  ion. 

In  taking  leave  of  this  most  excellent  COD 
tribution    to   Greek    numismatics    we   cannot 

refrain  From  again  offering  our  congratula- 
tions to  the  author  on  having  accomplished, 

in  so  satisfactory  and  scholarly  a  maimer, 
his  arduous  and  self-imposed  task.  \\  e 
WOUld  at  the  same  time  venture  to  express 
a    hope    thai     the    work    of    publishing    the 


contents  of  this  unrivalled  collection  pri- 
vately brought  together,  so  well  begun, 
may  be  completed,  and  that  the  authorities 
of  the  Glasgow  University  will  be  able  to 
find  the  necessary  funds  and  the  workers 
to  undertake  the  duties  of  publishing  the 
remaining  sections.  In  Roman  coins  the 
collection  is  very  rich,  and  contains  many 
unpublished  and  rare  pieces  ;  and  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  British  section,  whether 
Anglo-Saxon  or  English  coins  or  historical 
medals.  We  cannot  help  thinking  that  if 
this  were  done,  many  coins  which  have 
long  been  considered  as  lost  would  again 
come  to  light.  Such  a  publication  would 
earn  the  further  gratitude  of  numis- 
matists of  all  sections  and  tastes,  and, 
besides  that,  would  probably  prove  of  con- 
siderable historical  value. 


CONTEMPORARY    GERMAN    ARTISTS 
AT    KNIGHTSBRIDGE. 

This  exhibition  displays  the  powers  of 
modern  German  artists  more  satisfactorily 
than  the  one  at  the  Grafton  Gallery,  as 
might,  indeed,  be  expected  from  the  distin- 
guished committee  whose  names  adorn  the 
title-page  of  the  catalogue  and  to  whom  is 
due  this  graceful  recognition  of  how  much 
advanced  English  artists  have  owed  to 
German  appreciation  of  their  work.  We  are 
not  sure  whether  German  pictures  will  be 
bought  in  England  so  freely  as  English 
work  has  been  in  Germany,  nor,  pretty  as 
would  be  such  an  exchange  of  courtesies, 
are  we  certain  that  it  is  desirable  ;  for  though 
there  is  much  here  that  challenges  moment- 
ary attention,  there  is  little  that  rewards  it 
with  more  than  a  passing  interest. 

Our  first  impression  is  that  of  a  race 
of  men  extremely  apt  at  picking  up  from 
other  people  tricks  of  technique,  striking 
peculiarities  in  the  general  aspect  of  a  picture. 
The  nineteenth  century  was  very  prolific  in 
painters  absorbed  in  narrow  and  specialized 
researches  which,  pushed  to  extreme  lengths, 
produced  from  time  to  time  pictures  sincerely 
meant,  perhaps,  but  of  grotesque  oddity  if 
judged  from  any  large-minded  point  of  view. 
Scarcely  one  of  these  eccentric  products  but 
is  here  represented  with  an  added  extrava- 
gance, but  hardly  the  same  saving  sincerity; 
and  amid  the  spots  and  dashes  of  vibriste 
and  pointilliste,  the  thin  mannerism  of  the 
primitive,  the  exaggerated  impasto  of  the 
devotee  of  trompe  Vmil,  one  becomes  almost 
grateful  for  the  old-fashioned  brown  portraits 
of  Lenbach,  who  is  rather  better  represented 
here  than  at  the  Grafton,  his  Prince  Regent 
of  Bavaria  and  Delbruck  having  a  homely 
thoroughness  of  modelling  that  would  be 
rather  sympathetic  were  it  approached  in 
somewhat  quieter  mood.  The  keenly  com- 
petitive spirit  that  makes  the  German 
business  man  the  best  commercial  traveller 
in  the  world,  makes  the  German  painter 
anxious  above  all  that  his  picture  should 
<  merge  ;  and  even  here,  where  in  colour, 
lighting,  and  pose  our  German  painter 
does  not  depart  from  tli*-  customary,  the 
desire  to  he  striking  mars  the  serenity  of 
wholesome    characterization    with    a   curious 

mannerism.       Lenbach,    in    studying     the 

rugged  old  men  who  are  his  best  subjects 
(beautiful  women  he  always  treats  in  mere- 
tricious fashion),  seems  to  have  felt  how 
often  the  striking,  salient  teat  lire  of  the  face 
— the  accent  w  Inch  t  he  whole  struct  lire  leads 
up  to  was  to  be  found  in  some  trenchant, 
almost  Straight  line  of  pressed  lip  or  over- 
hanging   brow    or  (piaint     facial    fold  ;     and. 

connecting  in  his  mind  the  telling  quality  of 

this  harshly  dug-in  trench  with  the  final 
force   and    carrying    power    it    imparts    when 


it  is  put  in  the  right  place,  he  appears  to 
have  allowed  his  hand  to  run  away  with  him 
and  scatter  such  strokes  everywhere,  till 
in  a  typical  head  by  Lenbach  the  whole 
structure  is  scored  and  broken  up  by 
a  series  of  rectilinear  gashes  in  every 
direction.  This  recipe  for  producing  a 
powerfully  modelled  head  spoils  his  best 
work  here,  and  we  see  it  handed  on  to  his 
followers — to  Carl  Marr,  for  example,  who 
softens  somewhat  the  knife-like  edges  of 
his  original,  or  to  Leo  Samberger,  who  in  a 
series  of  terribly  staccato  performances, 
worthy  of  the  lightning  artist  of  a  popular 
show,  reduces  the  idea  frankly  to  an 
absurdity. 

The  other  more  or  less  indigenous  influence 
that  more  potently  than  Lenbach's  shapes 
modern  painting  in  Germany  is  represented 
most  genuinely  perhaps  by  Arnold  Bocklin, 
most  flagrantly  by  Franz  Stuck,  and,  as  in 
the  case  of  Lenbach,  its  root  idea  is  to  elimi- 
nate the  more  quietly  coherent  elements 
of  a  picture  and  make  up  a  work  solely 
of  the  sensational  ones.  So  we  see  Franz 
Stuck  in  his  Procession  of  Bacchantes 
seizing  on  the  violent  action  and  strong  cha- 
racter that  Rubens  handles  in  his  baccha- 
nalia  as  elements  worth  having ;  but  the 
complex  logic  of  form  whereby  this  violent 
action  is  graduated  into  a  rhythm  of  subtly 
articulated  movement  is  left  behind  as  not 
sufficiently  startling — left  behind  also  the 
moderation,  even  affection,  that  gives  to 
Rubens's  types  at  their  utmost  vehemence 
an  unctuous  humanity  benignant  in  com- 
parison with  the  manner  of  rendering  this 
crew  of  grimacing  lunatics,  prancing  along 
under  a  garish  illumination  filched  from  the 
modern  impressionists.  But  the  best  of  these 
men  had  always  behind  their  glare  some 
consoling  observance  of  the  permanent 
laws  of  light  with  its  reflection  and  counter 
reflection,  catching  the  rude  shock,  the  par- 
tisan falsity  of  momentary  illumination,  and 
cradling  it  into  equilibrium  and  truth. 

The  modern  German  artist  is  a  sensational 
eclectic,  devising  novel  and  piqiiant  combina- 
tions of  whatever  strikes  him  as  weird  or 
outlandish  in  other  people's  picture's.  He 
offers  you  a  banquet,  consisting  wholly  of 
highly  seasoned  titbits,  much  as  a  parvenu, 
marking  how  in  one  instance  it  is  an 
emerald  that  flashes  supreme,  in  another 
a  ruby,  in  a  third  a  diamond,  tears  each  from 
the  setting  that  is  a  foil  to  it,  and  heaps 
them  all  together  in  hopes  of  achieving 
something  still  more  transcendent  ly  thrilling. 
Of  this  school  Bocklin  is  the  head,  having, 
indeed,  a  kind  of  gift  for  such  exercises.  Ho 
has  a  genuine  feeling  for  landscape,  though, 
as  might  be  expected,  with  a  taste  for  the 
startling  accidents  of  nature  rather  than 
for  those  no  less  wonderful,  but  more 
constant  factors,  which  win  our  love  rather 
than  our  astonishment.  The  Pietd  lent  by 
the  Berlin  National  Gallery  is  a  vapid  and 
flavourless  performance,  but  the  Elysian 
Fit  Ids  is  a  good  example  of  the  painter  and 

of  his  methods. 

"  It  would  be  very  startling."  we  fancy 
him  saying,  "  to  take  that  mythical  creature 
the  centaur  out  of  the  atmosphere  of  dreamy 
generalization  which  he  has  hitherto  dwelt  in 
(and  which,  to  say  the  truth,  suits  him  best  \t 
and  to  depict  him  in  tin"  plain,  unmysterious 
daylight,  set     in  your  presence,    with   all   the 

resources  of  modern  realism— down  to  the 

Very  texture  of  his  hide  ;  still  more  startling 
if  WO  should  undress  and  Bet   on  his  back  the 

plump    and    luxurious    wife    of    a    modern 
Viennese  shopkeeper  of  the  wealthier  cli 
the  artificial   pallor  of  1km-  nudity   pressed 

against  the  skin  of  the  upper  half  of  the 
monster,  which  skin,  for  purposes  of  coarse 
contrast,   shall   be  the  dun   and  spotted   skin 

of  a  toad.     How  much  more  effective,  too. 


710 


THE    ATHENjEUM 


N   4102,  June  9,  1906 


tin        fanta-t  le 

iii  it  land  ca]  • 


eninbiiiat  inn     Iii  OOWt        i 1 

of  studied  sobrietj  in  w  hioh 
almost  photograpliio  details  corroborate 
mill  enforce  the  actuality  o!  the  incongruous 
group  in  the  foreground.  Theseexpectations 
are  realised  to  s  sensational  degree,  and  yet 

it     \m.ii1«1    l»<-    unjust     to    Arnold    Pbcklin    to 

rank  him  entirely  with  the  others  <>f  this 
school,  whose  claim  to  originality  rests  on 
their  thus  thrusting  into  your  face  an 
objective    realisation,    raw    and    literal,    of 

fancies   that    maintain   a   certain   validity    in 

more  abstract  spheres.  In  the  darkly 
stagnant  water  that  makes  so  fine  an  expanse 
of  restful  black,  in  the  manner  in  which 
that  black  permeates  the  picture,  merging 
solemnly  into  the  Bombre  mass  of  Boberly 
painted  trees  breathless  against  the  quiet 
.sky.   the  silence   not   even    broken   by   the 

smooth  thread  of  falling  water  that  Blips  un- 
noticed into  the  lake,  in  the  painter's 
absorbed  interest  in  tho  facts  of  Nature  as 
apart    from  her  "  effects,"  there  is  an  iinagi- 

native  value.  It  exhibits  a  technical  refine- 
ment, gained  at  no  cost  of  objective  force. 
which  is  very  rare  in  modern  art,  which 
is  true  enough  sometimes  to  visual  appear- 
ance, yet  lacks  reality.  The  Whistlerian 
phantoms  of  Mr.  Sauter,  Spring  Mood  and 
Morning  Call,  are  beautiful  examples  of  this 
flimsier  presentment.  We  know  what  the 
objects  represented  are  meant  for,  but  the 
imaginative  sense  of  what  they  would  feel  like 
if  we  approached  and  handled  them  is  want- 
ing, and  this  sense  is  what  gives  the  painting 
of  the  landscape  of  the  Elysian  Fields  a 
certain  dignity  in  spite  of  the  want  of 
imagination  in  the  figures. 

It  testifies,  perhaps,  to  the  relative 
modesty  and  good  taste  of  English  exhibi- 
tions that  Mr.  Neven  du  Mont,  whose  work 
amongst  that  of  our  own  painters  seemed 
somewhat  abrupt  and  posterlike,  is  seen 
here  amongst  his  compatriots  as  a  delicate 
and  reasonable,  and  indeed  a  very  charming 
portrait  painter.  The  remaining  works  do 
not  call  for  prolonged  notice,  as,  with  the 
exception  of  MaxLiebermann'si'Ta.rC'tearmif/, 
which  is  seriously  studied  in  its  colourless 
and  laboured  fashion,  the  pictures  that 
emerge  do  so  by  offering  you  the  more 
sensational  qualities  of  some  form  of  painting 
that  may  be  seen  in  London  or  Paris  with 
just  the  backing  of  reasonableness  that  is  here 
lacking — the  reasonableness  that  tells  of 
a  past  devoted  to  studies  in  other  directions 
than  the  one  that  produced  the  picture. 
In  fact,  instead  of  the  inspiriting  sight 
of  a  painter  forced  to  develope  a  simple 
technique  to  express  new  aspirations,  we 
see  here  a  painter  placed  in  the  position  of 
being  able  to  acquire  means  of  expression 
ready-made  faster  than  he  has  need  for 
them.  Impressionism,  mysticism,  a  thousand 
other  isms,  are  all  ready  at  the  hand  of  a 
man  whose  modest  ambition  were  best 
devoted  to  such  work  as  Menzel  did  in  his 
youth — work  which  for  a  long  time  to  come 
is  likely  to  remain  the  best,  because  it  is 
the  most  self-absorbed  and  studious  that 
Germany  has  done  in  art. 

in  the  narrower  field  of  black  and  white 
the  exhibition  is  rather  better  (Sattler's 
Equality  might  be  mentioned,  or  Peter 
Behrens's  Dehmel — the  ideal  sort  of  drawing 
for  a  daily  paper);  but  the  German  painter 
seems  in  the  position  of  the  nouiran  richc 
whose  desires  are  too  easily  and  promptly 
sated  :  he  makes  a  great  parade  of  liberty, 
but  of  a  liberty  without  zest. 

The  exhibition  of  the  work  of  Mr.  John  at 

the  Chenil  Gallery  in  Chelsea  might   have 

been  noticed  this  week,  but  Mr.  John, 
devotee  of  liberty  also  in  his  way,  is  too 
Berious  a  phenomenon  to  discuss  at  the  tail 
end    of    an    article.         The    attractions    and 


dangers   of   Libert}    for  an    English    paintffl 
are  a  theme  worthj  ol  separate  notice.  _i^. 


.1  \<  OB     JORDAEN8    AT     THE 
MARLBOROUGH    Q  ILLERY. 

\Mniits  to  the  Guildhall  «ill  naturally, 
while  their  enthusiasm  is  on  them,  go  to  the 
Marlborough  Gallery  t"  iee  Jbrdaens's  very 
interesting  work  Peter  finding  tin  Tributt 
Monty.     Jt  is  not  such   a  masterpieci 

Van  Zurpelan  and  his  wife,  but  is  a  virile 
anil    splendid    essay    at    the    great    task    that 

Jordaens  faced  in  company  with  Rubens. 
The    great    Venetian    decorator    Tintoretto 

achieved  a  tremendous  power  of  handling 
groups  of  figures  in  large  architectonic 
fashion,  treating  heads  and  limbs,  as  it  u 

as  mere  steps  in  the  measure,  units  in  a 
grandly  moving  design.     He  did  this  often 

at  some  expense,  sacrificing  something  of 
the  close  and  homely  truthfulness  to  cha- 
racter that  gives  to  the  work  of  earlier 
painters  so  challenging  an  actuality,  as 
though  the  painted  figures  were  indeed 
living  entities  like  ourselves.  The  task  of 
Rubens  and  of  Jordaens  was  to  restore  this 
individual  vitality  of  the  figures,  and  yet  keep 
the  constructive  rhythm  of  the  whole  com- 
position which  they  had  learnt  in  Italy. 
Jordaens's  great  sketch  is  invigorating,  but 
shows  somewhat  of  the  contest  between  the 
two  intentions,  notably  in  the  figure  of  the 
punting  oarsman,  which  is  poor  Italian  and 
monochromatic  painting  projected  against 
a  group  of  highly  coloured,  violently  charac- 
terized figures  painted  in  the  Flemish 
taste.  The  towering  group  to  the  left,  on 
the  other  hand,  absorbed  in  the  catch,  is 
capitally  conceived  and  carried  through. 


STUDIES  BY  GAINSBOROUGH  AT 

COLNAGHI'S. 

It  is  a  sign  how  closely  connected  are 
the  message  of  an  artist  and  the  technique 
which  expresses  it  that  almost  all  the 
painters  who  founded  their  work  more  or 
less  directly  on  the  study  of  the  practice  of 
Rubens  were,  or  got  the  reputation  of  being, 
wild  devotees  of  liberty,  creatures  of  impulse. 
Really,  they  were  successful  largely  in  pro- 
portion as  they  had  enjoyed  some  severer 
training  previously,  just  as  a  bullet  flies  true 
because  it  has  been  confined  in  the  gun-barrel. 
When  it  is  remembered  how  lightly,  and 
without  thought  for  the  drawing  itself, 
Gainsborough's  sketches  were  done,  it  is 
surprising  that  he  rarely  mistakes  the  free 
for  the  slipshod,  yet  in  some  of  the  landscapes 
at  Messrs.  Colnaghi's  some  such  confusion 
is  suggested.  This  is  perhaps  due  to  a  selec- 
tion preferably  of  what  are  called  charac- 
teristic drawings — often  done  when  an 
artist,  for  some  reason  or  other,  falls  back 
on  material  that  has  become  a  little  common- 
place to  him.  Van  Oieront,  Captain  of  a 
Trading  Vessel  at  Amsterdam,  The  Royal 
Princess  descending  Steps,  and  the  ragged 
Jack  Hill  point  the  lines  on  which,  with  less 
pretence  at  elaboration,  news-drawing  might 
again  become  interesting.  Mrs.  Moody  ami 
her  Children  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful 
and  stately  design  in  the  collection. 


SALES. 

Missus.  Ciikistik  sold  on  the  31st  alt.  tho  fol- 
lowing pictures :  Bernardino  « 1  i  Oonti,  Portrait  of 
a  Nobleman,  in  mauve  dress,  holding  a  dog.  bit)/. 
L.  Defranoe  de  Liege,  A  booth  at  a  Country  Pair, 

with  a  tight-rope  dancer.   1521.      Crcu/.e,   benjamin 
Franklin,  in  dark  dress,  1367. 

One  of  the  most  interest  ing  of  the  recent  Bales 
in   Paris  was   that  of  the   late   Paul   Meurice,   the 


lifi-1  I    "i      V'ietoi     II    _•  \ 

872fr.    «-.  i.     'Ill'-   .' 

ii  i'  bed  r  p  by  dodion,  '  N'\  i 

■  riant  un   I  *  hich  miM 

A  large  panel  ol  <  Jobel 
<\i-  la  tent  un-  de*   Mois  ditH  <li 
Ihi1m.i1    of    the    inolitli    ol  '     in    the 

.Ninth  oentury  from  a  rh-Mgn  of   th< 
oentnry,  went  foro4,000fr.     There  v  .inie 

other  good  j.i  ii  e»,  notably  a  ban  relief  in  t<-i  ra-ootte 
li\  <  ludion,  " •  I2,500fr.  ;  a 

In'  tun-  by  Delacroix,  '  Hamlet   hexitant  a  tin 
7,000fr.  J    and    B    sketch    bj    the    same, 

Christ  en  Croix,'  S.SOOfr. 


3Fiiu-^rt  (Bossip. 

Last  Thursday  tie  s  pn»ss  \ 

tho  Mendoza  Gallery  of  water-colour  dr.. 
ings  of   '  Tho  Thames  in  Sunshine,'   by  Mr. 
A.     R.    Quinton  ;     and    yesterday    v. 
invited   to  view  at   .Mr.    Paterson's  gallery. 
.">,  Old  Bond  Street,  '  Choice  Japanese  Colo 
Prints  of  tho  Seventeenth.   Eighteenth,  a 
Nineteenth  Centuries. ' 

Yesterday    was   the    pi<--s    view   at    t 
Modern   Gallery    of   pictures    of    '  Egyptian 
Temples,'    i.iciuding    some    new    dis< 
by  Mr.  F.  F.  Ogilvie. 

To-day  is  the  private  view  of  the  Summer 
Exhibition  of  the  Goupil  Gallery,  coi 
of   pictures    and   drawings    by    British    . 
foreign    artists,    and    statuary     by    M.     X. 
Aronson,  of  Paris. 

To-day  is  also  the  private  view  of  Portrait 
Drawings,'  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Ritchie,  and 
'  Sketches  at  Home  and  Abroad,'  by  Count 
Seckendorff,  at  the  Fine- Art  Society's  root: 
and  water-colours  '  At  Home  and  Abroad.' 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Severn,  at  the  Le 
Galleries,  where  there  are  also  water-colours 
and  paintings  of  'Dutch  Life  and  Landscape* 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harold  Knight,  and  water- 
colours  of  India  by  Mr.  R.  Gwelo  Goodman. 

At  the  Brook  Street  Art  Gallery  paint u 
by  Early  English,  French,  Italian,  and  Dutch 
Masters,  and  a  selection  of  English  water- 
colours,  are  on  view. 

Messrs.  H.  Graves  &  Co.  hold  to-day  a 
private  view   of    '  Pictures   of  English   a 
Colonial  Sport,'  by  Mr.  Lionel  Edwards,  and 
water-colour  and  chalk  drawings  of  Vei 
and  Dordrecht  by  Mr.  A.  Y.  YVhishaw. 

Messrs.  Leggatt  Brothers  are  show 
at  30,  St.  James  Street,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Artists'  General  Benevolent  Institution,  their 
collection  of  engravings,   pastels,   drawii 
&c,  formed  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Leggatt. 

At  the  Little  Gallery.  40a,  Victoria  Stre 
Mr.    W.    A.    Macdonald    is    showing    water- 
colours  of  Venice.  Como,  Lugano,  &c,  and 
London  in  springtime. 

Mr.  E.  M.  Hodgkins  is  showing  at  158b, 
New  Bond  Street,  during  June  and  July. 
English  miniatures  from  the  sixteenth 
oentury  to  the  eighteenth,  and  drawings  by 
Bartolozzi. 

Yesterday  there  was  a  private  view  at 

the   Alpine   Club.   Mill   Street,   of  some   le 
decorative  panels  by  Mr.  J.  Korr-Lawson. 

The  fortunate  winners  of  the  midaille 
cFhonneur  of  this  year's  Salon  are: 
painting,  M.  Rochegrosse  (a  pupil  of  MM. 
Lefebvre  and  Boulanger),  for  his  'Joie 
Rouge  '  ;  for  sculpture,  M.  Antonin  Carles  ; 
and  forengraving,  M.  Victor  Lotus  Focillon,  a 
student  at  the  Ecole  di  s  Beaux-Arts  of 
Dijon.  M.  Fociflon's  exhibit  was  an  etching 
entitled  '  Hommage  a  Delacroix,'  after 
Fantin-Latour. 

The  once  famous  French  caricatu- 
rist "Crafty"  his  real  name  was  Victor 
Geruzez — has  just  passed  away  in  the 
sixty -sixth   year    of    his   age.      For   a   long 


N°  4102,  June  9, 


1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


711 


(period  his  clever  and  amusing  views  of 
Parisian  life  appeared  in  many  journals, 
particularly  in  La  Vie  Parisienne.  He  was 
not  only  versatile  with  his  pencil,  but  also 
■clever  with  his  pen.  His  books  on  the  horse 
.and  on  cavaliers  are  still  in  considerable 
demand  at  good  prices. 

Mr.  Piebpont  Morgan  may  be  congratu- 
lated upon  having  bought  "  cheap  "  the 
Rodolph  Kann  collection,  for  which  he 
has  paid  little  over  one  million  sterling 
:(26,000,000fr.).  The  undoubted  master- 
pieces of  Van  der  Weyden,  Memlinc,  Pater, 
.and  Fragonard,  and  the  fine  Bellini,  Lancret, 
and  many  others,  would  be  cheap  at  any 
price. 


MUSIC 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Richard  Wagner  to  Mathilde  Wesendonek. 
Translated,  prefaced,  &c,  by  William  Ashton 
Ellis.  (Grevel  &  Co.)— Otto  and  Mathilde 
Wesendonek  settled  in  Zurich  in  1857,  and 
remained  there  until  1872.  To  Wagner  they 
were  very  kind  ;  Mathilde  especially  showed 
herself  an  intelligent  admirer  of  his  genius. 
The  sympathy  and  love  between  her  and  the 
composer  were  of  no  ordinary  kind  ;  there 
are  proofs  of  it,  so  far  as  Wagner  was  con- 
cerned, on  almost  every  page  of  the  letters 
in  question.  Minna,  Wagner's  first  wife, 
took  umbrage  at  this,  and  acted  in  a  manner 
which  compelled  Wagner  to  cease  his  visits 
to  the  Wesendoncks.  There  were,  of  course, 
faults  on  both  sides,  but  Mr.  Ellis  in  his 
•introductory  chapter  seems  to  take  a  certain 
pleasure  in  presenting  Minna  in  an  unfavour- 
able light.  Let  us,  to  justify  our  statement, 
give  one  instance.  Minna,  after  she  had 
left  Switzerland  and  gone  to  live  at  Dresden, 
-writes  to  a  friend  that  Wagner  had  promised 
her  money  at  the  new  year  ;  "  yesterday, 
however,  he  writes  me  that  he  will  want  it 
himeslf."  Mr.  Ellis  tries  to  show  that  when 
she  wrote  these  words  she  was  in  possession 
of  a  letter  from  Wagner  announcing  that 
money  was  promised.  The  fact  of  her 
having  received  such  a  letter  is  not  fully 
proved,  and  Minna  ought  therefore  to  have 
had  the  benefit  of  the  doubt.  Anyhow,  our 
author  dwells  at  too  great  length  on  Wagners 
virtues  and  Minna's  failings.  It  is  Wagner's 
great  works  that  interest  the  world  at 
present.  These  letters  of  Wagner  to  Ma- 
thilde Wesendonek  are  full  of  intense  expres- 
sions of  love  and  longing  ;  but  they  must  be 
read  as  poetry  rather  than  prose  :  Wagner, 
like  Beethoven,  was  apt  to  express  himself 
in  uncommon  terms.  In  one  of  the  letters 
in  question  he,  indeed,  describes  himself  as 
of  "an  almost  exaggerated  sensibility." 
And  in  another  he  says  :  "  It  is  inborn  in 
my  nature  to  swing  from  one  extreme  of 
temper  to  another  "  ;  and  this  pains  him, 
for,  as  he  naively  adds,  "  to  be  understood 
is  so  indispensably  important." 

How  far  Wagner  went  in  his  affection  for 
Mathilde  Wesendonek  is  a  question  which 
will  no  doubt  be  answered  differently  by 
different  persons.  Apart  from  this,  the 
main  interest  of  the  volume  lies  in  the  refer- 
ences of  Wagner  to  his  art-work  ;  there  are 
also  several  poetical  descriptions  of  Venice. 
Wagner,  if  we  mistake  not,  sneers  in  one  of 
liis  essays  at  piano-composers,  i.e.,  those 
who  compose  at  the  instrument.  The 
following  is  therefore  curious.  He  writes 
in  his  Venice  diary  about  an  Erard,  a  "  sweet 
melancholy  instrument,"  which  wooed  him 
back  to  music,  and  he  adds,  "  Tims  did  I 
begin  the  composition  of  the  second  act  of 
*  Tristan.'  "     Composers  may  not  always  be 


good  critics  of  their  own  works,  but  some- 
times they  are  right,  as,  for  instance,  Wagner 
when  he  declared  of  '  Tristan,'  "  I  have  never 
made  a  thing  like  this,"  and  even  when  he 
added,  "  In  it  will  I  live  for  aye." 

In  a  Lucerne  letter  Wagner  discourses  on 
the  Grail,  "  the  most  pregnant  symbol  ever 
yet  invented  as  physical  garb  for  the  spiritual 
core  of  a  religion."  And  he  speaks  of  the 
invertebrate  character  of  the  early  French 
Grail  romances,  and  describes  what  is  his 
task,  viz.,  "  to  compress  the  whole  into  three 
main  situations  of  drastic  intent."  But 
when  he  wrote  this  he  was  in  a  despondent 
mood,  and  somewhat  sarcastically  suggests 
that  Geibel  shall  write  the  poem  and  Liszt 
set  it  to  music.  The  name  of  Liszt  reminds 
us  that  in  another  letter  Wagner  says  he  is 
reading  Liszt's  '  Music  of  the  Gipsies,'  and 
finds  it  "  rather  too  turgid  and  phrasy." 
Mr.  Ellis  points  out  that  Wagner  was  una- 
ware that  Princess  Sayn-Wittgenstein  had  a 
large  share  in  the  making  of  this  book. 

We  have  referred  to  descriptions  of  Venice. 
Here  is  one  brief  extract  : — 

"After  sunset  I  regularly  took  a  gondola  to  meet 
it  [the  moon],  toward  the  Lido,  for  the  battle 
'twixt  day  and  night  was  always  an  entrancing 
vision  in  this  limpid  sky  :  to  the  right,  amid  the 
dusk-rose  tether,  gleamed  kindly  bright  the  evening 
star  ;  the  moon  in  full  splendour  cast  its  flashing 
net  to  me  in  the  sea." 

The  letters  from  Paris  before  and  during 
the  '  Tannhauser  '  performances  are  very 
interesting.  He  meets  Gounod,  "  a  suave, 
good,  purely  but  not  deeply  gifted  man  "  ; 
and  Rossini,  "  the  old  Epicurean."  Wagner 
refers  to  the  translators  of  his  '  Tannhauser  ' 
poem  into  French,  and  Mr.  Ellis  names 
Rudolf  Lindavi  as  one  of  them  ;  it  was,  how- 
ever, not  Rudolph,  but  that  gentleman's 
brother  Richard.  Mr.  Ellis's  statement  that 
an  article  in  Die  Musik  deals  exhaustively 
with  this  matter  of  translation  is  not  strictly 
correct..  The  volume  contains  a  handsome 
portrait  of  Mathilde  Wesendonek  from  a 
painting  of  1860. 

The  Standard  Operas  :  their  Plots,  their 
Music,  and  their  Composers  :  a  Handbook. 
By  G.  P.  Upton.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.)— 
A  brief  notice  of  this  book  will  be  sufficient. 
'  Sonnambula  '  and  '  I  Puritani,'  we  read, 
"  still  freshly  hold  the  stage  "  !  Of  Mozart 
we  are  told  that  he  composed  the  "  famous  " 
Requiem  in  1789,  and  the  '  Zauberflote  '  in 
the  same  year  !  Verdi's  '  Aida  '  is  described 
as  his  last  opera,  and  the  author  adds  : 
"  Should  he  break  his  long  silence,  some 
new  work  may  show  that  he  has  gone  still 
farther  in  the  new  path."  After  this  follows 
an  account  of  Verdi's  "  last  "  opera, '  Otello  ' 
and  then  one  of  '  Falstaff  '  (1893).  The 
date  of  the  production  of  Wagner's  '  Ring  ' 
is  given  as  1875.  The  book,  being  full  of 
errors  of  this  kind,  is  untrustworthy. 

Folk-Songs  from  Somerset.  Gathered  and 
edited,  with  Pianoforte  Accompaniment, 
by  Cecil  J.  Sharp  and  Charles  L.  Mason. 
Second  Series.  (Simpkin,  Marshall  & 
Co.)  —  In  certain  quarters  interest  in 
folk  -  music  is  on  the  increase,  so  that 
these  charming  Somerset  songs  will  be  wel- 
come. In  the  Introduction  it  is  explained 
that  "  the  only  editing  the  melody  has 
received  consists  in  the  fact  that  one  form 
rather  than  another  has  been  chosen  for  the 
harmonies  and  for  the  procrustean  bed  of 
print."  The  words,  on  the  other  hand, 
"  have  been  recast  without  hesitation  where 
they  were  men"  doggerel  or  obscure."  There 
are  somo  valuable  notes  on  the  songs  by 
the  musical  editor.  The  pianoforte  accom- 
paniments are  cleverly  written,  though 
here  and  there  somewhat  too  modern  in 
character. 


Utatral  (Hosstp. 


Wagner's  '  Flying  Dutchman  '  was  per- 
formed at  Covent  Garden  on  Monday  for  the 
first  time  for  seven  years.  '  Rienzi,'  so  far 
as  stage  performances  of  it  in  this  country 
are  concerned,  seems  dead,  but  the  '  Dutch- 
man '  still  lives,  for  with  much  that  is  old, 
there  is  much  that  is  new  ;  and,  besides, 
Wagner's  heart  and  soul  are  in  the  music. 
The  performance  was  fine.  Friiulein  Destinn 
was  excellent  as  Senta,  while  Herr  van  Rooy 
as  the  Dutchman  was  impressive,  though 
here  and  there  a  touch  of  melodrama  marred 
his  acting.  Herr  Burgstaller,  the  new  tenor, 
impersonated  Erik,  but  the  small  part  did 
not  suit  him,  or  rather  he  made  too  much  of 
it.  Herr  Kniipfer  was  an  excellent  Daland  ; 
and  a  good  word  must  be  said  for  Frjiulein 
Grimm  as  Mary.  The  orchestra  under  Dr. 
Richter  was  admirable. 

On  Wednesday  evening  '  Tristan '  was 
given  with  a  new  Isolde,  Fraulein  von  Milden- 
burg,  and  a  new  Tristan,  Herr  Burgstaller. 
Both  are  able  actors,  although  with  the 
lady  the  art  was  not  always  concealed. 
Her  voice  did  not  sound  very  sympathetic, 
nor  very  rich  in  the  lower  notes  ;  while  that 
of  Herr  Burgstaller  was  evidently  not  in 
good  condition.  To  render  them  justice 
we  must  wait  for  their  next  appearance. 

Mr.  Harold  Bauer  gave  a  pianoforte 
recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday 
afternoon.  In  Handel's  Suite  in  G  he  dis- 
played fine  technique  and  a  delightful  touch. 
His  reading  of  Schumann's  '  Carneval  '  was 
interesting,  although  a  little  more  restraint 
in  the  loud  passages  would  have  been  an 
improvement  ;  the  tone  was  at  times  hard. 
The  first  movement  of  Beethoven's  Sonata, 
Op.  Ill,  was  interpreted  in  an  impassioned 
manner,  but  at  a  somewhat  hurried  rate. 
Mr.  Bauer,  if  he  only  possesses  the  power  of 
self-criticism,  will  gradually  become  a  truly 
great  artist  as  well  as  what  he  is  at  present, 
a  great  pianist. 

Mr.  York  Bowen's  Concerto  in  d  for 
pianoforte  and  orchestra  was  produced  at 
the  sixth  Philharmonic  Concert  last  Thurs- 
day week.  The  music  is  clever,  and  full  of 
storm  and  stress,  as  is  natural  to  a  composer 
only  twenty-three  years  old.  Throughout 
the  work,  indeed,  there  is  striving  rather  than 
achievement.  In  the  pianoforte  part,  too, 
there  is  a  tendency  to  showy  rather  than 
to  solid  writing.  The  composer  was  at  the 
piano,  and  the  performance  was  very 
successful.  Tiie  programme  included  Cesar 
Franck's  emotional  and  dignified  Morceau 
Symphonique,  '  Redemption.' 

The  Cambridge  University  Press  will 
publish  shortly  a  study  by  Mr.  Sedley  Taylor, 
formerly  Fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, entitled  '  Handel's  Indebtedness  to 
the  Works  of  other  Composers,'  which  seeks 
to  place  before  musical  readers,  in  an  easily 
appreciable  form,  all  the  evidence  necessary 
for  forming  an  independent  judgment  on 
this  interesting  problem  in  the  history  of 
music.  The  author  maintains  that,  wonder- 
ful as  were  the  audacity  and  extent  of  Handel's 
appropriations,  his  power  of  infusing  into 
what  he  borrowed  an  incomparably  higher 
spirit  than  had  before  dwelt  in  it  was  more 
astonishing  still.  A  discussion  of  the  moral 
questions  raised  by  Handel's  procedure 
terminates  tin-  volume. 

THE  Lincoln  Festival  will  take  place  on 
the  20th  and  21st  inst.  Among  the  choral 
works  to  be  performo  1  are  Hrnhms's  '  Re- 
quiem,' Handel's  '  Israel  in  Egypt,'  and 
Sir  Hubert  Parry's  'Voces  Clamantium * ; 
and  among  the  orchestral  Sir  Hubert  Parry's 
'Overture  to  an  Unwritten  Tragedy'  and 
Dr.  P.  H.  Cowcn's  '  A  Phantasy  of  Life  and 


71 'J 


T  II  B    A 'I1  II  EN-fiU  II 


N"41«|J,  .h  si.  !>,  1906 


I'll,     orchestral    d 


m<  ert     will 


bake 

plm-i-    at    the    Oorn     Bxohanget     and     tin- 
oratorio    Mrviea    at     bbe    Cathedral.     Dr. 
i    Bennett  mil   be  the  [estiva]  oon 
duotor,   but  the  British  oompoaen   named 
will  conduct  their  own  works. 

Madamr  Claju  Bur  w»U  bo<  be  able 
toeing  at  the  Sandal  Festival,  bat  Ma. lam. « 
\ila  Croesley  vrill  take  her  placed 

Vienna  Philharmonic  Orchestra, 
under  the  oonductorahip  o!  Hen  Ptanz 
Sohalk,  \\ill  give  conoerte  at  Queen's  Hall 
on  th«>  evenings  <>f  the  26th  and  28th  inst., 
and  on.-  at  the  Albert  Sail  <>n  the  afternoon 
of  the  30th. 

\\  regret  to  record  the  death  «>n  the 
30th  ult.,  at  the  premature  age  of  thirty. 

Mr.  William  Yeatee  Burlstone,  s  promising 
composer.     He  studied   composition   under 

Sir    diaries    Stanford    at    the    Hoyal    College 

of  Music.  His  Fantasie  -  Variations  on  a 
Swedish  Air,  produced  at  the  first  Patron's 
Cone.it.  May  20th,  1904,  and  his  Pianoforte 
Quartet  performed  at  the  second   Patron's 

Concert.    December    6th    of    tho   same    year, 

were  noticed  in  these  columns. 

On  July  29th,  the  anniversary  of  Schu- 
mann's death,  a  tablet  is  to  ho  affixed  to  the 
house  at  Dusseldorf  in  which  the  composer 
lived  from  1850  until  he  was  placed  in  the 
asylum  at  Endenich. 

The  title  of  Docteur-es-Lettres  has  been 
conferred  on  M.  Jules  tfcorcheville  by  the 
Sorbonne.  He  presented  twenty  orchestral 
suites  by  French  composers  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  published  for  the  first  time,  and 
preceded  by  an  'l£tude  bistorique';  also 
an  essay,  '  De  Lulli  a  Rameau  :  rEsthetique 
musicaie.'  Among  the  judges  were  Dr. 
Camille  Saint -Saens  and  M.  Romain  Holland, 
the  latter  of  whom  has  made  a  special  study 
of  the  music  of  the  seventeenth  and  eigh- 
teenth centuries. 

A  monument  to  Richard  Nordraak,  who 
set  to  music  the  Norwegian  national  hymn, 
was  recently  unveiled  at  the  Jerusalem 
Cemetery,  Berlin.  A  speech  was  delivered 
by  Bjornstjerne  Bjornson,  author  of  the 
hymn.  Xordraak,  who  died  in  1860,  at  the 
early  age  of  twenty-four,  also  wrote  incidental 
music  to  Bjornson's  two  dramas,  '  Marie 
Stuart  '  and  '  Sigurd  Slembe.' 


Boa. 

Hoa.- 

ttat 


Ti  >-. 


Wan. 

Tiiiio- 


Ki  .. 


S.T. 


PERFORMANCES  NF.XT  WEEK. 
Bandar  L  •       art,  7,  Queen's  Hall. 

s  .  i     Ron]  '  toera,  Covent  Garden. 

Qreefi  Pi  uioforte  Recital,  8,  .i:..li:.n  Hall 
Mischa  Rlman'8  Orchestral  Concert,  B.16,  Qneen't  Hall. 

il  Re.  ital,  B  30,  Becbrtein  Hall. 
Mr  11  irdj  'lli.- 1  \".  al  Recital,  3  16,  Be.  lutein  Hall. 
M    Pintcl  -  Pianoforte  Recital,  3  IS,  Bteinwaj  Hall 
Miu  Arctowska'i  8oni|  Recital,  3.S0,  Salle  Erard. 

■  ninv  and   Mr.    II     I:  -ii.  i  -    \ 1   :inl   Pianoforte 

hxtcin  Hall. 
Booth  Hampvte  .'1  On  hestra,  B,  Queen's  Hall 

Miulrigal  Society's  Concert.  -  30,  fiolian  Hall. 
Mi-.  Henrietta  Schmidt!  Quartet,  3,  Bteinwaj  Hall, 

n  Re.  ital.  -  15.  Queen's  HalL 
Mi-.  Oerhanll  -  \  o.  .1  Recital,  -  IS,  Bechstein  Hall. 
■  i,  ,i,  -  Hull. 
'  Ihert  Hall 
Mr  John  Coatea  -  Voi  .1  Re.  II  .1      »,  Be.  lutein  Hall. 
Mi-,  [solinc  Hanrcy's  Violin  Recital,  8,  Be.  lutein  Hall. 
Philharmonic  Concert,  8,  Queen  -  II  ill 
The   Mi--.-    Bronv   ana  Ifoggriil  ".1   Pianoforte 

Kolian  Hall. 

■  I  Lcirinska's  Orchertral  Concert,  ::.  Queen 

Mr    Alexander   Markwell's   Pianoforte   Recital,    :.    Bechstein 

Hall 
Mi--  l.ilv  W.-.t  -  Pianoforte  Re.  it.l.  -.  Becbtfa  in  Hall, 
Mr  Ifark  Hambourc's  Planoforb  Recital  S,  Queen'*  Hall. 
M"7.ii  t  Society  <  ionoert,  ".  Portman  Rooms. 


DRAMA 


Brnmatic  (gossip. 

'Thi:  Third  Timi:  OV  ASKING,'  a  one-act 
rustic  comedy  of  M.  E.  Francis  (Mrs.  Blun- 
dell),  produced  at  the  Garrick  Theatre,  has 
jcene  laid  in  Lancashire.  Hob  Leather- 
barrow,  the  hero,  having  cast  his  eye  upon 
Catty  Lovelady,  carries  out  his  love-making 
in  sufficiently  masterful  fashion,  puts  up 
the  banns  without  consulting  her,  and  drags 


intruaivfl    ri\als    through    the    horaepond. 
These  somewhat   primitive  fashions  fail  in 

the  anticipated  result,  and  more  iiui'innl  OTO- 

iia\ .  bo  be  adopted  before  the  lad 
favour  is  won  on  a  third  time  of  asking. 
This  trifle  I  ■•  dramatic  grip.     Ably 

expounded   by  Mr.   Arthur   Bourcnier    and 
\i        Pam<  Is    I  .a\  thorne,    it    was   accorded 
Hid  is  not  unlikely  to  be  followed 
by  other  pieci  -  from  t he  same  source. 

Mi-s    M\ky    IfOORl    lias   appeared   at    t  he 

met  Theatre  as  Mr  '  rornnge  in  'Mr  . 
Grorringe's  Necklace,1  support.. 1  by  Mr. 
Yorke  Stephens  in  the  part  originally  played 

by  Sir  Charles  \\'\  lidham. 

\  m:w  rendering  of  '  Paust  '  is  being  pre- 
pared by  Mr.   Stephen    Phillips,   with  a  view 

to  its  ultimate  production  by  Mr.  Alexander. 

Mrs.  PATRICK  CaMFBXI  L  has  begun  at  the 
Criterion  rehearsals  of  'The  Macleans  of 
Bairnees,1  a  romantic  drama  by  the  Hon. 
Mrs.  Alfred  byttelton,  concerned  with  the 
life  of  the  Young  Pretender.  In  this  Mrs. 
Campbell  will  play  an  Italian  girl. 

Most  of  the  dramatic  parts  essayed  by  M. 
Coquelin  at  the  Royalty,  including  that  he 
sustains  in  'Notre  Jeunessc,'  by  M.  Alfred 
Capus,  are  the  same  in  which  the  actor  was 
seen  last  year  at  the  Shaftesbury.  In 
'  L'Arlesienne  '  of  Alphonse  Daudet,  a  melo- 
drama in  three  acts,  first  given  at  the  Paris 
Vaudeville  in  October,  1872,  with  symphonies 
and  choruses  by  Bizet,  the  music  constitutes 
the  principal  feature.  M.  Monteux  played 
with  much  passion  the  suicide,  M.  Coquelin 
contenting  himself  with  impersonating  the 
rather  fatiguing  shepherd  Balthazar.  The 
experiment  was  not  too  promising. 

On  Shakspeare's  birthday  the  students  of 
the  Melbourne  University  gave  a  perform- 
ance in  Greek  of  '  The  Wasps  '  of  Aristo- 
phanes. 

'  L.E  Reformatrur,'  a  three-act  play  by 
M.  f^douard  Rod,  produced  at  the  Theatre 
de  l'(Eu\Te,  has  for  its  hero  Jean  Jacques 
Rousseau,  played  by  M.  Camille  Bert. 

'  The  Lion  and  the  Mouse  '  has  been 
withdrawn  from  the  Duke  of  York's,  where 
this  evening  will  be  revived  '  The  Marriage 
of  Kitty,'  with  Miss  Marie  Tempest  and  Miss 
Ellis  Jeffreys  in  their  original  parts. 

On  Tuesday  next  at  the  Savoy  a  new 
third  act  will  be  substituted  for  that 
originally  provided  in  '  The  Shulamite.' 

Mr.  Edward  Miles.^/wIio  died  very 
suddenly  at  Wisbech  on  Thursday  last  week, 
claimed  the  title  of  England's  oldest  actor. 
He  was  ninety-two  yeais  of  age,  and  began 
his  theatrical  career  seventy  years  ago. 


TO    CORRESPONDENTS. 
W.  B.— Received. 
W.   M.     Have  written. 


C.    M.    11. -R.    B.    J.— D.    C.— 
C.  ('.  i'.— Not  wanted. 
A.  R.— No  vacancy. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 

— ♦— 

Authors'  agents      csg 

BEL!,  d    Sons SIS 

CaMBRTDOE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 687 

Cat  mo.  a  is        086 

CONS']  on  i    A   CO 6JK) 

Km  CATION  M 685 

Exhibitions 085 

QORER  .v  Son 688 

Greening  a  Co.        7ir> 

Hurst  a  Blacker 600 

Insurance  companies        th 

London  Lire um        TU 

Long         7ic. 

Longmans  .v  Co 

M  \.  I.Eiio-r.  .v  Son 

Mu  mii.i.an  &  CO 

M  loazines,  ftc 

Miscellaneous 

Newspaper  Agents 

Notes  A  Queries      7ir. 

Printers'  I'u: TM 

Hales  by  Auction 

sin   vi  IONS   \  ICANT 888 

situations  Wanted 686 

SMITH,    Kl.DEK   A    Co.  6S8 

Type-writers.  Ac fwo 

Ward,  Lock  a  Co 7is 


MESSRS.    BELLS 


NEW    BOOKS. 


Delii}  s,\o,  with  8'i  Illiintnil  I,  net. 


By  W.  H.  Stuart  Garnett, 


TURBINES. 

Ban  ■  Law. 

A  |».|Mil.u    bonk  "ii  Bat  mb  •  in  .'>n.l  n\  . . i <•  i 

Turbines,  in  which  the  theory  of  Uie  subject  i*  dew  I 
concurrent!]  with  it'  hlstorj  in  such  a  way as  I 
readily  Lntellifdbto  t..  the  general   >•  I       ptobiaEM 

which  are  at  preaenl  n—orintful  with  it  axe  stated,  a 
forecaat  of  the  poaaible  future  of  the  engine.     At  tin- 
time  the  Look  contain!  tin-  mo-t  complete  theory  that  has 
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I .    p   - . 

A  HANDBOOK  TO  SHAKESPEARE.    By 

MOKTON  LICK,   Author  of  'A   Han.ll.ook   to    l 
son,'  A'c. 

This  'Handbook  to  Sbal  Ben  in  one  volume 

the  critical  and  explanatory  helps  that  muM  nth. 
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Notes  and  ■  Life,  by  AUBREY  STEWART,  M.A.,  and 
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London:    (iKORGK    BKLL    &    SONS, 
l'.rtugal  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C. 


N°  4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


713 


IMPORTANT    NEW    FICTION. 

MR.  WINGRAVE,  MILLIONAIRE.  6s. 

By  E.  PHILLIPS  OPPENHEIM. 

Sketch. — "The  author  has  produced  a  book  that  he  may  well  be  proud  of;  it  is  strong  and  con- 
vincing and  thoroughly  interesting." 

Daily  Telegraph. — "  Mr.  Oppenheim  is  a  vivid  and  virile  story-teller,  and  has  won  a  position  which 
causes  his  readers  to  anticipate  something  stirring  every  time  a  new  book  appears  with  his  name. " 


HEART'S  DELIGHT 


6s. 


By  LOUIS  TRACY. 

Dundee  Advertiser. — "  The  name  of  Louis  Tracy  on  the  covers  of  a  volume  is  in  itself  a  sufficient 
guarantee  that  the  contents  are  worthy  of  perusal.  This  latest  novel  establishes  more  firmly  than  ever 
the  reputation  which  he  founded  on  '  The  Final  War. ' " 


BY  WIT  OF  WOMAN. 


6s. 


By  ARTHUR  W.  MARCHMONT. 

Liverpool  Courier. — "The  tale  is  one  of  the  best  Mr.  Marchmont  has  done.     It  is  full  of  thrills 
and  excitement,  and  the  whole  thing  is  woven  together  with  the  skill  of  a  master  at  this  sort  of  work."' 


THE  AVENGERS. 


6s. 


By    HEADON    HILL. 

Glasgow  Evening  News. — "There  are  some  books  which  the  reader  follows  with  unabated  interest 
from  start  to  finish,  grudging  every  minute  that  distracts  him  from  the  fascination  of  their  pages.  Of 
such  is  Headon  Hill's  new  venture,  '  The  Avengers."' 


THE  MASTER  OF  MARSHLANDS. 

By  E.  EVERETT-GREEN,  Author  of  '  Sister,'  '  Molly  Melville,'  «  Monica,'  &c. 

A  FAIR  INSURGENT. 


6s. 
6s. 

By  GEORGE  HORTON. 

There  is  a  certain  new  force  about  this  story  of  George  Horton's,  a  kind  of  master  craftsmanship,  a 
mental  dominance,  that  grasps  the  reader  with  the  first  line  and  loosens  not  its  convincing  hold  until 
the  last. 


THE  MAGIC  OF  MISS  ALADDIN. 


6s. 


By  PAUL  HERRING. 

Nottingham  Guardian.  —  "In  his  new  humorous  romance  Paid  Herring  has  given  us  his  most 
elaborate  work  so  far.  It  is  satisfactory,  therefore,  to  be  able  to  add  that  it  is  also  the  most  successful. 
The  vivid  and  attractive  personality  of  his  heroine,  who  pervades  the  entire  book,  is  drawn  in  a  most 
skilful  and  sympathetic  manner."' 


THE  POLYPHEMES. 

A  Story  of  Strange  Adventures  among  Strange  Beings. 

By  F.  HERNAMAN-JOHNSON. 

THE  RACE   OF  LIFE. 


6s. 


5s, 


By  CUV  BOOTHBY. 


Second  Edition. 


Leeds  Mercury. — "  Readers  who  have  been  thrilled  by  the  strange  adventures  of  '  Dr.  Nikola,'  or 
the  weird  witchery  of  '  Pharos,  the  Egyptian,'  will  turn  with  interest  to  '  The  Race  of  Life.'  A  well- 
written,  readable  story,  for  which,  we  doubt  not,  there  will  be  a  large  demand." 


MY  JAPANESE  PKINCE. 


By  A.  C.  GUNTER,  Author  of  '  Mr.  Barnes  of  New  York,'  '  Mr.  Potter  of  Texas,'  &c. 


THE   GIRL  IN  WAITING. 


6s. 


6s. 


By  ARCHIBALD  EYRE,  Author  of  «  The  Trifler,'  '  The  Custodian,'  &c. 


The  Daily  Mail  says: — "This  is  quite  a  delightful  book.  The  note  is  struck  ingeniously  and 
hilariously  on  the  doorstep.  It  is  a  most  enjoyable  comedy,  which  must  be  read  to  be  appreciated.  We 
can  cordially  recommend  it." 


THE   QUINCUNX  CASE. 


6s. 


By  WILLIAM  DENT  PITMAN. 

Spectator. — "  Here  we  have  a  writer  whose  alert  and  engaging  manner  enhances  the  attraction  of 
his  ingenious  narrative,  in  which  the  reader  is  kept  in  a  constant  flutter  of  suspense  and  excitement 
until  the  catastrophe  is  reached." 


SHILLING 
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mBACHERS'    BCRIPTURAL    LIBRARY. 

I  .  ml 

B)   W    T    L\\\.   1.   \     IMI  A  B, 

1.  BRIEF  LESSONS  <»X  THE  PARABLES  AND 

MIRACLES  OF  nil;  LORD.    Th.   in>i   r.ni  oantain 

K\ i- -it inn"  ol  tin-  I '.i 1. 1 1. 1.  -.  .ii  i.i 1 1  ■■  .1  mi-  i    Data j  in  tin. 

...     Miracli     aro  trotlixl  umlet  tin   hi  uli  ol  tbi   Id  gtoni 
In  which  thej  were  wrought    With  Two  Dluitntlona. 

2.  EMINENT     BCRIPTURE     CHARACTERS: 

-  ..I  Biographical  Studie*  in  the  Old  an  :  Ni  a  Teal  unenta. 
Illuitrated  h)  >i\  Viewiol  Biblical  cievnei,  which  will,  it  la  houed, 
ind  uaeiul  <-.  .ill  who  tre  interacted  In  the  itodj  of  thvlluly 
Bi  rlptare, 

I...1 tag  >thm:m  Ut,  ■■  r  i.  ii..-t.-r  s.,n.i.i...  i:  i'. 

In  i  Mil*,  crown  Bm,  "itli -  l'mtniits,  24*. 

JOHN  FRANCIS  AM)  THE  'ATHENAEUM.' 

■*)  A  l.iti:.u\  i  oronlcle  of  Hall  i  Oantoiy. 

Bj  JOBS  <  .  FRAN!  is. 

MAi  mi  i.i.  \n  £  in.,  LiMiiu..  London. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF 
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T  II  E 


LITERARY  SENSATION 
OF  1900. 


PRINTERS'PIE 

Edited  by 

W.  HUGH  SPOTTISWOODE, 

The  Great  Literary  and  Artistic  Annual,  the 

Proceeds  of  which  go  to  Printing  Trades 

Charities,  is 

NOW    READY. 

PRINTERS'    PIE    contains    Articles, 
Stories,  and  Drawings  by 


\V.  L.  ALDEN. 

F.  ANSIEY. 

THE  DUKE  OK  ARGYLL, 

K.T. 
ALFRED    AUSTIN    (POET 

LAUREATE). 
M.  E.  BRADDON. 
J.  M.  BULLOCH. 
(i.  B.  BURGIN. 
GERALD  CAMPBELL. 
MARIE  CORELLL 
Lieut. -Col        NEWNIIAM 

DAVIS. 

AUSTIN  DOBSON. 
ATHOL  FORBES. 
TOM  GALLON. 
SARAH  GRAND. 
C.  J.  CUTCLIFFE  IIYNK. 
K.  V.  LUCAS. 
IL  W.  LUCY. 
BARRY  PAIN. 
MAX  PEMBERTON. 
MOSTYN  T.  PIGOTT. 
WILLIAM  LE  QUEUX. 
FRANK  RICHARDSON. 
\V.  PETT  RIDGE. 
ADRIAN  BOSS. 
DORA  SIGERSON. 
G.  R.  SIMS. 
KATHARINE  TYNAN. 


ISRAEL  Z  A  NO  WILL. 
CECIL  ALDIN. 
G.  D.  ARMOUR. 
11.  M.  BATEMAN. 
LEWIS  BAUMER. 
GEORGE  BELCHER. 
II.  M.  BROCK. 
TOM  BROWNE. 
DUDLEY  BUXTON. 
FRANK  CHESWORTH. 
CHARLES  FOLKARD. 
HARRY  FURNISS. 
C.  DANA  GIBSON. 
JAMES  GREIG. 
JOHN  HASSALL. 
L  RAVEN  HILL. 
GUNNING  KING. 
WILL  OWEN. 
CHARLES  PEARS. 
F.  PEG  RAM. 

E.  T.  REF.D. 
REGINALD  SAVAGE. 
PENRHYN  STANLAWS. 
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F.  H.  TOWNSEND. 
LESLIE  WTLLSON. 
DAVID  WILSON. 
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STARR  WOOD. 


What  PRINTERS'  PIE  has  done : 

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the  Annual  <>n  behalf  of  the  Funds  of  the  Printers' 
Pension  Corporation,  10,000  copies  Mere  sold. 

In  19(14,  the  entire  edition  of  'J."), 000  copies  was 
sold  out. 

In  1905,  the  entire  edition  of  40,000  was  sold 
out. 


THIS  YEAR  50,000   COPIES 
BEING  PRODUCED. 


ARE 


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N0TES  AND  QUERIES. 


GENERAL    INDEXES. 


THE  FOLLOWING  ARE  --TILL  IX 

STOCK:— 

a    «.    <L 

GENERAL   INDEX, 

FOURTH  SERIES      .33 

GENERAL  INDEX. 

SIXTH  SERIES  .06 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

SEVENTH  SERIES   .06 

GENERAL  INDEX, 

EIGHTH  SERIES       .06 

For  Copies  by  post  an  additional  Three- 
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JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  &  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  and  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


N°4102,  June  9,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


715 


LONDON      LIBRARY, 

ST.   JAMES'S    SQUARE,    S.W. 

Patron— HIS  MAJESTY  THE  KING.     President.—  The  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  BALFOUR,  M.P. 
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Giffen,  K.C.B.  F.R.S.,  Edmund  Gosse,  Esq.  LL.D.,  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green,  Rev.  W.  Hunt,  M.A.  Litt.D.,  Sir  C.  P.  Ilbert, 
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The  Library  contains  about  220,000  Volumes  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Literature,  in  various  Lan- 
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W.  E.  H.  LECKY. 

C.  T.  HAGBERG  WRIGHT,  LL.D.,  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — Holyoake  Bibliography — Anglo-Saxon  Names  as  Surnames— Robert  Greene's  Prose  Works — 
Sanatorium  at  Midhurst — Michel  Family — Poem  by  Fielding — Chepstow  Castle  and  Sir  Nicholas 
Kemeys — Verify  your  References — Thiers  and  the  Dosne  Family — Alfonso  and  Victoria — "Pale 
Ale  "  as  a  Nickname  for  Englishmen. 

QUERIES  :— Jean  Nicot— Col.  Hugh  Forbes— "  In  a  huff"— Corn-rent— Edouard  Pingret— Mountain 
Family — "Deployment" — "Nuts  in  May  " — Order  of  the  Royal  Oak — Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted — St.  Andrew's,  Antwerp — Burner's  Theatrical  Portraits — Sir  William  Gordon,  Banker 
— Shakspeare  for  Foreigners — Balasore — St.  Genius — Direction  Post  v.  Signpost — "Mininin,"a 
Shell — Miss  Meteyard — Banner  or  Flag — Mary  Munday  at  Mullion  Cove— Gild  Churches — Ruskin 
and  Taormina. 

REPLIES  : — Blandina — Dover- Winchester  Road — Decuyper's  '  College  Alphabet ' — West's  Picture  of 
the  Death  of  General  Wolfe — "  Plane  "  =  S3Tcamore — Tarot  Cards — Mr.  Bradley's  '  Highways  and 
Byways  in  South  Wales ' — Prisoner  suckled  by  his  Daughter — Pidgin  or  Pigeon  English — Female 
Violinists — Tom  Thumb's  First  Appearance  in  London — Polytechnic  Institution,  1S38 — Gallie 
Surname — "Anon" — Chichele's  Kin — Heraldic  —  Coleridge  and  Newman  on  Gibbon — Canbury 
House,  Middlesex — Rev.  Samuel  Marsden,  Chaplain  of  N.S.W. — J.  Rampini — Vandecar — The 
Babington  Conspiracy — Travelling  in  England,  1600-1700 — Earl's  Eldest  Son  and  Supporters — 
'  Century  of  Persian  Ghazels,  1851 ' — Doncaster  Weather-Rime — Dogs  at  Constantinople — Duke 
of  Guelderland  :  Duke  of  Lorraine — Ralph,  Lord  Hopt  in — Ropes  used  at  Executions — Abbey  or 
Priory — Hafiz,  Persian  Poet— The  Gunnings  of  Castle  Coote. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Hakluytus  Posthumus  '— «  The  King's  English  '— '  The  Fool  of  Quality  '— '  The 
English  Historical  Review' — 'The  Quarterly  Review' — -'The  Burlington  Magazine' — Reviews 
and  Magazines. 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — A  Dowsing-Jessop  Forgery — "Bung"  and  "Tun" — Greene's  Prose  Works— "Roan"  :  its 
Etymology — "Duma'— "Swerve" — Edward  IV.  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery — Kipling's 
'With  Scindia  to  Delhi' — "Pannier  Market" — "Revenue":  its  Pronunciation— Shakespeare  : 
a  Remarkable  Folio — Funeral  Garlands— Peat— Parish  Constables. 

QUERIES: — Snakes  in  South  Africa — Napoleon  and  the  Grand  Duchess  Catherine  of  Russia — Gray's 
'Elegy':  its  Translations — Defoe  on  the  Vicar  of  Baddow — G.  Rossetti's  '  Tre  Ragionamenti ' — 
"  A  thimbleful  of  sense" — Tuilcries  Garden  in  1796 — 'Aryan  Sun-Myths' — Italian  Songs — 
Japanese  and  Chinese  Lyrics— Sir  William  Noye's  Wife — May  Light  and  Young  Men's  Light — 
Olvarius's  History — Cateaton  Street — Seventeenth-Century  Libraries — Shakespeare's  Creations — 
Anne  Gliddon — Nottingham  Psalter — Spain  and  England — Twyford  Abbey. 

REPLIES  :— "  Rose  of  Jericho"— Epitaph  at  Bowes,  Yorkshire—"  Brock  "  :  "  Badger  "—Henry  Angelo 
— Mr.  Thompson  of  the  6th  Dragoons — Americans  in  English  Records — Delmer — Ladies'  Head- 
dresses in  the  Theatre— "  Cast  not  a  clout  till  May  be  out  "—Travelling  in  England—"  Saturday  " 
in  Spanish — "Place" — "Pour" — Coleridge  and  Newman  on  Gibbon— Earthquakes  in  Fiction — 
Escutcheon  of  Pretence — '  Leicester's  Ghost '  —The  Gunnings  of  Castle  Coote — Leighton's  '  British 
Crests '—Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted— Dr.  Richard  Garnett— Lord  Camelford's  Duel— Bury 
Family. 

NOTES    ON    BOOKS  :—' Lands  and    their  Owners   in   Galloway '—' The  Assemble  of   Goddes'— '  The 

Magazine  of  Fine  Arts.' 
Booksellers'  Catalogues. 
Notices  to  Correspondents. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS, 
Notes  a»<l  Queries  Office,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  E.C.  ;  and  of  all  Newsagents. 


NEXT  WEEK'S  ATHENiEUM  will  contain 
Reviews  of  DR.  J.  HOLLAND  ROSE'S  THE 
DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  EUROPEAN 
NA  TI0NS  and  B  UCK  WHALEI'S  MEMOIRS, 
EDITED  BY  SIR  EDWARD  SULLIVAN. 


FROM  GREENING  &  GO.'S  LIST. 

— ♦ 

A  NEW  EDITION  OF  SWIFTS  WORKS. 
VOLS.  I.  AND  II.  NOW  READY. 

A  TALE  OF  A  TUB  and 

POLITE  CONVERSATION. 

Edited  by  HENRY  BLANCHAMP. 
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ST.      PAUL'S      GIRLS'      SCHOOL, 
BROOK  GREEN,  W. 

An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,   i n 

•to  Girls  under  l(i  years  of  age.  will  be  held  at  the  SCHOOL  OH 
JULY  10,  n,  and  12,  which  will  exempt  the  Scholars  from  payment  ol 
Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  MEAD 
MISTRESS  of  the  School. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  li.  1.1  on  JUNE  27.  2S,  and  28,  to  fill 
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u 


N I  V  E  R  S  I  T  Y 


OF 

AND 


MANCHESTER 


MANCHESTER    ROYAL    INFIRMARY. 

ENTRANCE  MEDICAL  scholarships, 
two  scholarships  are  offered,  One  for  proficiency  In    \rts 
and  One  for  proficiency  in  SCIENCE. 

Each  Scholarship  is  of  the  ralne  of  100L.  and  the  successful 
Candidates  will  be  required  to  enter  for  the  full  Medical  Curriculum 
in  the  University  and  the  Infirmary. 

The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  Candidates  who  gi\e  evidence 
.of  a  high  standard  of  proficiency  in   Aits  <,r  Science  respectively 
Applications    should     lie    sent,    on     or    before    .M'l.V    l,    to    the 
R]  GI8TRAR,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
i  University  of  Londonl, 
rORB  PLAt  B,  B  \ker  street,  w. 
Tie col  NOIL  offer  TWO  RESEARCH  SCHOLARSHIPS  each  of 
lie-  \abi.-  of  m(.,  One  in   PHYSIOLOGY,  One  In  ZOOLOOTf   foi   the 
SESSION    IOOg-7  only.— Applications  should  be  sent  by  .U'NI 
•  he  PRINCIPAL,  from  whom  furthei  Information  can  be  obtained 


GT.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL,  WEST  KENSINGTON. 

O  —An  EXAMINATION  will  be  held  at  the  above  SCHOOL  on 
TUESDAY.  June  26.  1906.  and  on  the  following  days,  for  FILLING 
UP  SEVERAL  VACANCIES  ON  THE  FOUNDATION.— Full  par- 
ticulars can  be  obtained  on  application  to  THE  BURSAR. 


/CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  prepared  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teacher's  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate 

TWO  SCHOLARSHIPS  of  25t  a  year  each  are  offered  in  JUNE  to 
Students"  entering  Cherwell  Hall  for  a  year's  training. 

Full  particulars  on  application 

THE  GOVERNORS  OF  THE 
pERSE        SCHOOL,        CAMBRIDGE, 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  the  advantages  offered 

by    this    SCHOOL, 

Which  Prepares 

BOYS  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITIES,  AND  FOR 

PROFESSIONAL    AND    COMMERCIAL    CAREERS. 


Under  the  Head  Mastership  of  Dr.  Ronse  efforts  have 
been  made  to  improve  on  the  ordinary  methods  of  Teaching. 
Of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  School  Work  the  following 
may  be  specially  mentioned  : — 

(1)  Improved  Teaching  of  the  Classics,  resulting  in  a 

great  saving  of  time. 
(■J.)  Spoken  French  and  German. 

(3)  Teaching  of  English  and  English  Literature  in  all 

the  Classes. 

(4)  A  carefully  graded  Science  Course. 

(5)  Drawing  leading  up  to  the  Engineering  Tripos. 

The  work  of  the  Preparatory  School  is  also  specially 
suited  for  Candidates  for  the  Navy. 

A  Detailed  Account  of  the  Work  of  the  School  has  been 
drawn  up,  and  may,  together  with  the  ordinary  Prospectus, 
be  had  of  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors, 

J.  F.   EADEN,  Esq., 
15,    SIDNEY    STREET,    CAMBRIDGE. 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  Co 
the  CHOICE  of  schools  for  BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 
tutors  in  England  or  abroad 
are  invited  to  call  upon  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  &ABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirtv  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  With  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
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Situations   ITacant. 


u 


NIVERSIT  Y 


OF 


GLASGOW. 


i  HAIR  OF  HUMANITY. 

The  university  court  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will.  <>i>  JULY  19,  or  sunn-  subsequent  date,  proceed  to  appoint  a 
professor  to  occupy  the  a  I  line  Chair,  which  is  now  vacant 

The  Professor  will  be  required  to  enter  on  bis  duties  on  Octo- 
ber i.  [80S,  from  which  date  the  appointment  will  take  effect. 

The  normal  Salary  of  the  post  is  fixed  by  Ordinance  at  1,0001. 
The  Chair  has  an  Official  Residence,  attached  to  it. 

The  appointment  is  made  „,i  eitam  ant  culpam,  and  carries  with  it 
the  right  to  a  pi  moon  on  conditions  prescribed  by  Ordinance. 

Bat  li  Applicant  should  lodge  with  the  undersigned,  who  will  furnish 
any  further  Information  desired,  twentj  copies  of  bis  application  and 

twenty   copies  of  an]    Testimonials   he    nia\    desire   to  submit    on  m 
before. It  I, Y  7.  1906. 

\i.\\  E   CLAPPERTON, 
Si  ■  i  ciary  of  the  Glasgow  University  Court 
91,  west  Regent  Street,  Glasgow. 

T^HEDIYIAL    SCHOOL    OF    LAW.     CAIRO. 

l,\\\  LECTURESHIP. 
The  EGYPTIAN  ministry  of  EDUCATION  invites  applications 
fo,  the  post  ot  LECTURED  In  the  ENGLISH  SECTION  of  the 
KHBDIVIAL  SCHOOL  of  LAW.  CAIRO  Salary  8161  .  rising  i 
Candidates  must  be  University  Men.  having  either  s  liiw  Degree  or 
other  Legal  (Qualification,  and  must  have  some  knowledge  of  Preni  h 
required  In  the  tiist   Instance  to 


othei  Legal  Qualification,  and  must] 
l%e  successful  applicant  will  is-  re 
Lecture  tin  English)  on  Roman  Law 


Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
mill    »t   Testimonials,   to  be    sent    before  .it  l.v    li     iflOH    to 
DOUGLAS  DUNLOP.  Esq.,  Gullanc,    Bast    Lothian    to   whom  Can 

did.'tei  HiJ.l   apply  by  lettei    t'o|    fill  t  ||,  I    i  11  f.,1  mat  ion . 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
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U 


NIYERSITY 


OF        DUBLIN. 


On  SATURDAY,  dune  30,  190ti,  the  BOARD  of  TRINITY 
COLLEGE.  DUBLIN,  will  proceed  to  the  ELECTION  of  a  PRO- 
FESSOR  of  BIBLICAL  GREEK.— Applications  to  be  addressed  to 
the  REGISTRAR. 


c 


ITY       OF      LONDON      COLLEGE, 

WHITE  STREET,  MOORFIELDS,  E.C. 

The  GOVERNING  BODY  invites  applications  for  the  post  of 
LECTURER  in  MATHEMATICS. 

The  Salary  is  B25J.  per  annum,  and  the  applicant  will  be  required  to 
devote  his  full  time  to  the  work,  most  of  which  is  evening  work.  The 
Candidate  elected  will  be  required  te  enter  upon  his  duties  on 
OCTOBER  1.  1900. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  three  Testimonials,  must  reach  the 
undersigned  not  later  than  JULY  2,  1906. 

DAVID  SAVAGE,  Secretary. 

THE  VICTORIA 

TTNIVERSITY        OF        MANCHESTER, 

The  COUNCIL  is  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE.  — The  detailed  conditions  of  appointment  may  be 
obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 


R 


OYAL    ALBERT    MEMORIAL     COLLEGE, 

EXETER. 

The  GOVERNORS  propose  to  appoint  a  LADY"  LECTURER  in 
ENGLISH,  who  will  also  be  required  to  take  work  for  the  Acting 
Teachers  Certificate  Course.  Graduate  preferred.  Salary  1301.  per 
annum.— Applications  should  be  lodged  with  the  REGISTRAR  not 
later  than  JUNE  28,  1906. 


"MINISTRY      OF      EDUCATION,      EGYPT. 

HEAD  MASTERSHIP. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  largest  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  in 
CAIRO,  under  the  Ministry  of  Education,  will  he  required  in 
OCTOBER  NEXT.    Salary  6151.— 8201.  per  annum. 

Head  Master's  House,  newly  built,  close  to  the  School.  Allowance 
for  passage  out  to  Egypt.  Summer  Vacation  not  less  than  Two 
Months. 

Staff,  of  which  English  University  Men  form  a  large  part,  numbers 
over  40. 

Applicants  should  be  laymen,  between  30  and  -in  years  of  age. 

Application,  with  statement  of  age.  Honours  at  School  and 
University,  and  of  experience  in  teaching,  accompanied  by  copies  of 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  before  JUNE30,  1906,  to  DOUGLAS  DUNLOP. 
Esq.,  Gullane,  Haddingtonshire,  to  whom  Egyptian  Candidates  may 
apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 


WILLIAM   JONES'S   GRAMMAR    SCHOOL, 
MONMOUTH. 
HEAD    MASTERSHIP. 

The  GOVERNING  BODY  of  the  above  SCHOOL  invite  applications 
for  the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  School  is  conducted  under  a  scheme  of  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners dated  February  23,  1891,  and  is  a  First-Grade  School  of 
modern  type.  There  arc  suitable  Buildings  for  the  reception  of 
30(1  Hoys. 

The  School  has  a  classical  and  Commercial  side,  and  the  Curriculum 
embraces  every  Subject  comprised  in  the  highest  class  of  Education, 
including  Subjects  proper  to  be  taught  in  a  Public  Secondary  School, 

The  Emoluments  of  the  Head  Master  consist  of  a  Residence  free  of 
Rent,  Rates,  and  Taxes,  with  accommodation  for  10  Boarders,  and  a 
fixed  Stipend  of  300Z,  per  annum;  also  of  Capitation  Payments  of  a. 
per  annum  for  each  Boy  up  to  the  number  ot  v.r\  and  of  :;/.  per  annum 
tor  each  Roy  above  that  number,  and  the  profits  arising  from 
Boarders. 

There  arc  Thirty  Scholarships  tenable     n  the  School,  and  Twelve 

Exhibitions  to  any  University  or  other  place  of  higher  education  In 

the  United  Kingdom. 

The  duties  will  commence  ill  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Candidates  for  the  appointment  must  send  in  their  applications, 
together  with  twents  conies  of  Printed  Testimonials  and  the  names 
of  not  more  than  three  Persons  to  whom  reference  may  be  made,  on 
or  before  JULY  7.  1906,  to  Mr.  ARTHUR  VIZARD,  Clerk  to  the 
Governors,  Monmouth,  from  whom  Forms  of  Application  and  further 

information  may  be  obtained. 


c 


OUNTY      BOROUGH     OF     CROYDON. 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 
SEt  ON  DART  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  south  NORWOOD. 
The  COMMITTEE   Invite   applications    for   the    post    of    BEAD 
MISTRESS  of  the  above  8CHOOL. 

The   School    [g    :i    Secondary   School    under    the    RegUlat   ons 

Board  of  Education,  but  is  al  present  attended  only  hi  Scholars  who 

intend   to   become    Teachers    in    Public    Element  al  \    Schools,  of    whom 

there  are  about  900, 

Applicants  should  hare  a  University  Degree  oi  Iti  t,  and 

must  have  had  experience  in  a  good  Secondary  Bchool, 

Salary,  9601  pet  annum 

The   appointment    will    dat<    from   SEPTEMBER  00,    and 

particulars  of  duties  can  1 btained  from  the  undersi 

Applications  should  be  made  on  the  Official  Form,  to       obtained 
from  the   Clerk    to   the    Education   Committee,   Katharini    Street, 

( 'rqydon,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not  later  than  i 1"  k  on 

BAT!  RDAY,  Jubj   7,  1906,  accompanied  by  conies  ot  at  I.  isl  Thn 
Testimonials  of  recent  date.  J  \MI>  -.Ml  Til.  <  lerk. 

M  ii  29,  1906. 


QOUTH   WESTERN      POLYTECHNIC, 

kj  m  INREfi  1  ROAD   I  Ml'.l.sEA. 

The  GOVERNING  BODY.  Invite  application!  foi  the  position  ol 
KORM  MASTED  foi  SEPTEMBER  In  the  SECONDARE  I'W 
SCHOOL  foi  BOYS  and  GIRLS.  The  usual  Form  Subjects  Com 
ne  i.  lug  Salary  1301, 

t '"no-,  of  Application  which  must  be  returned  bj  10  «  u,  on 
i|  \E  271,  ami  further  particulars,  maj  he  obtained  from  the 
SECR1   i  mi 


718 


THE    A  Til  ENuEUM 


N    11".;,  J,  m.  16,  1906 


THE  AUTOTYPE  COMPANY, 

7i   M  w  (»\i  ORD  M  kiii.  LONDON,  W.O. 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MONOCHROME  OF 
FAMOUS  WORKS  OF  ART  BY  THE 
AUTOTYPE  PERMANENT  PROCESS. 

Anwngtt  Uu  nunwrvtu  PtMieationt  may  In  mmt\ 

SELECTIONS  from 

The  NATIONAL  GALLERY,  London. 

The  WALLACE  COLLECTION. 

The  TATE  GALLERY. 

The  WALKER  ART  GALLERY.  Liverpool. 
DRAWINGS  by  HOLBEIN  from  the  Royal 
Collection,  Windsor  Chatla 

G.  F.  WATTS,  R.A. 

The  Principal  Works  i>>  t hi-  Blaster. 

SELECTED    EXAMPLES    of    Sacred    Art 

from  various  Collections. 

ETCHINGS  by  REMBRANDT. 
DRAWINGS  by  ALBERT  DUBER. 
PICTURES  from  the  LOUVRE  and  LUXEM- 

BOUBG,  PAB13. 
Proipectv  i  tntfree  on  application. 


Full  particulars  of  all  the  Company's  Publications 
are  given  in 

THE      AUTOTYPE      FINE  -  ART 

CATALOGUE.  Now  ready,  Enlarged  Edition,  with 
Hundreds  of  Miniature  Photographs  and  Tint  Blocks 
of  Notable  Autographs.  For  convenience  of  reference 
the   Publications   are  arranged   Alphabetically  under 

Artists'  Names.     Post  free,  One  Shilling. 

A  Visit  of  Inspection  is  invited  to 

The  AUTOTYPE  FINE-ART  GALLERY, 
74,  NEW  OXFORD  STREET,  LONDON,  W.C. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
i  University  of  London), 
FORK  PLACE.  BAKEK  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  an  ASSISTANT  in  MATHE- 
MATICS [Salary,  1001.1,  and  a  JUNIOR  DEMONSTRATOR  in 
PHYSICS  Salary,  761  ,  for  the  SESSION  1906-7.— Applications  (from 
Women  only),  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  by  JUNE  20,  to  the 
PRINCIPAL,  tram  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 


BEDFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 
(University  ..f  London), 
YORK  PLACE.  BARER  STREET,  W, 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  IN"  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE  and  LITERATURE.  The  Council  reserve  the  right, 
if  found  desirable,  to  make  separate  appointments  for  Language  and 
Mterature.— Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  to  be  lent  in 
by  JINK  20  to  the  Secretory,  from  whom  information  can  he 
obtained.  HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 

BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  PLACE.  BAKEK  STREET,  W. 

The   COUNCIL  nre   about    to   appoint    a   DEMONSTRATOR   in 
CHEMISTRY.— Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be   sent  In  by 
JUNE  90  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 
HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR     WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORK  place,  BAKER  STREET,  W. 

Th.-  COUNCIL  are  al i  to  appoint  an  assistant  LECTURER 

in  EK  KNcil.  who  shall  be  :i  Woman  specially  qualified  In  Linguistics. 
Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  In  by  JUNE  20  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particulars  can  be  obtained. 

HILDA  walton,  Secretary. 


BEDFORD     COLLEGE     FOR      WOMEN 
(University  of  London), 
YORE  PLACE.  BAKEK  STREET,  W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  ■  woman  as  PHYSICAL 
INSTRUCTOR  who  will  be  required  to  give  her  whole  time  to  her 
duties  in  the  College, 

Applications,  with  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  in  by  JUNE  SO  to  the 
Secretary,  from  whom  particular!  tan  be  obtained. 

HILDA  WALTON.  Secretary. 

OUNTY     BOROUGH     OF     CROYDON. 


C 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


The    COMMITTEE  Invite   applications    for   the   appointment    of 

■    IYS.CEN' 
POLYTECHNIC,  CROYDON 


FORM  MASTERat  the  SECONDARY  SCHOOLfor  l!o\ 


.THAI. 


Salary    IBOf,    per   am I,    rising   bj    annual   increments  of   10J,    to  | 

maximum  of  sow,  nor  annum. 

The  Salary  «ill  be  subject  to  an  annual  percentage  deduction  In 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Superannuation  Scheme 
adopted  bj  the  Coum  il  under  the  powers  of  the  Croydon  Corporation 
A,  i.  1808. 

Applications,  stating  age,  experience,  and  full  particulars  of 
qualifications,  together  with  oopies  <>f  Testimonials,  must  reach  the 
undersigned  not  later  than  SATURDAY,  JULY  7.  1006, 

JAMES  SMYTH,  Clerk. 

Education  Office,  Katharine  street,  Croydon, 

June  11.  1006, 


II 


\\\.\:\     MUNICIPAL    B<  ll'Mii.   hi     ART- 


Al  |  I  I..I  I. a  ll„   ,.. i,   . 

.1  il  c||oo| 

!■■  ••  uini ii  hi  l-l  I  M  III  l;       \)  \  I      1  lir 

i"  »••  k-      na.it «t  I, old  tin    < 

III  l«  gitm  i >•  i 

I  I,.    I     . . .  ■  I :  ■  I  .1      .,]  i  .lul.    I  I.,  lli.     ,...|t|..|,   .III   I. 

\)  -     It,,  lu, In.  Ml,  li  Ui    bis 

dull,  -        II.    will  1.    I.    ,1,1,,  ,1  t,.  a..l-t    in    (In 

Uu  School  I  t..  ,i, ,  roch  Lecture*  iu  tin   I 

Application!     ->    I  ,u., lin,  :,i i,  ■■•      i, ..,  lot.  • 

il  rith  not  i 

•   I. -t  iio.t.i  .1-   .in1. ,!►., i  "Assistant   M  ■    -ei.l,  on  ol 

H'NI  .i  in 

ARTIII  It  <  MALI. 1  VI 

Town  Hill.   Haul. J 

|>  o  R  o  U  G  II 

mimi  rPAl  BBOONDAR1  M  BOOL, 
WANTED,   fa    the  above    Mixed   School,    SENIOB    MI8T1 

illj   .|ualiti..i  iii  French     Commencing  Balnn   19 
biennial  Increments  of  in/    to  isof,  per  annum,  with  imUe-i   mm 
a ut. ui i  it r  ini , em,  nt -  ui  ..li  .|H..  [al  recommi  ndatlon 

Additional  n  niiiii.  lation  will  lie  given  'or  Evcnlni;  B< ! 1  • 

Candidates  mUSt  llC  lit  admit  I  -.       Duties  to  I  OI1IIIM  MliEII 

NEXT 

lo  .lions,  endorsed  "Senior  Mistress,  stating  age,  uiialinoa- 
ti.. us,  and  exiierience,  together  with  copies  <>nl\  "I  three  recent 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  to  the  undersigned  not  lata  than  SATURDAY 

the  2Srd  inslant. 

w  \i.TF.K  mi  m.kia  E,  Town  Clerk. 
Saalingden,  June  13,  1906. 


OF      HA8LINGD  E  X. 


I   EAMINGTON  MUNICIPAL   DAY    SCHOOL 

1  i  Foit  GIRLS  AND  P.  T   CENTRE 

u  \NTF.D    [to   commence   duties   in    SEPTEMBER    NEXT'   an 
VSSI8TANT  MISTRESS.    Siwcial  Sill       -      I  eographj  and  Mathe- 
matics.    Blgh School  Eiiueation  and  Degree  lor  equivalent  qualiflca- 
inn    are  essential.     Commencing  Salary  will  In-  at   the  rate  I 
per  annum  (non-residentl. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  three  Testimonials,  endorsed  "  Appoint- 
ment of  Assistant  Mistress,  should  be  sent  not  later  than 
SAT!  RDAY,  the  23rd  instant,  to  THE  DIRECTOR  OF  EDUCA- 
TION, Avenue  Road,  Leamington  Spa. 

LEO   it  AW  LINBON,  Clerk  to  the  Education  Authority. 
Dated  this  12th  da]  of  June,  1M06. 

flOUNTY    BOROUGH  OF    WEST    HARTLE- 

\J  POOL. 

BECONDARY  DAY  SCHOOL. 

WANTED,  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  an  assistant  MISTRESS, 
to  take  Mathematics,  Latin.  French  torali.  and  Genera]  English 
Subjects.  Preference  given  to  one  of  good  academic  standing.  Salary 
1  lor  per  annum. 

Applications,  stating  age,  experience,  and  qualifications,  together 
with  three  Testimonials,  to  be  sent  not  later  than  JUNES:,  iikk;. 

J.  G.  TAYLOR,  Secretary. 

Town  Clerk's  Office,  West  HartlepooL 


E I  )UC ATION  COM M ITTE E. 


"OIRKENHEAD 

GIRLS' SECONDARY  SCHOOL  AND  PtPILTEAi  HER  CENTRE. 

WANTED  for  the  NEW  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  for  GIRLS,  to  be 
opened  in  the  Autumn  Term,  a  SCIENCE  MISTRESS,  to  teach 
Chemistry  and  Physics  and  to  take  charge  of  s  Laboratory.  Graduate. 
Initial  salary  1301.  per  annum,  rising,  subject  to  satisfactory  service, 
by  annual  increments  of  ■">'.  to  I4a/.  per  annum. 

A  MATHEMATICAL  MISTRESS.  Graduate,  and  qualified  to 
teach  either  Latin.  Geography,  or  History.  Salary  UOJ.  per  annum 
rising,  subject  to  satisfactory  service,  by  annual  increments  of  H.  to 
1  ;.">/.  jier annum. 

A  MISTRESS  of  PHYSICAL  EXERCISES  with  ability  to  organize 

(James   and   to  teaell   some    other    snhjeet    or   Subjects    Of   the  School 

curriculum,    Salary  057.  or  1001.,  rising,  eubjei  I  to  satisfactory  service, 
by  annual  in.  rein,  ids  of  61.  to  a  maximum  of  18W.  per  annum. 

Teaching  experience  In  Secondary  Schools,  or  training,  necessary  in 
all  cases. 

Canvassing  Members  of  the  Committee  will  he  considered  a 
disqualification. 

For  forms  of  a]. plication,  which  must  be  returned  by  Jl'LY'  l. 
endorsed  "  Secondary  School,"  apply  to 

ROBERT  T.  JONES,  Secretary. 

Education  Department,  Town  Hall.  Birkenhead, 
June  12,  1906. 


c 


OUNTY      BOROUGH     OF     WEST     HAM. 


MUNICIPAL  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE. 
The  council  invite  applications  for  the  following  appointments  :— 
A  LADY  qualified  to  teach  SHORTHAND  and  BOOK-KEEPING 

1.,  Girls  preparing  for   Commercial   Life.    Salary  so/,   per  annum. 

rising  by  annual  increments    of  10/.    to  a   maximum    of    1001.    par 

''  A  JUNIOR  MALE  ASSISTANT  in  the  school  of  ART.  qualified 
to  tea.li  Design.  Salary  110?.,  rising  by  an  annual  increment  of  107.  to 
a  maximum  Of  l'J07.  per  annum. 

Particulars  of  duties,  fee.  .an  be  obtained  on  sending  a  fullv 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  the  PRINCIPAL,  Municipal  Technical 
Institute.  Romford  Road,  West  Ham,  E. 

All  applications  must  be  lodged  with  the  Principal  before  noon, 
JINK  25,  1908. 

By  Order  of  the  Council. 

FRED.  E.  HlI.LEARY.  Town  Clerk. 

June  li.  1906. 


w 


OOLWICH        POLY  T  E  C  H  N  I  C. 


The  GOVERNORS  of  the  Woolwich  POLYTECHNIC  invite 
application  for  the  appointment  of  assistant   AKT   MASTER. 

Commencing   Salary    I20J   per   annum,- Further  particulars    may   he 

obtained   from   the    PRINCIPAL  ion    receipt    of  a   stomped  and 

B  1  hissed  envelope),  to  whom  applications  should  he  forwarded  not 
later  than  JUNE  90. 

SCHOOL  OF  ART.— JUNIOR  MALE  Assis- 
tant WANTED  m  SEPTEMBER  at  BTOCKPORT  TECH 
N  HAL  BCHOOL.  Salary  SOT.  Particulars  from  the  PRINCIPAL,  to 
whom  applications  must  be  sent  not  later  than  JUNE  96. 

PITY    AND    COUNTY     BOROUGH     OF 

\J  BE]  FAST. 

BRANCH  LIBRARIAN. 

The  LIBRARY  and  TECHNICAL  INSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE 
Invite  applications  for  the  post  ,,f  BRANCH  LIBRARIAN  foi  the 
new  BRANCH  LIBRARY,  OLDPARB  ROAD,  Balarj  1001  per 
annum. 

Candidates  are  required  to  lia\o  had  previous  experience  In  Public 
Library  Work  and  Organisation,  and  to  state  their  experience  in 
Classification  and  Cataloguing. 

Age  not  to  exceed  W.  Applications,  with  copies  of  Hire,  Testi- 
monials, to  be  addressed  t..  THE  CHAIRMAN,  The  Public  Library. 
Belfast,  marked  on  the  Envelope  " Branch  Librarian,"  and  delivered 
on  or  before  JINK  19,  1906. 

Canvassing  will  disqualify. 

G.  H.  ELLIOTT,  chief  Librarian 

June  :,.  IDM, 


AVnl   I  II    WAN  I  ED      Ooa  brought   op  at   a 


£ttuntions    (Uilantf&. 


CI  ERMAN     YOUNG     LADY  HE 

'  ■     Hell 

M\   VI  I.     -I.,   lit-  I   M;1 
tli  Moltoti  Mmi    w 

I  ADV     RW  RETARD 

I  .i     ]•  Shorthand,    T 

BARB 

<  ale'l|l...iy.  L.lidoii 


SEEKS     POST.       I. 

Road, 


rpo  PUBLISHER*  l  DITOR8.     EMPLOY- 

I        KENT   tt'ASI  ED    in   m       : 
MSB.  read  anil  pri  I 

h   Mi, s.i, in .  '. 
knowli  ini.  nt.il    Attain,    and    I    I 

VIZETELLY.  «l.  Southampton  Buildiu  N  < 

AN     active     YOUNG     MAN     (23)     reqnirag 
i  I  I  LISHI  Its    oi     l;oi 
TANT.    Can  supply  good  IxfumujesL— T.,  Box  lvT'i.  Athriurum  Press, 
13,  Bream's  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane    I 


SEARCHES  a1   BRITISH   MUSEUM  Mid  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French.  Flemish,  li  ,n.  and 

Latin.      Seventeen    yean  -J.    A.    RANDOLPH 

Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  s.w. 

rpRANSLATIONS,    RESEARCH    WORK, 

1      required  by  qualified   LADY,   thoroughly    convensuit  wil 
Modern   I.. i  -  linical  and  other  Suhj«-t». —  Address     U    P 

ca t  Hi  --i-   1. 1/  H  i 

LITERARY    RESEARCH    undertaken   at  the 
British  Museum  and  elsewhere  on  moderate  t<  rnu>.    Ej 
Testimonials.— A.B.,  Box  1082,  Atbemeuiu  Pi  angi,. 

Chancery  Line,  E>  . 


iHtsrcllanrous. 


PUBLISHIN(J. — An   opportunity  occurs  for  an 
INVESTMENT  In  a  PUBLISHING   HOU8E.    J.O00/.  • 
would  be  required,  and  occupation  could  be  given  if  desired.— VVritr 
LITERATURE,  Athenaeum  Press   i  :.  Bream's  Bull 

A  N  OPENING  occurs  for  a  GENTLEMAN  (not 

X*-    overIK  of  sound  education  and  Lite.. 

obtain    TRAINING    under    a    well-known     LONDON     EDITOR. 
Premium  1007.— Address,  in  first  instance,  to  Kvpovaoc,  R<  . 
Willini?  s.  128.  Strand,  W.C. 


AUSTRALIA     and     NEW     ZEALAND.— 

il  TRAVELLER  for  a  leading  LONDON  PUBLISHER  intends 
taking  a  journey  through  these  Colonies  in  the  late  Autumn,  and  is 
desirous  of  REPRESENTING,  on   reasonable  tei  TWO 

ADDITIONAL  HOUSES  Igoodl,  either  in  Publishing  or  ABied 
Trades.     Accounts  already  o|ien  with  all  tl:  s«i. — 

Address  X.  Y.  Z..  care  of  Pool's  Advert  K.c. 

TO  AUTHORS  and  PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known  CAMBRIDGE  MAN.  M.A..  is  ojH-n  to  ADTI8E 
Al'THOiis,  Revise  Copy  or  Proofs,  fcc.  Hignest  rcteixix-es.— Address- 
M..  Box  ion,  Athenssum  Press,  u.  Bream's  Buildings,  I  I 


M 


AOAZIXK    STORIES    and     ESSAT8    of   a 

light,   s.m  ial   character   W  ANTED-  Send   for    particulars  to- 
M..  17:.  Sells  Advertising  offices.  London.  E.C. 


\7ACANCES    en  FRANCE.— A    la   Ounpag 

V  Pension  ct  Lecpns,  G  francs  par  jour.  Maison  ties distinguee. 
Conversation.  Levees,  Excursions.  Tennis.  Chemin  de  Fer.  Trlerraphr. 
Telephone.— Adr.  Madame  DELACROIX-MARSY.  Fere  en-Tat 

Aisne. 


AN  old-established   PROVINCIAL    WEEKLY 

A    and  SERIES,  with  Jobbing  Business  attached,  mnv.  owing  to 
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N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


719 


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0  R  G  E 


CRUIKSHANK. 


Dealers  or  Private  Individuals  who  secured 
desirable  Items  from  the  recent  Truman  Sale  of 
Cruikshankiana  which  they  wish  to  re-sell  (Books, 
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are  requested  to  send  full  description  of  same, 
with  price,  to 

EDWIN  H.  WENDELL, 
500  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  U.S.A. 

THE     BUILDER,    handsomely     hound     Copies 
from  184S  to  1898,  together  with  loose  numbers  to   1902.    TO  BE 
SOLD.— Apply  Box  1127  Athena-um  Press,  13.  Breams  Buildings,  E.C. 

THE  BIRTHPLACE  OF  GEORGE  BORROW,  THE  WELL- 
KNOWN  AUTHOR. 

EAST  DEREHAM,  NORFOLK.  —  Valuable 
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brick and  Tiled  Residence.  Pleasantly  situated,  with  Southern 
aspect.  Suitable  Agricultural  Buildings,  Dairy,  fcc.,  together  with 
several  Enclosures  of  Arable  and  Pasture  Land,  in  a  good  state  of 
cultivation,  the  whole  being  let  on  a  Yearly  Tenancy  at  622.  10s\ 

FOR  SALE  by  PRIVATE  TREATY,  or  if  not  previously  disposed 
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Dereham,  on  WEDNESDAY.  June  20,  at  4  o'clock. 

Particulars  of  the  Auctioneer,  Mr.  T.  H.  WARREN.  Hill  House, 
East  Dereham,  and  Swaffham,  and  of  HAMPTON  &  SONS.  2  and  3, 
Cockspur  Street,  S.W. 


^al*s  bg  Ruction. 

Tiro  days'  sale  of  General  Natural  History  Specimens. 

TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  June  19  and  ?0 

at  half-past  IS  o'clock. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER,  at  his 
Rooms,  38,  King  Street,  Covenl  Garden,  London,  W.C,  a 
PORTION  of  the  COLLECTION  of  BRITISH  LEPIDOPTERA 
formed  by  Dr.  JAMES  SCOTT  SEQUEIRA,  to  which  is  added  Exotic 

Lcpidoptcra  in  Boxes  and  Papers— Heads  and  Horns  of  Big  Game, 
Minerals,  Shells,  Birds'  Eggs,  Polished  Agates,  Ambers,  Ivory  Tusks, 
fcc.,  sold  by  order  of  the  Executors  of  the  late  Major  INI),  of  Itlley, 
Oxford— Birds  set  up  in  Glass  Cases— important  Collection  of  British 
and  Foreign  Land  and  Freshwater  Shells,  comprising  about  14,000 
Specimens — Cabinets,  &c 

on  view  Monday  prior  10  to  5  and  mornings  of  sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 


MR 

jli-   ci 


Curiosities. 

TUESDAY,  June  SC,  at  half-past  1?  o'clock: 

J.    C.    STEVENS'S     NEXT    SALE    of 

IURIOS  from  all  parts  will  be  held  at  his  Rooms,  38,  King 
Street,  Covent  Garden.  London,  W.C,  and  will  include  amongst  other 
things  some  tine  Lacquer  and  Cloisonne  Swords  from  Japan— about 
Thirty  Lots  of  old  Lace— Chinese  Pictures  and  Drawings— Native 
Weapons— Peruvian  Mummy— Coins  and  Medals.  fcc. 

On   view  day  prior,  10  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale.    Catalogues  oir 
application. 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Properly. 

MR.  J.  C.  STEVENS  begs  to  announce 
SALES  are  held  EVERY  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  38, 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  for  the  disposal  of  M 
SCOPES,  SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  — Telescopes— Theodo 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lensi 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with 
and  all  Accessories  in  great  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Hot] 
Furniture— Jeweller3f — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property, 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  ami  morning  of  Sale. 

Valuable  Books,  including  a  Portion  of  the  Library  oi  the 
late  JAMES  ST  A  ATS  FORBES,  Esq.   (by  order  of  the 

Executors),  and  other  Private  Properties. 

ESSRS.    PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 


that 

King 
K'RO- 
lites- 
•s.  and 
Slides 

lehold 


M1 


bv  auction,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY,  June 28.  ami  Following  Day, at  10  minutes  past  l  o'cloi  k 
precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  Bedford  s  Art  Sales.  2  vols. 
Moore  s  Views  in  Rangoon,  Coloured  Plates  -Rues,  Toms  et  Tourelle 
de  la  Relgioue— The  Royal  Galleries  of  Vienna,  Madrid,  St.  Peters- 
burg, fcc.  -Illustrated   Fine  Art   Catalogues       English  Art.    19  vols.— 

Baden's  Etudes  o  l'Eau  Forte  —  Monographs  on  the  Basilic:,  „f 
St.  Mark  published  hi  Ongania,  of  '\  enice,  IS  vols.— UenpeB'i  Etchings 
and  Dry  Points  LaGalerie  itoyale  de  Munich  -Die Gemalde Galene 
in  Wicn,  1886— Mudford's  Campaign  in  the  Netherlands,  Coloured 
Plates  A  count  of  tic  Preservation  of  Charles  II..  extra-illustrated 
with  lure  Portraits  a  Collection  of  Fust  Editionsof  Popes  Works 
Bacon's (Apologje,  1608,  and  fcpophthegmeft,  1685— First  Editions  of 
Oil  kens  .-mil  Thackeray  ~  Autograph  Letters  —  Ex-Eibris  —  Earl] 
Printed  Books,  fco. 

MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  MANSON  *  WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  they  «ill  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION  at  their  Great  Rooms.  King  Street,  St.  JameSs 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  s— 

On  MONDAY,  June  IS,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  DRAWINGS. 

On  TUESDAY,  .lime  l«i.  a  valuable  COLLEC- 
TION of  DRAWINGS  by  the  old  Mast.,.-  ;  ETCHINGS  by  J.  M. 
Whistler  and  Bb  F.  Seymour  Baden. 

On  TUESDAY,  .Line  10,   and    WEDNESDAY, 

i 1 20  OLD  ENGLISH  PORCELAIN  and  OBJECTS  oi  VERTTJ  of 

W,  n.  M  ILLIGAN,  Esq.,  deceased 

On  THURSDAY,  June  21,  OLD  ENGLISH  and 

FOREIGN  SILVER  of  Mrs    AMELIA   CARTER,  deceased:  (.    II. 
HEIGHAM,  Esq.,  deceased  ;  o   A.  IIII.EV.  Esq. ;  and  others. 

On  FRIDAY,  .Line  22.  PORCELAIN  and 
DECORATIVE  FURNITURE  from  rarloui  sources, 

On  SATURDAY,  .Line  2.'!.  MODERN  PIC- 
TURES and  DRAWINGS  of  the  Continental  BchooU,  the  Properti  ..i 
..I  vi'l.UM  IN. 

SALES  by  AUCTION,  &c, continued  on  p.  720. 


MR.     HEINEMANN'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 

AFGHANISTAN. 

By  ANGUS  HAMILTON,  Author  of  Korea,'  &e. 
With  Map,  Illustrations,  and  numerous  Appendices. 
Demy  8vo,  258.  net.  [Next  week, 

An  exhaustive  account  of  the  conditions  of  the  country, 
and  its  relations  with  Russia  and  India.  The  political  and 
economic  aspects  are  fully  discussed.  The  general  reader 
will  be  fascinated  by  the  sketches  of  the  domestic  life  of 
the  Ameer,  and  the  valuable  description  of  the  Oxus,  its 
fords,  trade,  and  the  strategic  value  of  the  roads  which 
approach  it. 

Prospectus  on  application, 

GEORGE  MOORE'S  NEW  BOOK. 

MEMOIRS  OF  MY  DEAD 
LIFE. 

By  GEORGE  MOORE.     1  vol.  Gs. 

LEO      TOLSTOY: 

His  Life  and  Work. 

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL  MEMOIRS,  LETTERS,  AND 

BIOGRAPHICAL  MATERIAL. 

Compiled  by  PAUL  BIRUKOFF  and  Revised  by 

LEO  TOLSTOY. 

In  1  vol.  demy  8vo,  with  Illustrations,  6s.  net. 

DAILY  CHRONICLE.— "We  see  the  prophet,    in  the 

making,  the  genius  in  full  ferment,  and  learn  to  understand 

better  than  before  both   the  peculiar  strength    and    the 

weakness  of  '  the  great  writer  of  the  Russian  land.' " 


FELICITY  IN  FRANCE. 

By  CONSTANCE  MAUD.     1  vol.  (S$. 

Miss  Maud,  already  well  known  as  an  acute  and  sympa- 
thetic observer  of  our  friends  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel,  here  gives  us  her  impressions  of  various  journey- 
ings  in  Touraine  and  other  parts  of  France,  and  of  a  stay  in 
a  French  convent.  She  writes  with  humour  and  under- 
standing, and  her  new  book  will  certainly  add  to  her 
reputation. 

NOTABLE    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 

THE   STORY   THAI'    HAS   THRILLED   THE 
WHOLE   WORLD. 

THE     JUNGLE. 

BY 

UPTON     SINCLAIR. 

[Fifth  Impression  in  the  press. 
THE  TALK  OF  LONDON. 

THE  SPHINX'S  LAWYER. 

By  FRANK   DANBY,  Author  of  'Pigs  in  Clover.' 

IN    THE    SHADOW. 

By  HENRY  C.  ROWLAND. 
Mr.  W.  L,  Coi'RTNEV  in  the  DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— 
•'  Extremely  interesting,  well  told,  vivid,  and  picturesque. " 

THE  SIN  OF 
GEORGE    WARRENER. 

By  MARIE  VAN  VORST,  Author  of  '  Amanda  of  the  Mill." 

THE  MAN  OF  PROPERTY. 

By  JOHN  GALSWORTHY. 

[Second  Impression. 
SKETCH.  —  "Its    originality,   its   shrewd   sarcasm,   the 
powers    of    observation   it    shows,   raise  it  far  above  the 
average." 

THE  BANDS  OF  ORION. 

By  CAROLINE  GROSYENOR 
(The    Hon.    Mrs.    N".    QrosvenorX 
DAILY  TELEGRAPH.—  "A good  sound  love  story  well 
written,   interesting    from    start    to    finish,   which    lias    the 

additional  quality  of  being  an  excellent  study  <>f  a  tempera- 
ment." 

THINGS  THAT  ARE  CESAR'S. 

Bv  H.  N.  DICKINSON. 
ACADEMY.     "The  writing  and  character-drawing  are 
admirable,  the  coherence  of  the  narrative!  the  clever  way 
in  which  t lie  conversal ions  are  handled)  the  wit  abounding, 

are  proofs  ot  Mr.  Dickinson's  ability." 

WHAT  BECAME  OF  PAM. 

By  BARONESS  VON  HITTEN,  Author  of  'Pain.' 

[Second  Impression, 
WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.     "Those  who  read  '  Pain  ' 
N...  i  will  scarcely  need  urging  to  read  'Pun'  No.  2;  bnt 

those  who  have  read  neither  in.i>  be  strongly  reeonimended 
tn  read  both." 

\Y.  HEINEMANN,  -21.  Bedford  Btreet,  \\".<\ 


7-.»ii 


'I'll  E     ATHKNJKUM 


N°4103,  Jim    16,  1906 


Sltltl  lnj  Aiutinn     continued. 


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II  mi    .V-      oh I  "I"'-  '"   i.i-  ■>  • ..  •  -  ■  extra    111"  •■ 

\\..ik-  lt.N,k«  with  lolotirwl  ri..i.-.  to  ;  the Collocjlon  ol  ULI)  aiul 
.1  KIolS  Ml. I>U  Al.  VVUIIKS,  the  rVoiiextj  ol  the  Uite  Bir \UL 
LI. \.M  MITtllKM,  HANKS. ui  Lhernool;  uthei  Proiwrtiw,  [ni-liullng 

,.i    huckllns 

Printed  Hooka    I ii"   Work*  *c, 

\i  lewi  I  two  day*  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

•/■/,.  ,  ii,.,  M«dal*  and  Military  and  Naval 

Ihelatt  •/.>'.  WHlDBORNB.Siq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHI'.M  ,  WILKINSON  &  BODGE 
«il!  si  1.1.  bj    U  ITION,  .ii  their  House,  V,   IS,  Wellington 
-,,  ,,„,,  \\  .   .on  Till i:sii\Y.  June  21.  al  i  o'clock  pre.  iselv, 
riONol  N  A\  M.   ind   Mil.  IM  IR1    MKIlM.S   i.KIH  1  s 

ami  liECOKATIONS,  ol  the  late  , N   BCMNEK  WHIDBORME. 

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THE    DUKE   OF   ARGYLL, 

1823  1900.     Comprising  his  Autobiography  down  to  1857,  and  his  Life 
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.V 

RESEARCHES  IN   SINAI. 

By  Prof.  W.  M.  FLINDERS  PETRIE,  D.C.L.  LL.D.  F.R.S., 

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THE   SPOILS   OF  VICTORY. 

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JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


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THE 

DEVELOPMENT 

OF  THE 

EUROPEAN 
NATIONS. 

1870-1900. 

By  J.  HOLLAND  ROSE,  Litt.D., 

Late  Scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
Author  of  'The  Life  of  Napoleon  I,'  &e. 

Illustrated  with  Numerous  Maps  and  Plans. 
SECOND  IMPRESSION  NOW  READY. 

Demy  8vo,  18s.  net. 

Mr.  Spenser  Wilkinson,  writing  in  The  Morning  Post. — 
"Dr.  Holland  Rose  by  his  life  of  Napoleon  has  established 
his  reputation  for  painstaking  learning  and  accuracy,  as 
well  as  for  that  fairness  of  judgment  which  gains  for  a 
historian  the  confidence  of  his  readers.  Dr.  Rose  has  not 
only  read  widely,  but  has  formed  his  own  opinions,  which 
are  well  balanced.  The  volume  is  valuable  as  a  storehouse 
of  facts,  conscientiously  ascertained,  arranged,  labelled, 
and  put  on  the  shelves.  It  represents  the  results  of 
research  carried  to  the  point  to  which  by  many  historians 
research  is  expected  to  lead." 

Mr.  Justin  McCarthy,  writing  in  the  Daily  Chronicle. — 
"  He  has  rendered  good  service  to  the  public  by  endeavour- 
ing to  prevent  us  from  indulging  in  too  much  rhapsody 
over  the  triumphs  even  of  nationality  and  democracy,  and 
I  feel  sure  that  those  who,  like  myself,  cannot  always  agree 
with  his  conclusions,  will  admit  that  they  have  spent  their 
time  well  in  studying  his  suggestive  and  fascinating  pages." 

Standard.  —  "  These  thirty  years  witnessed  frequent 
diplomatic  contests  of  primary  importance,  diversified 
sometimes  in  the  case  of  Russia  and  Turkey,  even  of  our- 
selves (in  Egypt),  of  the  Balkan  States  and  Greece  by 
actual  war.  This  volume,  in  short,  contains  the  story  of 
all  these,  made  the  more  clear  by  being  dissociated  from 
unnecessary  details." 

Spectator. — "British  opposition  to  Russia  in  the  Balkans 
was  repaid  by  Russian  interference  on  the  Indian  frontier, 
of  which  Dr.  Rose  lias  furnished  us  with  a  full  account. 
Excellent,  too,  is  his  chapter  on  Egypt*  No  one  will  grudge 
the  space  he  has  given  to  the  heroic  story  of  Gordon,  of 
whom  he  says  well  that  'he  appealed  to  all  that  is  most 
elementary  in  man.'  Not  the  least  useful  part  of  the  work 
is  that  dealing  witli  the  modern  partition  of  Africa  by 
European  Powers,  which  gives  an  orderly  account  of  many 
tangled  enterprises." 

Daily  Mail. — "  Dr.  Rose's  new  book,  which  is  marked  by 
all  the  masterly  qualities  of  his  life  of  Napoleon,  should  be 
read  by  every  Englishman." 

Daily  News. — "Dr.  Rose  by  this  volume  has  earned  the 
gratitude  of  all  who  wisli  to  study  the  meaning  of  present 
affairs.  It  is  distinguished  by  .ill  that  mastery  of  material 
and  power  of  telling  a  story  which  made  the  life  of 
Napoleon  by  the  same  writer  so  admirable  an  addition  to 
historical  literature." 

Manchester  Guardian. — "  Dr.  Holland  Rose  has  in  this 
volume  done  a  solid,  excellent,  and  most  useful  piece  of 
work." 

Daily  Graphic. — "He  who  will  read  it  and  master  it  as  a 
guide-book  to  t lie  history  of  those  thirty  eventful  yens 
will  not  fail  to  be  deeply  'grateful  to  Mr.  Hose  for  having 
'  notched  the  track  '  so  skilfully  and  so  clearly." 

Scotsman.— "Mr.  Rose's  training  and  discipline  in  the 
production  of  his  works  on  the  Napoleonic  era  was  a 
guarantee  that  9  book  by  him  on  the  development  of 
European  nations  in   our  own   days  would    be   marked    by 

learning,  mental  alertness,  conscientious  estimate,  and 
polil  leal  penetration." 

Christian  World. — "The  wealth  of  accurate  information 
will  make  il  for  years  to  come  a  treasure-house  of  facts  for 
the  politician,  the  journalist,  and  the  genera]  student. 
The  value  of  the  book  is  enhanced  by  a  number  of  excellent 

in  1)1- 

Academy.  "The  historian  who  seta  out  to  survey  areas 
of  Contemporary  human  activity  so  vast  as  those  which 
come  under  Dr.  Rose's  observations  in  the  volumes  before 
as  has  a  high  claim.    We  congratulate  Dr.  Hose  upon  the 

completion  of  a  book  which  presents  the  European  nations 
massed,  as  it  ueie,  and  moving,  in  conflict  or  amity,  amid  a 
I. road  historic  panorama,  during  thirty  years  of  surpassing 
interest." 

Literary    World.  —  "Dr.    Kose    presents    a     succinct,    and 
nevertheless  comprehensive  account  in  his  able  and  Into 
ing  volume." 


THE 

POETRY  AND  PHILOSOPHY 
OF  GEORGE  MEREDITH. 

By  GEORGE  M.  TREVELYAN. 

Crown  Svo,  3s.  6d.  net. 

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the  commentator  on  a  living  author,  and  gives  the  reader 
precisely  the  kind  of  assistance  that  he  needs." 


THE  CHURCH  OF  FRANCE. 

By  J.  E.  C.  BODLEY,  Author  of  'France.' 

Extra  crown  8vo,  3s.  6d.  net. 

Guardian. — "The  thoroughness  of  Mr.  Bodley's  know- 
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glad  to  possess  them  in  handy  and  permanent  form." 

SECOND  IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 

THE 

LIFE   OF  ALFRED  AINGER. 

By  EDITH  SICHEL, 

Author  of  'Catherine  de'  Medici.' 

With  one  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  six  Half-Tone 
Illustrations.     Demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

Times. — "  Ainger's  peculiar  and  elfin-like  sense  of  humour, 
his  eloquent  and  persuasive  and  golden  voice,  his  inimit- 
able manner,  his  liveliness,  his  sensitiveness,  his  attractive- 
ness, his  joy  in  life,  and  his  lovely  gift  of  rilling  life  with 
joy  ;  above  all,  his  genius  for  friendship,  and  that  sweet, 
inviolable  loyalty  which  made  his  friendships  precious — 
these  are  all  things  to  treasure  and  delight  in.  Miss 
Sichel  has  done  distinguished  work.  Her  style  is  animated 
and  sympathetic.  She  is  gifted  with  very  considerable 
powers  of  dramatic  vision  ;  a  most  commendable  habit  of 
thoroughness." 

SOME   LITERARY  ECCENTRICS.      By 

JOHN  FYVIE,  Author  of  'Some  Famous  Women  of 
Wit  and  Beauty, 'etc.  Illustrated.  Demy  Svo,  12s.  6d.  net. 
Studies  of  Thomas  Amory — Thomas  Day — William  Beck- 
ford —  Walter  Savage   Landor  —  William   Hazlitt  —  Henry 
Crabb   Robinson  —  Charles   Babbage  —  Douglas  Jerrold — 
George  Wither — James  I. — Sir  John  Mandeville. 


THE  FLORENTINE  HISTORY.  Written 

bvNICCOLO  MACHIAVELLI.  Translated  from  the 
Italian  by  NINIAN  HILL  THOMSON,  M.A.  In  2  vols, 
extra  crown  Svo,  Vis.  6tf.  net. 

HISTORICAL  GREEK  COINS.     By  G.  F. 

HILL,  Author  of  'The  Coins  of  Sicily,'  &c.  With 
Plates  illustrating  over  100  Coins.  Demy  Svo,  10*.  Gd.  net. 

TACITUS,    AND    OTHER    ROMAN 

STUDIES.  By  GASTON  BOISSIER,  Professor  of 
Latin  Eloquence  at  the  College  de  France.  Translated 
by  W.  G.  HUTCHISON.     Demy  Svo,  6s.  net. 


NEW    SIX-SHILLING    NOVELS. 
SET     IN     AUTHORITY.       By     Sara 

JEANNETTE    DUNCAN.   Author  of    'An   American 
Girl  in  London,'  'The  Path  of  a  Star,'  &c. 

SECOND  IMPRESSION. 

ANTHONY     BRITTEN.      By     Herbert 

MACILWAINE,    Author    of    'Dinkinbar,'    'Fate   the 
Fiddler,'  ,vc. 

SECOND  IMPRESSION. 

HENRY  NORTHCOTE.    By  J.  C.  Snaith, 

Author  of    'Broke  of  Covenden,'   'Mistress    Dorothy 
Marvin,'  <tc. 

THE  ARENA.    By  Harold  Spender. 
THE    WHEEL    OF    LIFE.     By  Ellen 

( ;  I.ASGOW,  Author  of  '  The  Deliverance,'  Ac. 
SECOND  IMPRESSION. 

THE     HOUSE     OF    COBWEBS:    and 

other   Stories.       By   GKORdE    GISNTNG,    Author   of 
'The  Private  Papers  of  Henry  Ryecroft,'  Ac. 

FACE  TO  FACE.    By  Francisco  Acebal. 

Translated  by  M  A  1 M  I N  III  M E. 

CATTLE  BRANDS.     Stories  of  Cowboy 

Life.     Bj    ANDY   ADAMS,   Author  of   'The  Log  of  a 
Cowboy,'  'The  Outlet,'  Ac. 


London :  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  k  CO.  Limited. 


MESSRS.  LONGMANS  &  CO.'S 
LIST. 


THE  POLITICAL 

HISTORY 

OF  ENGLAND. 

Written    by    various    Authors    under    the    Direction    and 
Editorship  of  the 

Rev.  WILLIAM  HUNT,  D.Litt, 

President  of  the   Royal    Historical    Society,   and 
REGINALD    LANE-POOLE,    M.A.    Ph.D., 

Editor  of  the  '  English  Historical  Review.' 

In  12  vols,  demy  Svo, 

each  volume  having  its  own  Index  and  2  or  more  Maps. 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


723 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  1G,  1906. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The  Modern  Development  of  Europe       ..       ..723 

The  New  English  Dictionary 724 

The  Memoirs  of  a  Buck 725 

A  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek      ..        ..    726 
New  Novels  (The  Prey  of  the  Strongest ;  The  Lost 
Earl  of  Elian  ;  The  Bar  Sinister ;  Anthony  Britten ; 
Mrs.  Grundy's  Crucifix  ;  Things  that  are  Ciesar's  ; 
Le  Sacrifice  ;  The  Undying  Past)        . .         . .      728—729 

Oriental  Literature         729 

Short  Stories 729 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Dawn  in  Russia  ;  The  Boy- 
hood of  a  Great  King ;  Goethe's  Iphigeneia  in 
Tauris;  The  Mirror  of  the  Century;  Fisherman's 
Luck  ;  Points  of  View ;  Rites  of  the  Armenian 
Church  ;  The  Assemble  of  Goddes  ;  The  Unity  of 
Will ;  Bourget's  Works  ;  Aylwin  ;  Plutarch's  Lives  ; 
Crabbe's  Poems  ;  Pictorial  London)  . .         . .      730 — 731 

List  of  New  Books 732 

New  Light  on  Murat  and  Napoleon;  'The  Open 
Road';  Lost  Irish  Memoirs;  State-Aided 
Emigration  ;    The  late  Dr.   W.  G.   Blackie  ; 

The  Birth-Year  of  Henry  V 732—733 

Literary  Gossip        733 

Science— Ethnology  ;  Research  Notes  ;  Societies  ; 

Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip      ..        ..      735—738 
Fine  Arts— Colvin  on  Early  Engraving  in  Eng- 
land ;  Etchings  by  Mr.  John  at  Chelsea  ;  The 
National  Gallery  ;  Sales  ;  Gossip        . .      738—740 
Music— 'The  Peasant  Songs  of  Gheat  Russia'; 

Gossip;   Performances  Next  Week     ..      741—742 
Drama— Our     Library     Table     (Twelfth     Night; 
Othello  Unveiled  ;  The  Title  Mart  ;  The  Girl  with 
the  Green   Eyes);    'Atalanta  in  Calydon  '    at 
the  Scala  Theatre  ;  Gossip         . .        . .     742—743 
Miscellanea— Date  of  the  Statute  of  Kilkenny       744 
Index  to  Advertisers       744 


LITERATURE 


The  Development  of  the  European  Nations, 
1870-1900.  By  J.  Holland  Rose,  Litt.D. 
(Constable  &  Co.) 

Dr.  Rose,  whose  admirable  work  on  the 
Revolutionary  and  Napoleonic  epochs  we 
have  often  praised,  descends  in  his  new 
work  to  contemporary  politics.  To  under- 
take the  narration  of  history  that  is  still 
in  the  making  is  to  dare  greatly.  Who 
can  say  that  the  secrets  of  the  diplomacy 
of  the  last  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century 
are  sufficiently  unravelled  to  enable  the 
commentator  to  speak  with  confidence  on 
the  motives  and  aims  of  statesmen  who 
are  still  among  us  ?  Are  we  sure  that  we 
know  the  whole  truth  even  about  such 
comparatively  ancient  history  as  the 
Treaty  of  Berlin  or  the  formation  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  of  1888  ?  Dr.  Rose  thinks 
that  the  attempt  is  worth  making.  "  There 
is  no  lack  of  guides,"  he  writes  in  his 
Preface, 

"  for  the  present  age.  The  number  of 
memoir  writers  and  newspaper  correspond- 
ents is  legion  ;  and  I  have  come  to  believe 
that  they  are  fully  as  trustworthy  as  similar 
witnesses  have  been  in  any  age.  The  very 
keenness  of  their  rivalry  is  some  guarantee 
for  truth.  .  .  .1  will  go  further,  and  say  that 
if  we  could  find  out  what  were  the  sources 
used  by  Thucydides,  we  should  notice 
qualms  of  misgiving  shoot  through  tho 
circle  of  scientific  historians,  as  they  con- 
templated his  majestic  work.  In  any  case  I 
may  appeal  to  the  great  Athenian  in  support 
of  the  thesis  that  to  undertake  to  write  con- 
temporary history  is  no  vain  thing." 

True  it  is  that  Thucydides  produced  an 
immortal  work  ;  but  do  we  not  read  it 
rather  as  the  first  masterpiece  of  an 
historian  gifted  with  the  scientific  mind 
than  as  an  accurate  record  of  facts  {     Has 


not  Thucydides  been  detected  in  precisely 
those  errors  of  detail  which  a  writer  dealing 
with  contemporary  events  finds  it  hard  to 
avoid  ?  And  should  we  not  know  far 
more  about  fifth-century  Athens  if  he  had 
left  us  his  own  political  autobiography, 
rather  than  an  encyclopaedic  account  of 
the  Peloponnesian  war  ?  What  would 
we  not  give  to  be  able  to  exchange  a  few 
chapters  dealing  with  petty  expeditions 
to  JEtolia  or  Caria  for  a  frank  confession 
as  to  how  and  why  the  author  himself  let 
Amphipolis  fall  into  the  hands  of  Brasidas, 
and  for  what  reasons  the  Athenian  assembly 
thought  fit  to  banish  him  ?  Should  the 
modern  historian  set  before  himself  for 
imitation  the  man  who  gave  no  account 
of  the  rise  of  Cleon,  and  deliberately  left 
out  of  his  narrative  the  whole  career  of 
Hyperbolus  ? 

But  we  must  not  press  Dr.  Rose's  line 
of  justification  for  his  book  too  hardly  ; 
probably  it  is  necessary  that  some  much 
daring  man  should  summarize  the  history 
of  each  generation  as  that  generation  is 
drawing  towards  its  close.  Such  authors 
cannot  claim  finality  ;  they  know  that  a 
certain  proportion  of  their  work  will 
require  to  be  rewritten  in  a  few  years,  as 
new  memoirs  are  published,  and  new 
State  documents  are  opened  to  the  man  of 
research.  Meanwhile  it  is  well  that  some 
sort  of  a  continuous  history  should  be 
compiled  :  it  reflects  at  least  the  impres- 
sion which  contemporary  events  have  left 
upon  an  intelligent  observer ;  it  is 
specially  useful  to  the  younger  generation, 
to  whom  there  is  always  a  gap  between 
the  authorized  and  ascertained  annals  of 
the  past  and  the  events  which  they  have 
themselves  witnessed  and  pondered  over. 
It  is  profoundly  true  that  most  men  know 
less  of  the  twenty  years  before  the  date 
at  which  they  began  to  read  their  news- 
papers than  of  any  other  period  in  modern 
history.  Here  lies  the  value  of  Dr.  Rose's 
book  and  similar  works. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  any 
work  of  this  author  will  possess  its  merits. 
Dr.  Rose  has  a  sound  judgment  and  a 
clear  lucid  style  ;  any  theory  of  modern 
events  that  he  forms  is  sure  to  be  sensible 
and  coherent.  Our  only  doubt  is  whether 
in  every  case  he  can  have  obtained  certain 
data  on  which  to  found  his  conclusions. 
A  statement  of  M.  de  Blowitz  or  an  "in- 
spired "  article  in  the  Hamburger  Nach- 
rickten  is  not  conclusive  evidence  ;  yet 
often  nothing  more  convincing  can  be 
procured  to  back  a  suggestion  otherwise 
probable.  Putting  his  conspectus  of  the 
European  history  of  the  thirty  years  1870- 
1900  into  the  shortest  possible  phrases, 
we  find  it  to  run  somewhat  as  follows  : — 
The  first  section  of  the  period,  the  space 
between  1870  and  1878,  is  the  epilogue  of 
the  crisis  that  immediately  preceded  it, 
the  main  feature  of  which  had  been  the 
working  out  of  the  unity  of  Germany  and 
Italy  by  Bismarck  and  Cavour.  The  last 
event  of  this  period  is  (lie  Russo-Turkish 
War  of  1877-8,  which  must  be  regarded, 
much  as  Gladstone  regarded  it  at  the 
time,  as  a  genuine  Crusade  against  Moslem 
oppression,  into  which  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment   was    forced    by    national    feeling. 


"  Alexander  II.  could  no  more  have  stayed 
the  impulse  of  his  people  than  Charles 
Albert  could  have  checked  that  of  the 
Italians  in  1848  "  (p.  587).  Lord  Beacons- 
field,  as  Dr.  Rose  concludes,  madera 
political  as  well  as  a  moral  mistake  in 
intervening  on  behalf  of  the  Turks  at  the 
time  of  the  San  Stefano  Treaty.  Not  only 
was  the  national  honour  impaired  by  the 
subsequent  abandonment  of  the  British 
pledge  to  introduce  reforms  into  Asia 
Minor,  not  only  was  the  disgraceful  career 
of  Abdul  Hamid  rendered  possible,  but 
England  also  made  an  enemy  of  Russia 
for  the  next  twenty  years  : — 

"  There  are  grounds  for  believing  that  the 
influence  which  worked  unchc.ngea,bly  against 
England  for  the  remaining  years  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  was  the  influence  of  Russia, 
and  this  hostility  resulted  mainly,  if  not 
solely,  from  Lord  Beaconsfield's  policy  in 
the  Eastern  Question.  The  foreign  policy 
of  the  Gladstone  Cabinet  of  1880-85  was 
often  weak  ;  but  in  all  fairness  we  must 
remember  that  its  difficulties  were  the 
heritage  bequeathed  by  the  Earl  of  Beacons- 
field." 

Fortunately  for  Great  Britain,  Russia  lost 
the  sympathy  of  her  allies,  and  outraged 
European  public  opinion,  by  her  handling 
of  the  Bulgarian  question  in  1885-6. 
Thereby  Alexander  III.  wrecked  the 
league  of  the  three  Emperors,  which 
"  promised  to  be  a  potent  instrument 
for  the  humbling  of  England,"  and  the 
grouping  of  the  continental  States  pre- 
sently took  a  new  form — that  of  the  Triple 
and  Dual  Alliances — which  (owing  to  the 
equal  balance  of  power  between  the  two 
aggregations  of  States)  was  much  less 
perilous  to  the  United  Kingdom.  Down  to 
this  day  we  have  contrived  "  to  muddle 
along  somehow,"  escaping  grave  dangers, 
not  by  any  merit  of  our  statesmen,  "  for 
British  policy  in  the  years  1887-1900 
was  provokingly  undecided  and  timidly 
passive,  save  in  the  one  case  of  the  Fashoda 
Incident."  Our  ministers  proceeded  for 
some  twelve  or  fifteen  years  "in  a  hand- 
to-mouth  fashion,  trusting  to  the  chapter 
of  accidents,  which  has  so  often  been 
serviceable  "  (p.  591).  It  mattered  not 
whether  Liberals  or  Conservatives  were 
in  power  :  the  one  party  was  as  weakly 
opportunist  as  the  other. 

"  The  fault  lay  ultimately  not  with  them, 
but  with  the  nation  as  a  whole,  obstinately 
preoccupied  as  it  was,  and  is,  with  sport  or 
petty  politics,  and  scouting  questions  of 
vital  import  because  they  do  not  appeal 
immediately  either  to  the  pocket  or  to  tho 
craving  for  sensation." 

A  gloomy  conclusion,  it  may  be  said ; 
and  indeed  the  whole  period  wears  a  some- 
what dismal  aspect  for  Dr.  Rose.  Europe 
is  disillusioned  of  its  old  ideals  of  liberty, 

nationalism,  and  material  progress  : — 

"  After  struggling  for  a  generation  through 
a  wilderness  of  plots  and  punishments, 
the  peoples  have  reached  the  Promised  band, 
only  to  find  it  a  parade  ground ...  .The 
present  state  of  armed  peace  combines  the 

worst  evils  of  war  with  an  emasculating 
torpor.  It  is  neither  a  time  of  rest,  which 
builds  up  the  fabric  <>f  Humanity,  nor  a  time 

of     heroic     endeavour     such     as     sometimes 

mitigates  the  evils  of  war. ...The  state  of 
things  begets  no  joy  in  life — nothing  but    a 


21 


Til  E     ATM  KNi:UM 


N  4103,  -Iim   16,  1906 


fe\ .  olve  to  snatch  at   passing  Bei 

tions.     The  individual  La  crushed  by  a    • 
,,,    i,,.,,.  on   the  armed 

milliona  on  every  aide  of  him.' 

There  arc  ■  fair  number  of  slip*  in 
tins  interesting  volume,  but  they  are 
inevitable  when  so  many  small  detailed 

fftOU  have  to  be  set  forth.  Suleiman 
Pasha's    army    descended    tO    the    sea    ill 

January,  1878,  at  Kavala  and  Kara- 
agatoh,  not  at  Enoa  (p.  219).     The  English 

diplomatist    mentioned   on   p.    »•">   W6&    not 

Lord  Loftus,  but   Lord  Augustus  Loftus. 

The  (Germans  had  many  more  than  NT. <><><• 
men   in   the   field   at    Worth   (p.   69).      The 

1st  Grenadier  Guards  were  not  present 
at    the    battle   of    Bfaiwand   (p.    411)  — 

indeed,  they  have  never  been  in  India. 
The  lsi  Bombay  Grenadiers  is  the  corps 
meant  -a   very   different    battalion.    To 

talk  of  'the  hordes  of  Ed  Din  "  (p.  498)- 
CUtting  an  Arab  name  in  half — is  not  per- 
missible. Remembering  the  reigns  of 
Frederick  William  II..  III.,  and  IV.,  we 
cannot  concede  that  "  the  house  of  Hohen- 
zollern,  since  the  days  of  the  Great  Elector. 
has  always  displayed  the  qualities  of 
courage  and  honesty  of  purpose  "  (p.  153). 
If  the  storming  of  the  Peiwar  Kotal  takes 
two  pages  (396-7),  the  considerable  battle 
of  Ahmed  Khel  ought  at  least  to  have  been 
mentioned  by  name.  The  Turks  lost  at 
Loftchs  (Sept.  3rd.  1877)  not  15,000,  but 
2.500  men  :  they  had  not  more  than  5,000 
present  at  the  fight  (p.  210).  But  these 
are  mainly  trifles,  to  be  corrected  in  a 
later  issue.  We  notice  that  Dr.  Rose's 
volume  on  the  preceding  period,  '  A  Cen- 
tury of  Continental  History,  1780-1880,' 
has  already  reached  a  fifth  edition,  which 
has  been  carefully  revised  and  corrected 
throughout. 


A  New  English  Dictionary. — Matter — 
Mesnaltij.  (Vol.  VI.)  By  H.  Bradley. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) 

The  prospects  of  getting  to  the  end  of  the 
letter  M  in  a  few  years  are  becoming 
brighter,  as  the  portion  from  '  M.B.'  to 
'  Mesn-'  occupies  only  about  half  the  space 
— 203  pages — filled  by  the  articles  from 
'  Ma  '  to  '  Masn.'  The  latter  half  of  the 
double  section  before  us  contains  1 ,230  main 
words,  the  former  only  709,  among  which 
are  several  requiring  comparatively  lengthy 
treatment,  e.g.,  '  Measure  '  and  '  Meat,' 
with  many  of  medium  length,  e.g.,  '  May ' 
(the  fifth  month),  '  Mean,'  adj.  and  adv., 
and  '  Meal '  (ground  grain  and  an  occa- 
sion of  taking  food,  food  eaten  at  a 
repast).  The  form  "  meal  "  stands  for 
five  distinct  substantives  and  three  verbs. 
To  select  a  few  specimens  as  worthy 
of  special  attention  out  of  an  exceptional 
abundance  of  interesting  and  instructive 
articles  is  embarrassing  ;  but  in  addition 
to  those  already  mentioned  we  may 
suggest  '  Matter  '  (sections  10-26),  'Matu- 
ration,' '  Maturity,'  '  Maul,'  vb.,  'Maundy,' 
'  Maxim,'  '  May  '=maid,  '  Maze,'  vb., 
'  Maze,'  sb.,  '  Meagre,'  '  Meddle,'  vb. 
(seven  obsolete  senses  earlier  than 
the  current  use),  k  Meed,'  '  Member,' 
'  Merchant,'   and    '  Mercy.'      Among  the 


id  I  obsolete  vrordi  see    Meinie    '  Men. 
mix,     mingle,        Heroic1     (Northern)  as 

humanity,    honour,    dignity,    and    'Mere 

^boundary.    The  oolourman'a  "  megilp  " 

us  to  stand  out  us  the  one  English 
word  which  has  no  pretensions  to  a  oor- 
reot  spelling,  about  thirty  different  variant  - 
being  recorded  ;  bo  thai  it  is  doubtful 
whether    Dr.    Bradley's   lemma   owes   its 

form   to  ratiocination  or  chance.      Caxton 

is  given  as  the  earliest  authority  for  the 

verbs  "  merit."  "  medley,"  and  "  melan- 
choly," and  for  "maw,"  vb.=mew, 
•'  mecop,"  "  meerkat,"  "  meese  "=tomtit, 

••  melote  "  =  monkish     garment     of     skins. 

mendiant,"  "  mermoyse"  =  marmoset, 
*'  mesohantly,"  and  "  meschyne  "=a  had 

woman. 

Dee's  "  menadry,"  a  kinematical  art. 
may  he  derived  from  menada,  an  early 
variant  of  Ital.  menata,  motion ;  no 
etymology  is  attempted  in  the  article. 
In  the  etymological  account  of  "  merry  " 
— referred  to  an  Old  Teutonic  type 
ma  rg  jo-,  and  connected  with  Middle 
Dutch  mcrc/itc,  mirth,  mergelijc,  joyful — 
is  the  following  confident  suggestion  : — 

"It  is ....  probable  that  the  word  is 
identical  with  the  OTeut.  *murgjo-  short, 
i  presented  by  OHG.  murg-fdri  lasting  a  short 

time,  and  by  the  Gothic  derivative  ga-maurg- 
jan  to  shorten,  and  presumably  descending, 
with  Gr.  I3p"xv<;,  from  an  Indogermanic 
mrghu-.  The  transition  from  the  assumed 
original  sense  '  short  '  to  the  OE.  sense 
'  pleasant  '  is  somewhat  difficult,  but  may 
have  been  brought  about  through  the  inter- 
vention of  a  derived  factitive  verb,  meaning 
'  to  shorten,'  and  hence  '  to  shorten  time,' 
'  to  cheer  '  ;  cf.  ON.  skemta  to  amuse, 
f.  skamt,  neut.  of  skamm-r  short." 

A  cursory  survey  of  the  etymology  of 
words  meaning  "  amuse "  in  the  Indo- 
European  languages  shows  that  it  is 
unsafe  to  support  a  suggested  derivation 
of  "  merry  "  by  citing  an  instance  of  a 
passage  from  any  earlier  sense  into  that 
of  "  amuse."  A  connexion  with  English 
"  morn "  from  Anglo-Saxon  morgen — 
perhaps,  as  Prof.  Skeat  suggests,  an 
extension  of  the  root  mer,  shine — is  as 
likely  as  that  proposed  by  Dr.  Bradley  ; 
but  whether  the  original  extended  form 
was  mergh  or  merk  cannot  be  settled. 
There  is  no  difficulty  in  the  connexion  of 
the  idea  of  "  bright  "  with  those  of 
"  pleasant,"  "  pleased."  The  order  of 
meanings  in  "  mediterrane  "  and  "  medi- 
terranean "  is  inverted,  though  in  the 
article  on  the  latter  the  earliest  quotation 
for  the  Late  Latin  and  modern  sense  is 
in  the  second  section,  which  ought  to  be 
the  first;  while  the  Latin  mediterraneua 
should  be  translated  "  midland,"  "  inland," 
instead  of  this  sense  being  half  suggested 
in  a  remark  :  ''The  notion  expressed  by 
the  proper  name  (late  L.   mare  Mediter- 

rancum.  7th  c )  may  originally  have 

been  '  the  sea  in  the  middle  of  the  earth  ' 
rather  than  '  the  sea  enclosed  by  land.'  " 

A  "  member"  in  our  political  usage  is 
undoubtedly  "  one  who  has  been  formally 
elected  to  take  part  in  the  proceedings 
of  a  parliament";  yet  substitute  this 
definition  in  the  phrase  "•  I  durst  not 
stand  for  member  of  parliament  last 
election  "  (1712,  Spectator,  No.  326),  and 


who  ha-  been  irkv  aid, 

that  the  addition  of  "a  parliamentary 

representative  of  a  popular  elective  oon- 

uould  have  been  ao  eptable. 

aton  of  the  [Jnited  State-  are  formally 
eld  ted.  hut  an  not  usually  called  men,1 

of  <  any  more  than  peer-  .,f  <;reat 

Britain  are  called  members  of  Parliament. 
' Membei    of  Congress1   and    'Master  of 
Ceremonies    should  have  been  given  uj 
M.C. ;    also  the  article  on  early  Middle 
English  "'  merow,"  ;t(lj     ref<  rred  to  in 
.Meii.,u.'   j.   omitted,    unless    "meruw" 

misprint  for  "  merow."  Richard 
gives  an  earlier  quotation  (from  '1' 
Ploughman')  than  Dr.  Bradley  for  "me- 
mento "="  either  of  the  two  prayi 
(beginning  with  Memento)  in  the  Canon  of 
the  Mass,  in  which  the  living  and  tin- 
departed  are  respectively  commemorated," 
which  might  have  been  borowed.  For 
"  memento  mori  "  quotations  from  Beck- 
ford  and  Beresford,  to  till  the  gap 
between  1738  and  1850,  and  an  earlier 
instance  of  "Mavors"  than  "about 
1592."  were  available.  '  Meaning  '  (sb.), 
2c,  "  Of  a  dream,  symbol,  phenomenon," 
requires — "  1844,  H.  E.  Manning.  '  Ser- 
mons,' ix.  p.  118,  the  Gospel ....  put  a 
continuous  meaning  into  the  great  move- 
ments of  the  world  we  see " — for  the 
shade  of  signification  as  well  as  to  fill  a 
gap  from  1702  to  1885.  For  the  same 
article  (section  2d)  Scott's  '  Legend  of 
Montrose'  (1819)  yields  "'I  demand  to 
know  the  meaning  of  this  singular  con- 
vocation "  (ch.  viii.),  before  1828-32  ; 
"  he  was  naturally  by  no  means  the  most 
modest  man  in  the  world"  (ch.  xii.), 
between  1782  and  1893  in  'Mean.'  sb.-, 
section  14c  ;  and  "  through  the  means  of 
such  a  fellow"  (ib.),  section  14f.  where 
the  latest  quotation  is  dated  1807.  The 
use  of  '  Matter,'  10,  "  The  subject  of  a 
book  or  discourse,"  is  marked  as  obsolete  : 
but  Mr.  Phillpotts  in  the  '  Portreeve  ' 
(1906),  ch.  iii.  p.  19.  writes  :  "  When 
speaking  of  this,  his  voice  sank,  as  a  voice 
sinks  if  religion  is  the  matter."  In  the 
article  on  '  Measure,'  sb.,  22b,  the  phrase 
"measures,  not  men,"  is  traced  back  t<> 
Lord  Chesterfield;  but  the  latest  quota- 
tion is  1839,  though  it  was  many  yea  is 
later  a  political  party  cry.  A  reference  to 
'  Mazy,'  quotation  dated  1797,  would  have 
improved  '  Meander,'  vb..  la. 

Under  '  Meason  '  "  \  variant  of  Maiaon, 
obs.,  house,"  there  should  be  a  reference 
to  "  mesondieu,"  "  meason  de  dieu." 
*'  masoun  de  Dieu  "  under  '  Measondue  " 
— hospital,  poorhouse  ;  the  form,  more- 
over, is  rather  a  variant  of  "  meson  " 
from  old  French  meson  or  a  variant  of 
French  ma i son.  Under  the  references 
from  "  Menagerie,  -cry."  and  "'  menagry  " 
a  misprint  gives  "Menagery"  for  Manager//. 
For  the  sarcastic  use  of  "  merciful  "  only 
Tin  Medical  Journal  (1S05)  is  quoted. 
The  phrase  "all  in  a  melt"=in  a  state 
of  perspiration,  used  with  an  apparent 
allusion  to  tallow  in  the  play  '  Caste,'  is 
not  noticed  under  '  Melt.'  The  only 
quotation  for  "  Mede  "  is  dated  1632.  in 
spite  of  Byron's  "The  flying  Mede,  his 
shaftless,  broken  bow  "  ;  though  there 
are,  of  course,  references  to  the  "  laws  of 


N°4103,  June  16, 


1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


725 


the  Medes  and  Persians."  For  "  Median," 
Mitford's  '  History  of  Greece  '  might  have 
been  quoted ;  for  "  mend,"  vb.  5,  T. 
Moore  (1818),  'Fudge  Family,'  Let.  viii., 
"  While  old  Donaldson's  mending  my 
stays,"  to  fill  a  gap  from  1757  to  1878  ; 
Macaulay's  "  His  [Wharton's]  mendacity 
and  effrontery  passed  into  proverbs " 
('  Hist,  of  Eng.,'  chap,  xx.),  would  fill  a  gap 
from  1660  to  1877.  The  phrase  "  at  meals  " 
is  illustrated  only  from  Keats  (1818), 
"  They  could  not  sit  at  meals  but  feel 
how  well  It  soothed  each  to  be  the  other 
by,"  which  the  fat  boy  in  '  Pickwick  ' 
must  have  read  and  taken  to  heart  before 
he  exclaimed  to  Mary,  "  How  we  should 
have  enjoyed  ourselves  at  meals,  if  you 
had  been  [i.e.,  going  to  come  here  regular]!" 

The  registration  and  investigation  of  a 
fairly  complete  English  vocabulary  are  of 
incalculable  value  to  students  of  English  ; 
but  the  unique  exhibition  of  sense-develop- 
ment in  a  single  language  must  prove  of 
signal  service  to  comparative  philology 
generally,  by  helping  the  infant  study  of 
semasiology  towards  the  attainment  of 
scientific  method.  Most  of  our  readers, 
however,  will  probably  be  contented  with 
the  services  of  the  great  dictionary  to  the 
study  of  their  own  language  and  its 
rational  development. 

Its  steady  advance  is  most  gratifying. 
A  portion  of  the  letter  P  from  ;  Pfennig  ' 
is  announced  for  July  1st. 


Buck  Whaley's  Memoirs.  Edited,  with 
Notes  and  Introduction,  by  Sir  Edward 
Sullivan,  Bart.     (De  La  More  Press.) 

"  Buck  "  or  "  Jerusalem  "  Whale y 
was  a  great  creature.  To  extracts  from 
the  Roderick  Random  and  Barry  Lyndon 
of  fiction  add  strong  smacks  of  the  Beau 
Nash  and  John  Mytton  of  fact,  and  you 
get  some  idea  of  his  radiant  Irish  person- 
ality. Sir  Edward  Sullivan  has  earned 
the  gratitude  of  all  lovers  of  the  eighteenth 
century  by  giving  Whaley's  manuscript 
memoirs  to  the  world,  after  they  had 
disappeared  for  over  a  century,  to  be 
recovered  in  a  London  auction-room. 
Of  their  authenticity  there  can  be  no 
question.  Apart  from  internal  evidence, 
Sir  Edward  has  had  access  to  what  is 
virtually  a  duplicate  copy,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Greenfield,  of  Sutton,  possibly 
transcribed  by  Whaley  himself.  Further, 
he  has  inspected  the  independent  account 
of  the  journey  to  Jerusalem  written  by 
Capt.  Moore,  the  Buck's  companion  in 
travel.  This  gives  in  full  names  which 
Whaley  had  left  in  skeleton,  and  contains 
a  resume  of  the  whole  adventure  from 
Gibraltar  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  thence 
to  Dublin. 

Whaley  is  nothing  if  not  edifying.  An 
exordium  on  the  vanity  of  gallantry  and 
dissipation  leads  up  to  eloquent  homage 
to  his  mother,  in  whom,  "  to  a  person  re- 
markably handsome,  were  united  capti- 
vating manners,  a  well-cultivated  mind, 
and  the  most  incorruptible  virtue,"  and 
later  to  the  sterling  merits  of  his 
stepfather.       Unfortunately,  Whaley    was 


cursed  with  a  disposition  which  led  him 
to  avoid  impending  evil  by  "  plans  so 
wild  and  extravagant,  and  for  the  most 
part  so  impracticable,  that  what  I  had 
before  dreaded  appeared  light  when 
compared  with  the  distress  I  incurred  by 
my  own  precipitate  folly."  The  finishing 
touches  administered  to  his  education 
forcibly  recall  those  inflicted  on  Charles 
James  Fox.  In  his  sixteenth  year  his 
mother  sent  him  to  France  with  a  well- 
lined  purse  and  an  easygoing,  raffish 
bear  -  leader.  The  volatile  Irishman 
promptly  rushed  upon  a  Don  Juanesque 
progress,  which  he  relates  with  an  unctuous 
solemnity  that  by  no  means  disguises  the 
gusto  of  recollection.  It  is  pure  Gil  Bias. 
The  field  of  his  exploits  lay  in  the  south, 
and  there  he  oscillated  between  the 
chateaux  of  the  great  and  imprisonment 
for  the  grievous  crime  of  giving  an  Abbe 
a  public  caning  ;  the  tradesmen  eased 
him  of  his  money  at  Marseilles,  and 
sharpers  pillaged  him  at  Lyons.  An  affair 
of  the  heart  with  an  adventuress  in  Paris, 
whence  he  escaped  somewhat  luckily, 
"  500Z.  minus  in  pocket,"  and  an  elaborate 
hoax  to  which  he  fell  an  easy  victim,  bring 
this  portion  of  his  memoirs  to  a  fitting 
conclusion. 

Sir  Edward  Sullivan's  admirable  Intro- 
duction informs  us  that,  on  his  return  to 
Dublin,  Whaley  grew  into  a  finished  buck, 
the  associate  of  Lord  Clonmell  and  Higgins, 
the  "  Sham  Squire."  He  was  also,  as 
became  a  young  man  of  means,  elected  a 
member  of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons. 
Whaley  himself  treats  this  period  of  his 
career  with  brevity,  passing  on  to  the 
famous  wager  of  15,000?.  for  which  he 
undertook  his  journey  to  Jerusalem,  a 
place  which  many  of  the  company  present 
at  the  Duke  of  Leinster's  house  averred 
to  be  no  longer  in  existence.  Whaley, 
by  no  means  an  illiterate  fellow,  knew 
better,  and  on  September  20th,  1788,  he 
set  out  for  Deal.  He  devotes  the  bulk 
of  his  memoirs  to  his  Eastern  travels,  and 
we  are  bound  to  confess  they  are  rather 
disappointing.  To  an  age  familiar  with 
the  fascinating  pages  of  Kinglake,  Burton, 
and  many  more,  Whaley's  elaborate 
pictures  of  caravans  and  caravanserais 
hardly  possess  the  charm  of  novelty.  He 
is  an  industrious  topographer,  but  mostly 
at  second  hand,  with  occasional  aberra- 
tions like  the  location  of  Athens  in  Eubcea, 
and  the  Maeander,  with  Ovid  duly  quoted, 
near  Smyrna.  But  his  description  of 
Jerusalem,  in  particular,  is  curiously 
bald,  and  it  is  only  on  occasions  that  we 
get  an  illuminating  observation.  It  is 
interesting,  for  instance,  to  read  of  the 
Russian  Ambassador  being  in  confinement 
in  the  Castle  of  the  Seven  Towers  at  Con- 
stantinople, because  his  country  was  at 
war  with  the  Porte,  and  receiving  an 
allowance  of  a  thousand  pounds  a  month 
from  his  jailers.  An  arrant  coxcomb 
when  "  the  fair  sex,"  as  he  delights  to 
call  it,  is  concerned,  Whaley  sums  up  the 
characteristics  of  the  male  inhabitants  of 
Eastern  climes  with  shrewd  veracity. 
His  account  of  a  visit  to  the  terrible 
Jezzar  Pasha,  <>f  Acre,  during  which  he 
succeeded  in  getting  the  punishment  of  a 


wretched  victim  mitigated  from  hammering 
on  the  backbone  to  a  severe  bastinado, 
is  not  ill  done.  Of  his  numerous  drinking 
bouts,  the  most  Homeric  was  with  a  very 
respectable-looking  Mussulman  at  Fotcha 
Nova,  who,  beginning  with  bottled  porter, 
proceeded  to  consume  a  whole  bottle  of 
rum,  and  finished  with  copious  libations  of 
lavender  water. 

Though  interesting  pieces  occur  in 
Whaley's  chapters  on  the  East,  he  becomes 
much  more  entertaining  when,  after  a 
triumphant  return  to  Dublin,  he  estab- 
lishes himself  in  London,  subscribes  to  all 
the  fashionable  clubs,  and  becomes  in  a 
short  time  "  a  complete  man  of  the  ton 
at  the  West  End  of  the  Town."  The 
apogee  of  the  Buck  included  a  dinner  with 
the  Prince  of  Wales  at  the  Brighton 
Pavilion  (where  the  royal  hospitality  was 
so  potent  that  had  he  met  with  his  deserts 
he  would,  he  candidly  confesses,  have 
been  kicked  out  of  the  ball-room),  and 
play  with  the  Duke  of  York  and  Charles 
Fox  at  Newmarket.  He  parted  with 
two  thousand  guineas  to  the  orator,  and 
six  thousand  to  the  rest  of  the  party,  and 
handsomely  reflected  that,  "  of  all  the 
severe  losses  I  ever  sustained,  this  is  the 
one  I  least  regretted  ;  as  I  had  not  the 
most  remote  idea  of  suspecting  the  honour 
or  integrity  of  my  antagonists." 

From  London  the  Buck  migrated  to 
Paris,  and  beheld  the  progress  of  the 
Revolution  with  an  observant  eye.  His 
readers  must  regret,  in  fact,  that  he  has 
not  given  them  a  good  deal  less  of  Con- 
stantinople and  Jerusalem,  and  a  good 
deal  more  of  such  scenes  as  the  King's 
return  after  the  flight  to  Varennes,  and 
the  preparations  for  the  execution,  whence 
Whaley,  much  to  his  credit,  fled  before 
the  arrival  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  drama. 
As  interludes  we  get  various  animated 
adventures  at  the  gaming  table,  and  a  trip 
to  Switzerland,  where  he  met  the  beautiful 
Duchess  of  Devonshire  ;  Beckford,  living, 
not  without  cause,  in  Epicurean  retire- 
ment ;  and  Gibbon,  whose  conversation 
he  describes  as  insipid,  confirming  thereby 
the  general  opinion.  Whaley  much  over- 
rates the  influence  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
and  represents  one  of  his  friends  as  having 
taunted  that  renegade  to  his  face  with  the 
murder  of  Louis  XVI.  The  memoirs  tell 
in  spirited  style  the  story  of  Whaley's 
escape  from  France  in  the  character  of  an 
American ;  this  section  is,  in  fact,  a 
vigorous  piece  of  writing,  proving  its 
author  to  have  been  far  from  a  fool, 
except  when  his  weaknesses  came  into  play. 
The  memoirs  close  abruptly  with  some 
philosophic  thoughts  on  the  vanity  of 
human  wishes  :  — 

"  Removed  from  the  noise  and  bustle  of 
the  world.  1  have  lost  all  relish  tor  the- 
tumultuous  pleasures  of  lift-:  and  little 
remains  of  all  that  is  past,  hut  the  melan- 
choly  reflection    of   having   applied    to   all 

improper    use    the    uifts    -with    which    nature 
and  fortune  had  richly  endowed  me." 

But  Sir  Edward  Sullivan  tells  us  that 
there  was  yet  another  efflorescence  of  the 
Buck.  He  did  uncommonly  well  by  the 
Union,  his  election  expenses  having  been 

apparently  paid   by   the  Opposition,   after 


726 


tii  E    ath  en  .i:r  M 


Nvlln:i,  Jim:  10,  1906 


which  the  Government  In 1 1 »<-<  1  bin  t<>  vote 
for  tin-  measure.  Settled  in  the  [ale  of 
M  tn  w itli  '  a  tendei  and  beloved  com- 
panion," hi>  mistress,  Miss  Courtney,  be 
built   himself  a  luxurious  mansion,   Fori 

Anne,   and    played   as    Master  of   the  ( 'ere- 

monies  in  Douglas  the  part  of  Beau  Nash 
at  Bath.  The  resuscitation  of  his  finances 
cannot    be  completely  explained.     Local 

gossip  asserted  that  he  won  vast  sums 
from  the  Prince  of  Wales,  a  conjecture 
which  would  imply  another  London  cam- 
paign.     Hut    is   not    the   clue   to   he   found 

rather  in  the  career  of  Beau  Nash,  who  is 
known  to  have  had  an  interest,  and  a 
lucrative  one.  in  the  Hath  gaming  houses  \ 
Whaley  tells  us  that  he  acquired  in  Paris 
the  useful  lesson  that  the  man  who  holds 
the  hank  at  cards  runs  a  better  ehance 
than  the  punter,  and  that,  just  hefore 
the  Revolution  became  serious,  he  set  up 
an  establishment  in  the  vacant  chancellerie 
of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  and  won  50,000/. 
in  two  months.  He  may  well  have  con- 
ducted similar  operations  in  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Be  that  as  it  may,  when  he  died 
suddenly  in  an  inn  at  Knutsford,  a  brother 
Irishman  danced  a  hornpipe  on  his  coffin, 
and  The  Freeman's  Journal,  then  owned 
by  the  "  Sham  Squire,"  commemorated 
bis  virtues  and  weaknesses  in  mellifluous 
phraseology.  ''His  fault,"  we  read,  "  was 
the  generous  failing  of  an  exalted  mind." 
It  is  good  to  have  encountered  Buck 
Whaley,  though  his  portrait  unfortunately 
represents  him  in  the  callow  stage,  not 
in  his  full  magnificence. 


A  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek. 
Based  on  W.  F.  Moulton's  Edition  of 
G.  B.  Winer's  Grammar.  By  James 
Hope  Moulton,  D.Lit. — Vol.  I.  Prole- 
gomena.    (Edinburgh,  T.  &  T.  Clark.) 

Dr.  Moulton  seems  in  some  respects 
peculiarly  fitted  for  the  task  which  he  has 
here  undertaken.  He  has  the  requisite 
scholarship  in  a  high  degree  ;  he  is  un- 
wearied in  his  study  of  the  subject ;  be 
is  familiar  with  his  father's  work  ;  and 
he  has  unbounded  enthusiasm.  But  the 
book  which  he  has  published  raises  the 
question  whether  be  has  not  made  a 
wrong  start.  The  facts  are  these.  In 
regard  to  the  Greek  that  occurs  in  the 
New  Testament  the  general  opinion  in 
the  last  century  was  that  it  was  the  Koiv-q, 
or  common  Greek  language,  which,  in 
some  way  not  yet  clearly  ascertained,  had 
become  the  spoken  form  prevalent  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  in  the  third  century  B.C. 
We  may  gather  an  idea  of  the  notion  formed 
of  this  language  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
century  from  the  two  principal  Biblical 
cyclopaedias  then  published — Dr.  William 
Smith's  'Dictionary  of  the  Bible'  (1860) 
and  Kitto's  '  Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Lite- 
rature,' edited  by  Dr.  W.  Lindsay  Alex- 
ander (1864).  In  the  first  Westcott,  who 
wrote  the  article,  says  : — 

"  The  flexibility  of  the  Greek  language 
gained  for  it  in  ancient  time  a  general 
currency  similar  to  that  which  French  enjoys 
in  modern  Europe  ;  but  with  this  important 
difference,    that    Greek    was    not    only    the 


language   "i    educated    nun,    but    also    the 

luii/iiu^e  of    the   masses  in   the  great    •■<  I 

of  commerce." 

Then,  after  expounding  fully  his  own 
ideas  in  regard  to  the  origin  ox  this  form 
of  the  language  and  the  rise  of  what  he 
calls  Jewish  Greek,  he  says  :  — 

For  disregarding  peculiarities  of  index  ion 
and  novel  \\<>nls,  the  characteristic  of  the 
Hellenistic  dialect  is  the  combination  of  a 
Hebrew  spirit  with  a  Greek  body,  of  a 
Hi  -drew  form  with  Greek  words.  The  con- 
ception belongs  to  one  race,  and  the  expres- 
sion to  another. 

The    writer    in    Kitto's    '  Cyclopaedia 

says  :  — 

"  While  Attic  thus  became  the  literary 
language,  the  various  communities  spoke 
Greek  as  they  had  learned  it  from  their 
parents  and  teachers.  This  spoken  Greek 
would  necessarily  differ  in  different  places, 
and  it  would  gradually  become  very  different 
from  the  stationary  language  which  was 
used  in  writings.  Now  it  seems  to  us  that 
the  language  used  by  the  Septuagint  and 
N.T.  writers  was  the  language  used  in  common 
conversation,  learned  by  them,  not  through 
books,  but  most  likely  in  childhood  from 
household  talk,  or  if  not,  through  subse- 
quent oral  instruction ....  The  common 
Greek  thus  used  is  indeed  considerably 
modified  by  the  circumstances  of  the  writers, 
but  these  modifications  no  more  turn  the 
Greek  into  a  peculiar  dialect  than  do  Ame- 
ricanisms or  Scoticisms  turn  the  English  of 
Americans  and  Scotsmen  into  peculiar 
dialects  of  English ....  The  modern  Greek 
grammar  of  our  own  time  is  only  a  full 
development  of  the  tendencies  which  shew 
themselves  in  the  Septuagint  and  N.T." 

At  that  time  no  books  had  come  down 
to  us  known  to  be  written  in  the  "  common 
Greek,"  and.  accordingly  the  historians 
of  the  Greek  language,  especially  those 
interested  in  the  Septuagint  and  the  New 
Testament,  had.  to  search  for  traces  of  it 
in  inscriptions  and  in  mediaeval  and 
modern  Greek.  The  Greeks  themselves 
did  splendid  work  in  this  direction,  headed 
and  inspired  by  Korais  ;  many  valuable 
contributions  appeared  in  the  Pandora 
and  the  'kdi)vaiov,  and  the  Greeks  are 
still  contributing  much  in  the  periodicals 
of  the  day.  But  a  special  stimulus  with 
new  light  was  supplied  by  Hatzidakis  in 
his  '  Einleitung.'  Mediaeval  and  modern 
Greek  contained  numerous  forms  that 
looked  as  if  they  had  been  taken  from  the 
old  Greek  dialects,  such  as  the  Doric, 
iEolic,  and  Ionic,  and,  indeed,  a  modern 
Greek  grammar  published  in  1805  by 
Christopoulos  is  entitled  '  The  Grammar 
of  /Eolodoric,  or  the  Language  of  the 
Greeks  spoken  at  the  Present  Time.' 
Hatzidakis  proved  conclusively  that  these 
dialectic  peculiarities  could  not  have  been 
borrowed  by  modern  Greek  from  the  old 
dialects,  for  these  dialects  had  fallen  into 
desuetude  before  modern  Greek  was 
formed,  and  that  it  must  have  been  the 
"  common  Greek  "  that  had  absorbed 
them.  The  "  common  Greek  "  was  thus 
the  only  predecessor  and  original  stock 
of  the  modern,  and  thus  the  Greek  of  the 
New  Testament  stood  in  close  relationship 
with  the  modern. 

While  this  was  the  prevalent  opinion 
of  philologists  in  regard  to  the  Greek  of 


the  New  Testament,  there    was   do   una* 

niniity    among    theologian-;     for    some    of 

them  agreed  with  the  philologists,  others 

held  that  the  language  fti  well  as  the 
thought  WSJ  the  creation  of  the  Divine 
Spirit,    and    that    the    Greek    of    the    New 

Testament  was  an  isolated  phenomenon. 
Prominent    amongsl    these    was    Cren 

who  produced  a  Lexicon  of  New  'i'e-tameiit 
•  week  to  (any  out  this  idea,  his  work 
being    translated     into     English.     There 

were    other    theologians    who,    though    not 

believing  in  verbal  inspiration,  thought 
that  New  Testament  Greek  was  different 
from    the    ordinary    (week  illy    in 

having  a  strong  Hebrew  element  in  it. 
Deissmann  seems  to  have  shared  this  idea 
to  a  limited  extent,  for  his  thesis  on  the 
New  Testament  formula  '  In  ( 'hristo  Jesu  ' 
maintained  that  this  formula  was  the 
favourite  idea  of  the  religious  language 
of  the  Apostle."     "  Paul,"  he  -  had 

formed  it  to  express  something  peculiar 
which  alone  interested  him."  And  he 
speaks  of  a  "  Profangracitat  "  and  a 
"  Gracitiit  stehende  unter  dem  Einflusse 
des  semitischen  Sprachgeistes."  Dr.  J.  H. 
Moulton  confesses  that  he  was  in  a  similar 
position,  and  that  he  denned  the  New 
Testament  language  as  "  Hebraic  Greek, 
colloquial  Greek,  and  late  Greek." 

The  discovery  of  papyri  in  Egypt  gave 
a  new  turn  to  the  question.  These  papyri, 
so  far  as  they  related  to  contemporary 
events,  were  all  written  in  the  "  common 
Greek,"  and  thus  a  large  body  of  docu- 
ments or  literature  became  accessible  to 
us,  with  which  we  could  compare  the 
language  of  the  New  Testament.  They 
proved  conclusively  that  the  philologists 
were  right  in  asserting  that  the  "  common 
Greek  "  was  the  language  in  which  all 
the  New  Testament  books  were  written, 
and  that  the  forms  which  were  found  in 
the  MSS.  of  the  New  Testament  written 
in  the  fourth  or  fifth  century  belonged  to 
the  "  common  "  of  the  first.  Theologians 
had  therefore  to  change  their  opinion. 
Dr.  Moulton  describes  this  as  a  revolution  : 

"  The  disappearance  of  that  word 
'  Hebraic  '  from  its  prominent  place  in  our 
delineation  of  N.T.  language  marks  a  change 
in  our  conceptions  of  the  subject  nothing 
less  than  revolutionary." 

But  it  is  revolutionary  only  for  the  theo- 
logians. Deissmann  has  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  this  revolution.  His  '  Bible 
Studies  '  and  other  works  have  done 
admirable  service  in  showing  that  Cremer 
is  entirely  wrong.  He  lias  made  quota- 
tions from  the  papyri  demonstrating  that 
words  that  were  aira^  kcyofxaa  in  the 
New  Testament  occur  frequently  in  docu- 
ments of  ordinary  life,  anil  that  this  holds 
true  also  of  forms  and  constructions  that 
were  matters  of  doubt.  Dr.  Moulton  is 
a  follower  of  Deissmann.  But  we  think 
he  is  wrong  in  supposing  that  the  examina- 
tion of  the  language  of  the  papyri  will 
throw  much  new  light  on  the  meaning 
of  the  New  Testament  It  will  only  con- 
firm certain  renderings  which  philologists 
have  already  advocated.  In  Deissmann's 
book  we  cannot  discover  a  single  passage 
to  which  he  has  been  able  to  assign  a  neio 
meaning.     The  evidence  of  the  papyri  has, 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


727 


it  seems  to  us,  awkward  results  for  Dr. 
Moulton's  book.  His  Prolegomena  really 
prove  that  there  can  be  no  grammar  of 
New  Testament  Greek,  and  that  the 
grammar  of  the  Greek  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment is  one  and  the  same  with  the  grammar 
of  the  "  common  Greek  "  of  the  papyri. 
There  is  therefore  no  New  Testament 
Greek.  The  writers  of  the  New  Testament 
have  styles  of  their  own,  but  they  all  use 
the  same  language.  It  might  be  advan- 
tageous to  produce  monographs  on  each 
writer,  showing  how  his  style  has  been 
influenced  by  his  surroundings  and  train- 
ing, by  his  knowledge  of  the  literary 
language  of  the  period  or  of  previous  ages, 
by  the  Hebrew  literature  with  which  he 
was  familiar,  by  the  Aramaic  which  he 
may  have  spoken  and  translated,  by  his 
acquaintance  with  Latin,  and  by  other 
such  circumstances ;  but  these  pecu- 
liarities do  not  make  the  language  that  is 
employed  a  new  language,  and  they 
require  separate  treatment  in  each  case. 

Dr.  Moulton  has  done  admirable  work 
in  producing  the  result  which  we  have 
mentioned.  His  arguments  that  "common 
Greek  "  is  the  language  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment writers  are  convincing,  and  he  has 
marshalled  them  with  great  skill  and  learn- 
ing, but  he  is  inclined  to  be  too  sure  of 
some  of  them.  And  though  no  new 
meaning  has  been  evolved,  there  is  much 
in  his  book  to  convince  readers  that  render- 
ings which  eminent  commentators  had 
rejected  on  the  score  of  the  language  are 
permissible  and  probable,  and  that  other 
renderings  which  were  thought  sound  can 
no  longer  be  admitted.  But  besides  this 
Dr.  Moulton's  book  ought  to  be  of  great 
interest  to  the  scholar.  He  will  find  there 
for  the  first  time  the  fruits  of  the  discus- 
sions that  are  now  taking  place  in  Germany 
in  regard  to  the  "  common  Greek."  The 
investigation  of  this  subject  has  arisen 
mainly  through  the  publication  of  papyri, 
and  is  still  in  its  infancy.  The  questions 
which  it  involves  are  numerous  and  exceed- 
ingly difficult  What  is  the  date  of  the 
origin  of  the  "  common  "  ?  Did  it  exist 
before  the  Macedonian  period  ?  What  is 
its  relation  to  Attic  ?  How  did  the 
dialectic  forms  find  entrance  into  it  ? 
Can  the  productions  in  the  "  common  " 
be  divided  into  various  classes  ?  and 
what  should  these  classes  be  ?  On 
these  and  similar  questions  treatises 
are  being  issued  in  great  numbers.  Wit- 
kowski,  in  his  article  on  the  literature 
of  the  Koine  for  the  years  1898-1902, 
records  seventy-six  productions  relating 
to  the  "  common  "  as  it  is  seen  in  the 
period  before  Christ.  The  period  after 
Christ  would  show  a  still  greater  number. 
Dr.  Moulton  has  thrown  himself  heartily 
into  the  study  of  all  these,  and  the  reader 
will  find  the  latest  results  on  all  the  points 
we  have  mentioned. 

The  defect  of  the  book  is  that  he  has 
confined  himself  too  much  to  what  is 
recent.  He  would  have  prepared  himself 
better  by  a  comprehensive  examination  of 
what  Hermann  and  Bernhardy,  Lobeck 
(especially  in  his  '  Phrynichus  '),  and 
earlier  philologists  have  done  in  regard 
to  the  Greek  language.     But  the  defect 


is  still  more  marked  in  regard  to  the 
authors  who  have  laboured  at  the  history 
of  Greek  from  New  Testament  times  to  the 
present  day.  He  takes  no  note  of 
Psichari,  Pernot,  and  other  French 
scholars  who  have  made  thorough  in- 
vestigations into  certain  parts  of  the 
subject.  He  seems  to  have  bestowed  no 
attention  on  the  long  list  of  Greeks  who 
have  written  on  their  own  language  in 
the  past  and  present  centuries,  taking 
no  note,  for  instance,  of  Politis,  and 
referring  only  to  the  work  of  Hatzidakis 
which  is  written  in  German.  He  would 
have  profited  if  he  had  consulted  the  few 
English  books  which  have  treated  of 
modern  Greek,  such  as  those  of  Geldart. 
The  result  of  this  abstention  is  that  some 
of  his  assertions  are  surprising.  We  quote 
one  : — 

"  There  is  a  familiar  rule  that  /xt?  is  used 
with  present  imperative  or  aorist  subjunctive; 
but  the  distinction  between  these,  expounded 
by  Gottfried  Hermann  long  ago,  seems  to 
have  been  mostly  unnoticed  till  it  was  re- 
discovered by  Dr.  Walter  Headlam  in  C.  R. 
xvii.  295,  who  credits  Dr.  Henry  Jackson 
with  supplying  the  hint." 

Now  the  curious  thing  here  is  that  no 
one  could  have  supposed  that  he  had 
made  such  a  discovery  if  he  had  known 
modern  Greek,  for  the  distinction  appears 
not  only  in  the  imperative,  but  also  in  the 
future,  da  ypdcfuo  means  "  I  shall  write  and 
go  on  writing,"  and  8a  ypd\j/a)  means  "  I 
shall  write  once  for  all."  And  if  any 
scholar  had  been  learning  modern  Greek, 
he  would  certainly  have  studied  Mullach's 
'  Modern  Greek  Grammar,'  as  it  is  by  far 
the  best  philological  work  of  the  kind,  and 
there  he  would  have  come  upon  a  full 
discussion  of  the  whole  question  (pp.  343- 
347),  with  references  to  Hermann  and  the 
usage  in  the  best  Greek  writers. 

This  neglect  of  the  modern  Greek  writers 
may  explain  to  some  extent  the  violent 
attitude  Dr.  Moulton  has  taken  up  in 
regard  to  a  question  which  agitates  them. 
The  Greeks  are  at  present  divided  into 
two  camps,  the  purists  and  the  anti- 
purists.  The  anti-purists  wish  to  declare 
the  vulgar  dialect  the  only  true  modern 
Greek,  and  to  reject  as  artificial  the  efforts 
made  to  purify  the  language  from  the 
barbarisms  which  crept  in  during  the 
period  of  the  subjection  of  the  Greeks  to 
the  Venetians  and  Turks.  Dr.  Moulton 
ranges  himself  with  the  anti-purists. 
Thus  he  states  that  the  preposition  Ik 
"  is  obsolete  to-day,  except  in  the  Epirot 
d\  or  ox."  But  en  is  mentioned  among 
the  prepositions  in  the  grammars  of  Sophi- 
anos,  Christopoulos,  Vlachos,  and  many 
of  more  recent  date.  Psichari  says  of 
Ik  toV,  "  C'est  bel  et  bien  une  forme 
vivante."  while  Jannaris  describes  it  as 
"  literary  and  colloquial."  Dr.  Moulton 
makes  his  assertion  because  he  follows 
Thumb  and  a  few  others  who  lay  down 
an  impossible  line  of  demarcation  between 
the  vulgar  language  and  the  language  of 
the  more  or  less  educated  classes.  In  fact, 
these  merge  into  each  other;  and  the 
language,  of  the  educated  classes  is  as 
much  a  national  product  as  the  language 
of    the    less    refined.     It   sprang    from    a 


national  movement.  When  Greece  gained 
her  independence,  there  was  a  universal 
feeling  that  all  the  Italian  and  Turkish 
words  which  had  become  common  in  the 
period  of  slavery  should  be  expelled  from 
the  language.  In  the  Ionian  islands,  for 
instance,  a  catalogue  was  drawn  up  of  all 
the  Greek  words  for  household  furniture 
and  similar  objects  that  might  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  Italian  words  then  used 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  it  was  circulated 
among  the  people,  who  adopted  the  change 
proposed.  When  the  Exhibition  of  1851 
attracted  the  world  to  London,  a  descrip- 
tive catalogue  of  the  objects  in  it  was 
prepared  by  Xenos  and  beautifully  illus- 
trated, and  here  again  purely  Greek  words 
were  employed  in  naming  the  various 
articles,  with  the  purpose  of  expelling 
foreign  words.  And  so  be^an  the  purist 
movement,  which  found  a  s]  lendid  instru- 
ment in  a  language  which  lends  itself  so 
easily  to  all  forms  of  eompcunds.  Surely 
this  was  the  expression  of  a  national 
aspiration.  But  Dr.  Moulton  throws  con- 
tempt on  this  entire  movement.  Here 
is  what  he  says  of  the  Greek  philologists 
and  their  language  : — 

"  Equally  unknown  was  the  scientific 
study  of  modern  Greek.  To  this  day,  even 
great  philologists  like  Hatzidakis  decry  as  a 
mere  patois,  utterly  unfit  for  literary  use, 
the  living  language  upon  whose  history  they 
have  spent  their  lives.  The  translation  of 
the  Gospels  into  the  Greek  which  descends 
directly  from  their  original  idiom  is  treated 
as  sacrilege  by  the  devotees  of  a  "literary  " 
dialect  which,  in  point  of  fact,  no  one  ever 
spoke  !  It  is  left  to  foreigners  to  recognize 
the  value  of  Pallis's  version  for  students  who 
seek  to  understand  N.T.  Greek  in  the  light 
of  the  continuous  development  of  the  lan- 
guage from  the  age  of  Alexander  to  our  own 
time." 

Dr.  Moulton  makes  a  curious  mistake  in 
calling  Palli  Pallis.  He  treats  the  word 
as  a  purist  would,  but.  of  course,  Palli 
would  strongly  object.  Surely  this  para- 
graph is  very  hard  on  Greek  philolo- 
gists, for  the  statement  is  inaccurate  in 
the  highest  degree  that  the  scientific 
study  of  modern  Greek  was  unknown 
among  them.  And  it  is  likely  that  they 
are  much  better  judges  of  what  ought  to 
be  the  relation  between  the  V  ul  gar  spr  ache 
and  the  literary  language  than  foreigners, 
who  cannot  feel  the  full  force  of  national 
words  and  idioms.  We  think  Dr.  Moulton 
is  peculiarly  unfortunate  in  his  reference 
to  Palli's  translation,  and  shows  in  it 
forgetfulness  or  ignorance  of  the  history 
of  the  Greeks.  In  the  Greek  Church  it 
has  always  been  the  custom  to  read  the 
New  Testament  in  the  original  language, 
and  in  this  way  the  great  mass  of  the 
people  have  come  to  know  it  and  love  it 
in  this  form.  We  have  heard  a  humble 
merchant  from  Alexandretta,  who  could 
neither  read  nor  write,  repeat  the  first  five 
chapters  of  tin-  Acts  of  the  Apostles  in  the 
original  without  a  mistake  :  and  he  added 
that  he  could  repeat  the  whole  book  and 
other  books  of  the  New  Testament.     He 

said  also  that  many  of  his  fellow-country- 
men could  do  the  same.     Then  the  pri<>t  - 

of  the  Greek  Church  have  been  loyal  to 
the   nation,    and   took   an   active   part    in 


72.H 


T  II  E     AIM!  EN  .K  U  M 


N    U08,  -I'  m   16.  L906 


procuring  its  independence.  The)  have 
been  proud,  too,  of  their  oonnexion  with 
the  old  Greek  language.  Kieletius  tii-t 
u  rote  In-  Bcclesiast  ical  I  [istory  '  in 
ancient  I  Ireek  ;  and  several  <>f  them, 
Oikonomos  foi  example,  wrote  a  beautiful 
style  ii>  it-  But  the  idea  of  a  rendering 
of  the  New  Testament  into  the  VoUcaspracht 
i-  associated  in  the  Greek  mind  with  efforts 
io  oonverl  the  Orthodox  Greek  to  Calvin- 
ism.    It    is    mo    wonder,    therefore,    thai 

indignation  was  felt   at    Palli'a  translation. 

Ami  it  docs  shock  even  a  foreigner  to  find 
in  that    version  Christ   del;  peeches 

which  abound  in  Turkish  words.  The 
attempt  is  as  if  the  editor  of  Ally  Shifur 
had  translated  our  Authorized  or  Revised 
Version  into  the  dialect  of  Whitechapel 
or  the  Dials,  in  order  that  it  might  be 
read  in  all  our  churches. 

We  hope  that  Dr.  Moulton  will  recon- 
sider this  question,  and  try  to  feel  a  little 
more  sympathy  with  the  Greek  people. 
His  book  shows  rare  qualities  for  the 
prosecution  of  linguistic  study  ;  and  we 
trust  that  he  will  continue  his  inquiries 
into  the  Koine  and  the  Greek  of  the 
papyri,  and  soon  present  the  results  to 
the  public. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The    Prey   of   the   Strongest.     By   Morley 
Roberts.     (Hurst  &  Blackett.) 

A  varied  experience  in  life  has  given  Mr. 
Morley  Roberts  the  exceptional  advan- 
tage of  diverse  backgrounds  ;  and  his 
latest  tale,  which  is  a  primitive  epic  in  its 
way,  paints  life  in  a  milling  town  in  British 
Columbia.  Human  nature  is  apparently 
very  rude  and  barbaric  on  Pitt  River — 
so  rude  and  barbaric  as  almost  to  over- 
shadow the  wild  external  nature  amid 
which  it  lives  and  fights  and  dies.  The 
admixture  of  Indian  blood  in  such  outland 
places  invests  civilization — if  it  may  be 
complimentarily  termed  so  for  a  moment 
— with  new  interest  and  strange  aspects. 
The  Siwash  strain  in  the  men  and  the 
women  produces  incongruous  results.  It  is 
a  place  of  naked  passions,  of  raw  whisky 
and  illicit  love.  The  women,  for  some 
reason  which  must  remain  a  mystery  to 
stay-at-homes,  go  under  the  style  of 
"  klootchmen "  ;  and  this  tale  is  the 
tale  of  a  klootchman,  a  pretty  half-caste 
who  took  the  fancy  of  a  formidable  mill- 
owner.  It  is  a  tale  of  genuine  power  and 
dramatic  qualities,  and  cannot  fail  to 
hold  the  attention.  The  world  the  author 
opens  up  to  us  is  new  and  rather  terrify- 
ing, and  it  sounds  so  real.  This  may  be 
accounted  one  of  the  best  books  Mr. 
Roberts  has  written.  We  have  only  to 
object  that  he  will  persist  in  writing  in  a 
lingo  of  his  own,  when  he  can  write 
forcibly  and  correctly  in  a  way  all  can 
understand. 

The  Lost  Earl  of  Elian.     By  Mrs.  Campbell 

Praed.     (Chatto  &  Windus.) 
Mrs.  Campbell  Praed's  latest  story  of 
the  Australian  bush  is  certainly  not  lacking 
in  dramatic  situations.     There  is,  indeed, 
more  than  a  suggestion  of  melodrama  in 


the    position    of    t  he    l08i      K  ill.     R  Itll     U  holll 

two  listen  fall  bo  lo\ <■.  bu  i  ly  and 

unknown  to  each  other,  whilst  he  if  mas- 
querading as  James  Wolfe,  a  tramp  from 

the  bush.  The  characters  of  the  tuo 
girls  are  cleverly  contrasted:  'In  the 
elder      the      fatefulness      of      the      North 

was   reproduced   in   a   Bort   of    "book  of 

beauty'     style,       Southern      passion     and 

Gaelic  mysticism  making  a  fiery  blend  in 
the  younger.  Obviously  Susan's  well- 
regulated  sentiment  for  the  aristocratic 
Englishman  had  small  chance  against  her 
Bister's    passionate,    headlong    wooing,    a 

few  weeks  later,  of  the  man  whose  life  she 
saved,  while  they  drifted  together  for  many 
hours  on  a  small  raft  after  the  wreck  of 
the  Quetta.  This  terrible  catastrophe, 
occurring  as  it  did  in  1889,  is  described 
with  much  painful  and  realistic  detail. 
The  stepmother  Patsy,  with  her  kind 
heart  and  homely  ways,  is  a  wholesome 
and  breezy  personality,  a  real  daughter 
of  the  bush  ;  and  in  all  that  concerns  bush 
life  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed  holds  a  position 
unassailable  by  the  critic. 

The  Bar  Sinister.    By  J.  Morgan-de-Groot. 

(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 
This  is  a  Dutch  village  drama  of  sur- 
prising naivete,  and  the  author's  appeal 
must,  we  think,  be  based  upon  the  sheer 
simplicity  of  his  work.  Our  impression 
is  that  this  quality  is  rather  natural  than 
artistic,  and  due  in  large  part  to  the  naive 
use  of  the  most  stereotyped  properties 
and  conventions  of  fiction.  Atmosphere 
and  scenery  are  supplied  with  the  ability 
of  the  trained  writer.  The  detail  is  not 
true  to  life,  in  England,  Holland,  or  any 
other  country  ;  but  the  whole  is  broadly 
true  and  human,  holding  its  own  charm 
and  interest  for  readers. 


Anthony  Britten.     By  Herbert  Macilwaine. 

(Constable  &  Co.) 
Suddenly  grown  rich  by  a  stroke  of  luck 
after  a  life  of  failure  in  the  colonies, 
Anthony  Britten  comes  back  to  England, 
"  unintellectual  and  life-hardened,"  to 
find  his  old  home  and  its  life — humorously 
and  effectively  sketched — a  sham  and  a 
fraud.  Shaking  its  dust  off  his  feet,  he 
wanders  out  into  London  to  find  an  interest 
in  life  ;  and  the  author  is  chiefly  concerned 
in  telling  how  he  fares.  The  hero's  cha- 
racter is  both  original  and  true  to  nature, 
and  his  friend  Grant,  "  the  minister  for 
common  sense,"  forms  a  satisfactory  foil 
to  his  whims  and  Bohemian  tendencies. 
Of  the  other  characters,  Alice  Hyde,  an 
old  friend  of  Anthony's,  whom  he  is  dis- 
appointed to  find  ranged  on  his  mother's 
side,  is  the  most  natural  and  effective. 
The  book  undoubtedly  shows  clever  and 
thoughtful  work  ;  but  the  very  long, 
rambling  dialogues,  wandering  further 
and  further  from  the  point  at  issue,  grow 
wearisome,  and  really  lead  nowhither. 
A  considerable  portion  of  the  narrative, 
which  is  concerned  with  slum  life  and  a 
curate,  is  dull  and  smells  of  the  lamp. 
In  the  last  few  chapters,  where  events 
move    faster,  we  find  more  vivacity  and 


power.  'Ill'-  whole  i-  worth  wading, 
though  the  characters  show  an  irritating 
tendency  to  speculative  thought  on  the 
slightest  pret 


\h  .     QrvmArii    <  rvci/S  i        Bj     Vincent 
Brown.     (Hutchinson  A  ( '".) 

Mi:.  BEOWS  (whose  WOrk  has  hints  of 
femininity  about  it.  but  ha-  shown 
ample  signs  of  promise)  ought  now  to 
become  a   writer  of  achievement.     This, 

his  fifth  book,  while  partaking  of  the 
nature    of    it-    predece  with    their 

cleverness  and  their  shortcomings,  marks, 
upon  the  whole,  a  distinct  advance. 
There  are  signs  of  a  mellowing  progn 
in  an  author  of  considerable  literary  ability 
and  a  rather  morbid  spiritual  sensitiveness. 
Perhaps  the  chief  of  these  signs  i-  that 
"  Mrs.  Grundy's  Crucifix  '  has  the  essence 
of  comedy  in  it.  We  are  not  sure  that 
the  author  is  aware  of  this  :  his  inclination 
is  all  toward  psychological  tragedy,  and 
he  persists  still  in  a  trick  he  may  have 
acquired  from  his  reading  of  Mr.  Henry 
James,  of  declining  to  admit  the  littleness 
of  a  molehill  ;  he  treats  all  molehills 
as  veritable  Alps,  and  brings  an  Alpine 
gravity  of  analysis  to  bear  upon  them. 
But  he  has  a  ripening  sense  of  humour, 
which,  though  he  may  not  encourage  it, 
is  broadening  his  outlook,  and  strengthen- 
ing his  grip  of  things,  and  his  present  novel 
is  well  above  the  average. 


Things    that    are    Caesar's.     By     H.     X. 
Dickinson.     (Heinemann.) 

This  novel  has  missed  being  a  first-rate 
piece  of  character-drawing  by  just  half 
its  contents.  In  the  first  150  pages  the 
unfolding  of  the  untutored  character  of 
the  hero  is  well  done,  but  with  regard  to 
the  remainder  we  think  that  so  intellectual 
a  man  would  not  long  have  allowed  his 
primitive  brain  to  run  riot  as  it  here  does, 
but  that,  taking  advantage  of  his  freedom 
of  outlook  on  life,  he  would  have  chosen 
between  the  conventionality  of  to-day. 
which  is  largely  ephemeral,  and  that 
higher  conventionality  which  is  the  heritage 
left  to  us  by  the  best  thinkers  of  all  time. 
Of  plot  there  is  none  ;  but  the  book  should 
be  read  by  that  minority  who  care  to  have 
something  worth  thinking  about,  if  only 
for  the  author's  felicity  in  putting  some 
frequently  ignored  facts  of  our  modern 
life.  

Le  Sacrifice.  By  Maxime  Formont.  (Paris. 

Lemerre.) 
M.  Maxime  Formont  never  does  justice 
to  his  talent.  All  his  novels  are  read,  by 
those  who  begin  them,  from  the  first  page 
to  the  last,  but  always  with  irritation 
produced  by  mixture  of  the  real  with  the 
impossible."  '  Le  Sacrifice'  describes  the 
romantic  love  of  the  young  girl  for  the 
man  who  can  never  be  hers,  and  is  full  of 
well-drawn  character,  though  some  of  the 
persons  are  snap-shot  photographs  and 
some  are  merely  conventional.  The  house 
is  Dampierre,  and  the  hero  bears  a  super- 
ficial likeness  to  the  Due  de  Luynes ;  the 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


729 


dowager-princess,  his  mother,  is  com- 
pounded of  the  Duchesse  d'Uzes  and  the 
late  Duchesse  de  Chaulnes.  We  are 
becoming  used  to  such  indiscretion.  May 
we  add  that  the  British  "  aristocracy," 
after  Goodwood,  do  not  navigate  the 
Thames  in  their  yachts,  and  that  we 
draw  a  distinction  between  yachts  and 
the  "  maison  navale  (house  boat)'''''1.  The 
failure  in  this  novel  begins  with  the 
repeated  overhearing  of  outdoor  and 
other  secret  conversations  by  unlikely 
people — inadmissible  since  Dumas — and 
becomes  complete  when  the  husband  of 
the  heroine  resolves  to  burn  down  the 
castle  of  which  he  is  steward  in  order  to 
revenge  himself  upon  his  employer.  Arson 
to  rob  insurance  companies  is  of  all  time, 
but  arson  by  an  author  to  kill  his  heroine 
is  out  of  date. 


The  Undying  Past.  By  Hermann  Suder- 
mann.  Translated  by  Beatrice  Mar- 
shall.    (John  Lane.) 

*  Es  War,'  the  longest  and  most  ambitious 
of  Sudermann's  novels,  was  not  published 
till  1894,  but  most  of  it  was  written,  we 
believe,  some  ten  years  earlier,  and  this 
no  doubt  accounts  for  a  certain  immaturity 
and  want  of  harmony  apparent  in  portions 
of  the  work.  However,  if  from  the  artistic 
point  of  view  it  is  hardly  equal  to  some 
of  the  author's  novels  that  appeared 
before  it,  it  is  none  the  less  a  fine  and  forcible 
romance,  and  contains  some  of  his  best 
writing.  The  hero,  Leo  Sellenthin,  one 
of  those  robust,  full-blooded  sons  of  East 
Prussia  whom  Sudermann  is  so  fond  of 
depicting,  is  a  really  convincing  character, 
and  the  way  in  which  his  philosophy  of 
life,  as  exemplified  in  his  motto  "  nichts 
bereuen,"  is  put  to  the  proof,  provides 
a  thoroughly  interesting  theme,  which  is 
effectively,  though  perhaps  too  sensation- 
ally, worked  out.  The  consequences  of 
sin,  he  discovers,  are  not  to  be  evaded  by 
simply  ignoring  them,  but  neither  is  a  cure 
to  be  found  in  remorse  ;  only  after  he  has 
made  full  confession  of  his  guilt,  and  put 
the  past  behind  him  once  for  all,  can  he 
start  a  new  life  hopefully  and  courageously, 
"  high  festival  in  his  heart."  Compared 
with  him,  most  of  the  other  characters  in 
the  book  are  more  or  less  conventional. 
Much  care  has  been  bestowed  upon  the 
siren  lady,  Felicitas,  but  in  spite  of  it  all 
she  remains  a  stage  type  and  is  never 
completely  alive.  The  author  is  happier 
with  Hertha,  a  rather  charming  specimen 
of  the  sentimentally  innocent  "  Backfisch  " 
so  dear  to  German  hearts  ;  and  in  Pastor 
Brenckenberg  he  has  produced  an  original 
and  humorous  sketch  of  an  old-fashioned 
country  parson.  It  is  well  that  a  writer 
so  prominent  in  Germany  as  Sudermann 
should  be  presented  to  English  readers. 
The  translation  as  a  whole  moves  freely 
and  naturally,  and  will  satisfy  the  general 
reader,  but  hardly  a  more  exacting  critic. 
It  is  not  nearly  scrupulous  enough  in 
following  the  text,  and  often  unpar- 
donably  thoughtless  or  perfunctory  : 
to  give  a  single  instance,  the  letter 
which  Felicitas  sends  to  Leo  after  his 
return     closes    with    the     characteristic- 


ally melodramatic  sentence,  "  Dich  ruft 
das  Ungliick,"  which  cannot  be  considered 
satisfactorily  rendered  by  "  Our  unhap- 
piness  makes  it  imperative  that  you  should 
come."  We  have  also  noted  several  pas- 
sages in  which  the  German  has  not  been 
properly  understood. 


ORIENTAL    LITERATURE. 

The  Lands  of  the  Eastern  Caliphate.  By 
G.  Le  Strange.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — Every  one  who  has  studied  an 
Arabic  or  Persian  historical  text  of  almost 
any  description  must  have  felt  the  want  of 
a  scientific  and  clearly  arranged  geographical 
handbook  which  should  enable  him  to  follow 
the  narrative  with  intelligence  and  to  solve 
the  obscure  questions  of  identity  which  con- 
tinually present  themselves.  Mr.  Le  Strange, 
whose  '  Baghdad  under  the  Abbasid  Cali- 
phate '  and  '  Palestine  under  the  Moslems  ' 
have  established  his  reputation  as  one  of 
the  first  living  authorities  on  Mohammedan 
geography,  is  to  be  warmly  congratulated 
on  Lis  latest  work,  where,  as  he  says, 

"an  attempt  is  made  to  gather  within  a  convenient 
compass  the  information  scattered  through  the 
works  of  the  medieval  Arab,  Persian,  and  Turkish 
geographers,  who  have  described  Mesopotamia  and 
Persia,  with  the  nearer  parts  of  Central  Asia." 

This  laborious  task  he  has  accomplished 
with  remarkable  skill,  so  that  his  volume, 
in  spite  of  the  immense  number  of  facts 
which  it  contains,  is  not  merely  a  work  of 
reference,  but  also  deserves  to  be  read  for 
its  own  sake  by  all  who  are  interested  in 
Mohammedan  history,  literature,  and  com- 
merce. The  authorities  for  each  statement 
are  added  in  foot-notes,  and  there  are  ten 
excellent  maps,  which  the  student  will  find 
extremely  helpful.  The  index,  so  far  as 
we  have  tested  it,  is  full  and  accurate. 

The  "  E.  J.  W.  Gibb  Memorial  Series  " 
promises  to  confer  a  great  benefit  on  all 
students  of  Mohammedan  literature  by 
rendering  accessible  many  rare  and  important 
works,  hitherto  existing  only  in  the  MSS. 
which  are  preserved  in  various  European 
libraries,  and  which,  in  some  cases,  cannot 
be  consulted  without  considerable  incon- 
venienee  and  loss  of  time.  The  first  of  the 
two  volumes  which  have  already  been  pub- 
lished is  the  Turk!  text  of  the  Bdbar-ndma, 
reproduced  in  facsimile  from  a  MS.  belonging 
to  the  late  Sir  Salar  Jang  of  Haidarabad, 
and  edited,  with  preface  and  indexes,  by 
Mrs.  Annette  S.  Beveridge.  The  second  is 
of  more  general  interest.  It  is  an  abridged 
translation  of  a  Persian  History  of  Tabaristan 
by  Ibn  Isfandiyar,  who  wrote  early  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  This  work,  of  which 
Prof.  E.  G.  Browne  has  provided  an  excellent 
abstract  based  on  a  MS.  in  the  India  Office, 
makes  important  additions  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  literary  and  political  history  of  the 
Caspian  provinces,  which  maintained  their 
independence  and  national  character  long 
after  the  rest  of  Persia  had  been  subdued 
by  the  Arabs.  We  find,  for  example,  notices 
of  eminent  natives  of  Tabaristan,  such  as 
Mazyar  and  the  celebrated  historian  Tabari  ; 
a  copious  account  of  the  dynasties  of 
Washmgir,  Buwayh,  and  Bavvand,  which 
throws  light  on  the  state  of  Persia  during 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  also  numerous  anecdotes 
and  verses,  including  several  poems  in  the 
dialect  of  Tabaristan  and  at  least  one  literary 
Curiosity — an  ode  in  macaronic  verse,  made 
up  of  Persian  and  Arabic,  which  is  far  older 

than  any  Kuropoan  specimen  of  this  style. 
Valuable    critical    and    historical    notes    are 


contributed  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Ellis,  of  the  British 
Museum.  As  is  generally  the  case  with 
Persian  MSS.,  the  proper  names  require 
constant  attention  ;  but  the  editor  has  left 
very  little  to  correct.  Abu  Sa'id  Khwar 
(p.  10)  almost  certainly  refers  to  the  well- 
known  Sufi,  Abu  Sa'id  Kharraz.  The 
volume  is  provided  with  an  admirably  full 
index,  comprising  titles  of  books  mentioned 
in  the  text  as  well  as  names  of  persons  and 
places  ;  and  in  order  to  facilitate  identifica- 
tion Prof.  Browne  has  adopted  the  useful 
device  of  indicating  in  brackets  after  a 
name  the  century  of  the  Christian  era  in 
which  the  owner  flourished,  or,  in  the  case 
of  place-names,  the  district  with  which  the 
place  is  identified. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


Women  and  Circumstance.  By  Xetta 
Syrett.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — These  stories 
are  a  long  way  below  the  high-water  mark 
of  the  author's  capabilities.  They  are 
clever  and  well  written,  but  they  bear  too 
plainly  the  impress  of  a  groove — the  slightly 
discredited  groove  of  the  '  Yellow  Book.' 
Circumstance  is  hard  on  Miss  Syrett's  women, 
and  they  conscientiously  set  themselves  in 
each  case  to  extract  the  maximum  of  un- 
happiness  from  the  situation.  One  is  a 
typist  who,  emulating  the  East-End  factory 
girl  in  her  devotion  to  feathers,  starves 
herself  that  she  may  buy  artistic  furniture. 
Another  is  a  high-souled  demi-moyidainc  with 
a  secret  sorrow  rather  after  the  style  of 
Marguerite  Gautier.  A  third — a  married 
woman  this  time — drives  her  husband  to 
suicide  by  her  unfaithfulness  with  a  man 
whom  she  afterwards  refuses  to  marry. 
These  are  only  a  few  of  the  lamentable 
cases  presented,  but  our  sympathy  for  the 
puppets  is  rather  diminished  by  the  evident 
enjoyment  which  they,  after  all,  derive  from 
their  miseries,  and  by  the  still  more  cogent 
consideration  that  none  of  them  seems  to  us 
to  resemble  flesh  and  blood. 

Sons  of  the  Milesians.  By  the  Countess 
of  Cromartie.  (Eveleigh  Nash.) — The  stories 
herein  contained  move  without  variation  on 
the  lines  usually  adopted  by  the  author. 
Jealous  Eleanors  and  persecuted  Rosamonds, 
heroic  pagans  and  grovelling  Christians, 
reincarnated  Celts  and  modern  Philistines, 
encounter  us  at  every  turn.  We  can  forecast 
with  some  confidence  what  each  of  them 
will  do  in  any  given  contingency,  and  the 
(not  over-grammatical)  terms  in  which  their 
sentiments,  noble  or  otherwise,  will  be 
expressed  ;  but  we  cannot  truthfully  say 
that  they  gain  by  a  closer  acquaintance. 

Pinch,  Potty  &  Co.,  by  W.  G.  Varcott 
(Harpers),  is  a  collection  of  eighteen  journal- 
istic sketches  of  the  humorous  variety.  They 
are  supposed  to  embody  the  conversations 
and  doings  of  a  number  of  London  cabmen. 
as  revealed,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  cabmen's 
shelter.  Half  a  dozen  of  them  are  naive 
essays  on  such  subjects  as  '  Love,'  '  Life.* 
'Pessimism,'  and  so  forth:  and  these,  t" 
bo  frank,  are  rather  wearisome.  But  those 
which  aim  at  depicting  action,  as  described 
by  the  cabmen  themselves,  are  fairly  funny, 
and  should  win  approval.  One  gathers 
that  the  author  has  taken  Messrs.  Jacobs 
and  Pett  Ridge  for  bis  models  :  but  liis  work 
would  have  been  the  better  for  a  little  more 
first-hand  study  of  lite.  What  is  demanded 
in   a  book   of   this  class   is  either   genuine 

humour  and   originality,  or  genuine  realism. 

0T  bot  b  combined.  Judged  by  this  standard. 
Mr.  Yarcott's  effort  falls  a  tittle  (hit  :  but. 
it  contains  indications  of  better  things. 


7:J<» 


Til  E     ATI!  KNTKKM 


N'410.3,  Jim 


10,  1006 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Mi:,    \i\i\-mis.    mi    irhOM    in  count    <>f    the 

i    Ladysmith  we  oommented  at   the 

time    Hi     its    appearance.     Inn    now     written 

The  Dawn  in  Rumm  .•  or,  Scenes  in  the 
Russian  Revolution,  which  is  published  by 
Mi  3srs.  Harper  A   Brothers.     The  cover  and 

st  of  the  illustrations  of  this  volume  form 

n  -  least  satisfactory  points.  Thej  are  what 
1^  commonly  termed  "  sensational,"  and  do 
not  inspire  confidence.  Hut  for  a  certain 
prejudice  which  they  cause  in  the  reader's 
mind,  there  would  be  a  greater  ohance  that 
the  author's  careful  account  of  the  horrors 
which  he  himself  lias  witnessed  would  receive 
respectful  attention  from  critics.  The 
volume  contains  a  diary  of  the  revolutionary 

acts  which  have  followed  in  till  parts  of 
Russia  the  disasters  of  the  war  with  Japan. 
A  fuller  Careful  examination  of  such  events  in 
liny  one  portion  of  the  empire,  sucli  as  that 
relating    to  the  Caucasus  which  we    recently 

reviewed,  is  perhaps  more  interesting,  and  a 

collection  of  such  narratives  more  valuable 
than  an  attempt  to  survey  the  entire  field. 
The  latter  of  necessity  becomes  in  some 
degree  stale  journalism,  or  a  mere  catalogue 
of  well-known  horrors.  Mr.  Nevinson's 
book  contains  both  a  list  of  this  kind  and 
much  personal  evidence  of  his  own,  drawn 
from  visits,  necessarily  short,  to  widely 
separated  parts  of  European  Russia.  T he- 
book  may  be  of  use  to  any  who  survey  the 
whole  of  the  events  which  have  led  to  the 
birth  of  the  Duma,  but  we  should  prefer  a 
treatment  of  the  subject  in  which  the  record 
of  the  writer's  own  observations  was 
distinct  from  his  chronological  account  of 
events  which  passed  during  his  journeys, 
but  of  which  lie  was  not  a  witness. 

The  Boyhood  of  a  Great  King,  by  Mr. 
A.  M.  Broadley  (same  publishers),  answers 
to  the  familiar  description  that  for  those 
who  like  this  sort  of  thing,  this  is  just  the 
sort  of  thing  they  will  like.  An  account  is 
given  of  the  early  years  of  his  present 
Majesty  down  to  his  seventeenth  birthday, 
drawn  from  such  obvious  sources,  for  the 
most  part,  as  Sir  Theodore  Martin's  '  Life  of 
the  Prince  Consort,'  The  Illustrated  London 
News,  and  Punch.  Mr.  Broadley  displays 
industry  and  accuracy,  but  his  volume,  in 
spite  of  some  rare  illustrations,  is  rather  a 
futile  affair. 

The  translation  of  Goethe's  Iphigeneia  in 
Tauris,  by  Elizabeth  I).  Dowden  (Dent  & 
Co.),  which  has  appeared  in  the  popular 
series  of  the  'Temple  Dramatists,"  is  a 
most  competent  piece  of  work.  Mrs.  Dow- 
den displays  the  two  qualities  essential  for 
the  making  of  a  good  translation—  t  In- 
capacity for  taking  pains  and  a  cultivated 
literary  taste.  The  former  gives  her  patience 
to  follow  the  original  closely,  and  the  latter 
Supplies  her  with  a  well-chosen  vocabulary, 
and  so  saves  the  literal  rendering  from  becom- 
ing inept.  Thus  her  version  is  one  which  will 
be  read  with  approval  by  students  of  the 
text,  and  with  pleasure  by  those  who  are 
unacquainted  with  German.  The  only 
respect  in  which  she  does  not  strike  us  as 
altogether  successful  is  in  her  handling  of 
the  blank  verse,  which  is  occasionally  some- 
what wooden  and  devoid  of  charm  :  but 
metrical  excellence  is  almost  too  much  to 
expect  in  translation  of  this  sort.  A  graceful 
introduction  to  the  play  is  contributed  by 
Dr.  Edward  Dowden. 

T/h  Mirror  of  the  Century.  By  Walter 
Frewen  Lord.  (John  Lane.)— Mr.  Frewen 
Lord  is  a  clever  talker,  whose  ambition  ex- 
ceeds his  industry.  "The  mirror  of  the 
century  "  is  a  just  phrase  to  applv  to  the 
leading   novelists   of   the   century    under  in- 


n>  i  tin n.  Imt  it  i>  not  a  happy  title  to  i»  stow 
upon  a  hook  which  ignores  the  art  ol  G< 
Meredith,  Thomas  Hards.  Charles  Lever,  or 
even  Besant  (plus  Rjoe  and  $oUi$),  William 

Black,  and  other  artists,  living  and  dead. 

\    ■  revelation  of  temperament  the  volume 
is  not  striking.     Mr.  Lord  describes  himsell 

as     a     "  crusted     old     Tory  "  ;       In-     dislikes 

dialect  :  he  is  unmercifully  British  towards 
gush  :  he  is  unfair  to  realism.  George  Eliot 
is  his  idol,  and  on  his  first  page  we  read  that 
her  work  towers  over  that  of  Charlotte 
Bronte*  and  Jane  Austen  "like  a  cathedral 
ovei  a  octtage "  ;  yet  on  his  ninety-third 
page  he  very  properly  remonstrates  with  Mr. 
Bowells  for  unpleasantly  comparing  artists 
on  different  planes.  He  informs  us  that 
George  Elliot  had  "the  force  and  grandeur 
of  Milton.'"  yet  he  affirms  that  she  might 
have  been  "  proud  "  to  have  written  an 
ungrammatioal  apophthegm  by  Mr.   \V.  E. 

Morris.  I  h-  asserts  t  hat  Mr.  Xorris's  novels 
are  "all  of  high  merit,"  an  encomium  which 
judicious  critics  cannot,  we  think,  endorse, 
though  we  do  not  agree  with  the  wit  who 
observed  that  the  only  thing  you  can  say 
about  Mr.  Norria  is  that  he  "  writes  like  a 
gentleman."  Mr.  Norris  is  Mr.  Lord's  hero, 
and  his  paper  upon  him  is  valuable  as  a 
digest,  and  because  there  is  a  tendency  te 
make  too  much  of  Mr.  Norris's  tepidness, 
too  little  of  his  verbal  charm. 

With  the  Brontes,  who  had  the  courage 
of  expletives,  our  critic  has  no  sympathy, 
and  confronts  '  Wuthering  "Heights  '  with 
'  Treasure  Island,'  with  a  view  to  levelling 
the  former  with  the  plain.  To  Mr.  Lord 
we  simply  oppose  Heathcliff's  smile,  that 
ex-human  smile  which  gives  an  eerie  light 
to  the  end  of  Emily  Bronte's  novel.  Mr. 
Swinburne's  comparison  of  '  Wuthering 
Heights  '  with  the  masterpieces  of  Shak- 
speare,  Webster,  Scott,  and  Hugo  may  be 
offered  to  him  as  much  for  amusement  as 
for  instruction. 

In  his  essay  on  Thackeray  Mr.  Lord 
describes  as  "  one  matchless  touch  "  a 
"  wheeze  "  as  traditional  as  the  story  of 
the  man  who  asked  if  he  might  borrow  the 
shilling  he  was  to  be  cut  off  with  ;  but  the 
essay  in  question  is  a  clever  arraignment  of 
the  novelist  as  a  student  of  ignobility. 

In  dealing  with  the  first  Lord  Lytton  Mr. 
Lord  almost  convinces  one  that  he  has 
alighted  here  and  there  on  the  "  Caxton  " 
novels,  but  hardly  that  he  has  read  them. 
In  1833  '  Godolphin  '  was  deemed  worthy 
of  a  temperate  column  or  so  in  this  journal. 
It  furnishes  Mr.  Lord  with  one  quotation 
which  has  not  even  flatness  to  distinguish 
it,  and  yet,  by  some  hidden  spring,  it  elevates 
the  critic  to  the  height  of  an  inverted  tub. 
He  describes  '  The  Haunters  and  the  Haunted ' 
as  "  the  most  terrifying  ghost  story  ever 
written,  not  even  excepting  '  The  Mark  of 
the  Beast  '  and  '  At  the  End  ot  the  Passage." 
But  we  would  say  interrogatively,  Not 
excepting  Sheridan  Le  Fanu's  'Mr.  Justice 
Harbottle'  and  'Green  Tea'  ?  And  is  'The 
Mark  of  the  Beast'  a  "ghost  story"? 
Where  is  the  ghost  ?  Lytton's  story  is  very 
clever,  but  he  retires  into  explanation.  If 
Lytton  could  have  testified  his  imagination 
with  the  inventiveness  of  Dr.  M.  R.  James, 
he  would  not  have  been  ingenious  in  the 
wrong  place. 

Mr.  Frewen  Lord  is  at  his  best  when  he 
has  found  a  quotation  upon  which  to  exercise 
his  humour.  We  are  amused  when,  after 
a  rather  treacly  passage  from  Dickens,  he 

quotes  Bgftinst  tin-  master.  "  And  what  did 
Lord  Nobley  say  to  that  ?  "  "Why.  he  didn't 
know  what  to  say.  Damme,  sir.  if  he  wasn't 
as  mute  as  n  poker."  It  is  ret  her  hard  on 
Phiz,  by  the  way,  to  say  that  we  do  not 
remember  his  Pecksniff  ;  as  a  caricature  of 
hypocrisy  his  Pecksniff  is  not  easily  surpassed. 


Th'  -i   that    "  u^   a   rule  the   ' 

in  Dickens's  novels  is  not  very  remarkable 

i    "i.l.   tn  e  if  we  iidd  that,  when  the  m: 

broken,  the  diulojju.    i-  n  marknble  in" 

In   line,   to   road    Mi.    Lord   i 
imagination,  to  heckle  him. 

/  ishrrmon's  /."</.     By  Kenrj  Van  Dyke. 
(Hodder  e\  Stoughton.)     Mr.  Van  Dyke  adds 
as  a  sub-title  to  hi^  moralizing  on  '  Fisher- 
man's Lucb      '  -."ii. e  other  uncertain  thin. 
In  fa«t.  the  book  is  one  of  pleas 

we  must  not  call  them  "  maunderii  . 
— amid  rustic  Bcenes  and  their 
rather  than  a  deliberate  treatise  on  sport. 
\    leisurely   book,   and  rather   prolix,   it   i- 
written   in  good    English  on   the  model   ol 

I  anil).      'Che  Betting,  of  com  ill'  an. 

and  the  point   of  view  that  of  an  inhabitant 

of  cities,  who  is  delighted  with  the  rest  and 
the    spectacles    afforded    by    the    country. 

'There  is  no  social  directory  in  the  wilder- 
ness" is  a  very  American  touch.  It  OO 
in  the  pleasant  discourse  of  which  '  A  Wild 
Strawberry  '  is  the  text,  perhaps  as  cha- 
racteristic as  any  in  the  book.  Another 
good  chapter  is  '  Fishing  in  Book?.,'  a  handy 
bibliography,  which  vindicates  Transatlantic- 
anglers  from  the  strange  accusation  <t 
reticence.  Incidentally  we  learn  that 
"Hello!"  as  a  salutation  is  a  product 
the  telephone.     The  book  Is  well  illustrated. 

Points  of  View.  By  L.  F.  Austin.  Edited 
by  Clarence  Rook.  (John  Lane.) — A  livelic 
causeur  than  the  late  Mr.  L.  F.  Austin  would 
be  a  noteworthy  discovery,  fox  his  wac 
talent  which  exhibited  itself  like  the  soul  of 
good  wine.  The  papers  collected  in  this 
memorial  volume  are  fresh,  witty,  and 
shallow  in  the  sparkling  way  of  champagne. 
The  causeur  had  Mr.  Carnegie  rather  I 
often  at  the  tip  of  his  tongue  ;  but,  on  tin- 
whole,  the  volume  charms  by  its  En 
ness.  Good  stories  are  abundant.  One  of 
them  makes  Tennyson  say  to  Mr.  Mere- 
dith, "  Apollodorus  says  I  am  not  a  great 
poet,"  and  nothing  else  of  interest  during 
a  walk  of  several  miles.  It  would  certainly 
take  a  self  -  absorbed  poet  so  to  forget 
that  he  was  walking  with  a  satirist  not 
renowned  for  mercy  in  phrase.  Mr.  Austin 
was  a  purist  who  would  have  died,  he- 
tells  us,  rather  than  say  '  'buses,'*  but 
he  inspires  a  friendly  feeling  towards  fash- 
ionable slang  when  he  quotes  "  the  diinpy 
was  divvy."'  This  jewel  of  speech  mean.* 
that  the  dinner  was  divine.  He  affect. -d 
a  desire  to  reform  the  dress  of  men.  but 
writes  :  "I  do  not  undertake  to  appear  at- 
an  evening  party,  or  to  sit  in  Mr.  George 
Alexander's  stalls,  in  my  suit  of  softly 
glowing  plum  without  a  little  backing.  * 
That  is  a  sentence  which  shows  that  In- 
possessed  the  art  of  smiling  with  words. 

Mr.  Hook's  prefatory  note  conveys  an 
impressive  idea  of  Mr.  Austins  strenuous 
life.  It  is,  indeed,  ironical  that  a  man  should 
be  strenuous  in  chatting  with  his  pen  j  but 
it  is  also  tragic  Mr.  Austin  diet!  at  fifty- 
three.  Fortunately,  the  touch  of  the 
vanished  hand  survives  in  what  he  wrote. 
Not  always  can  this  be  said. 

Rituale  Armenorum  :  being  the  Adminis- 
tration of  the  Sacraments  and  the  Breviary 
Rites  of  the  Armenian  Church,  together  with 
the  Great  Rites  of  Baptism  and  Epiphany. 
Edited  from  the  Oldest  Mss.  by  F.  C.  Cony- 
beare,  and  the  East  Syrian  Epiphany  Rite- 
translated  by  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Maclean. 
(Oxford,  Clarendon  Press.) — The  title  of  this 
book  gives  a  fair  idea  of  its  contents,  but. 
as  Mr.  Conybearo  notices  in  his  preface,  it 
may  seem  to  include  more  than  the  words- 
might  imply.     He  says  : — 

"I  have  not  included  the  central  rite  of  the 
Kucharist  :   tirst,  because  it  is  adequately  repro- 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


731 


duced  in  Mr.  Brightman's  recently  published 
*  Eastern  Liturgies ' ;  and  secondly,  because  I 
■could  not  well  have  given  it  apart  from  all  the 
other  Eucharistic  Liturgies  which  exist  in  old 
Armenian." 

Mr.  Conybeare  has  produced  a  book  ex- 
tremely valuable  to  the  student  of  eccle- 
siastical ritual.  He  has  done  his  work  with 
remarkable  accuracy  and  scholarship,  and 
he  has  presented  his  readers  with  materials 
which  illustrate  rites  that  are  not  accessible 
in  any  other  English  production.  His 
■object  is  to  give  the  rites  in  the  form  in 
which  they  occur  in  the  "  oldest  accessible 
•codices,"  "  not  as  they  may  be  seen  to-day 
in  the  churches  of  the  East."  He  has  used 
as  his  principal  Armenian  source  an  uncial 
■codex  belonging  to  the  library  of  San  Lazaro 
in  Venice.  He  translates  the  text  as  it  is 
found  in  this  MS.,  and  records  in  notes  the 
results  of  the  collations  of  other  MSS.  Then 
he  translates  passages  from  other  MSS. 
which  throw  light  on  the  rites  contained 
in  the  San  Lazaro  codex.  In  this  way  the 
student  is  supplied  with  the  means  of  com- 
paring the  ritual  in  different  forms.  Where 
it  is  necessary,  the  editor  also  appends  notes 
bearing  on  the  history  of  the  rites.  The 
text  itself  reveals  the  condition  of  ecclesi- 
astical affairs  at  a  comparatively  early 
period  of  the  Armenian  Church.  Thus  in 
the  earliest  MS.,  and  in  some  others  from 
which  translations  are  made,  there  is  no  form 
for  the  ordination  of  a  bishop  in  contradis- 
tinction to  that  of  a  priest  ;  and  Mr.  Cony- 
beare remarks  that  "  bishops  do  not  seem 
to  have  been  separately  ordained  before  the 
thirteenth  century." 

The  book  is  profoundly  interesting.  It 
reveals  a  peculiar  current  of  religious  thought 
somewhat  alien  to  the  Western  mind,  and 
■contains  many  noteworthy  prayers  and 
celebrations.  There  are  prayers  over  those 
polluted  by  food  and  over  those  addicted 
to  swearing,  and  the  prayers  used  at  the 
dedication  of  churches  and  their  furniture 
refer  to  the  smallest  details.  There  are 
also  several  remarkable  prayers  of  exorcism 
in  the  Greek  Baptismal  Service  from  the 
Barberini  '  Euchologion.'  Mr.  Conybeare's 
original  intention  was  to  prepare  a  minute 
comparison  of  the  Armenian  rites  with  the 
corresponding  uses  of  other  churches,  espe- 
cially of  the  Greek.  In  reading  the  various 
services  one  is  continually  inclined  to  exa- 
mine the  offices  in  other  churches  ;  but  no 
one  could  do  this  work  more  satisfactorily 
than  Mr.  Conybeare,  and  we  trust  that  lie 
will  carry  out  his  original  intention. 

The  renderings  of  the  various  rites  and 
prayers  deserve  high  praise.  They  through- 
out preserve  a  reverential  tone,  and  the 
style  is  appropriate,  and,  where  it  is  possible, 
graceful.  Some  of  the  prayers  could  be 
profitably  transplanted  to  the  service  books 
of  churches  throughout  the  world. 

The  Assemble,  of  Goddes.  By  John  Lydgate. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.)— The  latest 
volume  of  this  scries  of  facsimiles  is  of  equal 
technical  excellence  with  its  predecessors, 
and  will  be  welcomed  by  students  of  English 
all  over  the  world.  This  little  poem  of  some 
2,100  lines,  attributed  to  Lydgate  on  the 
authority  of  Wynkyn  de  Wbrde,  seems  to 
have  been  a  great  favourite  with  the  reading 
public   at   the   beginning   of   the   sixteenth 

century.      Three    editions    of    it    are    known 

from  Wynkyn  de  Worde's  press,  all  undated, 
hut  before  1000.  Two  of  them  are  in  the 
British  Museum,  the  third,  the  subject  of 
this  reprint,  in  the  University  Library, 
Cambridge.  The  poem  lias  been  edited  for 
the  Farjy  English  Text  Society  by  Dr.  Trijrgs. 
It  is  a  dream  allegory  dragging  in  the  heathen 
gods,  the  Christian  virtues  and  human  vices, 
and     generally     testifying    to    its    authors 


wide,  if  shallow  erudition.  Mr.  Jenkinson 
dates  this  edition  1409,  and  speaks  of  it  as 
printed  in  type  3  Wynkyn  de  Worde.  As  it 
certainly  is  not  printed  in  Proctor's  type  3, 
it  would  have  been  as  well  to  indicate  the 
authority  followed.  We  should,  from  the 
condition  of  the  woodcut,  have  been  inclined 
to  put  the  date  earlier — between  the  second 
edition  of  Chaucer  a,nd  the  folio  edition  of 
the  '  Assembly  '  ;  and  this  would  be  sup- 
ported by  the  fact  that  the  latter  is  the  first 
to  contain  an  attribution  of  authorship. 
Sortes  the  philosopher,  whose  name  has 
puzzled  many  editors,  is  simply  the  Socrates 
of  Aristotelian  physics  filtered  through 
Arabic-Latin  translations. 

The  Unity  of  Will  :  Studies  of  an  Irra- 
tionalist.  By  G.  A.  Hight.  (Chapman  & 
Hall.) — It  is  rather  hard  to  review  Mr. 
Hight.  He  writes  a  chapter  on  '  Aberra- 
tions of  the  Mechanism  '  (i.e.,  the  mind) 
which  culminates  in  a  list  of  "  sophistical 
tricks,"  which  include  (1)  "ridicule,"  in- 
volving "  pity  or  contempt  for  the  opposing 
argument,"  and  (2)  "misuse  of  the  word 
'  amateur,'  where  a  person  who  works  for 
love  and  not  for  pay  is  confounded  with  the 
smatterer  and  charlatan."  Therefore,  lest 
our  mechanism  aberrates  (for  in  truth  we 
suspect  ourselves  of  being  no  better  than 
what  Mr.  Hight  succinctly  terms  "  ist-ites," 
professional,  sophistical,  and  all  the  rest  of 
it),  we  limit  ourselves  to  the  citation  of  a 
crucial  passage  : — 

"Let  us  suppose  an  original  primordial  im- 
material pattern,  an  Idea  contemplated  by  a  mind, 
as  a  rhythmic  movement.  Further,  let  this  pri- 
mordial Idea  be  capable  of  reproducing  itself  in 
offspring  which  shall  again  be  self-reproductive 
in  the  same  way  without  limit.  The  rhythmic 
offspring  will  be  completely  and  easily  intelligble 
to  the  mind  through  its  forms  of  Time  and  Space, 
but,  continuing  to  multiply,  the  different  Ideas 
will  collide  with  each  other,  producing  cross- 
rhythms,  then  conflict,  and  at  last  discord — for 
the  present  only  potential,  since  there  is  no 
material  vehicle  to  give  them  body.  Eacli  is  a 
member  of  an  ideal  hterachy  [sic]  or  genealogical 
tree,  traceable  through  complex  ramifications  back 
to  an  original  parent  of  all,  which  is  One." 

Und  so  weiter. 

(Euvres  computes  de  Paul  Bourget. — 
Romans  :  VI.  Lc  Luxe  des  Autres  ;  Le 
Fantome  ;  UEau  Profonde.  (Paris,  Plon.) 
— Of  the  three  novels  contained  in  the  latest 
volume  of  the  cumbrous  edition  definitive 
of  the  works  of  M.  Paul  Bourget,  one,  '  L'Eau 
profonde,'  is  the  study  of  a  tragic  misunder- 
standing, and  is  a  sort  of  "  much  ado  about 
nothing,"  ingeniously  worked  out,  but 
with  something  rather  superficial  and 
mechanical  in  its  minute  analysis.  '  Le 
Luxe  des  Autres  '  is  the  study  of  a  social 
disease,  "  cette  maladie  toute  contem- 
poraine,  le  constant,  le  passionne  souci  du 
luxe  des  autres,"  and  of  the  preying  of  that 
disease  on  the  whole  mental  and  physical 
existence  of  a  married  journalist,  who, 
"  dans  ce  recit,  no  represente  pas  l'ecrivain. 
II  represente  le  inari."  It  has  the  interest 
of  a  good  emotional  story — good  and  emo- 
tional in  rather  the  English  way — and  can 
bo  read  rapidly,  not  as  literature, 
but  as  plot.  One  turns  the  long  pages  of 
analysis  a  little  hurriedly,  taking  them  in 
at  a  glance,  and  not  needing  to  go  deeper 

into  them.  The  third  novel,  '  Le  Fantome,' 
holds  the  attention,  and  holds  it  closely. 
The  subject  is  "  une  si  lamentable  aberration 

morale,'   "  une  anomalie  d'ame  si  criminelle- 

ment  pathologique,"  that  it  can  hardly  be 
read    with   the  same  careless   attention    to   a 

plot  as  pl<>t .     It  Lb  a  piece  of  moral  casuistry, 

the  study  of  a  conscience;  and  though 
this  study  is  diffuse,  and  in  parts  senti- 
mentalized,     it       is      honest       and      acute. 


The  subject  is  what  '  The  Second  Mis. 
Tanqueray '  might  have  been  if  the  interest 
of  the  piece  had  been  concentrated  on  the 
young  man  and  the  girl,  rather  than  on 
the  mother  and  her  husband.  But  the 
problem  is  carried  further  than  any  Eng- 
lish playwright  would  have  ventured  to 
carry  it,  and  it  is  worked  out  with 
sympathetic  curiosity.  M.  Bourget  is 
always  at  his  best  when  he  leaves  the  "  five 
o'clocks  "  and  "  the  usual  three,"  in  their 
struggle  with  society,  for  the  problems  of 
conscience  alone  with  itself.  And, 
above  all,  he  is  at  his  best  when  he 
sets  himself,  as  in  this  novel,  to  study  a 
tragic  tangle  for  its  own  sake,  and  not  for 
the  sake  of  some  theory  which  is  its  founda- 
tion, or  some  moral  which  is  its  conclusion. 

Mr.  Frowde  is  well  known  for  his  enter- 
prise, and  one  of  the  latest  signs  of  it  is  a 
charming  small  edition  of  Aylwin  with  the 
author's  portrait.  Oxford  India  paper  and 
leather  make  this  little  book  an  exquisite 
affair,  and  there  are  several  other  forms  of  it 
— elaborations  of  the  issue  in  ' '  The  World's 
Classics,"  we  believe — which  offer  great 
attractions. 

We  are  glad  to  see  Plutarch's  Lives, 
4  vols.,  in  "The  York  Library"  (Bell  &  Sons), 
which  continues  to  offer  attractions  to  all 
sorts  of  readers.  Stewart  and  Long's  trans- 
lation here  given  is  deservedly  popular,  and 
will,  we  expect,  go  far  in  this  neat  form. 

George  Crabbe  :  Poems.  Vol.  II.  Edited 
by  A.  W.  Ward.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press.) — The  second  volume  of  the  complete 
edition  of  Crabbe  comprises  the  '  Tales  ' 
and  the  first  eleven  of  the  '  Tales  of  the  Hall.' 
These,  though  not  so  generally  read  even  as 
'The  Parish  Register'  or  'The  Borough,' 
are  by  no  means  to  be  neglected,  for  they 
exhibit  the  poet's  narrative  power  at  the 
period,  perhaps,  of  its  greatest  facility. 
"  We  pass,"  he  says,  defending  the  scheme 
of  his  work  in  the  Preface  to  the  'Tales,' 
"  from  gay  to  grave,  from  lively  to  severe, 
not  only  without  impropriety,  but  with 
manifest  advantage  "  ;  and  the  contrast 
between  such  gentle  humoursomeness  as 
abounds  in  '  The  Lover's  Journey,'  and  the 
vivid  trasedy  of  everyday  meanness  in  '  The 
Brothers/  fully  justifies*  the  claim.  More- 
over while  there  is  no  stinting  of  apt  line 
and  epigram,  and  the  eye  for  character  and 
foible  is  as  shrewd  as  ever,  the  satire  is — 
with  advancing  years  and  easier  eirciun- 
stances — becoming  more  kindly.  The  edit- 
ing of  the  present  volume  shows  the  same 
scrupulous  care  which  characterized  its  pre- 
decessor. There  is,  as  before,  a  list  of 
readings  to  which  have  been  added  certain 
variants— omitted  from  the  first  volume— 
of  'The  Library,'  'The  Birth  of  Flattery.' 
'  Sir  Eustace  Grey,'  and  '  The  Hall  Of  Justice.' 
There  is,  too.  a  complete  list  of  Errata, 
taking  note,  among  other  things,  of  Crabbe's 
numerous  misquotations  from  Shakspeare, 
which,  as  the  editor  points  out.  may  or  may 
not  have  been  wilful.  The  third  volume 
will,  it  is  announced,  contain  a  considerable 
amount  of  hitherto  unpublished  verse. 

Pictorial  London  (Cassell  &  Co.)  presents 
a  very  extensive  set  of  views  with  brief  text. 
The  volume  is  of  a  catholic  character,  in- 
cluding scones  of  current  life,  pleasure,  and 
labour  as  well  as  the  usual  sights.  It  gives 
the  best    idea  that  we  have  seen   between 

two  coven  of  the  varied  attractions  of  the 
great  city,  and  includes  also  some  beautiful 
things  within   the   Londoner's  reach,  such  as 

Burnham  Beeches.  It  Lb  a  wonderful  farrago, 
presenting,  for  instance,  the  workers  both 
at  the  Central  London  Lost  Office  Ex- 
change and  the  Reading  -  Room  of  the 
British  Museum. 


Til  K     A  Til  KX.EUM 


N  «03,  Ji  m.  10,  190<; 


LIff]    mi    m  u    BOOKS. 

i    KOLI6  ii 
Tkselogy. 

r.l  .  i.    K.  rhefl  t>U  Chnn  he*  In  1  ngkind,  >  net 

In  ■  v>  •     i       i  ■  Religion  I  nriermined    S  0  net 

(.«  iikin  .  ii    \i  |,  I'he  Knowledge  of  Ood  and  its  Historical 
I  '■    elopmunt,  2  vols  ,  12   net 

ii      \i  the  Parttni  ..f  the  Ways,  1  B  net 
Neumann  i\  >.  J  emis,  translated  bj  M.  A.  Oanner .  2/t  net 
Religion*  OpinioiiH  ol  Eliznheth  Barrett  Browning,  2  >■  net 
Thomas  (W.  II.  (;.).  The  Catholic  Paith,  Second  Edition, 

1  net 

Journal  of  the  Societj  <.f  Comparative  Legislation,  edited 

bj  Sir  J.  MactloneU  and  K.  Hanson,  6  net 
Kerlv(D   M  |,  rhe  Trade  Marks  Acta,  1906:  7  RdwardVTL, 

<-li.  i'.,  u  net 

Fine  Art .  <logy. 

Bell  (Mrs,  A.  <;.),  Picturesque  Brittany,   Illustrations  by 

v  O.  Bell,  lOAJ  net 
Bloom  (J.  HarveyX  English  Seals,  '  6  net 
Calthrou(D.  ('.).  English Costume  :  11.  .Middle  Vges,  7  (inet. 
i>    i     i  net 

er(B   i ■'. i.  Large  Lecture  Diagrams  on  Architecture 

.in.l  Decorative  Art.  1,200  net 
Mi    ilistei  (R.  \.s.>,  Bible  Side-Lights  from  the  Mound  of 

( ~,f.  ■ 

lal  Gallery:  Earlj  British  School,  8/6  net 
Ii  (E.),  Practical  Drapery  Cutting.  12/8  net 
Pictures  in  Colour  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  «itli  Descriptive 

Notes,  -  6  net 
Taylor(T.  J.),  Collection  «'f  Furniture,  Wood-Carving,  and 

ether  Branches  of  the  Decorative  Arts,  25/  net. 
Worndle's  Beliger  Land,  15/ net 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. 
Broughton  (R),  Carmen  Coleridgianum :  Senex  Nauta,  l  'net 
Coulton  to.  Q. ),  Pearl,  a  Fourteenth  <  vntnrv  Poem,  i,  net. 
Ciuvl  (M,  E.  \ . ).  Lucem  Sequor,  and  other  Poems.  2  6  net. 
i  ■        -hi.!,  i.  The  Tbeatrocrat,  5,  net. 
English  Hymnal,  l '  net 

Keats  (J.),  Poetical  Works,  edited  by  (;.  Sampson 
Keble  (J.),  Lyra  Innocentium  (Newnes's  Devotional  Series), 

2  8  net 

Milton  (J.),  Poetieal  Works,  Biographical  Introduction  liv 
A.  Waugh,  3  6 
■ton  (  1.  P.  1?.).  Cromwell,  Drama  in  Five  Acta,  5/  net. 
Pain  (Mrs.  Barry),  Short  Plays  for  Amateur  Acting,  2/6 
Price  (J.  M.),  Thoughts  for  Quiet  Moments,  2/6  net. 
Realms  of  Cold,  selected  from  t lie  Works  of  John  Keats, 

:;  6  net. 
Robertson  (F.  W.),  Lectures  on  the  Influence  of  Poetry  and 

Wordsworth,  2/6 
Shakespeare:  Julio  Cezaro,  translated  into  Esperanto  by 

1>.  II.  Lambert,  l  6  net 
Troilus  and  Cressida,  edited  by  K.  Deighton,  2/6  net 
Wilde  (Oscar),  Salome,  a  Tragedy  in  One  Act,  '_''G  net. 

Music 
Baughan  (E.  A.),  Music  and  Musicians,  5/  net. 
Ellis  I  W.  A).  Life  of  Richard  Wagner,  Vol.  V.,  16/  net. 
Bibliography. 
_■■   (V..    A.),    Manual    of    Descriptive    Annotation    for 
Library  Catalogues,  5/ net 

Philosophy. 
Bosanquet  (P>.),  The  Meaning  of  Teleology,  1/  net. 
Musings  of  a  Chinese  Mystic,  Selections' from  Cliuang  Tzu, 
2   net. 

History  and  Biography. 
Allegations  for  Marriage  Licences,  issued  by  Commissary 
Court    of   Surrey,  1073-1770,  Part  I.,  edited    bv   A.    R. 
Bax,  10/ 
B        id  (Chevalier),  History  of,  translated  by  S.  Coleridge 
(N'ewnes'  Pocket  Classics),  2/6  net. 

Brodrics    (Hon.   (i.   c.)  and    Fotheringham   (J.   K.),  The 

History  of  England,  1801-37,  7/6  net. 
Brown  (A.  I..).  Selwyn  College,  Cambridge,  ."'/net. 
Decle  (L.),  The  New  Russia,  7/6 
Indian  Keloids  Series:  Old  Fort  William  in  Bengal,  edited 

by  C.  15.  Wilson,  2  vols.,  24/ net. 
Lee  (I.),  The  Coming  of  the  British  to  Australia,  1788-1820, 

:  ii  net 
Scherer  (W.),  A    History  of  German   Literature,  translated 

by  Mrs.  !■'.  ('.  Conybeare,  2  vols.,  3/6  net  each. 
WalkeriT.  A.),  IYterlum.se,  .V  net 
Williams  (H.  N.),  Five  Fair  Sisters,  16/ net 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Cooked'.  I!.),  London  to  Lowestoft, 
Jerrold(C),  Picturesque  Sussex,  2/6  net. 
McHard)  (E.  A.),  lona,  1/net 
Mitlon   ((;.    E.),    Cleikenwcll    and    St.    Luke's,   edited    by 

sir  W,  Besant,  1  6  net 
Moore  (F.),  The  Balkan  Trail,  10/6  net 
Kees  (1).  J.).  The  Briton  in  France;  in  Germany;  in  Italy, 

:;  vols.,  1/  each. 
Where  to  Live  round  London  (Northern  Side),  2,'G  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Climber's  Note-Book,  1/net 
Spalding's  Cricket  Guide,  by  Prince  Ranjitsinhji,  Cd.  net. 

Educational. 
De   Montmorency  (J.    K.    G.),    National    Education  and 

National  Life,  3/ 
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Aristotle,  De  Sensu and  De  Memoria, translated  bj  (;  1!  T 

Ross,  9  net 
Longinus,     Libellus    de    Suhlimitate,    edited    by    A      0 

Prickard,  2/ 

Prelections  delivered  before  the  Senate  of  the  Fniver-ity 
of  Cambridge,  2.".,  2(1,  27  January,  1908,  ;, '  net. 
School- Books. 
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Goldsmith,  Gray,  Coleridge,  Wordsworth.Selections,  1  net. 

Plutarch:  Life  of  Cas.11,  edited  bv  1!.  I,.  A.  D11  Ponlel  ; 
Life  of  Ooriolanus,  with  Introduction  and  Notes 
2   each. 


■  ore. 

Cosand(Bfli    J  ■    \  New  Tbeorj  of  the  I'ni ■. . 

1:    \      i> i4  mi  ine,  1   net 

1  ,1  nun-  in  tlie  <  '.i ii,-,,  1 1.1 11  N.ni  1 1  M  est,  by  an  Old  Hettl 
Uaeekel  ii    1.   Wanderbilder,  2  seiie-,  12    net   each;    The 

Blddle  of  the  Universe,  translated  by  J.  McCabe,  6<f. 
H  In  ton  (C.  11  I   1  he  fourth  Dimension,  1  6 
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Surgery,  2  S  net 
System  of  Gynecology  (A),  edited  bj  T.  C.  Allimti  and 

ol  hei  -.  25/  net. 

Thori 1  <  w  1,  Com f  Instruction  In  Operative  Suigwj 

in  the  University  of  Manchester,  2  1;  net, 
Thresh  (J.  C.)  and  Porter  (A   B.),  Preservatives  in  1 1 

ami  Pood  Examination,  n   net 

Walker    (S.     I'.),     Uectririty     in     Home-    ami    Workshops, 

Ben  t it t <  11  ami  Pe\  ised,  5   net. 
Wells (H.  ii.),  Mankind  in  the  Making,  (,/. 

General  Literature. 
Bullock  (Shan  P.),  The  Cubf 

Burmester  (F.  G. ),  Clemency  shaft...  8 
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Garnett  (EL),  De  Flagello  Myrteo,  Third  Edition,  2  0  net. 
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(iissing ■(<(.),  Our  Friend  the  Charlatan,  (id. 

Godfrey  (E.),  The  Bridal  of  Anstace,  <'■ 

Harrison  (Mrs.  Burton),  Latter-Day  Sweethearts,  6/ 

Howard  (K.),  The  Cod  in  the  Garden,  (><l. 

Kelly's  Directory  of  the  Wine  ami  Spirit  Trades,  25/ 

King  (A.  R.),  The  Agony  of  Love  and  Hate,  0/ 

Livingstone  College  Year-Book,  100(1,  Gil. 

Long  (J.  L.).  The  Way  of  the  Gods,  6 

MacMahon  (K.),  Jemima.  6rf. 

Macphail  (A.),  The  Vine  of  Sibmah,  Idol.  50. 

Maud  (C.  E.),  Felicity  in  Prance,  6/ 

Mifflin  (L.),  My  Lady  of  Dream,  3/ 

Moore  (G.),  Memoirs  of  My  Dead  Life,  6/ 

Pennell  (M.),  Amor  Veritatis,  5/ 

Russell  (Dora),  The  Curate  of  Royston,  3/6 

Rutari  (A.  von),  Londoner  Skizzenbuch,  4/  net. 

Saltus  (F.),  Vanity  Square,  4/6  net. 

Speight  (T.  W.),  Under  a  Cloud,  6/ 

Stranger  (Povnton),  Toll  Marsh,  6/ 

Thurston  (F.  T.),  The  Apple  of  Eden,  (!</. 

Wallace  (IL),  Hasty  Fruit,  Second  Edition,  0/ 

Watts-Dunton  (T.),  Avlwin,  India  Paper,  5/  net. 

White  (F.  M.),  The  Corner  House,  6/ 


FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Bossert  (A.),  Calvin,  2fr. 
Hubert  (M.  H.),  Etude  sommaire  cle  la  Representation  <lu 

Temps  dans  la  Religion  et  la  Magie. 
I'fleiderer  (O.),  Religion  u.  Religionen,  4m. 
Soltau(W.),  DasFortlebendes  Hwideiitums  in  der  altchrist- 

lichen  Kirche,  6m. 
Walter  (J.  von),  Die  ersten  Wanderprediger  Frankreichs, 

neue  Folge,  4m.  80. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Bouchaud  (P.  de).  Tableau  de  la  Sculpture  italienne  an 

XVI.  Siecle  :  Jean  de  Bologne,  1524-1608,  3fr.  50. 
Ritter  (W.),  Ftudes  d'Art  ctranger,  3fr.  50. 

Music. 

Prod'homme(J.  G.),  Les  Symphonies  de  Beethoven,  1800-27, 
5fr. 

Philosophy. 
Leasing  (T.),  Schopenhauer,  Wagner,  Nietzsche,  5m.  50. 

History  and  Biography. 

Denis  (E.),  La  Fondation  de  l'Empire  Allemand,  lOfr. 

llauser  (II. ),  Les  Sources  de  l'Histoire  de  France,  1404  1610, 

Part  L,  5fr. 
Lenotre    (G.),    Paris    Rcvolutionnaire :    vieilles    Maisons, 

vieux  Papiers,  Series  III.,  5fr. 
Meister  (A.),  Die  (ieheimschrift  im  Dienste  der  papstlichen 

Kurie   von   ihren    Anfangen   bis   zinii    Fnde   lies   X\l. 

Jahrh.,  24m. 
Noailles  (\icomle   de).   Episodes   de   la  fJuerre  de  Trente 

Ans  :   Le  Cardinal  de  La  Ynlelte,  7fr.  ail. 
Fi;ot(l-  )  Les  Iraneais  itali  nil:  antsau  \\  I,  si.elf    \ -„1  I. 

7fr.  :.o. 
Piton  (C.),  Paris  suns  Louis  XV.,  Bfr.  50. 
Terrage  (Baron  M.  de  Villiers  du),  Rois  sans  Couronne,  Bfr. 

Philology. 
Hoffmann  (<).),  Die  Makedonen,  ihre  Sprache  u.  ihr  Volks- 
tum,  Bm. 

Science. 

Boletin   del  Cuerpo  de   Ingenieros  <le  Minas  del    Perti, 

Niis.  32,  S3,  34. 
Neumayer  (C.  Mm),  Anlcitung  zu  wissenschaftlichen  Beo- 
baclitungcn auf  Heisen.  Parts  13  15,  Third  Edition,  10m. 

General  Literature. 
Cervantes  (M.),  El  Ingenioso  Hidalgo  Don  Quijote  de  la 

Mancha,  edited  by  C.  Cortejdn,  Part   I.   Vol.  II.,  JOptas. 

Convreur  (A.),  La  Famille:  Le  Fruit,  8fr.  50. 

Fogaz/.aro ( A.),  Le  Saint,  traduit  de  l'ltalien  par  G.  Hcrelle, 

Sir.  50. 

Nesiny  (J.),  Les  Fgarcs.  Sfr.  50. 
Revue  germanique,  Mai-Juin,  4fr. 

%*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  irill  lie  included  in  this  List  unless  preciously 
noted.  Publisher!  are  requested  to  state  prices  -ichen 
setutina  Books. 


m:\\    LIGHT    OS    HTJRAT   AND 
tfAPOLEON. 

Commandant    Win.,    know II    i'>    Ufl    »< 
learned   irritec   <>n   military   history    <»f  tin? 
eighteenth  oentury  and   moi  ally  of 

th<-  commenoemeni  of  t)i<-  nineteenth,  lias 
|j<-cn  the  (list  to  publish  important  n<-\s-  m- 
formation  bearing  on  an  interesting  intrigue. 
Hi-   had   previously   smtten   on   tin-   evei 

connected    with    the    rivalry    anrl    irith    the 

warfare  in  Italy  between  tin-  three  eauses 
represented   by   the  Viceroy  I  .Marat, 

and  the  Austrian-.  .Miiiat  -  wife,  Napo- 
leon- sister,  our  readers  will  remember,  had 
conducted  with  the  Anstriana  negotiations — 

kept  Secret  from  the  Powers,  hut  know; 
Murat — during  the  absence  of  the  King  of 
Naples  in  command  of  the  cavalry  of  the 
(hand  Army.  Napoleon  shut  his  eyes  to 
the  police  information  which  made  him 
acquainted  with  the  fact  that  Murat  was 
thinking  of  -becoming  one  of  the  kings 
arrayed  against  him.  It  was  also  known  that 
after  the  interference  of  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck,  which  prevented  the  complete  accept- 
ance of  a  treaty  between  Murat  and  Austria, 
the  King  of  Naples  had  exchanged  communi- 
cations with  the  French  authorities  and  half 
promised  to  turn  against  Austria  for  Napo- 
leon. The  new  discoveries,  on  which  a  review 
article  has  been  privately  reprinted  for  sepa- 
rate circulation  by  Commandant  Weil,  reveal 
the  details  of  the  secret  negotiations  between 
Murat  and  Prince  Eugene  in  March,  1814, 
during  the  campaign  of  France.  Their  chief 
historical  interest  lies  in  the  proof  that 
Napoleon  proposed  at  the  last  to  Murat, 
through  the  Viceroy  of  Italy,  a  division  of 
the  peninsula  which  would  have  added 
Tuscany  and  the  Papal  States  to  Naples. 
The  offer  came  too  late,  and  Murat  had 
raised  his  terms  and  asked  for  the  retire- 
ment of  all  French  troops  from  Northern 
Italy  and  the  destruction  of  the  military 
roads  across  the  Alps,  as  the  condition 
of  his  suddenly  attacking  the  Austrian 
army. 


sending  Books. 


'THE    OPEN    ROAD.' 

June  11th,  190C. 

Mr.  Grant  Richards's  lengthy  reply 
studiously  evades  my  only  point.  To  wonder 
that  I  raised  no  objection  to  '  The  Voice  of 
the  Mountains  '  is  beside  the  mark,  for  that 
book  resembled  mine  only  in  inessentials  ; 
nor  should  I  have  objected  to  '  Traveller's 
Joy '  had  any  other  firm  issued  it  in  an 
independent  form.  Indeed,  it  would  be 
more  pertinent  to  wonder  that  Mr.  Grant 
Richards  himself,  since  he  claims  to  own  the 
format  of  the  original  '  Open  Road,'  did 
not  object  to  'The  Voice  of  the  Mountains'; 
but  as  a  matter  of  fact  that  format,  if  it 
belongs  t  >  any  one,  belongs.  I  imagine,  to 
Mr.  Moiing. who  bought  Mr.  Grant  Kiehards's 
business,  and  from  whom  I  have  just  ac- 
quired the  blocks  of  the  original  end-papers 
to  '  The  Open  Road.'  I  never  considered 
the  format  mine,  and  refrained  from  using 
it.  although,  when  the  unchallenged  appear- 
ance of  '  The  Voice  of  the  Mountains ' 
suggested  that  it  was  common  property.  I 
might  have  been  tempted  to  do  so. 

The  point  of  my  letter  (which  it  seems 
necessary  to  restate)  was  merely  this  :  that 
in  the  best  interests  of  publishing  it  is  not 
desirable  that  a  publisher  in  Mr.  Grant 
Richards's  posit  ion  should,  when  he  starts 
anew,  include  in  his  list  any  book  that  is 
likely  to  injure  the  sale  of  one  of  his  pre- 
vious books  on  which  he  still  owes  money — 
whether  a  large  or  a  small  sum  is  irrelevant. 
That  'Traveller's  Joy'  is  calculated  to  in- 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


733 


jure  '  The  Open  Road  '  would  be  evident  to 
the  most  casual  eye,  even  without  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Grant  Richards' s  adver- 
tisements, wherein  its  kinship  to  my  book 
is  insisted  upon. 

Apart  from  considerations  of  personal 
property,  I  would  submit  on  general  principles 
that  when  a  distinctive  format  has  once  been 
united  to  a  distinctive  book  by  a  living 
author  or  editor,  it  is  not  well,  either  for  the 
author  or  for  the  book-buying  public,  that 
a  transference  of  that  format  should  be 
made  to  another  book  precisely  similar  in 
literary  intontion  and  scope.  The  result  of 
such  a  transference  in  the  present  case  is 
that  '  Traveller's  Joy  '  becomes  a  "  double  " 
of  '  The  Open  Road,'  and  "  doubles,"  how- 
ever amusing  they  may  be  in  life,  are  in 
literature  troublesome  and  can  be  the  cause 
of  legitimate  distrust. 

Since  no  written  law  seems  to  be  infringed 
by  such  a  doubling,  I  put  the  proposition 
forward  a  fortnight  ago,  and  repeat  it  and 
amplify  it  now,  in  the  hope  of  interesting 
public  opinion  in  the  matter.  It  is  simply 
a  question  of  taste.  E.  V.  Lucas. 


In  a  letter  in  your  issue  of  the  2nd  inst. 
Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  shows  himself  displeased 
at  the  publication  of  '  Traveller's  Joy,'  my 
little  collection  of  English  verse  and  prose. 
From  my  first  cursory  reading  of  his  letter 
I  took  away  the  impression  that  his  com- 
plaint lay  only  against  the  publisher  who 
had  ventured  to  use  once  more  the  type, 
paper,  binding,  and  fashion  of  lining  paper 
whicli  had  already  been  consecrated  to  the 
service  of  '  The  Open  Road.'  I  disclaim  all 
responsibility  for  the  format  of  the  volume, 
and  I  should  have  taken  no  notice  of  Mr. 
Lucas's  letter,  had  it  not  been  pointed  out 
to  me  that,  at  least  by  implication,  he 
charges  me  with  having  imitated  '  The  Open 
Road  '  "'  in  idea  "  and  in  "  system  of  arrange- 
ment." 

First  as  to  the  idea.  I  do  not  concern 
myself  with  other  people's  ideas  and  motives, 
but  this  apparently  is  not  Mr.  Lucas's  way. 
In  my  preface  I  have  set  forth  my  own  idea 
of  an  anthology  such  as  I  thought  might  be 
welcome  to  the  ever-increasing  crowd  of 
independent  travellers  :  one  in  which  I 
might  lay  before  these  certain  favourite  bits 
of  my  own,  largely  taken  from  the  lesser- 
known  writers  of  the  past.  Tins  idea  I 
carried  out  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  and  if 
Mr.  I. urns  finds  it  a  plagiary  of  his  own  as 
revealed  in  his  book,  I  can  only  say  I  differ. 
With  regard  to  the  "  system  of  arrangement  " 
there  will  be  found  strongly  marked  differ- 
ences. 

A  dispute  between  Mr.  Lucas  and  myself 
as  anthologists  recalls  the  strife  of  the  pot 
and  kettle.  If  I  have  imitated  him,  are  his 
withers  unwrung  as  to  the  anthologists  who 
have  gone  before  him  ?  (Vixere  fortes).  At 
this  rate  a  cry  of  plagiary  might  echo  back 
to  Elizabethan  times  till  Tottel,  with  his 
'  Miscellany,'  should  knock  the  latest  com- 
plainant on  the  head.  W.  G.  Watebs. 


LOST    IRISH    MEMOIRS. 

17,  Sandycombe  Road,  Kew  Gardens. 
I  should    be  hopefully  under  obligation 
if      you      would     give      publicity      to       these 

facts  : — 

In  1905  Nora  Chesson  (nee  Hopper)  was 
in  Ireland,  and  travelled  between  Dublin. 
Limerick,  Killarney,  Tralee,  Glengariff, 
Cork,  Blarney,  Youghal.  Armagh,  Portruah, 
the  Giants'  Causeway,  and  Londonderry. 
She  Wrote  her  impressions  of  her  travel's. 
and  informed  me  that  she  sent  them   to    lh< 


editor  of  The  Daily  Express,  Dublin.  The 
editor  asserts  that  he  did  not  receive  them, 
and  it  is  suggested  that  the  author  mis- 
directed her  parcel,  which  remains  lost 
despite  energetic  attempts  to  trace  it.  The 
MS.  is  perhaps  anonymous  and  is  shelved — 
or,  in  the  expressive  vernacular,  "  slum- 
med " — by  some  one  who  does  not  edit  an 
Express.  I  trust  that  these  lines  may  be 
read  by  him.  W.    H.    Chesson. 


STATE-AIDED    EMIGRATION. 

40,  St.  James's  Road,  Edgbaston,  Birmingham. 

In  the  review  of  '  Canada :  the  New 
Nation,'  which  The  Athenceum  has  done  me 
the  honour  of  publishing,  your  writer  says  : 
(a)  "  Mr.  Whates  is  a  little  wild  in  his 
emigration  scheme";  "Mr.  Whates  pro- 
poses his  scheme,"  &c. 

May  I  say  that  I  have  no  scheme,  and 
have  propounded  none  in  the  book  ?  What 
I  have  done  is  to  suggest  the  appointment 
of  a  Royal  Commission  and  to  set  forth 
in  detail  (pp.  2'"!0-l)  imaginary  "terms  of 
reference  "  covering  the  chief  topics  of 
investigation. 

Your  reviewer  adds  :  (b)  "  It  is  difficult 
to  discover  whether  Mr.  Whates  proposes 
State  emigration  for  our  benefit,  or  for  that 
of  Canada,  or  of  the  Empire  as  a  whole." 
Why  this  difficulty  ?  May  I  quote  from 
p.  198  ?— 

"  The  time  is  ripe  for  an  inquiry  witli  the  object 
of  eliciting  definite  recommendations  to  facilitate. 
on  an  organised  system,  the  settlement  on  the 
unutilised  Crown  Lands  of  the  Empire — not  alone 
of  Canada — of  such  people  in  the  United  Kingdom 
as  may  desire  to  emigrate,  or  for  whom  emigration 
would  he  advantageous  to  the  community  in 
England  and  to  those  in  lands  over-sea.  Such 
recommendations    might    supply   the   basis   of   an 

Imperial  policy  with  regard  to  emigration The 

first  step is  an  inquiry   into  the  facts  relating 

to  all  parts  of  the  over-sea  Empire  where  the 
white  race  can  thrive.  An  adequate  examination 
of  them  could  only  be  made  by  men  of  trained 
minds,  accustomed  to  deal  with  masses  of  socio- 
logical evidence,  and  impressed  by  the  necessity 
of  evolving  a  working  plan  for  the  better  distri- 
bution throughout  the  Empire  of  the  white 
population  of  the  Empire."' 

I  have  so  deep  a  respect  for  the 
thoughtful  and  painstaking  reviews  pub- 
lished in  The  Athenozum,  and  so  keen  a  sense 
of  the  authority  exercised  by  your  critics, 
that  I  venture  to  trouble  you  with  this 
letter  ;  but  not  in  any  controversial  spirit, 
for  I  am  gratified  that  so  slight  a  contri- 
bution to  a  great  subject  should  have  been 
deemed  worthy  of  your  attention. 

Harry  Richard  Whates. 

%*  The  complaint  of  Mr.  Whates  deals 
with  the  first  and  less  important  part  of  our 
notice  of  his  book,  and  naturally  omits  the 
second  part,  in  which,  reviewing  his  later 
essays,  we  expressed  strong  approval  of 
their  interesting  character,  and  commended 
their  account  of  the  political  situation  of 
the  Dominion  to  all  our  readers.  With 
regard  to  emigration,  wo  regret  that  we  are 
unable  to  modify  our  statement  of  the  well- 
known  fact  that  no  party  in  this  country 
has  attempted,  since  Sir  George  Grey's 
campaign  of  1K70,  to  recommend  a  Large 
scheme    of    State-aided    emigration    in    the 

interest  either  of  ;m\  colony  Or  in    thai  of   the 

mother  country,  or  is  likely  to  do  so. 


THE    LATE    DR.    W.    G.    BLACKIE. 

1   SHOULD  like  to  add  to  the  notice  of  this 

venerable  gentleman  which  appeared  in  The 
Athenceum  last  week,  the  fact  that  his  father, 

John    Blaekio,  the  founder  of  the  publishing 


house,  who  was  born  in  1782,  also  reached 
his  ninety-second  year.  He  was  the  only 
son  of  John  Blackie,  who  came  to  Glasgow 
in  1781,  and  married  Agnes  Burrell  in  the 
same  year.  Dr.  W.  G.  Blackie  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Glasgow  University. 
He  was  Lord  Dean  of  Guild  in  1885-7,  and 
Principal  of  St.  Mungo's  College  from  its 
foundation  until  1898.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Universities  Commission  appointed 
under  the  Universities  Act  of  1889.     E.  B. 


THE    BIRTH-YEAR 
HENRY    V. 


OF 


I  am  sorry  to  have  to  join  issue  with  my 
friend  Mr.  Wylie  on  a  point  of  accuracy. 
But  when  he  states  that  I  have,  in  the 
Introduction  to  my  '  Chronicles  of  London,' 
unfortunately  drawn  a  wrong  inference  that 
Henry  V.  was  born  in  1387,  he  has  himself 
fallen  into  a  simple  error.  The  years  in 
VitelliusA.  xvi.,  as  in  other  London  chronicles 
are  mayoral,  not  regnal.  Consequently 
10  Richard  II.  began  on  October  29th,  1386, 
and  ended  on  October  28th,  1387  ;  and  as  we 
know  that  Henry  was  born  in  August,  it 
follows  with  certainty  that  his  birthday  fell 
in  August  1387.  This  date  is  supported  by 
the  eai'liest  authorities,  who  state  positively 
that  Henry  was  in  his  twenty-sixth  year 
when  he  began  his  reign  on  March  20th,  1413, 
and  in  his  thirty-sixth  year  when  he  died  in 
the  early  morning  of  Sept.  1st,  1422.  (The 
precise  references  are  given  on  p.  13  of  my 
'Henry  V.')  Whatever  the  soundness  of 
Mr.  Wylie's  conviction  may  be.  the  Vitellius- 
Chronicle  will  give  him  no  help. 

C.    L.    KlNGSFORD. 


We  welcome  a  new  series  destined  to 
throw  light  on  the  Dark  Ages.  Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co.  are  preparing  four  volumes 
on  the  history  of  culture  and  civilization, 
roughly  from  the  age  of  Diocletian  to 
that  of  Charlemagne.  The  volumes  will 
be  edited  by  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Carlyle,  well 
known  as  a  writer  on  mediaeval  thought, 
and  the  first,  '  The  Last  Centuries  of  the 
Ancient  Empire,'  will  be  by  Mr.  H. 
Stuart  Jones  ;  while  the  second,  by 
Mr.  C.  J.  B.  Gaskoin  will  deal  with 
'  The  Barbarians  and  the  Carlovingian 
Empire.'  The  third  volume,  by  Mr. 
E.  C.  Quiggin,  discusses  '  The  Civilization 
of  Ireland  '  ;  and  the  last,  by  Miss  Alice 
Cooke,  'The  Empire  from  Charles  the 
Great  to  the  Death  of  Henry  III.'  There 
will  probably  be  two  further  volumes, 
studying  the  relations  of  Europe  with 
Scandinavia  and  Byzantine  Life.  The 
scheme  promises  well,  and  wo  are  glad  to 
notice  that  there  will  be  several  chapters 
on  literary  and  artistic  matter-. 

Mkssks.  So\\i:\s(  iikin  will  publish 
shortly  for  Prof.  J.  M.  Baldwin,  the  well- 
known  psychologist,  the  first  of  three 
volumes  on  'Thoughts  and  Things;  or, 
Genetic  Logic:  a  Study  of  the  Develop- 
ment and  Meaning  of  Thought."  '  Func- 
tional Logic  '  is  the  title  of  the  first  instal- 
ment, which  traces  the  development  of 
knowledge   through   the  sense,   memory, 

play    and    image    modes,    discovering    the 
motives     and      meanings     of     the     great 

dualisms  of  inner  and  outer,  subjective* 


I  ■  > 


TH  E     A  Til  KN/KUM 


N"4lo:{,  Jim.  If;,  l'jnfi 


.Hid  objeotive,  mind  and  body,  to.,  and 

>  air\mg   tlif   research   into  the   n  c    .  ,f  I  he* 

pn  if  reflection  and  thinking  proper, 

with  which  the  Becond  volume  deals. 

Me,  I'nwin  has  in  die  press  a  work 
entitled  'The  Nature  and  Purpose  <if  the 
Universe,'  by  Mi.  J.  Denham  Parsons, 
author  <>f  The  Non-Christian  Cross. ' 
The  book  is  at  once  an  argument  for  the 
survival  <»f  human  personality  in  all  its 

identity  and  integrity,  and  an  attempt   to 

provide  a  system  of  philosophy  capable 

of  brief  and  intelligible  statement. 

Mi:.  .Ions  Wii.i.c ■<><  k  has  given  the 
title  Scotland  under  Cromwell  and 
Charles  II.  :  being  the  Life  and  Time-  of 
Archibald,  ninth  Earl  of  Argyll,'  to  a 
sequel  he  has  written  to  his  hook  '  The 
Great  Marquess.'  It  is  hoped  to  produce 
it  during  the  present  year. 

Dr.  Hoi. i. and  Rose  is  engaged  upon  a 
Work  dealing  with  the  later  years  of 
William  Pitt,  in  which  his  foreign  policy, 
especially,  will  be  elucidated  by  researches 
at  the  Foreign  Office  and  by  the  aid  of 
other  unused  sources.  His  economic 
policy  will  also  be  discussed.  Any  persons 
possessing  private  documents  illustrating 
the  public  life  of  Pitt  will  greatly  oblige 
Dr.  Rose  by  communicating  with  his 
publishers,  Messrs.  George  Bell  &  Sons, 
York  House,  Lincoln's  Inn. 

Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  have  in 
preparation  for  this  autumn  a  book  by 
Mr.  Clarence  Rook  entitled  '  Switzerland  : 
the  Country  and  its  People.'  It  will  be 
illustrated  with  eighty  full-page  plates, 
covering  a  wide  range  both  of  locality 
and  subject,  the  majority  being  reproduc- 
tions in  colour  of  water-colours  by  Mrs. 
James  Jardine.  The  aim  of  the  author 
has  been  to  give  its  due  place  to  that 
Swiss  national  life  which  the  traveller  is 
too  ready  to  forget.  Author  and  painter 
are  working  separately. 

A  new  volume  of  verse  by  Mr. 
O.  L.  St.  M.  Watson  is  to  be  published 
shortly  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.  It  will  be 
entitled  '  With  Brandished  Bauble,'  and 
will  consist  chiefly  of  pieces  of  light  verse 
and  parody,  some  of  which  have  appeared 
in  The  World,  Punch,  and  The  Daily 
■Chronicle.  Mr.  Stock  will  also  publish 
some  poems  by  Mr.  Alec  C.  More,  under 
the  title  '  Radia  ;  or,  New  Light  on  Old 
Truths.' 

The  West  Strand  Publishing  Company 
will  issue  next  week,  under  the  title 
'Saturday  Bridge,'  a  number  of  the 
articles  on  bridge  contributed  to  The 
Saturday  Review  by  Mr.  William  Dalton  ; 
which  have  been  revised  by  the  author. 
This  is  not  a  book  for  beginners,  but  is 
intended  for  those  who,  having  attained 
to  mediocrity,  wish  to  improve  their  play. 
It  will  contain  a  '  Bridge  Bibliography  ' — 
so  rankly  has  the  "  literature "  of  the 
game  grown. 

The  prize  of  one  hundred  guineas 
•offered  by  Dr.  Peddie  Steele,  of  Florence, 
for  the  best  essay  on  sixteenth-century 
humanism  as  illustrated  by  the  life  and 
work  of  George  Buchanan,  whose  quater- 
centenary  occurs  this  year,  has  been 
awarded    to    Mr.    Thomas    D.    Robb,    of 


Auohinsale,  Potterhill,  Paisley.  Theoom* 
petition  was  open  to  all  alumni  of  the  four 
Scottish  universities,  and  twenty-four 
essays  were  submitted  to  the  committee. 

Chambers's  J<><iiitttl  for  July  will  h«- 
strong  in  literary  interest.     Mr.  Wyberi 

Reeve  supplies  some  froli  Recollection- 
of  Wilkie  Collins  '  ;  Mr.  Lewis  Melville 
has  two  papers  upon  '  Kxijiiisites  of  the 
Regency  '  ;  and  Mi.  T.  H.  S.  Escott 
writes  upon  '  Some  Talkers  of  my  Time.' 
including     Lady    Currie.     Charles     Reade, 

Abraham  Bayward,  John  Oxenford,  and 

Mrs.  ( (rote. 

Prof.  Gboboe  G.  Ramsay,  who  has 
filled  the  Humanity  Chair  of  Glasgow 
University  since  1863,  has  just  resigned. 
He  is  well  known  for  his  work  on  Tacitus 
and  an  excellent  '  Manual  of  Latin  Prose 
Composition.'  Prof.  John  C  McKendrick 
has  also  given  up  his  Glasgow  chair,  that 
of  Physiologv,  which  he  has  held  since 
1876. 

A  NUMBER  of  interesting  books  and 
MSS.  have  recently  been  arranged  for 
temporary  exhibition  in  the  Advocates' 
Library,  Edinburgh.  Among  these  are 
the  MSS.  of  '  Marmion '  and  of  '  Waverley  "; 
autographs  of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  Mary 
of  Lorraine,  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots, 
James  VI.,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  the 
Scots  Covenants  of  1580  and  1638  ;  a 
Mazarin  Bible  ;  and  the  volume  contain- 
ing the  Library's  unique  set  of  the  earliest 
productions  of  the  press  of  Chepman  and 
Myllar,  the  first  Scottish  printers. 

'  The  Book  of  Fair  Women,'  by 
Federigo  Luigino  of  Udine,  has  been 
translated  from  the  Venetian  edition  of 
1554  by  Miss  Elsie  M.  Lang,  and  will  be 
published  by  Mr.  Werner  Laurie. 

'  A  Book  of  English  Sonnets  '  is 
to  be  published  in  a  limited  edition  by 
Mr.  S.  Wellwood.  Recent  and  living 
poets  will  be  represented  as  well  as 
earlier  writers,  and  paper,  type,  and 
binding  have  all  been  selected  with  a 
view  to  producing  a  beautiful  book. 

No  book  published  in  the  United  States 
has  brought  about  such  remarkable 
results  as  Upton  Sinclair's  novel  '  The 
Jungle.'  The  National  Beef  Inspection 
Bill,  which  has  aroused  the  whole  country, 
was  a  direct  result  of  its  disclosures  con- 
cerning the  packing  industry  in  Chicago. 
The  agitation  for  pure  meat  in  '  The 
World's  Work  '  aided  materially  in  the 
movement  too. 

Although  the  late  Sir  Halliday 
Macartney  was  not  a  literary  man  in 
the  sense  of  being  the  author  of  any 
published  work,  his  dispatches,  which 
were  exceedingly  voluminous  and  covered 
a  wide  range  of  subjects,  were  charac- 
terized by  an  incisive  force  that  some- 
times ruffled  the  plumage  of  staid  and 
precise  Foreign  Office  clerks.  It  is 
believed  that  Sir  Halliday  has  left 
abundant  materials  for  a  memoir,  and 
they  should  prove  a  mine  of  information 
about  the  secret  history  of  politics  and 
diplomacy  in  the  Far  East  during  the 
last  half  century. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  of 
Mr.  James  F.  Spriggs,  the  representative 


in  London  of  the  we||-kir»(Wn  publishing 
houses  of  M<  i  Oliphant,  And' 
I  ■  rrier,  'if  Edinburgh,  and  tin-  Fleming 
II.  Revel]  Company,  of  New  fork  and 
Chicago.  Mr.  SpriggH  wan  a  familiar 
figure  in  th<-  advertising  world  of  London 
journalism,  and  a  keen  worker  in  other 
ways,  being  much  interested  in  mission 
work  among  the  poor  children  of  South 
London. 

Mn.  P.  M.  Sii.i.aI'.ij  writes  : — 

•■  In  your  notice  of  *  A   Hook  of  Memory  ' 

(p.   TOO,  .June  (.tlh)  you  claim  foi    it-  compiler 
nudity    in    the  idea  of    a    Birthday   Jl< •« -k 
of  the  I )(  ad  :    but,  if  Only  OB  a  bibltograpl 

let.  it  is  worth  noting  that  in   1886  I  >■ 
Florence  McCarthy's  daughter  compiled  and 
published  through   (Jill   of   Dublin   a   1. 

which  bore  the  title  "  A  Birthday  \'><><>k  of 
the    Dead.'      It    was    BO    successful    that    it 
went   through  a  few  editions,   and   gave 
to    other    imitations    than    tlie    one    uni 
notice." 

The  death,  in  his  eighty-fifth  year,  is 
announced  from  Weimar  of  the  classical 
scholar  Dr.  Otto  Heine. 

Last  week,  after  we  had  gone  to  pre--, 
the  news  came  that  a  distinguished  Ger- 
man philosopher  had  passed  away  at  ( iross- 
lichterfelde,  Berlin — Eduard  von  Hart- 
mann.  He  was  born  at  Berlin  in  1842, 
and  entered  on  a  military  career;  but 
owing  to  ill-health  he  was  obliged  to 
resign  his  commission  in  1865.  From 
that  time  he  devoted  himself  to  philosophy 
and  science,  and  in  1869  published  the 
first  of  a  long  list  of  books,  '  Die  Philo- 
sophic des  Unbewussten.'  which  at  once 
established  his  reputation.  Among  his 
other  works  are  '  Wahrheit  und  Irrtuxn 
im  Darwinismus  '  (1875  ;  second  edition 
1890),  ;  Phiinomenologie  des  sittlichen 
Bewusstseins '  (1878 ;  second  edition 
1886),  '  Die  deutsche  Aesthetik  seit  Kant ' 
(1886),  'Die  Philosophic  des  Schonen ' 
(1887),  and  '  Weltanschauung  der  mo- 
dernen  Physik  '  (1902).  His  select  works 
appeared  in  thirteen  volumes,  1886-1901. 
He  also  published  '  Aphorisms  on  the 
Drama  '  (1870)  and  a  collection  of  dramatic 
poems  (1871).  The  reaction  against  many 
of  Darwin's  theories  has  of  late  years 
re-established 
larity. 

Messrs.  Sotheby's  sale  on  the  30th 
inst.  will  include,  in  forty-one  thick  folio 
volumes,  the  official  correspondence  of 
Charles,  Lord  Whitworth,  consisting  of 
letters,  credentials,  dispatches,  deem 
drafts  of  treaties,  and  other  documents 
addressed  to  him  or  collected  by  him 
during  his  various  diplomatic  missions  at 
Ratisbon  (1701-6),  Moscow  (1704-11), 
Berlin  (1719-22).  Cambray  (1722-4).  Paris 
(1725),  and  elsewhere.  The  correspond- 
ence seems  to  be  for  the  most  part  unpub- 
lished, and  the  thousands  of  paj>ers  should 
prove  of  great  historical  interest.  The 
Russian  section  is  in  eight  volumes,  and 
it  is  probably  upon  this  material  that 
Lord  Whitworth  based  his  *  Account  of 
Russia  as  it  was  in  1710,'  printed  by 
Walpole  at  the  Strawberry  Hill  Press  in 
1758. 

Our  French  friends  are  always  feting 
one  or  another  of  their  great  men.     Last 


Hartmann"s  waning  popu- 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


735 


week  it  was  Corneille  ;  this  week  it  is 
Alexandre  Dumas  fits,  of  whom  a  statue, 
the  work  of  M.  R.  de  Saint  Marceaux, 
was  publicly  inaugurated  on  Tuesday  at 
the  Place  Malesherbes.  The  literary 
supplement  of  the  Figaro  on  Friday  in 
last  week  was  almost  exclusively  occupied 
by  souvenirs  and  articles  concerning  the 
author  of  '  La  Dame  aux  Camelias,'  the 
contributors  including  MM.  Jules  Lemaitre, 
Paul  Bourget,  R.  Poincare,  and  Henri 
d'Almeras. 

The  Academie  Francaise  has  awarded 
the  first  Prix  Gobert,  of  the  value  of 
9,000  francs,  to  General  Bonnal  for  his 
work  in  four  volumes  with  the  general 
title  of  '  L' Esprit  de  la  Guerre  Moderne,' 
and  with  the  sub-titles  '  De  Rosbach  a 
Ulm,'  '  La  Manoeuvre  d'Jena,'  '  La  Ma- 
noeuvre de  Landshut,'  and  '  La  Manoeuvre 
de  Vilna.'  This  prize  is  given  for  "  le 
morceau  le  plus  eloquent  d'histoire  de 
France."  The  award  of  the  second  prize 
of  the  same  foundation,  of  the  value  of 
1,000  francs,  will  be  declared  at  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Academie. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
a  Report  of  the  Historical  MSS.  Commis- 
sion on  the  Franciscan  Manuscripts  pre- 
served at  the  Convent,  Merchants'  Quay, 
Dublin  (Is.  id.)  ;  Annual  Report  of  the 
Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records 
(Id.),  which  notes  the  progress  made  in 
researches  at  the  Vatican  ;  Report  on 
Quaker  Charities,  County  of  Lancaster 
(9d.) — these  have  not  been  previously 
described  in  any  published  Report  ;  Regu- 
lations for  Secondary  Schools  (2d.)  ; 
Regulations  providing  for  Special  Grants 
in  aid  of  certain  Local  Education  Autho- 
rities in  England  and  Wales  (\d.)  ; 
Report  on  Reformatory  and  Industrial 
Schools  of  Great  Britain  (Is.  9d.) ;  Reports 
relating  to  Continuation  Classes  and 
Central  Institutions,  Scotland  (S\d.)  ; 
Annual  Report  by  the  Accountant  for 
Scotland  to  the  Scotch  Education  Depart- 
ment (6d.)  ;  Report  of  the  Intermediate 
Education  Board  for  Ireland  (3d.)  ;  Ac- 
counts of  the  Intermediate  Education 
Board  for  Ireland  (Id.)  ;  and  Annual 
Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Educa- 
tion in  Ireland  for  1905  (5hd.). 

SCIENCE 


ETHNOLOGY. 

The  Euahlayi  Tribe  :  a  Study  of  Aboriginal 
Life  in  Australia.  By  K.  Langloh  Parker. 
With  an  Introduction  by  Andrew  Lang. 
(Constable  &  Co.) — Mrs.  Langloh  Parker, 
who  lias  already  published  two  volumes  of 
tales  of  the  same  tribe,  presents  here  the 
result  of  twenty  years  observation  of  a 
single  tribe  residing  near  the  Narran  river, 
at  the  northern  frontier  of  New  South  Wales. 
about  a  hundred  miles  from  Brewarrina,  and 
possessing  much  in  common  with  the 
Kamilaroi,  who  are  to  the  south-east  of  tin  in. 
and  have  been  much  studied  since  the  Rev. 
W.  Bidley,  fifty  years  ago,  reported  <m  their 
classificatory  systems.  Though  the  Kuahlayi 
have  the  same  system  as  the  Kamilaroi,  and 
the  languages  of  both  are  nearly  allied,  in 
Bomeother  respects  theideas  and  usagesof  the 
former  resemble  those  of  the  Arunta.  further 


west,  which  have  been  recently  investigated 
with  such  excellent  effect  by  Messrs.  Spencer 
and  Gillen.  Mrs.  Parker's  book  is  first-hand 
evidence  of  the  best  kind. 

She  reports  the  belief  of  the  tribe  in  a 
supernatural,  though  anthropomorphic  being 
named  Byamee  (corresponding  to  the  Baiame 
of  the  Kamilaroi),  or  "  the  great  one,"  but 
known  to  their  women  and  the  uninitiated 
as  "  Boyjerh,"  or  "father."  She  was  first 
told  of  him  in  whispers,  by  a  very  old  native 
"  Bald  Head,"  said  to  have  been  already 
grey-haired  when  Sir  Thomas  Mitchell  dis- 
covered the  Narran  in  1846.  It  does  not 
appear  whether  this  is  the  same  person  with 
"Paddy,  a  man  already  grey  in  1845,"  "who 
had  no  English  but  a  curse,"  and  who  was 
communicated  with  through  two  native 
women  as  interpreters.  However  that  may 
be,  if  he  was  instructed  as  to  Byamee  at  his 
initiation,  as  he  said,  it  must  have  been 
long  before  any  missionary  influence  could 
have  introduced  the  belief  in  an  "  all  father." 
Kindliness  towards  the  old  and  sick  is 
strictly  inculcated  as  a  command  of  Byamee, 
to  whom  all  breaches  of  his  laws  are  reported 
by  the  all-seeing  spirit  at  a  man's  death, 
and  he  is  judged  accordingly  ;  indeed,  the 
care  of  the  natives  for  the  aged  seems  to 
have  been  remarked  by  Sir  T.  Mitchell. 
This  and  other  ethical  teachings  are  given 
to  the  boys  at  their  initiation  ceremonies  ; 
though,  no  doubt,  the  main  object  of  those 
ceremonies  is  to  harden  them  and  teach 
them  endurance.  Even  the  babies  are  early 
taught  lessons  of  generosity  and  kindness. 
When  a  baby  offers  anything  to  the  person 
nursing  it,  the  gift  is  accepted  and  a  charm 
sung  to  inculcate  generosity  : — 

Give  to  me,  baby  ; 
Give  to  her,  baby  ; 
Give  to  him,  baby  ; 
Give  to  one,  baby  ; 
Give  to  all,  baby. 

As  soon  as  a  baby  begins  to  crawl,  the  mother 
croons  to  it  : — 

Kind  be, 

T)o  not  steal, 

Do  not  touch  what  to  another  belongs, 

Leave  all  such  alone 

Kind  be. 

This  evidence  is  strongly  in  favour  of  the 
views  taken  by  Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  who  has 
contributed  an  excellent  Introduction  to 
the  volume.  He  points  out  the  great  ad- 
vantage that  Mrs.  Parker  has  had  over  the 
most  scientific  of  male  observers  in  her 
intimate  familiarity  with  the  women  and 
children  of  the  tribe.  He  says  truly  that 
the  Euahlayi  are  a  sympathetic  peopie,  and 
in  her  have  found  a  sympathetic  chronicler. 
He  proceeds  to  a  criticism  of  the  views  of  Dr. 
J.  G.  Frazer  as  to  the  development  of  certain 
ideas  and  practices  among  the  Australian 
tribes,  and  the  order  of  their  succession — a 
question  of  the  greatest  difficulty,  partly 
from  the  defects  of  evidence  ;  partly  front 
the  impossibility  of  determining  what  is  a 
real  advance,  and  which  of  the  ideas  and 
practices  in  question  was  in  fact  the  primitive 
one  ;  and  partly  from  the  presence  in  a  tribe 
like  the  Euahlayi,  as  compared  with  other 
tribes,  of  some  elements  that  appear  to  be 
in  advance  with  others  that  appear  to  be 
in  arrear.  Mrs.  Parker's  book  is  full  of 
material  for  discussion  on  all  these  abstruse 
points. 

She  has  also  some  good  stories  to  tell. 
Bootha.  an  old  witohwoman,  had  a  great 
reputation  for  wonderful  cures,  and  it  seems 
she  deserved  it.  A  man  named  Matah  was 
lame  from  a  pain  in  his  knee.  Bootha  sang 
a  song  to  her  spirits,  and  said,  "  Too  muchee 
water  there  ;  you  steam  him.  put  him  on 
hot  rag;  you  drink  plenty  cold  water,  all 
lite,  dat  go."  As  it  happened,  a  medical 
man  was  passing  a  few  days  afterwards, 
with  an  insurance  agent,  and  Matah  con- 
sulted him.      "  H'm  :    yes,  yes.      Hot  fomen- 


tations to  the  place  affected,  poultices,  a 
cooling  draught.  There  's  a  stoppage  of  fluid 
at  the  knee-joint,  which  must  be  dispersed." 
As  Mrs.  Parker  says,  Bootha  ought  to  have- 
been  called  in  consultation.  Riddles  play 
a  great  part  in  the  social  life  of  the  tribe,  and 
he  who  knows  many  is  much  sought  after- 
One  specimen  will  suffice  :  "  The  strongest 
man  cannot  stand  against  me.  I  can  knock 
him  down,  yet  I  do  not  hurt  him.  He  feels 
better  for  my  having  knocked  him  down. 
What  am  I  ?  "     Answer,  sleep. 

The  book  is  illustrated  by  six  sketches,. 
drawn  by  a  Euahlayi  artist,  representing  a 
native  carrying  a  message  stick  ;  two  natives 
ready  for  a  corroboree  ;  the  funeral  of  a 
native,  who  is  carried  in  a  coffin  of  bark, 
slung  on  the  shoulders  of  two  men,  while- 
women  and  cliildren  are  wailing  ;  a  native 
singing  to  his  own  accompaniment,  lying 
on  his  back,  the  musical  instrument  being 
two  boomerangs,  clicked  together  ;  a  native 
grinding  grass  seed  ;  and  a  native  with 
shield  and  waddy  in  front  of  his  camp. 

Mrs.  Parker  says,  with  much  truth  and 
humour  : — 

"I  dare  say  little  with  an  air  of  finality  about 
black  people  ;  I  have  lived  too  much  with  them 
for  that.  To  be  positive,  you  should  never  spent! 
more  than  six  months  in  their  neighbourhood  ;  in 
fact,  if  you  want  to  keep  your  anthropological 
ideas  quite  firm,  it  is  safer  to  let  the  blacks  remain 
in  inland  Australia  while  you  stay  a  few  thousand 
miles  away." 

She  urges  upon  missionaries  some  degree  of 
respect  for  the  religion  into  which  the  black 
is  born,  and  by  which  he  lives,  in  much 
closer  obedience  to  its  laws  than  we  pay  to 
those  of  our  religion.  Elimination  of  some 
savageiies  would  leave  enough  good  to  form 
a  workable  religion  understood  by  the 
natives. 

Every  page  of  Mrs.  Parker's  book  indicates- 
her  kindly  and  genial  nature — even  the 
description  of  her  house-girls  as  the  "  black- 
but-comelies  " — and  it  is  not  only  readable 
and  interesting,  but  also  a  substantial  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  of  the  Australian) 
aborigines. 

Twenty-Third  Annual  Be  port  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  1901-2.  J.  W. 
Powell,  Director.  (Washington,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office.) — Though  the  name 
of  the  late  Major  Powell  appears  on  the 
title-page  of  this  Report,  the  letter  of  trans- 
mittal, dated  Februarv  23rd,  1904,  is  signed 
by  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes  as  "  chief."  The 
Report  itself  was  transmitted  by  the  acting 
director  on  July  1st,  1902.  It  contains  the 
usual  full  statement  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  Bureau  has  administered  the  10,000?. 
appropriated  to  it  by  Congress  for  continu- 
ing ethnological  researches  among  the 
American  Indians  under  the  direction  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Special  atten- 
tion was  given  during  the  year  to  physical 
ethnology  and  aboriginal  economics. 

It  appears  to  have  been  intended  (set 
Twentieth  Report,  p.  ccvi)  to  issue  the 
memoir  by  Dr.  F.  Russell  on  the  Pima 
Indians  of  Arizona  as  an  accompanying 
paper  to  this  Report,  forming  Part  1.  His 
investigation  covered  aboriginal  industries.. 
local  types  of  habitation,  food  sources,  &c. 
A  special  memoir  <>n  technology  will  pro- 
bably appeal-  in  bulletin  form,  and  a  general 
monograph  on  the  social  organization, 
mythology,  and  n-st  hctology  of  the  Pima 
Indians  and  on  the  antiquities  of  their 
habitat  in  a  future  Report. 

Mrs.    Stevenson's    memoir    on    the    Zuni; 

Indians,    their    mythology,    esoteric    frater- 
nities,   and    ceremonies,    is    accordingly    th< 

only  accompanying  paper  to  this   Report, 

which     appears     in     one     volume.      It     is     ii 

treatise  of  634  pages,  royal  8vo,  illustrated 


7:;r, 


'I'll  E    A 'I1  II  EN.SU  M 


N    HO  I,  .Iim.  16,  L906 


by  139  plates  (man  j  in  colours)  and  .'it  wood 
outs  in  the  text.     We  have  alreadj   referred 
in    '/'A.    Atl,.  n<>  urn  1688)  to 

the  1 1 i ?_r 1 1  oompetem I  tins  ladj  on  the  work 

■he  has  undertaken.     Bhe  accompanied  her 

late  husband,  Col.  Jami  -  Btevenson,  in  ln- 

its  t  n  New  Mexico  on  behalf  oi  the  Bun  su, 

■which     gained     thereby     several     valuable 

}  tapers  m  its  Reports.  After  his  death 
rom  mountain  fever  in  1888,  in  bis  huts 
eighth  year,  she  Bpenl  a  Long  time  in  intimate 
ociation  with  the  Indian  tribes,  sharing 
their  daily  life  and  habits,  she  was  thus 
enabled  to  acquire  information  which 
<'oiil(l  only  be  obtained  by  a  woman  Living 
in  friendly  sympathy  with  their  women. 
The  late  Mr.  I".  H.  Cushing  also  spent  much 
time  among  the  Zuni  people,  and  related 
his  experienoes  not  only  in  the  Reports  <>t' 
the  Bureau,  hut  also  in  more  popular  tonus. 
Mrs.  Stevenson's  paper,  elaborate  as  it  is, 
claims  to  be,  not  a  monograph  on  the  whole 

subject,  but  only  a  true  record  of  the  beliefs 
and  practices  of  the  tribe.  Her  wish  is  to 
"  aid  the  Government  to  a  better  under- 
standing of  the  North  American  Indians.'' 

In  their  arid  land  rain  is  the  prime  object 
of  prayer.  A  Zuni  must  be  truthful  ("  speak 
with  one  tongue  ")  in  order  to  have  his 
prayers  accepted  by  the  gods.  He  must  be 
gentle  and  kind,  for  the  gods  care  not  for 
those  whose  lips  speak  with  harshness.  No 
rain  means  starvation  ;  hence  their  quest 
for  happiness  is  a  quest  for  physical  nourish- 
ment and  enjoyment.  The  morning  prayer 
is  uttered  out  of  doors,  looking  toward  the 
rising  sun.  The  rain  priesthood  consists  of 
fourteen  men  who  do  no  secular  work,  having 
as  their  special  duty  to  fast  and  pray  for 
rain  ;  of  the  elder  and  younger  Bow  priests, 
who  represent  the  gods  of  war  ;  and  of  the 
priestess  of  fecundity.  These  symbolize 
superhuman  beings,  who  in  the  beginning 
existed  below,  while  the  supreme  life-giving 
power,  referred  to  as  He-She,  with  the  sun 
father  and  moon  mother,  existed  above. 
These,  and  a  number  of  inferior  deities,  are 
represented  in  the  ceremonies  by  men  wear- 
ing masks.  Besides  the  Bow  priests,  there 
are  many  other  esoteric  fraternities, 
established  to  initiate  people  into  the 
mysteries  of  medicine,  the  art  of  sword- 
swallowing,  the  practice  of  fire-eating,  and 
the  like. 

In  her  zeal  for  scientific  investigation  of 
these  matters,  and  generally  of  the  beliefs 
and  practices  of  the  Zuni,  Mrs.  Stevenson 
seems  to  have  frequently  shown  a  disregard 
of  their  prejudices  which  does  great  credit 
to  her  courage,  and  adds  to  our  admiration 
of  her  success.  In  1896  she  visited  un- 
announced the  gambling  den  of  Zuni,  a 
dimly  lighted  room,  reached  by  a  ladder 
through  a  hatchway,  covered  with  a  straw 
mat  to  keep  out  intruders,  frequented  by 
the  more  profligate  characters  of  the  tribe. 
The  eight  or  ten  men  present  appealed  to 
be  much  annoyed  ;  but  when  they  were 
informed  that  she  had  come  to  observe  the 
game,  and  not  to  denounce  them  for  their 
profligacy,  a  sigh  of  relief  escaped  them. 
The  tact  she  displayed  in  saving,  against 
tremendous  odds,  the  lives  of  those  con- 
demned to  death  for  w  itchcraft,  forms  a  very 
interesting  story.  Her  inference  from  it  is 
that 

"  primitive  man  must  be  approached  according  to 
his  understanding;    thus  the  prime  requisite  for 

improving  the  conditions  of  the  Indian  is  fami- 
liarity with  Indian  thought  and  customs.  Those 
possessing    superior  intelligence    and  a   love    for 

humanity,  and  only  such,  may  lead  our  Indians 
from  darkness  into  light.      The   Indian  will   never 

be  driven." 

In  October,  1884,  Mrs.  Stevenson  "hap- 
pened to  be  passing  the  ceremonial  chamber  " 
■of  a  fraternit  \  , 


■  and  u  .i  attracted  l>\  a  half -oirolo  of  white  meal 
before  the  ground  entranoc  to  the  chamber.  Bhe 
immediately  itepped  to  H"  door,  and  although 
man]  Indian  |>rot<  ted  against  hei  entering 
pa  •  ■  1  through  tb<  doorway  before  their  criea  and 
t  bi  eat    oould  !><•  heaid  in 

The  members  looked  up  from  their  repast 

with    surprise,    but    made    her    Welcome,    and 

invited  her  to  be  seated  and  to  join  in  the 

local.     They    for   the   moment    forgot    that 

their    sacred     fetish,    a    large    Btonfl    animal, 
was  exposed   to   the  eye  of  the   visitor  ;     and 

as  she  was  judicious  enough  to  appear  on 
conscious  of  its  existence,  they  hastened  to 
cover  it   with  blankets.     Afterwards,   when 
the  officers  of  the  fraternity  became  better 
acquainted  with  her,  they  did  not  attempt 

to  conceal  it   from  her  view-. 

M  rs.  Stevenson's  dwelling  was  in  the  upper 

story   of  the  ceremonial    house  of  the  BWOrd- 

Bwallowers,  but  she  had  great  difficulty  in 
getting  photographs  and  in  entering  the 
ceremonial  chamber.  When  her  persever- 
ance and  t  he  help  of  a  friendly  native  woman 
had  overcome  these  difficulties,  the  wrath 
and  distress  of  the  old  man  in  charge  of  the 
house  knew  no  bounds,  and  he  declared  that 
the  photographer  would  bring  calamity  not 
only  on  herself,  but  also  on  all  the  house-hold. 
Another  instance  in  which  she  overcame  a 
difficulty  relates  to  a  more  delicate  matter  ; 
but  as  she  tells  the  story  herself,  there  can 
be  no  harm  in  repeating  it.  In  the  cere- 
monies of  the  Shumaakwe,  two  men  and  a 
boy  personate  the  Saiapa,  who 
"  lived  in  this  world  before  any  kind  of  raiment 
was  known,  and  therefore  never  had  any  :  and  it 
was  the  strict  injunction  of  those  gods  that  all 
apparel  he  dispensed  with  hy  their  personators." 
Their  only  dress,  therefore,  was  a  coat  of 
white  paint  ;  but  at  the  request  of  Mrs. 
Stevenson,  after  a  discussion  continuing  over 
an  hour,  it  was  decided  that  a  breechcloth 
should  be  added. 

In  addition  to  the  detailed  description  of 
all  the  ceremonies  connected  with  the  various 
forms  of  worship,  the  events  of  the  calendar, 
the  initiation  into  the  fraternities,  and  the 
medical  practice  of  the  people,  the  author 
discusses  their  history,  social  customs, 
games,  arts,  and  industries.  She  records 
that  Mr.  Stevenson,  in  his  first  visit  in  1879, 
"  inaugurated  many  changes  for  the  better. 
Window  panes,  candles,  lamps,  and  silver- 
smiths' implements  were  introduced,  and 
larger  doors  were  made."  Since  then  the 
Zunis  have  made  great  progress  in  learning 
English,  but  the  contact  thus  induced  with 
some  phases  of  civilization  has  had  a  bad 
result  on  their  morals. 

Mrs.  Stevenson  is  to  be  thanked  for  an 
instructive  and  fascinating  work,  contain- 
ing ample  material  for  the  study  of  the  reli- 
gious ideas  of  primitive  people.  The  Bureau 
is  also  to  be  thanked  for  the  liberality  with 
which  it  has  illustrated  Mrs.  Stevenson's 
pa)  an-,  and  for  the  good  index  of  l2(i  pages. 
We  have  come  across  only  one  perplexity  : 
in  several  places  a  foot-note  refers  us  to 
p.  410  for  the  description  of  the  "  mili,"  or 
ear  of  corn  covered  with  plumes.  When  we 
turn  to  p.  410,  a  foot-note  again  refers  us  to 
410,  which  cannot  be  right.  Probably  418 
is  meant,  where-  a  beautiful  coloured  drawing 
of  the  object  is  to  be  found. 


RESEARCH  NOTES. 
The  current  number  of  The  Philosophical 
Magazine  contains  an  article  by  Prof.  J.  J. 
Thomson  in  which  he  gives  an  answer  to  the 
problem  of  the  number  of  corpuscles  within 
the  atom,  stated,  but  not  solved,  by  him  in 
his  recent  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution. 
Working  on  the  lines  there  indicated,  lie 
claims  to  have  ascertained  that  the  number 


"l       n.ti.i     atomic     corpus'!*-*     or     negat 

el.i   trOTJ  !1UC 

weight  oi  any  element,  so  that  the  hylrogen 

atom  would  Contain  only  oi,.  ■  helium 

tour,  and  SO  on.     M.  <  •  ion, 

P(       mentioned      m      th 

1066  -  -      that  the    .  • 

hydrogen  c  i    one   j  .  r i<  1  one 

ative    electron,    although  unnoticed    bj 
Prof.     Thomson,     is     th<  .itly 

Bed.     Whether  the  Genevan  profeai 

further  conclusion  that   the  t  Ton 

i-   the  smaller  i-  a-    well  founded  remain     I 

i  en  :    but  it  i-  evident  that  jf  this  is  the 
much    of     the   speculation    as    to   the 
revolution   of  the   corpuscles    falls    to    the 
ground.      On  the  other  hand,  tl  •  a  of 

Prof.    Thomson's    latest    announcen 
the  floating-magnet  analogy  of  which  1  ■ 

BO    loud     is    not     immediately    apparent. 

simple  a  constitution  for  the  hyd  isom 

does  not  seem  to  lend  itself  to  any  fanciful 

ipingS,    and    there    is    an    awkward    gap 
hctv. een   hydrogen,   with  an  atomic  weight 
of  1,  and  lithium,  with  an  atomic  w 
more   than    7,    only    bridged    by    helium 
Yet  much  of  this  difficulty  would  be  . 
if    hydrogen    were    considered     as    .M.    de 
Forcrand  would  have  it-   as  bival 

Dr.  O.  Hahn  in  the  BerichU  annom. 
new  product  of  actinium,  far  more  radio- 
active than  its  parent,  which  he  pre 
call,  by  analogy  with  the  radio-thorium 
announced  by  Sir  William  Ramsay,  radio- 
actinium.  He  tells  us  that  it  occupies  a 
place  intermediate  between  actinium  proper 
and  actinium  X,  the  last  giviiiLT  birth  to 
an  emanation  like  that  of  radium.  Perhaps 
a  like  discovery  will  be  made  some  day 
with  regard  to  uranium,  which  at  present 
seems  to  undergo  far  fewer  changes  than 
the  other  radio-active  elements  thorium, 
radium,  and  actinium. 

The  supposed  correspondence  of  magnetic 
storms  with  sun-spot  periods  has  been  again 
carefully  investigated  by  Mr.  Walter  Maunder, 
who  gives  a  curve  taken  from  observations 
extending  over  twenty-two  years.  He  thinks 
this  entitles  him  to  pronounce  dogmatically 
that  the  origin  of  magnetic  storms  is  in  the 
sun,  and  not  elsewhere  :  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful whether  all  physicists  will  be  equally 
ready  to  accept  this  dictum.  Besides  1': 
Schuster's  contention  that  the  storms  in 
question  are  really  derived  from  the  rotation 
of  the  earth,  and  only  indirectly  from  the 
sun,  there  is  no  plausible  suggestion  yet  as 
to  how  the  energy  developed  during  the 
sun-spot  period  can  affect  the  earth's 
magnetism.  Dr.  Olivier,  in  commenting  upon 
Mr.  Maunder's  remarks,  prudently  prefers 
to  them  the  more  cautious  statements  of 
M.  A.  L.  Cortie,  who  asserts  that  magnetic 
storms  and  sun-spots  do  not  depend  directly 
upon  each  other,  but  form  two  groups  of 
phenomena  resulting  from  a  common  cause 
not  yet  discovered. 

Not    unconnected    with    this,    perhaps,    are 

the  phenomena  lately  noted  by  M.  Bernhard 
Brushes  and  his  assistant  M.  Baldit  at  the 

Puy  de  Dome  Observatory.  It  has  1. 
been  known  that  the  leak  of  negative  elec- 
tricity from,  for  instance,  a  charged  electro- 
scope increases  rapidly  with  the  elevation 
above  sea  -level.  This  they  found  to  be  con- 
firmed by  very  careful  observations  taken  by 
them  with  instruments  made  on  the  model  of 
those  of  Barren  Elsterand  Oeitel.and  carried 
out  at  six  different  stations.  It  also 
became  evident  that  this  increase  of  leak 
was  due  to  the  direct  rays  oi  the  sun. 
inasmuch  as  it  fell  off  rapidly  directly  the 
sun  was  obscured  by  cloud  or  fog.  But  they 
were  astonished  to  lind  that  this  was  observ- 
able with  a  negative  charge  only,  and  was  not 
the  ease  hi  aneleotrosoope  charged  positively, 
the   leak   in   which   became   rapidly   less   as 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


737 


greater  heights  were  reached.  More  aston- 
ishing still,  M.  Baldit  found,  on  one  occasion 
at  least,  that  an  uncharged  electroscope, 
when  exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun, 
acquired  a  positive  charge  at  the  rate  of 
something  like  144  volts  within  an  hour. 
Is  there,  then,  an  actual  emission  of  positive 
ions  or  electrons  from  the  sun  which  has  a 
difficulty  in  reaching  the  lower  and  more 
polluted  regions  of  our  atmosphere  ?  Further 
observations  on  the  subject  are  greatly 
wanted,-  and  might  clear  up  many  now 
disputed  points.  M.  Brunhes's  paper  on  the 
subject  will  be  found  in  the  Revue  Scientifique 
ofjMarch  17th  and  24th. 

Messrs.  Burton  and  Phillips  have  a  paper 
in"~the  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society's 
Proceedings  which  goes  far  to  explain  the 
■curious  behaviour  of  a  colloidal  solution  of 
iron  in  a  magnetic  field.  In  the  result, 
they  suggest  either  that  the  magnetic  pro- 
perties of  iron  in  such  conditions  differ  from 
those  of  the  same  metal  in  any  other  state, 
or  that  each  particle  of  colloidal  iron  con- 
sists of  a  core  of  pure  iron  surrounded 
by  [a  layer  of  hydroxide.  In  view  of  the 
extremely  small  size  of  the  particles,  the 
first  hypothesis  is,  perhaps,  the  more  likely. 
But  in  any  event  MM.  Cotton  and  Mouton's 
experiment  exhibited  at  the  Societe  Francaise 
de  Physique  (see  Athenceum,  No.  4097)  has 
now  a  chance  of  interpretation. 

Some  very  interesting  experiments  on  the 
supposed  inertness  of  argon  and  helium, 
by  Dr.  Ternent  Cooke,  were  detailed  in  a 
late  number  of  the  Royal  Society's  Proceed- 
ings. Although  these  rare  gases  have 
hitherto  resisted  any  attempt  to  force  them 
to  combine  with  other  elements  at  ordinary 
temperatures,  Dr.  Cooke  found  that  the  case 
was  different  when  they  were  raised  to  a 
temperature  of  from  1200°  to  1300°  C.  He 
shows  that  in  these  circumstances  argon 
■will  form  an  unstable  compound  with  zinc, 
and  that  helium  displays  a  similar  affinity 
with  cadmium.  Sir  William  Ramsay,  in  a 
note  to  the  paper,  apparently  approves  the 
result,  and  points  out  the  likeness  between 
this  and  the  phenomenon  of  "splashing" 
observable  when  platinum,  magnesium,  or 
aluminium  electrodes  are  used  for  argon 
tubes.  If  Dr.  Cooke's  conclusions  be  main- 
tained, the  supposed  anomaly  of  elements 
with  no  chemical  affinity  will  disappear, 
and  the  arguments  drawn  from  the  imagined 
non-valency  of  argon  and  helium  will  fall 
to  the  ground. 

In  The  Electrician  Mr.  G.  A.  Vosmaer 
details  some  experiments  made  by  him  with 
a  powerful  ozonizer,  which  go  to  show  that 
ozone  does  not,  as  some  German  physicists 
have  contended,  ionize  the  gases  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. His  conclusions  are  that  ozonized 
air  is  a  worse  conductor  than  air  in  its 
ordinary  state,  and  that  it  will  disci  large 
neither  a  positively  nor  a  negatively  charged 
electroscope. 

Some  curious  statements  on  the  repro- 
duction of  eels  are  made  by  M.  Ch.  Perez 
in  the  Revue  Scientifique.  He  says  it  is 
known  that  eels  do  not  breed  in  fresh  waters, 
but  he  quotes  from  Prof.  Grassi,  of  Rome, 
the  discovery  that  the  case  is  different. 
in  the  deep  sea,  where  both  eels  and 
mongers  give  birth  to  larvae  which  he 
•calls  Leptocephali,  and  which  are  lance- 
shaped,  flat,  and  entirely  transparent. 
These  Leptocephali  are,  he.  says,  never 
found  in  the  North  Sea  or  the  Baltic, 
but  are  abundant  in  the  Atlantic;  and  off 
the  south-west  of  Ireland.  This,  which 
looks  as  if  the  <  el  required  warm  water  to 
reaeli  full  growth,  leads,  on  the  same 
authority,  to  a  periodical  exodus  for  COX1 
jugal  purposes  on  the  part  of  all  the  eels 
trom  the  rivers  of  Sweden,  Russia,  and  North 
Germany,  an  exodus  which  passes  our  coasts. 


The  Danish  Government  has  lately  tried 
to  arrest  it  by  sinking  electric  lights  in 
the  Sound,  the  horror  of  eels  for  light  being 
well  known.  Whether  the  project  is  suc- 
cessful or  not  is  doubtful,  but  even  if  it 
be,  any  check  upon  the  multiplication  of  a 
food  staple  seems  unwise.  F.   L. 


SOCIETIES. 


Astronomical. — June  8. — Mr.  Maw,  President, 
in  the  chair. — Mr.  Cowell,  in  reply  to  the  criticisms 
by  Mr.  Nevill  and  Prof.  Newcomb  on  his  paper  on 
the  secular  acceleration,  examined  the  circum- 
stances of  the  ancient  solar  eclipses  which  on  the 
whole  appeared  to  support  his  theory,  which  was 
also  in  accordance  with  the  lunar  eclipses  recorded 
by  Ptolemy. — The  Astronomer  Royal  read  a  paper 
on  the  errors  in  the  tabular  places  of  Jupiter  as 
derived  from  measures  of  photographs  and  from 
transit-circle  observations. — Mr.  Newall  read  a 
paper  on  polarization  phenomena  in  the  solar 
corona,  giving  the  results  of  some  of  his  observa- 
tions during  recent  eclipses. — The  Astronomer 
Royal  showed  a  series  of  photographs  of  the 
eclipse  of  August  30th,  1905,  taken  at  Sfax, 
Tunisia.  —  Prof.  Turner  gave  some  results  of 
polariscopic  observations  during  recent  eclipses, 
dealing  with  the  constitution  of  the  corona  and 
the  polarization  of  its  light. — Father  Cortie  con- 
sidered that  in  connexion  with  the  probable  course 
of  the  corona  the  effect  of  explosions  on  the  solar 
surface  should  be  taken  into  account,  and  not  only 
the  phenomena  of  light  pressure. — Mr.  W.  B. 
Blaikie  exhibited  and  explained  an  instrument 
consisting  of  two  superposed  stereographic  pro- 
jections of  the  sphere,  for  the  solution  of  various 
problems  in  spherical  trigonometry. 


Linnean. — June  7. — Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  Rev.  J.  Lamont  was 
admitted  a  Fellow. — Dr.  R.  Brown,  Mr.  H.  R. 
Knipe,  Mr.  H.  J.  Waddington,  and  Miss  E.  J. 
Welsford  were  elected  Fellows. — The  President 
announced  that  he  had  nominated  the  following 
as  Vice-Presidents  for  the  ensuing  year  :  Canon 
Fowler,  Mr.  Horace  W.  Monckton,  Lieut. -Col. 
Prain,  and  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward. — The  General 
Secretary  exhibited  a  small  oil  painting  on  panel 
of  Linnseus,  after  Pasch  (sight  measure  9]  by  7*  in. ), 
the  property  of  Mr.  Blackwell,  which  he  had 
acquired  as  a  portrait  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau 
(theLinnsea  having  been  taken  for  pimpernel).  He 
had  detected  the  error  by  the  close  correspondence 
of  a  print  engraved  by  C.  E.  Wagstaff,  and  pub- 
lished by  Charles  Knight  for  tlic  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge. — Mr.  Carruthers, 
Mr.  Hopkinson,  Dr.  0.  H.  Fowler,  the  Rev. 
T.  R.  R.  Stehhing,  Canon  Smith,  and  Mr.  H. 
Groves  took  part  in  the  discussion  which  followed. 
— The  President  exhibited  tubes  showing  stages  in 
the  metamorphosis  of  a  young  flat-fish  (Pleuronectes 
platessa),  the  plaice,  leading  from  the  symmetrical 
larva  to  the  asymmetrical  young  flat-fish.  These 
fish  were  hatched  and  reared  in  the  Port  Erin 
Biological  Station.-  The  first  paper  was  lw  Mr. 
H.  H.  Haines,  '  On  Two  New  Species  of  Populus 
from  Darjeeling,'  which,  in  the  absence  of  the 
author,  was  read  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  and  illus- 
trated by  a  series  of  photographs.  —  Prof.  A. 
Dendy  and  Mr.  Carruthers  discussed  some  of  the 
points  raised.  -Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler  presented  two 
further  reports  dealing  with  Biscayan  Plankton 
collected  during  a  cruise  of  EI. M.S.  Research  in 
1900.  The  first,  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Hoyle,  treated  of  the 
Cephalopoda,  a  group  of  Mollusoa  generally  repre- 
sented in  ordinary  tine  tow-nets  by  young  speci- 
mens only.  The  second  paper,  by  Mr.  E.  T. 
Browne,  dealt  with  the  Medusa'. — The  last  paper 
read    was    by    Dr.    Maxwell    T.    Masters,    'On    the 

( !ouifers  of  ( Ihina.' 


Zoological.  May  '29.  Mr.  K.  Gillett,  V.l'.. 
in  the  Chair.— Mr.  R.  H.  Burne  exhibited,  on 
behalf  of  Prof.  Stewart,  some  dissections  prepared 
for  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
irom  material  derived  from  the  Society's  gardens, 
including  the  head  ol  a  Ui  «  i  (Apteryx  manlelli), 
the  head  of  a  crowned  crane  (Batearica  regulorum), 
preparations  <>f  the  oheek-pouohes  of  a  spotted 
oavy  [Cadogeny*  papa),  and  the  Btomaob  oi  a  fetal 


giraffe. — Mr.  R.  E.  Holding  exhibited,  and  made 
remarks  upon,  the  skull  and  horns  of  a  male  so- 
called  "wild"  Irish  goat;  also  the  skull  of  a 
domestic  cat  in  which  the  posterior  border  of  the 
orbit  was  complete. — Dr.  L.  W.  Sambon  exhibited 
a  series  of  diagrams  illustrating  the  transmission 
of  diseases  by  insects  and  ticks. — Prof.  R.  T.  Jack- 
son exhibited  a  photograph  of  the  Champley  col- 
lection of  eggs  of  the  great  auk,  and  a  long  focus- 
lens  for  museum  work  and  dissections.  —  The 
Secretary  exhibited  the  skull  of  a  wild  boar  that 
had  lately  been  dug  up  during  building  operations 
in  James  Street,  Oxford  Street,  W. — Mr.  Harold 
Schwann  read  a  paper,  prepared  by  Mr.  Oldfield 
Thomas  and  himself,  on  mammals  collected  by  Mr. 
C.H.  B.  Grant  in  the  Zoutpansberg  district  of  the 
Transvaal,  and  presented  to  the  National  Museum 
by  Mr.  C.  D.  Rudd.  The  collection  consisted  of 
about  2.50  specimen.*,  belonging  to  51  species  and 
subspecies,  of  which  several  were  described  as  new. 
In  addition,  the  old  genus  Macroscelides  was 
broken  up  into  three,  the  new  name  Elephantulus 
being  given  to  the  group  of  which  M.  rupestris  was 
the  type,  and  Nasilio  to  that  typified  by  M.  brachy- 
rhynchus.  —  Mr.  F.  E.  Beddard  read  a  paper 
entitled  '  On  the  Vascular  System  of  Heloderma, 
with  Notes  on  that  of  the  Monitors  and  Crocodiles,' 
and  one  containing  a  description  of  the  external 
characters  of  an  unborn  foetus  of  a  giraffe. — Dr.  A. 
Smith  Woodward  communicated  a  paper  by  Dr. 
R.  Broom  on  the  South  African  Diaptosaurian 
reptile  Howesia. 


Philological. — June  1. — Rev.  Prof.  Skeat, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  R.  W.  Chambers  and 
Mr.  J.  H.  G.  Grattan  were  elected  Members. — 
Prof.  A.  S.  Napier  laid  on  the  table  his  printed 
'  Contributions  to  Old  English  Lexicography,'  a  list 
of  between  seven  and  eight  hundred  words  and 
compounds  not  included  in  prior  Anglo  -  Saxon 
lexicons,  or  given  in  them  without  quotations.  This 
list  included  the  words  dealt  with  by  Prof.  Napier 
in  his  papers  of  1904  and  190"),  and  he  promised  to 
see  whether  he  could  add  to  his  list  the  words 
found  by  other  editors  in  their  published  glossaries, 
&c,  so  that  the  whole  might  form  a  complete  sup- 
plement to  the  Bosworth-Toller  Dictionary.  The 
words  he  treated  in  his  present  paper  were  agena, 
awns;  anetnys,  solitude;  dtirnplian,  to  provide 
with  spikes  (a  verb  which  throws  light  on  the  sb. 
timple  in  a  list  of  weaving  instruments  in  the 
'Gerefa');  bisen,  blind  (derivation  not  known); 
byecan,  adj.,  of  a  goat,  goat's  ( L.  buccinus,  from 
buccus,  a  he-goat)  ;  byrnete,  a  barnacle  ;  (-tilling, 
antenna;  morjleoge,  a moorfly ;  egeswinta  sea-swine, 
a  porpoise  ;  suhha  for  ruhlia,  the  ray  fish  ;  hwitling, 
a  whiting  ;  cyllfylling,  the  filling  of  a  vessel  ;  doc, 
a  bastard  (Jwrnungsunu),  which  had  been  mis- 
takingly  translated  "the  south  wind  ";  fcegennes, 
joy,  fainness ;  fotstpgerif,  stoppage  of  a  footpath; 
gecividrcednes,  agreement,  covenant  (a  word  from 
an  inscription  in  the  Saxon  church  at  Breamore, 
Hants,  first  printed  in  Tin  Athenceum  of  August 
14th,  is<)7.  p.  233) ;  gladung,  joy,  gladness  (wrongly 
translated  of  old  as  "word  of  command");  hell- 
heorf,  fainthearted,  afraid,  terrified  (translated  by 
Somner  "astonied,  as  one  whose  heart  (we  say)  is 
in  his  heeles  for  fear")  ;  lendenreaf,  a  loin-garment, 
apron;  nOwend,  shipmaster,  skipper,  mariner  (St. 
Michael  is  st  ceSela  nowend);  oft]>weal,  frequent 
washing  :  aol-merca,  sundial  :  StOC,  house,  dwell- 
ing-place :  wannian,  to  become  dark  -  coloured, 
turn  black ;  and  wumiorhus,  upper  room,  solarium. 
Prof.  Napier  will  have  three  hundred  extra  copies 
of  his  'Contributions'  printed  for  circulation 
among  scholars  and  his  students. 


Royal  Institution.  Junt  11.  sir  James 
Stirling,  V.1'.,  in  the  chair.  Mrs.  Blgar,  Miss 
Hilda  H anbury,  Mr.  K.  L.  Mansergh,  Mrs.  Morse, 
and  Mr.  ( '.   1».   Page  were  elected  Members. 


Socikts  or  Engineers.  Jum  11. — Mr.  Maurioe 
Wilson.  President,  in  the  chair.  A  paper  was  read 
on  'Submarine  Groyning,'  by  Mr.   Gerald  Otley 

( 'ase. 

MKKTIX'.s    M'\T    WI1K 

M..v     Geographical,  * .80.—  'A  fifth  Journej   i»  Tumi.    Ilajot  1' 

Molcuwortli. 
Tov    Colonial  Inrtltutc.  4.30     '  The  Oilfield!  of  Trinidad,'  If  I   I  ■ 

<  'uiuiinuh:ini  »  frahj 

—  Ariatii    ' 

—  Statistical, «     'ThcGencralUcd  taw  of  Error,  or  Law  of  Greal 

Humbert,   Prof  V   V    Rdgeworto 


38 


THE    ATM  BNJEUM 


N    H'i.5,  .Jim.  16.  1006 


1 1 . lion 

■/.',,       Hull 

II  vi.    un 

ii  Ki.Im.. 


iI.im,.  I, 

Ml' 

Ii..  I, ,M   .       Hll     II..      1  I 

Ni  • 

• 
hi   t     i  hilion         I  '  >" 

M       •       I     Ii    i 
fo,        )|r|  I  i.  nil     Till     lNJVelo|imi  III  "I    th« 

Ml  .hi 

,  :   III.    Ill     \    II I.    I'll  I-   I.I    II 

i  Mir   .i    Hi.«ii.  .     \..t. . 

III  II      M   .  ■.  Ml      \\      II     I 

_       Biituh    \r.h«  t  iii.     Komu    lc  .i 

.i.  di  i   a  I'll'  nth   Ki  ni     Mi    IUi  hard  M.uni 

_        i  ..Ik  l-  M    -       '  ii-Ii.iii  in.l  Ii-  In  i  in  ill.-  I.  iI.mi.Ii 
l.  w    I  ,1  idaj 

_  M  It-al.    H       'I'll    tin-    Slim  Un  .!.  |..ii- 

il, .   I'i.  -i. I.nt 
Tin  i  -    I 

—  l.iiiii.-.n    -        un  tin ■H.it. un  ..I  Bout hern  Kin .1. -ii     Mi-  I.   H 

i.ii.l..    'On  thi     \iiili.nli.    I'.. ili. hi-  ..I   I. ii. in in-     )l,     H 

,ill,.  I-   ,       |'l  Ml    .     \ ...    .      I>  III.    Ill  I     II,    I  .I'i 

OttoHtanf;  'On  llie  Genitalia  of  lH|itcra.    Mi    \V    Weacht 

_  ii,.  ,i,i. -,l  -  o  line  M.  in. .ii, I  Locturt!  hi  I'i.i  T  E 
Thorpe;  'The  CunatitiinnU  ..I  tlie  Ban  ntial  ml  from  the 
Kniit  ■■<  }'ittom<orHm  hhiIuMkiii,  Mi-mi  I  I.  Powei  and 
t  Tut  in  ;  M..t,iliM  ..|  Siili-iiin,  nis  in  Derivative*  ..I  u 
Ni|l,il,..|.   M..M-   .1   T   Hewitt  and  H.  V.  Mitchell.  M 

—  -  \i,ii.|.i.m,  -  - 

Fbi.       Phnfcal     .       The  Effect  ol  Radium  In  facilitating  the  Viaihlc 
Electrii    Hi-,  liuik-i   In  Vacuo,   Ml    A    A   r,iin|.U-ll  Bwinton; 

A    i|nn-..ii    between   I  In-    Peltici    Effect   and  other  It.- 

,i.l.  Heal  Effect*.  Mr  A  0  AUen;  "The  Effect  oi  the 
Electrii  ^i  ni,  on  the  Actlnitj  ol  kteUla,  Mr  T  A. 
V.. ii. In. ni  ;  "  In.  I.,  in.    Strength  of  Thin   I.i.|iii.l  Film-.    I'i 

1'   V.  Shaw;  "The  Effect  of  Electrical  Uscillatloi i  Iron  in 

I  Magnetic  Field.'  I>r   \Y.  II.  K.  ■  ii  - 


Science  (Dossip. 

Mkssiis.  Botheby,  Wilkinson  &  Hodge 
will  Bell  on  Wednesday  next  an  interesting 
and  extensive  collection  of  early  scientific 
and  medical  works,  the  property  of  the  late 
Sir  William  Mitchell  Hanks,  of  Liverpool. 
In  one  lot  there  is  Tyson's  'Anatomy  of  a 
Pygmy  compared  with  that  of  a  Monkey, 
Ape,  and  Man,'  1751,  and  in  another  'The 
Anatomy  of  Consumptions,'  1672.  Cul- 
peper's  works  figure  here,  and  so  do  those 
of  Galen,  Hippocrates,  Paracelsus,  and 
Harvey. 

Mr.  W.  R.  Cooper  has  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  editor  of  The  Electrician,  in  the  place 
of  Mr.  F.  C.  Raphael,  who  retires  on  the 
30th  inst. 

Prof.  Starr,  of  Chicago  University,  who 
is  now  on  his  way  to  Central  Africa  for  the 
purpose  of  continuing  his  anthropological 
studies  among  the  negro  races  in  the  Congo 
region,  has  written  an  interesting  account  of 
the  Colonial  Museum  at  Tervueren,  near 
Brussels.  This  institution  has  been  in- 
stalled in  a  special  building,  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  royal  chateau,  which  was  destroyed 
by  fire  some  years  ago,  in  the  fine  park  that 
was  once  a  favourite  hunting  preserve  of  the 
Dukes  of  Brabant  and  Burgundy.  Prof. 
Starr  describes  the  ethnological  collections 
of  the  museum  as  being  exceptionally  com- 
plete and  well  arranged.  They  make  it,  he 
says,  one  of  the  finest  museums  of  the  sort 
in  existence.  He  also  speaks  highly  of  the 
periodical  publication  called  Les  Annalcs  du 
Musee  de  Tervueren,  which  records  the  growth 
and  development  of  the  institution. 

The  Report  of  the  Government  Astro- 
nomer (Mr.  E.  N.  Nevfll)  of  the  Natal 
Observatory  for  the  year  1905,  recently 
received,  is  chiefly  concerned,  as  usual,  with 
the  meteorology  of  the  colony.  The  most 
remarkable  circumstance  was  the  extraordi- 
nary storm  which  occurred  on  the  night  of 
May  31st  and  continued  throughout  the 
following  day.  Nearly  11  inches  of  rain 
fell  in  the  space  of  little  more  than  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  what  made  it  still  more 
exceptional  was  the  continuous  great  velocity 
of  the  wind  ;  the  combination  of  these  two 
causes  occasioned  severe  damage  to  the 
trees  and  vegetation  generally.  At  Umzinto 
and  some  otherplaceson  the  coast  the  rainfall 
was  even  greater  than  at  Durban.  The  fall 
for  the  whole  year  at  the  latter  place  was 
441)5  inches,  a  little  above  the  average. 
The  magnetic  variation  on  January  1st, 
1906,  was  23°  0'  west,  with  an  annual 
decrease  of  12'. 

Tin-:  moon  will  bo  new  about  an  hour 
before  midnight  on   the  21st  inst.  ;    and  the 


,ii.  ,  un-  of  moonlight  next   week  uill  again 
.1  a  favourable  opportunity  of  looking 
for  Holmes's  periodical  comet,  which,  accord 
ing  to  Dr.  Zwiera'a  ephemeria,  is  now  passing 
through    tin    constellation    Aries.     But, 
Mr.  Lynn  pointed  out  in  ■  paper  read  before 
the   British  Astronomical  Association,   it 
more    likely    thai    the   comet,    although    it 
was  in  perihelion  <>n  March  14th,  will  not  be 
visible  until  October  or  November,  when  it 
will  be  approaching  opposition  to  the  sun. 
[twill  be  nearest    to  the  earth  on  Novem- 
ber 13th,  when  its  distance  from  as  will  l»- 

L88  in  terms  of  the  earth's  mean  distance 
from    the    sun,    or    aliout     175,000,000    mil'-. 

In  the  year  in  which  it  was  discovered 
(1892)  it  must  have  undergone  a  temporary 
increase  of  apparent  brightness,  and,  if  this 
is  repeated,  it  may  become  visible  earlier. 
But  at  the  return  in  1899-1900  it  could  not 
be  seen  except  with  the  powerful  telescopes 
at  the  Lick  and  Yerkes  observatories.  At 
present  it  rises  only  about  two  hours  before 
sunrise,  and  the  early  morning  twilight  will 
probably  prevent  its  being  seen  until 
August.  The  comet's  perihelion  distance 
from  the  sun  is  2"12  ;  its  aphelion  distance 
5*10,  very  nearly  the  same  as  the  mean 
distance  of  Jupiter. 

A  small  planet  was  photographically 
discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf  at  the  Konig- 
stuhl  Observatory,  Heidelberg,  on  the  13th 
ult.  With  other  recent  discoveries,  it  was 
visually  observed  by  Ur.  J.  Palisa  at  Vienna 
on  the  19th. 


FINE   ARTS 


Early  Engraving  and  Engravers  in  England: 
a  Critical  and  Historical  Essay.  By 
Sidney  Colvin.     (British  Museum.) 

A  glance  at  any  general  history  of  engrav- 
ing, whether  obsolete  or  current,  will  show 
what  need  there  was  of  such  a  task  as 
Mr.  Colvin  has  performed  in  the  essay 
lately  published  by  order  of  the  Trustees 
of  the  British  Museum.  The  only  early 
English  line-engraver  whom  most  con- 
tinental writers  deign  to  mention  is  Fai- 
thorne,  and  he  is  lucky  if  more  than  a  few 
lines  of  vague  appreciation  fall  to  his  share. 
Duplessis,  juster  or  more  careful  than  the 
Germans,  has  a  little  to  say  of  Rogers, 
Delaram  and  Elstracke,  Payne,  Glover, 
Marshall,  Vaughan,  and  White  ;  but  it 
is  useless  to  seek  in  any  book  published 
beyond  the  Channel  for  exact  information 
about  British  engravers  born  before  the 
age  of  mezzotint.  Nor  have  our  own 
writers,  since  Walpole's  day,  done  much 
to  redeem  the  early  efforts  of  their  country- 
men from  obscurity.  This  is  the  first 
serious  attempt  to  write  a  connected 
history  of  the  first  century  and  a  half  of 
English  line-engraving,  from  1545,  when 
a  copperplate  title-page  first  appeared  in 
an  English  book,  to  1695,  when  mezzotint 
had  got  the  upper  hand  so  completely 
that  the  elder  art  was  all  but  expiring. 

Such  neglect  of  the  earliest  period  of 
English  engraving  is  not,  however,  sur- 
prising, for  several  reasons.  The  period 
is  not  early  enough  to  attract  those  whose 
sympathies  are  with  the  primitives.  There 
is  nothing  here  corresponding  to  the  splen- 
did work  wrought  by  painter  or  goldsmith 
engraver  in  Germany  and  the  Netherlands 
— no  counterpart  to  the  antique  grandeur 


and    severity    <»f    Mantegna.    oi    the    mi 

popular  and  charming  inventions  <>f  the 

Ihmttrori  nt'i     Florentine.-.      A     century     'f 
( lot  bic  ami  eai  K  fa  -.  oievements 

behind  the  lii-t  rode  beginnings  <>f 
engraving  in  Finland.  It-  tardy  intro- 
duction t<>"k  place  in  an  age  oi  it    tdenos 

in  ornament  and  an  age  of    revolt 

the   tradition-   of   religious   art     -o   that    it 

called  upon  to  attempt  no  bighei 
t ;i ~ k  than  the  production  of  portraits, 
maps,  and  title-pages  f"i  the  booksellers. 
Neither  then  not  later  has  any  con- 
siderable amount  of  original  engravil 
imaginative  <>t  religious  in  charactei  and 

also  of  high  artistic  quality,  been  prodi. 
in    England.      \ot    one   of   the    poet-   and 
mystics  oi  English  art,  with  the  exception 
of   Blake,   has  chosen   the   burin   I 
utterance  to  the  secret   thoughts   <>f   his. 
heart.     We  have  never  had   a    hurer,  or 
any   one   remotely    resembling   a    Diirer  ; 
our    early    engravers    and    their    pato 
were  satisfied  with  much  lower  ideals  than 
his. 

Another  cause  which  may  have  tended! 
to  discourage  research  is  the  fact  that  half 
our  early  "  English  "  engravers,  and  indeed 
the  most  notable  half,  were  foreigners. 
Mr.  Colvin's  title  is  prudently  worded, 
and  he  says  much  perforce  of  the  Flem,: 
and  Germans  who  formed  the  majority  of 
the  "  engravers  in  England  "  under  Eliza- 
beth and  James,  though  native  disciples 
of  these  masters  came  well  to  the  front 
under  the  later  Stuart  kings,  till  a  Dutch 
invasion,  at  a  later  period  than  this  essay- 
takes  into  account,  turned  the  scale  once 
more.  The  one  really  considerable  native 
engraver  of  the  sixteenth  century  was 
William  Rogers,  some  of  whose  portraits- 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  reproduced  among 
the  plates  or  in  the  text  of  the  present 
work,  show  a  mastery  of  technique  which 
contrasts  with  the  "  characteristic  English 
clumsiness  and  quaintness  "  of  Cocksor* 
and  the  minor  craftsmen  of  his  day. 

The  interest  of  the  study,  after  all.  as 
Mr.  Colvin  admits,  is  mainly  archaeological 
and  bibliographical  rather  than  artistic, 
and  it  is  not  every  one  who  could  write 
with  gusto  of  the  feats  of  Rythei 
and  the  rest  of  our  Elizabethan  chart- 
gravers,  with  ';  ships  and  sea-monster* 
animating  the  fringes  of  the  maritime 
counties,"'  and  sirens  lifting  high  the 
Neapolitan  scutcheon  over  the  Tvrrhene 
Sea. 

For  one  reason  or  another,  the  un- 
familiaritv.  to  most  students,  of  the  region 
which  Mr.  Colvin  has  now  resolutely 
explored  was  out  of  all  proportion  to  its 
remoteness.  We  may  congratulate  our- 
selves that  it  has  been  explored,  after  all. 
by  an  Englishman,  and  that  the  supposed 
desert  has  yielded  enough  artistic  fruit  to- 
give  a  relish  to  the  dry  crusts  of  archaeo- 
logy. The  diet  prepared  by  such  a 
skilful  hand  proves  eminently  palatable. 
Cheered  by  Mr.  Colvin's  constant  felicity 
of  phrase,  the  reader  follows  him  with  un- 
diminished interest  over  the  lengthy  track 
from  Geminus  to  Loggan.  The  relation 
of  this  insular  art  to  what  is  going  on  iit 
the  larger  world  overseas  is  explained 
now  and  again  by  a  well-timed  digression,. 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


739 


and  what  might  have  been  in  more 
pedantic  hands  a  bibliographer's  dry 
enumeration  of  title-pages  by  Hole  and 
Marshall  becomes  a  liberal  commentary, 
from  a  fresh  point  of  view,  on  a  glorious 
age  of  English  literature.  The  actual 
labour  of  research  in  compiling  the 
materials  for  this  history  from  the  docu- 
ments themselves  was  largely  performed  by 
Mr.  Colvin's  junior  assistant,  Mr.  A.  M. 
Hind,  who  is  solely  responsible,  as  we 
learn  from  the  preface,  for  the  lists  of 
engravers'  works  which  follow  Mr.  Colvin's 
essay.  Since  the  publication  of  the  folio 
these  lists  have  been  reprinted,  for  private 
distribution  only,  in  a  handier  form.  This 
solid  piece  of  research  should  prove  a 
valuable  foundation  for  the  early  volumes 
of  a  '  Peintre-Graveur  Anglais,'  if  such  a 
work  ever  comes  to  be  written,  but  inquiry 
in  foreign  collections  would  be  needed  to 
auake  the  lists  complete. 

A  few  regrettable  slips  of  the  pen  mar 
our  complete  satisfaction  with  that  part 
of  the  task  which  Mr.  Colvin  has  per- 
formed unaided.  We  are  surprised  to 
iind  in  this  authoritative  and  scholarly 
book  such  errors  as  "  1688 "  for  1588 
(p.  42),  "  1569,  the  second  year  of  Eliza- 
beth's reign "  (description  of  Plate  I.), 
•"John  [for  William]  Marshall"  (pp.  121, 
122),  and  "  Robert  Carr,  Earl  of  Essex  " 
{for  Somerset,  p.  78).  After  "  Lord 
Lisle "  (p.  100)  the  words  "  and  Pens- 
hurst  "  should  be  deleted.  Raphael's 
'  St.  George  '  was  presented  by  the  Duke 
of  Urbino,  not  to  Henry  VIII.  (p.  116), 
but  to  Henry  VII.,  in  1506.  We  are  not 
told  whether  the  plan  of  the  book  was  to 
give  some  account  of  every  single  engraver 
■working  in  England  during  the  period 
which  it  covers.  Even  if  no  such  exhaus- 
tive survey  was  attempted,  the  omission 
of  so  remarkable  an  engraver  of  the  Stuart 
period  as  Thomas  Fullwood  must  be  set 
down  to  an  oversight.  He  is  known,  it 
is  true,  by  a  single  engraving,  but  that 
engraving  is  easily  accessible  in  the  British 
Museum.  It  is  a  plate  of  excellent  work- 
manship, and  perhaps  the  most  striking 
macabre  subject  of  English  origin,  repre- 
senting a  skeleton  with  the  curious  legend 
"  Omnia  Sic  Ibant  Sic  Ivimus  Ibitis 
Ibunt."  The  plate  is  undated,  but  bears 
the  address  "  Are  to  be  sould  by  Roger 
Daniell  at  the  Angell  in  Lumbarde  Streete." 

The  value  of  this  handsome  folio  is 
much  enhanced  by  the  fine  series  of  fac- 
similes of  rare  prints  which  account  for 
and  excuse  its  somewhat  unwieldy  size. 
It  contains  forty-one  photogravures  of 
great  excellence,  produced,  witli  one  excep- 
tion, by  the  Autotype  Company,  after 
■early  English  engravings  (in  the  large  sense 
of  the  word  "  English  "  to  which  we  are 
reconciled  by  a  perusal  of  the  text)  in  t ho 
British  Museum,  which  possesses  by  far 
the  largest  collection  of  this  class  of  prints. 
Supplemented  as  they  are  by  numerous 
half-tone  illustrations  in  the  text,  these 
plates  give  a  very  fair  representation  of 
the  field  covered  by  Mr.  Colvin's  researches. 
The  series  opens  well  with  the  extremely 
graceful  and  accomplished  title-page  to  the 
'  Compendiosa  totius  Anatomic  Delineatio' 
of  Thomas  Geminus  the  Fleming,  followed 


by  Hogenberg's  rare  portrait  of  Elizabeth, 
and  a  remarkable  portrait  of  Henri  IV., 
hitherto  undescribed,  which  was  engraved 
in  London  by  Theodore  de  Bry.  Rogers, 
Cockson,  Elstracke,  and  Delaram  are 
liberally  represented  ;  the  portrait  of 
Queen  Mary  I.,  by  the  last-named  engraver, 
is  a  fine  plate,  and  more  worthy  of  publica- 
tion in  so  sumptuous  a  form  than  some  of 
the  large  title-pages  which  follow,  or  the 
tiresome  allegory  on  Charles  I.'s  betrothal. 
Simon  van  de  Passe's  portrait  of  Henry, 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  the  same  artist's 
'  Paul  van  Somer  '  are  among  the  most 
successful  of  the  illustrations.  Faithorne, 
being  less  in  need  of  resuscitation  than  his 
fellows,  is  not  discussed  at  any  length,  but 
the  representation  of  his  work  in  the  plates 
is  proportionate  to  its  merit.  Loggan's 
beautiful  portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  Isham 
is  in  the  most  approved  Louis  XIV. 
manner  and  ostentatiously  un-English, 
but  we  are  far  from  regretting  its  inclusion 
on  that  account. 


ETCHINGS  BY  MR.  JOHN  AT  CHELSEA. 

It  is  rare  to  meet  an  artist  or  amateur 
of  the  arts  who  can  consider  the  work  of 
Mr.  Augustus  John  in  a  calm  and  critical 
spirit.  As  an  artist  he  has  a  gift  which  he 
shares  with  more  than  one  of  the  geniuses 
that  have  most  lately  favoured  the  earth 
with  their  presence  (Whistler,  for  example, 
or  Ibsen,  or  Rodin) — the  gift  of  inspiring 
violent  partisanship  or  as  violent  anta- 
gonism ;  and,  indeed,  any  attempt  at  publicly 
expressing  a  sober  opinion  between  these 
extremes  results,  in  the  experience  of  the 
present  writer,  in  a  harvest  of  private 
reproaches  from  admirers  of  the  artist,  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  a  bitter  public  complaint, 
in  the  next  number  of  the  review  that  was 
the  medium  of  the  criticism,  concerning  its 
failure  to  denounce  Mr.  John's  innate 
coarseness  and  original  sin.  We  owe  some- 
thing to  the  artist  who  can  thus  stir  into 
waves  of  faction  the  dull  surface  of  artistic 
opinion ;  but  the  man  who  provokes  the 
storm  usually  suffers  by  our  gain.  Half- 
artist,  half-revolutionary,  lie  is  induced  to 
attach  undue  importance  to  those  elements 
of  his  art  which  make  him  an  innovator, 
exaggerating  them  at  the  expense  of  beauty 
and  balance,  till  in  his  old  age  he  becomes 
his  own  undertaker,  demonstrating  that  the 
art  which  promised  the  revelation  of  a  new 
heaven  and  a  new  earth  was  after  all  but 
another  trick  to  be  added  to  the  museum 
of  curiosities. 

Technically  Mr.  John  is  no  innovator, 
and  indeed  one  of  the  minor  reproaches 
levelled  at  him  by  his  detractors  is  that 
lie  apea  his  betters.  We  suspect,  however, 
that  what  has  really  displeased  is  not  that 
he  has  imitated,  hut  that  he  has  imitated 
out  of  the  usual  groove— has  taken  the 
liberty  of  .selecting  for  admiration  different 
traits  in  this  or  that  old  master  from  those 
usually   selected    for    modern    adaptation. 

Hire,  in  fact,  is  no  respecter  of  authority, 
hut.  a  vagabond,  a  wanton,  and  as  such 
naturally  shocking  to  sodater  minds.  A 
fortnight    ago,    in    writing    of    the    Jordaens 

at  the  Guildhall,  we  took  occasion  to  pro- 
claim as  one  of  the  prime  functions  of  the 
artist  the  breaking  down  of  narrow  modern 

conventions  :  Ins  work,  a  stimulus  to  adven- 
ture, an  encouragement  to  shy  originality, 
wafl  to  lure  us  into  the  wider  world  from 
which  we  are  hedged  off  by  timid  habit. 
Well,  here  is  Mr.  .John  with  no  small  share 


of  this  lust  for  freedom,  and  as  we  look  on 
his  portrait  (in  the  best  of  the  few  paintings 
that  are  shown  along  with  his  prints  at 
the  Chenil  Gallery)  we  feel  that  he  should 
be  a  useful  missionary  as  he  leans,  in  the 
character  of  the  Romany  Chi,  at  the  door 
of  his  caravan,  surrounded  by  the  lady 
members  of  the  family,  who  are  playing 
gipsy  with  a  thoroughness  and  conviction 
amazing  in  the  feminine  sex.  There  he  is, 
gazing  in  front  of  him  as  if  at  the  landscape, 
but  evidently  with  spirit  unfettered  by  time 
and  space,  roaming  at  will  in  "  lubberlands 
delectable." 

To  be  free,  however,  is  not  necessarily 
to  be  a  liberator ;  and  indeed,  casting  our 
eyes  back,  we  might  maintain  the  paradox 
that  the  successful  revolutionary  has  always 
himself  been  something  of  a  conservative. 
If  we  are  to  be  induced  to  throw  off  restraints, 
it  must  be  by  some  one  who  does  not  shock 
us  by  the  want  of  them  ;  and  the  woman  cf 
the  world  is  in  vain  adjured  to  cast  away  her 
corsets  if  the  advocate  of  "  rational  dress  " 
be  herself  sloppy  and  invertebrate  in  appear- 
ance. In  this  collection  of  Mr.  John's 
prints  are  a  great  many  strong  and  sincere 
drawings  that  place  him  at  once  in  the  front 
rank  of  modern  etchers,  yet  there  are  others 
that  rouse  misgivings  lest,  not  so  much  from 
want  of  gifts  as  from  want  of  good  fortune 
or  care  in  directing  thorn,  Mr.  John  may  fail 
to  achieve  the  brilliant  destiny  that  might 
be  his. 

The  traditional  pedagogic  idea  in  training 
the  child  consists  in  arming  him  against  his 
inclinations,  developing  in  him  the  power 
of  sticking  to  an  appointed  task,  heedless 
of  flowery  bypaths.  On  this  foundation 
have  rested  the  greatest  achievements  of 
the  human  race  in  the  past,  and  we  should 
not  cast  it  lightly  aside  ;  yet  while,  as  a 
training,  it  makes  for  efficiency,  we  cannot 
by  now  but  perceive  that  after  many  genera- 
tions it  makes  also  for  narrowness  and 
dullness,  and  a  considerable  body  of  latter- 
day  art  teaching  has  the  merit  of  having 
recognized  this,  and  adopted,  unconsciously, 
perhaps,  as  motto  medicinal  for  the  time 
that  exclamation  of  the  prophet  Blake 
when  in  an  inspired  moment  he  wrote, 
"  Damn  braces,  bless  relaxes."  To  the 
student  of  this  school,  inclination  is  more 
than  purpose,  the  voice  of  instinct  is 
the  voice  of  God  ;  and  Mr.  John's  portrait 
studies  show  how,  on  the  basis  of  a  previous 
training  in  exact  draughtsmanship  such 
sensitive  readiness  on  the  part  of  an  artist 
to  give  himself  up  to  the  impulse  of  the 
moment  may  subtilize  his  work.  Compare 
such  a  piece  of  strong  realistic  draughtsman- 
ship as  the  Percy  Wyndham  Lewis,  which 
we  judge  to  be  an  early  work,  with  the 
later  ones,  which  are  gradually  more  tluent, 
more  loosely  articulated,  more  like  a  live 
growing  thing,  till  in  such  a  drawing  as 
Maggie,  a  Village  Child,  we  see  the  half-con- 
sciousness of  the  stodgy,  stunted  child 
rendered  with  a  spirituality  quite  eerie  in 
quality.  The  earlier  work  has  a  narrow 
determination  somewhat  akin  to  Mr.  Orpen's; 
in  the  later  Mr.  .John  simply  gives  himself 
up  to  the  dominant  influence  of  the  face 
before  him,  merging  his  own  individuality 
in  that  of  the  Bitter.  It  is  the  kind  of  art 
that  produces  most  beautiful  and  sensitive 
portraiture,  and  this,  one  might  almost  say, 
abounds    in    the    Chenil    Gallery.      It    is    not 

the  manner  of  approaching  art  that  loads 

to  the  most  masculine  and  creative  work, 
such    as   we    hope   for   from    Mr.    John,    and 

such  as  not  a  few  of  these  drawings  speak  of 

his  power  to  do     witness  the  Ti-tc  Farouche, 

for  otic  example,  with  its  suggestion  of  more 
power  and  executive  determination  than 
finds  full  expression  in  the  mere  portrait 
head. 


7-10 


T  II  E     ATI!  ENJ3UM 


X    U03.  J\  m.  16.  1906 


The   imaginative  compositions   thai    offer 
such  an  outlet  for  a  man  "i  great  originating 

[tower  awe  not  so  satisfactory  asthedrawi 
r.»in    in.      There    are,    of    course,    ■    few 
random  iketehea  such  at  all  etchers  do  in 
the  oouree  "i   learning  their  business  (Rem 
brand!   included),  simply  for  praotioe ;    bu< 
Mi.  John  >rcnis  tn  have  approached  others 

also    with    mi    idle    hand,    t  lit"    needle    poised 

over  tin-  plate  at  the  ineicy  of  any  pasaing 

impulse,     like    a    listless    lent     in     the    wind. 

Tins  temper,  so  favourable  to  subtle  por- 
traiture in  the  presence  Of  a  model,  if  there 

is  a  habit  of  draughtsmanship  behind  it,  is 

liable  to  lead  the  improvisator!'  into  repe- 
titions of  other  people's  ideas,  which  hang 
around  in  the  air  with  a  certain  pressing 
readiness,  if  only  from  the  tact  of  their 
having  been  already  cast  into  artistic  form. 
Escaping  these,  he  falls  sometimes,  as  in 
the  Ctrl  uith  Tambourine,  into  the  merely 
disgusting,  a  coarse  impulse  having  always 
a  sort  of  preponderating  strangeness  to  a 
mind  new  to  liberty.  One  or  two  little 
plates  like  the  Shepherdess  show  a  rather 
flimsy  vein  of  pastoral  sweetness;  and  the 
elegance  of  dainty  draughtsmanship  makes 
The  Valley  of  Time  an  exquisite  academic 
exercise.  To  unite  this  constructive  com- 
position with  the  sting  and  vitality  that  are 
undoubtedly  in  Mr.  John's  range  calls 
for  some  sustained  effort.  It  would  be  sad 
if,  having  thrown  off  the  supports  of  con- 
ventionality, he  should  proceed  to  refuse 
himself  the  backbone  of  deliberate  purpose 
for  which  the  former  are  admittedly  no 
substitute,  on  the  plea  that  merely  to  have 
a  fixed  purpose  infringes  one's  liberty. 
Clearly,  here  is  an  artist  who  has  tempera- 
ment :  we  would  fain  hope  that  he  also  has 
character.  Both  are  necessary  to  produce 
a  painter  who  shall  wield  again  the  weapons 
of  his  sires. 


THE    NATIONAL    GALLERY. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  what 
method,  if  any,  is  pursued  in  connexion  with 
the  notice-board  that  has,  in  recent  years, 
been  affixed  to  the  railing  on  the  staircase 
of  the  North  Vestibule  of  the  National 
Gallery.  The  board  in  question  owes  its 
origin,  I  believe,  to  a  letter  addressed  to  a 
leading  newspaper,  and  is  supposed  to  supple- 
ment the  information  of  the  Catalogue.  The 
information  that  it  purports  to  impart  is, 
at  present,  by  no  means  up  to  date,  as  the 
latest  picture  referred  to  is  "No.  1952, 
Fantin-Latour  :  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwards." 
The  •  Madonna  and  Child  '  by  Lazzaro 
Sebastiani  (No.  1053),  now  hanging  in 
Room  Ylll.,  has  been  in  the  National  Gal- 
lery since  last  July  or  August.  The  '  Rokeby 
Velazquez  '  (No.  2055)  was  placed  in 
Room  XIV.  about  March  14th.  There  is, 
however,  no  trace  of  them  on  the  notice- 
board.  Perhaps,  as  they  were  both  pre- 
sented, instead  of  being  bought  by  the 
Trustees  and  the  Treasury,  they  are  not 
entitled  to  overmuch  official  recognition. 

For  a  fortnight  at  least  a  newly  presented 
picture  (No.  2058)  has  been  on  view  in 
I  toon i  X  \  1 1 .  It  is  described  on  the  label 
as  "  X.  Diaz  de  la  Lena  :  Sunny  Days  in  the 
Forest,"  and  "  presented  by  the  executors 
of  the  late  Charles  ilartree."  It  is  almost 
incredible,  but  the  authorities  have  not  yet 
had  the  grace  to  inform  the  press  of  the 
bequest  in  quest  Lon. 

Why  should  the  National  Gallery  always 
seem  to  the  foreigner,  and  to  the  Englishman, 

so  frightfully  behind  the  times  in  small 
matters  like  this  ?  Fortunately  the  Directors 
of  the  British  Museum  and  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum  are  notoriously  scrupulous 
in  keeping  the  public  informed  as  to  recent, 
acquisitions. 


The  /'  /.  i  /■  ii r  of  t  he  Louvre  Museum 
an  excellent  example  by  placing  "  Nouvelle 
Acquisition,"   in  Btaring  hhw-k  letters  on  a 
gold    ground,    over    inch    newly    received 

paint  ing. 

The  <ui  rent  edition  of  the  National  Gallery 
Catalogue  of  Pictures  of  the  Foreign  Bcho 

is    Badly    out     of    date,    and    certain     pictures 

mentioned  m  it  are  not  i"  be  <■<  o  at  Trafalgar 

Square.      Surely,    when    a    painting    is    with- 
drawn,   or    lent    to    a    provincial     gallery, 
absence     might     he     coiiniiunicat  >  <  I      to     the 
public  in  some  other  way  than  by  the  n 

notification  in  the  Annual  Report. 

M.   \V.   Ii. 


SALES. 


Messes.  Christie  sold  on  the  0th  inst.  the 
following  drawings:  E.  Duncan,  View  of  Spit- 
head  from  the  Me  of  Wight,  5W.  Birket  Foster, 
Children  gathering  Berries,  73/. :  Children  catching 
fish,  78/.  Pictures:  J.  S.  Sargent,  Head  of  a  (oil 
with  bed  Shawl,  15?/.  Briton  Riviere,  To  the 
Hills.  411!)/. 

The  sale  on  the  12th  inst.  was  notable  for  the 
large  sum  paid  for  two  engravings  after  Reynolds, 
Lady  Elizabeth  Lee,  by  E.  Fisher,  and  the  Duchess 
of  Rutland,  by  Y.  (been,  which  fetched  "14/. 
Others  after  Reynolds  were:  Mrs.  Hardinge,  by 
T.  Watson,  105/.  ;  Mrs.  Williams  Hope,  of 
Amsterdam,  by  C.  Hodges,  ."!]/.  ;  Mrs.  Hartley 
and  Child,  by  W.  Nutter,  39/.  The  following 
were  also  sold.  After  H.  Thomson  :  Crossing  the 
Brook,  by  W.  Say,  43/.  After  E.  Dayes  : 
Promenade  in  St.  James's  Park,  by  Gaugain,  54/. 
After  Bigg :  The  Romps,  and  The  Truants,  by 
W.  Ward  (a  pair),  03/.  After  H.  Singleton: 
Going  to  Market,  and  Coming  from  Market,  by 
W.  Nutter  (a  pair),  52/.  ;  Mrs.  Loraine  Smith,  by 
W.  Bond,  42/.  After  Boudouin  :  Le  Couche  de  la 
Mariee,  by  Moreau  le  jeune,  20/.  After  Gains- 
borough :  Henry  Beaufov,  by  W.  Ward,  54/. 
After  Hoppner :  The  Duchess  of  Bedford,  by 
S.  W.  Reynolds  99/.  ;  The  Salad-Girl,  by  W. 
Ward.  42/.  After  Huet  Villiers  :  Mrs.  Q.,  by  W. 
Blake,  25/.  After  Romney  :  Caroline,  Duchess  of 
Marlborough,  39/. 

A  number  of  sales  of  pictures  by  modern  artists 
have  been  held  in  Paris  during  the  last  week  or  so. 
Perhaps  the  most  notable  of  these  consisted  of  the 
"atelier  Carriere,"  or,  as  we  should  call  it  in 
England,  "the  remaining  works"  of  Eugene 
Carriere,  of  whom  an  obituary  notice  appeared  in 
The  AtJienceum  of  March  31st.  Carriere's  art  has 
been  described  as  that  of  a  man  who  sees  things 
through  the  atmosphere  produced  by  a  smoky 
chimney  ;  his  medium  was  one  which  could 
attain  only  success  in  the  hands  of  a  great  artist. 
A  total  of  170,404  francs  was  reached.  A  few  of 
the  more  interesting  "lots"  were:  A  study  for 
the  menu  of  the  "banquet  de  l'Entente  cordiale" 
given  to  the  English  Members  of  Parliament  in 
Paris  in  1903,  2,000fr.  Portraits:  Henri  Roche- 
fort,  l,250fr.  ;  Rodin,  l,850fr.  ;  a  young  girl  (No. 
49),  2,100fr.  ;  Madame  Eugene  Barriere,  whole 
length,  4,100fr.  ;  M.  Metohnikoff,  l,900fr.  ;  Mile. 
Breval,  2,100fr.  ;  Edmond  de  Gonoourt,  3,900fr. 
In  addition  to  the  portraits  there  were  :  Le  Som- 
mcil  de  1' Enfant,  3,20()fr.  ;  Les  Bagucs.  2.55<tfr.  ; 
Repose,  2,2()0fr.  ;  two  panels,  Jeunes  Eilles  pen- 
sives,  2,9(l()fr.  and  2,4()()fr.  ;  La  Pri.'re,  5,900fr.  ; 
Recherche  sur  le  Theatre  de  Belleville,  three 
figures,  2,9()0fr.  ;  Le  Baiser  maternal,  2,500fr.  ; 
LEtreinte  materaelle,  2,500fr.  ;  La  Peinture, 
9,500fr.  :  La  Grande Sceur,  10,500fr.  ;  Melancholic, 
3,900fr. 

At  the  dispersal  of  the  Coquetin  collection  a  total 
of  402,5on  francs  was  realized  by  the  pictures, 
of  which  the  more  important  were  several  examples 
by  Ca/.in,  e.g.,  be  Chateau  Rouge,  48,000fr. ;  La 
Fuite  en  Egypte,  25,000fr. ;  Route  de  bonis  XV., 
28,600fr. ;  Zaandam,  L4,100fr. ;  L'Ahrenvoir, 
34,100fr.  ;  Mont  Saint  Frieux,  28,000fr.  ;  Vieille 
Tour,  ll.SOOfr.  Three  were  by  Dagnan-B  uvcret  : 
A   la      Fontaine,     20,000fr.  :       brctonne,     and     La 

Gardeuse  de  Vaohe,  each   L9,000fr.  j    Boudin,  Le 
Pont   d'Anvers,  5,000fr.     Alma   Tadema,  Bacchus 

llr\e.    lO.OOOfr. 

The'  Depeaux  collection  produced  a  total  of 
551,457  francs  for  245  lots,  and  was  remarkable 
for  including  forty-six   works  by  Alfred  Sisley.  as 


\m!1  as  pi<  lures  hy  nth'!  the   modern 

Krencli  mm  uuL     Thi  •    in 

'.oin  -I  foi  .in  •  .  ample  >■<   !'.■  noil .  !><• 
I'.al,  wrhioh  was  wild  foi   47,OOOfr.  ;    two  < .i b<-i )-  by 
the    aame   artist    were    La   Jeune    Fine,    l.-TOOfr., 
and    Pleura,  B.IOOfr.     The  long 
pictures  included  the  following,  all  ab  UOOfr.  : 

s.uil'-  et  Peoplien  an  bord  <lu  Loing,  Is 
matin,  l,500fr.  ;  Marat  an  oonchar  dn  aoleiL 
6,900fr.  ;  Vue  de  M  I  OOOfr.  \  L 

a  la  bouille,  conn  de  n 

th    \J..i'  t,  6,1006*.  ;   L'biondatioii,  25,500fr.  ; 
I        de  Village  deVoiain,  6,  lOOfr. ;  L'Abreuvo 
Marly,   gelee   blanche,    B.OOOfr.  ;    L  du 

Bao,    inondation,    8,500fr. ;    N<  ArgenteuiU 

I6,000fr.  :     La    N<  uvecicnnes,    10,0(1 

Route  de   Louveoiennea,  effrt  7,000fr. ; 

in    a    I'eoluae   de    Bongival,   6,000fr.  ;    Soleil 
oouohant  en  hiver,  7,600fr.  ;    Environs  de  M 
6,000fr.  ;    La  Place  dn  Villa-'- a  Marly,  6,100 
Toumant  dn  Loing,  et 

Marly,    4,2uoii.  ;     En    N'oriiiand  -  •ntier  du 

Kurd  de  lean,  a  Sahuis.  6,100fr.  Of  work-  by 
other  artists  the  following  were  th<-  more  im- 
portant :  C.  Monet,  Mer  '1  5,500fr.  :  La 
Cathedrale,  20,000fr. ;  Rochers  de  Belle-Isle, 
6,000fr.  ;  La  Seine  prea  de  Vernon,  le  matin, 
I8,000fr.  :  La  Beige  a  Lavacourt,  9,700fr.  ;  I 
de  Neige,  rue  a  Argentcuil,  L3,000fr.  :  Lea  Dindons, 
20,000fr. ;  Falaisea,  a  Pourville,  6,500fr.  Berthe 
Morisot,  La  Toilette,  I8,000fr.  Gamiue  Pissarro, 
Boulevard  Montmartre,  matin  brumeux,  5.5<X>fr. 
H.  de  Toulouse-Lautrec,  IntCrieur  de  Cabaret, 
7,000fr. 


$int-^kvt  (gossip. 

The  appointment  of  Mr.  I).  S.  MacColl  as 
Keeper  of  the  Tate  Gallery  is  very  satis- 
factory, and  looks  like  the  beginning  of 
substantial  reform.  Mr.  MacColl,  who  v. 
the  leader  in  the  protest  against  tin'  working 
of  the  Chantrey  Bequest,  will  now  have  the 
arrangement  of  the  pictures  selected  under 
that  benefaction.  We  hope  his  work  as 
Keeper  will  not  interfere  with  his  art 
criticism,  for  writers  both  vigorous  and 
independent  are  rare  in  art  as  elsewhere. 

The  rejection  by  the  Koyal  Academy  of 
its  Committee's  selection  for  purchase  by 
the  Chantrey  Bequest  is  sufficiently  foolish. 
The  National  Gallery  at  Melbourne  seems 
better  advised,  for  it  has  acquired  Mr.  Will 
Kothenstein's  tine  picture  '  Aliens  at  Prayer,' 
shown  by  Messrs.  Agnew  recently  at  their 
exhibition  of  the  "  Independents."  Among 
the  other  works  purchased  for  Australia  are 
Mr.  Mark  Fisher's  painting  from  the  New 
Gallery  :  Mr.  Buxton  Knight's  landscape 
'  The  Hamlet  :  Winter  Sunshine,'  which  is 
No.  150  in  Gallery  HI.  of  the  Academy  this 
year,  and  was  also  declined  by  that  body 
ait.r  having  been  recommended  by  the 
Selection  Committee;  and  a  picture  by 
Mrs.  Swynnerton.  The  Melbourne  Gallery 
is  to  be  congratulated  on  its  purcha 
Mr.  Kothenstein's  picture  will  worthily 
represent  to  Australian  students  the  modern 
English  school  of  painting. 

The  exhibition  of  the  New  English  Art 
Club  is  being  held  during  this  month  and  the 
next  at  the  galleries  in  Dering  Yard,  67a, 
New  Bond  Street,  lately  occupied  by  the 
Guild    of   Handicraft.      The    Hanging   Com- 

mitt lOnsisted    of    Mr.    Francis    Hate.    Mr. 

Wilson  Steer,  Prof.  F.  Grown.  Mr.  W. 
Kothenstein,  and  Mr.  A.  F.  John  :  and  the 
preBS  \  iew  took  place  yesterday. 

At  the  Carfax  Gallery  last  Thursday  there 
w  as  a  private  view  of  pictures  and  illuminated 
prints  by  William  Blake. 

Yesterday  at  the  Bailhe  Gallery  an 
exhibition  was  opened  of  pictures  of  China 
and  Japan  by  Mr.  Montague  Smyth,  and 
paintings  by  various  artists. 

Miss  BiiANGHE  Jenkins  is  showing  pictures 
and  portraits  of  children  at  the  Dure  Gallery 
till  the  21st  inst. 


N°  4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


741 


Mr.  Dunthoene  has  on  view  at  the 
Rembrandt  Gallery  a  collection  of  oil  paint- 
ings by  Mr.  George  Hitchcock,  '  Springtime 
in  Holland.' 

Messrs.  Sulley  &  Co.  are  showing  at 
their  galleries,  159,  New  Bond  Street, 
paintings  by  Manet  from  the  Faure  Collec- 
tion. 

At  the  Ryder  Gallery  Miss  Rhoda  H. 
Tinling  has  an  exhibition  of  water-colour 
and  charcoal  drawings,  English,  Swiss,  and 
Italian. 

The  proprietors  of  the  Brook  Street  Art 
Gallery  have  sold  to  the  National  Portrait 
Gallery  a  full-length  portrait  of  Sir  Hector 
Munro,  K.B.,  the  Indian  general.  The 
painting  has  been  hung  opposite  Zoffany's 
portrait  of  the  second  Baron  Mulgrave. 

Signor  Attilio  Baccani,  an  Italian 
artist  who  had  resided  in  England  for  fifty 
years,  died  in  West  Kensington  last  week, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  Born  in  Rome 
of  a  middle-class  family,  he  was  obliged  to 
leave  during  the  troubles  of  1848,  when  he 
■was  already  one  of  the  most  promising 
students  of  Cappaldi.  In  1851  he  reached 
Marseilles  and  worked  under  Hebert,  whose 
poetic  genius  moulded  the  style  of  his  pupil. 
In  later  years  some  of  Baccani's  best  work 
-was  considered  not  unworthy  of  his  master. 
This  was  notably  the  case  with  a  portrait 
'  Madame  R.  M.,'  exhibited  in  the  Salon  of 
1877.  He  frequently  exhibited  in  the  Royal 
Academy  after  he  settled  among  us  in  1856. 
His  portraits  of  Mario  and  Grisi  in  1858 
attracted  a  good  deal  of  attention.  Among 
his  other  noteworthy  portraits  may  be  men- 
tioned those  of  the  Queen  (when  Princess  of 
Wales),  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (Tait),  and  the  Duke  of 
Richmond. 

Mr.  B.  de  Bertodano  writes  : — 
"  In  the  notice  in  The  Aihe.nee.wm  of  the  9th  inst. 
of  Mr.  Algernon  Graves's  '  Royal  Academy  of  Arts  " 
I  observe  you  mention  a  portrait  of  a  General 
Pattison,  while  Mr.  Graves  gives  the  name  as 
General  Paterson.  I  have  a  portrait  of  General 
Pattison,  referred  to  in  Major  Duncan's  history 
of  the  Royal  Artillery  as  '  the  gunner  who 
governed  New  York.'  He  died  in  1805.  It  was 
always  understood  in  the  family  that  the  portrait 
was  painted  by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence;  however,  it 
has  been  questioned  whether  that  is  so.  It  would 
be  interesting  to  know  if  Lawrence  did  paint  a 
portrait  of  General  James  Pattison.  I  have  another 
portrait  of  him  by  Sir  William  Beechey. 

"  It  occurred  to  me  that  it  might  interest  Mr. 
Graves  to  know  this  ;  and  it  Mould  certainly  be 
interesting  to  myself  to  know  that  my  picture  is 
by  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence." 

Mr.  William  Gibb  has  been  commissioned 
by  Mr.  Pierpont  Morgan  to  paint  a  series  of 
water-colours  from  his  celebrated  collection 
of  art  treasures,  now  being  exhibited  at  the 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum.  Mr.  Gibb 
has  done  drawings  of  relics  of  the  Royal 
House  of  Stuart  and  the  treasures  of  Abbots- 
ford. 

The  death  occurred  in  Paris  last  week  of 
M.  Ernest  Jean  Aubert,  the  intimate  friend 
of  Gerome  ;  both  were  born  on  the  same 
day — May  31st,  1824.  Aubert  was  the  son 
of  an  engraver,  and  won  the  Prix  de  Home 
in  1844  as  an  engraver.  In  1851  lie  studied 
painting  in  the  studio  of  Paul  Delaroche, 
and  also  received  instruction  from  (ileyre 
and  at  the  Ecole  des  Beaux-Arts.  Many  of 
his  Salon  pictures  were  popular  successes  ; 
and  nearly  all  his  more  important  works 
were    purchased    for   American    collections. 

He    was    the    recipient    of    medals    in    1861, 
1878,  and  1889. 

The  death  is  also  announced,  at  the  early 

age  of  forty-five,  of  M.  iMartin-Callaud,  the 
animal  painter. 


The  Societe  des  Amis  du  Luxembourg 
have  purchased  for  that  gallery  M.  Jacques 
Cancaret's  '  Femme  Endormie,'  exhibited 
in  the  present  Salon.  The  day  after  the 
purchase  was  completed  the  picture  received 
a  further  honour  in  being  awarded  a  medal  of 
the  second  class. 

The  different  bourses  de  voyage  were 
awarded  at  last  Sunday's  meeting  of  the 
Council  Superieur  of  Fine  Arts  in  Paris.  For 
the  Prix  du  Salon  of  10,000  francs  the  voting 
was  very  close,  but  M.  Charles  Hoffbauer, 
whose  '  Triomphe  d'un  Condottiere  '  is  one 
of  the  features  of  the  present  Salon,  just 
defeated  M.  Alix  Marquet,  the  sculptor  of 
the  beautiful  marble  figure  called  '  Fin  de 
Labeur.'  The  various  bourses  de  voyage  for 
painting  were  awarded  to  M.  Dilly  for  '  La 
Derniere  Heure  en  Flandre  '  ;  M.  Jacquier, 
for  '  Fabre  de  l'Herault  '  ;  and  M.  Cancaret, 
whose  '  Femme  Endormie  '  is  mentioned 
above.  M.  Cornu,  whose  statue  in  wood, 
'  Le  Pauvre  Honteux,'  is  in  the  Salon  of  the 
Societ6  Nationale  des  Beaux-Arts,  won  the 
first  bourse  de  voyage  for  sculpture. 


MUSIC 

'THE    PEASANT    SONGS    OF    GREAT 
RUSSIA.' 

These  songs  in  the  Folk's  Harmonization 
have  been  collected  and  transcribed  from 
phonograms  by  Eugenie  Lineff,  and  are 
published  by  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Science  at  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  highly 
significant  that  at  the  present  moment, 
when  the  Western  world  is  speculating  as  to 
the  destiny  of  Russia,  the  Academy  should 
calmly  issue  from  St.  Petersburg  such  a 
collection.  It  is  a  tribute  to  the  undying 
vitality  of  the  race — a  vitality  which  lias 
been  proof  against  great  oppression.  But 
it  is  more  than  such  a  tribute.  It  is  at  the 
same  time  a  proof  of  the  high  importance 
which  the  intellectual  portion  of  Russia 
attaches  to  the  question  of  national  vitality 
— such  vitality,  that  is,  as  is  measured  not 
by  a  people's  birth-rate,  but  by  a  people's 
speech  and  a  people's  song.  In  this  country 
we  are  sublimely  oblivious  to  such  abstrac- 
tions. It  mattei's  not  to  us  whether  our 
language  is  a  strong,  grand,  moving,  expres- 
sive medium  of  national  consciousness,  or  a 
mere  rubbish-heap  of  foreign  lingo  and  slang. 
The  public  cares  little  whether  our  own  folk- 
song lives  or  dies.  Indeed,  the  few  who  do 
know  of  its  existence  are  interested  in  it 
often  in  a  languid,  patronizing  way.  For 
years  the  English  Folk-Song  Society  was 
almost  moribund,  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  spirit  and  contagious  enthusiasm  of  Mr. 
Cecil  Sharp,  it  would  probably  have  continued 
so.  As  it  is,  we  have  to  be  thankful  that 
there  is  one  society  which  is  at  last  alive, 
and  a  little  band  of  enthusiasts,  led  by  Mr. 
Sharp,  who  are  content  to  spend  and  be 
spent  for  the  preservation  of  English  folk- 
song. If  that  august  body  the  Royal 
Society  of  Philosophers  of  England  (to  give 
it  a  title  which  it  has  not  borne  in  common 
parlance  since  the  days  when  Charles  II. 
played  tricks  upon  it)  were  to  be  asked  to 
interest  itself  in  this  work,  it  would  probably 
vote  the  proposal  ridiculous,  as  devoid  of 
scientific  value.  If  the  British  Government 
itself  were  to  be  asked  to  aid  the  work,  it 
wovdd  doubtless  do  nothing  at  all — which 
would  certainly  be  a  safe  attitude  ;    or  if  it 

did  anything,  it  would  probably  appoint- 
some  academic  person  to  potter  about  the 
subject  and  make  a  report,  and  that  report 
would  doubtless  be  a  curiosity. 

Apparently    they    do    these    things   diffe- 


rently in  Russia.  Their  interest  in  peasant 
songs  is  not  merely,  or  even  in  the  first  place, 
a  scientific  interest.  First  and  foremost  it 
is  a  national  interest.  Does  the  ordinary 
Englishman,  who  looks  supinely  on  whilst 
English  agriculture  is  declining  and  the 
labourer  is  leaving  the  land,  ever  think  what 
his  country  is  losing  ?  and  if  he  does  know 
the  value  of  what  we  are  losing,  does  he  ever 
try  to  understand  the  underlying  cause  ?  No. 
The  real  reason  for  the  depopulation  of  the 
villages  is  that  the  joyousness  of  English 
country  life  is  fled  and  dead.  Old-fashioned 
village  sports  have  gone  ;  and  the  most 
truly  national  possession  of  all,  our  folk-music, 
has  become  a  fugitive  thing,  ashamed  to  hear 
itself.  It  is  dying  as  fast  as  it  can  die.  It 
is  not  to  escape  the  toil  of  labour  on  the  land 
that  the  labourer  flies  to  the  town.  It  is 
to  escape  the  tedium  of  the  long,  cheerless 
winter  nights,  with  no  song,  no  brightness, 
no  society  anywhere.  The  fatal  allurement 
of  the  town  over  the  mind  of  the  agricultural 
labourer  is  not  the  chance  of  employment, 
but  the  glare  of  the  lights  outside  the  music- 
hall. 

See  now  the  result  !  Folk-song,  which 
was  the  mainspring  of  the  joyousness  of  the 
life  of  peasant  England  in  the  past,  has  been 
killed  by  two  rival,  but  very  different  forces. 
The  Methodist  revival  made  the  country 
dweller  a  hymn-droner.  The  conquering 
genius  of  Handel  made  the  English  singer  a 
Handel  devotee,  as  he  is  in  the  north  of 
England  to  this  day.  Between  them  they 
killed  folk-song,  and  when  they  had  done 
that  they  had  broken  the  subtle  chord  of 
sympathy  which  held  together  the  peasant 
life  of  England,  and  so  to-day  we  can  neither 
keep  the  labourer  on  the  land  nor  attract 
him  back  to  it. 

That  is  why  we  say  that  the  national  value 
of  folk-song  is  the  first  consideration,  and 
that  its  scientific  or  antiquarian  interest 
comes  a  long  way  second.  Indeed,  these  two 
sides  or  aspects  of  the  interests  of  the  subject 
to  the  modern  world,  especially  to  England, 
are  not  comparable.  We  are  not  handling 
the  same  terms  ;  we  cannot  measure  or 
weigh  them  against  each  other,  any  more 
than  we  can  measure  England's  interest  in 
a  powerful  navy  by  her  interest  in  Stone- 
henge.  If  any  one  deliberately  prefers  to 
tread  the  antiquarian  path  and  to  approach 
folk-song  from  this  side,  he  will  indeed  be 
richly  rewarded.  For  the  astonishing  feature 
about  peasant  song  istheundyingpermanenoe 
of  the  musical  form.  It  is  not  merely  the 
ecclesiastical  modes  of  the  mediaeval  Latin 
Church  that  it  goes  back  to  ;  no,  nor  even 
the  earlier  authentic  Greek  scale-forms. 
Further  back  than  that  it  goes,  to  the  primi- 
tive scale-forms  coeval  with  the  birth  of  the 
primitive  civilization  of  the  race — thoso 
scale-forms  with  which  the  analytical  temper 
of  the  Greek  so  ceaselessly  busied  itself,  and 
which  his  genius  succeeded  in  fixing  appa- 
rently, in  part,  for  all  time. 

In  the  present  volume  Eugenie  Lineff 
concludes  the  introduction,  which  is  printed 
in  English,  with  a  section  dealing  with  the 
tonality  and  musical  scales  of  the  peasant 
songs.  Compressed  as  it  is.  this  section  is 
an  admirable  summary  of  what  is  known  to 
tho  modern  world  concerning  the  theory  of 
Grook  music.  The  simple  reason  for  this 
is  that  the  author,  through  this  Russian 
folk-song,  has  actually  been  in  touch  with 
ancient  Creek  music  as  a  living  thing,  and 
has  heard  with  living  oars  to-day  what  the 
Greeks  heard  in  primeval  times  : — 

"When    the    sun^s   included    in    this    book,    and 

also  others  recorded  by  (lie  phonograph,  but  not 
yd  printed,  were  analyzed,  with  the  objeot  <>f 
determining  their  tonality,  it  beoame  evident  that 
the  theoretic  principles  i  f  the  anoienl  Greeks  were 
more  applicable  to  them  than  our  modern  musical 


7TJ 


Til  K     A  Til  ENJEUM 


N   U03,  Juhe  16,  1006 


prim  iploSi  ami    1  li.it    a  Hohltion  "t     tin-  |irulili'iii  uii-s 

[bu    foi    <  v  ■  i  \  tang  b)  adapting  to  it   on*  <>i 

tlw    am  |i  nl     <                                     Tin-    l'ull"\\iiiK    rli  ally 
defined    .  I.aiai  t.i  ist  11  -,    \ni  ;•  I.  aiml     to    be    I limn 

to  tin-  am  ii  nt   Greek  music  (op  to  Axutoxeniu) 
end  to  the  old  Rnsneo  peeaent  song: — 

( 1 )  The  Die  i  >f  n»l  u  el  inten  ala, 

(2)  rhe  Byiteni  of  ihorl  toaJea  tetrsoborda 
trhioli  are  aronped  and  united,  In  aooordanoe  with 
the  moaioaJ  requirement  <>t  the  people,  into  longer 
aoalea 

\  oertain  freedom  in  the  displacement  of  the 
lv  \  note,  the diviaion  ol  its  functions  bel  ween  the 
middle  note  and  t  he  final  at  ite. 

1 1    The  predominanoe  oi  diatonism. 

(.">)  The  predominanoe  >>t  deaoending  melodic 
figm  ■ 

All  tin -i'  characteristics,  which  lend  so 
high  a  Boientifio  or  antiquarian  value  to  the 
folk-song  of  Russia,  are  fearlessly  claimed 
by  English  folk-song  experts  as  residing  in 
our  nativo  English  folk-song.  Nay,  more  ; 
thoso  experts  even  claim  for  tho  native 
English  product  qualities  and  excellences 
which  are  not  to  be  found  in  tho  folk-song 
of  any  other  European  country — qualities, 
namely,  of  movement,  freedom,  variety, 
power  of  expressiveness,  and  so  forth. 

But  keon  and  high  as  is  this  scientific 
interest  attaching  to  folk-song  as  the  re- 
pository of  bygone  musical  forms,  let  it  not 
bo  supposed  for  a  moment  that  this  con- 
stitutes the  basis  of  the  movement  towards 
the  rehabilitation  of  such  melody.  The 
movement  which  is  now  afoot,  and  which  is 
identified  pre-eminently  with  the  name  and 
life-work  of  Mr.  Cecil  Sharp,  is,  and  claims 
to  be,  a  work  of  national  importance.  Its 
object  is  twofold:  firstly' to  restore  that 
social  bond  which,  as  I  have  said  above,  may 
go  far  towards  making  peasant  life  in  Eng- 
land possible  again  ;  and  secondly  to  vindi- 
cate the  value  of  our  despised  inheritance  of 
national  music.  Time  was  when  England 
was  a  musical  country — when,  indeed,  we 
were  musically  pre-eminent  in  Europe. 
That  pre-eminence  we  have  lost.  Why  ? 
Because  the  native  products — the  folk-song, 
the  glee,  the  catch,  the  roundelay,  and  what 
not  —  were  displaced  and  made  unfashion- 
able, towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  by  the  invasion  of  continental 
forms  of  composition.  The  old  has  gone, 
but  we  have  not  assimilated  the  new — not 
even  to  this  day,  though  we  play  the  im- 
ported instruments  and  teach  the  imported 
theory.  The  genius  of  our  native  English 
music  is  vocal,  not  instrumental  ;  and  if  We 
follow  our  genius,  there  may  still  be  for  us 
illimitable  possibilities  of  development. 

W.  A.  S. 


ittusical  dosaip. 

Puccini's  '  La  Tosca  '  was  performed  at 
Covent  Garden  last  Saturday  evening,  for 
the  first  time  this  season,  and  Madame 
Giachetti  also  made  her  first  appearance. 
In  her  acting  she  displayed  both  strength 
and  restraint,  and  she  sang  so  artistically 
that  one  easily  excused  the  somewhat  shrill 
quality  of  someof  her  high  notes.  Signer  Caruso 
as  Cavaradossi  was  in  fine  voice,  though  a 
little  stiff  in  his  acting.  Signor  Scotti 
played  Scarpia  with  marked  skill,  and  M. 
Gilibert  made  the  most  of  his  small  part  as 
the  sacristan.  Signor  Campanini  conducted, 
and  as  a  whole  the  rendering  of  the  opera 
was  of  a  high  order.  The  exciting  libretto 
counts  for  much  in  the  success  which  the 
work  has  achieved  ;  the  music  is  clever,  yet 
it  is  not  until  the  third  act  that  it  has  the 
chance  to  make  a  strong  emotional  appeal. 

FB  ui.kin   VOX   MrLDKHBUBG   appeared    in 

'  Tannhauser '   on   Monday,   but   her   voice 

was  not  in  good  order,  and  there  was  exag- 
geration  in   her   acting.      We   felt    the   same 


thing  in  her  I  lolde.but  it  was  -till  more  marl  <  I 
in    her    impersonation    of    Elisabeth.     The 

performance    Of    the     work,     indeed,     was     iii 

many  respects  open  to  criticism. 

Ill   Hit      A  Hill  I    i:      N'lKlsill      conducted      the 

concert  of  the  London  Symphony  Orch< 
at    Queen'i   Hall   lust    Saturday.     Brahi 

Sympho&y   in  0   minor  stood   at    tin-  heiwl   of 

tin-  programme,  and  a  powerful  reading 
was  given  of  the  work.      \  striking  feature 

of    the    conducting    was    the    char  cut,     \it 

Btrongly  emotional  present  at  ion  of  the  music. 
In  Wagner's  'Flying  Dutchman1  Overture 
the     conductor    and     also     the     orchestra 

achieved    a    magnificent    success.      Wagner's 

'  Forest  Murmurs  '  and  the  include  and  close 
of  'Tristan'  produced  less  excitement  :    in 

comparison  with  Dr.  Richter'.s  rendering  of 
the  latter  it  seemed  sentimental  rather  than 
truly  impassioned.  The  programme  ended 
with  Strauss's  'Tod  und  Verklarung.' 

Miss  ELENA  Gebhabpt,  who  made  her 
first  appearance  on  Monday  at  the  concert  of 
Mischa  Klman — whose  remarkable  perform- 
ance of  the  Brahms  Violin  Concerto,  by  tin- 
way,  deserves  mention — gave  a  recital  at 
Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday  afternoon. 
This  lady  has  not  been  content  with  the 
possession  of  a  fine  fresh  voice  of  wide 
range,  and  with  a  musical  temperament 
and  marked  intelligence,  but  she  must  have 
studied  earnestly  under  some  great  teacher 
of  singing.  We  can  now  only  state  that  in 
songs  of  various  character,  from  Marcello 
and  Gluck  to  Wolf  and  Strauss,  she  won, 
and  legitimately,  the  full  favour  of  her 
audience.  To  listen  to  her  is  a  high  artistic 
enjoyment.  But  Mr.  Arthur  Nikisch  was 
at  the  piano,  and  that  was  a  factor  in 
her  success  which  must  not  be  overlooked. 
From  the  cold-toned  instrument  he  evolved 
varied  colouring,  almost  as  if  he  had  a  small 
orchestra  at  his  disposal. 

Thk  recently  formed  Oriana  Madrigal 
Society  gave  its  third  concert  at  the  ^olian 
Hall  on  Tuesday  evening.  The  name  which 
it  bears  is  a  proud  one,  for  it  recalls  one  of 
the  grandest  periods  in  the  annals  of  British 
music  ;  but  the  choir  and  the  able  conductor, 
Mr.  C.  Kennedy  Scott,  proved  themselves 
worthy  of  it.  The  programme  -was  too 
long,  but  fortunately  all  the  numbers  were 
interesting.  We  would  particularly  note 
the  singing  of  Orlando  Gibbons's  '  The 
Silver  Swan  '  and  the  impressive  "  What  is 
our  life  ?  "  The  emotional  round.  "  She 
weepeth  sore  in  the  night,"  by  William 
Lawes,  expressivoly  sung  by  four  ladies, 
deserves  mention.  Many  old  compositions 
were  conceived  in  a  mathematical  rather 
than  a  musical  spirit  :  but  Byrd,  Gibbons, 
Wilbye,  and  other  of  our  great  madrigal 
writers,  sought,  and  successfully,  to  in- 
tensify the  words  they  set  to  music  ;  hence 
the  latter,  in  spite  of  its  archaic  form, 
still  lives. 

Thkre  have  been  several  pianoforte 
recitals  by  well-known  pianists.  Mr.  F. 
Lamond,  yesterday  week  at  the  .Eolian 
Hall,  gave  an  excellent  rendering  of  Schu- 
mann's Fantasia,  Op.  17,  although  in  the 
first  movement  the  line  of  demarcation 
between  sentiment  and  sentimentality  was 
not  always  duly  observed.  As  an  inter- 
preter of  Beethoven  the  pianist  enjoys  a 
high  reputation,  but  in  the  composer's 
Sonata  in  B  minor.  Op.  90,  he  was  not  quite 
at  his  best.  His  playing,  on  the  other  hand, 
of  the  Schubert-Liszt  '  Erlkonig '  was  re- 
markably fine. 

M.  AitTiint  DB  Gbeef,  tie  Belgian 
pianist,  at  his  recital  on  Monday 
at  the  same  hall  played  Beethoven's 
'  Appassionato  '  Sonata  with  skill  and 
marked  feeling  :  the  reading  of  the  first 
movement,  however,  was  somewhat  flurried. 


It  i  unwise  to  begin  a  recital  with  snob 
an  important  work.  His  performance  l 
Schumann's  '  Papilb  admirable. 

If.    \  i miimiu    iij     I'miimann    gave    a 

Chopin  recital  at  Becfastom  Hull  on 
Saturday  afternoon,  and,  as  usual  with 
-ie -h   on      ie,   with   great    success. 

Tin;  programme  of  the  "  Phantasy M  Con- 
cert at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Friday  U  xt  will 
comprise  the  work  by   the  late  Mr.  W.  Y. 

Huristono   which    obtained    the  first  prise   m 

tho      recent      "  Phantasy      Composition 

anized  by  tin-  Worshipful  Company  of 
Musicians;  also  five  works  by  MM.  Frank 
Bridge,  James  Frisian,  .).  Bolbr  >"k'-,  Waldo 
Win  er,  and  BTaydon  Wood,  which  obtained 
prizes.  These  fantasies,  which  will  bo  i 
Formed  by  the  Saunders  Quartet,  a\era<re 
about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  each.  The 
judges  in  the  competition  wen*  Sir  A. 
Mackenzie  and  Messrs.  A.  Gibson,  W.  W. 
Cobbett,  and  H.  Sternberg. 

Db.  Chaki.ks  A.  F.  H  ap.kiss.  who  arranged 
the  British-Canadian  Festival  in  1903,  of 
which  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  was  con- 
ductor, is  giving  a  British-Canadian  Festival 
at  Queen's  Hall  on  the  27th  inst.  Sirs  E- 
ESlgar,  A.  Mackenzie.  Hubert  Parry,  and 
Charles  Stanford,  also  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen, 
will  conduct  works  of  their  own.  The 
Canadian  part  of  the  programme  will  be 
confined  to  two  numbers:  Dr.  Hani 
choric  idyll  '  Pan,'  and  Sir  A.  Mac-ken/ 
'  Canadian  Rhapsody.' 

Dr.  P.  C.  Buck  will  read  a  paper  entitled 
'Prolegomena  to  Musical  Criticism  '  before 
the  members  of  the  Musical  Association 
next  Tuesday. 


Bus. 

M<»\.- 

JIox. 


\Y,i.. 
Tin  us 

FBI 

SaT. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

Sunday  League  Concert,  ',  Queen'i  Hall. 
-Sat.    Koyal  Opera,  Corent  Garden. 

Mi>s  Jessie  Qrimsoa  and    the  New  Symphony  Orchestra.  3» 
Queen's  Hall. 

Miss  Amies  Ziinmermann  and  Herr  von  Zur-Miihlen's  Piano- 
forte and  Sontr  Recital,  3.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mile   Rosa  Olitxka's  Vocal  Recital.  * .:m.  Bechetein  Hall. 

Herr  Busoni'a  Pian<  I  ostein  Hall. 

Mif>  Staegemann'e  Song  Recital,  .".  .F.olian  Hall. 

Mr.  Edward  Dee's  Vocal  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.    Marmaduke   Barton's  Pianoforte    Recital.    S.    Bechftei» 
Hall. 

Madame  Clothil.ie  Kleeberg's  Recital,  :*  So,  .Eolian  Hall. 

Hr.  Lndwig  Wullner's  Bong  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mr.  II    Witherspoon's  Song  Cental.  :.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Mrs.  M.uv  Layton's  Ladies  (  boh",  B.  Queen's  Hall. 

MisB  Qwynne  Sixer's  Concert,  s   Bechstein  Hall 

Miss  Tilly  Koenen  i  Song  Recital,  "   Bechstein  BUI 

Herr  Jan  ran  '  ordt  B  Violin  Recital  &,  Queen's  Hall. 

Phantasy  Concert,  s  i",.  Bechstein  Hall. 

Rehearsal,  Handel  Festival,  12,  Crystal  Palace. 

M   Wilhelm  Backhaul  ■  Pianoforte  Recital, ::.  Queen's  HaU. 

Mr.  Boris  Hambonrg's  Cello  Recital,  '■'.  .Eolian  Hall. 


DRAMA 


OUR   LIBRARY  TABLE. 

The  Arden  Shakespeare.  General  Editor. 
W.  J.  Craig.— Twelfth  Night.  Edited  by 
Morton  Luce.  (Methuen  A  Co.) — Some 
seven  j'ears  have  passed  since  this  edition 
was  begun  by  Prof.  Dowden.  and  we  have 
yet  got  hut  to  the  seventeenth  volume:  a 
rathei  slow  rate  of  proirress  when  the  number 
ut"  editors  engaged  on  the  work  is  considered. 
'Twelfth  Night'  now  reaches  us,  the  first 
received  during  the  current  year.  We  have 
from  time  to  time  had  the  pleasure  of  calling 
attention  to  this  charming  edition,  and  now. 
without  entering  on  any  detailed  criticism 
of  the  present  instalment,  we  may  fairly 
say  that  it  is  up  to  the  high  mark  of  excellence 
to  which  its  predecessors  have  accustomed 
us  :  we  notice,  however — not  in  this  volume 
alone — a  tendency  to  amplify  the  intro- 
ductory and  explanatory  matter  to  the 
neglect  <«f  textual  collation.  The  latter  we 
consider  the  most  important  part  of  an 
editor's  duty  :  without  it  we  cannot  have  a 
full  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  text  ;  with 
it  we  think  that  Shakspeare  may  be  gene- 
rally considered  capable  of  explaining  him- 


N°  4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


743 


self,  [especially  if  the  reader  is  assisted, 
as  he  should  be,  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
poet's  language  with  ample  illustrations 
from  the  writings  of  his  contemporaries. 
Exuberance  of  explanatory  notes,  often 
tedious,  may  imperil  to  some  extent  the 
handiness  of  the  volumes — a  quality  we 
have  commended.  The  present  volume 
might,  we  think,  with  very  little  trouble, 
have  been  reduced  some  fifty  pages  or  so 
without  in  the  least  impairing  its  usefulness. 

Othello  Unveiled.  By  Rentala  Venkata 
Subbarau.  (Madras,  the  Rentala  House, 
Mylapore.) — We  have  here,  including  a 
copiously  annotated  edition  of  the  play 
Itself,  a  portly  volume  of  over  seven  hundred 
pages,  intended  by  the  wnter  to  lift  the  veil 
which  he  imagines  has  hitherto  existed 
between  the  play  and  its  editors  and  com- 
mentators. What  that  veil  is  we  have  in 
vain  attempted  to  discover  ;  but  Mr.  Sub- 
barau's  method  is  to  imagine  and  describe 
in  great  detail  the  whole  course  of  the  story 
as  suggested  by  those  portions  of  it  repre- 
sented in  the  visible  action  of  the  stage.  It 
would  be  useless  to  follow  Mr.  Subbarau' s 
narrative  ;  he  tells  us  nothing  which  is 
either  a  mystery  or  secret  to  any  student  of 
Shakspeare,  and  in  point  of  fact  the  only 
•difficulty  in  the  conduct  of  the  play  is  in  the 
excessively  short  time  allowed  by  the  poet 
for  the  action  in  Cyprus  :  Mr.  Subbarau' s 
"  unveiling  "  appears  to  be  merely  an  attempt 
to  extend  this  time.  Othello  and  Desde- 
mona  land  in  Cyprus,  and  from  Act  II.  to 
Act  III.  sc.  ii.  we  have  a  night  and  morning. 
In  Act  III.  sc.  hi.,  still  in  the  morning,  Iago 
begins  his  insinuations  against  Desdemona's 
chastity,  and  by  midnight  of  the  same  day 
Othello  is  a  murderer  and  suicide.  The 
scenes  from  the  landing  to  the  tragic  ending 
are  so  run  together  that  it  is  not  possible 
to  thrust  in  even  an  hour's  interval  between 
sc.  ii.  and  hi.  of  Act  III.,  and  the  time  there- 
fore passed  in  Cyprus  is  comprised  in  a  por- 
tion of  two  consecutive  days.  Yet  there  are 
references  and  allusions  throughout,  from 
Act  II.  to  the  end  of  Act  V.,  which  absolutely 
require  a  much  longer  period  in  Cyprus  than 
this  distressingly  short  time  would  allow  ; 
and  Prof.  Wilson  (Christopher  North)  was 
thereby  induced  to  put  forth  his  "  astound- 
ing discovery  "  that  Shakspeare  had  invented 
a  system  of  double-time,  and  worked  his 
time-plot  by  two  clocks,  one  fpst,  the  other 
slow.  The  Professor  failed  to  explain  how 
this  was  to  be  done,  and  rathei  left  one  with 
the  impression  that  his  "  astounding  dis- 
covery "  partook  perilously  of  the  nature 
of  a  mare's  nest.  Very  respectable  autho- 
rities, however,  have  accepted  his  sugges- 
tions more  whole-heartedly  than  he  himself 
appears  to  have  done  ;  but  Mr.  Subbarau  is 
not  one  of  them,  for  he  denounces  double- 
time  as  a  delusion,  and  proposes,  in  spite 
of  the  continuity  of  the  scenes,  to  set  the 
time  right  by  the  brutal  plan — after  all, 
inefficient — of  thrusting  in  an  interval  of 
at  least  a  month  between  sc.  ii.  and  iii.  of 
Act  III. 

That  Mr.  Subbarau  should  have  felt 
himself  impelled  to  bring  forth  a  huge 
volume  for  the  purpose  of  announcing  such 
a  lame  and  impotent  conclusion  is  at  once 
matter  for  marvel  and  regret  ;  but  truth 
compels  us  to  pronounce  the  result  a  mere 
waste  of  print  and  paper. 

The  Title  Mart  :  a  Comedy  in  Three  Acts. 
By  Winston  Churchill.  (New  York,  the 
Macmillan  Company.) — Whatever  may  be 
the  fate  of  this  play  when  produced  before 
an  American  public,  for  which  it  is  obviousl} 
intended,  it  constitutes  eminently  diverting 
reading.  As  its  title  denotes,  it  is  a  satire 
upon  the  American  chase  after  English  titles, 
and  the  corresponding  hunt  on  the  part  of 


the  English  nobility  after  American  dollars. 
In  the  satire  the  scales  are  evenly  held,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  say  which  is  the  more  humor- 
ous— the  Transatlantic  matron  with  an  over- 
weening admiration  for  aristocratic  imper- 
tinence and  selfishness,  or  her  sprightly 
daughter  who  wins  an  English  marquis  by 
her  skill  in  jiu-jitsu  wrestling.  The  whole, 
though  a  trifle  extravagant,  is  written  with 
remarkable  spirit  and  humour.  The  misuse 
in  the  stage  directions  of  the  word  "  exits  " 
as  a  verb  is  regrettably  frequent. 

The  Girl  with  the  Green  Eyes  :  a  Play  in 
Four  Acts.  By  Clyde  Fitch.  (New  York, 
the  Macmillan  Company.) — This  play  also 
is  intended  for  an  American  public,  and  has 
little  in  it  that  appeals  to  the  English  play- 
goer. It  tells  a  story  of  blind  and  un- 
reasoning jealously,  and  ends  with  an  attempt 
on  the  part  of  the  heroine  at  suicide,  which 
we  cannot  but  regard  as  a  mistake  in  a  clever 
and,  in  other  respects,  sympathetic  work. 
The  title  has  merely  an  accidental  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Balzac's  '  La  Fille  aux 
Yeux  d'or.' 


'  ATALANTA    IN    CALYDON  '    AT    THE 
SCALA    THEATRE. 

A  critic  born,  like  the  present  writer, 
long  after  the  great  Victorians,  is  impatient 
of  set  speeches  and  digressions — impatient, 
indeed,  of  justifiable  longueurs.  He  does 
not  look  for  beauty  of  metre  and  language 
in  drama,  and  he  does,  perhaps,  look  for 
more  movement  and  conciseness  than  his 
predecessors  expected  or  desired.  Con- 
fronted, then,  with  a  play  such  as  '  Atalanta 
in  Calydon  '  on  the  stage,  he  is  surprised  at 
the  strong  dramatic  quality  it  shows  through- 
out, particularly  at  the  effect  of  the  deeply 
tragic  scene  at  the  end,  which  moves  the 
emotions  as  few  things,  modern  or  ancient, 
can  do.  If  Mr.  Swinburne's  play  is  some 
way  from  the  Greek  in  its  sensuous  indul- 
gences, it  has  something  of  the  spirit  which 
has  gripped  even  those  who  were  no  Grecians 
at  the  death  of  Hippolytus  and  the  agonies 
of  the,  Trojan  women.  Traces  there  are  of 
such  embellishment  as  here  runs  riot  in  the 
'  Ajax  '  of  Sophocles  ;  the  fragments  of  the 
'  Phaethon  '  of  Euripides  hold  the  romance 
of  the  sunrise,  and  when  the  old  poet  spoke 
for  himself  in  a  chorus  of  the  '  Hercules 
Furens,'  he  was  far  from  the  futile  common 
sense  associated  with  that  part  of  the  drama. 

The  modern  feeling  for  nature  and  romance 
is  not  so  un-Greek  as  is  supposed,  but  leaving 
such  justification  aside,  we  may  award 
great  credit  to  the  actors,  led  by  Miss  Elsie 
Fogerty  (their  trainer),  for  the  undoubted 
success  of  '  Atalanta.'  They  were  able  to 
give  clear  utterance  to  the  astonishing 
beauty  and  fervour  of  description  which 
make  the  play  immortal.  If  ever  amplifica- 
tion, to  use  the  term  of  Longinus.  is  justified, 
it  is  here.  The  Chorus  was  a  real  triumph, 
and  the  best,  both  for  artistic  grouping  and 
singing,  that  has  been  seen  of  late  years. 
The  dresses,  Specially  woven  and  dyed, 
were  graduated  with  the  skill  of  a  modern 
landscape  painter  who  finds  in  nature  a 
subtle  colour-scheme  of  varying  reds.  The 
leader  (Miss  Mary  Webb)  had  a  good  voice 
and  appearance  ;   and  except  for  the  posing 

of  one  figure,  rather  too  conscious  of  a  pretty 

face,  there  was  always  appropriate  move- 
ment in  the  fourteen  who  formed  the  Chorus. 

One  saw  for  the  first  time  what  could  be 
done  with 

the  charm 
of  woven  paces and  of  waving  hand* 

A  dance  movement  with  play  at  ball  was  B 
happy  invention,  carried  out  with  the  finish 
and  skill  which  distinguished  throughout 
the  figures  who  gathered  round  the  altar  of 


Dionysus.  Miss  Fogerty  as  Althaea  was 
dignified,  and,  of  course,  admirable  in  elocu- 
tion. She  allowed  herself,  we  think,  too 
level  a  tone  of  hardness  in  the  first  part  of 
the  play  ;  but  she  was  capable  of  tenderness, 
and  her  whole  conception  of  the  last  scene 
was  moving,  though  not  lacking  in  the  Greek 
quality  of  restraint.  Mr.  Gerald  Ames  as 
Meleager  was  also  at  his  best  in  the  final 
scene.  His  life  went  out  fitfully,  as  the  poet 
intended,  with  the  transient  glow  and  gloom 
of  the  burning  brand.  As  Atalanta,  Miss 
Hazel  Thompson  showed  a  simplicity  and 
grace  which  augur  well  for  her  future  as  an 
artist.  A  more  gracious  embodiment  of  the 
maiden  huntress  could  not  have  been  hoped 
for. 

The  music,  by  Miss  Muriel  Elliot,  was 
frankly  modern,  but  tuneful.  The  piano 
was  unfortunately  obtrusive  in  some  moments 
of  stress,  in  which  the  violins,  also  present, 
would  surely  have  been  sufficient  to  guide 
voices  so  efficient  and  well  trained. 

It  seems  a  pity  that  so  excellent  a  per- 
formance could  not  have  been  arranged  for 
several  afternoons  or  nights  in  succession. 
On  Monday  there  was,  we  believe,  a  full 
house,  and  a  substantial  sum  must  have 
been  gained  for  Bedford  College. 


Dramatic  (Bossip. 

In  its  way  the  representation  at  Drury 
Lane  on  the  12th  inst.  was  unique.  Scarcely 
an  English  actor  of  eminence  was  there  who 
did  not  take  a  share  in  the  entertainment, 
and  as  a  tribute,  on  the  part  of  the  public 
and  her  profession  to  the  estimation  in 
which  Miss  Terry  is  held,  the  demonstra- 
tion was  unprecedented  and  unparalleled. 
Features  in  the  programme  carried  out — 
notably  the  tableaux  vivants  arranged  by 
Mr.  Luke  Fildes,  Sir  L.  Alma  Tadema,  and 
other  artists — were  of  enchanting  beauty. 
In  most  of  the  cases,  however,  the  personal 
element  outweighed  the  artistic  gain.  This 
is  always  the  case  when  scenes  from  comic 
masterpieces  are  given,  whatever  the  cast 
assigned  them.  In  a  presentation  of  '  Much 
Ado  about  Nothing  '  it  was  profoundly 
interesting  to  see  the  beneficiaire  as  Beatrice 
supported  by  her  sisters  Marion  as  Hero 
and  Kate  as  Ursula,  and  nearly  a  score  of 
offshoots  of  her  family,  together  with  a  cast 
comprising  Mr.  Fred  Terry,  Mr.  H.  B. 
Irving,  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson,  Mr.  Beer- 
bohm  Tree,  and  numerous  others  of  high 
eminence  ;  and  the  fact  of  having  been 
present  on  such  an  occasion  is  one  to  be 
remembered  with  gratification.  Better  per- 
formances of  the  play  are,  however,  to  be 
recalled  at  the  Lyceum  and  His  Majesty's. 
Not  less  sensible,  with  a  change  of  theatre, 
was  the  feeling  in  the  Dinner  and  Picture 
Scene  of  '  The  School  for  Scandal,'  in  which 
Sir  Charles  Wyndham  was  Charles  Surface  ; 
Mr.  Arthur  Bourchier,  Sir  Oliver  ;  Mr. 
Edward  Terry,  Moses  ;  Mr.  Cyril  Maude, 
Trip  ;  Mr.  George  Alexander,  Careless  ;  and 
Mr.  Ben  Davies,  Sir  Henry  Bumper.  Signora 
Duse  came  over,  it  is  stated,  on  purpose  to 
render  a  tribute  to  the  English  actress  ;  and 
among  those  who  assisted  m  the  demonstra- 
tion were  Mme.  Jane  Hading  and  MM. 
Coquelin,     In    the    same    category    might 

almost  be  classed  t  he  public,  which  during 
the  closing  reception  sang  '  Auld  Lang  Syne  ' 
with  great  enthusiasm.  Lady  Bancroft,  in 
a  few  well-chosen  and  happily  delivered 
phrases,  announced  herself  as  the  fairy 
godmother  who  presided  over  the  pageant. 
It  may  be  doubted  whether  a  scene  of 
homage  to  an  artist  ever  held  more  magic 
and  electric  feeling. 


711 


'I1  II  E     AT  II  KN'/KUM 


\    U03,  .1'  m    10,  1906 


I  \  i c\  i\  ins  at  t  he  Royalty  '  Madem< 
ilr   u   8i  M     Coquelui   resumed   the 

pint   "t   the  avocat   Destournelles,   in   which 

lie   «TM   Been   at    the  Gaiety,   lis  a   member  (if 

the  Comedie  Franeaiae,  in  June,  I  s7'.».  The 
work  an  adaptation  by  M.  Jules  Bandeau 
..f  one  of  hia  novels  though  now  nearly 
sixty  years  old,  remains  a  masterpiece,  while 
M.  Coquelin's  performance  of  the  ambitious 

ami    cynical    old    lawyer    is    even    riper    than 

before.     M.    .lean    Coquelin    struggled    (in 

the  main  successfully)  with  an  arduous  part 

as  the  Marquis  :  Mile.  Fanny  Aubel  succeeded 

Mile.  Broisat  as  Helene.  the  sympathetic 
heroine  ;  and  Madame  Bouchetal,  Mile. 
Madeleine  Mrohan  as  the  Haronne. 

Wii  \r.  after  the  modern  fashion  of  e\t  ra.\  a- 
gilnt     advert  isement .     was    announced     as     a 

'■  Big  dramatic  festival,"  but  consisted  of 
two  revivals  of  moderate  interest,  took  place 
last  Saturday  evening  at  the  Duke  of  York's 
Theatre.  The  firs!  consisted  of  Mr.  .!.  M. 
Barrie's  fantasj  '  Pantaloon,'  in  which  Mr. 
Albert  Chevalier  took  for  the  first  time  the 
character  <>f  Pantaloon  ;  the  second  was 
'  The  Marriage  of  Kitty."  Mr.  Cosmo  Gordon 
Lennox's  clever  adaptation  of '  La  Passerelle,' 
in  which  Miss  Marie  Tempest  resumed  her 
original  pari  of  Kitty  Silverton,  acting  with 
her  old  sauciness  and  liumour  ;  Miss  Ellis 
Jeffreys  returned  to  tlie  cliaracter  of  Madame 
de  Semiano,  of  which  site  is  an  ideal  exponent; 
Mr.  Leonard  Boyne  remained  Sir  Reginald  ; 
and  Mr.  Eric  Lewis  was  John  Travers,  the 
lawyer.  An  amount  of  success  which  few 
recent  novelties  have  enjoyed  seems  in  store 
for  the  revival. 

A  NEW  last  act.  providing  a  happy  ter- 
mination, was  on  Tuesday  evening  supplied 
at  the  Savoy  to  '  The  Shulamite,'  a  well- 
conceived  and  well-acted  play  thus  obtaining 
further  elements  of  popularity.  A  musical 
piece  by  Mr.  Malcolm  Watson,  entitled  '  An 
Exile  from  Home,'  was  on  the  same  occasion 
added  to  a  programme  which  it  strengthens. 

'  Brigadier  Gerard  '  has  closed  its 
career  at  the  Lyric,  to  the  evening  bill  of 
which  '  Othello,'  with  Mr.  Lewis  Waller  as 
the  Moor  and  Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  as  his  ancient, 
is  this  evening  transferred. 

To  the  list  of  pieces  which  have  failed  to 
hit  public  taste  must  be  added  '  Shore 
Acres,'  which  at  the  Waldorf  has  met  with 
no  such  good  fortune  as  it  enjoyed  in  the 
United  States.  An  arrangement  has  been 
made  by  which,  in  the  early  autumn,  the 
management  of  Mr.  Cyril  Maude  and  Miss 
Winifred  Emery  will  be  associated  in  a 
West-End  theatre  with  that  of  Mr.  Charles 
Frohman. 

The  season  at  the  Imperial  of  Mr.  Martin 
Harvey  closes  this  evening. 

Miss  Ada  Rehan  has  embarked  for 
England,  but  in  a  condition  that  necessitated 
her  being  carried  on  board  the  ship,  and 
precludes  all  hope  of  her  appearance  on  the 
stage  during  her  present  visit. 

'  Matt  of  Merkvmonth  '  is  the  title  of  a 
play  by  Mrs.  E.  G.  Sutherland  and  Mr. 
B.  M.  I)ix  which  lias  been  secured  for  pro- 
duction next  season  by  Mr.  Fred  Terry. 

Madame  Jane  Hading's  first  appearance 
for  the  present  season  took  place  on  Monday 
at  the  Coronet  in  her  familiar  role  of  Madame 
d'Ange  in  '  Le  Demi-Monde,'  in  which  she 
was  once  more  seen  to  high  advantage. 

It  was  on  April  26th,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  Jubilee  of  the  University  of  Melbourne. 
that  the  performance  of  'The  Wasps'  of 
Aristophanes,  to  which  brief  reference  was 
made  last  week,  took  place,  tinder  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Alexander  beeper,  Warden 
of  Trinity  College,  and  in  presence  of  his 
Excellency  the  Governor-General.     The  in- 


1 1  rpretei  were  taken  from  tin-  three-  collcgcH 
of    Trinity,    Ormond,    and    Queei         The 

es   were   made   by   ladies  connected    with 

the  colleges;  the  propertii  ■••  copied 
from  ancient  sculpt m e-  ami  paintings.     The 

dress  of  the  WaSpB  and  in.-t  of  the  kitchen 
utensils  were  from  the  designs  of  M.  Maurice- 
Curt  on.  Two  representations  were  given  on 
the  same  day.  The  scenery  was  executed 
by  Messrs.  Little  a  Son.  oi  the  Melbourne 
Theatre  Royal. 

Owing    to   copyrighl    arrangements,    the 
complete  edition  of  [bean's  works  announced 

by  Mr.  I  binemann  cannot  be  published  until 

September    next.     Two    volumes    will     be 

issued  then,  and  the  others  in  rapid  succes- 
sion. 


MISCELLANEA 

• 

DATE    OF    THE    STATUTE    OF 
KILKENNY. 

Ali,  published  histories  of  Ireland  give 
the  date  of  the  famous  Statute  of  Kilkenny 
as  1367,  and  this  error  has  been  perpetuated 
since  Hardiman's  volume  on  the  subject. 
A  few  years  back  the  real  date  was  pointed 
out  to  me  by  a  deceased  friend,  and  I  am 
glad  to  note  that  in  the  recently  issued 
'  History  of  the  Diocese  of  Ossory  '  the  true 
date  is  quoted  by  the  Rev.  William  Carrigan. 
However,  it  may  be  well  to  make  known 
generally  that  the  actual  year  when  the 
Statute  of  Kilkenny  wras  passed  was  the 
fortieth  year  of  Edward  III.,  which  is  1366 
— not  1367,  as  found  in  all  printed  autho- 
rities. The  statute  was  enacted  on  "  the  day 
after  Ash  Wednesday,  40  Edw.  III.,"  and 
this  must  be  at  the  close  of  February  of  the 
year  1366.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Lionel, 
Duke  of  Clarence,  Viceroy  of  Ireland, 
returned  to  England  early  in  1366,  leaving 
Gerald,  Earl  of  Desmond,  as  Justiciary. 

Wit.  H.  Grattan  Flood. 


To  Correspondents.— W.  E.  C. — W.  K.  D.— C.  A.  M.  F. 
— Received. 

E.  W. — Many  thanks  :  anticipated,  as  you  will  see. 
No  notice  can  betaken  of  anonymous  communications. 
We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  hooks. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents 
Autotype  Compant 

BAOSTER  A  sons 

Rem.  &  sons 

Catalogues      

Constable  &  Co 

Duckworth  &  Co 

Educational 

Exhibitions     

Heinemann       

BURST  it  Blackett 

.1  Mi  KOI. 1 1    4    SONS 

Laurie     

longhans  &  co 

M  ACM  II. I. AN   &  CO 

Miscellaneous 

Murray 

Newspaper  Agents  .. 
Notes  *  queries 

NUTT  

Oxford  University  press 
Religious  tract  society  . 
Bales  m  Auction 
Situations  Vacant 
siti'ations  Wanted  . . 

SOCIETIES 

Stanford 

STOCK  

Surgical  Aid  society 

Typewriters,  Ac. 


719 

71S 
746 
744 
719 
721 
745 
717 
717 
71-1 
722 
746 
747 
721 
722 
71S 
720 
719 
740 

r« 

722 
74S 
719 
717 
71S 
717 
747 
747 
746 
718 


MESSRS.   BELL  S 

L  1  8  t. 

•  '   <m  'ij,/Jv  aiiotl. 

DEDICATED   BY  SPECIAL   PERMISSION  TO 
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V.-ls.    1.     VI.    MOW     READY. 

v..i.  vn.  IN  THE  PRE* 

To  !><■  completed  in  al... 

-Jt.i.  Al-.  per  vol.  net. 

.  '  ioiih  will  be  taken  lor  BOmpL  :.ly. ) 

THE  ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  ARTS. 

A   Corapl  onary  of  Oontrifa  I 

their  Work   from   it-   Foundation   in   17' 
1904     By  ALGERNON  GRAVES,  F.8.A. 
"  In  spite  of  the  rapidity  of  issue,  there  is   no 
tree  of  •  scamping,'  editorial  or  typographical,  so 
that  this  'Complete  Dictionary'  will   remain  an 
enduring  monument,  not  only  of  the  edi( 
tained  industry,  but  also  of  the  n 
taste  of  the  Chiswick  Press."     Athaucum. 

Demy  Svo,  with  82  Illustrations,  8*.  ML  net. 

TURBINES.     By   W.   H.   Stuart 

GARNETT,  Barrister-at-Law. 

The  author  of  this  work  spent  considerable  time 
at  Messrs.  Parsons'  Engineering  Works,  and  gives 
in  this  hook  a  full  account  of  the  well-known 
'•  Parsons  "  Turbine. 


Fcap.  8vo,  6*. 

A  HANDBOOK  TO  SHAKESPEARE 

By  MORTON    LUCE,   Author  of   'A    Hand- 
book to  Tennyson.'  fas. 
This   'Handbook   to   Shakespeare1  offers  in  one 
volume   the   critical   and   explanatory    helps   that 
must  otherwise  be  BOUght  in  many  books. 

"Mr.  Luce  is  no  blind  worshipper,  and  his 
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A  BROWNING  TREASURE  BOOK. 

Being  Extracts  from  Browning,  Selected  and 
Arranged  by  A.  M.  WARBURTON. 

I! 'iily  J  nil' 

Royal  4to,  2A  2s.  net. 

DOMESTIC    ARCHITECTURE    IN 

ENGLAND  IN  THE  SEVENTEENTH  AND 
EIGHTEENTH  CENTURIES.     A  Selection 
of  Examples  of  Smaller  Buildings,  Measured, 
Drawn,  and   Photographed.     With   Introduc- 
tion and    Notes.     By   HORACE   FIELD  and 
MKH ALL  BUNNEY. 
••  The  authors  have  measured,  drawn,  and  photo- 
graphed houses  over  a  wide   area    of   the   country, 
and  have  added  notes  to  assist   the  eye.      The  book 
should  be  valuable  to  architects,   and   to  all   who 
arc  interested  in  our  domestic  architecture.'" 

Athi  asm  m. 

"THE  BEST  LIFE  OF  NAPOLEON."— Times. 

LIFE    OF    NAPOLEON    I.     By   J. 

HOLLAND    ROSE.   Litt.D..    late  Scholar  of 
Christ's  College  Caml  rely  Com- 

piled from  New  Materials  taken  from  the 
British  Official  Records.  With  numerous 
Illustrations.  Maps,  and  Plans.  In  2  vols, 
large  post  Svo,  THIRD  EDITION,  18a 
Also  a  CHEAPER  EDITION,  without  the  Illus- 
trations.    -2  vols.   I  Oft,  net. 

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English  OT  French,  to  l>e  compared  to  this  for 
accuracy,  for  information,  for  judgment,  nor  is 
there  any  that  is  better  reading." 

Manchester  Guardian. 


London  :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS. 
Portugal    Street,     Lincoln's    Inn,     W.C 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


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y  CHARLES  M.  DOUGHTY,  Author  of  'Travels  in  Arabia  Deserta.'     2  vols,  crown  8vo,  is.  M.  net  each. 

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JARROLD  &  SONS'  NEW  BOOKS.    THE      SURGICAL      AID      SOCIETY. 


\    I'ol'l   I.Ul   SI"K\    "1     1  III:   Vl    I  IN  -    II' 'Ml!. AMP 

THY  PEOPLE  SHALL  BE  MY 
PEOPLE ; 

Or,  Karon  Jurgons  of  Egtvod. 

.1  ,t«.l  from  n <-"■  'I  I'.m-h  of  LAURA  Mill 

<  I  \i:  \   HK.NKK    l.l  UN"       attmctlvalj  bound  In  cloth.  (Ill 
v      |       \.i  In  Daunmrk, daplctlaf  the  •Tary-daj  Ufa  of  tbt 

|-     j.l.  / 

II..    ,i.i-.-ii.».  c.i  the  Ilea  between   Denmark  anil  Rnjilantl  . 

the  author •  realirtli    akeU-hea  ol   the  evereiUT  life 
mark   bul   aiiarl   from   thl«  the  itorj  li  ■>  lntrin»b    merll 
big!)  order,  and  will  lie  found  the  brightest  ami  |ileaaanU  >l  of  raiding 

.  //'  (-. 

a  ROM  UK  i:  Of  MM  BABL1  ku.htkentii  ckmtky. 

MURRAY  OF  THE  SCOTS  GREYS. 

Il.v  l.Al'ltKM'K  ( 'I.AIth  I 
••  An  r\.  .11.  ni  rtorj      Its  plots  and  oounta  plots.  Its  mjrterle* and 

Its  murder*    f.>r  it  la  a  ronuuitii  norei    run  on iwhati  onventional 

lin.-     Nevertheless,  the]  are,  so  plausible  and  -■  well  oonoeived,  and 
ire  showered  upon  the  rendei  In  mi  h  riotous  profusion,  thai  In- 
if  h'k.  U  i"  have  ;i  breathless  time  ■■(  II        Ooi 
"liof  thrUllnflnteraal       Uundm  AdmrUmr. 

NKW  NoVKL  liV  T1IK  A  I  THOB  OK  'INGRAM.'  _ 

BY  LAW  ETERNAL.    A  Novel. 

I    '.UKAI.HINK  KEMP.  Anthorof  Iiiumm.'  'A  Modern  Uerltash.'&c. 
Crown  Bto,  •  l"tli  elegant,  M.  td. 
"  Tli.-  I'l.'l  ll  nod        /'.li/;/  Telegraph 
"  I-  -kilfulh  treated,  and  throughout  Is  gennlnelj  Interesting. 

Literary  World. 

NEW  CUBA?  KE  issl  E  OF 
JAltnoLDs"  "FAMOUS  EUROPEAN  NOVELISTS" 

SERIES. 
m  sue  red  sloth,  with  cameo  Portrait  •  •>!  cover,  and  Photogravure 
Frontispiece,  it.  id,  net  each. 
VOLUMES  I.  AND  O.  HOW  KKADV.    lilEAl'  NINTH  EDITION. 

THE      GREEN      BOOK; 

Or,  Freedom  under  the  Snow. 
Bj  Dr  HAT/BUS  JOBLAI, Anthorof ' Black WamondV 'Midst the 

Wild  Carpathians,'  fcc.    Translated  hi  Uri.  W  U  OH. 
"Is  truly  an  astounding  book,  dealing  with  tin-  early  yean  of  the 
present  century,  and  with  thai  world  of  inarticulate  romance— the 
Empire  of  all  the  Russians.     All  the  superficial  culture  and  essential 
barbarian]  »'i  the  country  are  depicted  in  these  pages. 

//.ii/./  Telegraph. 

VOLUME  II.    CHEAP  THIRD  EDITION. 

THE      TONE     KING. 

A  Romance  of  the  Life  of  Mozart. 

Bj  HKItlliKKT  KAV,  Author  of  '  Beethoven,' &c. 
Translated  by  J.  E.  ST.  OT/ENTIH  liAE. 
With  specially  Engraved  Portrait  of  Mozart. 
"  F.ir  more  Interesting  than  any  novel." — Spectator. 
"A  lively  story.      Uosart   was  the  wonder  ol   the  world,  ami  the 
narrative  of  his  achievements,  hoy  and  man,  deftly  built  op  to  com- 
pleteness l.y  Mi.  Rau,  is  deliiihtful  reading  throughout." 

Daily  Telegraph. 

London  : 
-7ARR0LD  &  SONS,  10  and  1  I  .Warwick  Lane,  E.C. 

DAVID      NUTT, 

57-59,  LONG  ACRE. 


THE  CLASSICAL  REVIEW. 

Vol  XX.     JUNE,  1906.     No.  5.     1*.  M.  net. 

Contents. 
ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS:— 

Bnripides, '  Andromache,' 656-666.    A.  W.  VERRALL. 
Note  on  I'lato,  '  Republic,'  issd.    PAUL  SHOREY. 
Arist.  '  De  Mem.,'  462a  17-2G.    JOHN  I.  BEARE. 
The  icufiiot  in  Greek  suites  other  than  Athena    'J'.  W, 

BEASLEY. 
Sundry  Greek  Compounds  and  Blended  Winds  and 

Suffixes.      BDWIN    W.   KAY. 

i     t  Notes  on  the  Verrmea    W.  PETERSON. 
Notes  on  Pnaedrua    A.  K.  HOUSMAN. 
The  Early  Numerals.    LILIAN  M.  BAGGE 
REVIEWS:— 

Bliss's  'Interpolations  in  the  Odyssey.'  i'.  W.  ALLEN. 

Baeder's  'Philosophic  Development  of  Plato1     H.  <;. 

BURY. 
Ryan's 'Petroniua'    WALTER  c.  SUMMERS. 
.M.  Legras'  Studies  in  Statins,    II.  W.  GARROD. 
BRIEFER  NOTICES. 
ARCHAEOLOGY:— 

Triremea    PHILIP  ll.  NEWMAN. 
I'.ii mil's  'Evolution  of  Beligion.'    JANE  K.  HARRI- 
SON. 


Hiilsen's  'Roman  Forum.'    THOMAS  ASHBY, 
Gardner's '  Greek  Sculpture.'    (;.  1'.  RILL, 
Monthly  Record.    V.  ll.  MARSHALL. 

SUMMARIES  OF  PERIODICALS. 

BOOKS  RECEIVED. 


■Inn. 


PEARL. 


JUST  OUT. 

A  Fourteenth-Century  Poem 


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NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 


THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — Daniel  Tuvill  or  Tutevil — Rot>ert  Greene's  Prose  Works — Shakcspeariana — Inscriptions  at 
Lucerne — "  Eshin'  :' :  "  Beltin'  "=Caning — Burial  in  Woollen — "  Jour  de  Bouhourdis  " — Masham 
Family — Steam  Communication  with  America. 

QUERIES  :—' The  Dean  of  Badajoz '— .John  Cooke,  the  Regicide— Butler  of  Toderstaff— CI.  A.  R. 
Dunn — Roliin  Hoixl  in  French — '  Percy  Folio '  in  "The  King's  Library" — 'Emblemee  d'Alciat' 
— Blunden  Family — Santorin  and  St.  Irene — King  John's  Baggage  lost  crossing  the  Wash — 
Percival  Gunston,  of  Thorpe-on-Tees — Catherine:  Katharine:  Katherine — Society  Ladies — 
Keene  or  Kyme  Family — "Rime"  v.  "Rhyme" — Thomas  Phelpes,  Pi79 — Flags — Gordon:  the 
Name  in  Russia  —  "Wykehamist"  First  Used — Seddon  Family— Col.  By,  K.K. — Iran,  Spain — 
Proverh  against  Gluttony. 

REPLIES:— "Pightle":  "Pikle"— Robert  Barley,  Earl  of  Oxford— "  Duma  "'—Barnes  :  Origin  of 
the  Name — Snakes  in  South  Africa — John  Hook,  of  Norwich — Greek  and  Rinnan  Talilets — 
•John  Bull's  Bible' — Louis  Philippe's  Landing  in  England — "Cast  not  a  clout  till  May  l>e  out"' — 
Ma}'  Song — Macaulay's  "  New  Zealandci ■"-  Capt.  Onjey,  R.N.,  ]~'A.~t — Dante's  Sonnet  to  Guido 
Cavalcanti — Japanese  and  Chinese  Lyrics — "Place"' — Cateaton  Street — Americans  in  English 
Records — Cheyne  Walk  :  China  Walk — Bibliography  of  Publishing  and  Bookselling — Watches 
and  Clocks  with  Words  instead  of  Figures — Twyford  Abbey — '  Home,  Sweet  Home  '  :  Additional 
Verses — G.  Rossetti's  '  Tre  Ragionamenti ' — Ladies' Head-dresses  in  the  Theatre — Gray's  (Ek  I 
its  Translations. 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :— '  Pastoral  Poetry  and  Pastoral  Drama'—"  The  World's  Classics"—'  The  Works 
of  Ralph   Waldo  Emerson' — 'On    the   Spanish   Main' — 'Transformation;    or,   the   Romance  of 
Monte   Beni" — 'History    of    the    Liberty    of    Peterborough' — 'The    International    Din 
Booksellers' — '  French  Idioms  and  Proverbs.' 

Booksellers'  Catalogues. 


LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES  : — Holyoake  Bibliography— Anglo-Saxon  Names  as  Surnames — Robert  Greci  Works — 

Sanatorium  at  Midhurst — Michel  Family — Poem  by  Fielding — Chepstow  Castle  and  Sir  Nicholas 
Kcmeys — Verify  your  References — Thiers  and  the  Dosnc  Family — Alfonso  and  Victoria — "Pale 
Ale  "  as  a  Nickname  for  Englishmen. 

QUERIES: — Jean  Nicot — Col.  Hugh  Forbes — "In  a  huff'* — Corn-rent — Edonard  Pingret — Mountain 
Family — "Deployment" — "Nuts  in  May" — Order  of  the  Royal  Oak — Authors  of  Quotations 
Wanted — St.  Andrew's,  Antwerp — Burner's  Theatrical  Portraits — Sir  William  Gordon,  Banker 
— Shakspcare  for  Foreigners — Balasore — St.  Genius— Direction  Post  r.  Signpost — "  Mininin."  a 
Shell — Miss  Meteyard — Banner  or  Flag — Mary  Munday  at  MullionCove — Gild  Churches— Ru-kin 
and  Taormina. 

REPLIES  : — Blandina — Dover-Winchester  Road — Deeuyper's  'College  Alphabet '—West's  Picture  of 
the  Death  of  General  Wolfe — " Plane "=Sycamore — Tarot  Cards  Mr.  Bradley's  '  Highways  and 
Byways  in  South  Wales' — Prisoner  suckled  by  his  Daughter — Pidgin  or  Pigeon  English — Female 
Violinists — Tom  Thumb's  First  Appearance  in  London — Polytechnic  Institution,  1838— Gallie 
Surname  "Anon''  Chichele's  Kin-  Heraldic  —  Coleridge  and  Newman  on  Gibbon — Canbury 
House,  Middlesex  Rev.  Samuel  Marsden,  Chaplain  of  M.S.W.— J.  Rampini — Vandeear — The 
Babington  Conspiracy  -Travelling  in  England,  1600-1700— Earl's  Eldest  Son  and  Supporters — 
'Century  of  Persian  Ghaeels,  1851' — Donoaster  Weather-Rime— Dogs  at  Constantinople— -Dnke 
of  Guelderland  :  Duke  of  Lorraine— Ralph,  Lord  Hopt>n  -Ropes  used  at  Executions— Abb 
Priory  -Hafiz,  Persian  Poet — The  Gunnings  of  Castle  Coote. 

NOTES  ON  ROOKS:  •  Haklnytus  Posthumus'  -'The  King's  English  "--'The  Fool  of  Qnahty '— '  The 
English  Histoiii'.il  Riview ' — •The  Quarterly  Review'  -'The  Burlington  Magazine' — Reviews 
and  Magazines. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRAN<  03, 
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ASTRONOMY    FOR    THE    YOUNG. 

By  W.  T.  LYNN,  B.A.  F.R.A.S. 


London  :  SAMUEL  BAGSTER  &  SONS,  Limited,  15,  Paternoster  Row. 


N°4103,  June  16,  1906 

EDWARD     STANFORD'S 

LIST. 

TOURIST  SEASON,  1906. 

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THE    ATHEN^UM 


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By  Mrs.  BRIGHTWEN,   Autlior  of   'Wild   Nature   Won  by   Kindness,'  &c. 
With  180  Illustrations.     New  Edition.     Large  crown  Svo,  cloth  gilt,  2&  6tl. 

The  AC  A  DEMY  says:  "It  is  an  admirable  little  guide  for  all  who  are  weary  of  1  nicks 
and  mortar." 

The  QUEEN  says:— "It  is  so  clear  and  bright  in  style  that  the  discussion  of  common 
flints  or  animal  footmarks  is  invested  with  considerable  charm." 

THE  BROOK  AND  ITS  BANKS. 

By  the  Rev.  .1    G.  WOOD. 

With  many  Illustrations.     Imperial  ltjino,  cloth,  gilt  edges,  0,s. 

The  SCOTSMAN  says:  "It  is  a  charmingly  written  series  of  chapters  in  natural 
history.     A  reader  of  the  book  will  be  instructed  u  il  hout  knowing  it.'' 

The  QUEEN  says  :     "  It  will  form  an  admirable  present  for  the  young.'' 
The  SPECTATOR  says:     "A    nicer   book    for   boys    than    this  it  would    be    haul    to 
imagine." 

HOW  TO  STUDY  WILD  FLOWERS. 

By  Rev.  GEORGE  IIKNSKOW.  M.A.  F.L.S.,  &0., 
Author  of '  Plants  of  the  Bible.' 

Willi  many  Illustrations.     Crown  Svo,  cloth  gilt,  is.  (id. 


NATURE -THROUGH   MICROSCOPE    AND 

CAMERA. 

By  RICHARD  KERB 
\  hi  hoi  of  'Nature,  Curiotu  and  Beautiful,'  '  Bidden  i 

With  61  I'hoio  Mi,  i..gi aphs  1, J   AIM  III   I:   I      -Ml  I  II 

i>i  <..  snis  Wooiiin         i  <  Pathology  at  0 

many   collections  of  mlcro-photOfrraphs,   and   I    hi 

here  delineated,  but  uevei  before  have  I  full}  re 
object*  themselves  oi   the  possibilities  bound  up  in  U 

bare  i D  reprodui  ed,  aucl  so  rendered  accessible  to  others  than  Ue.< 

the  microscope." 

NATURE,  CURIOUS  AND  BEAUTIFUL. 

By  RICHARD  KERR,  F.G.R   I ■'.  r 
with  -'a  Illustrations  from  Drawings  an  ule  by  the  Author.     Crown 
The  SCHOOLMASTER  says:    "It  is  wonderful  a*  a  fain  I 
The  WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE  Bays:    "  It  i-  a  fas. -mating  L 


Demj 

i 

li. 

:■   ~    •■]■: 

1    h\ 

BJSj  ho 

HIDDEN  BEAUTIES  OF  NATURE. 

By  RICHARD  KERR,   f.O.S. 

With  SO  Illustrations  from  .Sketches  and  Photographs.    New  Edition.    < 

cloth  gilt,  is.  i*l. 

The  DA  II.  Y  TELEGRA  I'll  satys  :     "  It  is  a  irbsfc  that  cannot  be  read  b]  I  ny  Nature- 
lover  without  genuine  pleasure." 

GREAT  THOUGHTS  says  :— "  For  a  prize  or  gift-book  it  is  just  the  I 

THE  MIDNIGHT  SKY : 

Familiar  Notes  on  the  Stars  and  Planets. 
ByEDWlN   DUNKIN,  F.H.s.  F.R.A-. 

Past  President  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  late  Chief  AM 
( observatory,  Greenwich. 
With  M  Star  Maps,  and  numerous  other  Illustrations.     Imperial  - 
Thomas  Caki.vi.i-;  said  of  the  first  edition  of  this  book  :  -"Those  little  m   p~  of  the 
starry  spaces  far  surpass,  in  clearness  and  useful  worth,  all  I  have  seen  before  in  the  plani- 
sphere way  ;  no  reader  but  by  help  of  them  may  find,  with  a  minimum  of  trouble,  the 
he  seeks  ..  .Why  did  not  somebody  teach  me  the  constellations  too,  and  make  me  at  home 
in  the  starry  heavens  which  are  always  overhead,  and  which  I  don't  half  know  to  this  day 

CONSIDER    THE    HEAVENS. 

A  Popular  Introduction  to  Astronomy. 
By  Mrs.    WILLIAM    STEADMAN    ALDI& 
With  many  Illustrations.    Crown   sv,^  cloth  gilt.  It 


THE    MICROSCOPE. 

A    Popular    Handbook. 

By  LEWIS  WRIGHT, 

Author  of  •  Optical  Projection,'  '  Light :  a  Course  of  Experimental  <  f\ 

With  Illustrations.     New  Edition.     Crown  8VO,  cloth  gilt.  2*.  U. 
The  TIMES  says:— "Mr.  Wright's  practical  suggestions  will  be  of  great  value,  not 
alone  to  beginners." 

THROUGH  A  POCKET  LENS. 

By  HENRY  SCHERREN,  F.Z.S. 

New  Edition,  profusely  illustrated.     Cloth  gilt,  1*.  (ki.  net. 
The  FIELD  Bays: — "It  is  an  exceedingly  useful  book,  in  which  the  powers  of  the 
pocket  lens  have  not  been  exaggerated,    We  cannot  imagine  a  more  useful  preliminary 
training  for  a  young  student  than  working  with  a  pocket  lens  through  the  course  indicated 
by  the  author." 

PONDS  AND  ROCK  POOLS. 

With  Hints  on  Collecting  for,  and  the  Management  of  the  Micro- 
Aquarium. 
By  HKXK  ,    SCHERREN. 
with  DlustratiohB.    Cloth  gilt.  if.  C*f. 

The  ACADEMY  says;    "it  is  a  history  of  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  ponds  and  sea- 
pools  which  are  likely  to  fall  under  the  notice  of  a  young  biological  student.'' 


POPULAR    NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    THE 
LOWER  ANIMALS.    (Invertebrates.) 

By  HENRY  SCHERREN,  F.Z.& 

With  109  Illustrations.     Crown  s\o,  cloth  gilt. 

The  MORNING  POST  says:  "it  gives  in  simple  language  many  details  concerning 
the  structure  and  habits  of  '  bnckbpneless  animals.  The  text  is  profuseh  illustrated,  and 
altogether  the  publication  is  a  practical  elementary  treatise  (  n  the  invertebrates," 


THE  RELIGIOUS  TRACT  SOCIETY,  4,  Bouverie  Street,  E.C. 


Editorial  Commwiloationi  stiouM  be  n  Ldresse  1  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Business  Letters  to  "THF.  PUBLISHERS  '— al  the  office.  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancsxj  Un    i 
Published  Weekly  bj  John  0.  fRAHOIfl  and  ■'.  EDWARD  fi;  UiCIB  at  Bream's  Buildings,  Obancerj  Lane,  E.O.,  and  Printed  by  J.  EDWARD  ri;.\M  Is.  atbenaum  Press,  Breaml  Buildings.  Chancer*  Lane,  E.C. 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Messrs.  1:1:1.1.  .v  BRADPUTE  and  Mi.  JOHN  mkn/.iks,  Edinburgh.-. Saturday  ,1  uuc  10, 190«. 


THE  ATHEN^UM 

Itountal  of  (Bnglisb  antt  Jfomgn  f  itoatnr*,  ^rmta>,  l\t  Jmt  ^rts^^Tmi^lB^ama 


No.  4104. 


SATURDAY,   JUNE    23,    1906. 


ATEW  ROYALTY  THEATRE,  W.— FRIDAY, 

IN  June  29,  at  :i,  SAMUEL  ARTHUR  KING.  M.A..  ill  his 
RECITAL  of  SOLILOQUIES  from  SHAKESPEARE'S  PLAYS,  and 
Mr  WILLIAM  POEL'S  HALF-HOUR  COMEDIES.  Seats  at  the 
Theatre  and  Libraries.  "If  we  could  restore  the  soliloquy,  give 
patience  to  the  audience  to  listen  to  it,  and  the  actor  elocution  to 
speak;  it  a  great  revival  would  be  seen  in  the  British  Drama.  -Mils. 


(Siljtbitions. 


EXHIBITION  of  important  PAINTINGS  by 
MANET  from  the  Fame  Collection  at  Messrs.  SULLEY  &  CO.'s 
GALLERIES.  159.  New  lioud  Street,  DAILY  (JUNE  13-301,  10-5. 
Admission  Is.,  including  Catalogue. 

WALKER'S  GALLERY,  118,  New  Bond 
Street.— ON  VIEW  JUNE  11  to  JUNE  30  inclusive.  WATER- 
COLOUR  DRAWINGS  ami  PENCIL  AND  CHARCOAL  SKETCHES 
^»y  the  Old  Water-Colour  Artists.  DAVID  COX,  COTMAN,  HAVELL, 
VARLEY,  &c.    Open  from  10  to  6  ;  Saturday  10  to  5. 


0 


BACH    &    CO.,    168,    New  Bond    Street,    W. 

EXHIBITION  of  PICTURES  liy 

FRENCH  AND  DUTCH  MASTERS  of  the  XlXth  CENTURY 

NOW  OPEN. 

ALPINE  CLUB,  Mill  Street,  Conduit  Street.— 
Large  DECORATIVE  PANELS  by  J.  KERR  LAWSON  are 
tieing  EXHIBITED  by  Messrs.  CARFAX  &  CO.  every  day  from 
10  till  6.    Admission  One  Shilling. 

WILLIAM  BLAKE.— EXHIBITION  of 
PAINTINGS  and  WATER  COLOURS,  the  largest  ever 
brought  together  in  England,  ut  CARFAX  GALLERY,  •.!■!,  Bury 
Street,  St.  James's,  10  till  6.    Admission  One  Shilling 

OLD    BRITISH    SCHOOL.— SHEPHERD'S 
SPRING   EXHIBITION  includes  choice  Landscapes  and  Por- 
traits by  the  Masters  of  the  Old  British  School  of  Painting. 

SHEPHERDS  GALLERY.  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's  Square. 

THE  NEW  ENGLISH  ART  CLUB. 
36th  EXHIBITION  of  MODERN  PICTURES,  OPEN  DAILY, 
10  to  fi.  at  the  GALLERIES  in  DERING  YARD,  67j,  New  Bond 
Street,  W.    Admission  Is. 

LIFFORD'S        INN        HALL. 

FRIDAY  CLUB  EXHIBITION. 

WORKS  OF  ART,  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 

OPEN  DAILY  from  10  to  6  till  JULY  7. 

Catalogues  One  Shilling. 


c 


(Btmcaiianal. 


ST.  PAUL'S  GIRLS'  SCHOOL, 
BROOK  GREEN,  W. 
An  EXAMINATION  for  FOUNDATION  SCHOLARSHIPS,  open 
to  Girls  under  10  years  of  age.  will  be  held  at  the  SCHOOL  on 
JULY  10,  11,  and  12.  which  will  exempt  the  Scholars  from  payment  of 
Tuition  Fees.— Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  HEAD 
MISTRESS  of  the  School. 


UN 


IVERSITY        OF        OXFORD. 


DELEGACY  FOR  THE  TRAINING  OF  SECONDARY 

TEACHERS. 

SCHOLARSHIP  FOR  V.KXi-7. 

The  DELEGATES  offer  a  SCHOLARSHIP  of  the  value  of  25J.  for 

the  Academical  Year  1906-7. 

The  Scholarship  is   tenable  by  R   Woman   who    slialt    have    taken 
Honours  at  a   British  University,  and  who  is  in  need  of  pecuniary 
tencc  for  her  Course   oi    Professional   Training,     she  will  be 
expected  to  take  the  Full  Course  of  Training  under  the  Delegacy. 

Applications,  with  full  particulars,  must  be  sent  in  to  the  Tutor  of 
Women  Students.  Miss  A.  .1.  (  OOPER,  22,  St.  John  Street,  Oxford, 
sot  later  than  JULY  in.  v.m. 

V.  PERRONET  SELLS.  Secretary  to  the  Delegacy. 
Old  Clarendon  Building.  Oxford,  June  11.  1906. 


u 


NIVERSITY     OF     MANCHESTER 

AND 

MANCHESTER    ROYAL    INFIRMARY. 

ENTRANCE  MEDICAL  SCHOLARSHIPS. 
TWO  SCHOLARSHIPS  are  offered,  One  for  proficiency  in  ARTS 
mil  One  for  proficiency  in  SCIENCE. 

Bach    Scholarship    is    of    the     value    of   100/.,    and    the    successful 

■Candidates  will  be  required  to  enter  for  the  full  Medical  Curriculum 
;in  the  University  and  the  infirmary. 

The  Scholarships  will  be  awarded  to  Candidates  who  five  evidence 
.of  a  high  standard  of  proficiency  in  Arts  or  Science  respectively. 
—Applications  should  be  sent,  on  or  before  JULY  1.  to  the 
REGISTRAR,  from  whom  further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 
BANGOR.  (A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  Wales  | 
Principal  M.R  REICHEL.  MA.  LL.I).  NEXT  SESSION  BEGINS 
OCTOBERS,  Hs»i.  The  i  ollege  Courses  are  arranged  with  refi 
to  the  Degrees  of  the  University  of  Wales;  they  include  most  •>!  the 
.  the  B.Sc  Degree  of  the  London  University.  Students 
may  pursue  their  first  year  of  Medical  Study  at  the  College,  There 
are  Special  Departments  f"i  Agriculture  (including  Forestry)  and 
Electrical  Engineering,  a  Day  Training  Department  for  Men  and 
Women,  and  ■  Department  f">  tie  Training  of  Secondary  and  Kinder- 
garten Teachers.  Sessional  Fee  for  ordinary  Arts  ionise.  iu.  i«. ; 
ditto  for  Intermediate  Science  or  Medical  Course,  lot.  ISs.  The  cost 
■  it  living  in  lodginri-  in  Bangoi  averages  from  201  to  801  for  the  Session 

There  Is  s    Hall  of  Residence  for  VI en  Students       Pec    Thirty 

Gull -    t"i    the    Session       At    the   ENTRANCE   SCHOLARSHIP 

i;\  \M  t: NATION   held  iii  s  KPT  EM  II  Kit   n ■  than  Twenty  Scholat 

•■hips  and  Exhibitions,  ranging  In  value  from  tm.  t'i  KM  ,  will  be  open 
■i  on     For  further  Information  and  copiai  "t  the  various 
Prosper  t  uses  iinplj  t<> 

JOHN  EDWARD  LIiOl  D,  MA,  ate  ,,t,,>  and  Registrar, 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  THE 

pERSE        SCHOOL,        CAMBRIDGE, 

Desire  to  call  attention  to  the  advantages  offered 

by    this    SCHOOL, 

Which  Prepares 

BOYS  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITIES,  AND  FOR 
PROFESSIONAL    AND    COMMERCIAL   CAREERS. 


Under  the  Head  Mastership  of  Dr.  Rouse  efforts  have 
been  made  to  improve  on  the  ordinary  methods  of  Teaching. 
Of  the  distinctive  features  of  the  School  Work  the  following 
may  be  specially  mentioned  :— 

(1)  Improved  Teaching  of  the  Classics,  resulting  in  a 

great  saving  of  time. 

(2)  Spoken  French  and  German. 

(3)  Teaching  of  English  and  English  Literature  in  all 

the  Classes. 

(4)  A  carefully  graded  Science  Course. 

(5)  Drawing  leading  up  to  the  Engineering  Tripos. 

The  work  of  the  Preparatory  School  is  also  specially 
suited  for  Candidates  for  the  Navy. 

A  Detailed  Account  of  the  Work  of  the  School  has  been 
drawn  up,  and  may,  together  with  the  ordinary  Prospectus, 
be  had  of  the  Clerk  to  the  Governors, 

J.  F.   EADEN,  Esq., 
15,    SIDNEY    STREET,    CAMBRIDGE. 


WESTMINSTER  SCHOOL.— An  EXAMINA- 
TION will  be  held  on  JUNE  27.  28,  and  29,  to  fill 
VACANCIES  in  SCHOLARSHIPS  and  EXHIBITIONS.— For  par- 
ticulars apply  by  letter  to  the  BURSAR,  The  Bursary,  Little  Dean's 
Yard,  Westminster. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress- Miss  LUCE  ROBINSON,  M. A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwoldl.  References:  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

pHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION. 

CHERWELL  HALL.  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers.  Principal,  Miss 
CATHERINE  I.  DODD,  M.A.,  late  Lecturer  in  Education  at  the 
University  of  Manchester. 

Students  are  nromred  for  the  Oxford  Teacher's  Diploma,  the 
Cambridge  Teachers  Certificate,  the  Teacher's  Diploma  of  the 
University  of  London,  and  the  Higher  Froebel  Certificate 

Full  particulars  on  application. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  <vo 
the  CHOICE  of  SCHOOLS  for  BOYS  or  CURLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  abroad 
are  Invited  to  call  uj«in  or  send  f till v  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  QABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO., 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  Che 
lending  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.  THRING,  Nephew  of  th« 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham.  36,  Sackvillc  Street,  Loudon,  W. 


Situations   Vacant, 

Q.UY'8      HOSPITAL      MEDICAL      SCHOOL. 

Applications  are  invited  for  the  post  of  DEMONSTRATOR  of 
CHEMISTRY. 

Duties  to  con nee  on  SEPTEM  HER  24.  mot!. 

Applications,  with  copies  of  Testimonials,  should  lie  sent  to  the 
TREASURER,  the  Superintendent's  Office,  Guy's  Hospital,  on  or 
before  SATURDAY  July  7.  1908. 

Particulars  as  to  the  duties,  remuneration,  &c,  may  be  obtained 
from  the  DEAN.  Guy's  Hospital,  London  Bridge,  s.E. 


u 


NIVERSITY 


OF 


GLASGOW. 


I  HAIR  OF  HUMANITY. 

The  UNIVERSITY  court  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
will.  *n  JULY  19,  or  some  subsequent  date,  proceed  to  appoint  n 
PROFESSOR  to  occupy  tl hove  Chair,  which  is  now  raoant. 

The  Professor  will  !«■  required  to  enter  on  his  duties  on  Octo- 
ber i.  1906,  from  which  ilate  the  appointment  will  take  effect. 

The  normal  Salary  of  the  post  is  lived  by  Ordinance  at  i.ooo/. 
The  chair  has  an  Official  Kcsidenos  attached  to  it. 

The  appointment  is  made  ad  tritom  an(  culuam,  and  oarriei  with  St 
the  right  tos  pension  on  conditions  proscribed  by  Ordinance. 

i  ■  n  Applli  ant  should  lodge  with  the  undersigned,  who  will  furnish 
any  further  information  desired,  twenty  copies  of  his  application  anil 
twentj  conies  ol  any  Testimonials  be  may  desire  to  submit  on  oi 
before  .'l  I.  Y  7.  1908. 

ALAN  E.  CLAPPERTON, 
star)  ol  tin  Glasgow  Dnlvei 

91,  Witt  Regent  Street  Glasgow 


PRICE    O// 

THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER 


Ye^»l^rSuVac^ii>ipi?,  f$ee  ,fcy  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3(LpRotwgnr-18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

T7"HEDIVIAL    SCHOOL    OF    LAW,     CAIRO. 

LAW  LECTURESHIP. 

The  EGYPTIAN  MINISTRY  of  EDUCATION  invites  applications 
for  the  post  of  LECTURER  in  the  ENGLISH  SECTION  of  the 
KHEDIV1AL  SCHOOL  of  LAW,  CAIRO  Salary  Bl«.,  rising  to  820J. 
Candidates  must  he  University  Men,  having  either  a  Law  Degree  or 
other  Legal  Qualification,  and  must  have  some  knowledge  of  French. 
The  successful  applicant  will  lie  required  in  the  first  instance  to 
Lecture  (in  English!  on  Roman  Law. 

Applications,  stating  age  and  qualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
copies  only  of  Testimonials,  to  lie  sent  before  JULY"  14,  190tj,  to 
DOUGLAS  DUNLOP.  Esq.,  Gullane,  East  Lothian  to  whom  Can- 
didates may  apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 

THE  VICTORIA 

NIVERSITY        OF        MANCHESTER. 


U 


The  COUNCIL  is  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE.  — The  detailed  conditions  of  appointment  may  he 
obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 


COLLEGE,    BRISTOL. 


TTNIVERSITY 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  LECTURER  in 
MATHEMATICS.    Commencing  salary  140?.  per  annum. 
Full  particulars  may  be  obtained  on  application. 

JAMES  RAFTER,  Registrar. 


T 


HE     UNIVERSITY     OF    LIVERPOOL. 


ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIP  IN  HISTORY. 


The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  vacant  ASSISTANT 
LECTURESHIP  in  HISTORY.    Salary  VM.  per  annum. 

Full  particulars  can  be  obtained  from  the  REGISTRAR,  to  whom 
applications  should  be  sent  not  later  than  ,1 ULY'  10. 


M 


INISTRY      OF      EDUCATION,      EGYPT. 


HEAD  MASTERSHIP. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  largest  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  in 
CAIRO,  under  the  Ministry  of  Education,  will  be  required  in 
OCTOBER  NEXT.    Salary  tils!.— H2n{.  per  annum. 

Head  Master's  House,  newly  built,  close  to  the  School.  Allowance 
for  passage  out  to  Egypt.  Summer  Vacation  not  less  than  Two 
Months. 

Skiff,  of  which  English  University  Men  form  a  large  part,  numbers 
over  40. 

Applicants  should  he  laymen,  between  30  and  40  years  of  age. 

Application,  with  statement  of  age,  Honours  at  School  and 
University,  and  of  experience  in  teaching,  accompanied  by  copies  of 
Testimonials,  to  lie  sent  before  JUNE. 'in,  1«CW.  to  DOUGLAS  DUNLOP, 
Esq.,  Gullane.  Haddingtonshire,  to  whom  Egyptian  Candidates  may 
apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 


WILLIAM   JONES'S   GRAMMAR   SCHOOL, 
MONMOUTH. 
HEAD    MASTERSHIP. 
The  GOVERNING  BODY  of  the  above  SCHOOL  invite  applications 
for  the  post  of  HEAD  MASTER,  who  must  be  a  Graduate  of  some 
University  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  School  is  conducted  under  a  scheme  of  the  Charity  Com- 
missioners dated  February  23,  1891,  and  is  a  First-tirade  School  of 
modern  tvpe.  There  are  suitable  Buildings  for  the  reception  of 
300  Boys. 

The  School  bus  a  classical  and  Commercial  side,  and  the  Curriculum 
embraces  every  Subject  comprised  in  the  highest  class  of  Education, 
including  Subjects  proper  to  be  taught  in  a  Public  Secondary  School. 

The  Emoluments  of  the  Head  Master  consist  of  a  Residence  free  of 
Rent,  Rates,  and  Taxes,  with  accommodation  for  40  Boarders*  and  a 
fixed  Stipend  of  2007.  per  annum  ;  also  of  Capitation  Payments  of  41. 
per  annum  for  each  Roy  up  to  the  number  of  7.ri,  and  of  M,  per  annum 
for  each  Boy  above  that  number,  and  the  profit*  arising  from 
Boarders. 

There  are  Thirty  Scholarships  tenable  n  the  School,  and  Twelve 
Exhibitions  to  any  University  or  other  place  of  higher  education  in 
the  United  Kingdom. 

The  duties  will  commence  In  SEPTEMBER  NEXT. 

Candidates  for  the  appointment  must  send  in  their  applications, 
together  with  twenty  copies  of  Printed  Testimonials  and  the  names 
of  not  more  than  three  Persons  to  whom  reference  mavis-  made,  on 
or  before  JULY  7.  1908,  to  Mr.  ARTHUR  VIZARD,  Clerk  to  the 
Governors,  Monmouth,  from  whom  Forms  of  Application  and  further 
information  may  be  obtained. 

OUNTY     BOROUGH     OF     CROYDON. 


C 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
SECONDARY  school  for  girls,  south  NORWOOD 
The  COMMITTEE    Invite    applications    for    the    poll     of    HEAD 
M  [STRESS  of  the  above  SCHOOL. 

The  Si  I l  is  :i  Secondary  School  under  the  Regulations  of  the 

Board  of  Education,  but  is  at  present  attended  only  oy  Scholars  who 

intend    to   become    Teachers   ill    Public    Element  arv   Schools,  oi   whom 

then  are  about  200. 

Applicants  should  have  a  University  Degree  or  its  equivalent,  and 
must  have  had  experience  in  ;i  good  Secondary  Bchool. 

Salary,  2501,  per  annum 

The  appointment  will  date  from  SEPTEMBER  l  1908,  and 
particulars  of  duties  can  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned. 

Applications  should  be  made  on  theOfficial  Form,  to  beobtainsd 
from  the  clerk  to  the  Education  Committee.  Katharine  street. 
Croydon,  to  whom  they  must  be  returned  not  later  than  to  o'clock  on 
SATURDAY,  July  7.  1908,  accompanied  by  copies  of  at  least  Thiov 
Testimonials  ol  recent  dalx  JAMES  SMYTH,  '  lerk 

May  29,  1906.  

0  V  Til  W  E  S  T  E  K  N      POLY  I  ECHNJ  C, 

M  WKKSA  ROAD.  CHELSEA. 

The  GOVERNING  U"UY  invite  applications  for  the  position  of 
FORM  MASTER  foi  SEPTEMBER  in  the  SKCONDAR1  DAT 
SCHOOL  fm  BOYS  and  GIRLS  The  usual  Form  Subjects.  Con 
mem  ing  Salai  ] 

Forms  oi  application  (which  must  be  returned  bj  10  v  w.  on 
it  m:  271,  and   iiiitbei    particular*,    may   be  obtained   from   the. 

ARY. 


s 


750 


THE     ATHKXjTCUM 


NMloi,  Jdhe23,  1006 


I) 


Ki:i;\  SHIRK    KDUCA  I  ION    <  o\i\n  Mil 


IIKIIM    CENTR1    t"lt  OIRLS 


An 

I 

Apl'll.    itll 
•  lib     epic    of     II. ' 

.'I    I   \     II     to    II,.     II 


II  KM'    Ml 


l'  INT  M  IMTI    I 

,  i  dm.  .1.  .ill,.]  in  English 

ind  sxperie i"-<  thei 

sliotlhl     Ih-    m  III.     beflll  •■ 

UUCA1  ION  lOBtlou 


B 


RISTOL      EDUCATION      COMMITTEE. 


I  \ii;i  ill  D  -l  I  ONDABi   (MIXED   »  BOOl 

\\  INTER  I amenoe  duties  ifter  the  BUMMER  VAl   ITION.  ■ 

i  i   MISTRESS  d  uualificatioiu  In  Botany,  in  addition 

r.l in  ii  r  Eng  li-li  Subject*     H  ,1  in  MM   irtth  annual  I menU 

to  ii"'  per  nun, 1 1, i     In  i  ilculatlng  the  initial  Salary.  •  i  ■  -.  1 1 1  » ill 
D  foi  half  length  of  service  in  a  Secondary  8chool  approved  by 
i       I      rtl  of  Education.     Fractions  of  a  real  will  be  disregarded, 

For  mi   of    Application,    which   must    be    returned   an   or   bei 

TIII'KSIiAY.  June  «,  1008,  nun  lie  obtained  bv  sending  a  stamped. 

addi -.1  foolscap  envelu|ie  to  the  8E(  KIT  UlY,  education  Offices, 

Guildhall,  Bristol. 
Jam  is,  lwti. 

CITY     OF     SHEFFIELD     EDUCATION 
.  OMMITTBB 

PUPII.teai  HER  CENTRE 

SENIOR  I'KFM  II  MISTRESS,  Graduate  oi  equivalent,  qualified 
t->  teach  Studenti  -:>■.    Elementary,  Matriculation, 

Intermediate  Aits  Standard.  Residence  abroad  reqolalte.  Balarj 
1901,  per  annum. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  may  be  had  ,>n  application  to  the 
undermentioned.  *h. nil.l  he  returned  not  later  than  JUNE  29,  1908. 


Education  OiB< •■.  BheBeld,  June  8,  1908, 


i NO.  r.  MOSS,  Secretary. 


CITY        0  F        s    it    E   F   FIEL   D, 
EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 
TRAINING  COLLEGE  rOB  TEACHERS. 

The  SHEFFIELD  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  will  require,  in 
SEPTEMBER  NEXT  the  following  TUTORS  tor  the  TRAINING 
(  OLLEGE  for  TE  \<  HERS 

assistant  MISTRESS  of  METHOD. -who mod  hold  the  Higher 
Froebel  Certificate,  and  maj  be  required  to  help  with  the  teaching  of 
French.    Salan  loot,  resident 

ASSISTANT  MALE   TUTOR    in    MATHEMATICS,  offering 
French  :i.  b  Bubeidiary  subject.    Salary  1701.,  Don-resident. 

LAD1  TUTOB  In  history  and  GEOGRAPHY.  Salary  lOO?., 
resident. 

LAHY  tutor  in  NEEDLEWORK,  who  wiU  help  the  Principal  in 
the  Clerical  Work  of  the  College,  and  who  may  be  required  to  take 
buiiu-  French  as  ■  labsidiary  subject.    Salary  120c,,  Don-resident. 

Forms  of  Application,  which  may  be  had  on  application  to  the 
undersigned,  should  be  returned  nol  later  than  .July  2.  uiotj. 

Personal  canvassing  will  disqualify  Candidates. 

JNO.  F.  Moss.  Secretary. 

Education  Office.  Sheffield.  June  20.  1906. 

LEAMINGTON  MUNICIPAL  DAY  SCHOOL 
FOR  GIRLS  ANIi  P.  T.  CENTRE. 
WANTED,     to    commence    duties    in    SEPTEMBER    NEXT,    a 
MISTRESS   f..r  MODERN   LANGUAGES.    High-School  Education 
and  Degree  [or  equivalent  qualification)  are  essential.    Commencing 
Salary  \iill  I.,'  at  the  rate  of  HOI.  per  annum  (non-resident). 

Applications,  with.  o  pies  Of   three  Testimonials,  endorsed   "Appoint- 

iii«-iit  of  Modern  Language  Mistress,"  should  be  sent,  not  later  than 
SATURDAY,  dune  30.  to  the  DIRECTOR  of  EDUCATION.  Avenue 
Road.  Leamington  Spa. 

LEO.  RAWLIN80N,  clerk  to  the  Education  Authority. 
Dated  thin  -Jotti  day  of  June.  1906. 


w 


EST  SUFFOLK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


SCHOOL  OP  ART. 

Application!  are  invited  for  tlie  post  of  ART  MASTER  for  the 
M  ii'ioL  of  ART  at  BURY  ST.  EDMUNDS.  The  successful  Candi- 
date will  be  expected  t,>  give  his  whole  time  to  the  service  of  the 
Committee,  and  to  take  Day  and  Evening  'Work.  Commencing  Salary 
90OI.  per  annum,  with  annual  Increments  to  9501. 

Travelling  [locomotion)  expenses,  and  an  allowance  if  out  on  County 
Business  for  the  night,  will  also  be  granted. 

Applications  to  be  made  on  or  before  JULY  7,  1 90S,  on  a  Form  to 
l>e  ..Stained  from  the  undersigned  on  receipt  of  stamina!,  addressed 
foolscap  envelope, 

FRED.  R.  HUGHES,  County  Education  Secretary. 

B,  Crown  Street.  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 


QHIPLEY   URBAN  DISTRICT   EDUCATION 

r-J  COMMITTEE. 

SCHOOL      OP      ART. 

An  ASSISTANT  MASTER  is  REQUIRED  for  the  SCHOOL  of 
ART  at  the  SHIPLEY  TECHNICAL  SCHOOL.  Salary  601.  to  so;. 
per  annum,  according  to  qualifications  and  experience.  —  Further 
particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to  whom  applica- 
tions, stating  age,  giving  full  particulars  of  qualifications  and  teaching 
experience,  and  enclosing  copies  of  three  Testimonials,  should  be  sent. 
not  later  than  JULY  7. 

YV.  POPPLESTONE,  Secretary. 

Education  Office.  Shipley.  June  18,  1906. 

ANLEY    MUNICIPAL   SCHOOL   OF  ART. 


H 


Application!  are  Invited  for  the  position  of  assistant  MASTER 

at  tile  above-named  SCHOOL.     Salary   1601.   per  annum.     The  duties 

t mmence  on  SEPTEMBER  l  NEXT.    The  Session  lasts  about 

■in  weeks.    Candidates  must  hold  the  Art  Mastei  ■  Certificate.  Group  1. 
i  ace  will  be  given  to  one  who  has  specialised  In  Modelling. 

The  Candidate  appointed  to  the  position  will  be  required  to  devote 

U    days.    Including   Saturday    Afternoon,    and    Ii    Evenings,    to    his 

duties.    He  will  be  required  to  assist  In  the  general  management  of 

the  School,  and  to  gil  B  SUCh  Lectures  as  the"  Head  Master  may  desire. 

Applications    statins,    age,    qualifications,    teaching    experience 
(number  of  the  Art  Masters  Certificate!,  with  not  more  than  three 

recent  Testimonials,  endorsed  "Assistant  Master,"  to  he  sent,  on  01 

before  JUNE  so,  p.HXi,  to 

ARTHUR  CIIALLINOR,  Secretary. 
Town  Hall.  Hartley. 

OUNTY      BOROUGH     OF     WEST     HAM. 


C 


MUNICIPAL  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE. 
The.  council  invite  applications  for  the  following  appointmenti  :— 
A  LADY  qualified  to  teach  SHORTHAND  and  BOOK  KEEPING 
to  Girls  preparing  for   Commercial   Life.    Salary  8M.   per  annum. 

rising   by  annual   Increments    Of   I0J.    to  I   maximum    of    100/.    i>er 
annum 

A  JUNIOR  MALE  ASSISTANT  in  the  SCHOOL  of  ART.  qualified 
t  ,  teach  Design.    Salary  1101.,  rising  bj  an  annual  Increment  of  101.  to 

B  maximum  of  1901,  per  annum. 

Particulars  of  duties.   Ac   can   be  obtained  on  sending  a   fully 
addressed  foolscap  envelope  to  the  PRINCIPAL,  Municipal  Technical 

Institute.  Romford  Road.  West  Ham.  K. 

All  applications  must  be  Iodised  with  the   Principal  before  noon, 
JUNE  SB,  1906. 

By  Order  of  the  Council, 

FRED,  E.  H1LLEAKY.  Town  Cle-k. 
June  9,  1906. 


Q 


l  m\  E1LSITY  01 

0LD8MH  H8'     I  0LLEGE,     NKW    I  ft 

DEPABTMEVT  POl  TDK  ti'.aimng  Of  'U.A'iii 
A  TEA!  mi!     i  mi  g|<     hill  tun.-  »ill  shortly  be  appointed  at  a 

I  FoiTii  of   Appll.  ati-ii   mart* 

I   I II, ••  WARDEN    o      I.mltl       I 

A  I'ldi.  -it  P.M-.  on  tl,  form,  must  '  ■  than 

Till  ItsHAV.  Jul) 

Mi:  I  ROPOLITA  N      BOROUG  il      0  I 
st    PARI 

PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 
The  COUNCIL  ,,f  the  METRO  POUT  AS  BOROl  (.11  oi  91    Pi 
t'RAS  inviti  i     for  the  following  A|q*>lntnimU 

\  i  ii iff  assist im 

ann, mi.   rising   by   annual    Increments  of    10J    to    1601.    pel    anmnB- 
Previous  experience  In  Uhrarj  Work  Is  essential 

Ifcl  A   SENIOR  AS81S,  iNT.   age  |    of  M    l-r 

annum,  rising  b]  annual  increments  ol  "'    10s    to  1001   pet  annum 

Previous  experience  In  Uhrarj  w,.ik  , tiki     Exiwrienee  m  Library 

\\<>ik  being  equal  preferesoc  will  be  given  in  this  appointment  to 
I  andidates  will,  s  knowledge  ,,t  Shorthand  and  Type  writing 

\    ii  NIoH    UIHIbTANT  at  a  salary  of  *"'  par  armunx  rising  by 
annual  Increments  of  U.  to  801.  par  annum.    Preference  will  Ik  given 

in    this   appointment    to    well-educated    yOUthl   and    alsmt    P. 

wl,.,  have  recently  lefl    •  bool. 

AppUcations  must  be  made  on  f  onus  to  be  obtained  front  the  Town 
(i.-ik.  Town  Hall.  I'm,  la-  Road,  N  \\\,  must  is-  sent  to  the  under- 
signed not  later  than  FRIDAY,  July  <;.  and  accompanied  by  copies 
Iwhich  will  not  1^  retumedl  ol  three  Testimonials  ••(  n 

and    he    endorsed    cither    ''Chief    Assistant,"    "Senior    Assistant.'   or 

"  Junior  Assistant, 
Personal  canrassing  «  ill  i„-  considered  s  disqualification. 

.      II    F.  BARRETT,  Town  Clerk. 
The  Town  Hall,  I'ancras  Road,  N.W.,  June  IK,  1906. 

BOOKSELLER    WANTED.— A    thoroughly 
competent  and  up-to-date  Bookaallar   t,,  take  charge  of  the 

Ordering    Department   of   a    large   West-End   Firm.      State   full   par- 
ticulars iimi   Salary   required.— Write   to   Box  193S,  Willim.- 
Stran.l.  W.C. 

BOOKSELLER.  —  FIRST  ASSISTANT 
WANTED  for  a  highclass  West-End  Busineaf,  with  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  standard  and  Current  Literature.  A  good  oi>eninir  tor  a 
capable  and  energetic  man-  state  age,  experience,  and  salary  required 
to  X.  Y.  /...  Box  1839,  Willing  s.  126,  Strand.  W.C. 

ASSISTANT  LIBRARIANS  REQUIRED  at 
once  by  a  large  West-End  Firm.  Those  who  have  had  experi- 
ence in  dealing  with  Post  orders  preferred,  state  age,  experience, 
and  where  previously  employed.  — Write  IJox  1934,  Witling's,  ISO, 
Strand.  W.C. 


Situations   Wlmttb. 

ANTED,    by   a    LADY,    age    27,    a   post    as 

PRIYATE  SECRETARY,  either  for  Half  or  Whole  Day. 
Has  had  experience  in  several  directions.  Can  do  Type-WTitilW. 
References  call  he  given.  —  Address  Miss  ADAM,  43,  Biddulph 
Mansions,  Elgin  Avenue,  W. 


w 


iKisttllaiwotts. 


A  N  OPENING  occurs  for  a  GENTLEMAN  (not 

Xi.  over  25  years  of  age)  of  sound  education  and  Literary  tastes  to 
obtain  TRAINING  under  a  well-known  LONDON  EDITOR. 
Premium  1007.— Address,  in  first  instance,  to  ElluOUffOf ,  Box  1824, 
Willing's,  126,  Strand,  W.C. 

TO  AUTHORS  and  PUBLISHERS.— A  well- 
known  CAMBRIDGE  MAN,  M.A.,  is  open  to  ADVISE 
AUTHORS.  Revise  Copy  or  Proofs,  &c.  Highest  references.— Address 
M.,  Box  1039,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  Buildings,  E.C. 


SEARCHES  at  BRITISH  MUSEUM  and  other 
LIBRARIES  in  English,  French,  Flemish.  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.  Seventeen  years'  experience. —  J.  A.  RANDOLPH,  ISB, 
Alexandra  Road,  Wimbledon,  S.W. 

A    PARTY  of  FIFTEEN  WOMEN  STUDENTS, 

J.  V  or  ethers,  wishing  to  visit  London,  can  be  RECEIVED  at 
WINKWORTH  HALL.  BRONDESBURY  (Residence  for  students 
of  the  Maria  Grey  Training  College',  from  J  ULY'  3  to  16.  Fees.  21s.  per 
Week.— Apply  to  the  WARDEN. 


T 


f&Wt-WviUvs,  &t. 

YPE-WRITING,  9<7.  per  1,000  words.     Trans- 
lations.—w.  T.  CURTIS,  10.  Haringey  Park.  Crouch  End,  N. 


TYPE-WRITING  of  all  descriptions  WANTED 
by  LADT  (Royal  Bar-lock  Machine).  Work  carefully  done  and 
promptly  returned.  10/.  1,000  words.— Miss  BRIDGES.  Parsonage, 
Rudgwick. 

TYPE-WRITING.— MSS.,  SCIENTIFIC,  and 
of  all  Descriptions,  COPIED.  Special  attention  to  work 
requiring  care.  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Type-YVriting). 
Usual  terms— Misses  K.  B.  and  I.  FARRAN,  Doningtou  House,  30, 
Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TYPE-WRITING  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  [Classical  Tripos;  Cambridge  Higher  Local;  Modern 
Languages).  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Room.— 
THE  CAMBRIDGE  TYPEWRITING  AGENCY.  10.  Duke  Street. 
Adelphi.  W.I'. 

TYPE-WRITING,  9d.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  Of  MSS  ,  STORIES,  PLAYS.  Ac.  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  id.  |sr  1,000,  Best  references.— M.  KING  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Boad,  Harrow. 

AUTHORS'  MSS. ,  NOV  ELS,  STORIES,  PLAYS, 
ESSAYS  TYPEWRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  M.  per 
1,000  words.  Gloat  Carlson  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART.  Thirlliank  Koxborough  Koad.  Harrow 

TYPE- WRITING,  Literary,  at  SIXPENCE  per 
1,000   Words.      Carbons  :W.    per   LO00.      (Perfect  Remiugtonl.— 
Miss  I,  SOMERSET.  10,  Coptic  Street.  London,  W.C. 

AUTHORS'    MSS.,    9tf.    per    1,000    words. 
SERMONS.  PLAYS.    ENVELOPES,    and  all    kinds  carefully 
TYPED  at  home  (Remington).    (Jo.sl  paper,    orders  promptly  axe 

cited— M.  L.  L.  7,  Vernou  Road  ;  now  known  as  13,  Edgeley  Road. 

Olapharn,  s.w.  -, 


N 


ilctospnpfr  AqcntG. 


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BOUGH  i.  BOLD 


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•i'HK      ISM 


I'  R  o  I'  i:  B  1  I  i:  B 

PPLOD  WITH 

■  I 
odrrtAken. 


/  \     Mill   II  I.I.I.  .'.    CO.,  .• 


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MJgal  '. ».  Ac     Usrd 

I  Snow  Hill  i 


Catalogues. 


II 


H    PEACH,  87,   Be 

ITAl  ■■'•'  I  - 
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graphs.    Early   Printil 
interesting  Early  I.r 


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GAY  4  BIRD 

Hal  nig  pur-  b;is.-.|  many  \'olumes,  including 

ART.  BIOOBAPHT,  TRA\EU  POLITICAL  BOOEOlsT,  tc.. 

Published  hy  MA'MILLAN  4  00  .  are  offering  them  »t  low  i-rioea. 

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tion. Rooks  in  all  Branches  of  Literature.  Genuine  Iwrcnim  in 
Scarce  Items  and  First  Editions.  Books  scut  on  approval  if  desired.— 
Address.  14,  Osborne  Boad,  barton,  E- 

BOOKS. —All  OUT-OF-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  anv  subject  8TJPPLIED  The  m.^st  exivrt  BcKikflnder 
extant.  Please  state  w.ints  and  a-k  for  CATALOGUE.  I  niakels- 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  B,x,ks  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists  Special  List  of  8,000  Ik«>ks  I  particularly  want  i*>st  free. 
—  EDW.  RAKERS  (irent  Bookshop,  14-16,  John  Bright  Street.  Bir- 
mingham.   Oscar  Wilde  s  Poems  ,J1*.'.  for  6».  6d.  (only  250  issued1. 


A 


G 


E  0  R  G  E 


CRUIKSHANK. 


Dealers  or  Private  Individuals  who  secured 
desirable  Items  from  the  recent  Truman  Sale  of 
Cruikshankiana  which  they  wish  to  re-sell  (Rooksy 
Carioatures,  Plain  or  Coloured,  Lottery-Puffs, 
Woodcuts,  Chap-Books,  Original  Drawings,  4c.) 
are  requested  to  send  full  description  of  same„ 
with  price,  to 

EDWIN  H.  WENDELL, 
500  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  U.S.A. 


N« 


4104,  June  23, 


1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


751 


jknifjotz    Agents. 

THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 
The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Airreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  M.SS.  placed  with  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  15UKUHES,  3J,  Paternoster  Kow 


j^aks  bg  tuition. 

Works  of  Art. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House.  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  MONDAY,  June  25,  and  Following  Day,  at 
one  o'clock  precisely,  WORKS  of  ART,  comprising  the  choice  Collec- 
tion of  Old  English  Pottery,  the  Proiierty  of  a  OENTLEMAN, 
including  Examples  of  Salt  Glaze,  Whiehlon,  Lambeth— Slip  Ware, 
Wedgwood,  Staffordshire,  &c.,  m.-tiiv  pieces  of  which  came  from  the 
Soden-Smith  Collection  ;  also  ENGLISH  NEEDLEWORK,  of  the 
Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Centuries,  the  Property  of  the  late  Miss 
BETTS,  Wortham  Manor,  Suffolk;  the  COLLECTION  of  OLD 
WATCHES,  the  Proiwrty  of  Mrs.  A.  EDENBOROUGH,  and  other 
Properties. 

May  be  viewed.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Valuable  Books  and  Illuminated  and  other  Manuscripts. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  <fc  HOUGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand,  W.C.,  on  WEDNESDAY,  June  27,  and  Three  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  valuable  BOOKS  and  ILLUMINATED 
and  other  MANUSCRIPTS,  HISTORICAL  and  LITERARY  DOCU- 
MENTS, AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS,  &c,  including  17  extremely  rare 
Pre-Shakespearean  Plays,  original  Sixteenth-Century  Editions  —  the 
Eirst  and  Fourth  Shakespeare  Folios,  and  numerous  Works  of  Shake- 
spearean interest— an  interesting  Shakespearean  Manuscript— the 
Whitworth  Papers— Nelson  Documents— John  Knox's  Book  of  Common 
Order,  in  Gaelic,  First  Edition— a  Letter  and  Song  in  the  Autograph  of 
Kol>ert  Burns— Books  from  the  Library  of  W.  Haggard,  Esq — Byroniana 
— Manuscript  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter— Blake's  Poetical  Sketches, 
1783,  Presentation  Copy— Goupiis  Illustrated  Monographs,  &c. 
May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Coins  and  Medals,  the  Property  of  the 
Bev.  MAJOR  PA  ULL,  deceased. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street,  Strand.  W.C.,  on  MONDAY,  July  2,  and  Two  Following 
Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of  COINS  anil 
MEDALS.  theProiwrtyuf  the  liev.  MAJOR  PAULL,  deceased,  Duchess 
Road,  Clifton,  Bristol,  comprising  Greek  and  Roman  Coins  in  Silver 
and  Bronze— English  and  Foreign  Gold  Coins— Anglo-Saxon,  English, 
and  Foreign  Coins  in  Silver  anil  Bronze— Medals— Coin  Cabkicts,  &c.  ; 
and  other  SMALL  COLLECTIONS. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  bad. 

The  Collection  of  Greek,  Roman,  and  Mohammedan  Coins, 
the  Property  of  the  late  J.  M.  C.  JOHNSTON,  Esq. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION  (by  order  of  the  Executor),  at  their 
House,  No.  IS,  Wellington  Street.  Strand,  W.C..  on  MONDAY.  July  16 
and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COLLECTION  of 
GKEEK,  ROMAN,  and  MOHAMMEDAN  COINS,  the  Property  of 
the  late  J.  M.  C.  JOHNSTON.  Esq.,  including  an  extensive  Series  of 
-Greek  Copper  Coins— Roman  Denarii  and  Brass — and  a  very  long  and 
interesting  Series  Of  Mohammedan,  Persian,  and  Indian  Coins,  par- 
ticularly of  the  Earlier  Khalifs  — Coin  Cabinets— and  Numismatic 
Books. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  l>c  had. 


M 


ESSRS.    CHRISTIE,    MANSON  &  WOODS 

resiiectfiilly  give  notice  that  they  will  hold  the  following 
SALES  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  Rooms,  King  Street,  St.  James's 
Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at  1  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  June  25,  the  COLLECTION  of 

MODERN     PICTURES     and     DRAWINGS    of    LAWRENCE    W. 
HODSON,  Esq. 

On     TUESDAY,    June    26,    OLD     ENGLISH 

PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  GENTLEMAN,  and  from  various 
Private  Sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  June  27,  MINIATURES, 

the   Propertv   of   8ir   PHILIP   ROSB,   Bart.,  and   MINIATURES, 

.SNUFFBOXES,    and    other    OBJECTS    of    VERTU    from    various 
sources. 

On  WEDNESDAY,  June  27,  the  COLLECTION 

of  ENGRAVINGS  of  the  late  W.  H.  MILLIGAN,  Esq. 

On  THURSDAY,  June  28,  fine  OLD  ENGLISH 

SILVER,  the  Property  of  the  late  LADY  CURRIE  and  others. 

On  FRIDAY,  June  20,  OLD  FRENCH  FURNI- 
TUREandoLD  CHINESE  PORCELAIN,  the  Property  of  a  NOBLE- 
MAN, and  porcelain  and  OBJECTS  of  ART  from  various  sources, 

On  SATURDAY,  June  30,  important  PICTURES 
and  DRAWINGS,  the  Property  of  the  late  LADY  CURRIE  and 
others. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  3  (by  order  of  the  Heir  of 
the  Marquis  de  Lafayette),  the  highly  Interesting  and  Important  COL- 
LECTION of  RELICS  and  SOUVENIRS  of  LAFAYETTE,  chiefly  in 
connexion  with  the  American  War  of  Independence,  which  wen' 
exhibited  at  the  Chicago  International  Exhibition,  1893, 


Valuable  Books,  including  a  Portion  of  the  Library  of  the 
late.  JAMES  STAATS  FORBES,  Esq.  (by  order  of  the 
Executors). 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  GaUeries,  47,Leicester  Square,  W.C.,  on 
THURSDAY,  June  '28,  and  Following  Day,  at  ten  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precisely,  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  Haden's  Etudes  a 
1  Kau  Forte— Redford'n  Art  Sales— Die  Meisterwerke  tier  Gemiilde 
Galerie  in  Wien— Museo  del  Prado,  The  National  Gallery,  the  Her- 
mitage, special  copies  in  morocco  extra— Vignettes  to  illustrate  Feui- 
more  Cooper,  Proofs  before  Letters— Moore's  Views  in  Rangoon, 
Coloured  Plates— Baes's  Tours  et  Tourelles  de  la  Belgiuue,  Coloured 
Plates— Illustrated  Fine-Art  Catalogues,  including  the  Secretan  and 
Wilson  Collections— English  Art,  Proof  Plates  on  Japanese  Vellum, 
15  vols.— Ongania's  Series  of  Monographs  on  St.  Mark's.  Venice,  Plates 
in  Gold  and  Colours,  15  vols.— Menpes's  Etchings  and  Dry  Points, 
Proof  Plates,  Signed  by  the  Artist— Holbein's  Pictures  at  Windsor 
Castle — La  Galerie  Rovale  de  Munich,  Proofs  before  Letters — Die 
Kaiserl.  Konigl.  Gemalde  Galerie  in  Wien,  Proofs  before  Letters,  1886 
— Skelton's  Charles  I..  Japanese  Paper  copy— Morris  s  British  Birds, 
Nests  and  Eggs,  and  Butterflies,  10  vols.— First  Editions  of  the  Works 
of  Pope— SiMirtiug  Books,  with  Coloured  Plates  by  Aiken— Account  of 
the  Preservation  of  Charles  II.,  extra-illustrated  with  rare  Portraits 
and  Views— The  Sportsman's  Companion,  1760— Burton's  Arabian 
Nights— Specimens  of  Embroidered  Bindings— Bacon's  Apologie  (16051, 
and  Apopnthegmes  (16261— First  Editions  of  Dickens,  Bronte, sand 
other  Modern  Authors— Standard  Works  on  Biography,  Travel,  and 
the  Fine  Arts  —  Autograph  Letters  and  Documents,  including 
examples  of  Geo.  Washington,  B.  Franklin,  Dr.  Parr  (relating  to 
Boswell's  Life  of  Johnsoul,  Tom  Moore,  and  others  —  Original 
Drawings  by  Hayter— and  many  other  rare  and  interesting  items. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Miscellaneous  Books,  including  a  Portion  of  the  Library  of 
the  late  W.  MANNING,  Esq.,  of  the  Firm  of  Carpenter  & 
WeMky,  Regent  Street. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W.C., 
EARLY  in  JULY,  valuable  BOOKS  in  all  Branches  of  Literature, 
including  tire  aliove  Property. 

Valuable  Books  from  the  Modem  Library  of  a  Gentleman 
(revweed  from  the  Country);  the  Library  of  the  late  Mrs. 
C.  E.  PORTER,  removed  from  Erlegh  Whiteknights, 
lleadi)ig  (by  order  of  the  Executors) ;  and  other  Properties. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
TUESDAY  and  WEDNESDAY,  June  26  and  27,  at  1  o'clock,  valuable 
LIBRARY  of  MODERN  BOOKS,  comprising  Folio  Fine-Art  and 
Architectural  Works,  Iwth  English  and  Foreign,  including  many 
handsome  Illustrated  Books  —  Topographical,  Antiquarian,  and 
Genealogical  Works  —  a  Complete  Set  of  the  Tudor  Translations, 
40  vols. — Pearson's  Reprints,  Large  Paper,  27  vols. — Geneste's  History 
of  the  Stage,  10  vols.— best  Library  Editions  of  the  Writings  of  Bacon, 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Ilobbes,  De  Foe,  Horace  Walpole,  Carlyle, 
Raskin,  Lytton,  and  others — Apiierley's  Life  of  a  Si»ortsman.  Coloured 
Plates,  1842,  and  other  Sporting  Books— Standard  Books  of  Travel- 
Sets  of  Historical  and  Archaeological  Serial  Publications— valuable 
Modern  Glossaries  and  Lexicons,  and  other  Works  of  Reference— 
Didot's  Greek.  Latin,  and  French  Classics,  124  vols.,  &c.  To  which  are 
added  BOOKS  from  the  LIBRARY  of  the  late  Mrs.  C.  E.  PORTER. 
removed  from  Erlegh  Whiteknights,  near  Reading,  and  other 
Properties,  including  Engravings  from  the  Pictures  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Original  Impressions,  3  vols,  boards,  uncut,  1S20— Blagdon's 
Life  of  Morlaud,  Coloured  Copy — Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Comedies 
and  Tragedies,  1647— Goldsmith's  Beau  Nash,  1762— Keats's  Endvmion, 
First  Edition,  boards,  uncut,  1818— Heppelwhite's  Cabinet-Maker's 
Guide,  Original  Edition— Original  Water-Colour  Drawings  by  Bun- 
bury,  &c. 

To  be  viewed,  and  Catalogues  had. 


Tower  House,  Bedford  Park,  W. 

Contents   of   the    valuable    Library. 

Buskins  Work*  —  LacToix,  Art  »»  Hoyen  Ag< — raoquemart,  La 
<  vrami'pic  — Andaley'i  Polychromatic  Decoration  —  Sanders*! 
Carved  Oak  Woodwork  of  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries— 
Nash's  Mansions  and  Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages— Pistoled, 
11  Vaticano— Walpole's  Anecdotes  of  Painters— Magazine  of  Art- 
Lloyd's  Natural    llintory—  Jardines  Naturalist's  [41 y     Mmlt's 

Works— Faulkner  s  Fiilham,  Brentford,  &<■  —  Bncyi iop:i>dia  Bri- 
tanniia  dn  revolving  Bookcase's— Fronde's  Work*"— Fanys's  Diary- 
it's  Chronicles— Shakespeare'i  Works— Tennyson's  Works- 
British  Poets— Novels  by  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Lever,  and  Stanley 
Wcyman— Album  of  Postage  Stamp)  Japanese  Coloured  Prints, 
Ac. 

HAMPTON   k   SONS    will    SELL   the   above 
LIBRARY  by  AUCTION,  on  the  Premises,  on  SATURDAY, 
July  7,  at  12  o'clock. 

Admission  by  Catalogue  only,  io«t  free  fkf.  each,  on  application  to 
their  Offices,  2  and  ::.  CockspUT  Street,  H.W. 

\  11  -The  valuable  COLLECTION  of  ANTIQUE  FURNITUHE 
and  CHINA  will  he  SOLD,  on  the  Premises,  on  THURSDAY  and 
FRIDAY  July  5  and  6. 


Valuable  Law  Books,  including  the  Library  of  a  Barrister 
(retiring  from  practice),  Library  and  Office  Furniture,  dx. 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  CO.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  115,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.,  on 
FRIDAY,  June  29,  at  1  o'clock,  valuable  LAW  BOOKS,  including  a 
Complete  Set  of  the  Law  Reports  to  1905,  fully  noted  up,  328  vols,  half- 
call  -mother  Set.  from  1869  to  1902,  310  vols.— the  Revised  Reports, 
58  vols,  half-calf— the  Law  Reports  Indian  Apia-al  Cases,  1873-1905, 
33  vols.— Moore's  East  Indian  Appeal  Cases,  14  vols.— the  Indian  Law 
Reports,  1900-1905,  and  other  Books  on  Indian  Law  — the  English 
Reports:  House  of  Lords  Cases.  11  vols.— Chittys  Statutes,  by  Lcly, 
13  vols. — Campbell's  Ruling  Cases,  26  vols,— Modern  Text-Books,  &c.  ; 
also  S  Mahogany  Roll-Top  Writing  Desk— Dwarf  Walnut  Bookcase— 
and  other  Library  and  Office  Furniture. 

Catalogues  on  application. 

Curiosities. 

TUESDA  Y  and  WEDNESDA  Y,  June  Hi  and  V, , 

at  half-past  IS  o'clock. 

MR.  STEVENS'S  next  SALE  of  CURIOS 
will  include  about  120  Lots  of  Curios  of  every  description, 
formed  by  the  late  Major  IND;  also  about  30  Lots  of  old  Laces, 
including  Point  de  Paris,  Honiton,  Mechlin,  Maltese,  Valenciennes, 
and  Tambour — several  Lots  of  Italian  and  French  Furniture— Rare 
Coins  —  Pictures  —  Prints  —  Miniatures  —  Chinese  and  Japanese 
Porcelain— Bronzes— Indian  Weapons— and  an  immense  variety  of 
(  hi  ins.  nearly  600  Lots. 

On  view  Monday  prior  10  to  '">  and  mornings  of  Sale.    Catalogues  on 
application. 


M 


Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 
R.   J.  C.    STEVENS   begs   to   announce   that 

SALES  are  held  EVERT  FRIDAY, "at  his  Rooms,  38.  King 
Street.  Covent  Garden,  London,  w.c,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO, 
scopes.  SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES  — Telescopes— Theodolites— 
Level — Electrical  ami  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  A pparatu6— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  Accessories  In  great  variety  iiy  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture— Jewellery — and  other  Miscellaneous  Property, 
On  view  Thursday  2  to  .r>  and  morning  of  Sale. 


PALL-MALL.— Thirtu-otM  Violin*,  made  by  the  late  John 
Dug,  Violinist  in  II. M.  Queen  Victoria's  Private  Band. 
(By  direction  of  the  Executors.) 

MESSRS.  FOSTER  respectfully  announce  for 
SALE  by  AUCTION,  at  the  Gallery,  54.  Pall  Mall,  on  Till  lis 
DAY.  June  2«.  at  i  o'clock  pic.s.lv.  THIRTY-ONE  VIOLINS,  made 
bj  tin  late  John  Day  between  1850  and  1894— Copies  of  Violins  by  V 
Amatus,  J.  Gvarnerius,  and  Btradivariua.  May  in-  viewed  two  days 
prloi  t"  tin  Auction,  when  Catalogues  may  be  bad. 
.-,4,  Pall  Mall. 


NOW  READY. 

PHILOSOPU  [CAL      TRANSACTIONS 
or  THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OP  LONDON. 
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CHARACTER.    Vol.  CCV,    With  31  Plates.    Prioelt.8s.net, 

Lon  Ion:  HARRISON  &  SONS,  45,  St.  Mai  tin's  Lane,  W.C. 


WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE. 

■    ♦ 
ST.  PAUL,  THE  MAN  AND  HIS  WORK. 

By  Prof.  H.  WEINEL,  of  the  University  of  Jena- 
Translated  by  Rev.  G.  A.  BIENEMANN,  M.A. 
Ready,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  10*.  6(7. 

JUST  READY,  demy  8vo,  cloth,  7s.  6d. 

DANIEL  AND  HIS  PROPHECIES.    By 

Bev.  C.  H.  H.  WRIGHT,  D.D.  Ph.D.,  &c. 
NOW  READY,  demy  8vo,  7s.  6d. 

DANIEL  AND  ITS  CRITICS.    Being  a 

Supplementary  Volume  to  above  Work.  By  Bev. 
C.  H.  H.  WRIGHT,  D.D.  Ph.D.,  &c. 

READY  THIS  WEEK,  crown  8vo,  cloth,  5s. 

HEBREW  RELIGION  TO  THE  ESTAB- 
LISHMENT OF  JUDAISM  UNDER  EZRA.  By 
W.  E.  ADDIS,  M.A. 

TWO  STANDARD  WORKS  ON  NATURAL 

HISTORY. 

00L06IA  UNIVERSALIS 
PALAEARCTICA. 

By  GEORG  KRAUSE. 

English  Text,  Revised  by  OLIVER  G.  PIKE. 

About  loO  Parts  at  Is.  6<L  net  each,  each  Part  containing 

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THE  BUTTERFLIES  AND 
MOTHS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

A  Book  for  Reference  and  Identification  for  Collectors, 

Lepidopterists,  Schools,  and  Museums. 

Edited  by  Dr.  ADALBERT  SEITZ. 

With    the   assistance    of    Dr.    REBELL   (Vienna),    Dr. 

STANDFUSS  (Zurich),  H.  STICHEL (Berlin),  Dr.  JORDAN 

(Tring),  W.  F.  KIRBY  (London),  WARREN  (London), 

Hon.  W.  von  ROTHSCHILD  (London). 

I.  THE    PA.LAEARCTIC    BUTTERFLIES 

AND  MOTHS.  About  100  Parts,  with  some  225 
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FIFTH  AND  ENLARGED  EDITION, 

THE  PHILOSOPHY  COMPLETED.  Bto,  doth,  21s. 
DIGEST   OF   HERBERT   SPENCERS   WORKS. 

AN  EPITOME  OF  THE 
SYNTHETIC   PHILOSOPHY. 

By  K.  HOWABD  COLLINS. 

with  a  l'nf.ue  by  the  late  HERBERT  spencer. 

WILLIAMS  &  NORGATE, 

14,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Harden,  London,  W.C. 


752 


Til  K     ATIIENjEUM 


N#4104.  Jun28.  1906 


ALEXANDER     HAMILTON. 

AN    ESSAY    ON    AMERICAN    UNION. 
By   F.    S.    OLIVER. 

Ilhi  ti.it. c|     with     Portrait*.        DeUJ     8vo,     12*.     t'yt.     ii »-t . 

SOME    PRESS    OPINIONS. 


[Second  Imprt&trion. 


TIMES.— " Mr.  Oliver  hai  ohoaen  hii  hero  welL  Se  has  written  of 
what  Hamilton's  career  illustrates  end  teaohee  with  greal  ability,  with  great 
enthusiasm  and  persuasiveness.  Ho  has  depicted  Hamilton  with  force  and 
olearneea,  with  humour,  with  sympathy,  and  (harm.  He  has  treated  a  big 
subject  In  a  large  and  masterly  way.  N<»  book  has  appeared  lately  which 
oonveya  ■  more  valuable  lesson  or  one  more  tactfully  and  skilfully  unfolded." 

8  . !  TIONA  L   REVIE  II.—"  Mr.  Oliver  has  written  a  life  of  '  Alexander 

Hamilton" of  which  we   need  only  say  that   it   is  worthy  of   the  subject. 

And  besides  being  a  sympathetic  biography  of  a  remarkable  character.it  is 
a  stimulating  and  suggestive  political  study,  which  should  be  read  by  all 
Englishmen  interested  in  constructive  Imperialism." 

DAILY  TELEGRA  PH.—"  Hamilton  stands  out  vividly  and  certainly 
as  a  man  and  as  a  statesman.  Mr.  Oliver  has  given  proof  of  a  power  to 
brush  aside  irrelevancies  and  grasp  the  essentials  of  a  situation  which  is 
rare  indeed  in  this  age  of  chroniclers.'" 


OUTLOOK.  ---"  Mr.  Oliver  ha*  revealed  for  the  first  time  to  the  average 

English  reader  the  ngnifiaanoe  of  an  extraordinary  petsonalhVv  and    the 

waning  of   B    period  ;   he    has   thrown  reflex    light,  as   he    intended,    u]*on   the 

deepeel  of  our  own  problem*,  and  we  do  do4  at  all  to  say  that 

has  written  one  of  the  distinguished  Ixxiks  of  a  decade.  Since  Lord 
Rosel>ery'8  monograph  upon  Pitt,  to  which  it  is  perhaps  most  nearly  related 
in  style  and  method,  there  has  lieen  no  equally  acute  criticism  of  the  idea  of 
statesmanship  and  the  psychology  of  popular  government." 

Mr.  Fkkukkic  Hakhisos   in  the   TRIBUNE. — "Adequately  supplies  a 

real  Want  in   political  history a    living   portrait   of    the    man    himself   is 

vigorously  drawn  in  the  midst  of  the  historical  and  political  chapt> 

DAILY  NEWS. — "The  author  has  accomplished  his  task  with 
admirable  judgment  and  entire  success.  His  forcible  style  lends  vigour  and 
reality  to  the  various  characters  as  they  cross  the  stage,  while  his  political 
insight  gives  a  permanent  value  to  the  work." 


RECENT    PUBLICATIONS. 


THE  POETRY  AND  PHILOSOPHY 
OF  GEORGE  MEREDITH. 

By  GEORGE  M.  TREVELYAN. 

Crown  8vo,  3s.  6d.  net. 

WESTMINSTER  GAZETTE.  —  "Mr.  Trevelyan's  monograph  on  the 
poetry  and  philosophy  of  Oeorge  Meredith  is  an  admirable  example  of  literary 
appreciation.  Being  at  once  sympathetic  and  discreet,  it  avoids  the  pitfalls 
which  await  the  commentator  on  a  living  author  and  gives  the  reader  precisely 
the  kind  of  assistance  that  he  needs."' 


SOME  LITERARY  ECCENTRICS. 

By  JOHN  FYVIE, 

Author  of  '  Some  Famous  Women  of  Wit  and  Beaut}7,'  &c. 

Illustrated,  demy  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 

Studies  of  Thomas  Amor}7 — Thomas  Day — William  Beckford — Walter 
Savage  Landor — William  Hazlitt — Henry  Crabb  Robinson — Charles  Babbage 
■ — Douglas  Jerrold — George  Wither — James  I. — Sir  John  Mandeville. 


THE  FLORENTINE  HISTORY. 

Written  by  NICCOLO  MACHIAVELLI. 

Translated  from  the  Italian  by  NINIAN  HILL  THOMSON,  M.A. 

In  2  vols,  extra  crown  8vo,  12s.  6d.  net. 


SECOND  IMPRESSION. 


The  LIFE  OF  ALFRED  AINGER. 


By 


t  EDITH  SICHEL, 

Author    of    'Catherine  de'    Medici.' 
With  one  Photogravure  Frontispiece  and  six  Half-Tone  Illustrations. 

Demy  8vo,  12-*.  6d.  net. 
TIMES. — "  Ainger's  peculiar  and  elfindike  sense  of  humour,  his  eloquent 
and  persuasive  and  golden  voice,  his  inimitable  manner,  his  liveliness,  his 
sensitiveness,  his  attractiveness,  his  joy  in  life,  and  his  lovely  gift  of  filling 
life  with  joy  ;  above  all,  his  genius  for  friendship,  and  that  sweet,  inviolable 
loyalty  which  made  his  friendships  precious — these  are  all  things  to  treasure 
and  delight  in.  Miss  Sichel  has  done  distinguished  work.  Her  style  is 
animated  and  sympathetic.  She  is  gifted  with  very  considerable  powers  of 
dramatic  vision  ;  a  most  commendable  habit  of  thoroughness. " 


HISTORICAL  GREEK  COINS. 

By  G.  F.  HILL, 

Author  of  '  The  Coins  of  Sicily,'  &c. 
With  Plates  illustrating  over  100  Coins.      Demy  8vo,  10s.  6c?.  net. 

TACITUS,  ANIM)THER  ROMAN 
STUDIES. 

By  GASTON  BOISSIER, 

Professor  of  Latin  Eloquence  at  the  College  de  France. 
Translated  by  W.  G.  HUTCHISON.     Demy  Svo,  6s.  net. 


NEW    SIX -SHILLING    NOVELS. 


SET   IN   AUTHORITY.      By   Sara  Jeannette 

DUNCAN,  Author  of  '  An  American  Girl  in  London,'  « The  Path  of 
a  Star,'  &c. 
OUTLOOK. — "Mrs.  Cotes  has  written  the  novel  of  the  year." 

FACE    TO    FACE.      By   Francisco   Acebal. 

Translated  by  MARTIN  HUME. 
TRIBUNE. — "Major   Martin   Hume  has  done   his   translation  with   a 
delicate  sense  of  style,  and  we  are  grateful  to  him  for  allowing  us  to  enjoy 
such  masterly  work." 

ALL   THAT   WAS   POSSIBLE.      By  Howard 

STURGIS,  Author  of  '  Belchamber.' 

CATTLE  BRANDS.     By  Andy  Adams,  Author 

of  '  The  Log  of  a  Cowboy,5  '  The  Cutlet,'  Ac. 
PALL  MALL  GAZETTE. — "To  those  who  desire  an  impression  of 
the  life  of  the  prairies  these  sketches  can  be  applied  in  the  best  of  faith.'" 


THE    HOUSE    OF    COBWEBS.      By    George 

GISSING.     With  an  Introduction  by  THOMAS  SECCOMBE. 
DAILY  TELEGRAPH.— -"They  are    beautiful  stories,    told    with  con- 
summate art,  and  have  a  flavour  rare  in   present-day   fiction It  ['The 

House  of  Cobwebs"]  is  really  a  masterpiece,  which  one  is  glad  to  find  in  the 
English  language." 

OF  MISTRESS  EVE.  By  Howard  Pease,  Author 

of  'Magnus  Sinclair.' 

ANTHONY  BRITTEN.   By  Herbert  Macilwaine, 

Author  of  '  Dinkinbar,'  '  Fate  the  Fiddler,'  kc.     [Second  Impre**ion. 
MANCHESTER  GUARDIAN.— "The  book  is  something  more  than 
well  worth  reading  ;  it  is  a  serious  and  artistic  contribution  to  the  imaginative 
writing  of  the  day."' 


London:  ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  Ltd.,  16,  James  Street,  Haymarket. 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


753 


FREDERICK     WARNE     &     CO.'S 

NEW    AND    RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 


A  UNIQUE  WORK  ON  BRITISH  WILD 
FLOWERS. 

SERIAL  ISSUE. 

VOLUME  I.  NOW  READY. 

WILD   FLOWERS 

MONTH  BY  MONTH. 

In  their  Natural  Haunts. 

By  EDWARD  STEP,  F.L.S. 

Now  being  issued  in  12  Fortnightly  Parts. 

Price  Sd.  net,  post  free,  lOd. 

Containing 

300  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Reproduced  from  Photographs  taken 

DIRECT  FROM  NATURE. 

Depicting  the  Flowers  as  they  are  found  Growing. 

WILD  FLOWERS. 

In  consequence  of  the  hearty  reception 
accorded  to  this  work  on  its  first  publication 
last  year,  the  Publishers  have  been  induced 
to  re-issue  it  on  similar  lines,  the  parts 
containing  the  flowers,  &c,  of  the  current 
month  proving  a  great  convenience  to  all 
Nature-lovers.  The  large  number  of  genuine 
Nature -photographs,  as  distinguished  from 
indoor  "  studies "  of  natural  objects,  makes 
the  work  one  of  unique  value  as  well  as 
most  attractive  from  a  pictorial  point  of 
view. 

WILD  FLOWERS. 

"Mr.  Step  is  a  competent  botanist  and  writes  easily, 
in  a  natural  style,  which  is  just  the  thin;/  to  lure  the 
ordinary  reader  on  to  strict  science,  which  fill  not, 
we  hope,  involve  the  dropping  of  the  folk-lore  and 
poetry  which  are  introduced  in  these  pages.  The 
writer  has  an  eye  too,  for  natural  objects  outside 
the  world  of  flowers,  etc.  The  book  is  delightful 
and  we  wish  it  every  success." — Athexjkum. 

WILD  FLOWERS. 

"  The  airfhor  describes  with  much  charm  the  haunts 
of  the  wild  flowers  of  field  and  wayside,  and  is 
cartful  to  avoid  the  needless  use  of  botanical 
terms.  We  look  forward  with  pleasure  to  the 
second  volume." — Country  Life. 

WILD  FLOWERS. 

"  If  you  would  take  a  pleasant  companion  with 
you  on  your  country  rambles,  you  could  hardly  do 
better  than  select  '  Wild  Flowers,'  firrt  volume. 
If  Mr.  Step's  second  volume  is  as  good  as  tin  firs/, 
the  tiro  should  fmd  a  place  upon  the  l>ook»h<lvt*  of 
every  lover  of  the  country  side." 

Illustrated  London  News. 


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THE  CRUCIBLE  OF  CIRCUMSTANCE. 

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Mr.  Percy  J.  Brebner,  better  known  by  his  pseudonym  of  "  Christian  Lys,"  has  made 
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intensely  interesting  characters  in  Gilbert  Tennant,  playwright,  and  Olive  Vaughan, 
factory  girl  and  beautiful  actress,  who  combine  with  a  pseudo-philanthropist  to  furnish  a 
novel  of  distinction. 

UNIQUE  AND  CHARMING  WORK  FOR  NATURE  LOVERS. 
NEW  VOLUME  IN  THE 

WAYSIDE    AND    WOODLAND    SERIES. 

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THE    BUTTERFLIES 

OF    THE    BRITISH    ISLES. 

A  Pocket  Guide  for  the  Country  Rambler. 

With  Clear  Descriptions  and  Life  Histories  of  all  the  Species. 

By  RICHARD   SOUTH,  F.E.S.,  Editor  of  <  The  Entomologist,'  &c. 

With  450  accurately  Coloured  Figures,  photographed  from  Nature,  of  every  Species  and  many 
Varieties,  also  Drawings  of  Egg  Caterpillar,  Chrysalis  and  Food-Plant,  and  several  descriptive  Illus- 
trations in  the  Text. 

This  exquisite  little  volume  gives  in  a  handy  form  the  whole  range  of  the  Butterflies  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  besides  figures  of  numerous  scarce  varieties,  accurately  coloured. 

Many  of  the  eggs  of  the  various  species  are  now  for  the  first  time  figured  ;  and  the  fact  that  the 
fullest  details  pertaining  to  the  Larvce,  Chrysalis,  and  Food-Plant  are  also  given  renders  the  volume 
unique  in  its  usefulness. 

Other  Volumes  in  the  "  Wayside  and  Woodland  Series ":- 

In  pocket  size,  6£  by  4\  in.,  cloth  gilt,  round 
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WAYSIDE  AND  WOODLAND 
BLOSSOMS. 

A  Pocket  Guide  to  the  British  Wild  Flowers. 

By   EDWARD    STEP,    F.L.S. 

FIRST  AND  SECOND  SERIES. 


With  254  Coloured  Plates  drawn  from  actual 
Specimens  by  MABEL  E.  STEP.  With  clear 
descriptions  of  7<>0  Species. 

"To  the  reader  unacquainted  with  botany  the  volumes 
open  uj>  a  new  and  delightful  study.  It  is,  in  short,  a  remark- 
able work,  a  miracle  of  condensation  and  arrangement  com- 
bined with  the  most  lucid  exposition." — Birmingham  Post. 

"  Just  the  books  for  the  country  nimbler,  and  would  be  a 
very  acceptable  present  to  anyone,  old  or  young,  whodesirps 
to  reOOgniM  the  wild  flowers  of  the  wayside,  woods  and 
Held*."— Field. 


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TREES. 

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HENRY  IRVING,  and  57 Outline  Illustrations  oi 

the  Leaves,    Flowers,   and  Fruit  1>\    MABEL    E. 
STEP. 

"If  simplicity  with  accuracy  is  desired  on  one  of  many 
country  subjects,   1  can  recommend  to  them  '  Wayside  and 
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t rat  ions  .ire  excellent."— T.  P.'s  Weekly. 

"Deserves  1  warm  welcome.  Author  and  publishers 
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Daily  Xru*. 


London  :  FREDERICK   WARNE  &  CO.  Chandos  House,  Bedford  Street,  Strand. 


754 


TH  E     ATHENjEUM 


N°4104,  Jink  23,  1906 


MACMILLAN  &  CO.'S 

NEW  BOOKS. 


THE   GARTER   MISSION 
TO  JAPAN. 

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LIFB  &  EXPERIENCES  OF 

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COMPILED  BY  DIRECTION 
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volume  the  history  of  the  racial  feuds  which  have 
convulsed  the  Caucasus  and  reduced  that  outlying 
province  of  the  Russian  Empire  to  a  state  of  the 
wildest  anarchy  ."—Rev  iew  of  Reviews. 

Future  Forest 
Trees. 

The  Importance  of  German  Experiments  in  the 
Introduction  of  North  American  Trees.  By 
A.  Harold  Unwin,  D.  Oec.  Publ.  (Munich).  With 
4  Illustrations.     7<s.  6cZ.  net. 

The  Anglo  Saxon : 
A  Study  in  Evolution. 

By  George  E.  Boxall.     Crown  Svo,  5s. 

'■  Mr     George  E.    Boxall  has  written  a  work  of 

genuine  merit  and  interest A  work  of  peculiar 

fascination  "—Sunday  Special. 

In  Search  of 

a  Siberian  Klondyke. 

By  Washington  B.  Vanderlip  and    H.  B.    Hulbert. 
With  48  Illustrations.      7*  ad.  net. 
A  vivid  account  of  the  Author's  travels  and  adven- 
tures in  Siberia. 

Schiller's  Dramas  and 
Poems  in  England. 

By  Thomas  Rea,  M.A.     Crown  Bro,  it,  Cxi.  net. 
An  important  study  of  the  literary  relations  between 
England  and  Germany  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

Chats  on 
Old  China. 

By  Arthur  Haydcn.  New  Edition.  With  25 
new  Illustrations,     fig,  net. 

This  book,  as  revised,  will  take  rank  as  the  standard 
practical  handbook  on  its  subject. 


T.    FISHER    UNWIN. 


N°4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


755 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  23,  1906. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Life  of  the  late  Duke  of  Argyll 755 

The  Pageant  of  London 756 

Austen  Leigh  and  King's  College,  Cambridge  . .    757 

Personality  in  Modern  Literature 757 

New  Novels  (The  Adventures  of  Alicia ;  Queen  of 
the  Rushes  ;  Count  Bunker ;  Phantasma  ;  In  the 
Shadow;  The  Black  Motor-Car;  The  Uphill 
Road;  Hasty  Fruit;  A  Veneered  Scamp;  The 
Newell  Fortune ;   The  Cubs ;  The  Mantle  of  the 

Emperor) 758—759 

Historical  Literature 759 

Our  Library  Table  ('The  Times'  History  of  the 
Boer  War  ;  The  New  Russia  ;  The  Balkan  Trail ; 
A  Modern  Slavery  ;  Rois  sans  Couronne  ;  History 
for  Ready  Reference;  British  Canals;  Guide  to 
Saffron    Walden ;     Pocket    Tennyson  ;     French 

Abbreviations ;  New  Editions) 761—763 

List  of  New  Books 763 

My  Blackbird  and  I ;  Notes  from  Dublin  ; 
The  Publishers'  International  Congress  at 
Milan;  'The  Open  Road'  and  'Traveller's 
Joy';  Creighton  Memorial  ..       ..     764—766 

Literary  Gossip        766 

Science— Prof.  Bose  on  Plant  Response;  The 
Theory  of  Electrons  and  its  Difficulties  ; 
Amalgamation  of  the  Medical  Societies  of 
London  ;   Societies  ;   Meetings  Next  Week  ; 

Gossip         768—771 

Fine  Arts  —  The  Preservation  of  the  Cairo 
Monuments  ;  Historic  Dress  ;  Decorative 
Panels  at  the  Alpine  Club  ;  Younger 
Painters  at  the  Baillie  Gallery  ;  The 
Agnew  and  other  Sales  ;  Gossip  . .      771—774 

Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week      774—775 
Drama— The  Macleans  of  Bairness  ;  The  Electra 

of  Euripides  in  English  Verse  ;  Gossip  775—776 
Miscellanea— "Cain"  as  a  Synonym  of  the  Moon  776 
Index  to  Advertisers       776 


LITERATURE 


George  Douglas,  eighth  Duke  of  Argyll 
(1823  -  1900)  :  Autobiography  and 
Memoirs.  Edited  by  the  Dowager 
Duchess  of  Argyll.  2  vols.  (John 
Murray.) 

Lord  Granville  characterized  the  late 
Duke  of  Argyll's  defence  of  two  notable 
Viceroys,  Lord  Canning  and  Lord  Dal- 
housie,  in  1858  as  the  "  best  speech  I 
ever  heard  him  make,  right  in.  tone, 
substance,  and  length."  Prolixity  was, 
indeed,  a  marked  defect  in  the  utterances 
of  that  genuine  orator.  The  fault  is  no 
less  conspicuous  in  his  autobiography, 
which  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  two 
large  volumes  now  published  under  the 
careful  editorship  of  his  widow.  Over 
fifty  pages  have  to  be  perused  before  we 
reach  his  birth.  They  contain  some 
interesting  matter,  such  as  an  account  of 
his  father's  escape  from  Switzerland,  with 
the  help  of  Madame  de  Stael,  after  the 
rupture  of  the  treaty  of  Amiens  ;  but  the 
Duke  might  have  curbed  his  pen  to  ad- 
vantage. He  becomes  positively  tedious 
when  he  devotes  page  after  page  of  superior 
commonplace  to  Italian  travel,  setting 
forth  his  admiration  of  the  Duomo  at 
Florence,  his  disappointment  at  the  Campo 
Santo  at  Pisa,  and  so  on.  Froude  once 
declared  that  he  "  drew  the  line  at  dukes." 
It  is  to  be  feared  that  that  vigorous  critic 
would  not  have  made  an  exception  in  the 
case  of  the  literary  remains  of  his  Grace 
of  Argyll. 

In  spite  of  its  longueurs,  the  autobio- 
graphy presents  an  attractive  picture  of  a 
studious  boyhood  spent  on  the  Scottish 
estates  of  the  family,  under  the  eye  of  a 
father  who  was  a  cultivated  man  and  no 
mean  mechanician.     A  delicate  child,  the 


future  Duke  became  an  ardent  field 
naturalist,  and  drank  in  Wordsworth, 
though  the  classics,  with  the  exception  of 
Virgil,  failed  to  attract  him.  We  get  an 
animated  account  of  the  building  of 
Skerryvore  lighthouse  by  Alan  Stevenson, 
a  martyr  to  his  arduous  undertaking. 
"  He  was,"  we  read,  "  as  gentle  and 
refined  as  he  was  brave  and  strong,  and 
persevering  and  inflexible  in  purpose." 
Keenly  addicted  to  many  branches  of 
science,  the  Duke  lost  no  opportunity 
of  becoming  acquainted  with  their  eminent 
exponents.  As  a  result  he  gives  us  a 
series  of  appreciative  portraits,  among 
them  one  of  the  discoverer  of  the  use  of 
anaesthetics  : — 

"  Simpson's  own  enthusiasm  was  delight- 
ful. I  do  not  know  that  I  have  ever  met  any 
man  in  whom  genius  was  written  more 
visibly  in  face  and  voice  and  manner.  His 
spirit  seemed  to  be  always  quivering  in  the 
presence  of  Nature,  as  if  conscious  of  her 
immense  suggestiveness,  and  trembling  lest 
he  should  miss  even  the  slightest  of  her  hints. 
It  was  most,  interesting  to  watch  the  move- 
ments of  his  expression  when  he  or  anyone 
else  mentioned  in  conversation  any  curious 
or  singular  fact — anything  unusual  or  appa- 
rently anomalous,  however  trivial.  His 
spirit  seemed  always  to  withdraw  into  its 
own  recesses  and  to  be  following  the  trail 
of  some  footprint  too  faint  for  others  to 
observe,  and  too  slight  even  for  himself  to 
follow  to  any  conclusion.  Then  it  would 
return  from  its  excursion,  breaking  into 
smiles,  radiant  with  the  hope  that  an 
explanation  would  come  at  last." 

We  must  pass  over  the  Duke's  admir- 
able efforts  for  the  improvement  of  his 
estates,  to  which  in  the  course  of  fifty 
years  he  devoted  over  half  a  million 
sterling,  all,  as  he  records  with  legitimate 
pride,  paid  out  of  income.  As  a  pohtician 
he  inherited  a  strong  dislike  of  the  Whigs, 
and  developed  sympathy  for  the  com- 
mercial policy  of  Peel,  together  with  a 
personal  admiration  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  which  became  something  very 
like  hero-worship.  The  splendid  blue 
eyes,  minutely  described,  distracted  atten- 
tion, it  appears,  from  the  beaky  nose  and 
the  small  and  firm  mouth.  Argyll's 
course  was  therefore  fairly  fixed  when 
his  father's  death  in  1847  gave  him  a  seat 
in  the  House  of  Lords.  He  was  at  the 
same  time  taking  pleasure  in  London 
society,  and  thus  we  glean  an  interesting 
detail  or  two  about  the  breakfasts  and 
dinners  of  the  day.  This  was  what 
occurred  at  the  table  of  the  venerable 
Thomas  Grenville,  the  donor  of  a  magnifi- 
cent collection  of  books  to  the  nation  : — 

"  Dundas  told  us  some  story — very  well — 
as  he  always  did.  But  Rogers  never  could 
bear  to  see  those  around  him  listening  to 
anyone  but  himself.  He  therefore  slowly 
lifted  his  eadaverous  faco,  and,  with  a  most 
vicious  expression,  said  :  '  I  havo  be  on 
waiting  a  long  time  till  Dundas  had  ended. 
May  I  bo  allowed  now  to  get  in  one  word 
edgeways  ?  '  Dundas  could  not  reply,  of 
course,  to  sucli  an  antiquity  as  Rogers,  and 
could  only  look,  as  ho  did,  very  much 
annoyed." 

The  Dundas  in  question  was  Sir  David, 
a  Scottish  lawyer  and  lover  of  books. 
Hallam     and     Bishop     Wilberforce,     Sir 


Charles  Lyell  and  Sir  Robert  Inglis,  are 
among  the  persons  described  by  the  Duke 
of  Argyll,  and  we  get  a  quaint  anecdote 
of  table-turning  at  Macaulay's,  when  the 
historian  displayed  unphilosophic  alarm 
at  the  success  of  the  experiment. 

The  Duke  tells  the  story  of  the  Aberdeen 
Ministry,  which  he  joined  as  Lord  Privy 
Seal,  with  some  minuteness  ;  but  the 
reader  cannot  refrain  from  feeling  that  he 
is  travelling,  for  the  most  part,  over  well- 
trodden  ground.  A  vivid  account  is 
given,  however,  of  Gladstone's  exposition 
of  his  first  Budget  to  the  Cabinet — a  three 
hours'  discourse  in  a  conversational  tone, 
without  a  single  slip  or  obscurity.  "  I 
look  back  upon  it,"  writes  the  Duke,  "  as 
by  far  the  most  wonderful  intellectual 
effort  I  have  ever  listened  to  from  the  lips 
of  man."  Very  characteristic,  too,  was 
Palmerston's  assurance  to  the  Duke  that 
he  need  not  be  in  the  least  anxious  about 
Sebastopol  :  "You  know  it  is  an  axiom  of 
military  science  that  an  invested  fortress 
is  sure  to  fall.  It  is  a  mere  question  of 
time."  Palmerston  was  then  seventy, 
and  his  questioner  just  thirty,  but  the 
Duke  remembers  that  he  felt  himself  the 
older  man.  His  autobiography  reasonably 
defends  the  Aberdeen  Cabinet  against 
the  charge  that  it  was  a  deeply  divided 
body,  a  point  made  by  Gladstone  before 
him.  Besides,  when  disputes  did  occur, 
they  were  rather  personal  than  the  out- 
come of  political  predispositions.  The 
denunciation  of  that  Government  as  a 
"  coalition "  is  based,  in  short,  upon 
exaggerated  importance  attached  to  corre- 
spondence which  in  many  instances  never 
came  before  the  Cabinet.  None  the  less 
was  it  so  composed  as  to  be  incapable  of 
conducting  firm  diplomacy  ;  and  posterity 
will  hardly  accept  the  Duke's  complacent 
interrogation  of  Lord  Aberdeen  :  "In 
all  our  long  negotiations,  lasting  through 
ten  months,  can  you  put  your  finger  on 
any  one  step  to  which  you  ought  never 
to  have  assented,  or  any  one  step  you 
ought  to  have  taken  and  failed  to  take  ?  " 

The  autobiography  ends  towards  the 
winter  of  1857,  and  the  Dowager  Duchess 
has  brought  her  husband's  life  to  its  close 
in  an  agreeable  narrative,  copiously  illus- 
trated by  correspondence  and  extracts 
from  speeches.  The  former  source  exhibits 
the  Duke  as  keeping  a  closer  grip  on  affairs 
than  might  be  gathered  from  his  brilliant, 
but  discursive  oratory.  Though  he  was 
inclined  to  be  pragmatic,  his  advice  made, 
on  the  whole,  for  moderation  and  wisdom, 
notably  when  he  urged  upon  Russell  that 
the  Alabama  should  be  detained  if  she 
touched  at  a  colonial  port.  When  the 
newly  widowed  Queen  decided  that  she 
would  never  again  join  in  the  "  frivolities 
of  a  Court,"  his  reply,  as  communicated 
to  Gladstone,  was  a  model  of  tact  : — 

"  I  replied  to  her  in  a  way  to  indicate 
that  the  love  borne  to  her  by  her  people 
is  one  so  uncommon,  and  BO  valuable  to 
them  and  for  them,  that  a  response  to  it,  in 
somo  form  or  other,  by  allowing  her  people 
to  see  her  and  testify  their  feelings,  would 
be  some  day  one  of  her  public  duties.  This 
was  very  guardedly  expressed,  hut  the  drift 

was  elear.  and  she  sent  me  a  message  which 
showed  that  she  liked  being  reminded  of  a 


756 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


NM104,   Jure  23,  1906 


sympathy  ami  affection  of  which  the  Prince 
was  proud,  and  whioh  she  herself  epprooia' 

Xo  i  "in.-  t..  later  timet,  the  Duke  un- 
douhtedlv  made  a  mistake  in  entering  the 
Cabinet  of  L880,  for  by  that  time  In-  had 
gO<  out  of  touch  with  liis  party,  except 
when    the    "  un>pcakahle    Turk'     was    in 

question.  And  when  be  had  parted  com- 
pany with  Gladstone,  ho  us  certainly 
made  hca\y  demands  on  the  privilegee 
<»f  friendship  by  his  lengthy  coinininatory 
«  j  list  It's.  Here  is.  a  passage  in  one  of  them: 
■   Your  long  fight  with  '  BeeconsfieldiBin 

has,  I  think,  thrown  you  into  antagonism 
with  many  political  ((inceptions  and  sym- 
pathies which  once  had  a  strong  hold  upon 
you.  Y<  t  they  have  certainly  no  It  ss  a 
share  of  value  and  of  truth  than  they  (  ver 
had,  and  perhaps  they  arc  more  needed  in 
face  of  the  present  chaos  of  opinion." 

Yet  the  Duke  gives  us  to  understand  that 
the  idea  of  hitnasa  delighter  in  controversy 
i>  a  popular  delusion  ' 

The  Dowager  Duchess  appends  a  chapter- 
on  the  Duke's  scientific  pursuits — a  chapter 
which  is  of  some  importance  in  its  way, 
though  it  fails  to  place  him  in  the  position 
of  being  able  to  contend  on  equal  terms 
with  Darwin,  Herbert  Spencer,  or  Lord 
Kelvin.  He  had  a  keen  eye  for  an  excep- 
tion, but  he  dealt  loosely  with  scientific 
principles.  Of  his  paintings  it  may  be 
sai  1  fiat  if  they  were  not  ducal,  they 
woull  win  recognition  at  most  local  schools 
of  art ;  of  his  verse,  that  it  was  Words  wort  h- 
ian,  but  generally  commonplace.  But  his 
life  was  one  of  worthy  dignity  and  bene- 
ficence, and  when  he  was  a  young  man  its 
moral  was  pointed  by  Agassiz  after  an 
unexpected  visit  to  Inveraray  :  "  Happy 
the  people  whose  aristocracy  is  occupied 
by  such  studies  as  I  find  here." 


The  Pageant  of  London.  By  Richard 
Davey.  Illustrated  by  John  Fullev- 
love,  R.I.     2  vols.     (Methuen  &  Co.)  " 

4i  By  seeing  London,"  said  Johnson,  "  I 
have  seen  as  much  of  life  as  the  world  can 
show."  Since  Johnson's  day  the  great 
city  has  developed  in  directions  which 
were  undreamt  of  by  the  moralist.  A 
succession  of  writers,  from  James  Peller 
Malcolm  to  Sir  Walter  Besant,  have 
attempted  to  trace  the  ever-flowing  stream 
of  London  life  from  its  sources  onwards, 
and  to  follow  the  twists  and  turnings  of 
its  course  in  the  direction  of  social  and 
political  progress  as  well  as  material 
growth.  Mr.  Richard  Davey,  in  the 
volumes  before  us,  has  endeavoured  to 
attain  this  object  by  means  of  a  number 
of  illustrative  scenes.  His  book,  he  says, 
in  a  sentence  which  is  scarcely  worthy 
of  his  literary  reputation,  "  consists  of  a 
series  of  word-pictures  of  the  principal 
events  that  have  transpired  in  the  Metro- 
polis "  ;  and  it  is  called  a  "  Pageant  "  in 
the  widest  acceptation  of  that  word,  as 
"  meaning  not  only  Coronations,  Royal 
marriages,  funerals,  and  other  pompous 
shows  and  spectacles,  but  as  signifying 
the  unrolling,  as  in  a  sort  of  procession, 
of  the  story  of  the  British  Capital  from  the 
day  when  Julius  Caesar  appeared  on  the 


hanks  of  the  Thame.-,  to  that  which 
witnessed  the  funeral  of  Queen  Victoria." 

It  i-  obvious  thai  a  work  (  onstracted  on 

these  principles  luus  its  limitation-.  Of 
the  moral,  intellectual,  and  religious  sides 
of   London    life,    which    in   .Johnson-    \  iew 

constituted  the  most  distinctive  feature! 
of  the  great  city,  no  adequate  portrayal 
is    presented    to    the    readei  ;     not    i  an 

loom  be  found  for  an  analysis  of  that 
deeper    and    more    mysterious    quality    in 

the  "urbanity"  of  London  which  drove 
away  the  hypochondria  of  Lamb,  and 
"  fed  hi-  humour,  until  tears  wetted  his 
'heck  for  unutterable  sympathies  with 
the  multitudinous  moving  picture."  Nor 
has  Mr.  Davey  attempted  to  deal  with 
various  questions  which  appeal  to  the 
London  student,  such  as  the  influence 
exercised  by  the  metropolis  over  the  rest 
of  the  kingdom  ;  the  relations  between 
the  City  and  the  suburbs  that  surround  it  ; 
the  causes  of  the  mutability  of  political 
opinion  which  is  distinctive  of  the  capital 
city  of  the  Empire  ;  and  many  others 
winch  will  readily  suggest  themselves  to 
those  who  take  more  than  a  superficial 
interest  in  the  development  of  London  life. 
But  the  reader  whose  tastes  lie  in  the 
direction  of  the  more  romantic  and 
pictorial  side  of  history  wiH  find  in  Mr. 
Davey's  book,  if  not  an  entirely  trust- 
worthy guide,  at  all  events  a  very  readable 
and  companionable  one. 

In  the  collection  of  facts  Mr.  Davey 
claims  to  have  derived  his  information 
from  original  sources,  partly  through 
the  medium  of  books,  either  ancient  or 
modern,  and  partly  direct  from  con- 
temporary documents.  As  he  has  re- 
frained from  giving  his  authorities,  it  is 
difficult  to  test  the  accuracy  of  his  text  ; 
but  the  broader  statements  of  fact  seem 
to  us  to  be  generally  correct,  though  there 
is  an  unfortunate  crop  of  errors  in 
points  of  detail.  Some  of  the  most 
interesting  chapters  in  his  book  are  those 
that  deal  with  the  reigns  of  the  Tudors. 
At  no  period  of  English  history  was  the 
"  pageantry  "  which  is  the  key-note  of 
the  book  displayed  on  a  more  extravagant 
scale,  nor  were  the  tragedies  which  formed 
a  commonplace  of  London  life  ever  more 
frequently  exhibited.  The  axe  and 
the  gallows  occupy  a  perhaps  not  dis- 
proportionate space  amongst  Mr.  Davey's 
word-pictures.  One  of  the  best-written 
chapters  in  the  book  is  that  which  describes 
the  ill-fated  career  of  Anne  Bolevn.  But 
whilst  dwelling  at  some  length  on  pageants 
and  crimes  that  had  no  direct  relation  to 
London  life,  Mr.  Davey  has  laid  no  stress 
on  the  fact  that  Henry  VIII.  placed  the 
citizens  of  the  capital  under  an  everlasting 
obligation  by  his  judicious  exchanges  of 
land  with  the  Abbey  of  Westminster. 
Though  intended  in  the  first  instance  to 
subserve  his  own  selfish  purposes,  the 
acquisition  by  the  king  of  the  land  on 
which  the  parks  of  Hyde  and  St.  James 
were  afterwards  laid  out  was  a  meritorious 
deed  which  should  be  held  in  some  measure 
to  atone  for  the  many  acts  of  cruelty  and 
jealousy  which  stained  his  reign. 

The  topographical  chapters,  though 
brightly  written,  are  disfigured  by  errors 


of  fait.  Two  will  suffice  a-  examples. 
Mr.  Davey,  writing  of  The  Riverside 
Palaces  '  (i.  333  -hat  "  the  existence 

of  three  Suffolk  Houses  has  given  rise  to  a 
good    deal    of    oaufaved    misstatement.*' 

His  explanation  unfortunately  make-  OOSV 
fusion  wor-e.  After  referring  to  the  death 
of    the    widow    of    Henry    Grey,    Duke    of 

Suffolk,  the  father  of  Lady  Jam  Mi. 

Davey  writes  :  — 

'Die    Crey    (states   passed    to    a    n«  i 

of  the  Lais  Duke  of  Suffolk,  1.  .   of 

Porgo    [tie  L,    wi.  ■  •  ■  •    arm      l .. ■  • .    oi 

Suffolk,  and  laiilt  himself  a  hou.-e  m  the  Hu\  - 
market,  on  the  site  of  which  now  stand  the 
Suffolk  Street  Galleries  and  Suffolk  Street 
and  Place." 

The  title  of  Lord  Grey  of  Porgo  never  had 
any  existence,  nor  was  any  mem  her  of  the 
Grey  family  created  Earl  of  Suffolk.  The 
nephew  of  the  Duke  of  Suffolk,  a  son  of 
John  Grey  of  Pirgo,  was  created  Lord 
Grey  of  Groby  in  1603,  and  his  son  was 
advanced  to  the  Earldom  of  Stamford  in 
1628.  None  of  the  family  had  any  con- 
nexion with  Suffolk  Street,  Haymarket. 
On  the  following  page  Mr.  Davey  writes  : 

"  Some  twenty  years  later  Montagu  Hou-e, 
as  it  was  then  called,  came  into  the  hands  of 
William  Parker,  Lord  Morley,  who  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  by  Elizabeth  as  Viscount 
Mounteagle." 

This  should  read  :  "  Montagu  House 
came  into  the  hands  of  William  Parker, 
eldest  son  of  Lord  Morley,  who  was 
summoned  to  Parliament  in  1605  as  Baron 
Monteagle."  Errors  of  this  kind,  which 
might  have  been  avoided  by  consulting 
an  ordinary  peerage,  occur  on  neatly 
every  page. 

In  addition  to  misstatements  of  fact* 
there  are  a  large  number  of  misprint.-, 
which  seriously  detract  from  the  value  of 
the  book.  An  interesting  account  is  given 
of  the  career  of  Perkin  Warbeck.  in  which 
the  name  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick  is  given 
as  George  instead  of  Edward,  and  the 
execution  of  Warbeck  is  antedated  by  a 
year.  The  widow  of  Warbeck  married 
successively  not  two,  but  three,  husbands. 
To  pass  to  more  modern  times,  it 
may  be  stated  that  the  execution  of 
the  Mannings,  who  twice  figure  in  Mr. 
Davey's  pages  (ii.  193,  575),  took  place 
not  in  1852,  but  in  1849.  The  assertion 
in  the  Preface  that  Brutus  "  founded 
Troam  Novum  or  Trinovatum  "'  needs 
correction.  London  Stone  was  certainly 
not  "  converted  into  a  millennium.*'  nor, 
without  a  lapse  of  grammar,  could  it  ever 
have  been  a  "  Milliarv  Auream  *'  (i.  29). 
In  the  list  of  names  of  celebrities  who  are 
commemorated  in  Westminster  Abbey  we 
have  noticed  that  i\\v  are  wrongly  spelt 
on  one  page  alone  (ii.  435). 

In  a  work  intended  for  the  general 
reader  rather  than  the  serious  student  it 
may  perhaps  seem  ungracious  to  dwell 
on  imperfections  which  a  very  little  care 
would  remove.  It  is  a  pleasanter  task 
to  dwell  on  the  merits  of  a  book  which  is 
replete  with  information,  presented  with 
a  considerable  amount  of  literary  skill. 
Its  value  is  enhanced  by  Mr.  Fulleylove's 
charming  illustrations,  which  depict  many 
of  the  historic  buildings  of  London,  seen 


N°4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


757 


chiefly  under  the  warm  glow  of  a  summer 
sunset.  But  even  in  these  plates  we 
should  prefer  to  see  the  name  of  Staple 
Inn  properly  spelt  ;  while  the  illustra- 
tion labelled  as  '  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  ' 
does  not  represent  that  area,  but  depicts 
Old  Buildings,  in  the  interior  of  the  Inn. 
The  index  deserves  a  word  of  praise, 
although  the  name  of  Lamb  is  absent. 


Augustus  Austen  Leigh,  Provost  of  King's 
College,  Cambridge  :  a  Record  of  College 
Reform.  Edited  by  William  Austen 
Leigh.     (Smith,  Elder  &  Co.) 

It  is  a  privilege  to  have  been  allowed  to 
read  this  book.  There  are  full-dress 
biographies  of  public  men  whose  names 
at  the  time  of  their  death  are  in  the 
mouths  of  every  one.  There  are  privately 
printed  monographs,  generally  by  one  of 
the  family,  and  often  as  deficient  in  public 
interest  as  they  are  in  literary  skill. 
Thirdly,  there  are  the  lives  of  men  of 
supreme  intellectual  distinction,  who  by 
mere  accident,  in  the  familiar  words, 
"have  no  memorial."  The  life  which  stands 
outside  these  divisions  lays,  by  the  very 
fact,  a  claim  upon  our  attention,  of  a 
peculiar  character.  Had  the  volume  now 
before  us  not  been  written,  the  world 
would  have  been  spiritually  the  poorer. 
Of  how  many  books  published  nowadays 
can  this  be  justly  said  ?  "  Excellence  in 
him  was  unvarying,  and  seemed  to  be 
instinctive,"  is  said  of  Austen  Leigh  as  a 
boy.  "  I  never  met  with  a  more  modest, 
gentlemanlike  young  man,"  wrote  Lord 
Cowley,  then  British  Ambassador  at 
Paris.  Mr.  F.  A.  Bosanquet  calls  him 
"  the  most  lovable  of  men."  Mr.  Heit- 
land,  who  worked  under  him,  says  of  him 
that  he  was  always  kind,  always  firm, 
always  prompt,  and  always  just,  and 
emphasizes  his  unaffected  nobility.  The 
late  E.  W.  Howson  sums  up  his  life  in 
three  words  :  modesty,  refinement,  and 
unselfishness.  Dr.  Prothero,  as  his 
colleague,  must,  of  course,  have  known 
him  almost  better  than  any  one  in  his 
time,  but  his  deeply  reasoned  eulogy  is 
too  long  to  quote.  Henry  Sidgwick  cited 
him  as  Aristotle's  equitable  man.  Such 
overwhelming  testimonies — and  we  have 
cited  but  mere  scraps  from  a  tithe  of 
those  here  delivered  by  distinguished 
men  of  the  present  time — would  alone 
arrest  the  attention  and  direct  it  towards 
Austen  Leigh's  personality.  Yet  Austen 
Leigh's  character  is  but  one  part  of  this 
remarkable  book. 

The  history  of  the  development  of 
King's  College,  Cambridge,  is  now  well 
known.  The  late  Provost  himself  con- 
tributed a  historical  statement  upon 
the  subject  to  the  public  in  his  College 
History  ;  but,  as  is  here  pointed  out,  a 
large  part  of  it  could  not  be  told  by  him. 
The  real  greatness  of  Austen  Leigh,  it 
has  been  said,  lay  in  the  fact  that  he 
reformed  the  College,  or  assisted  in  its 
reform,  so  quietly,  and  with  such  discre- 
tion, that  no  one  found  out  that  any 
great  reform  was  being  effected.  A  few 
might    grumble,     a     single    person     like 


Mr.  Bendyshe  might  obstruct ;  but  slowly 
the  work  was  carried  out,  and  from  a 
position  which  has  furnished  a  Cambridge 
historian  with  one  of  the  bitterest  invec- 
tives, King's  has  arisen  to  all  but  the 
first  position  in  the  University.  This 
was  the  work  accomplished  during  the 
hegemony,  and  by  the  activity,  of  Augustus 
Austen  Leigh.  The  original  statutory 
number  of  King's  College  was  70,  all  told. 
This  was  still  preserved  in  1867.  By  1888 
there  were  29  resident  Fellows  and  94 
undergraduates.  In  1904  there  were  35 
resident  Fellows  and  146  undergraduates. 
All  this  was  accomplished  in  spite  of  that 
agricultural  depression  which  has  visited 
King  Henry  VI. 's  foundation  more  severely, 
perhaps,  than  any  other  college.  It  may 
be  contended  that  growing  like  a  tree  is 
no  sign  of  intellectual  strength.  Austen 
Leigh  was  wise  enough  to  perceive,  as  is 
here  pointed  out,  that  a  college  to  be 
efficient  must  be  of  a  certain  size.  There 
is  no  room  for  small  college  manners  now 
left  in  Cambridge.  Lord  Chesterfield's 
eulogy  of  Trinity  Hall  is  out  of  date.  No 
one  who  knows  King's  College  at  the 
present  time  could  wish  it  smaller  ;  and 
the  Kingsman  of  to-day  reaps  the  reward 
of  Austen  Leigh's  labours. 

Of  Austen  Leigh's  position  as  a  scholar 
we  need  not  say  much.  His  record,  as 
Eton  schoolboy,  undergraduate,  and  tutor, 
is  before  the  world.  Never  a  great  scholar 
in  a  wide  sense,  he  yet  was  typical  of  the 
best  Eton  product.  If  he  was  not  deep, 
he  was  thorough,  and  on  this  point  Prof. 
Henry  Jackson's  definite  statement  may 
be  taken  as  a  final  testimony.  So,  too, 
we  may  be  allowed  to  take  for  granted 
the  universal  tribute  to  his  University 
work.  What  he  did,  throughout  his  life, 
he  did  excellently. 

There  is  another  side  of  the  picture 
which  will  strike  all  who  know  the  Cam- 
bridge of  to-day  in  reading  this  memoir. 
It  is  but  a  few  months  since  another,  and 
in  many  ways  a  more  remarkable,  memoir 
was  given  to  the  world.  Henry  Sidgwick 
lived  his  life  and  fought  his  battle  in  the 
same  University,  during  the  very  same 
years,  as  Austen  Leigh.  Yet  any  one 
reading  the  two  books  might  almost  be 
forgiven  for  thinking  that  the  two  men 
lived,  if  not  whole  centuries  apart,  at  least 
geographically  distant.  They  were  walk- 
ing the  same  streets,  breathing  the  same 
air,  living  the  same  life.  There  is  not  a 
single  allusion  to  the  Provost  in  the  life 
of  Sidgwick  ;  there  is  only  a  passing  refer- 
ence, already  quoted,  in  the  more  recent 
book.  Austen  Leigh's  life  equally  leaves 
Sidgwick  alone.  So  distinct  are  these 
two  men.  Such  is  Cambridge  life,  and 
perhaps  all  university  life,  at  the  present 
day.  Such,  we  are  almost  tempted  to 
observe,  are  Trinity  and  King's  !  The 
remark  is  only  half  true,  and  by  some 
would  be  stigmatized  as  grossly  untrue. 
But  it  represents  a  fact,  and  King's  with 
its  chapel  services,  its  wonderful  archi- 
tecture, its  peculiar  personal  charm,  such 
as  men  still  living  knew  it  in  the  nineteenth 
century  must  be  for  ever  identified  with 
Augustus  Austen  Leigh. 

We  have  no  space  here  to  speak  of  the 


late  Provost's  singular  gift  as  a  preacher — 
a  gift  rarely  exerted  ;  nor  of  his  lifelong 
devotion  to  cricket  (an  amusing,  and 
almost  incredible,  true  story  occurs  on 
p.  46  of  a  match  between  King's  choristers 
and  Trinity  choirboys)  ;  nor  of  his  fond- 
ness for  music.  The  book  throughout 
has  its  quiet  strain  of  humour,  the  best 
hit  being  perhaps  Mr.  Bosanquet' s  account 
of  the  bedmaker's  "  Mr.  Leigh "  and 
"  Mrs.  Austen's  Mr.  Leigh."  There  are 
new  side  lights,  too,  thrown  in  these  pages 
on  another  great  Kingsman,  Henry  Brad- 
shaw.  It  is  a  book  which  no  Kingsman 
can  afford  to  neglect,  which  every  Cam- 
bridge man  should  know,  and  which  may 
be  committed  as  a  precious  legacy  to  the 
coming  century. 


Personal    Forces    in    Modern    Literature. 
By  Arthur  Rickett.     (Dent  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Rickett  disclaims  for  these  papers, 
originally  delivered  as  lectures,  a  critical 
character.  They  "  are  not  intended  as 
contributions  to  critical  literature."  Lite- 
rature is  treated  by  them  as  "  tempera- 
ment expressed  in  terms  of  art,"  and  his 
aim  is  to  deal  with  the  selected  writers 
as  personal  forces  energizing  through 
literature.  He  has  therefore  chosen  ex- 
amples of  Moralist,  Man  of  Science,  Poet, 
Novelist,  and  Vagabond — or,  as  we  should 
say,  the  literary  Bohemian,  typified  by 
Hazlitt  and  De  Quincey,  the  writer  who 
claims  interest  for  his  personality.  Mr. 
Rickett  appends  an  outline  of  reading  for 
students,  including  a  selected  bibliography 
of  the  writers  handled  and  the  books  con- 
cerning them. 

It  is  a  good  and  somewhat  original 
conception  ;  and  Mr.  Rickett  deprecates 
searching  criticism  of  its  execution  by 
speaking  of  his  "  fugitive  papers  "  and 
emphasizing  their  casual  origin.  Yet  we 
must  say  that  the  scheme  might  have  been 
more  distinctively  and  convincingly  carried 
out.  Sometimes  the  "  personal  equation" 
(as  he  styles  it)  is  well  marked — notably 
in  the  case  of  Newman  and  Huxley.  But 
as  a  whole  these  papers  are  very  much 
like  ordinary  critical  disquisitions,  so 
that  few  would  discern  any  distinctive 
intention.  Even  with  the  foreknowledge 
afforded  by  the  preface,  that  intention 
mostly  needs  looking  for  :  it  allows  itself 
easily  to  be  forgotten  as  we  read.  And 
even  where  there  is  a  certain  ostentation 
of  system,  we  find  ourselves  at  the  close 
with  but  a  vague  and  confused  idea  of 
what  the  author's  remarks  amount  to — 
with  a  difficulty  of  summarizing  the  view 
laid  before  us.  It  reads,  after  all,  not 
only  like  literary  appreciation,  but  also 
like  somewhat  desultory  and  cursive 
appreciation.  As  literary  appreciation  it 
is  neither  novel  nor  deep.  Of  course,  we 
are  not  to  estimate  it  as  literary  apprecia- 
tion. But  wo  can  scarce  avoid  doing  so 
when  it  is  just  like  literary  criticism. 

One  of  Mr.  Rickett's  best  points  is  an 
eminent  fairness  of  mind  and  catholic 
sympathy  with  very  diverse  personalities. 
He  can  be  sympathetic  towards  Newman 


758 


THE     AT  II  KNJKUM 


N   iiui,  Jot  28,  1906 


the  upholder,  and  Huxley  the  ic clast, 

of  cl< »»_' n  1:1 .  The  paper  on  Huxley  in, 
indeed,  one  of  the  beet  end  most  inter* 

Qg  in  the  book,  and  the  most  consistent 

with  its  standpoint  of  personality.  It  is 
in  handling  personality  thai  the  author 
shows  to  most  advantage.    The  personal 

side  of  the  paper  on  Wordsworth  is  the 
best.      Hut    this    and    thai    on    Keats    and 

Rossetti  resolve  themselves  in  fact,  despite 

the  author's  intention,  into  a  litcrar\ 
disquisition  on  modern  poets,  covering 
Shelley.  Coleridge,  Browning,  Tennyson, 
and  even  Arnold,  with  the  three  poets 
named  as  a  centre  ;  and  one  is  conscious 
of  a  thinness  of  surface  from  the  critical 
side,  which  is  the  uppermost  aspect. 
Even  in  the  personal  valuation  there  are 
questionable  points.  We  are  not  sure 
that  the  hardnesses  of  Wordsworth's  cha- 
racter are  effectively  extenuated  by  his 
patient  charity  towards  the  irreclaimable 
frailty  of  Hartley  Coleridge.  Was  it  not 
a  remorseful  reparation,  all  too  late,  for 
his  unbending  impatience  with  the  irre- 
claimable frailty  of  Hartley's  father  ? 
When  "  every  mortal  power  of  Coleridge 
was  frozen  at  its  marvellous  source,"  he 
was  prompt  in  pathetic  regret  for  "  the 
rapt  one  of  the  godlike  forehead,  the 
heaven-eyed  creature."  But  no  tender 
memory  of  their  early  days  softened  the 
outraged  majesty  of  Wordsworth  when 
his  old  friend  and  inspirer  besought, 
broken-hearted,  renewal  of  their  sundered 
amity.  A  slovenly  opium-eater,  become 
a  heavy  nuisance  to  his  friends,  had  dared 
to  complain  of  the  impeccable  W.  W.;  for 
such  a  one  there  could  be  no  forgiveness. 
To  have  yielded  the  son  the  forbearance 
refused  to  the  father  shows  that  the  poet 
had  fella  his  fault  and  was  not  stone,  but 
can  scarcely  be  entered  as  plea  against  the 
charge  of  egoistic  rigidity.  Like  death- 
bed repentance,  it  may  mitigate  censure, 
but  not  refute  the  cause  for  censure. 

But  in  the  literary  valuation  what  shall 
we  say  when  Mr.  Rickett,  telling  us  that 
he  is  concerned  not  with  the  colouring, 
but ' '  the  draughtsmanship,  the  symmetry" 
of  Keats's  odes,  quotes  as  examples  a 
passage  from  the  '  Ode  to  Autumn ' 
wherein  (as  he  says)  "  every  word,  every 
line,  every  suggestion,  carries  with  it 
the  autumnal  atmosphere,"  and  another 
in  which  is  "  one  of  Nature's  moods 
seized  upon  and  expressed  unerringly  in 
terms  of  art "  ?  The  quotations,  in 
other  words,  are  chosen  and  dwelt  upon 
for  their  pictorial  and  emotional  sugges- 
tion of  natural  effect — for  qualities  which 
might  be  included  under  "  colouring," 
but  most  certainly  have  no  relation  to 
draughtsmanship  and  symmetry — that  is, 
to  structural  perfection.  We  might  give 
other  examples.  We  might  dispute  his 
depreciation  of  certain  Tennysonian 
passages  to  exalt  by  comparison  Words- 
worth ;  not  that  the  former  are  equal  to 
the  Wordsworth  poem,  but  we  deny  the 
reason  alleged  for  their  inferiority.  One 
example  will  illustrate  the  occasional 
laxity  and  superficiality  of  Mr.  Rickett's 
criticism  ;  and  we  are  disposed  to  feel 
more  aggrieved  by  a  light-hearted  in- 
accuracy   in    his    poetic    quotations,    to 


which    the    printer    ha--    pfrhef    lent     In 
reokleSfl  aid.       "  One  ail  for  thee  and   D 

in  bead  of  "wail";  "wenl  by  her  like 
then  flames,"  instead  of  "thin  flam 

— these    savour    the    printer.      Hut     • 
pi-rating    minor    slips      ir_"_"    t     unverified 
((notation;    an?I  is  it   the  printer  who  has 
omitted   an   entire   line  in  a   pa   iag€   from 

'  Christabel '  1       l  >■  ipite      shortcomings, 

however,  Mr.  Rickett's  hook  is  the  agree- 
able work  of  a  man  of  taste  and  many 
Sympathies;  while  he  himself  hasten-  to 
deny  that  it  is  profound. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Adventures  of  Alicia.     By  Katharine 
Tynan.     (F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 

This  story  of  Mrs.  Hinkson's  is  not  unlike 
some  of  its  predecessors.  There  are  the 
usual  ease  of  manner  and  the  usual 
pleasant  people  and  pleasant  places,  but 
one  feels  that  the  author  is  getting  rather 
too  much  into  a  groove.  This  story  is,  if 
anything,  slighter  than  the  others,  and  more 
in  the  nature  of  a  series  of  pictures  of 
various  households,  Irish  and  English, 
introduced  through  the  medium  of  one  of 
the  author's  "  nice  "  Irish  girls,  who  is 
out  in  the  world  to  gain  a  living.  The 
cause  of  most  of  her  difficulties  and  adven- 
tures is  the  fact  of  her  possessing  more 
than  her  fair  share  of  beauty.  Hence 
complications  and  some  untowardness 
till  she  makes  a  satisfactory  marriage  with 
the  only  man  she  ever  loved. 


Queen  of   the   Rushes.     By   Allen   Raine. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Considered  as  a  series  of  pictures  repre- 
senting Welsh  landscape  and  Welsh  people, 
this  book  has  much  charm  and  a  certain 
quiet  interest.  As  a  story  it  fails  by  an 
excessive  and  inartistic  introduction  of  the 
marvellous.  Not  only  do  the  dumb 
speak,  but  the  dead  also  are  raised  up  ; 
and  in  neither  case  are  the  circumstances 
such  as  to  convince  us  of  the  necessity 
for  the  miracle.  The  author  is  perhaps 
at  her  best  in  dealing  with  the  recent 
revival,  towards  which  she  maintains  an 
attitude  of  discriminating  sympathy.  The 
characters  give  a  general  impression  of 
being  in  harmony  with  their  environment, 
but  we  are  not  sure  that  any  of  them 
would  bear  the  test  of  minute  inspection. 


Count   Bunker.     By   J.    Storer   Clouston. 
(Blackwood  &  Sons.) 

Admirers  of  that  engaging  narrative 
'  The  Lunatic  at  Large  '  will  extend  a 
cordial  welcome  to  this  volume,  which  is 
described  by  its  author  as  being  "  a  bald 
yet  veracious  chronicle  containing  some 
further  particulars  "  of  the  two  principal 
characters  in  that  story.  It  must  be 
admitted  that  '  Count  Bunker  '  partakes 
of  the  usual  fate  of  sequels  :  it  is  not 
equal  to  its  predecessor.  But  it  is  amusing  ; 
it  has  a  good  deal  of  that  rollicking  merri- 
ment which  is  generally  associated  with 
holiday  reading.     The  fun  may  be  rather 


that  of  the  pillow-fight,  hut  it  is  fun 
and  should  be  enfoyed  by  all  who 
are  in  the  vein  which  make-  practical 
jokes  amusing.    The  Bavarian  Baron  von 

Blitoenberg,   with  Count    Hunker's  adv- 
ance,  impersonate!   a   ireedy  youth   who 

ha-   jii-t    Stepped    mi-         8      I    h    peer.. 
and    pis  part    for    the    pui  p    t    I  f 

winning  an  American  h'  •   dollars 

are  urgently  needed  to  .-uppoit  the  High- 
land chiefta  te. 


J'/i'intasma.     By  A.  C.  Inchbold.     (Hlack- 

wood  &  Sons.) 
The  writer  takes  a  critical  episode  of 
Napoleon's  career  (at  the  time  he  was 
hard  pressed  in  his  Egyptian  expedition, 
and  was  coming  to  the  momentous  deci- 
sion, East  or  West,  in  his  further  aims) 
to  introduce  a  love  element  and  a  spiritual- 
istic motive  into  his  story.  Nazli,  the 
daughter  of  Murad  Bey.  i-  a  Mamlook 
Joan  of  Arc,  and  Napoleon's  vision  in 
the  wilderness  is  at  all  points  impressive. 
Nazli  in  her  '*  astral  body  "  makes  one  of 
the  weird  company  on  the  ridge  of  El 
Murakha  when  the  Druse  necromancer  is 
expounding  the  hero's  fate.  But  it  is 
Kleber,  not  his  leader,  who  so  nearly 
draws  the  Amazon  away  from  her  war- 
like purpose,  and  for  whose  sake  she 
welcomes  death.  The  characters,  Egyptian 
and  other,  follow  the  record  of  the  time, 
and  are  well  defined.  Incident  and 
movement  are  not  wanting,  but  in  places 
the  style  becomes  too  turgid,  while  an 
occasional  lapse  into  modern  vernacular 
gives  comic  effect  to  sustained  and 
sonorous  narrative. 


In  the  Shadow.     By  Henry  C.  Rowland. 

(Heinemann.) 
The  comic  negro  and  the  pious  negro  are 
familiar  to  all  readers  of  fiction,  and  it 
would  not  be  easy  to  decide  which  is  the 
more  unreal.  But  Mr.  Rowland  has  given 
us  a  study  of  the  real  negro,  and  a  wonder- 
full}'-  powerful  and  convincing  study  it  is. 
He  has  taken  as  his  hero  Count  Dessalines, 
a  rich  Haytian,  educated  in  England,  and 
inspired  with  an  ambition  to  regenerate 
his  people  by  making  himself  Emperor  of 
Hayti.  The  strength  and  the  weakness 
of  the  man  are  depicted  with  admirable 
skill  and  restraint.  Dessalines  is  intelli- 
gent, cultured,  and  passionately  religious  ; 
but  the  traits  of  character  inherited  from 
generations  of  negroes  render  him  utterly 
futile,  and  secure  for  him  both  contempt 
and  pity.  The  author  is  evidently  an 
American,  and  has  made  a  careful  study 
of  the  negro  temperament,  while  his 
obvious  sympathy  with  an  unfortunate 
race  does  not  render  him  any  the  less 
loyal  to  truth.  '  In  the  Shadow  '  deserves 
to  be  widely  read. 


The  Black  Motor-Car.     By  Harris  Burland. 

(Grant  Richards.) 
If   this  were    the    author's   first   book,  it 
would  be  a  rather  interesting  production. 
As  we  believe  it  is  not,  we  cannot  find 
excuse  for  this  opening  paragraph  : — 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


759 


"  Mrs.  De  La  Mothe  sat  alone  in  her  pretty 
drawing-room  in  Kensington.  A  single 
standard  lamp  with  a  fluffy  pink  shade 
threw  a  rose-coloured  light  on  her  face. 
A  book  lay  open  on  her  knees,  but  it  was 
evident  that  her  thoughts  were  far  away 
from  its  contents.  She  was  twining  her 
hands  together  nervously,  and  the  jewelled 
rings  flashed  on  her  thin  white  fingers. 
Every  now  and  then  she  looked  at  the  little 
ormolu  clock  on  the  mantelpiece.  Marie 
de  la  [sic]  Mothe  was  a  beautiful  woman  ; 
there  were  those  who  thought  her  the  most 
beautiful  woman  in  the  world." 

There  is  much  more  in  precisely  the  same 
transpontine  vein,  and  it  is  headed  '  The 
Temptress.'  It  is  not  an  excerpt  from 
one  of  Bret  Harte's  '  Condensed  Novels,' 
but  an  author's  deliberate  choice  of  open- 
ing for  his  story  ;  and  a  more  striking 
example  of  the  use  of  the  cliche  in  thought 
and  diction  it  would  be  hard  to  find.  The 
author  has  deliberately  drawn  curtains 
across  the  windows  of  life,  and  peered 
into  the  well-thumbed  book  of  the  tradi- 
tions of  sensational  fiction.  But  the  volume 
contains  indications  of  a  gift  for  narrative, 
and  some  respectable  powers  of  descrip- 
tion ;  it  is  compact  of  energy  and 
enthusiasm. 

The    Uphill  Road.     By   E.    C.   Ruthven. 
(Chapman  &  Hall.) 

We  have  here  another  specimen  of  a  class 
of  fiction  which  seems  to  be  continually 
on  the  increase,  and  which,  alike  in  its 
merits  and  its  defects,  is  especially  cha- 
racteristic of  the  present  day.  It  shows 
considerable  literary  feeling,  respectable 
powers  of  description,  and  some  skill  in 
character-drawing ;  yet,  on  the  whole, 
it  cannot  be  pronounced  a  success,  partly 
because  the  central  figure,  a  solitary 
woman  of  the  modern  introspective  type, 
does  not  awaken  sufficient  interest  to 
justify  the  elaborate  analysis  of  her 
sensations,  and  partly  because  the 
story  hinges  upon  a  species  of  problem 
(the  marriage  of  the  hereditarily  unfit) 
which  in  actual  life  never  seems  to  b© 
considered  as  of  practical  account  by  the 
persons  chiefly  concerned.  A  special  word 
of  praise  is  due  to  the  humorous,  but  sym- 
pathetic presentment  of  the  third-rate 
continental  restaurant,  with  its  Cockney 
landlady  and  its  medley  of  strange  cus- 
tomers. 


Hasty  Fruit. 
Stock.) 


By  Helen  Wallace.     (Elliot 


The  hills  and  glens  of  the  Scottish  Border, 
among  which  the  author  is  evidently  at 
home,  and  tropical,  swampy,  utterly  un- 
civilized "  New  Gambia,"  are  the  con- 
trasted scenes  in  which  the  main  action 
of  an  exceptionally  interesting  love  story 
is  set.  The  book  has  already  reached  a 
second  edition,  and  exhibits  a  decided 
advance  in  power  and  insight  on  1  he 
author's  previous  work.  She  dealt  over- 
much with  religious  matters  in  a  previous 
novel,  but  here  hardly  a  page  is  devoted 
to  religion,  though  the  reader  feels,  or 
ought  to  feel,  a  struggle  between  the 
opposed  powers  of  godliness  and  world  li- 
ness  taking  place  behind  the  stage.     To 


convey  this  is  a  notable  feat  in  a  work 
presenting  the  marriage  of  a  beautiful 
heiress,  used  to  social  triumphs,  with  a 
Scot  devoted  to  missionary  work  in  a 
dangerous  and  unhealthy  region.  She  is 
attracted  by  the  strength  and  nobility 
of  his  character,  he  by  her  charm  and  the 
sympathy  of  her  kindred,  but  ill-trained 
spirit.  A  judicious  selection  of  the  con- 
sequences of  such  an  alliance  is  put 
before  us,  providing  some  excitement  and 
plenty  of  wholesome  entertainment. 


A  Veneered  Scamp.     By  Jean  Middlemass. 
(John  Long.) 

This  story  of  crime  and  revenge  does  not 
stimulate  overmuch,  perhaps  because  the 
author  and  the  matter  are  not  quite  suited, 
or  because  revenge  in  modern  fiction 
seldom  "  comes  off."  The  plot — for  there 
is  a  plot  of  a  kind — appears  to  turn  on 
two  problems  :  Who  slew  the  Earl  ? 
Who  kidnapped  the  lady  ?  No  one — not 
even  the  author — forgets  with  whom  he 
has  to  do,  and  the  titles  of  earl  and 
countess  are  ever  present.  The  avenger 
is  the  Countess  herself.  If,  in  the  well- 
worn  phrase  of  some  novelists,  she  is  not 
constantly  "  drawing  herself  to  her  full 
height,"  she  does  and  says  other  things 
of  the  same  sort.  Her  servants  are  her 
"  people,"  and  we  read  of  a  "  breakfast 
apparatus  "  and  kindred  expressions. 


The     Newell     Fortune.         By     Mansfield 
Brooks.     (John  Lane.) 

The  author  of  '  The  Newell  Fortune  '  has 
chosen  an  effective,  if  not  very  original 
theme  in  the  history  of  a  young  man  who, 
discovering  that  the  inheritance  bequeathed 
him  by  his  father  has  been  acquired  in 
the  slave  trade,  devotes  his  life  to  making 
such  atonement  as  is  possible.  Yet  the 
hero's  experiences,  though  they  seem  to  be 
partly  drawn  from  real  life,  and  include 
such  promising  items  as  a  suspected 
murder,  a  London  gambling-hell,  and  a 
tussle  with  slave-drivers  in  Sierra  Leone, 
have  no  great  attractive  power.  To  use 
the  pleasing  dialect  of  latter-day  journal- 
ism, they  "  lack  actuality,"  and  the 
writer  has  mifch  to  learn  in  the  art  of 
telling  a  story. 

The  Cubs.     By  Shan  F.  Bullock.     (Werner 
Laurie.) 

Mr.  Bullock's  purpose  in  writing  '  The 
Cubs  '  has  evidently  been  to  give  a  truth- 
ful account  of  life  in  a  large  Irish  school. 
His  picture  is  vividly  painted.  If,  how- 
ever, we  are  to  accept  it  as  true,  an 
Irish  school  must  be  nearly  as  unpleasant 
a  place  as  Dotheboys  Hall,  and  Irish 
schoolboys  must  be  infinitely  more  objec- 
tionable than  the  worst  of  "  Stalky's " 
fellow-pupils.  The  early  pages  of  '  The 
Cubs  '  consist  chiefly  of  descriptions  of 
the  tortures  inflicted  by  the  big  boys  on 
the  small  boys,  and  arc  decidedly  un- 
pleasant and  rather  tiresome.  That  the 
story  will  interest  boys  there  is  no  doubt, 
but  it  will  hardly,  we  think,  greatly  attract 
grown-up  readers.     Schoolboys  are  usually 


represented  either  as  tiresome  little  prig3 
or  offensive  little  brutes,  and  the  genuine 
article  seems  to  elude  the  artist.  Mr. 
Bullock's  hero  is  fairly  true  to  life,  but 
his  other  boys  fail  to  impress  us  with  a 
sense  of  their  reality. 


The  Mantle  of  the  Emperor.  By  Ladbroke 
Black  and  Robert  Lvnd.  (Francis 
Griffith.) 
This  is  an  historical  novel,  and  its  hero  is 
Napoleon  III.  The  story  deals  with  his 
youth  from  the  time  when,  as  a  member 
of  the  Carbonari  society,  he  took  part  in 
an  attempt  at  revolution  in  the  Papal 
States,  until  the  day  when  he  escaped  in 
disguise  from  the  prison  of  Ham.  The 
story  is  supposed  to  be  told  by  an  Irish 
adventurer  with  a  passionate  devotion  to 
Louis  Napoleon,  but  the  portrait  of  the 
hero  gives  us  the  impression  that  he  was 
a  poor  creature,  and  we  are  at  a  loss 
to  understand  why  the  narrator  was  so 
fascinated  by  him.  The  book  does  not 
deserve  much  attention,  either  as  history 
or  romance,  although  the  story  of  Louis 
Napoleon's  share  in  the  Italian  insurrec- 
tion is,  in  the  main,  faithfully  told.  The 
authors  ought  to  have  known  that  the 
"  Marche  "  of  Central  Italy  are  not  the 
"  Marshes,"  and  that  the  Carbonari 
addressed  one  another  not  as  "  com- 
rades," but  as  "  cousins." 


HISTORICAL    LITERATURE. 

The  Valerian  Persecution  :  a  Study  of  the 
Relations  between  Church  and  Stoic  in  the 
Third  Century  A.D.  By  the  Rev.  Patrick 
J.  Healy,  D.D.,  of  the  Catholic  University 
of  America.  (Constable  &  Co.) — In  this 
valuable  study  Dr.  Healy  shows  that  he 
belongs  to  the  small  number  of  Roman 
Catholic  students  of  ecclesiastical  history 
who,  like  the  Abbe  Duchesne,  are  prepared 
to  investigate  historical  evidence  without 
theological  bias,  and  possess  the  requisite 
training  for  scientific  criticism.  The  perse- 
cution of  Christianity  in  the  middle  of  the 
third  century,  which  he  has  chosen  for  his 
subject,  forms  the  central  stage  in  the  struggle 
between  the  Empire  and  the  Church,  and 
both  throws  light  upon  the  nature  of  the 
earlier  and  obscurer  collisions  of  Christianity 
with  the  secular  authorities,  and  helps  us 
to  understand  the  subsequent  persecutions 
of  Diocletian  and  C.alerius.  '  The  persecu- 
tions which  took  place  in  the  reigns  of  Decius 
and  Valerian,"  the  author  observes, 
"are  the  high-water  mark  of  the  antagonism 
between  Christianity  and  the  religious  forms  of 
pagan  Rome.  Each  side  seemed  to  have  attained 
to  a  full  realization  of  the  fact  that  it  contained  in 
it  qualities  destructive  of  vital  elements  in  the 
other,  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  changes  time 
had  wrought,  no  lasting  peace  could  he  hoped  for 
until  one  side  or  the  other  was  completely 
eradicated." 

Tn  his  survey  of  the  religions  of  the  Empire 
Dr.  Healy  exhibits  fairness  and  objectivity, 
and,  unlike  the  ordinary  theologian,  he  seems 
able  to  place  himself  at  the  pomt  of  view  of 
the  Imperial  government  in  its  attitude  to 
tho  Christians,  and  calmly  to  recognize  the 
reasons  for  the  exceptional  treatment  which 

thej  receivedi 

In  regard  to  the  disputed  question  whether 
a  law  or  laws  proscribing  Christianity  existed 
before    the    time    of    Trajan,    the    author,    in 

opposition  to  Mommsen  and  Prof.  Ramsay, 

adopts  the  affirmative  view,  and  holds  that 


760 


THE     ATI!  KN^UM 


N   4104,  Ji  m.  28,  1906 


there     was     mi     edict     til     iin     i  \t<  i  minatory 

charm  t«i ,  containing  the  words  non  licet 
Christiana*.  This  is  inferred  from  the 
facts  tlmt  Terl  ulliiiii,  Origen,  Sulpioius 
Si  \iiiis,  mill  Lampridius  all  we  the  nme 
expression,  and  that  the  decree  by  which 
GaJeriua  terminated  his  persecution  began 
with  the  words  denuo  sitti  Christian*.  The 
similarity  of  language  certainly  points  t"  a 
oommon  source,  and  it  is  plausible  tu  eon 
jeeture  thai  this  was  the  early  edict,  provided 
we  are  convinced  that  such  sua  edict  existed. 
Bui  ite  existence,  it  probable,  has  not  yet 
been  proved. 

lu    dealing    With    his    special    theme     Dr. 

Sealy  has  to  make  large  u««e  of  t '  e  *  rlistoria 

AiiL'usta  '  and  of  the  "Acta'  of  martyrs. 
His    treatment    of    the    '  Historia    Augusta ' 

cannot  be  considered  altogether  satisfactory. 

It  is  clear  that  he  lias  not  realized  or  faced 
the  results  of  recent  criticism  as  to  the  docu- 
ments and  speeches  which  occur  in  the  lives 
of  that  collection.  He  assumes,  for  instance, 
without  a  hint  that  there  can  be  two  opinions 
on  the  subject,  that  the  deprecatory  speech 
which  is  placed  in  the  mouth  of  Ballista  by 
Trebellius  Pollio  is  genuine  :  "  Ballista,  in 
a  speech  which  has  been  preserved  by  one 
of  his  auditors,  deprecated  his  fitness  for 
the  position."  In  regard  to  the  hagio- 
graphical  '  Acta  '  we  cannot  make  this  com- 
plaint. He  holds  with  those  scholars  who 
consider  the  '  Acts  of  Montanus  '  and  the 
'  Passion  of  Marianus  and  Jacobus  '  to  be 
genuine  ;  but  he  states  the  opposite  opinion, 
and  refers  to  the  works  of  those  who  enter- 
tain it.  But  it  would  have  been  more 
satisfactory  to  the  reader  if  in  both  these 
cases  he  had  supplied  a  full  summary  of 
the  arguments  on  both  sides,  instead  of 
the  brief  and  insufficient  indications  which 
he  lias  given.  It  was  incumbent  on  him  to 
do  more  than  cite  the  authority  of  scholars 
like  Pio  Franchi  de'  Cavalieri.  Dr.  Healy, 
of  course,  follows  this  scholar  in  rejecting 
the  story  that  St.  Laurence  was  roasted  on 
a  gridiron  as  a  legend  pure  and  simple,  which 
possibly  arose  from  an  error  in  transcription 
{assiis  est  for  passus  est). 

We  have  praised  the  author's  impartiality  ; 
but  we  may  detect  a  certain  prepossession 
in  his  account  of  the  fate  of  the  Emperor 
Valerian.  The  oldest  pagan  accounts  say 
that  he  grew  old  in  captivity  and  was  treated 
as  a  slave  in  Persia.  Rut  Christian  writers 
give  graphic  accounts  of  ignominious  treat- 
ment. He  "  was  loaded  down  with  chains, 
and  was  led  around  at  the  stirrup  of  his 
captor,  still  robed  in  his  royal  purple  and 
bearing  the  imperial  insignia  of  his  former 
greatness  "  ;  "  whenever  Shahpur  mounted 
on  horseback  he  placed  his  foot  on  the  neck 
of  his  imperial  slave."  Dr.  Healy's  criticism 
is  that  the  pagan  writers  intentionally  sup- 
pressed these  shameful  details,  and  he  gives 
credence  to  the  Cliristians,  on  the  ground 
that  as  the  Emperor  had  been  their  oppressor, 
they  had  no  motive  not  to  speak  the  full 
truth.  The  argument  is  dangerous,  for  it 
furnishes  the  answer  that  they  had  a  motive 
to  speak  more  than  the  truth. 

We  wonder  why  Dr.  Healy  has  chosen  for 
this  useful  book  a  title  wliich  can  only  be 
described  as  colloquial.  A  work  dealing 
with  the  persecution  in  Nero's  reign  would  be 
entitled,  not  '  The  Nero  Persecution,'  but 
'  The  Neronian  Persecution.'  '  The  Valerian 
Persecution '  is  particularly  infelicitous, 
because  it  ought  to  imply  a  persecution  by 
Valerius.  We  notice  a  siip  on  p.  112,  "  the 
imperial  peplum  "  ;  and  the  August al 
Prefect  of  Egypt  is  twice  (pp.  133,  152) 
erroneously  called  the  "  Proconsul." 

The  Age  of  Justinian  and  Tlieodora  :  a 
History  of  tJie  Sixth  Century  A.D.  By 
William  Gordon  Holmes.  Vol.  I.  (Bell  & 
Sons.) — This  first  volume  of  a  work  which 


.->  to  be  spaciously  planned  conts 
a  careful  and  vivid  description  of  the  topo* 
graphy  of  Constantinople,  and  a  very  read- 
able, imt  to  say  "  spicy,"  account  of  Byzan- 
tine society,  in  its  graver  a-  well  as  lighter 
.i  i"'i  .  from  the  fourth  century  to  the 
sixth.  The  author-  attitude  in  virtually 
that    of   Gibbon;     he   regards   the   Middle 

Ages    as    a    period    during    wliich    despot  jam 

and  "Christian  superstition"  stifled  every 

impulse  of  progress.       His  scholarship  is  good, 

his    reading    extensive  :     his    judgment    is 

aoious  and   independent  ;    he  has   n 
conscientiously,  and  with  evident  enjoyment. 

studied  the  original  sources,  and  IS  generally, 
though  not  invariably,  abreast  of  modern 
arch.  But  in  regard  to  the  Byzantine 
Empire  he  still  maintains  the  view  (now 
generally  discarded)  of  Gibbon  and  Voltaire  : 
"The  history  of  the  disintegrating  and  moribund 
Byzantine  Empire  has  been  explored  by  modern 
scholars  with  untiring  assiduity  ;  and  the  exposi- 
tion of  that  debased  polities]  system  will  always 
reflect  more  credit  on  their  brilliant  researches 
than  on  the  chequered  annals  of  mankind.'' 

The  influence  of  Gibbon  is  manifest. 

The  following  description,  which  is  based 
on  the  evidence  of  John  Chrysostom,  may  be 
quoted  as  an  example  of  the  interesting 
material  wliich  Mr.  Holmes  has  collected  and 
skilfully  arranged  :  — 

"  Ladies,  to  attend  public  worship,  bedeck  them- 
selves with  all  their  jewels  and  finery,  whence 
female  thieves,  mingling  amongst  them,  often  take 
the  opportunity  to  reap  their  harvest.  Men,  in 
the  most  obvious  manner,  betray  their  admiration 
for  the  women  placed  within  their  range  of  vision. 
The  general  behaviour  of  the  audience  is  more  sug- 
gestive of  a  place  of  amusement  than  of  a  holy 
temple  ;  chattering  and  laughter  go  on  continually, 
especially  among  the  females  ;  and,  as  a  popular 
preacher  makes  his  points,  dealing  didactically  or 
reprehensively  with  topics  of  the  day,  the  whole 
congregation  is  from  time  to  time  agitated  with 
polemical  murmurs,  shaken  with  laughter,  or 
bursts  into  uproarious  applause.  Contiguous  to 
each  church  is  a  small  building  called  the  Baptis- 
tery, for  the  performance  of  the  ceremonial  entailed 
on  those  who  wish  to  be  received  among  the  Chris- 
tian elect.  The  practice  of  the  period  is  to  subject 
the  body  to  complete  immersion  in  pure  water,  but 
separate  chambers  or  times  are  set  apart  for  the 
convenience  of  the  two  sexes.  Here  on  certain 
occasions  nude  females  of  all  ages  and  ranks 
descend  by  steps  into  the  baptismal  font,  whilst 
the  ecclesiastics  coldly  pronounce  the  formulas  of 
the  mystic  rite,  a  triumph  of  superstition  over  con- 
cupiscence pretended  more  often  perhaps  than 
real." 

To  the  word  "  superstition "  in  the  last 
sentence  a  curious  note  is  appended,  exhibit- 
ing a  naive  and  airy  "  cocksureness  "  wliich 
strikes  the  attention  in  other  places  where 
the  writer  touches  on  religion  : — 

"  I  had  almost  said  piety,  one  of  the  words  des- 
tined, with  the  extinction  of  the  thing,  to  Income 
obsolete  in  the  future,  or  to  be  applied  to  some 
other  mental  conception." 

This  volume  comes  down  to  the  marriage 
of  Justinian.  In  discussing  the  pre-Imperial 
career  of  Theodora,  Mr.  Holmes  shows  that 
he  is  a  competent  master  of  the  subject  of 
the  Greek  and  Roman  demi-monde,  and  it 
is  characteristic  that  his  verdict  as  to  the 
morals  of  the  future  Empress  agrees  with 
Gibbon's.  Recent  critics  have  not  denied 
that  she  was  a  courtesan,  but  they  have  been 
disposed  to  take  the  notorious  picture  of 
her  degradation  in  the  undoubtedly  genuine 
'  Secret  History  '  of  Procopius  with  many 
grains  of  salt.  Mr.  Holmes  lias  no  critical 
salt  to  infuse  here.  He  accepts  the  account 
literally,  and  concludes  that  "  on  the  scene, 
or  at  private  reunions,  she  distinguished 
herself  by  her  impudicity  above  any  of  her 
companions." 

We  may  call  attention  to  a  misleading 
statement  which  seems  to  be  original  on  the 
part  of  the  author.     He  says  (p.    19)  that 


"  the  <  .■  i   i, oi    cull  then  'ii 

stunt inupie  till  later  centuries.     Hum  with 

PrOOOpiUS,      the      chief      Writer      of      the      sixth 

century,  it  is  always  still  Byzantium." 
The  argument  infortuni  tte- 

iiient.       Proeopius  Oalled    thecitj    Byzantium 

because  he  wrote  in  a  conventional  literary 
style,  and  was  consciousl)  reminiscent  of 
classical  antiquity  .  Hi-  contemporary  •John 
.Mululas,  whose  chronicle  is  written  in  the 
vulgar  tongue,  calls  uitinople.     1 

inhabitants,    no   doubt,  then.   BS   later,  called 

it  in  ordinary  com  i  rsatii  na  simply  "the  oil 

Note*  "a  tin  Earlier  H  I  Harton-on- 

Humber.  Vol.  J.  By  Robert  Brown,  jun. 
(Elliot  Stock.)— This  book  of  130  pages  and 

many    illustrations   com.  history    of 

Barton-on-Humbcr  down  to  1154  or 
end  of  the  Norman  period."  Its  chief  value 
consists  in  the  various  illustrations  of  the 
famed  Saxon  church  of  St.  !'<  fcer,  with  a 
r«  production  of  the  conflicting  opinion  as  to 
the  age  and  use  of  the  different  parts  of  that 
fabric.  Another  point  of  much  interest  is 
the  discussion  as  to  the  great  Anglo-Saxon 
victory  of  Brunanburb.  Mr.  Brown  adopts 
the  theory  of  the  late  Bishop  Trollope  that 
this  battle  was  fought  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  lordship  of  Barton-on- 
Humber.  There  is  much  to  be  said  in  favour 
of  this  supposition,  but  it  is  going  a  good 
deal  too  far  to  claim  that  the  site  has  been 
certainly  identified.  The  extraordinary- 
diversity  of  opinion  among  scholars  of  repute 
with  regard  to  the  situation  of  this  great 
struggle  is  not  a  little  remarkable.  The  idea 
of  the  fight  having  taken  place  on  the  verge 
of  the  Humber  is  not  consonant  with  the 
Saga  version  of  the  story,  for  the  vanquished 
host  is  represented  as  beinc  two  days' 
journey  from  the  sea.  We  have  reason  to 
believe  that  the  claims  of  a  Midland  county 
as  the  site  of  the  Brunanburh  fight  will  before 
long  be  offered  for  the  discussion  of  anti- 
quaries and  historians.  We  shall  be  sur- 
prised if  these  claims,  wdien  put  forth,  are 
not  generally  admitted  to  outweigh  those  of 
Barton. 

The  author  proposes  to  continue  his  notice 
of  this  township  during  the  period  1154-77 
in  a  second  volume. 

The  Manors  of  Suffolk  :  the  Hundreds  of 
Babergh  and  Blaekbourn.  By  W.  A.  Oopinger, 
LL.D.  (Fisher  Unwin.) — There  have  recently 
appeared  in  these  columns  several  short 
notices  of  the  five  elaborate  and  carefully 
compiled  index  volumes,  issued  by  Dr. 
Copinger  in  1904-5,  of  the  existing  records 
of  the  various  parishes  in  the  large  county 
of  Suffolk.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  find  the  same 
author  entering  upon  a  more  definite  task 
with  regard  to  the  history  of  the  same 
county — a  task  for  which  he  is  obviously 
well  'equipped.  The  present  volume  of 
manorial  history  deals  with  the  two  hundreds 
of  Babergh  and  Blaekbourn.  which  formed 
part  of  the  great  Liberty  of  St.  Edmunds  ; 
it  is  of  small  folio  size,  and  contains  about 
450  pages.  The  author  tells  us  that  it  is 
to  be  regarded  as  "  a  kind  of  trial  volume." 
for  it  is  the  first  of  six  like  volumes  that  are 
already  complete  in  MS.  on  the  manors  of  the 
whole  county.  If  it  "  meets  with  accept- 
ance "  sufficient  to  pay  the  cost  of  print  in  g, 
the  remainder  w  ill  at  once  be  put  in  hand. 
The  material  in  this  "trial  volume''  is  so 
thoroughly  good  of  its  kind,  and  so  well 
arranged,  that  a  sufficient  number  of  sub- 
scribers ought  speedily  to  be  obtained. 

Dr.  Copinger  admits,  in  his  introductory- 
note,  that  more  might  have  been  said 
respecting  the  manors,  and  particularly 
with  regard  to  the  manor  houses  ;  but  as 
there  are  about  2,000  manors  in  the  county, 
and  the  expediency  of  restricting  the  work 
to  6even  volumes  seemed  desirable,  "  little 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHEJN^EUM 


761 


more  than  dry  facts  "  could  be  given.  As 
to  "  dry  facts,"  the  reader  of  these  pages 
will  be  agreeably  surprised  to  find  that  they 
include  a  considerable  variety  of  informa- 
tion which  is  at  once  interesting  and  enter- 
taining, and  at  times  not  a  little  surprising. 
Some  of  these  incidents  gain  not  a  little  in 
piquancy  from  the  dry  way  in  which  they 
are  put  on  record.  Two  such  statements, 
both  of  a  semi-tragical  character,  may  be 
cited  as  examples  of  Dr.  Copinger's  succinct 
method. 

The  first  of  these  concerns  the  Cokes  of 
Kettleburgh  Hall.  Richard  Coke  died  in 
1688,  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  in  1716  ;  they 
were  both  buried  in  the  parish  church  of 
Livermere  Parva  : — 

"  They  left,  it  appears,  no  issue,  and  the  unfor- 
tunate Arundel  Coke,  barrister-at-law,  who  was 
executed  in  1722  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  was  heir 
to  this  estate.  Arundel  Coke  was  hanged  at  Bury 
in  March,  1722,  under  the  Coventry  Act,  for  defac- 
ing his  brother-in-law  Edward  Crispe  of  Bury,  and 
his  execution  was  by  his  own  desire  at  7  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  to  avoid  the  crowd  of  people.  He 
was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  the  church  of  Little 
Livermere  the  same  day.  A  daughter  of  his  was 
married  to  Mr.  Godbold,  father  of  the  John  God- 
bold  of  Bury  who  married  Miss  Delanoeire  Discip- 
line. Mr.  Crispe,  the  brother-in-law,  survived  the 
melancholy  misfortune  24  years,  dying  6  Sept., 
1746,  aged  74." 

Dr.  Copinger  does  not  even  allow  himself 
space  to  say  that  the  Coventry  Act,  imposing 
capital  punishment  on  those  who  wilfully 
mutilated  the  human  countenance  by  such 
an  act  as  slitting  the  nose,  was  hurriedly 
passed  by  Parliament  in  their  indignation 
against  the  Court  bullies  who  inflicted  this 
particular  defacement  on  Sir  John  Coventry, 
M.P.,  in  consequence  of  certain  remarks  he 
had  made  in  the  House  about  Charles  II. 

In  the  account  of  Little  Haugh  Manor, 
in  Norton  parish,  which  was  held  by  that 
learned  antiquary  and  recluse  Dr.  Cox 
Macro  from  1737  to  1757,  it  is  stated  : — 

"  He  had  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter. 
The  son  was  of  a  somewhat  delicate  constitution, 
but  proceeded  to  Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  had  the  privilege  of  having  Bishop  Hurd 
for  his  tutor.  He  died  before  his  father,  having 
gone  abroad  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  Mr. 
Tymms  refers  to  a  tradition  that  the  young  man 
was  murdered  bjr  his  sister,  who  wanted  to  obtain 
the  property,  and  that  a  skeleton  was  found  in  a 
box  in  the  house  and  believed  to  be  his ;  but  having 
regard  to  the  eccentric  old  father's  character,  one 
might  almost  feel  surprise  that  more  skeletons 
than  one  were  not  discovered.  Mary,  the  daughter, 
inherited  the  property  on  her  father's  death,  and 
it  is  related  that  she  immediately  applied  to  Mr. 
Green,  the  bookseller  at  Bury,  to  spare  no  expense 
in  getting  the  announcement  of  her  father's  decease 
in  every  newspaper.  This  was  with  the  object  of 
the  announcement  falling  under  the  notice  of 
William  Stainforth,  of  Sheffield,  whose  addresses 
her  father  would  never  countenance.  The  notices 
were  successful,  and  the  marriage  took  place." 

There  is,  however,  abundance  of  more 
solid  material  in  these  pages,  of  much  value 
to  the  genealogical  enthusiast  or  the  topo- 
graphical writer.  From  the  Domesday 
entry  (and  such  entries  are  unusually  full 
in  the  Suffolk  part  of  the  great  Survey),  the 
descent  of  almost  every  manor  is  traced 
down  to  the  present  day.  We  notice  a  few 
cases  in  which  some  important  links,  which 
could  have  been  recovered  by  search  among 
the  uncalendared  rolls  and  documents  of  the 
Public  Record  Office,  are  missing  ;  but  com- 
plete  accuracy  and  fullness  cannot  be 
achieved  by  any  one  man  in  a  lifetime,  how- 
ever diligent,  when  dealing  with  2,000  manors ; 
such  excellence  is  only  to  be  obtained  in 
some  great  co-operative  work.  Nor  are  the 
references  to  extant  court  rolls  in  places  of 
public  deposit  quite  so  full  as  they  might 
be.     We  do  not  notice,   for  instance,   any 


reference  to  court  rolls  temp.  Richard  II.  of 
Newton  Manor,  which  are  at  the  Bodleian. 

It  will  be  a  surprise  to  not  a  few  to  learn 
that  the  custom  of  Borough  English — whereby 
the  youngest  son  or  daughter  succeeds  to  the 
manor  in  cases  of  intestacy — which  is  fairly 
common  in  some  of  the  Southern  counties, 
especially  in  Sussex,  still  largely  prevails  in 
East  Anglia.  Dr.  Copinger  mentions  its 
occurrence  on  the  manor  of  Weston 
Market,  and  states  that  it  is  said  to  prevail 
in  eighty  manors  in  Suffolk. 

Wiston  Manor,  in  Babergh  Hundred,  on 
the  verge  of  the  county,  was  part  of  the 
Honor  of  Raleigh.  A  peculiar  court  was 
held  by  the  lord  of  this  honor  yearly  on 
King's  Hill,  Rochford,  on  Wednesday  next 
after  Michaelmas  Day,  at  cockcrow,  and 
was  vulgarly  known  as  Lawless  Court.  The 
steward  and  suitors  carried  on  their  business 
in  whispers  ;  no  candle  nor  artificial  light 
was  permitted  to  brighten  the  gloom  ;  nor 
was  any  pen  or  ink  used,  a  piece  of  coal 
supplying  their  place.  To  quicken  attend- 
ance at  this  exceptional  hour,  it  was  provided 
that  any  one  owing  suit  or  service,  and  failing 
to  appear,  was  to  forfeit  to  the  lord  double 
his  rent  for  every  hour  that  he  was  absent.  It 
is  supposed  that  this  servile  attendance  was 
imposed  on  the  tenants  of  the  honor  "  for 
conspiring  at  the  like  unseasonable  time  to 
raise  a  commotion." 

The  accounts  and  illustrations  of  some  of 
the  more  interesting  of  the  old  manor  houses 
lend  an  additional  value  to  the  volume. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the 
little-known  West  Stow  Hall,  now  vised  as 
a  farm-house,  where  there  is  a  large  room 
with  massive  beams  and  panelling,  as  well 
as  embattled  pediments  and  other  good 
remains  of  various  dates.  The  brick  gate- 
way, temp.  Henry  VIII.,  is  still  connected 
with  the  house  by  a  curious  corridor  of  the 
like  material.  This  manor  was  bequeathed 
by  Dame  Croftes  in  1669  to  Edward  Progers, 
who  had  been  a  page  to  Charles  I.,  and  was 
groom  of  the  chamber  to  Charles  II.,  to 
whose  pleasures  he  assiduously  ministered. 
"  The  gay  Progers  "  lived  to  a  great  age  and 
had  a  strange  end  : — 

"He  died  the  31  Dec,  1713,  aged  92,  of  the 
anguish  of  cutting  teeth,  he  having  cut  four  more 
teeth  and  had  several  others  ready  to  cut,  which  so 
inflamed  his  gums  that  he  died." 

A  particularly  commendable  and  novel 
feature  of  the  plates  in  this  volume  is  that 
the  account  of  each  hundred  is  preceded  by 
excerpts  of  those  parts  of  three  early  maps 
that  pertain  to  the  district,  placed  in  juxta- 
position on  the  same  page.  This  is  a  happy 
arrangement  for  comparative  purposes  ;  the 
maps  are  those  of  Saxton  (1576),  Speed 
(1610),  and  Bowen  (1777). 

Mr.  Hone's  The  Manor  and  Manorial 
Records,  which  appears  in  Messrs.  Methuen's 
excellent  series  of  "  Antiquary's  Books," 
forms  a  very  suitable  introduction  for  the 
beginner  in  the  study  of  manorial  court  rolls, 
of  which  many  are  in  private  hands.  With- 
out aspiring  to  original  inquiry  into  the 
vexed  themes  that  surround  the  mediaeval 
manor,  the  compiler  has  made  use  of  many 
trustworthy  authorities  in  constructing  his 
general  sketch  of  manorial  history,  and  has 
enriched  his  collection  by  some  usoful 
appendixes.  The  lists  of  court  rolls  in  the 
custody  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners 
and  of  the  Land  Revenue  Office,  now 
deposited  at  the  Record  Office,  of  the  court 
rolls  at  the  British  Museum,  at  Lambeth 
Palaoe,  and  at  the  Bodleian,  are  derived 
from  catalogues  accessible  only  in  MS. 
They  form  a  valuable  supplement  to  the 
printed  list  of  the  Record  Office.  Mr. 
Hone's  list  of  manor  courts  with  testa- 
mentary jurisdiction  is  the  more  important  • 


as  it  goes  to  disprove  the  suggestion  that 
this  jurisdiction  existed  only  as  a  relic  of 
papal  power.  The  bibliography  is  excellent, 
but  we  note  the  absence  of  reference  to 
Prof.  Maitland's  paper  on  the  '  Survival  of 
Archaic  Communities  '  in  the  Law  Quarterly 
Review,  ix.  214,  which  would  have  led  to 
the  correction  of  certain  statements  in  Mr. 
Hone's  text.  Many  of  the  plates  are  well 
chosen,  but  they  are  not  in  all  cases  assigned 
to  a  right  date,  and  several  are  not  from 
English  sources.  The  latter  half  of  the  book 
contains  translations  of  typical  records. 
As  the  book  is  designed  for  the  use  of  lords 
of  the  manor  and  others  who  have  court 
rolls  which  they  may  desire  to  read,  it  is 
a  pity  that  the  facsimiles  are  of  reduced 
size,  and  that  no  specimen  transliterations 
are  given  (except  a  very  short  list  of  common 
abbreviations).  The  translations  are  not 
in  all  respects  accurate,  the  familiar  use  of 
the  "  score,"  represented  by  xx  over  the 
number,  being  misunderstood.  A  man  who 
had  proved  the  whereabouts  of  a  certain 
sheep  is  described  as  "  accused  of  forfing 
lid."  We  question  whether  "accused" 
represents  the  original  ;  it  seems  to  be  a 
case  in  which  "  forfang,"  reward  for  the 
recovery  of  stolen  property,  was  ob- 
tained. Prof.  Vinogradoff's  '  Growth  of  the 
Manor  '  gives  a  sounder  explanation  of 
the  term  "  foreland  "  than  that  which  is 
here  supplied.  Mr.  Hone  notes  that  a 
society  of  manorial  stewards  is  in  process  of 
formation,  one  of  the  objects  of  which  is 
to  aid  and  encourage  the  preservation  and 
study  of  manorial  court  rolls  ;  but  he  hopes 
nevertheless  that  if  the  proposal  to  establish 
County  Record  Offices  should  be  carried 
into  effect,  many  lords  may  be  induced  to 
deposit  therein  their  manorial  records. 
He  supplies  an  excellent  index,  containing 
the  names  of  all  the  places  of  which  the  rolls 
are  catalogued  in  his  appendixes. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

For  the  fourth  volume  of  '  The  Times  ' 
History  of  the  War  in  South  Africa  (Sampson 
Low  &  Co.)  Mr.  Basil  Williams,  rather  than 
Mr.  Amery,  is  chiefly  responsible.  He  has 
had  an  ungrateful  task,  for  the  operations 
recorded  were  not  of  a  nature  to  admit  of 
interesting  literary  treatment.  With  the 
exception  of  the  political  and  strategic  con- 
ceptions discussed  in  the  previous  volumes, 
and  such  romantic  episodes  as  were  con- 
nected with  the  earlier  part  of  the  siege  of 
Ladysmith  and  of  the  blockade  of  Mafeking, 
the  war  was  as  confused  as  were  the  marches 
and  counter-marches  of  the  French  and 
Spaniards  in  the  Peninsular  campaign.  A 
detailed  history  of  the  South  African  War 
must  resemble  a  history  of  the  Peninsular 
War  without  the  great  battles  and  without 
Badajos.  The  genius  of  Napior.  triumphant 
in  his  account  of  Albuera  and  of  the  other 
storms  and  battles,  failed  to  elevate  the 
story  of  the  long-drawn  skirmishes  of  the 
Spaniards  to  the  rank  of  history.  The 
narrative  is  here  brought  from  the  occupa- 
tion of  Bloemfontein  to  the  return  of  Lord 
Roberts  to  England  and  the  general  elect  ion  ; 
but  there  appear  at  the  end  additional 
chapters,  on  the  close  of  the  siege  of  Lady- 
smith  and  on  the  blockade  of  Kimberley 
and  of  Mafeking,  which  are  curiously  out  of 
place,  by  reason  of  their  postponement. 
Neither  are  we  pleased  with  the  description 
of  the  one  Boer  attempt  to  take  Mafeking, 
which  has  been  graphically  described  by 
several  eye-witnesses  in  previous  books 
reviewed  by  us. 

The  authors  of  the  present  volume  have 
dealt   fairly    with    the    difficult   episodes   of 


762 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


NMloi,  Jure  23,  1906 


Banna's  Post  and  Lindley.  They  have  done 
justice  to  Pramer  for  has  operations  in  the 
North  East.  They  have  criticized  with 
vigour  the  extraordinary  weakness  <>f  the 
Headquarters  Staff.     We   have  on   several 

occasions  taken  the  surrender  of  the  l.incolns 
ami  of  a  part  of  the  Scots  Cloys  at  Zihkai  - 
Nek  a-  an  exemplification  of  the  difficulties 
which  attend  the  attempt  to  allot  Maine  for 
the  failures  of  the  British  army  in  South 
All  ica.  The  facts  come  ont  e\  en  worse  in 
the  present  volume  than  in  any  previous 
examination  of  them.  It  is  impossible  to 
resist  the  conclusion  that,  although  the  two 
colonels  may  have  been  rightly  censured 
ami  removed,  the  responsibility  of  the 
Headquarters  Staff  was  great.  While  (as 
Mr.  Basil  Williams  states)  in  the,  case  of 
Sauna's  Tost  "  no  proper  inquiry  was  ever 
made  into  the  circumstances,"  in  the  case 
of  Zilikat-  Nek  two  inquiries  were  held, 
and  both  were  thoroughly  unsatisfactory. 
The  authors  point  out  in  many  passages 
contained  in  different  chapters,  we  believe 
from  different  hands,  that  Lord  Kitchener 
was  only  a  "  nominal  Chief  of  the  Staff," 
and  that  he  was  generally  sent  away  from 
headquarters  to  deal  with  urgent  details  at 
distant  spots.  "  There  was  no  one  to  take 
his  place. ..  .Confusion  often  resulted." 
It  is  shown  that 

"even  the  Boers,  with  their  rudimentary  staff 
arrangements,  provided  full  and  constant  informa- 
tion   for    their   own   commanders The    British 

generals  from  first  to  last  were  often  ignorant  of 
what  the  column  nearest  them  was  doing." 

Orders  were  seldom  clear,  and  were  often 

"transmitted    through  an}'   secretary or   even 

aide-de-camp  who  happened  to  be  present.  Then 
Lord  Kitchener,  in  ignorance  of  what  had  been 
done,  would  sometimes,  as  Chief  of  the  Staff, 
transmit  other  orders." 

It  frequently  occurred  that  orders  of  a  con- 
tradictory nature  were  given  to  the  troops, 
and  no  arrangement  whatever  made  for 
transport.  Two  great  disasters  to  the 
military  train,  both  of  which  had  far- 
reaching  consequences,  were  the  direct 
result  of  bad  staff  work.  Over  and  over 
again  we  read  in  the  present  volume  such 
words  as  these  :  "  Thus  the  ultimate  blame 
of  the  disaster  must  be  laid  on  the  Head- 
quarters Staff."  It  was  not  the  fault  of  the 
officers,  who  were  most  of  them  good,  and 
some  of  them  brilliant  ;  but  of  the  total 
absence  of  system  and  of  training  in  staff 
duties  which  has  long  prevailed,  and  still 
continues,  in  the  British  army. 

The  farm-burning  policy  is  severely  con- 
demned in  the  present  volume  as  hopelessly 
unfitted  to  the  circumstances,  and  as  based 
on  experience  of  results  in  dealing  with 
savage  peoples,  when  all  who  knew  South 
Africa  were  aware  that  the  result  likely  to 
be  produced  upon  the  Dutch  was  the  opposite 
to  that  intended.  In  the  account  of  the 
blockade  of  Kimberley  the  singular  nervous- 
ness of  the  civilian  population  is  displayed 
in  more  detail  than  has  hitherto  been  made 
public.  The  authors  seem  to  have  had  at 
their  command  other  telegrams  besides 
the  strange  ones  which  have  already  seen 
the  light,  and,  under  the  heading  "  Excited 
telegrams  to  Sir  A.  Milner,"  they  give  an 
account  including  "  a  whole  batch  of  hys- 
terical telegrams  in  a  single  day." 

We  do  not  know  what  Col.  Henderson 
would  have  made  of  his  official  history  of 
the  Boer  War  ;  but  we  do  not  envy  the  War 
Office  the  task  of  trying  to  improve  upon  the 
venture  of  The  Times  and  Mr.  Amery. 

Mr.  Lionel  Declk  publishes  through 
Mr.  Eveleigh  Nash  The  New  Russia.  The 
appendix  on  political  parties  in  Russia, 
their  principles  and  their  newspapers,  is  of 
interest.     We    are    less    pleased    with    the 


contents  of  the  book  it  ■' If.  although  we  are 
disposed   to  agree  in  the  general   view  taken 

by  the  author,     lie.  like  77c   Athenaeum,  b 

sceptical  ai  to  constitutional  reform  in 
Russia.  He  points  out  the  many  pieces  of 
evidence    which    x(>    to    show    that    the    great 

change  which  some  find  in  Russia  i^  not  yet 

Certain.      The   peasantry    have    heen   aroused 

by  the  land  question,  which  can  be  used  by 

the  Supporters  Of  autocracy  better  than  by 
those  of  constitutional  reform;  while  the 
mob  has  been  excited  in  the  Emperor's 
name,  according  to  the  time-honoured 
custom  of  the  country.  The  author  perhaps 
contradicts  himself  by  assenting  to  a  state- 
ment by  the  police  of  the  impossibility  of 
arresting  the  leader  of  the  Moscow  revolution, 
on  account  of  the  absence  on  his  part  of  an 
actual  legal  offence,  while  on  several  later 
pages  he  points  out  that  any  one  can  be 
I  nit  to  death,  or  thrown  into  perpetual 
prison,  or  sent  into  exile,  by  "  administrative 
order."  The  police  themselves,  on  p.  193, 
explain  to  the  author  that  they  are  in  the 
habit  of  sending  to  Siberia  persons  who 
refrain  from  revealing  their  exact  identity. 
There  is  additional  proof  given  in  the  present 
volume  of  the  payment  of  money  by  the 
police  to  revolutionary  leaders  in  cases 
other  than  those  made  known  in  the  Gapon 
revelations.  We  find  in  the  volume  a  few 
misprints  in  Russian  names,  which  show  a 
certain  carelessness,  and  some  foreign  idioms, 
such  as  the  use  of  the  verb  "  to  control" 
in  the  sense  of  checking  evidence,  and  the 
phrase  "  a  well-nourished  fire,"  for  a  steady 
fire  of  musketry. 

Mb.  Frederick  Moore  in  The  Balkan 
Trail,  published  by  Messrs.  Smith,  Elder 
&  Co.,  triumphs  by  his  admirable  illustra- 
tions from  photographs,  but  as  regards  his 
letterpress  suffers  by  comparison  with  Miss 
Durham  and  other  recent  writers  upon  the 
same  districts.  The  pictures  are  of  remark- 
able interest.  We  have  not  seen  any  which 
bring  the  Balkan  types  so  well  before  the 
reader.  The  Servian  officers  and  men,  the 
lady  of  one  of  the  Bulgarian  bands,  the 
Turkish  and  Bulgarian  sentries  at  the  frontier 
standing  side  by  side  in  amicable  watchful- 
ness, the  Bulgarian  infantry  on  the  march, 
are  perfect  examples  of  racial  t3'pe.  The 
Albanians  are,  as  usual,  a  failure,  but  it  is, 
perhaps,  almost  impossible  to  show  how 
singular  a  blend  of  races  goes  to  make  up 
the  varied  types  of  this  interesting  people. 
The  Greek  who  figures  for  his  race  is  distinctly 
libellous.  There  are  magnificent  Albanian 
types  in  modern  Greece,  and  there  are  also 
purely  Hellenic  types,  less  noble,  but  exactly 
resembling  the  earliest  pictures  of  the  Greek 
race  from  Crete.  The  author  explains  that 
"  Bashi-Bazouk  "  merely  means  civilian,  as 
contrasted  with  soldier  ;  and  those  repre- 
sented bear  out  the  reassuring  view  of  a 
popular  levy  which  has  been  given,  in  a 
moral  sense,  "  a  bad  name."  But  the  old 
gentleman  who  appears  to  be  in  command 
damages  his  friends,  and  might  easily  be 
imagined  to  be  willing  to  set  them  on  to 
commit  deeds  for  which  otherwise  they 
would  not  make  themselves  responsible. 
Bulgaria  needs  no  better  advertisement  than 
the  photograph  facing  p.  48  of  the  magni- 
ficent men  who  march  at  the  head  of  a  bat- 
talion. 

In  a  volume  entitled  A  Modern  Slavery 
(Harper  &  Brothers),  Mr.  Henry  W.Nevinson 
has  brought  together,  with  some  additions, 
a  series  of  striking  articles  which  lately 
appeared  in  Harper's  Montlihj  Magazine, 
relating  his  experiences  during  a  visit  to 
Angola  and  the  islands  of  San  Thome  and 
Principe,  from  which  he  returned  last 
winter.  Written  with  a  simplicity  and 
earnestness     that    bespeak    confidence      in 


the   accuracy   of    it  the  hook 

is     an      important     contribution     to     the 

>v\     being    made    l,\,     many     . 

men  to  procure  tin-  removal  of  et  il«  that  b  ■. 
grown  up  under  European  misrule  in  Cent 
Africa.  The  humane  intentions  of  the  Powt 
represented    at    the    Berlin    and    Brussels 

Conferences    twenty -two    and    sixteen    JTK 

respectively   have    been   conspicuously 

violated     in     the 

but    Prance,  Germany,   Italy,  and  our  own 

country  have  not  heen  free  from  blame  ;   and. 
if  the    Portuguese  a-  a  nation  have  troubled 

themselves  too  little  about  their  African] 
sessions  for  many  new  abuses  to  have  an- 
the  same  car.  -  is  responsible  for  their 

t.leration  of  old  ones.  Consular  reports  and 
the  official  testimony  of  writers  like  Col. 
Colin  Harding  have  recently  informed  the 
heedless  public  that  the  wholesale  traffic 
in  slaves  bought  or  captured  near  the 
sources  of  the  Zambezi  and  Kaaai,  for  dis- 
posal in  Angola  on  the  \\ .  -t  Coast,  which 
had  existed  for  generations  before  Livh 
stone  and  other  travellers  denounced  it. 
and  was  supposed  to  have  died  out,  is  still 
carried  on,  and  under  conditions  in  some 
respects  more  pernicious  than  heretofore. 

Mr.  Nevinson  went  out  recently  to  see 
for  himself  and  on  behalf  of  others  sharing 
his  detestation  of  slavery.  Illness  and 
delays  incident  to  it  prevented  his  going: 
more  than  about  500  miles  into  the  interior, 
and  perhaps  it  would  have  been  impossible 
for  him  in  less  than  two  or  three  years  to 
trace  the  slave  supply  to  its  principal  roots- 
in  the  southern  portions  of  the  Congo  State- 
as  well  as  in  the  north-western  portions  of 
Barotseland.  But  he  had  ample  and  appal- 
ling experience  of  the  doings  of  the  half- 
caste  traders,  calling  themselves  Portuguese, 
who,  loading  their  caravans  with  cheap 
rifles  and  ammunition,  rum,  cloths,  tools, 
and  baubles,  in  the  Bihe  district  and  nearer 
to  Loanda  and  the  ports  on  the  coast . 
travel  eastward  till  they  have  bartered 
those  wares  for  human  chattels.  Besides, 
the  raided  captives  brought  down  to  meet 
the  traders  from  regions  further  inland, 
large  numbers  are  bought  or  stolen  by  the 
traders  themselves  in  their  passage,  manik- 
in that  part  of  the  Barotse  country  to 
which  the  British  South  Africa  Company- 
laid  claim  before,  by  the  King  of  Italy's 
arbitration,  it  was  awarded  last  July 
to  Portugal,  which  thus  retains  the 
direct  responsibility  that  would  otherwis 
have  devolved  on  Great  Britain  of  sup- 
pressing the  traffic.  But,  as  our  Govern- 
ment is  being  reminded,  treaty  obliga- 
tions entered  into  by  Portugal  give  Creat 
Britain  the  right  to  insist  on  a  stop  l>eiii_- 
put  to  the  mischief.  How  monstrous- 
that  mischief  is  Mr.  Nevinson  shows  very 
forcibly.  It  brings  infinitely  more  harm 
to  the  natives  than  any  good  they  can  derive 
from  the  ministrations  of  the  few  mission- 
aries. Catholic  and  Protestant,  among  th. 
and  it  converts  the  feeble  machinery  of 
administration  set  up  by  the  Portuguese 
Government  into  an  organization  for  assist- 
ing the  slave  traders  in  their  lawless  work. 
When  the  coast  is  reached  by  the  slaves — 
or  rather  by  the  small  proportion  of  them 
left  after  the  terrible  journey  through  "  the 
hungry  country  "  has  been  made — the 
Government  officials  have  a  more  open  and 
legalized  share  of  the  traffic  in  superintend- 
ing  the  '•  ransom  "  of  the  survivors  by  other 
traders  or  their  agents,  who  take  them  over 
as  "  servicaes."  Thereupon  the  victims  are 
for  the  most  part,  under  five  years'  contracts, 
either  distributed  in  the  rum  plantations 
on  the  mainland  or  consigned  to  the  cocoa 
plantations  on  the  Portuguese  islands  of 
San  Thome  and  Principe,  the  most  attractive 


N°4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


763 


of    the   women    being   reserved   for   harem 
uses. 

Parts  of  Mr.  Nevinson's  book,  especially 
those  describing  the  sufferings  of  the  slaves 
during  their  conveyance  to  market,  and 
•afterwards  in  the  plantation  life  in  Angola 
or  on  the  islands  from  which  not  one  of 
them  has  been  known  to  return,  are  too 
painful  for  quotation.  But  his  volume 
■deserves  careful  reading  by  all  who  can  help 
in  bringing  to  an  end  the  abominations  it 
pathetically  describes,  and  it  ought  to  be 
of  considerable  service  in  furthering  that 
object.  Incidentally  it  supplies  much  wel- 
come information  about  the  general  condi- 
tions of  life  in  this  part  of  Africa.  Mr. 
Nevinson  has  a  graphic  style  and  a  pungent 
humour,  and  the  camera  he  took  with  him 
has  enabled  the  volume  to  be  appropriately 
illustrated. 

Under    the    title    Bois    sans    Couronne, 
Baron  Marc  de  Villiers  du  Terrage  collects 
•some  scraps  from  the  lives  of  a  number  of 
odd  people.     His  volume,  which  is  published 
by    Perrin    &    Cie.,    groups,    among    others, 
"Cortes,   Pizarro,   the  Kings  of  Yvetot,   the 
French  soldiers  of  fortune  in  India,  Adams 
the  mutineer  of  the  Bounty,  Robert  Owen, 
■Cabet  the  founder  of  Icarie,  Rajah  Brooke, 
Brigham  Young,  Walker  the  filibuster,  and 
Yakoub  Bey,  the  ruler  of  Eastern  Turkestan. 
No  one  of  the  biographies  is  wholly  satis- 
factory, but  general  readers  may  be  amused 
by  many  of  them.     The  author  is  not  always 
on  solid  ground.     In  a  final  chapter  he  sug- 
gests,  to  those  who  may  be  bitten  by  the 
example    of    the    Emperor    of    the    Sahara, 
certain  parts  of  the  world's  surface  to  which 
he    thinks    their    energies    may    be    turned. 
Tristan  da  Cunha  may  bring  them  into  con- 
flict  with   our   Board   of    Admiralty.     New 
Guinea  is  not,  as  the  author  thinks,  incom- 
pletely   divided    between    the    Dutch,    the 
Germans,    and    ourselves  ;     but    the    whole 
island  is  the  subject  of  treaty  and  occupation. 
It   is   not   the   case,  as  is   stated   here,  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Pitcairn  Island  are  for- 
gotten ;    on  the  contrary,  there  has  been  a 
recent  revival  of  interest  which  has  led  to  a 
considerable  collection  on  their  behalf,  and 
to  more  frequent  visits.     Moreover,  during 
the  period  which   he  passes  over  a  line  of 
mail  steamers  made  periodical  calls  at  Pit- 
cairn,  afterwards   interrupted   by  a  change 
of  route.     The  account  of  the  Mormons  is 
accurate  in  the  earlier  parts,  which  have  been 
taken  from  other  books,  but  ceases  to  be 
correct  as  regards  the  most  recent  period. 
We  doubt  whether  it  is  the  case  that  in  1883 
the  British  Government  set  up  an  exclusive 
claim  to  the  Ecrehous,  though  we  do  not 
quarrel  with  the  statement  of  our  author 
upon  what  has  always  been  a  highly  dis- 
putable point.     Happily  the  sovereignty  of 
these    rocks,    which    are    not    always    safe 
against  breakers  in  a  great  gale,  is  unim- 
portant, in  spite  of  their  close  neighbourhood 
to  Jersey.     The   French   have  claimed   the 
Ecrehous,  and  our  Government  has  disputed 
the  claim  :    that,   we  think,  is  all  that  can 
be  said. 

There  is  not  much  to  be  said,  from  the 
scholar's  point  of  view,  about  the  revised 
and  enlarged  edition  of  History  for  Beady 
Reference  and  Topical  Reading,  by  J.  N. 
Lamed,  which  extends  to  six  volumes,  and 
is  sent  to  us  by  Mr.  Heinemann.  Quota- 
tions from  authors  in  their  own  words  are 
given  at  length,  and  references  are  added 
to  other  sources  of  history.  The  compiler 
has  made  generally,  in  the  Bubjectfl  we  nave 
examined,  an  excellent  choice  of  authorities, 
and  he  has  gone  as  far  to  achieve  the  end  in 
view  with  such  quotations  as  any  man  could 
go.  That  many  excellent  historians  are 
verbose,  prejudiced, *and  even  unintelligible 


when  doled  out  in  small  pieces  cannot  be 
explained  on  every  other  page,  and  such 
criticisms  are  probably  not  contemplated 
from  the  class  of  "  topical  writers."  We  do 
not  think  much  of  the  "  Logical  Outlines  " 
of  various  countries  printed  across  two  pages, 
in  which  the  dominant  conditions  and 
influences  are  distinguished  by  inks  of 
different  colours  ;  but  the  historical  maps 
by  Mr.  Alan  C.  Reiley  are  of  real  use  for 
ready  reference,  and  may  help  to  clear  up 
the  confusions  to  which  history  is  subject, 
especially  history  in  this  form.  The  volumes 
are  admirably  bound  in  good,  firm  style,  and 
cover  a  vast  field  of  information,  being 
printed  in  double  columns  of  small  close 
type.  Numerous  cross-references  will  aid 
the  reader  in  finding  his  way  about,  but  if 
he  is  a  genuine  student,  he  will  be  often 
irritated,  if  not  perplexed,  by  the  brevity 
of  the  information  afforded.  Mr.  Lamed, 
with  his  ample  experience  of  journalism  and 
library  work,  must  know  that  he  has  set  out 
to  achieve  the  impossible. 

Mr.  John  Murray  publishes — for  the 
Railway  Companies'  Association,  we  believe 
— another  volume  by  Mr.  Edwin  Pratt  in 
defence  of  railways  and  their  rates.  The  title 
of  the  small  book,  whieh  has  some  special 
interest  at  the  moment,  is  British  Canals  : 
is  their  Besuscitation  Practicable  ?  There  is 
some  historical  value  in  Mr.  Pratt's  new 
researches.  He  brings  out  with  much 
ability  the  proofs  that  the  intolerable 
monopoly  of  the  canal  owners  and  their 
high  rates  were  the  cause  of  the  sudden 
development  of  railways  on  a  vast  scale  by 
traders'  associations.  Incidentally  we  have 
a  good  deal  of  reference  to  the  views  of  the 
canal  proprietors  as  to  the  impossibility  of 
serious  railway  competition.  An  article  in 
The  Quarterly  Beview  condemned 
"the  idea  of  a  general  rail-road  as  altogether 
impracticable As  to  those  persons  who  specu- 
late on  making  rail-ways  general  throughout  the 

kingdom, we  deem  them  and    their   visionary 

schemes  unworthy  of  notice." 

The  scientific  and  commercial  questions  now 
at  issue  are  not  in  the  way  of  The  Athenceum. 
Mr.  Pratt  triumphantly  maintains  that  the 
only  good  canals  now  working  are  those  which 
belong  to  the  railways.  He  explains  why 
in  foreign  countries  canal  traffic  is  much 
more  developed  and  railway  rates  are  far 
lower  than  is  the  case  with  us.  The  railway 
companies  in  his  volume  turn  the  tables  on 
those  who  attack  them  for  high  rates  by 
denouncing  the  "  extortion  of  the  land- 
owners." Whatever  may  be  the  cause, 
there  can  be  little  doubt  about  the  facts. 
Mr.  Pratt  explains  the  possibility  of  through 
communication  across  Germany  from  sea 
to  sea  by  the  absence  of  continuous  hills 
and  the  presence  of  great  rivers,  and  no 
doubt  the  same  explanation  may  be  given 
of  the  facility  with  which  merchandise 
passes  by  water  from  the  Baltic  to  the 
Caspian  ;  but  this  simple  explanation  will 
not  suffice  to  explain  the  presence  at  one 
time  of  200  laden  barges  at  a  French  inland 
town  like  Toul,  nor  the  fact  that  between 
Pontoise  and  Creil,  where  there  are  excellent 
railway  lines  running  through  the  best 
quarries  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Oise,  the 
stone  for  Paris  is  fetched  and  conveyed  by 
watei  rather  than  by  rail,  though  both  are 
used.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Pratt  demon- 
strates,  by   what   would    at   first   sight   seem 

to  be  proof,  that  it  is  impossible  in  the  case 

of  Bath  and  of  the  Avon  for  water  carriage 
to  compete  with  the  railway,  whieh  also 
owns  the  canal. 

An  Illustrated  (Snide  to  Saffron  Walden, 
its  History  and  Antiquities.  By  Guy  May- 
nard.  (Saffron  Walden.  Hart  &  Son.) — 
Mr.    Maynard,    the    Curator   of   the    Saffron 


Walden  Museum,  gives  in  this  booklet  an 
interesting  account  of  the  ancient  town  and 
its  magnificent  Perpendicular  church,  erected 
between  1425  and  1547.  The  church  is 
200  feet  long  by  82  feet  wide  ;  the  tower  is 
85  feet  high,  and  the  weathercock  193  feet 
from  the  ground.  The  carved  timber  roof 
is  carried  by  a  lofty  arcade  of  great  beauty 
and  singular  lightness.  The  museum  has 
an  extensive  zoological  collection  ;  also 
pottery,  porcelain,  Old  English  glass,  MSS.  and 
early  printed  books.  Six  miles  east  of  the 
town  is  the  very  fine  group  of  burial  mounds 
known  as  the  Bartlow  Hills,  the  highest  being 
43  feet.  The  Guide  contains  some  excellent 
illustrations,  including  the  church,  museum, 
market-place,  and  castle. 

The  third  and  fourth  volumes  of  Messrs. 
Macmillan's  excellent  "  Pocket  Tennyson," 
Ballads  and  Poems  and  Idylls  of  the  King, 
are  now  out. 

French  Abbreviations,  by  Edward  Latham 
(Effingham  Wilson),  is  a  very  useful  little 
manual,  covering  a  wide  range  of  commercial 
and  financial  as  well  as  general  usages.  The 
Preface  is  valuable,  too. 

We  are  glad  to  notice  that  the  same  com- 
piler's Famous  Sayings  and  their  Authors 
(Sonnenschein)  has  reached  a  second  edition. 
It  is  much  increased  in  value  as  a  book  of 
reference  by  the  addition  of  a  good  '  Index 
of  Subjects,'  which  we  suggested  when  we 
reviewed  the  first  edition  in  1904.  The  text 
seems  to  be  unchanged,  and  still  ignores 
some  famous  academic  wit.  The  German 
portion  needs  revision  here  and  there,  e.g., 
in  the  sentence  on  p.  241  concerning  the 
Armada  there  is  a  strange  mistranslation  of 
a  verb,  which  the  general  sense  might  have 
made  clear. 

A  new  edition  of  Miss  Alcott's  Eight 
Cousins  (Sampson  Low),  with  pictures  by 
Miss  H.  R.  Richards,  should  win  wide 
favour,  for  the  illustrator  has  done  well  and 
the  general  get-up  of  the  book  is  good. 

Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  are  supplying 
some  excellent  holiday  reading  at  sixpence, 
including  the  following  novels :  The  Apple 
of  Eden,  Jemima,  and  Our  Friend  the 
Charlatan,  which  are  typical  of  various 
modern  movements  and  ideas. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 

Ad<lis  (\V.  K.),  Hebrew  Religion  to  the  Establishment  of 
Judaism  muter  Ezra,  5/ 

Harvest  Sermons,  2/  net. 

Herklots  (Rev.  B.),  Revelatio  I)ei,  or  the  Eternal  Revela- 
tion of  the  Triune  God.  2/8  net 

Hiller(H.  C),  Meta-Christian  Catechism,  Enlarged  Edition, 
1/ 

Inge  (W.  R.),  Truth  and  Falsehood  in  Religion.  8/6  net. 

Jowett  (is.),  Theological  Essays,  edited  by  L.  Campbell, 
2/6  net. 

Religion  and  Theology  of  Unitarians,  2/  net. 

Review   of  Theology  and   Philosophy,  edited   by  Prof.   A. 
Menzies,  Vol.  I.,  14/ net. 

Robinson  (lather  P.),  The  Writings  of  St  Francis  of  Assist, 

Idol. 
Ropes  (J.  H.),  The  Apostolic  Age  in  the  Light  of  Modern 

Criticism,  (>'  net. 
Wright (C.  H.  H.),  Daniel  and  its  Critics,  7  6 

Ln  »'. 
Fry  (Sir    V,.).   The   Rights   of   Neutrals  as    illustrated    by 

Recent  Events,  1/  net 
MacMahon  (J,  B.  B.),  The  Law  of  Licensing,  ."•  net. 

Pint  Art  ami  Archaeology. 
Houston  (It.  S.),  English  Furniture  and   Furniture  Makers 

of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  10/8 net 
Foster  (W.),  A  Descriptive  Catalogue  of   the  Paintings, 

Staines,  Ac.  in  the  India  Office,  Third  F.dition. 

Hardie(M.),  English  Coloured  Hooks,  21 
Jackson  (T.  Q.\  Reason  In  Architecture,  10/8  net 
Pike(0.  <i.),  Birdland  Pictures,  8/6 net 
Rembrandt,  Part  YUL,  2  6 net 

Portrti  and  the  Drama. 
Bowles (F.  <;.).  The  Tent  bj  the  Lake,  l/net. 
Drinkwater  (•!.),  The  Death  of  Leander,  and  other  Poems, 

net 
Fitch  (c).  The  Stubbornness  <>f  Oeraldine,  8/ net 
Macka)  |  \.  D  I,  Song  ol  the  Louden  Man,  and  other  Poems, 

6|  net. 


764 


Til  K    ArIMI  ENJEtJM 


N"410i    Jim.  ■>:<    1906 


I'.h  t.-r  i  K.  i.  BIomhiiii  mil  I  i  ujrj  ini  e 
i:        i       Hchilli        hn.       in. I  Poatna  in  Knglai 
Richardson  (R.  ).  Crannwr,  I'n 1 1 1. 1 !■•  hi   Ml  Knalium,  fi  net. 
Shnl  I)  tlr  Works,  India-Papal  Kilii  urn,  ■.:   net; 

Kins  John  .  .iiiliu-  <  '•>■-  ii,  i  '.  mi  Mich. 
>h.i«  (i     B     i  in-  Hi- 1 1 1 'a  Hi-.  1 1 iii- ;  \\  nii.vM  i     Booms ;  Yos 

S        'i  .11,  ■  n. -i  i-.i.  ii. 
Bnramonina,  o(   Eveiyiuan,  edited  bj  •'.  &  Pannar,  imd, 

l  ' 
Tauuiywm'a  Idylls  of  the  King,  Pocket  Edition,!  net 
Thlselton  i  v    I    >.  v. ml  r  i  rttlc  r  (H  64),  l   net 
w  i  lk.  r  (Rev.  i!  -Li,  The  My  stick  Pair,  sad  oibm  Poems, 

nrt. 

nUilitnjraphu. 
Bulletin  of  the  .lulni  Rylandi  Ubrary,  Manchester,  VoL  I. 

So   i.  1  lu-i. 
Cambridge  University  Library,  Deport  fur  1006, 
Coanoiaaeur  (The),   Compli-ti'   I  in  !<•  v   to   tin-    First  Twelve 

Volumes,  20  nit . 
Carrier  (T.  P.)  and  <;a>-  (S,  I..),  Catalogue  of  Ui«'  bfousre 

Collection  in  Harvard  College  Library. 
Philosophy. 
Jonas  (W.  ll.  S.),The  Moral  Standpoint  of  Euripides,  2*1  net, 
Laurie  (S.  s. ).  Synthetica,  being  Meditations  Bputemological 

and  Onthological,  2  rota.  21   net 
Tueker  (C.  c),  on  the  Doetrtne  of  Personal  Identity,  i  Bnet 

Political  Veonemy, 
abbot)  (LA  The  Industrial  Problem,  :s'net. 
Organised  Labour  and  Capital,  8/  net. 
Kiis  ;.).  A.),  The  Peril  and  the  Pineal taliun  of  the  Home, 

3/  net. 

tlittory  ami  Biography. 
Armstrong  (R.  la  T).  The  Book  of  the  Public  Ubrary, 

Museumaand  National  Gallery  of  Victoria,  Is."i<>-190(>.' 
Bnaaey  (H.  v.).  sixty  Yean  of  Journalism,  :i  o 
Clephan  (K.  V.),  An  Outline  of  the   History  anil  Develop- 
ment of  Eland  Firearms  '<>  the   Knd  of  the  Fifteenth 

Century.    (Privately  printed.) 
Davis  (Col.  .1.),  History  of  the  2nd,  Quean's  Royal  Regiment, 

Vols.  V.  and  VL,  24/ net  each. 
Dnniway  (C.  A.),  The  Development  of  Freedom  of  the  Press 

in  Massachusetts,  7 i; 
Bllwood  (T.),  Life,  eiliteil  by  s.  Qraveson,  10/ net. 
Jackson  (B,  l>.  t.  George  Bentham,  2/6  net. 
Reade  (A.  L.),  Readeaof  Blackwood  Hall,  with  Full  Account 

of  Dr.  Johnson's  Ancestry.    (Privately  printed.) 
Red  way  (Major  (;.  W.),  Fredericksburg,' a  Study  in  War, 

5/  net. 
Reich  (E.),  Hungarian  Literature,  an  Historical  and  Critical 

Survey,  second  Edition,  3/6  net. 
Sherard  (R.  H.),  The  Life  of  Oscar  Wilde,  12/6  net. 
Staley  (K.),  The  Guilds  of  Florence,  16/  net. 
'  Times '  History  of  the  War  in  South  Africa,  Vol.  IV.,  edited 

by  R.  Williams,  21/  net. 
Trelawny's  Recollections  of  Shelley  and  Byron,  Introduc- 
tion l>y  K.  Dowden,  2/6  net. 
Wedgwood  (K.),    The  Memoirs  of  the  Lord  of  Joinville, 

9/ net. 
Williamson  (M.  G.),  Edinburgh.  4/6  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Arrowsmitli's  Dictionary  of  Bristol,  Second  Edition,  5/net. 
Bacon's  Pocket  Atlas  and  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  Revised 

Edition,  I  6  net. 
Breaks  (H.),  Log  of  H.M.S.  Bona  venture,  1903-6,  4/ net. 
Rolfe  (W.  .).),  A  Satchel  Guide  for  the  Vacation  Tourist  in 

Europe,  6/  net. 
Seaside  Watering-Places,  Seasons  1906-7,  2/6  net. 
Smith  (A.),  A  summer  in  Skye,  :!/<> 
Universal   Steamship  Guide:    Passenger  Section,   1906-7, 

10/  net. 

Sports  and  Pastimes. 
Diyborough  (T.  B.),  Polo,  Enlarged  Edition,  15/  net. 

Folk-Lore. 
Haddon  (A.  ('.),  Magic  and  Folk-lore  Fetishism,  1/  net. 

Education. 
Brown  (M.  A.),  Child  Life  in  our  Schools,  3/6  net. 

Philology. 
Every  Man's  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  revised 

by  C.  A.  Goodrich  from  Webster,  5/ 
Holroyd  (Col.  W.  R.  M.),  Hindustani  for  Every  Day,  8/ net. 
Trench  (R.  C),  A  Select  Glossary  of  English  Words,  edited 

by  A.  Smythe  Palmer,  2/6 

School- Books. 
Arnolds  Modern  French,  Book  I.,  edited  by  II.  L.  Hutton, 

1/6 
Blackie'a  Little  French  Classics  :  Vigny's  Hiatoire  de  l'Adju- 

dant  :  Choix  de  Poesies  pour  les  Knfants,  ■!</.  each. 
Elliot  (G.  F.  S.)  A  First  Course  in  Practical  Botany,  3/6 
Exercises    in    Spelling,    Dictation,    and    Composition    for 

Middle  Forms,  6rf. 
Livy,  the  Second  Macedonian  War,  edited  by  W.  J.  Hemslev 

and  J.  Aston,  1/6 
Macaulay,  Narratives  from,  1/ 
Middlesex,  3d, 

Ninet(.\l.),  in  Petit  Voyages  Paris,  1/6 
Shakspeare:  A  Midsummer  Night  'a  Dream,  edited  by  P.  T. 

Cresswell,  1/ 

8pragge(W.  H.),  Easy  I^it in  Prose,  1/6 

Wyatt-Davies  (E.),  Outlines  <>f  British  History  for  Catholic 

Schools.  2  8 

Science. 
Bell  (L.),    Electric  Power  Transmission,   Fourth   Edition, 

16/  net. 
Buchanan  (A.  MA  Manual  of  Anatomy:  Vol.  I.  Osteology, 

Upper  Limb,  Lower  Limb,  12/6  net." 
Ovijic  (J.),  Remarks  on  the  Ethnography  of  the  Macedonian 

sins.    (Privately  printed.) 
Ooudie  (W.   J.),    The    Geometrv   of   the  Screw  Propeller, 

1/0  net. 
Ilarwood  (W.    S.),    The    New     Faith:    a    Recital    of    the 

Triumphs  of  Modern  Agriculture  in  America,  7  T,  net. 
Hulier(.l.  R. ),  Consumption  and  Civilization,  16/  net. 
Knuth  (Dr.   P.),  Handbook   of    Flower  Pollination,   trans- 

lated  by  J.  R.  A.  Davis,  Vol.  I.,  18/  net 
Montgomery  (T.   11.),  The  Analysis  of   Racial   Descent  in 

Animals,  10/6  net 
Bainsbury  (H.),  Principia  Therapeutico,  7/6  net. 
Shaw  (.1.),  Fibroid  Tumour,  2/6  net. 


Btonhaaa  (<'  ),   lie-  liiriln  of  the  British   Islands,  Pari  I  , 
in t. 
fraphy,    Telephony,    i  me    Mi- .1 

1 1  in  -mi-.  Applications  of  Electricity,  l/o  nel 

././..  ,,,/.■    ISntik*. 

Qoldiaa  (V),  The  Sim  v  of  Lit  bagatone,  l  IS  net 
Kell\  (M.  D  »,  sn  Walter  Raleigh,  l  Ii  net 

•     • 
askew  (J.  it.),  Proa  and  Cons,  edited  bj    \.  M    Byaaaoa, 

Fourth  Edition,  1/  net 
Beach  (R  BA  The  Spoilers  of  the  North. 
Brebnei  (P.  JA  The  Crucible  of  <  lircumstance,  8 ' 
Browne's   Rellgio  Medici,    and  othei    I  Eted-1 

Ubrary).  2  8  net 
Deeping  (w.),  i  tin-rand  Igraine,  6  ;  Bees  of  tin-  Woods, 
Everett-Green  (EA  The  Master  of  Marshlands.  <■ 
Fogaaaaro  (A),  The  Saint,  translated  i>v  M.  Ptitchard- 

Agnetti,  8 
ll. ile  (i..  c.i,  a  Motor-Car  Divon  ■ 
Bampstead  earner,  compiled  by  a.  M.  c,  Preface  by 

Clement  Shorter,  :t  8  net. 

Mei  i  ick  1 1.  ),  H  nlspei  a  about  Women,  6/ 
Pease  (Howard),  of  Mistress  Eve,  0/ 

Hoyal  University  Of  Ireland,  Calendar  for  1!KK;. 

Sergeant  (A.),  The  Coming  of  the  Randolphs,  0/ 

Set. «n  (K.  T.),  Animal  Heroes,  6/  net. 

Skinner  (T.),  The  London   Rinks  and  Kindred  Companies 

and  Firms,  1908-9,  m  net 
Sturgis  (H.),  All  that  was  Possible,  8/ 
Van  Vorst  (M.),  The  Sin  »f  George  Warrener,  6/ 
Warden  (Florence),  Ijtw,  not  Justice,  6/ 
Wells  (J.),  The  Oxford  Degree  Ceremony,  1/6  net. 
Woodhouse  (A.),  The  Foundations  of  National  Greatness. 

World's  Classics,  Pocket  Edition  :  Gibbon'sRoman  Empire, 
Vols.  III.,  VI.,  and  VII.;  The  Odyssey  of  Homer; 
Poetical  Works  of  Longfellow,  Vol.  I.  ;  The  Tenant  of 
Wildfell  Hall  ;  Twenty-Three  Tales  by  Tolstoy ;  Bor- 
row's  Romany  Rve,  and  the  Bible  in  Spain  ;  Chaucer's 
Poetical  Works,  Vol.  III.;  Hazlitt's  Winterslow; 
Works  of  Burke,  Vol.  I.,  1/  net  each. 

FOREIGN. 

Theology. 
Luchaire  (A.),  Innocent  III.,  la  Papaute  et  l'Empire,  3fr.  50. 
Wobberniin  (Dr.  G.),  Ernst  Haeckel  ini  Kampf  gegen  die 
christliche  Weltanschauung,  0m.  50. 

h'inr  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Hallays  (A.),  Les  Villes  d'Art  celebres  :  Nancy,  4fr. 

Music. 
Likmann  (B.),  Clara  Schumann,  Vol.  II. 

History  and  Biography. 
Bossert(A.),  Calvin,  2fr. 

Roca  (E.),  Le  Grand  Siecle  intime  :  Le  Regne  de  Richelieu, 
1617-42,  3fr.  50. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Lajonguiere  (E.  L.  de),  Le  Siam  et  les  Siamois,  3fr.  50. 

Philology. 
Borinan  (K.),  Fi-ancis  Bacons  Reim-Geheimschrift  u.   ihre 

Enthullungen,  7m.  50. 
Cronert  (W.),  Kolotes   u.   Menedemos,   Texte   u.    Unter- 
suchungen  zur  Philosophen-  u.  Litei-aturgeschiclite,  30m. 
Reuschel  (K.),  Die  deutschen  Weltgeriehtsspiele  des  Mittel- 
alters  und  der  Reformationszeit. 

Mathematics  and  Science. 
Burlureaux  (Dr.),  La  Lutte  pour  la  Sante,  3fr.  50. 
Enzyklopiidiedermathematisclien  Wissenschaften  :  Vol.  IV. 

Mechanik,  Part  II.  Section  III.,  5m.  80. 
Flahault  (C),  Nouvelle  Flore  coloriee  de  Poche  des  Alpes 
et  des  Pyrenees,  6fr.  50. 

General  Literature. 
Aderer  (A.),  Une  grande  Dame  aima. . .,  3fr.  50. 
Aicard  (J.),  Renjamine,  3fr.  ">0. 
Hirsch  (C.  II.),  Les  Disparates,  3fr.  50. 
Lavedan,  (II.),  Le  bon  Temps,  3fr.  50. 
Maire  (E.  Le),  Le  Reve  d' Antoinette,  3fr.  50. 
Mazel  (II.),  Ce  qu'il  faut  lire  dans  sa  Vie,  3fr.  50. 
Valilagne  (P.),  Parenthe.se  amoureuse,  3fr.  50. 
Villiod  (E.),  Les  Plaies  sociales  :  La  Machine  ;\  voler,  3fr.  50. 
Virgil.)  (G.  A.),  II   Sentimento  imperialista,   Studio  psico- 

sociologico,  3li.  50. 
Wilde  (Oscar),  L'Anie  de  1'Homme,  traduit  par  P.  GroshTs, 

4fr. 

*.*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Publishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  whin 
sending  Books. 


M  Y  BLACKBIRD  AND  I. 

(Suggested  by  a  touching  episode  in  the  late  Michael 
l)avitt's  life  in  Portland  Gaol  in  1881,  recorded  lis  liim 
in  his  '  Leaves  from  a  Prison  Diary. 'J 

(All  musical  rights  reserved.) 
Wiikn  first  you  came  to  me, 
And  so  little  you  knew  me 
That  from  me  you  struggled 

With  wild  heating  breast, 
Red  sun-rays  up-jetting 
On  lire  seemed  setting 
The  wavering  woodland 

Where  onoe  was  your  nost — 
Then,  my  own  dawny  blaokbird, 
The  tears  my  eyes  bunded. 

As  my  heart  was  reminded 

How,  a  child,  long  ago 
With  strangers  I  shivered. 
While  the  cruel  tlames  quivered 
Through  our  kindly  old  roof-tree 

In  lovely  Mayo. 


That  thought,  UMabling  blackbird, 
To  my  boanaa  andaarad  vow, 

And  •  I  •  nil  you 

Till  sn  friend  1\  u 
That  ti<gi-t ln-r  are  id  [at  \ 
At  tin-  one  plate  oi  |>  «  1 

And  Mom  the  s.hih-  pjtflJHH 

le   ixit Ii  lipping  too. 
Tin  d  '  lv  you  d  chookle 

I'lom  oil  uf  my  knookle, 
Thai .  my  tir<-<!  eyi 

To  drink  in  the  -ound. 
By  its  glad  H]x-ll  uplift,  d 

From  my  aad  oeU  1  drifti  d 

To  the  joyful  cn<  hantmi-nt 

Of  gvean  Irish  |ii>aml 

N'.iu  below,  blessed  hour  ! 
Even  my  grey  prison's  bower 

Is  laughing  with  flower 

In  the  eye  of  the  sun  ; 
Rede  (litis  throw  soft  shadows 

On  green  ooean  mead  a  -. 
And  the  homesteads  of  free  men 
Shine  out  one  hy  one. 

0  who  could  keej)  captives 
In  solitude  pining, 

With  such  a  sun  shining, 
Bnofa  bliBB  in  the  blue? 

1  lingered  and  lingered, 
And  then  trembling-fingered 
I  opened  your  cage  door, 

And  from  me  you  Bew. 

Ainm  Pkbgbval  Gravbb. 


NOTES    FROM    DUBLIN. 

The  tardy  announcement  of  the  formation 
of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Trinity  College, 
its  revenues,  and  its  University,  makes  it 
impossible  that  much  work  can  be  done 
before  the  Long  Vacation.  Members  of  the 
College  who  have  been  working  hard  all 
the  year  will  not  curtail  their  holidays  to 
appear  before  a  body  of  men  who  are  only 
intended  to  collect  evidence  which  is  already, 
for  the  most  part,  in  print  in  various  returns 
made  to  Parliament.  The  composition  of 
the  Commission  has,  of  course,  been  subject 
to  various  criticisms.  It  is  generally  ad- 
mitted that  five  of  its  members  are  the 
very  best  that  could  have  been  selected. 
The  rest  are  either  too  little  known  or 
too  well  known  to  command  respect. 
On  such  a  Commission  each  member 
should  be  a  man  of  importance  ;  he 
should  not  be  known  as  a  violent  partisan 
or  a  man  of  unbridled  utterance  ;  he  should 
not  be  a  subordinate,  or  one  whose  persona! 
interests  may  be  concerned.  There  are 
important  members  of  the  University  who 
may  decline  to  be  cross-examined  by  a  man 
who  has  openly  declared  himself  t  heir 
enemy  and  the  enemy  of  the  College.  It  is 
plain  enough  that  in  the  desire  to  satisfy 
the  demands  of  divers  parties  the  Commission 
has  been  enlarged  beyond  an  original  wise 
selection  of  a  smaller  body.  The  only 
member  of  the  Church  of  Ireland  is  Dr. 
Douglas  Hyde,  who  seems  to  be  ignored  in 
the  demand  made  by  Sir  E.  Carson  in  the 
House  on  the  12th  inst.  There  is  no  man 
who  commands  more  confidence  in  Ireland 
than  Sir  Edward  Fry.  His  management  of 
another  very  difficult  inquiry-  some  years  ago 
demonstrated  his  ability  and  his  perfect 
fairness,  and  if  any  one  can  smooth  over 
the  initial  difficulties  with  which  the  path 
is  beset,  it  is  he.  Whether  his  task  will 
include  the  framing  of  any  new  scheme  for 
higher  education  in  Ireland  does  not  yet 
appear,  and  there  is  still  a  very  general 
feeling  that  the  whole  business  will  rather 
postpone  than  promote  reforms.  It  is  not 
likely  that  by  the  time  that  the  Commission 
have  drawn  up  their  report,  or  reports,  the 
Chief  Secretary  will  be  in  any  humour  to 
face  a  great  controversial  Bill  on  education. 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


'65 


Meanwhile,  it  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped  that 
Trinity  College  may  wake  up  to  the  necessity 
of  vigorous  internal  reform. 

The  recent  Fellowship  Examination,  where 
the  prize  awarded  is  one  of  the  greatest  in 
the  literary  world,  and  where  even  the  un- 
successful get  large  rewards,  produced  but 
three  candidates,  and  of  these  only  one 
fresh  one.  All  three  were,  indeed,  able  and 
learned  men,  and  their  answering  was  of 
high  quality  ;  but  where  are  all  the  distin- 
guished young  men  to  whom  such  a  prize 
should  be  the  highest  attraction  ?  They 
seem  to  be  deterred  by  various  causes,  of 
which  the  chief  is  the  consideration  that  it 
takes  four  or  five  years  at  least  on  the 
average  to  succeed,  and  that  after  such 
delay  failure  is  a  fatal  blow.  A  man  of 
twenty-eight  or  thirty  can  hardly  expect  to 
take  up  a  new  walk  in  life  with  any  good 
prospects,  especially  when  he  has  been 
wearied  out  with  excessive  labour  and  dis- 
appointment. At  all  events,  the  present 
system,  which  fails  to  produce  satisfactory 
competition,  and  after  which  even  the 
successful  man  is  often  much  impaired  by 
overwork,  must  be  changed.  Yet  while  a 
change  is  admitted  by  all  but  the  most 
wooden-headed  Conservatives  to  be  ex- 
pedient, the  question,  What  change  ?  excites 
divers  and  conflicting  answers.  If  the  Com- 
mission is  competent  to  give  the  College 
authoritative  advice  on  this  point,  its  labours 
will,  indeed,  have  one  good  result. 

The  simultaneous  Scholarship  Examina- 
tion showed  an  analogous  failure  in  com- 
petitors. There  were  hardly  more  than  two 
competitors  for  each  scholarship.  Never- 
theless the  first  place  was  gained  on  marks 
higher  than  any  obtained  since  Prof.  J.  B. 
Bury  competed  as  a  boy.  The  second 
place  was  obtained  by  a  girl-student,  whose 
answering  was  also  of  very  high  quality, 
and  it  is  a  pity  that  the  degree  which  she 
will  presently  obtain  will  not  be  distinguished 
by  some  special  mark  from  the  many  so- 
called  "  ad  eundems  "  now  scattered  over 
England,  which  represent  no  studies  in  the 
College.  M. 


THE    PUBLISHERS'    INTERNATIONAL 
CONGRESS    AT    MILAN. 

The  Publishers'  Fifth  International  Con- 
gress was  held  in  the  Villa  Reale  at  Milan 
from  the  6th  to  the  10th  hist.,  and  was 
unusually  well  attended.  The  members 
number  about  three  hundred,  and  there 
were  delegates  from  all  the  publishers' 
associations  of  the  various  nations.  Besides 
the  Italians,  who,  being  on  their  own  ground, 
formed  the  largest  contingent,  there  were 
present  German  and  French  publishers  in 
goodly  numbers  ;  Hungarians,  Swedes, 
Dutch,  Russians,  and  Spaniards.  England 
did  not  send  many  representatives  ;  un- 
fortunately, several  gentlemen  whose 
opinions  carry  weight  were  unable  to  attend. 
There  were,  however,  two  notable  visitors, 
Mr.  Fisher  Unwin  and  Mr.  Heinemann,  who 
contributed  important  papers  to  the  Con- 
gress, the  former  dealing  with  '  Modern 
Taxes  on  Knowledge  '  and  '  Some  Barriers 
to  International  Intellectual  Intercourse,' 
and  the  latter  placing  before  the  Congress 
the  question  whether  certain  new  methods 
of  putting  books  into  circulation  are  advan- 
tageous to  production.  The  United  States 
had  only  one,  but  that  one  a  prominent 
representative,  Dr.  George  Haven  Putnam, 
whose  ability  and  eloquence  were  appreciate)  I 
by  every  one. 

After  the  Congross  held  at  Leipsic  in  June, 
1901,  the  Permanent  Bureau  for  carrying 
out  the  resolutions  passed  by  the  Congress 


began  its  activity  at  Berne,  where  it  has  its 
head-quarters,  and  where  it  will  proceed  to 
the  work  resulting  from  the  proposals  of  the 
Congress  of  Milan,  and  to  the  continuation 
of  its  investigations  concerning  motions  the 
execution  of  which  is  unfinished,  or  those 
on  which  inquiries  have  been  opened.  The 
work  of  the  Permanent  Bureau  consists 
chiefly  in  procuring  the  adhesion  of  fresh 
States  to  the  Berne  Convention,  and  in 
supporting  the  various  national  associations 
in  their  requests  for  improvement  in  legisla- 
tion. It  is  governed  by  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee and  an  International  Commission, 
which  meets  once  a  year  in  the  month  of 
June. 

The  opening  session  was  held  on  June  6th 
in  the  hall  of  the  Villa  Reale,  when  speeches 
were  delivered  by  the  authorities  represent- 
ing the  Italian  Government  and  the  Muni- 
cipality of  Milan.  The  President  of  the 
Committee  of  Management  and  of  the  Con- 
gress, to  whom  is  due  the  brilliant  success 
of  this  Milanese  conference,  was  Commen- 
datore  Tito  Ricordi,  of  the  well-known  music 
firm.  He  is  young  and  energetic,  and 
directed  the  meetings  and  discussions  with 
great  tact  and  firmness.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  enumerate  all  the  speeches  made  before 
the  Congress  by  the  various  delegates  of  the 
publishers'  associations  :  I  need  only  men- 
tion that  the  Societa  Bibliografica  Italiana, 
which  had  on  the  preceding  days  held  its 
own  seventh  congress  in  that  same  hall, 
advised  all  publishers  to  add  to  scientific 
books  those  indexes  of  names  and  sub- 
jects which  render  possible  both  research 
and  the  compilation  of  catalogues.  Dis- 
cussions on  the  questions  brought  forward 
followed  immediately.  The  first  to  speak 
was  Dr.  Putnam,  who  set  forth  very  clearly 
what  has  been  done  in  America  for  book 
protection  and  the  difficulties  encountered 
through  the  opposition  of  the  manufacturing 
classes,  who  are  able,  by  reason  of  their 
superior  numbers,  to  impose  their  views  on 
Congress  at  Washington.  This  question  of 
American  copyright  was  resumed  at  the 
plenary  session  the  next  day,  and  provoked 
a  lively  discussion  between  Mr.  Heinemann 
and  Dr.  Putnam.  The  former  desired  that 
the  delay  conceded  to  the  English  publishers 
should  be  increased  from  sixty  to  ninety 
days,  and  Dr.  Putnam  pointed  out  that  this 
longer  delay  is  opposed  specially  by  librarians 
who  regret  that  they  cannot  during  this 
period  make  usufruct  of  English  books,  a 
proceeding  disadvantageous  to  culture. 
Commendatoro  Ricordi  proposed  that  they 
should  not  insist  on  the  clause  of  American 
manufacture  for  scientific  books,  and  the 
Congress  earnestly  hoped  that  the  United 
States  would  soon  pass  a  Bill  unreservedly 
accepting  the  principles  of  international 
protection  of  authors'  rights. 

Another  important  question  was  that  con- 
cerning publishing  contracts,  for  which  the 
Permanent  Bureau  had  prepared  a  useful 
publication  giving  all  the  various  laws  and 
information  relating  to  the  subject  ;  and 
the  Bureau  itself  was  commissioned  to  present 
to  the  next  Congress  a  supplementary  report, 
suggesting  forms  for  such  agreements  between 
author  and  publisher.  Other  votes  and 
resolutions  followed,  on  the  development  of 
book-canvassing,  and  on  the  subject  of  an 
agreement  between  all  person-;  interested 
in  the  rights  of  performance  in  Germany. 
The  Congress  expressed  the  hope  that  the 
German  association  would  take  note  of  the 
wishes  of  musical  composers  and  publishers, 

and  allow  the  adhesion  of  these  two  groups 
to  the  institution  ;  and  it  proposed  that 
Societies  should  be  formed  for  the  explana- 
tion of  the  rights  of  performance.    Another 

proposal  in  connexion  with  music  was  made, 
important  in  view  of  tho  great  increaso  in 


methods  of  mechanical  reproduction  such 
as  the  gramophone,  namely,  the  abolition  of 
paragraph  3  of  the  protocol  of  closure  of  the 
Berne  Convention,  which  does  not  regard 
such  reproduction  as  an  infringement  of 
rights. 

The  aitistic  section  confined  its  reso- 
lutions to  advising  the  compilation  of 
national  catalogues  of  works  of  art.  Mean- 
while, in  the  book  section,  which  was  the 
most  numerously  attended,  an  animated 
discussion  was  in  progress  on  the  question, 
of  the  "  copy-tax,"  and  it  was  resolved  that 
for  the  acknowledgment  of  copyright  no 
formality  ought  to  be  required. 

After  an  exclusion  to  Como,  Saturday,  the 
9th,  was  devoted  to  the  subjects  brought 
forward  by  Messrs.  Fisher  Unwin,  Hoeplir 
and  Vandeveld,  namely,  customs  dues, 
taxes  on  books,  and  all  the  other  restrictions 
which  are  a  hindrance  to  trade  ;  and  it  was 
unanimously  voted  that  all  such  formalities- 
should  be  abolished.  Some  very  sensible 
suggestions  on  the  compilation  of  book- 
sellers' catalogues  were  made  by  the  associate 
P.  Barbera,  who  took  the  opportunity  of 
supporting  the  adoption  of  the  convenient 
system  o:  decimal  classification,  and  pro- 
posed that  the  Permanent  Bureau  of  Berne- 
should  publish  a  list  of  international  regu- 
lations for  the  compiling  of  book  catalogues. 

Two  final  questions  occupied  the  attention 
of  the  Congress.  One  was  the  adhesion  of 
the  minor  poets  to  the  Berne  Convention,, 
on  which  the  Congress  came  to  no  decision  ;. 
the  other  was  the  discount  on  the  sale  of 
the  society's  books  allowed  to  its  members. 
To  this  discount  the  Congress  was  decidedly" 
opposed. 

The  laboursof  the  Congress  then  terminated" 
with  the  usual  greetings  and  congratulations  ; 
but  nothing  was  decided  with  reference  to- 
the  place  of  the  next  Congress,  the  Permanent 
Bureau  having  the  choice  between  Spain  and 
Holland,  between  Madrid  and  the  Hague. 
The  reunion  at  Milan  will  be  memorable  for 
the  cordial  reception  every  one  received  and 
the  complete  harmony  which  reigned.  The 
serenity  of  the  various  debates  resembled 
that  of  the  sky  of  Lombardy,  which,  as 
Manzoni  says,  "  is  so  fine  when  it  is  fine." 

G.  B. 


'THE     OPEN      ROAD'     AND 
'TRAVELLER'S  JOY.' 

June  18th,  1906. 
No,  I  did  not  "  studiously  evade  "  Mr. 
Lucas's  "  only  point,"  and  when  I  maintain- 
this,  in  denial  of  his  fresh  accusation,  I  hope, 
as  he  would  say,  that  "  I  am  not  singular 
in  my  view."  I  "  studiously  "  attempted 
to  deal  with  all  his  points.  There  were 
three  :  (a)  that  in  our  production  of 
'  Traveller's  Joy '  I  had  copied  the  original, 
form  of  '  The  Open  Road  '  (shall  I  be  dis- 
courteous if  I  say  that  in  his  first  letter  Mr. 
Lucas  "  studiously  "  made  little  or  nothing 
of  the  fact  that  he  had  abandoned  its  chief 
distinction,  its  cover  ?)  ;  (b)  that  I  had,  he 
implied,  commissioned  an  anthology  "  as 
like  as  possible  in  idea  "  to  his  book — Mr. 
W.  G.Waters  has  disposed  of  that  suggestion  ; 
(c)  that  I  had  failed  to  pay  him  what  I  Owed' 
him.  He  is  unreasonable.  First — no  doubt 
convinced  that  in  this  way  his  interests- 
would  be  best  served —  he  assists  in  subjecting 
me  to  the  discomfort  and  the  disgrace  of 
proceedings  in  bankruptcy — a  disgrace  that 

1  can  only  attempt  to  Wipe  out  in  one  way  ; 

then  lie  takes  from  tho  rest  of  my  creditors 
a  rather  valuable  asset  — a  halt  share  in 
'The  Open  Koad  ' — on  a  minor  legal  point 
based  on  my  own  carelessness  in  failing  to 
secure  an  assignment  of  copyright,  a,s  I  had 
in  effect  done  itv  the  case  of  his  other  books  ;- 


700 


Til  E    ATHENJEUM 


NMl'H.  .Jim.  28,  1900 


and  now,  complaining  that  tins  time  he  ln^ 
••  mi  Legal  redress,"  l ■«-  falls  baok  on  "  moral 

rights,"     and     I  limns    that    it     Ll    uml.  mi  ul  lie 

that  "a  publisher  in  Mr.  Gran]  Richards's 
ition  Bhould,  when  he  starts  anew, 
include  in  his  lit  any  book  that  is  likely 
i.i  injure  the  sale  <>f  his  previous  book 
which  he  sf  ill  owes  money."  There  is  a  fine 
oonfusion  here:  I  have  not  started  anew 
— as  l  have  already  stated  in  your  columns, 
in\    position  is  that  of  manager  to  a  new 

house  ;    1    fancy  that    the    law    lias    in  effect 

relieved  me,  although  against  my  will,  of 
financial  obligation  to  Mr.  Lucas,  so  it  is  not 
becoming    in  him  publicly    to    remind  me 

of   my    sm    twice    in    fifteen  days ;   several  of 

every  publisher's  hooks  are  bound  to  injure 
the  sale  of  books  that  have  hitherto  held 
the  field  :  so,  for  instance,  did  Mr.  Lucas's 
■  A  Hook  of  Verses  for  Children '  injure  the 
sale  of  previous  similar  anthologies  ;  so 
did  Mr.  Lucas's  series  of  "  Little  Blue 
Books  for  Children,"  whose  beginning  fol- 
lowed his  leaving  my  firm,  injure  the  sale 
of  my  "  Dumpy  Books  for  Children,"  with 
which  he  had  been  previously  associated. 

In  one  thing  Mr.  Lucas  is  right  :  whether 
T  owe  him  a  large  sum  or  a  small  one  is 
irrelevant  to  the  main  question.  But  he 
did  drag  that  point  in.  I  have  sufficiently 
tried  your  readers'  patience,  or  I  would  ask 
Them  to  turn  back  to  his  first  letter  and  to 
see  whether  he  did  not  succeed — I  hope  not 
*'  studiously  " — in  giving  the  impression 
that  he  had  had  little  if  any  financial  satis- 
faction from  me,  and  that  when  I  failed  he 
suffered  in  proportion.  That  is  the  impres- 
sion T  sought  to  remove.  Of  the  total  amount 
earned  by  Mr.  Lucas,  on  account  of  his  books 
-and  his  other  services  to  my  firm,  one 
fifteenth  part  (as  nearly  as  possible)  remains 
unpaid,  and  if  every  fortnight  Mr.  Lucas 
claims  the  hospitality  of  your  columns  to 
announce  the  fact  I  shall  not  continue  to 
protest.  Still,  as  I  said  two  weeks  ago,  I 
hope  he  will  have  cause  before  very  long  to 
Abandon  this  part  of  his  grievance. 

Mr.  Lucas  must  not  be  angry  writh  me  for 
working  in  a  publisher's  office.  If  I  sold 
matches  in  the  street  I  should  certainly 
please  some  people,  but  even  under  the  most 
favourable  circumstances  I  could  not  hope 
to  earn  enough  in  that  branch  of  commerce 
to  wipe  out  the  bankruptcy  proceedings  ; 
nor  am  I  young  enough  to  start  in  some 
fresh  trade.  By  and  by  I  hope  my  creditors 
may  realize  that  in  being  connected  with 
the  starting  of  a  new  publishing  house  I 
am  selling  what  talents  I  have  for  their 
advantage.  Grant  Richards. 


.Tune  18th,  1906. 

I  have  followed  with  interest  the  con- 
troversy between  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  and  Mr. 
Grant  Richards  in  T/ie  Athenmum  under  the 
above  heading,  and  since  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas 
"  hopes  to  interest  public  opinion  in  the 
matter,"  as  an  author  and  publisher's  reader 
I  write  to  say  that  such  "  doublings  "  of 
books  that  have  achieved  popularity  are 
far  too  common,  whether  put  forward  by 
scrupulous  or  unscrupulous  publishers. 

An  author  issues  a  book  B,  which,  let  us 
say,  is  original  in  the  sense  that  it  is  no 
imitation,  either  in  letter  or  in  spirit,  of  any 
book  which  has  preceded  it.  And  no  sooner 
has  B  won  popularity  than  we  find  some 
enterprising  gentleman,  prompted  no  less 
by  the  highest  motives  than  by  his  com- 
mercial instincts,  appearing  in  the  field  with 
A  volumo  B2,  which  in  idea  and  format  is 
a  direct  and  palpable  imitation  of  B,  and 
is  confoimded  with  it  by  the  ignorant  public. 

In  the  case  of  the  present  controversy,  so 
far  as  1  follow  Mr.  Grant  Richards's  argument, 
he  claims  that  he  has  a  right  to^issue  '  Tra- 


veller's Joy'  in  what  is  practically  the 
original  format  of  'The  Open  Road,  since 
other  imitations  have  appeared,  and  since 
ii>-  himself  is  the  originator  of  that  format. 
Brora  the  point  of  view  of  taste,  however, 

it  is  most  nut  <  nt  unate  for  Mr.  ( Irani  1'ielutnls 

that  the  hook  he  should  have  elected  to 

clothe    iii    that    format    is   an    anthology    for 

travellers  which  we  might  have  called 
"  original  "  in  spirit,  style,  and  u  i. m  •< iment, 
had  it  not  1"  en  preceded  by  '  The  Open  Road,1 

\  to  Mr.  W.  (J.  Waters,  it  is  most  unfor- 
tunate that  if  his  volume  '  Traveller's  Joy  ' 
be,  as  he  asserts,  in  idea  and  arrangement  no 
imitation  of  '  The  Open  Road,'  he  should 
have  alio  wed  it  to  be  issued  in  what  is  prac- 
tically the  original  style  and  format  of  that 
volume.  For,  while  accepting  his  disclaimer 
of  plagiarism,  we  are  reminded  of  a  servant 
who  dresses  herself  in  the  cast-off  gannents 
of  her  mistress. 

Without  impugning  either  the  motives  or 
the  statements  of  either  the  author  or  the 
publisher  of  '  Traveller's  Joy,'  I  may  point 
out  to  them  that  the  literary  world,  that 
followed  with  much  interest  the  lawsuit 
between  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  and  Mr.  Grant 
Richards,  which  gave  the  copyright  of  '  The 
Open  Road  '  to  the  former,  will  be  disposed 
to  think  that  on  the  score  of  good  taste  alone, 
not  to  speak  of  publishing  policy,  Mr.  Grant 
Richards  would  do  well  to  find  for  so  original 
a  book  as  '  Traveller's  Joy  a  format  even 
more  original.  Edward  Garnett. 


CREIGHTON    MEMORIAL. 

The  committee  formed  to  raise  a  memorial 
to  Creighton  handed  over  to  Mrs.  Creighton, 
at  the  close  of  its  work  in  October,  1905, 
the  residue  of  the  subscriptions,  amounting 
to  278?.  She  intends  to  present  this  sum, 
which  she  has  raised  to  3007.,  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  as  a  nucleus  for  the 
endowment  of  a  Creighton  Lectureship  or 
Professorship  of  History.  The  friends  of 
the  late  bishop  ask  for  further  contributions 
to  that  end.  Over  100Z.  has  already  been 
privately  raised,  and  an  appeal  is  now  made 
to  a  wider  public.  What  can  be  done  must 
depend  on  the  assistance  received  ;  but,  in 
any  case,  a  Creighton  Lectureship  will  be 
founded.  The  scheme  has  our  warm  com- 
mendation, and  we  hope  that  it  will  be 
widely  supported.  Subscriptions  may  be 
sent  to  Miss  Mary  Bateson,  9,  Huntingdon 
Road,  Cambridge. 


The  July  number  of  The  Independent 
Review  will  contain  articles  by  Archdeacon 
Wilson  on  '  The  Education  Bill  :  a  Lost 
Opportunity,'  and  by  Canon  Barnett  on 
'  The  Press  and  Charitable  Funds.'  Prof. 
Paul  Vinogradoff  is  contributing  a  paper 
on  '  The  First  Month  of  the  Duma,'  and 
Principal  Laurie  one  on  '  The  Report  of 
the  Haldane  Committee.'  Among  the 
other  articles  in  the  number  will  be 
'  Shakespeare,  Ibsen,  and  Mr.  Bernard 
Shaw,'  by  Mr.  G.  Lowes  Dickinson ; 
'  The  Lords  and  the  Aliens  Bill,'  by  Mr. 
John  Ward,  M.P. ;  'The  Paintings  of 
Gustave  Moreau,'  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Michael- 
ides  ;  'and  'Anti-Militarism  in  France: 
a  Reply,'  by  Lieut. -Col.  Keene. 

In  The  Cor nh ill  Magazine  for  July  Mr. 
A.  D.  Godley  finds  a  subject  for  his 
humorous  verses  '  The  Incubus '  in    the 


di  <.n  the  Education  Bill.     '  The 

Mind  <J  a  Dog,'  by  Prof.  S.  Alexander,  is 

an  iiiiteeluiii  a)  e.v  i j f  - i •  >i i  into  psyohob 
In  '  Twenty  Yean  in  London,  by  a  ! 
Resident."    .Mr.    P. ml     Villa:  many 

episodes  from  his  personal  experience. 
Mr.  Charles  Godfrey,  the  head  of  the 
Naval  School  at  Osborne,  writes  on  'The 
r  nng  of  Euclid  ' ;  and  in  '  General  Mar- 
hot  and  \w<  Memoirs  '  Dr.  Holland  Rose 
d  asset  the  authenticity  of  that  vivacious' 
work.  -Mr.  R.  Brudenell  Carter  contri- 
butes a  common-Sense  view  of  '  Alcohol 
and  Tobacco,' 

The  July  Blackuxxxl  appropriately  opens 
with  an  article  by  Mr.  Charles  VYhibley 
on  George  Buchanan,  whose  grim  old  face 
has  appeared  on  the  cover  of  the  magazine 
from  its  start,  and  whose  four-hundredth 
anniversary  falls  due  next  month.  Another 
four-hundredth  anniversary  article  is  on 
Rembrandt  by  Mr.  D.  S.  Meldrum. 
Among  other  items  are  '  Forty  Singing 
Seamen,'  a  poem  by  Mr.  Alfred  Noyes  ; 
'  Moving  towards  a  Territorial  Army,' 
by  General  Chapman,  C.B.  ;  and  '  The 
Greatest  Game  Beast  in  Europe,'  by  Mr. 
Hesketh  Prichard. 

Mr.  Heinemann  is  publishing  in  the 
autumn  a  new  edition  of  Mr.  Arthur 
Symons's  collected  '  Poems '  in  two 
volumes,  and  a  new  volume,  '  The  Fool 
of  the  World,  and  other  Poems,'  contain- 
ing the  morality  play  recently  acted,  and 
a  number  of  lyrical  poems,  the  work  of 
the  last  five  or  six  years. 

Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  are  also 
publishing  for  Mr.  Symons  a  volume 
named  '  Studies  in  Seven  Arts,'  which  has 
been  in  preparation  for  many  years,  and 
will  contain  essays  on  Rodin,  Whistler, 
Watts,  Moreau,  Wagner,  Strauss,  Duse, 
and  other  typically  modern  artists.  Mr. 
Symons  has  in  preparation  for  the  same 
publishers  a  book  on  William  Blake,  which 
will  contain  a  complete  study  of  the  man, 
the  poet,  and  the  painter,  together  with 
various  unpublished  and  little-known  docu- 
ments giving  contemporary  accounts  of 
Blake.  Among  these  will  be  a  transcript 
of  all  the  references  to  Blake  in  the  Diary, 
Reminiscences,  and  Letters  of  Crabb 
Robinson,  made  for  the  first  time  from 
the  original  manse ript,  which  has  never 
been  printed  in  full. 

Blake  is  being  largely  studied.  Mr. 
John  Lane  has  in  active  preparation 
a  cheap  edition  of  Gilchrist's  '  Life  of 
William  Blake'  in  one  volume.  Mr.  W. 
Graham  Robertson,  who  has  the  finest 
known  collection  of  Blake  pictures,  has 
edited  the  text,  and  written  an  Introduc- 
tion ;  but  what  is  of  greater  interest  to 
Blake  lovers,  he  has  enriched  Gilchrist's 
work  with  a  large  number  of  the  most 
perfect  of  Blake's  drawings  and  pictures. 
In  addition  to  these,  the  majority  of  the 
illustrations  originally  selected  by  Gilchrist 
for  the  '  Life  '  will  be  included.  Those 
who  have  seen  the  unique  exhibition  of 
Blake  pictures  at  the  Carfax  Gallery,  the 
nucleus  of  which  is  from  Mr.  Robertson's 
collection,  will  be  interested  to  learn  that 
a  number  of  these  have  been  reproduced. 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


767 


Mr.  Marion  Crawford  has  recently 
received  authorization  to  use  material  of 
great  importance  for  Italian  mediaeval 
history,  which  has  hitherto  lain  almost 
unknown  in  the  Colonna  archives  at  Rome. 
Some  of  the  documents  have,  however, 
been  classified  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
Tommasato. 

Prof.  George  Cockburn  Henderson, 
who  holds  the  Chair  of  History  at  Adelaide, 
New  South  Wales,  has  on  hand  a  life  of 
Sir  George  Grey,  which  Messrs.  Dent  are 
to  publish.  He  has  visited  New  Zealand 
and  South  Africa  in  order  to  inspect 
original  documents  for  this  work. 

An  exhaustive  work  on  Haddon  Hall, 
by  Mr.  G.  Le  Blanc  Smith,  is  announced 
to  be  published  by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock  imme- 
diately, under  the  title  '  Haddon  :  the 
Manor,  the  Hall  :  its  Lords  and  Traditions.' 
The  book  will  deal  with  the  great  families 
who  have  owned  Haddon  since  the  Con- 
quest, and  will  furnish  much  hitherto 
unpublished  information  concerning  the 
estate  and  its  owners.  It  will,  among 
other  interesting  items,  give  in  detail 
some  curious  stewards'  accounts  ;  the 
only  existing  letter  of  Dorothy  Vernon, 
with  a  facsimile  of  her  signature  ;  and 
the  pedigree  of  the  Vernons  from  Godfrey 
the  Consul  to  the  present  time.  A  full 
description  of  the  ancient  fabric,  its  store 
of  tapestry,  old  glass,  carvings,  and  metal- 
work,  is  included,  and  the  whole  will  be 
fully  illustrated  by  photographs  and 
facsimiles.  The  book  will  be  dedicated 
to  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  by  whose  per- 
mission it  has  been  compiled. 

Father  Robert  Hugh  Benson's  next 
historical  romance  will  be  published  on 
July  2nd  by  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons. 
Its  title  is  '  The  Queen's  Tragedy,'  and 
it  is  a  story  of  England  in  the  middle  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  with  Mary  Tudor 
for  its  central  figure.  Her  sister  Elizabeth 
also  figures  prominently  in  the  book,  and 
the  interpretation  of  her  character  is  said 
to  run  counter  to  tradition. 

Lord  Redesdale's  account  of  the 
'  Garter  Mission  to  Japan  '  will  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  next 
Tuesday. 

'  Coniston,'  the  new  novel  by  Mr. 
Winston  Churchill,  the  author  of  '  Richard 
Carvel,'  which  the  same  firm  had 
hoped  to  publish  last  autumn,  will 
actually  appear  in  the  early  days  of  July. 
It  does  not  belong  to  the  series  of  historical 
romances  which  made  the  author's  reputa- 
tion, but  is  a  tale  of  modern  life  and 
politics,  with  a  love  story  interwoven. 

Canon  MacColl  has  ready  for  publica- 
tion a  volume  entitled  '  The  Royal  Com- 
mission and  the  Ornaments  Rubric'  It 
is  a  detailed  criticism  of  his  five  days' 
examination  by  the  Royal  Commission  on 
the  historical  and  legal  meaning  of  the 
famous  rubric. 

The  remarkable  collection  of  Lincoln 
relics  which  was  the  property  of  Major 
William  H.  Lambert,  of  Philadelphia, 
was  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  5th  inst.  It 
included  1,000  volumes  from  Lincoln's 
own  library,  his  private  desk,  over  1,600 


books  dealing  with  his  career,  several 
hundred  original  Lincoln  manuscripts,  as 
well  as  the  table  at  which  he  sat  when 
signing  the  emancipation  proclamation. 
Major  Lambert  owned  several  MSS.  by 
Thackeray,  which  have  also  been  destroyed. 

Temple  Bar  for  July  contains  a  critical 
essay  on  Stendhal,  describing  his  military 
experiences  and  analyzing  his  novels, 
by  Mr.  H.  H.  Dodwell.  Lieut.-Col.  A. 
Haggard  in  '  A  Sainte  Marguerite  Salmon  ' 
narrates  some  exciting  adventures  in 
pursuit  of  the  land-locked  salmon  in  the 
whirlpool  by  the  He  Maligne.  '  Sleepy 
Town  '  is  a  pen-and-ink  sketch  of  "  a  tiny 
mediaeval  world "  discovered  by  Mrs. 
Arthur  Ransome  when  "  walking  south 
from  the  Lake  Country."  In  '  A  Taste  of 
Vintage '  Miss  H.  H.  Colvill  shows  the 
process  of  wine-making  in  Sulmona  of  the 
Abruzzi. 

The  Baroness  Suzette  de  Zuylen  de 
Nyevelt  has  contributed  to  the  July 
number  of  the  Sunday  at  Home  an  article 
on  '  The  Letters  of  the  Duchesse  de 
Broglie,'  the  well-known  daughter  of 
Madame  de  Stael.  Many  of  these  letters 
were  written  to  M.  Guizot.  The  same 
number  will  contain  a  critical  character- 
sketch  of  the  German  Emperor  ;  an  illus- 
trated article  on  Florence,  by  the  editor  ; 
and  an  article  '  On  the  Bulgarian  Border,' 
by  Mr.  Frederick  Moore,  in  which  the 
writer  predicts  that  revolution  of  a  deter- 
mined character  is  not  far  off  in  Macedonia. 

The  results  recently  announced  of  the 
Medieval  and  Modern  Languages  Tripos 
at  Cambridge  show  that  Girton  and 
Newnham  take  much  more  kindly  to  this 
line  of  study  than  the  rest  of  the  University. 
There  are  two  firsts  and  two  seconds  among 
the  men,  whereas  women  get  six  firsts  and 
nine  seconds. 

The  '  History  of  the  Tron  Kirk  and 
Parish  of  Edinburgh,'  by  the  Rev.  Dugald 
Butler,  minister  of  the  Tron  Kirk,  is  pro- 
mised by  Messrs.  Oliphant,  Anderson  & 
Ferrier  in  the  autumn.  The  Rev.  James 
MacGregor  has  contributed  some  remi- 
niscences, and  the  appendix  includes  an 
account  of  Ruskin's  ancestors  in  the  Tron 
parish. 

The  contents  of  the  July  issue  of  The 
Home  Counties  Magazine  will  include 
articles  upon  Thomas  Frv  of  Penshurst, 
'Gray's  Village,'  'Paul's  Cross,'  'Old 
Pewter,'  '  Tom  Brown's  Country,'  and 
'  Ralph  Thoresby  in  London.' 

Mr.  James  Tregaskis,  of  High  Hol- 
born,  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  secure 
a  small  octavo  volume  entitled  '  Auteurs 
Deguisez,'  1690,  in  the  interlinear  spaces 
of  which  Rene  Auguste  Constantin  de 
Renneville,  the  first  historian  of  the 
Bastille  (in  which  ho  was  confined  from 
May  16th,  1702,  until  June  16th,  1713), 
has  written  various  hitherto  unknown 
particulars  of  his  life.  Twenty-seven  of 
the  leavos  contain  a  finely  written  poem 
of  2,052  lines,  dealing  with  the  events  of 
De  Renncville's  prison  life,  with  moral 
reflections  thereon  ;  and  it  is  claimed  that 
Voltaire  founded  one  of  the  songs — the 
seventh — of  '  La  Henriade  '  on  this  MS 
poem  of  De  Renneville. 


The  annual  meeting  of  the  London 
Library  was  held  last  Friday  week,  and 
attended  by  a  distinguished  company. 
The  Report  of  the  Committee  proved  that 
the  library  was  in  a  prosperous  and  well- 
assured  condition,  though  the  number  of 
members  showed  a  decrease  of  92.  Mr. 
Balfour,  who  presided,  paid  a  just  tribute 
to  the  special  character  of  the  library 
which  distinguishes  it  from  other  institu- 
tions of  the  sort.  He  called  attention  to- 
the  admirable  organization  and  extent 
of  the  concern,  which  was  unequalled  in 
its  supply  of  foreign  books  ;  also  to  the 
important  catalogue  of  books  according" 
to  subjects  which  the  secretary  was  pre- 
paring. 

Messrs.  Hurst  &  Blackett  now 
announce  the  official  '  History  of  the  War 
in  South  Africa  '  in  four  volumes.  The 
first  volume  will  contain  twenty-nine 
maps  and  panoramas. 

The  Hon.  Harry  Lawson  will  preside 
at  the  sixty-seventh  anniversary  festival 
in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  Newsvendors' 
Institution,  at  De  Keyser's  Royal  Hotel,, 
on  Monday,  November  5th. 

M.  Maurice  Castelain  has  just  pub- 
lished a  French  prose  translation  of 
Shelley's  '  Hellas,'  accompanied  by  the 
English  text  and  notes. 

A  conversazione  is  to  be  given  by 
the  Alliance  Anglo-Britannique  at  the 
rooms  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Painters- 
in  Water  Colours  on  Tuesday  evening 
next.  An  attractive  musical  programme 
is  being  arranged. 

A  list  of  a  number  of  annual  prizes  at 
the  disposal  of  the  Academie  Francaise 
was  published  in  the  Paris  papers  on 
Wednesday.  It  is  too  long  to  quote  here 
in  full,  but  a  few  of  the  more  interesting 
awards  may  be  named.  M.  Auguste 
Dupouy,  among  the  poets,  gets  the  first 
Prix  Archon-Desperouses  for  his  book 
'  Partances.'  Among  the  several  Prix. 
Montyon,  which  reach  the  aggregate  value 
of  19,000fr.,  Lieut.  Paul  Azan  receives 
l,500fr.  for  his  '  Recits  d'Afrique,'  and 
a  similar  amount  goes  to  M.  Emile  Boc- 
quillon  for  his  '  Crise  du  Patriotisme  a 
l'Ecole.'  Twenty  other  fortunate  authors 
receive  500fr.  each  for  works  which  fall  in 
the  category  of  "  ouvrages  les  plus  utiles 
aux  moeurs."  Under  other  "  foundations  '* 
M.  Henri  Bremond  gets  l,500fr.  for  his 
work  on  Newman,  to  the  extent  of  which 
we  recently  referred,  M.  Octave  Noel 
l,000fr.  for  his  '  Histoire  du  Commerce 
du  Monde,'  and  M.  Gaultier  l,400fr.  for 
his  '  Rire  et  Caricature.' 

A  Musee  Gustave  Flaubert  was 
officially  inaugurated  on  Sunday  last  at 
Croisset,  near  Rouen,  where  Flaubert 
passed  a  part  of  his  life  and  composed  all 
his  more  important  works,  from  '  Madame 
Bovary  '  to  'La  Tentation  de  Saint 
Antoine.' 

The  death  is  announced,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one,  of  M.  Paulin  Niboyet,  who 
entered  the  French  diplomatic  service  in 

1848.      He    retired    in    1SS0.    and    took   to 
journalism.     He  wrote  much  for  La  Patrii 


7.;.s 


Til  E     ATI!  KNM.I    M 


N   1104,  .Iim.  23,  L906 


.Mid  other  papers,  chiefly  under  the  p 
donym   of    " xortunio '  ;    whilst    MveraJ 
of  liis  novels  obtained  considerable  popu- 
Laritj . 

In  recognition  of  bin  labours  ;is  editor- 
biel  oi  the  < >t a  iitalisc/ir  Bibliographu 

for  the  past  ten  years  the  French  .\Iini>li\ 

i     Public     [nstruction    lias    conferred    OD 

Prof.  Luoien  Bohemian,  <  »f  the  University 

of    Munich,    the    distinoton    of     Officier 

.1  \.  ademie.  Prof.  Sclierman,  who  is 
ilso  ProfesaOT  Of  Sanskrit  and  coin- 
pa  rat  Lve  PbilologJ  at  Mu  nil]  i,  lias  devoted 
himself  in  the  most  unselfish  manner  to 
-the  Orit  wtaUsehe  Bibliographic,  a  record 
which  is  a  model  of  its  kind.  For  a 
number  of  years  learned  societies  like  the 
Bavarian  Academy  of  Sciences  and  the 
American  Oriental  Society  have  granted 
subventions  for  the  maintenance  of  this 
publication,  and  within  the  past  year  the 
East  India  Office  has  also  made  a  grant 
towards  its  cost.  Prof.  E.  Kuhn,  of  the 
University  of  Munich,  who  has  co-operated 
with  Prof.  Scherman  in  the  editorial  work 
of  the  Bibliographie,  has  been  made 
Officier  de  1' Instruct  ion  Publique  by  the 
French  Ministry,  in  recognition  of  his 
researches  in  Sanskrit  and  comparative 
philology. 

The  death  in  his  fifty-first  year  is 
announced  from  Tecklenburg,  in  West- 
phalia, of  the  well-known  Berlin  critic 
And  poet  Heinrich  Hart.  His  critical 
work,  undertaken  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  Julius,  entitles  him  to  a  place 
Among  the  founders  of  the  modern  school 
of  German  writers.  He  was  for  many 
years  attached  to  the  Tagliche  Rundschau 
:as  dramatic  critic.  Of  Ms  own  composi- 
tions, the  tragedy  '  Sedan  '  and  the  epic 
'  Das  Lied  der  Menschheit '  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

Bjornson  has  just  finished  a  new 
jiovel,  which  is  to  be  published  by  Messrs. 
■Gyldendal,  of  Copenhagen.  An  English 
translation  is  being  arranged  for  simul- 
taneous publication. 

In  addition  to  Parliamentary  Papers 
noted  by  us  under  '  Science  Gossip,'  we 
anention  the  publication  of  Rules  and 
Programme  of  Examinations  of  the  Inter- 
mediate Education  Board  for  Ireland  (9d.); 
Index  to  Consular  Reports  on  Trade  and 
Subjects  of  General  Interest  (Is.  3d.)  ; 
Memorandum  on  the  Registration  of 
Teachers  and  the  Abolition  of  the  Register 
{Id.)  ;  Return  of  the  Non-Provided 
.Schools  in  the  County  of  Kent  (5%d.)  ; 
Regulations  for  the  Instruction  and  Train- 
ing of  Pupil-Teachers  (2^d.)  ;  and  Regu- 
lations of  the  Scotch  Education  Depart- 
ment for  the  Preliminary  Education, 
Training,  and  Certification  of  Teachers 
for  Various  Grades  of  Schools  (2\d.). 

SCIENCE 


Plant  Response  as  a  Means  of  Phy- 
siological Investigation.  By  Jagadis 
Chunder  Bose,  D.Sc,  Professor,  Presi- 
dency College,  Calcutta.  (Longmans 
&Co.) 
A  variety  of  responses,  resulting  from 
"  special      sensitiveness "      to      different 


stimuli,    have    long    been    recognized    in 

plants,  and  ha\c  formed  the  subject  <>f 
many      inquiries      on      the      part      of      plant 

physiologists.     Among  them  perhapt  one 

of  the  bl    I    know  n  i-   t  hat    of  t  he  plant    to 

the  influence  of  gravitation.  The  curva- 
tures of  Stem  and  root  resulting  from  (In- 
stim  ill  us  of  gra\  i'y  wen-  long  Bince  demon- 
strated by  Darwin,  who  noticed  the 
special  powers  of  the  root  tip  aa  a  perceptive 
organ.  Until  recently,  though  this  subject 
had  been  studied  by  many  distinguished 
men,  and  formed  the  theme  of  a  brilliant 
presidential  address  to  the  Botanical  Sec- 
tion at  the  British  Association  at  Cain- 
bridge,  it  remained  in  the  condition  of 
descriptive  rather  than  comprehensive 
science.  We  have  had  to  rest  content 
with  the  assumption  that  stem  and  root 
were  differently  sensitive  to  the  same 
force,  the  stem  being  repulsed,  the  root 
attracted  ;  while  a  third  or  lateral  geo- 
tropism  was  introduced  to  explain  hori- 
zontally growing  organs.  Similarly  the 
movements  in  response  to  the  stimulus  of 
light  were  perforce  treated  as  the  results 
of  negative,  positive,  or  dia-heliotropic 
sensitiveness.  The  many  other  move- 
ments of  "  sleep,"  the  special  sensitive- 
ness of  Mimosa,  or  autonomous  move- 
ment, as  in  the  leaflets  of  Desmodium, 
were  each  described  separately  as  specific 
capacities  of  the  various  plants  or  organs, 
for  no  unifying  principle  had  been  seen 
to  underlie  them  all. 

With  the  appearance  of  the  important 
book  by  Prof.  Bose  on  '  Plant  Response,' 
we  have  for  the  first  time  a  conception 
which  embraces  all  the  expressed  or  un- 
expressed "  sensitiveness  "  of  plants.  We 
are  now  presented  with  a  complete  theory 
of  their  movements — a  theory  which  may 
or  may  not  stand  the  test  of  further  work, 
but  which  will  be  of  great  service,  even 
to  those  who  may  in  the  future  supersede 
it. 

In  the  750  pages  of  the  book  are  con- 
densed such  numerous  observations  and 
experiments  on  living  plants  that  one  who 
knows  how  long  such  work  takes  can  only 
wonder  at  its  quantity.  The  chapters 
are  grouped  in  nine  parts,  each  bearing 
on  some  special  aspect  of  the  large  subject 
under  discussion.  Each  chapter  is  pro- 
vided with  a  good  summary,  and  the  whole 
is  well  indexed  and  arranged  with  a  view 
to  its  usefulness  to  students.  The  text 
is  copiously  illustrated,  chiefly  with  dia- 
grams of  responses  recorded  by  the  plants 
themselves  in  the  course  of  the  various 
experiments. 

The  first  part  deals  with  electrical  and 
mechanical  response,  and  shows  that 
these  responses  form  a  convenient  indica- 
tion of  the  effect  of  stimuli,  noting  also 
how  closely  their  records  correspond. 
An  important  point  is  made  in  the  demon- 
stration by  various  means  of  the  fact  that 
even  ordinary  "  insensitive "  plants  are 
really  sensitive,  and  that  the  difference 
lies  not  so  much  in  varieties  of  sensitive- 
ness in  different  plants  as  in  their  mecha- 
nical structure,  which  allows  or  retards  the 
movements  resulting  from  stimulation. 
Mimosa  is  sensitive,  not  because  it  is 
specially  receptive  of  stimuli,  but  because 


n   hai  m  ii-  pulvinua  a  structure  which 

allows   of   tin-   tree    play   of   the   leaf,    which 

ii  inhibited  by  the  hardened  tissue  in  d 
plant 

•    on  reading  this  part,  and  ... 
■  ral  times  in  I  he  i  ourse  i  A  the  hook, 

one  cannot    hut   feel   that,    important   and 

convincing   though   most    of   the  experi- 
ments are,  there  ic  s  tendency  to  Loos 
the  subject  rather  from  one  Sufficient 

attention  doe-,   not   always  seem   to  have 
been  given  to  the  detailed  anatomy  of  the 

structures  on  which  the  experiment 
being  conducted. 

The  second  part  deals  with  the  eff» 
of  anaesthetics,  chemical  poisons,  fatigue, 
and  the  critical  point  of  death.  The 
exact  detection  of  the  last  has  Long  ben 
a  difficulty,  which  Prof.  Bose  has  appa- 
rently solved.  The  results  are  of  great 
interest,  and  show  exact  coincidence  in  the 
critical  point  of  death  in  the  case  of  sjr 
mens  which  have  had  the  same  history, 
but  reveal  considerable  divergence  between 
specimens  of  the  same  species  which  have 
been  under  different  conditions.  A  ques- 
tion of  some  importance,  viz.,  the  power 
of  withstanding  extremes  of  temperature 
far  beyond  the  maxima  and  minima  of 
ordinary  conditions,  which  is  exhibited 
by  completely  dry  seeds,  is  not  entered 
into — probably  because  the  electrical  and 
mechanical  response  of  stimuli  under  such 
conditions  would  be  difficult,  if  not  im- 
possible, to  obtain  by  the  method - 
employed  here.  A  means  of  demonstrat- 
ing the  effect  of  previous  stimuli  on  the 
death  point  is  exceedingly  pretty.  In 
plants  which  are  naturally  coloured,  if 
the  small  parts  of  a  petal  are  first 
"  fatigued  "  locally  by  tetanizing  shocks, 
the  effect  of  which  is  invisible,  and  then 
the  whole  is  heated  to  below  the  normal 
death  point,  the  local  changes  of  colour 
reveal  that  the  "  fatigued  "  areas  die  at  a 
lower  temperature  than  the  rest  of  the 
petal.  Such  experiments  are  capable  of 
a  large  amount  of  variation,  and  will 
yield  valuable  "  thermographs,"  as  the 
resulting  parti-coloured  "  prints "  are 
named. 

The  third  part  deals  chiefly  with  the 
transmission  and  effects  of  electrical 
stimuli,  and  results  parallel  with  those 
given  above  are  obtained,  the  conductivity 
and  excitability  being  reduced  by  the 
previous  application  of  the  stimuli  of 
cold,  anaesthetics,  or  the  fatigue  of 
previous  shocks. 

A  most  valuable  and  interesting  account 
of  experiments  on,  and  an  explanation  of, 
autonomous  movement  and  its  relation  to 
multiple  response,  forms  the  bulk  of  the 
fourth  part.  After  a  careful  perusal  of 
these  chapters  one  is  convinced  that 
"  automatism  "  has  simply  been  the  name 
used  to  cover  our  ignorance  of  the  reason 
for  movements  which  we  did  not  under- 
stand, and  for  which  we  could  see  no 
immediate  stimulus.  Experiments  here 
described  on  Biophytum  and  Desmodium 
show  how  the  "  sensitiveness  "  and  "  auto- 
matism," to  use  the  old  names  for  the 
movements  characteristic  of  these  plants, 
are  simply  the  results  of  the  condition  of 
the  plant  and  the  stimuli  to  which  it  has 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


769 


been  submitted  ;  both  can  be  made  to 
respond  in  either  way  at  the  will  of  the 
experimenter.  It  is  impossible  to  mention 
the  many  cases  in  which  the  author  con- 
vinces the  reader  ;  those  where  one  might 
dissent  are  so  much  fewer  that  they  are 
more  easily  noticed.  In  this  section  of  the 
book,  as  indeed  in  others,  we  are  not  certain 
of  the  rectitude  of  the  comparisons  made 
so  minutely  between  the  leaflets  of  Des- 
modium,  with  their  "  automatic  "  pulsat- 
ing movements,  and  the  beating  heart  of 
the  higher  animals.  It  is  true  that  in 
many  ways  they  appear  to  correspond, 
and  the  records  obtained  from  both  show 
points  of  similarity  ;  but  the  very  direct- 
ness and  superficial  simplicity  of  this  like- 
ness seem  to  be  a  little  deceptive. 

One  of  the  most  difficult  of  problems, 
viz.,  the  ascent  of  sap,  is  dealt  with  in  the 
fifth  part — a  subject  which  has  been 
attacked  by  most  plant  physiologists, 
but  concerning  which  no  final  decision 
has  been  reached.  Although  much  is 
claimed  in  these  chapters  in  this  direction, 
the  work  is  still  far  from  complete.  The 
results  of  the  other  parts,  embodied  in  the 
law  that  stimulus  produces  excitatory 
contraction  of  the  living  cells,  must  have 
considerable  bearing  on  the  question  ; 
but  the  ascent  of  sap  is  not  yet  fully 
explained.  The  assertion  that  the  vitality 
of  the  plant  is  essential  is  important,  for 
that  is  a  factor  which  recent  workers 
have  endeavoured  to  eliminate — unad- 
visedly we  think.  In  the  detail  of  these 
chapters,  however,  although  much  that 
is  supplied  is  valuable,  we  find  several 
points  about  which  we  disagree  with  the 
author,  and  on  the  whole  this  is  the  least 
satisfactory  part  of  the  book.  Here,  as 
already  noticed,  there  seems  to  be  a  lack 
of  due  recognition  of  anatomical  facts. 
For  example,  on  p.  393  we  read,  "  The 
ascent  of  sap  is  due  to  the  propulsive 
energy  of  vigorous  excitatory  contraction 
proceeding  from  cell  to  cell."  Now  it 
should  be  remembered  that  it  is  by  the  wood 
of  the  tall  trees  that  the  water  ascends, 
but,  as  every  anatomist  knows,  the  wood 
•cells  of  these  plants  are  not  living  cells, 
with  protoplasm  capable  of  stimulus,  but 
dead  cells  devoid  of  contents,  with  much- 
thickened  walls  incapable  of  contraction. 
How,  then,  can  we  imagine  the  sap 
ascending  by  the  force  of  the  "  contraction 
proceeding  from  cell  to  cell  "  ?  It  is  true 
that  among  the  dead  wood  cells  are  the 
soft,  living  medullary  rays  ;  but  they  do 
not  form  the  path  of  the  water  stream,  nor 
are  they  vascular  elements  proper  ;  while, 
further,  that  they  are  not  supposed  to 
assist  is  clear  from  the  sentence  on 
p.  396,  "  An  interposition  of  parenchyma- 
tous elements  may  offer  a  relative  obstruc- 
tion to  the  transmission."  Anatomists, 
and  with  them  most  botanists,  will  there- 
fore find  themselves  hardly  able  to  accept 
the  explanation  of  the  ascent  of  sap  given 
in  this  book. 

The  sixth  part,  on  growth,  is  extremely 
suggestive,  but  perhaps  it  is  excelled  by 
the  seventh,  which  is  chiefly  concerned 
with  geotropism.  The  demonstration  that 
the  opposite  geotropic  curvatures  in  root 
and  shoot  are  not  due  to  different  sensi- 


bilities, but  are  the  result  of  the  same 
stimulus  and  response  acting  through 
differently  constructed  parts,  deserves 
careful  attention,  but  is  too  elaborate  to 
be  dealt  with  here. 

With  heliotropism,  in  the  eighth  part, 
a  similar  result  is  achieved,  and,  to  quote 
from  one  of  the  summaries,  "  the  various 
responsive  movements  which  occur  under 
the  action  of  light  are  thus  explicable 
without  the  assumption  of  the  possession 
by  different  organs  of  different  specific 
sensibilities  to  light."  Complete  as  is 
the  view  presented  in  these  chapters  by 
Prof.  Bose,  perhaps  he  has  overlooked 
some  of  the  previous  work  on  this  subject ; 
for  example,  Oltmanns  demonstrated  that 
there  was  a  positive  and  a  negative  move- 
ment in  the  same  organ,  according  to  the 
intensity  of  fight — a  point  which  Prof. 
Bose  prepares  to  prove  afresh. 

The  apparent  insensitiveness  to  light 
on  the  part  of  tendrils  was  observed  by 
Von  Mohl,  and  is  now  explained  by  Prof. 
Bose  as  being  the  result  of  a  very  rapid 
lateral  transmission  of  the  stimulus, 
which  causes  the  responsive  contraction 
of  these  radial  organs  to  take  place  nearly 
equally  on  all  sides,  with  the  result  that 
they  appear  not  to  respond  at  all.  If, 
however,  the  stimulus  of  light  is  trans- 
mitted so  rapidly  in  this  way,  it  does  not 
appear  clear  to  the  reviewer  why  the 
mechanical  stimulus  of  contact  should  not 
be  also  rapidly  transmitted  in  them  with 
a  resulting  uniform  contraction,  in  place 
of  the  rapid  twining  which  actually  occurs. 

As  regards  the  fight-perception  of  leaves, 
the  statement  is  emphatic  that  it  does  not 
reside  in  the  lamina,  and  that  no  specific 
dia-heliotropic  sensitiveness  is  possessed 
by  them.  In  conjunction  with  this, 
which  from  the  experiments  quoted  in  the 
text  seems  to  be  well  established,  it  is 
interesting  to  refer  to  Haberlandt's  recent 
paper  dealing  with  the  minute  histology  of 
the  leaf  tissues,  where  the  evidence  seems 
to  point  strongly  in  the  other  direction. 
This  does  not  lessen  the  value  of  the  present 
work,  but  helps  one  to  appreciate  the  fact 
that  only  by  the  combined  study  from  all 
points  of  view  can  one  attain  to  an  even 
approximately  complete  idea  of  the 
whole. 

The  ninth  and  last  part  correlates  and 
summarizes  the  previous  ones,  and  re- 
iterates the  view  that  a  unity  of  type 
underlies  the  different  responses  of  plants, 
the  apparent  differences  depending  on 
the  mechanical  structure  of  the  organ 
affected.  As  would  be  expected  from  the 
previous  works  of  this  author,  when  lie 
touches  on  the  wider  questions  of  the 
relation  of  plant  response  to  that  of  the 
rest  of  the  organic  and  inorganic  world, 
he  tends  to  draw  parallels  which  appear 
more  superficial  than  fundamental. 

In  a  review  it  is  impossible  to  do  justice 
to  a  book  of  such  size  and  detail.  We 
may  therefore  add  that  it  is  one  which  no 
plant  physiologist,  however  much  he  may 
combat  details  in  it,  can  afford  to  ignore, 
which  no  student  of  any  branch  of  botany 
should  overlook,  and  which  should  prove 
suggestive  to  animal  physiologists,  possibly 
even  to  psychologists. 


THE    THEORY    OF    ELECTRONS    AND 
ITS    DIFFICULTIES. 


Those  who  hoped  that  Prof.  J.  J.  Thom- 
son's late  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution 
on  '  The  Corpuscular  Theory  of  Matter  ' 
would  take  the  form  of  a  concise  and  intel- 
ligible statement  of  the  whole  electronic 
theory,  and  its  bearing  upon  current  views 
of  matter,  must  have  been  considerably 
disappointed.  Although  something  of  the 
sort  was  foreshadowed  in  the  first  lecture 
of  the  course,  the  lecturer,  after  going  in 
some  detail  through  the  principal  experi- 
ments which  first  led  physicists  to  consider 
seriously  the  atomic  nature  of  electricity, 
drifted  off  into  that  experiment  of  Mayer's 
with  floating  magnets  which  seems  to  exer- 
cise a  fatal  fascination  for  him,  and  wound 
up  with  an  account  of  the  attempts  lately 
made  to  determine  the  number  of  corpuscles 
within  the  atom,  which  he  had  to  confess 
remains  unsettled.  Finally,  we  were  assured 
that  the  object  of  the  lectures,  and  perhaps 
of  the  theory  too — for  Prof.  Thomson  was 
rather  ambiguous  on  this  point — was  the 
provision  of  "a  model,  a  study  of  which 
might  suggest  relations  between  the  pro- 
perties of  the  atom  which  could  then  be 
investigated." 

Our  home-made  oracles  being  thus  Del- 
phically  vague  on  the  most  wide-reaching 
hypothesis  of  modern  physics,  it  follows  that 
we  must  look  abroad  for  a  clear  idea  of  the 
electronic  theory  and  its  general  results  ; 
and  happily  we  find  it  in  a  lecture  delivered 
before  the  Elektrotechnikers  -  Verein  of 
Berlin  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Lorentz,  of  Leyden, 
who  is,  to  an  extent  not  always  fully  recog- 
nized by  English  physicists,  the  father  of 
the  electronic  theory  and  the  one  who  has 
done  most  for  its  propagation.  The  lecture 
was  delivered  so  long  ago  as  the  Christmas 
of  1904,  but  is  reprinted  for  the  first  time 
in  the  current  number  of  the  Archives  Neer- 
landaises,  with  such  notes,  references,  and 
other  additions  by  the  author  as  make  it  a 
nearly  complete  discussion  of  the  discoveries 
bearing  upon  the  subject  up  to  the  present 
time.  We  shall  here  endeavour  to  give 
briefly  the  main  features  of  the  theory  of 
electrons  as  understood  by  Prof.  Lorentz, 
and  then  to  notice  some  of  the  questions 
it  leaves  unexplained. 

By  electrons,  then,  Prof.  Lorentz  under- 
stands those  discrete  particles,  existing  in 
all  material  bodies,  whether  solid,  liquid, 
or  gaseous,  which  act  as  carriers  of  electrical 
charges,  and  it  is  by  their  presence  and  action 
that  he  explains  all  electrical,  magnetic,  and 
most  other  physical  phenomena.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  we  must  imagine  as  existing 
an  ether  always  in  repose  and  permeating 
everything,  including  the  electrons  them- 
selves. This  ether  is  the  medium  of  trans- 
mission of  all  physical  forces,  and  every 
electron  creates  in  the  ether  surrounding  it 
a  field  which,  so  long  as  the  electron  remains 
in  repose,  is  entirely  electrostatic,  i.e., 
resembles  that  caused  by  a  rod  of  glass  or 
resin  excited  by  friction.  Immediately  the 
electron  moves,  however,  it  gives  rise  to 
another  force  at  right  angles  to  the  first, 
which  is  identical  with  that  created  by  a 
magnet.  The  field  composed  by  these  two 
forces  is  invariable  so  long  as  the  electron 
moves  with  the  same  speed  and  in  the  same 
direction,  but  at  each  change  of  speed  or 
direction  there  takes  place  a  radiation  of 
energy  in  the-  shape  of  an  electromagnetic 
wave.  Should  the  speed  be  high  enough. 
the  wave  is  luminous  ;  while  if  the  electron 
be  suddenly  stopped,  it  gives  rise  to  the  dis- 
turbance in  the  ether  called  the  Uontgen  or 
X  rays.     The  quantity  of  energy  correspond- 


77<> 


Til  K    ATHENJEUM 


NM104,  Jim.  23,  1906 


ifi^  to  the  field  can  be  exactly  determined  by 
tin-  equations  of  Maxwell,  and  forme  the 
basil  of  most  of  the  calculal ions  used  in 
eleotrical  engineering;  but  it  follows  from 
what  inis  been  said  that  the  only  forces 
which  inn  art  upon  t  be  electron  must  operate 
by  »in  of  the  ether  and  must  oome  from 
other  electrons.  The  electrons  may  bear 
either  positive  or  negative  oharges,  and  the 
mass  of  the  positively  charged  electron 
appears  to  be  not  far  short  ox  that  of  the 
chemical     atom.     That     of     the     negative 

electron — or.  as  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson  would 
call  it.  the  "corpuscle" — has  been  more 
accurately   estimated,   and   the   last-named 

physicist  has  lately  announced  it  to  bo  1:V.t 
that  of  the  hydrogen  atom.  But,  as  has 
been  many  times  said  of  late  in  these  columns 
— notably  by  M.  H.  Poincare  in  The  Athe- 
norum  of  February  17th — all  recent  experi- 
ments go  to  prove  that  the  negative  electron 
has  no  real  mass  at  all,  but  only  a  sort  of 
inertia  varying  with  its  speed,  and  becoming 
almost  infinite  as  this  approaches  that  of 
light.  If  as  much  could  be  said  for  the 
positively  charged  electron,  it  would  follow 
that  all  matter  is  composed  of  atoms  of 
electricity  and  of  nothing  else,  and  that  all 
physical  phenomena  are  electrical  in  their 
nature.  But  Prof.  Lorentz  expressly  warns 
us  that  this  cannot  yet  be  shown  to  be  the 
case. 

These  considerations  for  the  most  part 
apply  to  what  are  called  "  free  "  electrons, 
or  electrons  disengaged  from  ponderable 
matter.  It  is  true  that  the  definition  has 
only  a  relative  meaning,  because  Prof. 
Lorentz,  like  most  physicists,  is  of  opinion 
that  the  electron  could  not  exist  in  ether 
that  was  entirely  disentangled  from  matter. 
As  such  conditions  cannot  be  found  in  our 
world,  it  must  be  said  that  the  experiments 
establishing  the  conclusions  already  noted 
were  all  made  in  vacua  so  exceedingly  high 
that  the  quantity  of  air  or  other  gas  remain- 
ing therein  was  reduced  to  a  minimum.  The 
behaviour  of  electrons  freed  from  matter  is 
therefore  still  a  question  of  deduction,  but  the 
case  is  different  with  those  engaged  therein, 
which  Prof.  Lorentz  examines  with  closer 
attention  than  has  yet  been  bestowed  upon 
them.  According  to  his  theory,  every 
charged  body  bears  on  its  surface  a  thin 
layer  of  positive  or  negative  electrons, 
which  in  time  recombine  with  others  of 
opposite  sign,  so  that  they  lose  all  influence 
upon  the  field.  In  the  case  of  a  wire  or 
other  conductor  through  which  a  "  current  " 
or  continually  renewed  charge  is  passing, 
we  have  a  continuous  movement  of  negative 
electrons  towards  one  end.  Is  there  a 
corresponding  rush  of  positive  electrons 
towards  the  other  ?  The  answer  to  this 
must  be  deferred  till  later  ;  but  it  may  be 
said  that  in  making  their  wray  through  the 
entangling  masses  of  matter,  even  the  negative 
electrons,  tiny  as  they  are,  meet  with  con- 
siderable resistance,  which  gives  rise,  as  in 
the  familiar  case  of  an  incandescent  electric 
lamp,  to  the  phenomena  of  heat  and  light. 
As  the  resistance  varies  with  the  metal  or 
other  substance  employed,  a  conductor 
may  be  described  as  a  body  in  which  the 
electrons  move  freely,  and  an  insulator  as 
one  in  which  their  path  is  more  difficult. 

Prof  Lorentz,  however,  like  most  thorough- 
going adherents  of  the  electronic  theory, 
thinks  that  the  action  of  electrons  in  matter 
goes  far  beyond  the  explanation  of  merely 
electrical  phenomena.  That  light  is  caused 
by  electromagnetic  radiations  has  already 
been  said  ;  but  Prof.  Lorentz  goes  a  good 
deal  further,  and  asserts  that  the  electrons 
are  thrown  into  vibration  within  the  mole- 
cules of  every  ponderable  body  when  struck 
by  a  ray  of  light.  Moreover,  he  was  able 
some  years  ago  to  deduce,  without  experi- 


mental  proof,  that    the  vibratioi  1   in 

the  electron  by,  for  instance,  a  luminous 
will  be  varied  by  a  magnetic  field,     .  .1 

cause  the  number  of  lines  m  its  -.peetrum  to 
be  multiplied  —  S  deduction  which  whs  after- 
wards abundant  ly  verified  by  the  experi- 
ments of  Zeeman.  It  we  add  to  this  that 
the  optical  properties  oi  metals  can  be  shown 
to  correspond  to  their  electrical  properties, 

SO    that    the    best    Conductors    are    the    I 
transparent,  we  may  say  that  light  is  in  all 
things  an  electromagnetic  phenomenon,  and 

that  optics  are  henceforth  but  a  part  of  the 
science  of  electricity.  Prof.  Lorentz  labours 
to  show  that  the  same  thing  may  be  said  of 
heat,  in  which  he  has  less  difficulty,  as 
radiant  heat  is  now  admitted  to  consist  of 
vibrations  in  the  ether,  which  only  differ 
from  light-rays  by  a  shorter  wave-length 
and  some  quality  not  yet  explained.  But 
he  also  demonstrates  that  the  calorific  pro- 
perties of  most  substances  correspond  with 
their  electrical  properties,  and  find  their 
only  explanation  in  the  electronic  theory. 
Not  only  does  he  show  that  the  electrical 
conductibility  of  a  metal  bears  a  certain 
ratio  to  its  power  of  conducting  heat,  but 
he  also  explains  that  this  is  directly  due  to 
the  movement  of  electrons  within  its  mole- 
cules. By  arguments  drawn  from  the 
kinetic  theory  of  gases,  he  proves  that  just 
as,  in  a  vertical  column  of  heated  air,  the 
upper  levels  at  first  show  a  higher  tempera- 
ture than  the  lower,  because  the  molecules 
which  first  get  there  have  the  higher  speed, 
but  afterwards  the  temperature  becomes 
equal  tliroughout  by  the  diffusion  in  the 
upper  strata  of  the  slower  molecules  ;  so, 
in  a  metal  unequally  heated,  the  electrons 
will  penetrate  the  more  quickly  one  layer 
after  another  as  their  course  is  the  less 
hindered  by  collisions  with  each  other  and 
with  the  atoms  between  which  they  are 
imprisoned.  Thus  it  is  that  he  accounts 
for  the  difference  in  conductivity  between 
(say)  aluminium  and  platinum. 

In  the  same  way,  the  electronic  theory 
enables  us  to  account  for  various  phenomena 
which  hitherto  have  received  very  inadequate 
interpretation.  If  two  bars  of  different 
metals,  such  as  bismuth  and  antimony,  are 
soldered  together  crosswise  and  a  current 
passed  through  them,  the  point  of  junction 
is  found  to  be  cooled  when  the  current  goes 
from  the  bismuth  to  the  antimony,  and 
heated  when  its  direction  is  reversed.  Here, 
says  Prof.  Lorentz,  before  the  current  passes, 
there  is  an  actual  transfer  of  electrons  from 
one  metal  to  the  other.  So,  too,  if  two 
parallel  bars  of  the  same  metal  have  the 
corresponding  ends  of  each  kept  at  freezing- 
point  and  boiling-point  respectively,  and  a 
current  passed  through  both,  one  bar  is 
found  to  be  hotter  than  the  other,  and  this 
varies  with  the  different  metals  :  e.g.,  in  the 
case  of  copper  the  heat  travels  with,  and  in 
that  of  iron  against,  the  current.  In  this 
case  also  Prof.  Lorentz  attributes  the  absorp- 
tion or  the  emission  of  heat  to  a  movement  of 
electrons. 

These  instances  have  been  given  to  show 
how  dominant  a  position  the  electronic 
theory  has  attained  in  the  whole  realm  of 
physics,  and  that  it  rests  upon  many  solid 
facts  and  apparently  unrelated  phenomena 
even  more  than  upon  the  speculations  and 
conjectures  of  physicists.  We  hope  to  go 
further  and  point  out  the  difficulties  which 
preclude  for  the  present  its  universal  ac- 
ceptance. 

AMALGAMATION  OF  THE  MEDICAL 
SOCIETIES    OF    LONDON. 

Since  the  representative  gathering  of 
London  medical  men  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  last  summer  to  consider  a    pro- 


.1  for  the  amalgamation  of  all  tie-  centra] 
London  medical  societies  into  a  Royal 
Academy  or  Society  of  Medicine,  there  ban. 

been  a  Steady   |  ■■  ird«  the  realiza- 

tion  of   the   idea.     The   meeting   was  con- 
vened  by   the   President   of  the  Collegi 

Physicians    (Sir    William    Church),    hut 
immediate   justification   for   it    was  found   in 
the   cordiality    with    which    the    scheme    was 

red  when  advocated  by  sir  R.  Douglas 

Powell    in    his    presidential     addn 

Royal  Medical  and  CSiirurgica]  Bociety. 
College  of  Physicians  meeting,   which  was. 

very  largely  attended,  unanimously  atfir: 

the    principle    of    amalgamation,    and    an 

Advisory    Committee    and    secretare 
appointed  to  approach  the  various  socic 
— over  twenty — and  do  all  that  they  could 
to  further  the  project. 

A  large  number  of  the  societies  have  now 
laid  the  matter  officially  before  their  members, 
and  small  sub-committees  of  those  bodies, 
have  been  appointed  to  represent  their 
particular  point  of  view  to  the  Advisory- 
Committee.  For  it  must  be  remembered 
that  many  of  the  societies  are  "  special. '" 
i.e.,  consist  of  members  of  the  profession  who 
chiefly  study  one  particular  subject  or 
portion  of  the  human  organism — the  eye, 
the  nose  and  ear,  the  larynx,  diseases  of 
women,  diseases  of  children,  life  assurance' 
work,  and  anaesthetics.  But  there  are  also- 
several  "  general  "  societies,  such  as  the* 
Medical  Society  of  London  (which  is  very- 
large  and  the  oldest  of  them  all,  having  been 
founded  in  1773),  the  Hunterian,  and  the- 
Harveian,  most  of  which  were  probably 
called  into  being  because  the  weeklj-  meetings 
of  one  society  did  not  afford  adequate  oppor- 
tunity to  hear  and  discuss  the  contributions 
of  the  very  numerous  followers  of  the  pro- 
fession to  be  found  in  the  metropolis. 

The  scheme  provides  for  two  classes  of 
adherents  :  Fellows,  paying  a  subscription. 
of  about  three  guineas  per  year,  with  the 
right  to  attend  the  meetings  of  all  sections 
and  to  use  the  combined  library  ;  and 
Members  of  one  particular  section  or 
speciality,  with  the  use  of  the  library,  and 
subscribing  about  a  guinea  per  annum.       t 

The  speeches  at  the  meetings  of  the  various 
societies  liave  revealed  anything  but  unani- 
mity, and  there  are  signs  that  several  of 
the  societies  are  awaiting  the  lead  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  London,  which,  at  a- 
special  meeting  recently,  agreed  to  the 
principle  of  amalgamation,  but  required 
an  impartial  investigation  into  the  financial 
condition  of  the  Royal  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical  Society  before  committing  it-self  further, 
so  that  it  still  retains  its  right  to  negative 
the  whole  scheme.  This  was  carried  by  a 
three-fourths  majority,  the  dissentients  appa- 
rently objecting  to  the  proposal  in  toto. 
This  was  sustained  at  the  subsequent  con- 
firmatory meeting. 

A  number  of  stipulations  have  been 
already  put  forward  by  the  various  bodies, 
and  there  is  a  very  strong  sentimental  objec- 
tion to  merging  the  oldest  medical  society 
in  London  into  a  vast  organization,  with 
the  surrender  of  many  of  those  privilege-, 
medical  and  social,  which  are  features  of 
its  long  history. 


SOCIETI 1 58. 


Entomological. — June  6. — Mr.  F.  Merrifield, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  H.  St.  J.  Donisthorpe 
exhibited  specimens  of  Lonicchusa  atrumota,  p., 
taken  with  Formica  eanrjuinea  at  Woking  on 
May  26th  and  29th.  Only  two  other  British 
examples  are  known — one  taken  by  Sir  Hans 
Sloans  on  Hampstcad  Heath  in  1710.  the  other 
found  by  Dr.  Lench  in  the  mail-coach  between 
Gloucester  and  Cheltenham — and  these  are  included 
in  the  British  Museum  collection. — Mr.  H.  J.  Turner 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


771 


showed  a  case  containing  a  large  number  of  the 
life-histories  of  Coleophorids,  notes  on  which  have 
appeared  in  the  Society's  Proceedings  or  in  The 
Entomological  Record. — Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  showed, 
on  behalf  of  Mr.  Henry  Lupton,  a  few  butterflies 
from  Majorca,  captured  between  April  8th  and  20th. 
Only  one  moth  was  seen,  M.  stellatarum.  So  far 
under  twenty  species  of  butterflies  have  been 
recorded  from  the  Balearic  Islands. — Mr.  Selwyn 
Image  showed  a  specimen  of  Crambus  ericellus,  Hb. , 
taken  at  Loughton,  Essex,  August  8th,  1899  (not 
pi'evioiiBly  recorded  from  further  south  than  Cum- 
berland);  two  specimens  of  Nola  confusalis,  H.  S. 
•ab.  co/umbina,  Image,  taken  in  Epping  Forest, 
.May  5th,  1906;  and  a  specimen  of  Peronea  cristana, 
F.,  the  ground  colour  of  upper  wings  abnormally 
black,  even  more  intensely  black  than  in  the  ab. 
nigrana,  Clark,  also  from  Epping  Forest. — Mr. 
-J.  H.  Keys  sent  for  exhibition  the  type  of  Spathor- 
rhamphus  corsicus,  Marshall,  from  Vizzavona, 
Corsica.  This  fine  Anthribid  was  supposed  by 
some  coleopterists  to  have  been  an  accidental 
importation  into  the  mountainous  regions  of  the 
island,  but  is  no  doubt  endemic.  —  Mr.  Gr.  C. 
Champion  remarked  that  he  had  taken  Platy- 
rhinus  latirostris  in  numbers  in  the  beech  and  pine 
forests  (Pinus  laricio)  along  the  Una  of  railway, 
above  the  tunnel. — Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey  exhibited 
•specimens  of  African  Pierinaj  found  by  Mr.  C.  A. 
Wiggins  on  February  2nd,  190(5,  settled  on  damp 
soil  near  the  Ripon  Falls,  Victoria  Nyanza,  and 
caught,  to  the  number  of  15.3,  at  a  single  sweep  of 
the  net.  Eight  species  were  represented ;  the 
examples  were  all  males,  and,  with  one  exception, 
belonged  to  the  dry-season  form  of  their  respective 
species. — Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton  communicated  some 
notes  on  Natal  butterflies,  which  he  had  received 
from  Mr.  G.  H.  Burn,  of  Weenen,  and  exhibited 
the  four  individuals  oiEuralia  wahlberghi,  Wallgr., 
and  E.  mima,  Trim.,  captured  by  Mr.  G.  A.  K. 
Marshall  near  Malvern,  Natal.  He  exhibited  Mr. 
Marshall's  latest  demonstration  of  seasonal  phases 
in  South  African  species  of  the  genus  Precis,  the 
proof  by  actual  breeding  that  P.  tukuoa,  Wallgr. , 
is  the  dry-season  phase  of  P.  ceryne,  Boisd. — Prof. 
Poulton  further  showed  325  butterflies  captured  in 
•one  day  by  Mr.  C.  B.  Roberts,  between  the  eighth 
and  tenth  mile  from  the  Potaro  River,  British 
Ouiana,  and  drew  attention  to  the  preponderance 
of  males  ;  also  specimens  of  the  beetle  Apteroda 
orbiculala,  Mar.,  and  its  mimic  a  little  Hemipteron, 
Haltica  apterus,  L. ,  swept  together  in  Stow  Wood, 
Oxford  ;  and  of  the  beetle  Myrmedonia  canalicu- 
lata,  F.,  and  its  mimic  the  ant  Myrmica  rubra, 
var.  mgoides,  Nyl. ,  with  a  note  on  their  respective 
association  by  Mr.  W.  Holland. — The  following 
papers  were  read  :  '  Some  Bionomic  Notes  on 
Butterflies  from  the  Victoria  Nyanza  Region,  with 
Exhibits  from  the  Oxford  University  Museum,  by 
Mr.  S.  A.  Neave, — '  On  the  Habits  of  a  Species  of 
Ptyelus  in  British  East  Africa,'  by  Mr.  S.  L. 
Hinde,  illustrated  by  drawings  by  Mrs.  Hinde, — 
"  Mimetic  Forms  of  Papilio  dardanus  (merope)  and 
Acr<ra  johnstoni '  and  •  Predaceous  Insects  and 
their  Prey,'  by  Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton, — and  'Studies 
on  the  Orthoptera  in  the  Hope  Department, 
Oxford  University  Museum  :  I.  Blattidae,'  and  '  A 
Note  on  a  Feeding  Experiment  on  the  Spider 
Nephila  maculata,'  by  Mr.  R.  Shelf  old. 


Meteorological. — June20. — Mr.  Richard  Bent- 
ley,  President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  F.  J.  Brodie  read 
a  paper  on  '  The  Mean  Prevalence  of  Thunder- 
storms in  Various  Parts  of  the  British  Islands 
during  the  Twenty-five  Years  1881-1905.'  The 
author  gives  the  mean  number  of  days  on  which 
thunderstorms,  or  thunder  only,  occurred  in  each 
month,  each  season,  and  in  each  year  at  fifty-three 
ions  situated  in  Tarious  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  July  is  the  month  with  the  largest 
number  of  thunderstorms  over  Great  Britain  as  a 
whole,  and  August  at  some  places  in  the  north  of 
Scotland  and  north-west  of  England  ;  while  June 
is  the  stormiest  month  at  nearly  all  the  Irish 
stations.  For  t  he  whole  year  the  largest  number 
of  thunderstorms  is  over  the  northern  and  eastern 
parts  of  England,  where  more  than  fifteen  occur, 
while  there  are  under  live  in  the  west  and  south  of 
Ireland  and  at  most  placesin  the  north  of  Scotland. 

The    summer   distribution    <>f    thunderstorms   is 
similar  to  the  annual  distribution,  while  the  winter 
distribution  is  very  different,  for  then  thelai 
numbers  ooour along  the  west  coasts  of  Ireland  and 

•Scotland  and  the  extreme  south-west  of  England. — 


Mr.  W.  H.  Dines  communicated  a  paper  on  a 
'  Typical  Squall  at  Oxshott,  May  25,  1906.'  During 
the  morning  there  was  a  steady  wind  from  the 
south-west  of  over  10  miles  per  hour  until  11  a.m., 
when  there  was  some  falling  off  for  fifteen  minutes; 
then  a  rise  to  over  20  miles  per  hour,  accompanied 
by  a  sudden  increase  of  barometric  pressure  and  a 
fall  of  a  few  hundredths  of  an  inch  of  rain.  After 
the  squall  the  wind  dropped  suddenly  and  there 
was  almost  a  dead  calm  for  about  twenty  minutes. 
The  author,  who  was  flying  a  kibe  at  the  time, 
gave  some  account  of  the  changes  in  the  wind  at  a 
considerable  altitude  above  the  earth.  At  1  lh.  26m. 
the  squall  struck  the  kite,  which  was  then  at  a 
height  of  8,400  ft.  Two  minutes  later  the  velocity 
at  the  kite  had  risen  to  58  miles  per  hour,  and  the 
wire  broke  under  a  strain  of  1801b.  Three  minutes 
later  the  kite  fell  at  a  spot  2\  miles  distant  from 
Oxshott. 

Historical. — June  14. — Rev.  Dr.  W.  Hunt, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  following  were 
elected  Fellows  :  R.  S.  Rait,  Arnold  de  Lisle, 
W.  A.  Parker  Mason,  and  Miss  M.  B.  Synge. — 
Miss  R.  R.  Reid  read  the  paper  which  obtained 
the  Alexander  Prize  Medal,  1905-6,  on  '  The  Rising 
of  the  Earls,  1569.' — Mr.  James  Gairdner,  Mr.  Sec- 
combe,  Mr.  Hall,  Miss  Leonard,  and  the  President 
took  part  in  the  brief  discussion  upon  the  paper, 
which  treated  of  the  social  and  political  as  well  as 
of  the  religious  causes  which  underlay  the  rising. 
Miss  Leonard  further  emphasized  the  social  discon- 
tents ;  and  the  President  pointed  out  that  the 
queen's  action  was  a  necessary  step  in  completing 
the  work  of  her  father  in  destroying  the  remains 
of  feudal  independence  in  the  North. 


Society  of  Biblical  Arch.eology. — June  13. 
— Prof.  Sayce  read  a  paper  on  the  "  Chedor-laomer 
Tablets  "  discovered  by  Dr.  Pinches  eleven  years 
ago.  He  said  that  the  progress  of  Assyriology  has 
rendered  it  possible  to  revise  the  translations  then 
given  of  them  and  to  restore  many  of  the  mutilated 
passages.  A  recent  discovery  made  by  him  has 
proved  that  Dr.  Pinches  was  right  in  identifying 
the  King  of  Elam  mentioned  in  them  with  Chedor- 
laomer,  the  true  reading  of  the  cuneiform  signs 
composing  the  name  being  now  ascertained.  He 
gave  a  corrected  translation  of  the  texts,  with 
notes  and  addenda,  and  pointed  out  that  they  con- 
stitute a  trilogy  put  together  out  of  other  materials 
in  the  Persian  period.  In  the  first  part  of  the  tri- 
logy the  conquest  of  Babylon  and  the  destruction 
of  its  temple  are  ascribed  to  the  unrepented  sins  of 
the  people  and  the  anger  of  Bel-Merodach,  with  a 
side  reference  to  its  later  conquest  by  Cyrus  ;  in 
the  second  part  a  Messiah  is  promised  who  had 
been  predestined  "  from  days  everlasting,"  arid 
who  shall  "destnry  the  wicked  ones";  while  the 
third  part  describes  the  punishment  which  fell  on 
Chedor-laomer  and  his  allies,  and  concludes  with 
the  declaration  that  "  the  sinner  shall  be  rooted 
out."  The  poems  are  unique  in  Babylonian  litera- 
ture in  mentioning  "  the  Accuser,"  who  plays  the 
part  of  Satan  in  the  book  of  Job,  and  in  using  the 
plural  "gods"  as  a  singular.  By  combining  the 
references  contained  in  them  with  a  passage  in 
the  standard  Babylonian  work  on  astronomy  it 
is  found  that  Tudghula,  or  Tid'al,  was  king  of 
the  Manda,  or  "  Nations,"'  and  that  it  was  with 
their  help  that  Kudur-Laghghamar  succeeded  in 
conquering  Babylonia.  It  would  further  appear 
that  the  conquest  took  place  when  Khammurabi  of 
Babylon  was  still  a  boy,  that  the  Elamite  suze- 
rainty in  Babylonia  lasted  thirty  years,  and  that 
the  mother  of  Eri-Aku,  or  Arisch,  was  a  sister  of 
the  Elamite  king. 


M  \tiii;m atk  at,. — Jv»<  14. — Prof.  A.  R.  Forsyth, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  W.  H.  Jackson  was 
admitted  into  the  Society. — Mr.  Walter  Bailey 
exhibited  a  collection  of  models  of  space-filling 
solids. — The  following  papers  were  eonimunieated  : 
'  The  Algebra  of  A  polar  Linear  Complexes,'  by  Dr. 
H.  F.  Baker, — 'Supplementary  Note  on  the  Re- 
presentation of  certain  Asymptotic  Series  as  Con- 
vergent Continued  Fractions,'  by  Prof.  L.  J. 
Rogers, — and  'On  certain  Special  Types  of  Con- 
vertible Matrices,'  by  Mr.  J.  Brill. 

PHT8ICAL. — June  8. — Prof.   J.    Perry.  President, 

intheohair,-  A  papei  by  Mr.  II.  Davies,  'On  the 


Solution  of  Problems  in  Diffraction  by  the  Aid  of 
Contour  Integration,'  was  read  by  the  Secretary. — 
Mr.  J.  Goold's  experiments  with  a  vibrating  steel 
plate  were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Newton  &  Co. — A 
paper  on  '  Fluid  Resistance '  was  read  by  Col.  R.  de 
Villamil. 


MEETINGS  next  week. 
Mox.     Jewish  Historical,  8.30.— '  The  Return  of  the  Jews  to  England, 

Sir  Isidore  Spielmann;    'The  Crawford   Hagadah,'    Mr.    I. 

Abrahams ;  '  Some  Members  of  the  Whitehall  Conference,' 

Mr.  I.  Solomons  ;  and  other  papers. 
Wed.     British  Numismatic,  8.—'  A  Find  of  Ancient  British  Coins  at 

South  Ferrihy,  near  Barton-on-Humber,'  Mr.  B.  Both. 

—  Geological,  S. — '  Interference-Phenomena   in   the  Alps,'  Mrs. 

M.   M.   Ogilvie    Gordon ;    '  The  Influence  of    Pressure    and 
Porosity  on  the  Motion  of  Sub-Surface  Water,'  Mr.  W.  B. 
Baldwin-Wiseman. 
TniRS.  Royal,  4..S0. 

—  Society  of  Antiquaries,  8.30. 


%timtt  Ctestp. 

A  new  lectureship,  to  be  called  the  George 
Combe  Lectureship  on  General  and  Experi- 
mental Psychology,  has  been  established  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh.  The  salary 
is  300Z.  a  year. 

Recent  Parliamentary  Papers  include 
Part  I.  of  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Scotland  (Is.  9d.)  ;  and  Report  of 
Delegates  to  the  International  Congress  on 
Tuberculosis,  held  at  Paris  October,  1905 
(2d.). 

Harvard  College  Circular  No.  115 
announces  the  variability  of  no  fewer  than 
twenty-two  stars  in  the  constellation  Carina, 
discovered  by  Miss  Leavitt's  examination 
of  six  plates  taken  with  the  Bruce  telescope. 
One  of  these  is  of  the  Algol  type,  and  a 
number  of  observations  of  its  magnitude 
when  near  minimum  (about  12J  magnitude) 
are  given.  Circular  No.  117  announces  a 
star  of  that  type  in  the  constellation  Sagit- 
tarius, detected  by  Mrs.  Fleming  on  a  com- 
parison of  several  plates.  It  varies  about  a 
magnitude  in  a  period  of  little  more  than 
two  days,  the  minimum  being  about  9£. 
Madame  Ceraski,  in  the  course  of  her  exam- 
ination of  plates  taken  by  M.  Blajko  at  the 
Moscow  Observatory,  has  noticed  a  new 
variable  in  the  constellation  Draco.  When 
brightest,  this  star  is  of  about  9 '7  magnitude  ; 
when  faintest,  if  appears  to  be  below  12J. 
Its  situation  is  a  little  to  the  west  of  7  Dra- 
conis,  and  about  3  degrees  to  the  north  of 
76  Ursse  Majoris ;  its  designation  will  be 
var.  54,  1906,  Draconis.  


FINE   ARTS 


THE    PRESERVATION    OF    THE 
CAIRO    MONUMENTS. 

Comite  de  Conservation  des  Monuments  de 
VArt  arabe.  Proces-verbaux,  Rapports, 
Appendices.  Fasc.  XIX.,  XX.,  XXI. 
18  plates.  (Cairo,  Imprimerie  de  l'ln- 
stitut  francais.) 

Memoires  de  la  Mission  areJuologique 
francaise  au  Caire. — XIX.  Fasc.  IV. 
Materiaux  pour  un  Corpus  Inscrip- 
tionum  Arabicarum.  Par  Max  van 
Berchem.— Le  Caire.  Fin,  Appendice, 
Index  general.     (Paris,  Leroux.) 

The  Commission  for  the  Preservation  of 
the  Monuments  of  Aral)  Art  has  so  com- 
pletely mastered  its  business,  and  its 
reports  show  such  a  mass  of  detailed  work 
carefully  and  methodically  organized, 
that  an  annual  review  of  its  proceedings 
becomes  almost  monotonous.  It  is  a 
form  of  monotony,  however,  thai  implies 
commendation.     We  have  little  bu1  praise 


77'J 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


NM104,  Jt  BE  33,  1906 


to  award  to  the  labours  of  the  Commission 
-••1  forth  in  it-  last  three  reports.  If  we 
an-  inclined  ti>  egroci  with  Mi.  Bomen 
Clarke  that  it  would  be  advantageous  to 
issue  these  reports  more  expeditiously,  we 
ire  also  aware  that  the  bureau  is  already 
Overwhelmed   with   work,  sad  it   is  not 

easy  to  get  the  reports  out  as  quickly  as 
all  would  desire.  Mr.  Somers  Clarke 
wi-^he-  that  the  honorary  members,  sucli  as 
himself,  could  receive  the  proces-verlxm r 
in  time  to  oommunioste  their  views  as  to 
important  decisions  before  these  are 
irrevocably  carried  into  effect.  The 
immediate  cause  of  his  suggestion — it 
might  he  termed  a  protest  —  was  the 
removal  of  the  graceful  hanafiyeh,  or 
fountain  for  Hanafi  ablutions,  from  the 
mosque  of  Sultan  Hasan  to  that  of  el- 
Maridani.  This  removal  was  apparently 
decreed  and  carried  out  before  the  opinions 
of  the  honorary  members  in  Europe  could 
be  laid  before  the  Commission.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  the  step  is  open  to  criticism, 
for  although  the  fountain  does  not  belong 
to  the  foundation  of  the  first-named 
mosque,  the  history  of  a  monument  is 
revealed  by  its  later  accretions  as  well  as 
by  its  original  structure,  and  in  such  cases 
it  seems  advisable  to  take  the  views  of 
the  European  experts  in  Saracenic  art  as 
well  as  those  of  the  sitting  Commission, 
even  though  this  comprises  such  well- 
known  authorities  as  Yakub  Artin  Pasha, 
Franz  Pasha,  Herz  Bey,  and  M.  Casanova. 
It  should  not  be  difficult  to  send  prompt 
transcripts  of  the  proces-verbaux  to  the 
honorary  and  corresponding  members, 
seeing  that  these  number  only  eight  — 
Adler,  Lane-Poole,  Baudry, Grand,  Zalusky, 
Somers  Clarke,  Rhone,  and  Van  Berchem. 
The  finances  of  the  Commission  have 
been  of  late  unusually  flourishing.  The 
Caisse  de  la  Dette  continues  its  wise  policy 
of  making  very  substantial  grants,  in  pursu- 
ance of  the  advice  given  by  Lord  Cromer  in 
1896,  which  resulted  in  the  unprecedented 
grant  of  20,000?.  Since  then  the  Caisse 
has  voted  10,500?.  This  is  apart  from  the 
ordinary  annual  income  of  the  Commission, 
about  8,000/.,  of  which  the  Wakfs  Adminis- 
tration contributes  half.  As  a  result  of  an 
improved  revenue  the  Commission  has 
been  enabled  to  devote  some  7.000Z.  to  the 
much-needed  preservation  of  the  great 
mosque  of  Sultan  Hasan,  for  which  Herz 
Bey  pleaded  in  his  superbly  illustrated 
monograph.  It  has  also  taken  in  hand 
the  beautiful  tomb-mosque  of  Kalaun, 
the  mosque  of  Aksunkur,  the  exquisite 
tomb  of  Kait  Bey  in  the  Karafah,  and 
many  others  ;  whilst  the  long-standing 
work  on  the  mosque  of  el-Maridani  has 
been  completed.  It  is  especially  to  be 
noted  that  all  restorations  are  duly  dis- 
tinguished by  Arabic  inscriptions  giving 
the  date  of  each  separate  part  of  the 
restoration,  and  these  inscriptions  are 
recorded  in  the  annual  report?.  Such 
distinguishing  marks  were  strongly  recom- 
mended in  Lord  Cromer's  Report  to 
Parliament  in  1896,  and  there  can  be  no 
question  as  to  their  necessity.  Another 
recommendation  has  been  continuously 
acted  upon,  namely,  the  expropriation 
and      removal       of       the       shops       and 


tUbris  that  disfigure,  and  often  seriously 
injure,    many    <>f    the    mosque    facades. 

These  are  gradually  disappearing  by  t  he 
action  of  the  Commission,  especially  in  the 
Ghurtyeh  and  Nahhssfn.    The  Conunis* 

UOn     i-     also     vigilant     in     resisting     any 

encroachments  by  shopkeepers  or  private 
citizens  on  the  area  of  the  monuments: 

many  instances  occur  in  the  repot 
though  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  keep  an 
eye  upon  all  the  hundreds  of  buildings 
classified  as  artistic  remains,  and  it  is  not 
surprising  that  now  and  then  an  act  of 
vandalism  should  be  successful. 

The  Appendixes  to  the  reports  are  always 
interesting,  and  we  are  glad  to  read  that  the 
tomb  and  medreseh  of  eR-Salih  Ayyub, 
the  opponent  of  St.  Louis,  have  been 
made  the  subject  of  special  investigation, 
and  that  the  clearing  away  of  the  drcombres, 
&c,  which  masked  these  important  monu- 
ments has  resulted  in  the  uncovering  of 
some  fresh  details.  It  is  deeply  to  be 
regretted  that  a  careful  excavation  has 
not  revealed  any  further  remains  of  the 
Kamiliyeh  College,  which,  according  to 
the  sketches  of  James  Wild,  the  architect, 
and  sometime  curator  of  the  Soane 
Museum,  was  in  a  fair  state  of  preservation 
about  sixty  years  ago.  It  would  be  interest- 
ing, by  the  way,  to  learn  where  Wild's 
sketch-books  are  now.  They  were  full  of 
elevations  and  plans  of  numerous  monu- 
ments in  Cairo,  many  of  which  have 
suffered  partial  or  perhaps  complete 
destruction  since  the  drawings  were  made. 
Other  appendixes,  compiled  by  Herz  Bey, 
relate  to  mosques  at  Mahallah  el-Kubra 
and  at  Ikhmim,  and  to  the  so  -  called 
"  Roman  "  tower  at  Alexandria,  showing 
that  the  Commission  does  not  restrict  its 
surveillance  to  Cairo  monuments  alone. 
It  is  also  satisfactory  to  see  that  consider- 
able sums  have  been  expended  upon  the 
upkeep  and  repair  of  the  splendid  gates 
of  Cairo  and  the  old  walls,  as  well  as  upon 
the  well-known  Roman  fortress  of  Babylon. 
The  work  of  restoration  among  the  Coptic 
buildings,  however,  proceeds  somewhat 
slowly,  partly  owing  to  the  small  contri- 
bution made  by  the  Patriarch  (we  believe 
only  200Z.  a  year)  to  the  restoration  fund. 
Some  two  thousand  pounds,  nevertheless, 
have  been  well  spent  upon  Deyr  el-Adra, 
Abu-s-Seyfeyn,  and  Deyr  el-Benat.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  jealous  attention 
which  the  Commission  has  long  directed 
to  the  tract  of  'Eyn  es-Sira  may  be  followed 
by  excavations,  which  should  lead  to  dis- 
coveries in  connexion  with  the  older  Arab 
capitals.  We  note  that  as  much  as  8001. 
was  paid  for  an  enamelled  glass  lamp  of 
the  emir  Almas  (fourteenth  century)  for 
the  Museum  of  Arab  Art . 

For  the  history  of  the  monuments  over 
which  the  Commission  and  its  Chief 
Architect  watch  with  such  admirable 
energy  and  discretion  no  more  valuable 
work  exists  than  the  learned  and  com- 
prehensive '  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Arabi- 
carum,'  which  M.  Max  van  Berchem  has 
completed  (so  far  as  Cairo  is  concerned) 
by  the  publication  of  a  fourth  part,  treat- 
ing of  the  'Othmanli  inscriptions  and  of 
the  inscriptions  preserved  in  the  Cairo 
Museum,    many   of   which   are   of   great 


interest.     But  the  grand  feature  of  this 

final     fasciculus     is     an     elaborate     index. 

comprising  50,000  references,  and  includ- 
ing    the     Arabic     names,     ti'.les.     and 

word-  (except  mere  particle-  and  the  likei 

Hiring  in  all  the  inscriptions  in   the 

1  OorpUS.1  The  narn<\s  and  word-  ar>- 
given  in  italic  and  romau  (not  Arabic? 
letters,   and   tic  m   <>f   reference   i- 

mOSt  carefully  and  methodically  com- 
pressed. The  labour  of  compiling  so  vast 
and  detailed  an  index  must  have  l>een 
immense,  and  we  are  not  surprised  to 
read  that  the  author  was  engaged  upon  it 
for  two  years.  Its  utility  to  the  -tudent 
of  the  Arabic  monuments  and  of  the 
history  of  Egypt  under  Mohammedan  rule 
is  simply  incalculable,  and  M.  van  Berchem 
has  rendered  a  very  notable  service  to 
Oriental  historians  and  epigraphists  by 
this  eminently  practical  conclusion  to  a 
work  of  rare  scholarship  and  persevering 
labour. 

We  must  not  omit  to  refer  to  his 
appendix,  containing  some  important 
Arabic  inscriptions  from  various  parts  of 
Egypt ;  an  elaborate  discussion  of  the 
inscription  of  Bedr  el-Gemali  on  the 
(vanished)  Mosque  of  the  Perfumers  at 
Alexandria  (on  which  the  learned  author 
differs,  rightly,  from  Amari's  reading)  ;  a, 
very  curious  inscription  of  the  Fatimid 
caliph  el-Amir  at  Damietta,  which  gives 
occasion  to  M.  van  Berchem  for  an  inter- 
esting examination  of  the  Xizarian  pre- 
tension ;  and  (to  name  no  more)  the 
inscription  of  Saladin  on  the  Citadel  of 
Cairo  which  was  copied  by  Lane  eighty 
years  ago,  but  has  since  disappeared.  It 
was  published  in  English  by  Prof.  Lane- 
Poole  in  The  Athenceum,  but  now  appears 
for  the  first  time  in  the  Arabic  text,  with 
a  few  verbal  emendations  which  are  un- 
doubtedly correct.  M.  van  Berchem  is 
evidently  a  careful  reader  of  our  columns, 
and  we  observe  that  he  has  adopted  our 
orthography  of  the  name  of  the  queen 
Sheger  -  ed  -  durr  ("  Chad  jar  ad-durr  "), 
instead  of  the  vulgar  form  Shegeret, 
which  we  regret  to  notice  that  the  Cairo- 
Commission  retains.  With  regard  to  our 
criticism  (Alhe?iceum,  No.  3757,  p.  591  > 
of  his  view  that  the  titles  with  ed-dunyi 
wa-d-din  are  necessarily  sovereign  titles, 
M.  van  Berchem  argues  that  though  we 
were  right  on  the  numismatic  evidence 
(where  the  admitted  sovereignty  implied 
in  the  right  of  sikkeh  rendered  the  double 
title  less  necessary),  the  evidence  of  inscrip- 
tions and  protocols  confirms  his  opinion  * 
but  the  exceptions  he  notes  prove  that 
this  statement  is  not  absolute  before  the 
period  of  the  Mamluks.  With  this  reserva- 
tion there  is  little  difference  between  usr 
and  M.  van  Berchem  is  doubtless  justified 
in  his  distinction  between  coins  and  inscrip- 
tions in  point  of  authority  on  questions  of 
titles. 


Amf.uhans  are  paying  increased  attention 
to  tci  irplv  TrtXiopia  in  the  culmination  of 
their  commercial  success  ;  and  every  year 
one  finds  fresh  evidences  of  it.  They  are 
taking  up  culture  of  the  older  world . 
and  with  an  enthusiasm  which  makes  for 
accomplishment.    Old  furniture,  old  gardens. 


N°4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


773 


old  pictures,  old  books— all  old  things  are 
becoming    dear    to    them,    in    two    senses. 
Among  other  things  they  are  engrossed  in  old 
fashions,  as  several  excellent  books  testify. 
There  was  Mrs.   Morse  Earle's   '  Two   Cen- 
turies of  Costume  in  America,'  and  here  is  a 
rival,   Historic  Dress,    1607   to   1800   (Lane), 
by    Mrs.    McClellan,    which    is    even    more 
•elaborate     than     its     predecessor.     If     we 
remember  rightly,   this   sumptuous  volume 
was  issued  in  the  United  States  a  year  or 
two   ago.     It   has   the  distinction   of  being 
admirably  illustrated  in  colour,  pen  and  ink, 
and  wash   drawings  by  Miss   Sophie   Steel, 
to  whom  much  credit  is  due  for  her  accuracy 
and  patience.     The  wash  pages  are  the  most 
■effective,    and   catch   the   eye   at   a   glance, 
•enabling  the  reader  to  follow  the  changing 
course  of  fashion  quite  easily,  as  it  varied 
from    simplicity    to    over-elaboration,    and 
back     again     to     simplicity.        It     is     odd 
that  a  portion    of    the    eighteenth    century 
which     produced    the    best     specimens     of 
domestic    architecture  and   furniture  should 
have  been    characterized    by  such  abomin- 
able   taste     in     dress  ;      and    just    as    the 
mode     was    marching    towards    the     close 
of  the  century,  moving  in  the  direction  of 
chaster  outlines,  the  vulgarities  of  the  Empire 
tococco    were    threatened.     On    the    whole, 
American  dress  kept  pace  with  the  European 
exemplars,  but  the  fashions  lingered  longer 
in  remoter  places.     One  gathers  from  these 
pages  that  in  many  cases  old  robes  have  been 
carefully  and  piously  preserved  in  American 
families,  and  here  adorn  the  bodies  of  fair 
descendants.     Thus  also  is  connexion  made 
with  the  historic  past. 


tion  is  somewhat  unsympathetic,  we  should 
like  to  see  some  of  our  more  naturally  gifted 
and  impulsive  colourists  strengthening  them- 
selves by  so  sound  and  utilitarian  a  method. 
They  are  usually  discouraged  from  so  doing  on 
the  ground  of  "  the  impossibility  of  reconcil- 
ing opposing  virtues  "  ;  but  as  a  matter  of 
fact  every  painter  of  any  stature  has  grown 
to  that  stature  by  thus  combining  many 
elements  into  one  richly  varied  talent, 
and  one  of  the  reasons  that  keep  modern 
painters  small  is  the  coddling  that  shelters 
them  from  the  wind  of  criticism  on  the  side 
on  which  they  are  temperamentally  weak, 
and  thus  deprives  them  of  a  useful  stimulus 
to  all-round  development. 


DECORATIVE  PANELS  AT  THE 
ALPINE  CLUB. 

Holding,  as  we   do,  that    a   revival    of 

decorative  painting  is  of  the  first  importance 

in  the  interests   of  living  art,   we  welcome 

any  attempt  in  this  direction.     The  patron 

-who    wisely    commissions,    the    artist    who 

successfully  executes,  a  suite  of  decorations 

have,  other  things  being  equal,  done  more 

usefully  than  they  would  have  done  by  a 

corresponding  generosity  in  the  buying,  and 

activity  in  the  production,  of  easel  pictures. 

Even  failure  in  such  a  desirable  effort  lias  its 

merit,  and  in  this  case  neither  patron  nor 

artist    has    entirely     failed.     The     pictures 

hang    together    harmoniously    in    schemes, 

judiciously  varied,  but  of  homogeneouscolour, 

and  Mr.  Kerr  Lawson  has  the  technique  of  a 

decorator.     We  see  such  work  less  frequently 

here   than   in   the   Paris   Salons,   where   we 

constantly  come  on  large  landscapes  by  men 

manifestly  capable  of  the  orderly  dividing- 

up  of  the  process  of  painting  a  picture  into 

rio  many  different  sections  that  shall  enforce, 

but  not  obliterate  each  other,  and  leave  the 

entire  work  a  single   unbroken  movement, 

%  et  men  as  manifestly  destitute  of  the  power 

of  imaginative  design  which  is  the  other  half 

of     the     decorator's     equipment — destitute 

also  of  the  fine  instinct  for  the  delicacies  of 

colour  relation  that  is  his  crown  and  final 

justification. 

The  colour  instinct,  ill  regulated  perhaps, 
is  so  much  commoner  in  England  than  in 
Prance  that  its  absence  in  a  man  with  the 
painter's  competence  of  Mr.  Kerr  Law  sou. 
comes  as  something  of  a  shock.  Without 
being  actively  objectionable,  he  is  definitely 

,  bud  oolourist     On  the  other  hand,  if  these 

panels    ate    not,    first-rate    designs,    some    of 

the  blame  is  due  to  the  patron  for  imposing 
i,  impracticable  subject!  as  these  purely 

architectural      street      scenes,      in      which      a 

multitude  of  rectilineal  details  must  be  a 
trifle  unmanageable.     Yet  though  the  collec- 


YOUNGER    PAINTERS    AT    THE 
BAILLIE    GALLERY. 


Mb.  Fergusson  has  a  small  show  in  this 
Baker  Street  gallery  which  displays  a.one- 
sided  talent.  His  work  rises  in  one  or  two 
of  these  little  pictures  to  an  unusual  pitch 
of  excellence,  but  is  identical  in  aim  with 
that  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  last  genera- 
tion of  painters,  whose  efforts  have  on  the 
whole  been  very  disappointing  in  result. 
After  the  manner  of  Whistler  and  in  the 
short,  detached  sentences  that  recall  his 
style,'  Mr.  Fergusson  in  the  Catalogue  sets 
forth  their  position  with  admirable  brevity, 
and  something  of  Whistler's  specious  art  of 
stating  what  is  generally  considered  an  incon- 
trovertible fact  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
imply  something  very  disputable. 

"  To  the  realist  in  painting,  light  is  the 
mystery  :  for  form  and  colour,  which  are 
the  painter's  only  way  of  representing  life, 
exist  only  on  account  of  light.  The  only 
hope  of  giving  the  impression  of  reality  is  by 
truthful  lighting."  Here  is  an  example  of 
a  conclusion  not  indisputable,  for  all  its 
apparent  simplicity  :  we  are  not  obliged  to 
paint  literally,  to  produce  nature's  impres- 
sion of  reality  in  nature's  way.  Much  more 
damaging,  however,  is  the  assumption  to 
which  the  painter  in  practice  proceeds,  that 
truthful  lighting  is  therefore  the  only  business 
of  art  (as  though,  forsooth,  "reality"  were 
its  only  aim) — an  assumption  expressed, 
indeed,  in  the  next  sentence,  where  we  are 
told  that  "  the  painter,  having  found  the 
beauty  of  nature,  ceases  to  be  interested  in 
the  beauty  of  art  " — which  is  true  in  the 
present  instance,  but,  we  submit,  regrettable. 
For  in  what  does  this  traditional  beauty 
of  art  consist  but  in  paying  nature  the  com- 
pliment of  a  truer  imitation  ?  Seeing  that 
in  nature  there  is  no  such  thing  as  repetition, 
but  everything  is  uniquely  fitted  for  its 
place,  the  artist  tries  to  find  for  painting  its 
place  in  the  scheme,  to  endow  it  with  the 
qualities  most  fitted  for  its  permanent  nature, 
its  decorative  function  as  part  of  an  interior 

qualities     fundamentally     different     from 

those  we  accept  as  beautiful  in  the  fleeting 
vision  of  a  moment,  to  be  read  each  as  one 
of  an  infinite  chain  of  visions  where  beauty 
consists  of  evanescence.  To  describe  the 
achievements  in  this  task  of  the  great 
masters  as  a  "  piecing  together  of  different 
impressions  "  is  not  happy,  and,  indeed, 
Mr.  Fergusson  seems  to  regard  each  "  im- 
pression and  emotion  as  a  thing  very  single 
in  itself,  and  marked  definitely  off  from  its 
successor,  as  though  he  had  exchanged  for 
the  snap  of  the  kinematograph  the  calm 
Continuity  of  eye  and  brain. 

\\  ,  have  examined  seriously,  because  it 
represents  a  typical  position  that  still 
persists  and  gains  converts,  this  prologue 
,  splanatOTJ  "t  the  aitistS  intention,  winch. 
as  he  truly  says,  must,  be  understood  Dj 
those  who  would  estimate  his  achievement. 


We  believe  it  to  be  an  honest  explanation, 
but  of  an  intention  that  is  harmful  and  not 
calculated  to  lead  to  the  best  results.  With 
this  proviso  there  are  a  few  of  Mr.  Fergus- 
son's  studies  that  reach  a  high  level  of 
excellence.  He  renders  with  great  poignancy 
the  atmosphere  of  that  most  melancholy 
place,  a  fashionable  French  bathing  station 

the   tiring   brilliance   that    sun   and   sand 

and  sky  alike  reflect,  and  that  the  chalets 
are  too  flimsy  to  keep  out,  the  white  nights 
that  scarcely  heal  the  ache  of  the  dazzling 
days;  so  impregnated  is  every  object  with 
Ho-lit  that  even  at  night  it  gives  off  a 
level,  shadowless  radiance.  Even  by 
moonlight  the  raw  chalky  white  of  the 
stucco  vases  along  the  "  front  "  will  remain 
harsh,  while  it  is  subtle,  and  in  this 
contradiction  is  the  pictorial  quality  of  these 
places,  which  the  artist  has  occasionally 
seized  by  a  stroke  of  magic,  extenuating 
nothing  of  the  crudity,  wringing,  indeed, 
out  of  it  a  super-subtlety  of  tone.  His 
Aberdour  Pier,  Paris  Plage  from  the  Sea, 
A  Cloudy  Sky,  Villa  Stella  Maris,  and  The 
Bathing  Hour,  Paris  Plage,  are  so  many  poems 
by  a  true  lover  who  has  felt  the  pathos  of 
these  husks  of  gaiety,  without  weight, 
without  inside,  like  the  shells  of  sea  creatures 
we  see  flung  on  the  shore,  bleached  and  dried 
by  the  sun  into  dazzlingly  useless  emblems 
of  white  fragility. 

This  is  Mr.  Fergusson's  note,  and  this 
apart  (though  elsewhere  he  has  shown  still 
life  of  some  power),  he  exhibits  here  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  pictures  that  might  reason- 
ably be  stigmatized  as  daubs.  We  earnestly 
trust  that  a  painter  of  such  native  gifts  will 
consent  to  revise  his  "  intentions." 

Downstairs  is  a  painter  of  more  academic 
cut,  who  would  never  consent  to  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson's propositions.  Mr.  Philpot's  best 
picture,  the  Lady  with  a  Letter,  is  in  its 
successful  part  frankly  conventional  and 
generalized.  He  seems  to  have  had  a 
difficulty  with  the  face,  which  is  treated  in 
more  realistic  fashion  and  not  quite  success- 
fully. Elsewhere  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Charles  Shannon  is  a  little  disquieting  in  a 
painter  so  young  as  almost  to  be  liable  to 
exploitation  for  prodigious  infancy.  So 
much  technical  fluency  achieved  so  soon 
threatens  shallowness.  Some  charming  dry- 
points  show  him  at  his  lightsome  best. 

Another  student  showing  possibilities  is 
Mr.  Louis  Sargent,  who  has  some  graceful 
projects  in  pastel.  The  Infant  Dionysus 
is  perhaps  the  best.  He  has  not,  we  think, 
advanced  too  far  to  consider  the  advisa- 
bility of  adopting  a  nom  de  guerre  that 
might  spare  him  some  of  the  annoyance 
attendant  on  wearing  his  own. 


THE  A(i NEW  AND  OTHER  SALES. 

Mkssrs.  Chkistik's  sale  last  Saturday  chiefly 
consisted  of  the  collection  of  modern  pictures  and 
water-colour  drawings  formed  by  tin-  late  Mr. 
Thomas  Agnew.  of  Fairhope,  Eocles,  near  Man- 
chester, a  former  partner  in  the  tine-art  firm 
,,f  Thomas  Agnew  &  Sons.  This  collection  was 
bequeathed  by  Mr.  Agnew,  whodied  upwards  of 

thirty  years  ago,  to  his  widow,  whose  death  a  few 
months    since'  has    been    followed    by    the    present 

dispersal.  The  greater  p  it  ion  of  the  pictures 
were  purchased  by  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Agnew,  in 

some  eases  for  the  various  meiuhers  of  the  family. 
Most  of  the  artists  represented  in  the  sale  have 
had  their  dav  :  they  Were  for  the  most  part   at   the 

height  of  their  popularity  when  Mr.  Agnew  formed 
bis  collection,  so  that  on  Saturday  there  were  a 
t,w  considerable  "  drops  "  in  price.     In  some  tv* 

instances,  however,  the  pnres  realized  were  in 
advance     of     those     at      which     the     works     were 

aoquired.  The  total  of  10,727/.  IT*,  for  122  lots 
was  considerably  higher  than  had  been  anticipated. 

There    were  'only    two    pictures    of    the     Early 
English   School,  and   h  >th  wore  catalogued  as   l>y 


771 


THE     ATHKNjEUM 


N°4104,  Jink  23,  1906 


sir  Jot  boa  K'  j  ooldi      ill'-  more  hupoj  i.mi  « 
i  young  boy  in  ■  bita  di 
Ins  hands  joined  before  him,  in  ■  landaoapa  book 
ground,  ■  oompoeition  vary  hk«.   Reynolari  por- 
trait  "i  Maatei  Philip  Yorka  (afterwards  \  [aoount 

iton),  painted  in  1787«  Tbia  piotore 
always  regarded  aa  the  work  "t  Gainaboroagh, 
under  whoae  name,  and  with  the  titl- 
'Innooenoe,'  it  waa  aold  for  SOOga.  at  the  Agnev 
Baled  l^Ti.  fta  aimilaritj  to  Reynolda'a  portrait 
ol  Master  E*bilip  Yorke  lea  to  its  being  attributed 
to  that  nrtist,  but  exoellent  judges  now  regard  it 
as  the  work  of  Sir  William  Beeohey,  whoae  oopiee 
ol  Reynolds  are  known  to  have  surprised  the 
President  himself  by  their  extraordinary 
exaotitude.  On  Baturday  this  piotore  realized 
k  The  seoond  Reynolds  waa  a  picture  of  the 
two  Mi>s  Paines,  daughters  ef  .lames  Paine  the 
arohiteot,  the  elder  girl  in  white-and-blue  *  1 1  - 
and  the  younger  in  pink  dreaa  This  is  an  early 
Reynolds,  painted  in  1T.">7,  and  was  the  property 
of  Mr.  John  Craven  in  1863,  when  the  Bitters  wire 
deaoribed  as  the  Ladies  de  Grey  and  Grantham. 
In  July,  1866,  it  realized  95ga.  at  Foster's;  in 
Maroh,  1872,  it  brought  I15gs.  at  Christie's,  and  a 
year  later  advanced  to  210gs.  ;  on  .Saturday  it 
fetched  440gs.  It  \\as  engraved  in  1806  by  R.  B. 
Park 

The  other  pictures  were  :  R.  Ansdell,  Gathering 
the  Flock.  L56ga  ;  Lytham  Sandhills,  310gs.  Rosa 
Bonheur,  Bheep  by  the  Seashore,  510gs.  E.  W. 
t  ooke,  Danish  Craft  on  the  Elbe,  off"  Blankenese, 
low  water.  I40gs.  D.  Cox,  Wind,  Rain,  and 
Sunshine,  Lytham  Sands,  220gs.  W.  P.  Frith, 
II  garth  brought  before  the  Governor  of  Calais  as 
a  Spy,  310gs.  (this  realized  l.OOOgs.  at  the  Brooks 
sale  in  1879).  P.  Graham,  Waves  breaking  over 
Rocks,  150gs.  F.  Hall,  Gone,  370gs.  ;  Faces 
in  the  Fire,  135gs.  (in  Topham  sale  1878  it 
fetched  lOOgs.).  J.  C.  Hook,  Fisher-Girls  Gather- 
ing Mussels,  220gs.  J.  Linnell,  sen.,  The  Storm, 
Tings,  (at  the  Fenton  sale,  1879,  510gs.).  J. 
Constable,  River  Scene,  with  cottages,  bridge,  and 
boats,  260gs.  J.  N.  Sartorius,  In  Full  Cry,  2(X)gs. 
E.  van  Marcke,  Two  Cows  standing  in  a  Pool  of 
Water,  a  Third  Cow  lying  down,  505gs. 

The  drawings  included :  G.  Barret,  River  Scene, 
with  a  tree  and  church  spire,  80gs.  D.  Cox,  Rocky 
Landscape,  with  a  cottage  and  two  figures,  60gs.  ; 
On  the  Beach,  Rhyl,  lOOgs.  ;  Woody  Landscape, 
harvest  time,  llags.  ;  Walton  Abbey,  on  the 
Thames,  65gs.  ;  Returning  from  Market,  65gs. 
P.  De  Wint,  Bolton  Abbey,  75gs.  ;  Landscape, 
with  a  windmill  and  figures,  135gs.  ;  River  Scene, 
with  a  pleasure  barge  and  punt,  120gs.  ;  Woody 
Landscape,  52gs.  G.  Chambers,  Sailing-Boat  in  a 
Breeze,  60gs.  C.  Fielding,  Landscape,  with  figures 
and  cattle  near  a  river,  58gs.  ;  Mountainous  Land- 
scape, with  cattle  on  a  road,  lOOgs.  A.  C.  Gow, 
Figures  on  a  Road,  a  church  in  the  distance,  52gs. 
W.  Hunt,  Grace  before  Meat,  2(K)gs.  (from  the 
Baron  Grant  sale  of  1877,  when  it  brought  370gs.). 
Sir  F.  Powell,  Nearing  Port,  62gs.  ;  Early  Morn- 
ing on  Loch  Fyne,  62gs.  S.  Prout,  The  Arcade 
of  the  Rialto,  95gs.  F.  Tayler,  The  Coverley  Hunt, 
4Slis.  Turner,  Colchester,  engraved  in  the  '  Eng- 
land and  Wales  '  series,  oOOgs. ;  Ash  by  de  la  Zouche, 
engraved  in  the  same  series,  520gs.  (from  the  Novar 
sale  of  1878,  when  it  realized  500gs.);  River  and 
Bridge,  with  cows,  76gS. 

The  second  portion  of  the  sale  consisted  of  pic- 
tures and  drawings,  the  property  of  the  late  Mr. 
(i.  K.  Harrison,  the  late  Mr.  G.  H.  Tod-Heatly, 
and  others.  The  pictures  included  :  Sir  L.  Alma 
Tadema,  A  Safe  Confidant,  on  panel,  22()gs.  H. 
Fantin-Latour,  Flowers  in  a  Bowl,  3.">0gs. ;  Basket 
of  Grapes  and  a  Pomegranate,  IGOgs.  J.  B.  C. 
Corot,  Near  Ville  d'Avray,  <>50gs.  F.  Goodall, 
The  Post  Office,  132gs.  B.  W.  Leader,  Llynwellyn, 
l.'iOgs.  .1.  Mill  Whirter,  A  Silver  Gleam,  13()gs. 
L.  J.  Pott,  The  Cardinal's  Lecture,  145gs.  E.  M. 
Wimperis,  Gathering  Seaweed,  l.r>()gs.  J.  Zoffany, 
Suetonius  Grant,  elder  brother  of  Patrick  Heath/, 
and  his  youngest  sister  Temperance  Green,  260gS. 
Drawings  by*T.  S.  Cooper,  Canterbury  Meadows, 
90g&  ;  Morning,  105gB. 

The  total  of  the  day's  sale  of  155  lots  amoiuitcd 
to  14,243/.  15a  <>'/. 


3fitu-^rt  Cfosstp. 

Yesterday  we  were  invited  to  view  at 
the  new  Dudley  Gallery  sketches  made  by 


the  lute  Charles  Wirc/luan  during  "  i'     tdenOfl 

•  >f  twenty  (i\i-  yean   in   Japan   iiml   join: 

in  Formosa,  Manilla,  and  China;  also 
water-colours  of  Bforoooo,  <v<-.,  by  Mr.  T.  B. 
vYirgman^ 

To-day  ia  tin-  private  view  at  the  Dor6 
Gallery  of  .Mr.  V.  c.  Qould'i  Westminster 
cartoons  of  political  events  of  the  la  I 
twelve  months,  and  at  the  Modern  Gallery 
of  Major   ES.    L.    Engleheart'a   water-colour 

sketches    of    Arab    life    in    Biskra    and    the 

Bun  oanding  count  rj  . 

At  the  gallery  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Painters  in  Water  Colours  oil  painting*  and 
water-colours  of  England  and  Holland,  by 
Evert  Moll,  are  now  on  view. 

At  Walker's  Gallery  till  the  30th  inst. 
there  is  open  an  interesting  show  of  water- 
colours  and  pencil  and  charcoal  sketches 
by  David  Cox,  Cotman,  Varley,  and  others. 

Mr.  A.  Baird-Carter  is  showing  water- 
colours  by  Mr.  Archibald  Thorburn  at  70, 
Jermyn  Street. 

Messrs.  Knoedler  &  Co.  have  on  view 
at  their  galleries  in  Old  Bond  Street  modern 
Dutch  paintings. 

M.  Fernand  Desmoulin  is  showing  oil 
pictures  at  223a,  Regent  Street,  '  Impres- 
sions de  la  Cote  d'azur.' 

We  referred  last  week  in  our  sale  notes 
to  Eugene  Carriere  and  the  dispersal  of  his 
remaining  works.  We  now  hear  from  Paris 
that  in  October  next  a  selection  of  his  con- 
tributions on  art  will  be  published  under  the 
title  of  '  Reliquiae.'  This  work  will  be  edited 
by  M.  Devolve,  professor  at  the  Lycee 
Turgot,  and  son-in-law  of  Carriere. 

Mr.  Wterner  Laxtkie  is  shortly  publishing 
in  his  "  Cathedral  Series  "  the  third  volume 
on  England  and  Wrales  by  Mr.  T.  Francis 
Bumpus.  This  volume  completes  the 
British  set.  Mr.  Bumpus  is  at  present  in 
Italy,  preparing  a  volume  on  Italian  cathe- 
drals for  the  series. 

MUSIC 


iJtnstral  (Hossip. 


On  Friday  last  week  Massenet's  '  Le 
Jongleur  de  Notre-Dame '  was  performed 
for  the  first  time  at  Covent  Garden.  Since 
its  production  at  Monte  Carlo  in  1902  the 
work  has  been  given  at  the  Paris  Opera 
Comique  repeatedly,  and  one  of  those  per- 
formances was  noticed  at  some  length  in 
The  Athenceum  of  February  18th,  1905. 
There  is  therefore  no  need  to  say  anything 
now  about  the  excellent  text  ;  and  we 
only  remark  that  a  second  hearing  fully 
confirms  our  first  opinion  that  the  music 
displays  rare  skill,  refinement,  and  simplicity. 
The  work  was  announced  last  week  as  an 
"  opera,"  whereas  it  is  simply  styled  a 
"  Miracle  "  by  the  composer.  The  former 
term  is  certainly  misleading  :  it  is  a 
music  drama  on  a  small  scale,  with  a 
quaint  story  and  a  solemn  ending. 
The  performance  was  admirable.  The 
singing  of  M.  Lafitte  was  occasionally 
too  penetrating,  but  his  impersonation  of 
the  Jongleur  deserves  all  praise.  M.  Seveil- 
hac  and  M.  Gilibert  were  thoroughly  well 
suited  in  the  parts  of  the  Prior  and  Boniface. 
The  piece  was  well  staged. 

The  programme  of  the  final  Philharmonic 
Concert  of  the  present  season,  which  took 
place  on  Thursday  in  last  week,  included 
two  novelties.  Mr.  Coleridge  -  Taylor's 
'  Orchestral  Variations  on  a  Negro  Theme ' 
are  clever,  but  the  variation  form  requires 
something  more  if  its  mechanical  side  is  not 
to  be  unduly  felt,  viz.,  strong  inspiration  ; 


and   tin-  we  do  not  find    m    the  i  Mr. 

Josef   Holbrooke's,   setting   of    Edgar    POe's 
'Annabel  Lee,'  for  bari'.  i  (Mr.  Ketv 

nerley  Kumford)  and  orchestra  i-  an  interest- 
ing  htudy   in    colour    and    even    atmosphere, 

but  there  are  it  v,  hieh  ill 

suit  the  simple  poem.    M.  Raoal  Pogno,  I 
pianist,  played  the  Raohmanmofl   Concerto 

in   i    minor  witb  marked  success.      The  dates 
of  the  concert!   next   year  arc   anno>r 

follows:  February  -jsth,  March  18th,  April 
17th,  May  2nd,  16th,  and  Mth,  and  June  i:nb. 

Tmu.i:  well-known  pianists  have  given 
recitals  during  the  |  I-  -  '    ^.itur- 

day  at  Queens  Hal!  Mr.  Mark  Hambourg's- 
reading  of    Bach's    'Italian'    Concerto,  a 

the  exception  of  the  middle  movement,  ■ 
lacking  in  sympathy;  but  that  of  Beethovi 
Sonata  in  c  sharp  minor  was  poetical.  Tbo 
special  interest  of  the  programme  centred 
in  the  Variations  of  Mr.  Henjamin  J.  Dale, 
which  won  the  prize  offered  by  Mr.  Ham- 
bourg  for  the  best  piece  of  a  "  virtuoso  " 
order.  The  music  is  clever,  and  the  inter- 
preter, by  his  great  command  of  the  key- 
board, added  to  its  natural  lustre. 

We  heard  the  latter  part  of  M.  Vladimir 
de  Pachmann's  programme  at  Bechstein 
Hall  on  the  same  afternoon.  He  had  just 
finished  playing  Weber's  '  Invitation  a  la 
Valse,'  arranged  by  Henselt,  having  pre- 
viously explained  to  his  audience  why  he 
did  not  accept  all  Henselt's  additions,  "  some 
being  not  nice,  others  unnecessary."" 
Instead  of  a  criticism  of  a  mere  arrange- 
ment, it  would  have  been  far  more 
interesting  to  know  how  the  pianist  could 
justify  the  additions  afterwards  made  by 
him  to  Chopin's  music.  His  playing,  as 
usual,  was  very  fine. 

Signor  BrsoNi's  programme  on  Monday- 
afternoon  began  with  Beethoven's  Sonata 
in  b  flat,  Op.  106,  of  which  he  gave  a  masterly 
rendering.  The  pace  at  which  he  took  the 
fugue  was  tremendous,  but,  though  it  was 
wonderful  playing,  the  pianist  could  not 
prevent  the  Finale  sounding  dry.  Two 
transcriptions  by  Liszt  of  songs  by  Beet- 
hoven, and  of  a  march  from  the  '  Ruins  of 
Athens,'  proved  poor  and  at  times  vulgar 
specimens  of  Liszt  as  a  transcriber,  so  that 
all  Signor  Busoni's  clever  playing  was  wasted. 
Why  perform  such  stuff  when  there  is  so 
much  interesting  pianoforte  music  unduly 
neglected  ? 

Two  performances  of  John  Barnett's  '  The 
Mountain  Sylph  '  will  be  given  by  the  students 
of  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  on  July  4th 
and  5th.  This  opera,  which  was  for  a  long- 
time popidar,  was  produced  at  the  Lyceum 
on  August  25th,  1834,  and  in  the  notice  in 
The  Athenceum  oi  August  30thit  was  described 
as  an  opera  "  of  English  growth  and  English 
manufacture,  which  may  take  its  stand  by 
the  proudest  of  modern  foreign  operas."" 
Although  seventy-two  years  have  passed 
since  the  work  was  first  given,  one  member 
of  the  original  cast  is  still  living  :  Clara 
Novello,  who,  after  a  brilliant  career,  with- 
drew from  public  life  in  1860. 

Our  readers  may  like  to  know  that  Mr. 
Nutt  is  the  English  acent  for  the  'Peasant 
Songs  of  Great  Russia,'  noticed  in  our  last 
issue. 

Dr.  A.  C.  Kalisohkr.  of  Berlin,  has 
found  forty-eiuht  autograph  letters  of  Beet- 
hoven in  the  collection  belonging  to  Herr 
Karl  Meinert,  fourteen  of  which  have 
hitherto  been  unpublished.  They  have 
appeared,  by  permission  of  the  owner,  in 
a  recent  part  of  Die  Muaik,  and  with 
explanatory  notes  by  Dr.  Kalischer.  Of 
the  fourteen,  four  are  addressed  to  Breitkopf 
&  Hartel  ;  two  to  Herr  Schlesinger ;  one- 
to  Tobias   Haslinger   in  the  joking  style  of 


N°  4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


775 


the  letter  to  the  same  in  Nohl's  '  Neue  Beet- 
hoven Briefe '  ;  two  to  M.  de  Bigot,  to 
-whose  wife  Beethoven  gave  the  autograph 
of  his  so-called  '  Appassionata  '  Sonata  ;  one 
to^Giannatasio  del  Rio,  the  principal  of  the 
educational  establishment  in  which  Beethoven 
placed  his  nephew,  &c.  All  the  letters  are 
■certainly  interesting,  though  none  can  be 
•considered  of  prime  importance. 

The  five  competitors  for  the  Prix  de  Rome, 
MM.  Marsick,  Andre  Gaillard,  Le  Boucher, 
Mazelier,  and  Dumas,  have  been  released 
from  the  Chateau  de  Compiegne,  and  their 
cantatas  will  be  performed  before  the  musical 
section  of  the  Academie  des  Beaux-Arts 
next  Friday,  and  again  on  the  following  day 
before  a  full  sitting  of  that  body,  after  winch 
%he  winner  of  the  prize  will  be  declared. 

A  monument  has  been  erected  at  Paris, 
in  the  Lamartine  Square,  Passy,  to  the 
memory  of  Benjamin  Godard,  composer  of 
4  Le  Tasse,'  who  died  in  1895  at  the  early 
age  of  forty-six. 


Sire. 

■Mon. 


Wkd. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK 
Bondaj  League  Concert,  7,  Queen's  Hull. 
Sat.    Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden. 
London  Symphony  Orchestra, 3,  Queen's  Hall. 
Mr.  Ernest  Hutcheson's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3.30,  .-Eolian  Hall. 
Master  Lionel  Ovendcn's  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  Queen's  Hall. 
Ties.     Handel  Festival,  'The  Messiah,'  2,  Crystal  Palace. 

—  Herr  Louis  Ahbiate's  'Cello  Recital,  3,  .Kolian  Hall. 

—  Prof.  Hilf's  Violin  Recital,  :;,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  Elsie  Southgate's  Orchestral  Concert,  8,  -Eolian  Hall. 

—  Vienna  Philharmonic  Society,  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
M.  Maurel's  Song  Recital,  8.45,  Bechstein  Hall. 
London  Trio,  3,  .Eolian  Hall, 

Madame  Whistler  Misick's  Vocal  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 
British  Caiuidian  Festival,  8,  Queen  s  Hall. 

—  Sevc-ik  Quartet,  8.30.  Bechstein  Hall. 
Thurs.  Handel  Festival,  Selections,  2,  Crystal  Palace. 

—  Mr.  Cecil  Sharp's  Concert  Lecture,  3,  .Eolian  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Fritz  Read's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3  15,  Stcinway  Hall. 

—  Madame  Winna's  Vocal  Recital,  8.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  Marguerite  Valentine's  Concert,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Vienna  Philharmonic  Society.  8.30,  Queen's  Hall. 
Fki.       Miss  Vivien  Chartres's  Violin  Recital,  3.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Mr.  .Tohn  Coates's  Song  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Mr.  Henry  Bramson's  Cello  Recital,  3.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 
Sat.       Vienna  Philharmonic  Society,  12,  Albert  Hall. 

—  Handel  Festival.  'Judas  Maccabmus,'  2  Crystal  Palace. 

—  Dr.  Ludwig  Widlner's  Song  Recital,  3,  Bechstein  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Criterion. — The  Macleans  of  Baimess  : 
a  Romantic  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By 
Edith  Lyttelton. 

_A  certain  amount  of  dramatic  intention 
is  all  with  which  Mrs.  Lyttelton's  romantic 
-play  '  The  Macleans  of  Bairness  '  can  be 
credited.  This  is  not  wrought  out,  the 
•execution  of  the  whole  being  conventional, 
•and  to  a  certain  extent  inept,  and  the  cha- 
racterization arbitrary.  The  action  passes 
in  the  castle  of  Bairness,  the  home  of  a 
Highland  clan,  the  Macleans,  the  head  of 
■which,  Sir  Alan,  is  a  Hanoverian,  while 
Ihe  remainder,  including  his  aunt 
Miss  Grisel  Cochrane,  is  Jacobite,  and 
apparently,  since  a  priest  is  retained  on 
the  establishment,  Catholic.  An  inmate 
in  the  castle  of  mixed  Scottish  and  Italian 
blood  is  Margaretta  Sinclair,  a  comely 
woman  with  whom  Sir  Alan  is  in  love. 
An  invalid  on  the  point  of  death,  he  seeks 
by  a  marriage  with  her  to  guarantee  her 
future.  So  ill  is  he  that  opposition  to  this 
eminently  altruistic  desire  will  be  fatal. 
Reluctantly,  then,  since  she  has  "  a  past," 
but  moved  thereto  by  Sir  Alan's  aunt,  by 
bis  medical  man  (a  Scottish  Whig),  and 
by  the  Catholic  priest,  Margaretta  consents 
to  his  wishes,  and  the  first  act  ends  with 
a  marriage  between  her  and  the  moribund 
baronet.  Being  conceded  thus  his  wishes, 
Sir  Alan,  though  strangely  moved  by  the 


refusal  by  his  wife  of  nuptial  privileges, 
does  not  die,  but  attends  to  his  duties  as 
head  of  his  clan.  These  include,  since 
the  period  is  that  following  the  rout  at 
Culloden,  the  extension  of  hospitality  to 
Prince  Charles  Edward,  a  fugitive  waiting 
an  opportunity  to  reach  a  French  ship 
"  in  the  offing."  This  shelter  he  affords 
at  the  request  of  his  wife.  Now  the  public 
is  aware  that  the  partner  in  the  past  of 
Margaretta,  now  Lady  Maclean,  is  the 
Prince.  No  sooner  is  he  sheltered  beneath 
her  friendly  roof  than  he  seeks  to  renew 
his  liaison  with  its  mistress,  and  Sir  Alan, 
entering  the  room,  witnesses  a  sufficiently 
compromising  struggle.  In  the  course  of 
the  banquet  openly  given  to  the  intruder, 
the  Pretender,  with  his  attendant  Capt. 
O'Flanagan,  gets  drunk  upon  whisky,  and 
succeeds  by  his  indiscreet  speech  in  further 
compromising  his  hostess,  who,  to  prevent 
further  revelations,  upsets  the  table  and 
plunges  the  room  in  darkness.  When 
the  lights  are  brought  in  the  head  of  the 
Jacobites  is  discovered,  supine  and  un- 
conscious, upon  the  floor.  Another  act  is 
required  to  secure  the  escape  of  the  Prince 
and  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  between 
the  lady  and  her  husband,  who  accepts, 
with  a  serenity  worthy  of  a  husband  of 
Lafontaine,  the  statement  that  what  he 
has  seen  and  heard  is  without  significance. 
There  is,  as  has  been  said,  idea  in  all 
this,  but  the  manner  in  which  it  is  carried 
out  is  singularly  crude.  The  whole  appareil 
of  priest,  retainer,  and  the  like  is  ineffective 
and  amateurish.  Some  attempt  to  supply 
colour  was  perceptible  in  a  Scottish  Whig 
doctor  and  a  Highland  courier  who,  in 
language  reminiscent  of  Campbell's  Lochiel, 
described  the  rout  at  Culloden.  Mrs. 
Patrick  Campbell  as  Margaretta  struggled 
with  the  difficulties  of  an  uncomfortable 
part ;  Mr.  Frank  Worthing  was  the  accom- 
modating and  credulous  husband ;  and 
Mr.  Harcourt  Williams  the  indiscreet  and 
bibulous  Pretender.  The  whole  was 
received  with  a  moderate  amount  of 
favour  by  a  perplexed  and  unconvinced 
audience. 


The  Electra  of  Euripides.  Translated  into 
English  Rhyming  Verse,  with  Explanatory 
Notes,  by  Gilbert  Murray,  LL.D.  (Allen.) — 
If  Mr.  Murray's  '  Electra  '  is  less  attractive 
than  his  '  Hippolytus,'  his  '  Bacchic,'  or  his 
'  Trojan  Women,'  as  we  think  it  is  (we  speak 
only  of  it  as  a  book  to  read,  not  of  the  play 
as  it  lias  been  seen  on  the  boards  of  the 
Court  Theatre),  it  is  not  from  any  failure  of 
skill  on  the  part  of  the  translator.  The  three 
earlier  plays,  as  we  said  at  the  time  of  their 
appearance,  touched,  in  our  opinion,  very 
nearly  the  high-water  mark  of  Greek  poetry 
in  an  English  dress.  The  '  Electra '  does 
not  make  quite  the  same  impression  on  us  ; 
but  then  the  'Electra'  is  not  in  itself  on  a 
level  with  the  three  others.  Mr.  Murray, 
indeed,  makes  a  strong  plea  for  it  in  his 
introduction.  Sophocles,  he  says,  evades 
the  full  horror  of  the  situation  presented  by 
the  legend,  by  treating  it  as  the  outcome  of 
an  archaic  code  of  morals,  in  which  ven- 
geance was  a  sacred  duty.  ^Eschylus  faces 
it  in  all  its  fullness,  and  tries  to  surmount  it 
on  the  sweep  of  a  great  wave  of  religious 
emotion.  Euripides,  equally  sensitive  to  the 
horror,    refuses    to    be    satisfied    with    this 


solution :  to  him  the  matricide  remains 
a  sin,  and  if  Apollo  ordered  it,  then  Apollo 
did  that  which  was  evil.  Further,  Euripides 
was  mainly  interested  in  the  human  side  of 
the  tragedj%  and  tried  to  realize  more  vividly 
the  persons  who  enacted  it.  His  Electra  is 
"  a  woman  shattered  in  childhood  by  the 
shock  of  an  experience  too  terrible  for  a  girl 
to  bear  ;  a  poisoned  and  a  haunted  woman, 
eating  her  heart  in  ceaseless  broodings  of 
hate  and  love,  alike  unsatisfied  "  ;  a  pitiable 
rather  than  a  lovable  character.  Orestes  is 
an  exile,  with  a  fixed  desire  for  revenge, 
which  is  confirmed  by  the  oracle  of  a  god  ; 
yet  he  shrinks  from  the  slaying  of  his  mother, 
and  needs  to  be  stiffened  in  his  resolve  by 
his  more  pitiless  and  stronger  sister. 

All  this  may  be  admitted,  and  yet  one 
may  remain  dissatisfied  with  Euripides's 
solution  of  the  problem.  If  such  a  subject 
is  to  be  treated  at  all,  not  as  a  mere  welter  of 
horrors,  but  as  a  drama  in  which  the  principal 
actors  preserve  our  sympathy,  it  can  only 
be  by  keeping  it  upon  the  heroic,  legendary 
scale,  by  heightening  the  wickedness  of 
Clytemnestra's  original  crime,  the  prompti- 
tude of  the  vengeance,  and  the  force  of  the 
divine  decree  which  declares  that  the  evil 
is  so  monstrous  that  even  matricide  has 
become  a  duty.  In  ^Eschylus's  trilogy  we 
feel  that  we  are  in  the  presence  of  a  colossal 
tragedy,  transcending  human  experience, 
and  justifying  action  which  on  the  purely 
human  plane  would  be  unjustifiable.  In 
Sophocles  we  feel  that  we  are  looking  at  an 
ancient  world,  in  which  the  canon  of  per- 
missible acts  of  punishment  and  vengeance 
was  different  from  that  of  a  later  day — 
much  as  we  look  at  certain  narratives  of  the 
Old  Testament.  But  when  Euripides  brings 
the  story  down  to  the  human  level,  and  tries 
to  present  Clytemnestra  and  Electra  as 
women  of  like  passions  with  those  of  his  own 
(or  our  own)  day,  the  story  becomes  im- 
possible. ^Egisthus  is  allowed  to  excite 
our  compassion  ;  he  welcomes  two  strangers 
hospitably,  and  is  treacherously  slain  during 
the  performance  of  a  religious  ceremony. 
Clytemnestra  is  "  a  sad  middle-aged  woman 
....  anxious  to  be  as  little  hated  as  possible  "; 
pleading  with  Electra  for  comprehension,  if 
not  admission,  of  the  grounds  for  her  con- 
spiracy against  her  husband,  baring  her 
breast  to  the  slaughter  when  her  children 
confront  her,  sword  in  hand.  The  story 
may  be  humanized,  the  characters  may  be 
real  and  individually  intelligible  ;  but  it 
has  become  a  story  which  should  not  be 
told.  Euripides  has  justified  neither  God 
nor  man  ;  he  has  attempted  a  solution  in 
which  success  was  not  attainable  ;  ho 
reaches  "  above  and  through  his  art  ;  for  it 
gives  way."  Consequently  his  drama  fails 
to  satisfy,  as  his  greater  tragedies  satisfy  us. 

Mr.  Murray's  style  is  sufficiently  well 
known  by  now  to  need  no  description. 
Possibly  he  is  in  danger  of  pushing  too  far 
his  practice  of  heightening  the  whole  colour- 
scheme  (if  the  metaphor  be  allowed)  of  his 
language.  We  do  not  retract  anything  that 
we  have  said  before  in  approbation  of  this 
theory,  which  we  believe  to  be  the  true 
theory  of  translation,  and  capable,  in  the 
hands  of  a  poet  (as  Mr.  Murray  is),  of 
excellent  results  ;  but  we  do  not  want 
wholly  to  lose  the  effect  of  the  Greek  sim- 
plicity and  directness,  to  substitute  too  com- 
pletely the  highly  coloured  diction  of  Mr. 
Swinburne  and  Kossetti.  Mr.  Murray  appears 
to  us  to  be  in  some  danger  of  this  excess; 
may  it  be  in  part  due  to  an  unconscious 
attempt  to  justify  his  poet  by  strengthening 
the  weak  points  in  his  play  ?  Nevertheless, 
the  translation  retains  the  supreme  merit  of 
being  real  English  poetry  without  ceasing 
to  be  a  fair  rendering  of  the  Greek  ;    and 


776 


THE     ATHKNJEUM 


N"41ol,  Jink  23,  1906 


OHM  M 'him  Mr.   Murray  ihowi  In     l.> 

of  the  dramatic  situation,   ind   his   hciiif 
that  tin'  pott's  words  must   be  interpreted 

in    tho    light    of    that    situatioM    Mid    of    tin- 
emotions    which    we    most    euppoee    to    be 

Saasinu'  through  the  mindt  oi  ins  oharaeten. 
lr.  Murray  is  at  onco  scholar,  poet,  and 
draiMntist — a  combination  which  goes  far 
towards  making  the  ideal  translator  of 
Euripides. 

We  notice  that  in  some  places  Mr.  Murray 
adopts  readings  different  from  those  which 
he  has  placed  in  his  edition  of  the  Greek 
text  of  the  play  (e.g.,  11.  878,  1)84.  and  the 
attribution  of  11.  1213-17).  Are  we  to 
conclude  that  in  the  one  case  the  instinct  of 
the  poet,  in  the  other  the  conscience  of  the 
scholar,  was  allowed  to  prevail  ? 


Dramatic  (Sossip. 

In  London  and  in  Paris  the  summer  season 
seems  short  and  unprosperous,  the  reason 
advanced  in  both  capitals  being  the  same — 
the  want  of  fibre  in  the  pieces  produced. 
With  the  exception  of  the  houses  held  by 
foreign  actors,  scarcely  a  novelty  is 
announced  in  this  country  for  immediate 
production,  and  arrangements  for  the 
autumnal  season  are  in  progress  or  in  con- 
templation at  many  houses. 

At  the  close  of  her  engagements  in 
this  country  Miss  Ellen  Terry  will,  under 
the  management  of  Mr.  Charles  Frohman, 
undertake  an  American  tour,  in  the  course 
of  which  she  will  appear  in  the  plays  in 
which  she  has  been  recently  seen  in  this 
country  and  in  one  new  one. 

The*  concluding  nights  of  M.  Coquelin's 
tenure  of  the  Royalty  were  occupied  with 
'  Cyrano  de  Bergerac,'  in  which  the  actor 
repeated  his  fine  performance  of  Cyrano, 
M.  Jean  Coquelin  playing  the  pastrycook, 
and  Madame  Devoyod,  Roxane. 

The  season  at  the  Royalty  of  Madame 
Rejane  began  with  her  first  appearance  in 
*  Suzeraine,'  a  four-act  play  constructed  by 
Dario  Nicodemi  from  a  story  by  Henry 
Harland,  entitled  '  The  Lady  Paramount.' 
Few  opportunities  are  furnished  the  actress 
by  a  work  the  action  of  which  is  placed  in  an 
imaginary  island  of  the  Adriatic. 

At  the  Scala  Theatre  the  Incorporated 
Stage  Society  gave  on  Monday  afternoon 
two  novelties.  The  more  important  of 
these — if  the  use  of  such  a  term  is  justified 
in  the  case  of  two  works  of  remark- 
able crudity — consisted  of  '  The  Inspector- 
General,'  a  farcical  comedy  by  Gogol, 
adapted  by  Mr.  A.  A.  Sykes.  This  gives 
some  rather  extravagant  pictures  of 
Russian  official  life.  '  The  Invention  of  Dr. 
Metzler  '  is  a  gloomy  study  by  Mr.  John 
Pollock,  the  heroine  of  which  was  played  by 
Miss  Gertrude  Kingston. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Irving  has  acquired  the  Ame- 
rican and  Canadian  rights  of  the  '  Paolo  and 
Francesca  '  of  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips,  and 
proposes  to  include  the  piece  in  his  travelling 
repertory. 

'  Tristram  and  Iseui/T,'  by  Mr.  Comyns 
Carr,  will  be  the  autumn  production  at  the 
Adelphi.  In  this  piece,  which  conforms  in 
many  respects  with  the  '  Morte  d'Arthur,' 
Miss  Lily  Brayton  will  be  Iseult  and  Mr. 
Oscar  Asche,  King  Mark. 

At  the  close  of  Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell's 
season  the  Criterion  will  pass  into  the  hands 
of  Mr.  A.  H.  Canby,  who  will  produce  '  The 
Prince  Chap,'  a  three-act  comedy  extracted 
by  Mr.  E.  H.  Peple  from  his  book  of  the  same 
title. 


\  'i  m  i  in  I  'a  bora!  I'J.. 

■  ■I  A  Midsummer  Nights  Dream, '  '  Thi 
1 1 1 1 1 1 •<  ,t ,'  end  '  The  Merry  W'i\  < m  oi  Windsor,' 
begins  on  Monday,  under  the  direction  of 
Mi.  Patrick  KiiwHM,  at  the  Roys]  Botanic 
Society's  Gardens. 

Mb.  .Jons  Lam:  has  arranged  to  issue  a 

scries  of  hooks  dealing  with  well-known 
actors,  actresses,  and  dramatists,  similar  in 
scope  to  the  successful  "  Living  Masters  of 
Music."  The  new  series  will  he  entitled 
"  Stars  of  the  Stage,"  and  will  he  under  the 

editorship  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Grain, 

MISCELLANEA 


"  CAIN  "  AS  A  SYNONYM  OF  THE 
MOON. 

Fiveways,  IJurnham,  Bucks. 

In  a  rare  seventeenth-century  booklet, 
entitled  '  The  Strange  Fortune  of  Alerane  ; 
or,  My  Ladies  Toy  '  (London,  1605),  which 
has  recently  passed  through  my  hands, 
occur  the  following  lines,  in  which  "  Cain  " 
appears  to  be  used  as  a  synonym  of  the  moon. 
The  author  is  speaking  of  two  hapless  lovers 
the  course  of  whose  true  love  was  not  running 
smooth  : — 

But  see  how  Cupid  like  a  cruell  (t'aine) 

Both  change  faire  daies  and  makes  it  frowning  weather  : 

These  Princes  .joyes,  he  over  cast  with  paine, 

For  'twas  not  likely  they  should  match  together. 

To  readers  of  the  '  Divina  Commedia '  the 
connexion  of  Cain  with  the  moon  is  familiar 
enough,  for  Dante  twice  refers  to  it — once 
in  the  twentieth  canto  of  the  '  Inferno,' 
where  he  speaks  of  the  moon  as  "  Caino  e  le 
spine  "  ;  and  again  in  the  second  canto  of 
the  '  Paradiso,'  where,  in  a  discussion  as  to 
the  origin  of  the  spots  on  the  moon,  he  says 
they  make  folks  on  earth  talk  fables  about 
Cain.  The  Italian  popular  belief  identified 
the  "  man  in  the  moon  "  with  Cain  bearing  a 
bundle  of  thorns  (see  my  '  Dante  Dictionary' 
s.v.  '  Caino  ').  A  somewhat  similar  belief, 
though  not  apparently  connected  with  Cain, 
was  current  in  England  ;  witness  Henry- 
son's  "  Churl.  .  .  .beirand  ane  bunch  of 
thornis  on  his  bak  "  in  the  '  Testament  of 
Cresseid,'  and  Shakspeare's  "  man  in  the 
moon  "  with  his  "  thorn  bush  "  in  '  The 
Tempest'  (II.  ii.)  and  'Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  '  (III.  i.,  V.  i.)  ;  but  I  know  of  no 
other  instance  in  English  literature  in  wrhich 
the  "  man  in  the  moon  "  (or  rather,  the  moon 
itself)  is  identified  with  Cain,  as  appears  to  be 
the  case  in  the  above  passage.  Possibly 
there  may  be  some  other  interpretation  of 
the  expression,  but  so  far  I  have  had  no 
suggestion.  Paget  Toynbee. 


M.- 

-J. 

TO     CORRESPONDENTS.  - 

-W.    ,T.- 

-K.    de 

H.   R.— 

H.  S.— Received.              J. 

.1.  C.  L 

— You 

vsk  t 

00 

much. 

INDEX  TO 

ADVERTISERS 

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Authors'  Agents 

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778 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


N°4104,  Junk  23,  1906 


A     HIM      IX     TIME. 
N  ■  .ii    have    laughed    over    'The 

Lunatic    at    Large':     lmvc     you 

laughed   over  'Count    Hunker'? 
No  J     Then  you  have  not   read 

it?        It     in     the     molt      amusing 
novel     published     this     summer. 

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bookseller. 

£J     0      U      N     T  BUNKER. 

1 1 

J.  STOKER  CLOUSTON, 
Author  of  '  The  Lunatic  at  Large.' 

6a. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS, 
Edinburgh  and  London. 

N  0  T  I  C  E. 


Mr. 


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Contents. 

THE  LAWS  OF  BRIDGE. 

THE  EVOLUTION  OF  BRIDGE. 
THE  DECLARATION-NO  TRUMPS. 

ATTACKING  SUIT  DECLARATIONS. 

DEFENSIVE  SUIT  DECLARATIONS  BY  THE  DEALER. 

THE  DECLARATION  ON  A  PASSED  HAND. 

THE  DECLARATION  TO  THE  SCORE. 

DOUBLING. 

THE   ORIGINAL  LEAD   AGAINST  A  NO  TRUMP  DECLA- 
RATION. 

THE  OPENING  LEAD  AGAINST  A  SUIT  DECLARATION. 

THE    PLAY    OF   THE    THIRD    HAND    IN   A   NO   THUMP 
GAME. 

THE    PLAT    OF   THE    THIRD    HAND    AGAINST  A   SUIT 
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THE  DEFENDERS  PLAY  AS  SECOND  HAND. 

THE  DISCARD. 

THE  PLAY  OF  THE  DEALER. 

PRACTICE  VERSUS  THEORY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  BRTDQE 

London : 

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N°4104,  June  23,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


779 


NEW   AND    RECENT 

TOPOGRAPHICAL    WORKS 

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u 


(Educational. 

S1TY     COLLEGE,    NOTTINGHAM. 

El'si:  \rc  il  SCHOLARSHIP. 
t'lLot  the  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  NOTTINGHAM, 
ILARSH1P  for  SCIENTIFIC  RESEARCH,  tenab] 
the  value  of  ML,  together  with   Free  Admission  to  the 

to  any  Graduate  of  a  British  University. 
will  he  required  to  give  evidence  ot  suitable  training  and 
londucting  an  Original  Research     The  successful  Candi- 

.  i ,  i  i  i . .  I  to  devote  himself  to  Borne  Buhji  rtof  R   i  irch  to 
iy  the  Senati 
istobesenl   in  im)  Intel   than  SEPTEMBER  1, 1906,  on 

may  I btained  from  the  REGISTRAR. 

edto award  n  simtUi  SCHOLARSHIP  in  DECEMBER, 
by  DECEMBER  IS. 


Tie-  col   \ 
si  in 

\  ear,  ol 

College,  open 
Cani 

city  for  i 
ill  lie  i 
i  ..\  ed  I 
A  PI 

which 
intend 

Applications 


EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  Information  relative  to 

the  Ml ol   S(  HOOLS  foi    BOYS  or  GIRLS  or 

'I  i  TORS  in  Engl  mil  ■ 
are  imitcd  to  call  upon  or  semi  rulli  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS    >■  IBBITAS,  TURING  A  <  "  . 
■who  for  more  than  thlrt]  years  have  boon  closely  in  touch  with  tin 
lending  Educational  Establishments. 

Adv  is  k'iven  by  Mr.  TURING.   Nephew  of  tl,« 

late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  36,  Backvillc  Stieet,  Loudon,  W. 


HASLEMERE,  SURREY.— COLLEGE  HILL 
SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS  (recognized  by  the  Board  of  Education! 
Day  and  Boarding  School  in  one  of  the  Healthiest  and  most  Beautiful 
Resorts  in  England.  Thorough  Modern  Education  and  Home  Care. 
Visiting  London  Teachers.— Apply  Principals,  Miss  A.  K.  Ill  IL  HI.V 
SON,  B.A.,  Miss  M.  HOLLAND. 


UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  of  NORTH  WALES, 

\J  BANGOR.  [A  Constituent  College  of  the  University  of  \\  ales.; 
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Situations   ITacant. 


u 


N I V  E  R  S  I  T  Y 


OF 


GLASGOW. 


(HAIR  OF  HUMANITY. 

The  UNIVERSITY  COURT  of  the  UNIVERSITY  of  GLASGOW 
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The  Professor  will  he  required  to  enter  on  his  duties  on  OCTO- 
BER 1    1906,  from  which  date  the  appointment  will  take  effect. 

The  normal  Salary  of  the  post  is  fixed  by  Ordinance  at  l.OOOf. 
The  Chair  has  an  Official  Residence  attached  to  it.  . 

The  appointment  is  made  ad  tritam  aut  cttlnam.  and  carries  with  it 
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before  JULY  7, 1906.  AI,.YN  E.  CLAPPERTON. 

Secretary  of  the  Glasgow  University  Court. 

91,  West  Regent  Street  Glasgow. 


K 


HEDIVIAL    SCHOOL    OF    LAW,     CAIRO. 


LAW  LECTURESHIP. 

The  EGYPTIAN  MINISTRY  of  EDUCATION  invites  applications 
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Candidates  must  be  University  Men,  having  either  a  Law  Degree  or 
other  Legal  Qualification,  and  must  have  some  knowledge  ol  rrencn. 
Tin' successful  applicant  will  be  required  in  the  first  mstancc  to 
Lecture  (in  English)  on  Roman  Law.  . 

Applications,  stating  age  and  nualifications,  and  accompanied  by 
copies  only  of  Testimonials,  to  be  set  before  JULS  14,  1906,  to 
DOUGLAS  DUNLOP  Esq.,  Gullane,  East  Lothian  to  whom  Can- 
didates may  apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 


u 


NIVERSITY    COLLEG  E,    BRISTOL. 


The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  for  the  post  of  LECTURER  in 
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m  he 


UNIVERSITY     OF    LIVERPOOL. 


The 


ASSISTANT  LECTURESHIP  IN  history. 
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LECTURESHIP  in  HISTORY.    Balarj  ' "■"'   nerannum. 

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HARTLEY     UNIVERSITY     COLLEGE, 
SOUTHAMPTON. 
Principal    s   w    RICHARDSON,  D.Sc.Lond. 

The  COUNCIL  invite  applications  foi  the  appointment  of 
ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  PHYSICS, 

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applical  ion  to  the  Registrar.  .   .  u  . 

Lpnlications  giving  particulars  of  age  training,  nualifications.  and 
experience  with  three  copies  of  recent  Testimonials,  must  be  sent  to 
thePRINCIPAl before  July  1*« „,.,,„„.,,  ,.„^,,n. 


CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  DAYTRATNING 

\^>  i  0LLEGE. 

The  post  of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  EDUCATION  in  this 
col  LEGE  is  VACANT  bythc  appointment  of  R.  L.  Archer,  M  \ 
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,  ,  omiwtenl  to  nupoi  i  lee  Teaching  in  Si  hool,  should  apply  to 
the  Principal  OSCAH  BROWNING.  MA..  Kings  College,  Cambridge, 
for  information  as  to  the  details  of  the  work  and  the  remuneration. 


I  NG 


C  H  A  R  L  E  S      I.       SCHOOL, 

K   I    D  D  E  R  M    I   \   S  I   E  R. 
SECOND  GRADE 


K 

Tin-    GOVERNORS    will    shortly   appoint    a    HEAD    MASTER. 

nee  ).  i,  Aided  ,frce  flom  Rates  and  TaxeSl,  with    ace.  itnmoda  t  ion 

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he  in  Hoh  Orders,    stipend  ISO)  .  and  Capil  itin     I 
per  nnnum.    Average  nui  foi  past  Bv< 

.,.    to   he   s,,,t    on   oi    before   3\  L\    N      For   turthei 
of  Application  applj   to   I  llos    I     l\  ENS, 
r,  Kidderminster,  'Ink  to  the  Gov,  mors. 


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CARI.o.  NANTES,  nice.  PARIS  lEst,  Nord, Lyon),  PAU,  ROUEN, 
SAINT  RAPHAEL,  TOULON,  TOURS. 

PARIS:  W.  H.  SMITH  &  SON.  '24*.  Rue  dc  Rivoli;  and  at  the 
G ALIGN  AN  I  LIBRARY.  ->24.  Rue  do  Rivoli. 


M 


INISTRY      OF      EDUCATION,      EGYPT. 


HEAD  MASTERSHIP. 

A  HEAD  MASTER  for  the  largest  SECONDARY  SCHOOL  in 
CATI  ;  .'iider  the  Ministry  of  L  lucati  n  will  he  required  in 
OCTOBER  NEXT.     Salary  615Z.— 8202.  per  annum. 

Head  Master's  House,  newly  built,  close  to  the  School.  Allowance 
for  passage  out  to  Egypt.  Summer  Vacation  not  less  than  Two 
Months. 

Staff,  of  which  English  University  Men  foi  m  a  large  part,  numbers 
over  40. 

Applicants  should  he  laymen,  between  :I0  and  -W  years  of  age. 

Application,  with  statement  of  age.  Honours  at  School  and 
University,  and  of  experience  in  teaching,  accompanied  by  copies  ol 
Testimonials,  to  be  sent  before  JUNE  30,  1908.  to  DOUGLAS  DUNLOP, 
Esq.,  Gullane,  Haddingtonshire,  to  whom  Egyptian  Candidates  may 
apply  by  letter  for  further  information. 


"T)ERBYSHIRE    EDUCATION   COMMITTEE. 

BUXTON  PUPIL-TEACHERS   CENTRE  FOR  GIRLS. 

Applications  are  invited   for  the  post    ot   [al    HEAD    MISTRESS. 

Commencing  Salary  1S0Z.    |bl  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS.   Commencing 

Salary  1001.    Candidates  most  be  specially  qualified,  cither  in  English 

Subjects  or  in  Mathematics  and  Science. 

Applications,  stating  age,  qualifications,  and  experience,  together 
with  copies  of  three  recent  Testimonials,  should  be  sent,  before 
.1ULV  14,  to  the  DIRECTOR  OF  EDUCATION,  County  Education 
office.  Derby. 


A 


BKRDEEN    HIGH    SCHOOL   FOR    GIRLS. 


Applications  are  Invited  for  the  i>«.st  of  science  mistress  ■;,, 
this  SCHOOL,  where  the  work  professed  includes  Physics.  Botany, 
and  Chemistry.  Candidates  must  hare  passed  the  Cambridge  Natural 
Sciences  Tripos  or  possess  University  Degrees.  The  Salarx  is 
commence.  Duties  to  begin  October  1.— Address  sending  three 
printed  copies  of  Testimonials)  THE  CLERK  OF  THE  SCHOOL 
Board.  22,  Union  Terra,  e,  Aberdeen,  on  or  before  JULY  12. 


T 


HE     COUNTY      SCHOOL,     CARNARVON. 


WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER,  SCIENCE  MISTRESS  to  teach 
Botany,  chemistry,  and  Physics.  Degree  or  equivalent  ;  training  or 
experieni ssential,     Commencing  Salary   HOI  to  I20C.  -  \pply  to 

HEAD  M  \STER. 

WANTED,  for  SEPTEMBER  NEXT,  a 
science  MASTER.  Graduate  with  considerable  experience 
in  preparing  for  the  Cambridge  Local  Examinations.— Apply  to  the 
HEAD  MASTER,  King  Edward's  School,  Bath. 

/BOUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 

\J  OF  YORKSHIRE. 

EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT. 
STAFF  APPOINTMENTS  IN  SECONDARY  schools. 
The  WEST  RIDING  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  will  require,  In 
SEPTUM  I'.ER.  the  scnics  oi 

one  assistant  MASTER  to  teach  English  Subjects,  French, 

and  Geography.    Salary  I40L 
ONE     ASSISTANT     MISTRESS    to    teach     English    Su 

Singing  Needlework,  and  Drill.    Salary  1001 
one  assistant  mistress  to  teach  Mathematics  and  Latin. 

Salary  1207, 
ONE    ASSISTANT    MISTRESS   to  teach    English   Conipos-tion, 

History  and  PhyMcal  Exercises  or  Class  8inging      Salarj   I. 

ONE  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  to  teach  Junior  and  Kindergarten 

Subjects.     Salarj  tool  ,    , 

oNE  assistant  mistress  to  teach  General  En 
Singing,  and  Drawing.    Salary  1001 
•Vindications  for  thes,  posts  must  be  made  on  Forms  to  be  obi 
,,,'„,,  the   EDUCATION   DEPARTMENT  iSerondaryl.  County  Hall, 
Wakefield  where  they  must  be  returned  not  later  than  MONDAY, 
July  16,  1908     epics'  of  not   more  than  three  recent  Testim 
must  be  sent  with  the  application. 
Canvassing  will  be  a  disqualification. 


nnUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 

\j  OF  YORKSHIRE 

B  D  DC  V  T  I  o  N       D  E  P  \  RTM  E  N  T. 
HIGHER  BD1  C  \Tlox 
The   west   RIDING    EDUCATION    COMMITTEE   require   the 
M.,,.,s  oi'an  ORGANIZING    MASTER   qualified  in  Science  and 
Mathematics,  <"'  the  purpose  ol  taking  Courses  of   Instinct,. 
Grou,» o<  Elemental-]  Tea,  he-    I'nccrt  id  Supplemci 

„,„!  ,,i  undertaking  tome  Tea.  hing  in  Beoondar]   8chi 

hk  must   he  made  on   Forms  to  be  obtained  from  the 

ID    i   \'l'lo\  DEPARTMENT  iSccondaryl,  Count]    H.  ill.  Wakefield, 
where  thej  must  he  ret, un.d  not  later  than  JUL! 

, ,,,   ,n,  ont   Testimonials  must    '■    -nt  with  the 

application 

Canvaat  ng  »ill  be  ■  disqualification. 


782 


Til  K    A  Til  ENJEUM 


U05,  Jinn 


30.  1906 


p  0  i    n  I  J        8CHOO  I..       I-  i.  7T€  v 

TheCOMMl  1  I  Kb  Invite  eppll.  ,iti..n»  f..r  the  |k»I  ..i  AH8I81  INT 

l.itiu  mill   Eiiglndi    •  ..ii.i-.pii  lit   ii|«ui    hi   ;i|.|..liil 
I    nl-.i.lli       of      l-.li. I.. i,  I'll    M  I.M; 


I  I 

exnerteu. 

I  i     mi  of   Appli.nt srllil  -l  .iiii-.l  lulill 

envelope  to  the  PHI  NCI  PA  I    I     ml    »< l   Leyton,tCH 


I  other   »..i  s      i .  ««   i*r 

i.. i 


FOUNDATION  B  C >  L, 

\\  inn  ■  a  M-i  i.  ROAD,  E. 
WANTED,    l'U'.IY      IN     BEPTEMBER     'I  W  INTf* 

i.  aeofwl i  imiM  liiiM-  special  qualifications  In  English 

mi. i  tin-  othci   in   Kr.-n.il      Rxparienoe   rsinntlsl     Mail   lhars   In 
ml .  mill  tin-in  i .  mull  i  .  •  rtain  •  ondlUonm,  by 
i"/.  to  DOl 
BlzWMkl    N    tie   I  ii  '  nil' -I  "i'l« ■  ti.  ti imiiiat.-  ilicageiiient. 

Api'ly  on  orbefon   '  i  i.\  ..  bj  letter  only,  t..  the  Hi  id  U 

H.  CARTER,  B.A. 


W 


ESTSUTFOLK  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


90HOOL  01  AltT. 

AmUeetdonJ  are  Invited  for  the  post  of  AltT  MASTER  roi  tfai 
SCHOOL  ol  ART  at  lil'ltv  ST.  EDMUNDS.  The  rocoeeofal  Candi- 
date will  be  expected  t..  give  his  whole  time  t..  th«  servit f  tin- 

Oommltb  i .  and  to  take  Daj  and  Evening  Work.  Commencing  Salary 
•jimi/.  per  -.tin ui n,  with  annual  Inert  ments  to 

Travelling  expenses,  and  an  allowance  if  ont  on  County 

Busin.  -  ?ht,  will  uImi  in-  granted. 

Applications  to  be  made  on  or  before  JULY  7,  IMS,  on  n  Form  to 
beobl  the  undersigned  on  roceipi  of  stamped, addressed 

FRED    K.  HUGHES,  County  Education  Secretary. 
Bury  st.  Edmunds. 

METROPOLITAN      BOROUGH      OF 
ST.  l'ANCKAS. 
PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 
The  COUNCIL  of  tin-  METROPOLITAN  BOROUGH  of  ST.  PAN- 
CKAS  Invite  applications  for  the  following  Appointments:— 

\  CHIEF  ASSISTANT,  age  25  to  96,  at  :i  salary  of  1207.  per 
annum,  i  i>ini_-  by  annual  increments  of  ML  to  1801.  per  annum, 
previa  e  in  Library  Work  is  essential. 

(61  A  SENIOR  ASSISTANT,  age  30  to  80,  at  a  Balary  of  70L  per 
annum,  rising  by  annual  Increments  of  7/.  in*,  to  imif.  per  annum. 
Previoi  oe  in  Library  Work  essential.    Experience  in  Library 

Work  preference  will  be  given  in  this  appointment  to 

Candidates  with  a  knowledge  of  Shorthand  and  Type-writing. 

A  JUNIOR  ASSISTANT  at  a  salary  of  -1"'.  per  annum,  rising  by 
annual  increments  of  »'.  to  601.  per  annum.  Preference  will  be  given 
in  this  appointment  to  well-educated  youths  aged  about  it;  years, 
who  have  recently  left  school. 

Applications  must  be  made  on  form'  to  be  obtained  from  the  Town 
Clerk,  Town  Hall,  Faunas  Road,  N.W.,  must  be  sent  to  the  under- 
signed not  later  than  FRIDAY.  July  6,  and  accompanied  by  copies 
[which  will  not  be  returned!  of  three  Testimonials  of  recent  dates, 
an.l  be  endorsed  either  'Chief  Assistant,"  "Senior  Assistant,"  or 
"Junior  Assistant." 
Personal  canvassing  will  be  considered  a  disqualification. 

c.  11.  F.  BARRETT,  Town  Clerk, 
The  Town  Hall,  Faunas  Road,  N.W.,  June  is,  1906. 

EEQUIRED,  really  Practical  SUB-EDITOR  for 
Established    FENNY*  -WEEKLY    MAGAZINE.      Must   have 

Knowledge  of  Public  Taste.— Apply,  in  first  instance,  Box  1129, 
Athenaeum  Press,  18,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  B.C. 


P* 


>UBLISHER  requires  the  Exclusive  Services  of 

1  a  GENTLEMAN  of  Experience,  to  undertake  the  duties  of 
LITERARY  ADVISER,  READER,  and  BOOS  EDITOR.  Age 
under  J".  Experience  of  Publishing  an  advantage.— State  Salary 
required  and  full  particulars  in  confidence  to  Box  66,  44,  Chancery 
Lane,  W.O. 


CIRCULATING  LIBRARY.— An  important  and 
extensive  concern,  baling  numerous  Branches  throughout 
England,  requires  the  SERVICES  of  a  GENTLEMAN  with  Library 
experience  to  organize  and  extend  on  modern  lines  an  already 
established  Library  Business.— Apply,  stating  age,  experience,  &c„  to 
199  b  .  .are  of  C.  Mil.  bell  St  Co.,  1.  Snow  Hill,  B.C. 

LITERABY    MAN,    residing    chiefly    Ahmad, 
requires  YOUNG  LADY  secretary  (Shorthand  Typist).— 
Reply,  stating  qualifications,  Salary,  references,  age,  to  C.  D.,  Howard 
Hill. 

Situations   WLanttb. 

TO  PUBLISHERS  and  EDITORS.— EMPLOY- 
MENT WANTED  in  .-my  Literary  or  Journalistic  capacity. 
Mss,  read  and  prepared  for  Press.  Editing,  Compiling,  Indexing, 
i:  irchei  at  the  British  Museum,  4c.  Foreign  Languages.  Good 
knowl  I  ntinental  Affairs  and  Literature. —ERNEST  A. 
VI/.ETELLY.  is,  Southampton  Buildings,  Chai ry  Lam-,  W.C. 


TO   MUSEUMS  and    ANTIQUARIANS. 
yOTJNQ  GENTLEMAN  m  I  desires  POSITION.     Seven  years 
perience  in   British  Museum,     skilled  in  Reproduction 
an-l  Rei  '  Coins,  Medals,  Gems,  and  Seals;  Preservation  of 

..Mr-,   Bronzes,  Pottery,  ftc.     Journalism,  Draughtsmanship, 
Pype  \\  i  it  me,  BooK-Keeping,  &c.   Excellent  Testimonials, 
—  M.  II  .  Box  1128,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bream's  buildings,  E.c. 

AN    active    YOUNG    MAN    (23)    requires 
SITUATION  as  PUBLISHER'S  or    BOOKSELLER'S  ASSIS- 
TANT.   Can  supply  g 1  reference!     T.,  box  1070,  Athenaeum  Press, 

im  -  Buildings,  Chancery  Lain-,  i:  C. 


iHisrfllaiuous. 


AN  OPENING  occurs  Eora  GENTLEMAN  (not 
ovei  sound  education  and  Literarytastes  to 

obtain    TRAINING     under    a    well-known     LONDON     EDITOR 

Premit  i Iddress,  in  Brsl  Instance,  to  V.vftovnoi^,  r„>\  1824, 

Willing  Strand,  W.C. 


AUTHOR   undertakes  TRANSLATIONS  from 
French,  l    i  mi!,,  m   Italian  into  English  (Prose  or  Vera 
Address  BETA,  S8,  Lanidowne  Road,  South  I  ambeth 

TRANSLATIONS,    RESEARCH    WORK,  &e., 
required   bj  qualified  LADY,  thoroughly  conversant  with  six 
Technical  and  i  I  hei   Subjects      Iddj  ess,  D,  P., 
-  i       l  Messrs.  Luzai  &  Co  .  16,  Great  Russell  Street,  W.C. 


I    I  I  l  RAR"i  R.ESEARI  II     undertaken  %\    the 

I  J     British  Mo-  when  on  moderate  terms     KxoaUant 

unli.li       \   II  l:    (ion    \'l..  in  urn  1'ieu,  13,  Urram'tUuildliigi. 
r  Laui     I   I 


SEARCHES  at   1:1:11  [SH   MUSEUM  and  other 
I.lllllAltlEHIn  English,  Prancb,  Flemlih,  Dutch.  German,  and 
Latin.      siii.nl. n    years'    experience. —  J.     A.     ItANDi  U.l'll 
Alaxandra  Road.  Wimbledon,  B  W, 


8>l)pf-Wlr  iters,  &r. 

TYPE  WRITING  of  all  de«rriptioni  WAN'l  ED 
by  LADT  (Royal  Barlock  Machine!     work  oerefully  done  and 

in- ptly  returned,     lOd.  1.000  words.— Miss    BRIDGES,   Parsonage. 

Rudgwiok, 

TSTE-WRITING.— M8&,  BCTENTTFIC,  and 
of  all  Description*,  COPIED,  ftpmisl  attention  to  work 
requiring  car.-  Dictation  Rooms  (Shorthand  or  Tyi*  Writing!. 
Usual  terms  -Mi-  1  I.  FAHKAN.  Donington  House.  30, 

Norfolk  Street,  Strand,  London. 


TV  PE-WRITINC  undertaken  by  highly  educated 
Women  iclassiial  Tri|K,s;   Cambridge  Higher  Local;   Modern 

Latc-nai,'!'-'  Research,  Revision,  Translation.  Dictation  Koom. — 
TIIK  CAMBRIDGE  TYPE  WHITING  AGENCY,  10,  Duke  Street, 
Ad.lpbi,  W.O, 

TYPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.  All 
kinds  of  MSS.,  STORIES,  PLAY'S,  4e„  accurately  TYPED. 
Carbons,  3d.  per  1,000.  Best  references.— M.  KINO  7,  Corona  Villas, 
Pinner  Road,  Harrow. 

TYPE-WRITER.— PLAYS  and  MSS.  of  every 
description.  Carbon  and  other  Duplicate  or  Manifold  Copies. 
-Mi><  E.  M.  TIGAIi,  64.  Maitland  Park  ltoad,  Haverstot-k  Hill.  N.Vt. 
Established  l«84. 


TYPE-WRITING,  SHORTHAND,  and  TRANS- 
LATIONS.     Established   18SI9.       Highest   references.  —  Hiss 
II  AM  EH  JONES,  -Wand  6n,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C.  (First  Floor  i. 

TYPE-WRITING.— The  WEST  KENSINGTON 
OFFICES.  Authors'  MSS..  Translations,  4c.  Legal  and  General 
Copying.  Circulars,  Ac,  duplicated.  Usual  Terms.  References. 
Established  thirteen  years.— SIKES  k  SIKES.  229,  Hammen-mith 
Road,  W.    (Private  Address:  13,  Wolverton  Gardens,  Hammersmith. I 


A  UTHORS' MSS. , NOVELS,  STORIES, PLAYS, 

A  ESSAYS  TYPE  WRITTEN  with  complete  accuracy  9d.  per 
1,000  words.  Clear  Carbon  Copies  guaranteed.  References  to  well- 
known  Writers.— M.  STUART,  Thirlbank  Roxborough  Road,  Harrow 

THE  CO-OPERATIVE  TYPE-WRITERS,  Ltd. 
(CO-PARTNERSHIP  SOCIETY), 

CECIL  HOUSE,  116,  HIGH  HOLBORN,  W.C. 

(Over  Messrs.  Lilley  &  Skinner's.) 

SHORTHAND,  TYPING,  DUPLICATING,  TRANSLATING, 

TRACING,  4c. 

A  limited  number  of  Pupils  taken. 

"Laving  Wage."    Little  overtime.    No  work  given  out.    Offices  well 

lighted  and  healthy.    MSS.  kept  in  fireproof  safe.    Efficient  Staff. 


T 


YPE- WRITING,  M.  per  1,000  words.     Trans- 
lations.— W.  T.  CURTIS,  10,  Haringey  Park,  Crouch  End,  N. 


Ikntbovs    Agents. 

THE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 
The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged.  MSS.  placed  v,  ith  Publishers.— Terms  and  Testi- 
monials on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BURGH  ES,  34.  Paternoster  Row 

MR.  GEORGE  LARNER,  Aoooimtant  and 
Licensed  Valuer  to  the  Bookselling,  Publishing,  Newspaper 
Printing,  and  stationery  Trades.  Partnerships  Arranged  Balance 
Sheets  and  Trading  Aosounts  Prepared  and  ludited.  All  Business 
earned  out  under  Mr.  Lanier's  personal  supervision.  28,  29,  and  30 
Paternoster  How,  B.C..  Secretary  to  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution. 


$Uhi5pap*r  JVgimis. 

"VTORTHERN    NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 

-Ll  KENDAL,  ENGLAND. 

Supplies  Editors  withal]  kinds  or  Literary  Matter,  and  is  open  to  hear 

from  Authors  concerning  Manuscripts. 

YTEWSPAPER  PROPERTIES 

J-l      BOUGHT,  SOLD,  VALUED.  AND  SUPPLIED  WITH 
EVERY  REQUISITE. 

The  London  Agency  of  an  additional  limited  number  of  Provincial 

anil  Colonial  Newspapers  can  be  undertaken. 

Full  particulars  from 

THE  IMPERIAL  NEWS  AGENCY, 

SI  and  4,  Tudor  Street.  London.  E.C. 


A  THEN/EUM    PRESS.— JOHN    EDWARD 

-T\_  FRANCIS,  Printer  of  the  Athtnavm,  Wotss  and  Qusrta  4c  is 
prepared  to  SUBMIT  ESTIMATES  for  all  kinds  ,,f  BOOK  NKWS 
and  periodical  PRINTING.— 18,  Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery 
Lane,  E  i ' 


(Eatalonius. 


HH.   PEACH,  37,  Belvoir  Street,   Leicester, 
.    Issues  CATALOGUES  of  MSS  and  RARE  BOOKS  post  free 

to   book  Collectors      No     lv.  jusl    issued,  contains  Early  Continental 

Provincial  Presses— interesting  Collection  of  Historical  Autograph 
Letters,  1690  1706,  fcc 

CATALOGUE  No.  4f>.— Drawings,  Engravings, 
\J  and  Hooks.  Including  an  extensive  and  una  Collection  of  the 
Plates  of  Turner's  LIBER  STUDIORUM  and  other  Engravings  after 
Turner— Hogarth's  Engravings  Whistler's  Btchings —Works  by 
Ruskin,  ftc  I'ost  free.  Sixpence,  11)1.  WARD.  -2,  Church  Ten-ace. 
Richmond,  Surrey. 


i; 


M 


I      n     I*     i:      B      3. 


(.  \\  A  blltl. 
lUrlng  purcliuul  many  Volumt-t.  in.  ludln* 
AltT.  IlIotillAI'liY    TltAM.L    POUTII   U 

ti  »;•   MA'  MILLA.N   A    I  ii.«  tbeui  »t    |M    | 

(  A.TALOG1  I  i- 
OAT  4  BIRD.  «.  Bedford  Street.  London. 

L  BIO H TO  N'S 
TLLU8TEATBD    CATALOGUE   of    EARLY 

1    PRINTED  and  other  INTI .1  ITl^. 

end  BIND1 

•HI  RES  1  -  B  SALE  BY 

J.  &  J.  I.I  lOHTON,  40,  Hre«er  Street,  QoldM  IfMil    If, 

Thick  S\o,  ,  it.-iiis,  rita  nwanboi  LIM  Reproductions 

Hound  in   art  cloth,   gilt  to]*.  •£*.  ;   half  morocco,  gilt  to[«,  (OS. 
UHllmillllll    '..nt.-iining  A.  with  Hi  Illuntntions. 


A 


GLAISHER'8       REMAINDER        BOOK 
CATALOGUE     .HNE  Sl'Pl'LEMENT  BOW  III 
Extensive  Purchases  of  Publishers  Remain  ;ced 

Prt 

WILLIAM  OLAISHER    Remainder  and  Dii^nunt  Booluellrr. 
3s',.  High  Bolborn.  London.  \\  I 
Alsoa useful  CATALOGUE  of  Pop!' I.AR  CURRENT  LITERATURE 
andoneof  FRENCH  HOTELS    I  I 

Now  READY. 

CATALOGUE    (No.    109)    of  SBOOND-HAND 
BOOKS,    including   many   int.  ;  shank  item*,  with 

tph  Inscriptions  Ifrom  the  Truman  Collection!— veil  lound 
Sets  of  Library  Editions  of  standard  Authors— Early  Matbematical 
His, ks— old  Copperplate  Yii-v.s  of  '  ountry  s.-at>— E.vtra-Illurtrated 
Booke,  Occult  Works,  Ac 

Gratis  and  i^j^t  free  on  applic-ation  to 

MYERS  !c  CO..  vi   High  Holborn,  London,  W  I 

Telephone  4I«7  Ilolliorn. 

BERTRAM  D    O    B    E    L    L, 

SECOND  HAND  BOOKSELLER  an     PUBLISHER, 

77,  Charing  Cross  Road.  London.  W  ( 
A   large    Stock    of    old    and    Hare    Rooks  in   Enslish  Literature, 
Including  Poetry  and  the  Drama — Shakespeariana — First  Edit 

Famous  Authors— Manuscripts— Illustrated  Books,  Jtc.  CATALOGUES 
free  on  application. 

NCIENT  and   MODERN  COINS. —Collectors 

and  Antiquarians  are  invited  to  applv  to  SPINK  A 
Lirnited.  for  Specimen  Copy  .m-atis  of  tln-ir  NUMISMATIC  CIRCU- 
LAR The  finest  Greek,  Roman,  and  English  Coins  on  Vn-w  and  for 
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JUST  PUBLISHED,  THE  INTERNATIONAL 

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gratis.— WILLIAMS  ft  NORGATE,  Book  lmi>ort«rs.  14,  HenrietU 
Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 

BOOKS. —All  OUT-OE-PRINT  and  RARE 
BOOKS  on  any  subject  SUPPLIED.  Tin  most  expert  Bookfinder 
extant.  Please  state  wants  and  ask  for  CATA1.'  GUE.  1  make  a  ei>ecial 
feature  of  exchanging  any  Saleable  Books  for  others  selected  from  my 
various  Lists.  Special  List  of  2.000  Books  I  i»articularlv  v,  :,- 
— EDW.  BAKERS  Gnat  Bookshop,  14-16,  John  Bright  Street.  Bir- 
mingham.   Oscar  Wilde's  Poems  cjis.i,  for  6*.  6d.  .only  250  issued  . 


^aks  bu  ^.utii0n. 

Hare  aini  valuable  73oo/.-,s\  including  a  SmaU  Lihram  nf  Book* 
in  Old  English  Literature  (removed  from  Yorkthin). 

MESSRS.  HODGSON  &  Co.  will  SELL  by 
AUCTION,  at  their  Rooms,  lift,  Chancery  Lane,  W.C,  on 
WEDNESDAT,  bilv  4.  and  Two  Following  Days,  at  1  o'doi  k.  HARE 
and  VALUABLE  BOOKS,  including  a  SMALL'  LIBRARY  of  b 
in  OLD  ENGLISH  LITERATURE,  comprising  the  Best  Edition  of 
Turner's  Herbal,  1568— aCopyof  the  excessively  rare  Elizabethan  Poem 
sir    Fniiu  is    Drake,  by  t  barles  Pitigeffrey,  Origil  cfbrd, 

1596 — Early  books  on  Trade.  Physics,  and  Medicine,  many  in  Blaek 
Letter,  the  whole  in  Contemporary  Calf  or  Sheep  Bindinffs— a  few 
Early  Printed  Books  — the  Work's  of  Rembrandt,  by  llo.le  and 
I>(  (Jroote.  Edition  de  Luxe.  S  vols.,  and  other  Fine-Art  and  Illus- 
trated Books— Dodslevs  Old  English  Plavs.  bv  Har.litt.  IS  v>ds  .  and 
other  books  on  the  Drama,  the  Property  of  the  late  B.  BARTON 
BAKER  Esq.;  Jenkins's  Martial  Achievements,  Coloured  1 
1816— First  Editions  of  Esteemed  Authors  —  Library  Sets  of  Scott. 
Dickens,  Thackeray.  Surtees,  and  others— Standard  Books  in  all 
Classes  of  Literature— Audubon's  Quadrupeds  of  America, ::  vols.,  and 
other  Natural  History  and  Scientific  Books— a  Set  of  the 
Records  Society's  Publications— Engravings.  Sc. 

To  be  viewed  and  Catalogues  had. 


WILLIS'S  ROOMS.  KING  STREET.  ST.  dAMKSS  SQ1   IRE    -  « 

Without  Reserve.— Tht  LANGWJtIL  COLLECTION  of  OUT 
Chinese  Works  of  Art,  by  direction  of  John  Leecnman 
Taylor,  Esq.,  Ju-n.,  Chartered  Accountant, 

t,  Glasgow,  Judicial  Facto,-  ,,f  t!  GEORGE 

LOUDEN  WATSON,  appointed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 
ind. 

MESSRS.  ROBINSON  A  FISHER  are 
instructed  to  SELL,  at  their  Rooms,  on  THURSDAY  NEXT. 
July  ■"'.  at  i  o'clock  precisely,  the  FIFTH  PORTION  of  this  important 
and  valuable  COLLECTION,  comprising  Carvings  in  Jade,  Q 
Amethyst.  Cornelian,  and  othei  Hard  Stone  some  fine  Specimens  of 
Blue-  .iii.1  White.  Enamelled,  and  Whole-Colour  Pol  i-elain  — a  rare 
Twelve  Fold  Lacquer  Screen— and  other  interesting  Items. 
Catalogues   maybe   had   of    I  FLOR    ft    MACINTOSH 

tants,  115,  St.  Vincent  Street,  Glasgow ;  Messrs  ^ 
BAIRTI   *    CO.,    Solicitors.    West    Regent    stieet.   Glasgow;    M 
CLARK  *MACI)ON ALP.  S.S.C..  24.  Hill  Street,  Edinburgh;  )l 
BOULTON     suns  \    SANDEMAX,    Solicitors,    Ha,    Northampton 
Square,  B.C. :  and  of  the  auctioneers,  at  their  Ofloai  as  above. 

5n  ?<-.-■•  of  MisosUaneom  Property. 

MR.  J.  C  STEVENS  begs  to  Ronooaoe  that 
SALES  an  held  EA  KRY  PRIDAY,  at  his  R... 
stre.t  Covent  Garden,  London,  W.C,  lor  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES. SLIDES,  and  OBJECTIVES-  Telescopes—  Theodolites  — 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— CamersB,  Lenses,  and 
all  kinds  of  Photographic  Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns  with  Slides 
and  all  accessories  in  gnat  variety  by  Best  Makers  —  Household 
Furniture — lev,  cilery— an.l  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 
On  view  Thursday  -J  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


783 


Books  and  Manuscripts.  „„ 

MESSRS  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
n  wn  w  AITCTION   at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 

Days.  ,,.i,l  on  MONDAY  July  9  at  l  . ..  c  o,k  ™*  J,^*^™ 
g  BO«»KS  an.l  MSS    .neluajng  the  LIbRAHA  ^J.  S^TMhNSUN, 

PrVv  vFi  L  iVkaK  ES  co  n pri'ins  Stand,,,!  Works  in  the  various 

ToDMTaohy-Early  and  Rare  Foreign  Books  &e. 

1   fc  May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 

Valuable  Autograph  Letters  and  important  Relics  of  the 
Wesley  Family. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No  i:t,  Wellington 

ingtoi  and  others-Important  Correspondence  of  C.  >anvm  John 
Rusk in  Sir  John  Franklin,  Lord  Beaconefield,  E.  ft  Browning,  and 
Si,  W    Scott-fine  Letters  of  Frederick  the  Great-Autographs  of 

MuSical,^ORTANT    LETTERS    AND    RELICS    OF    THE 

THE   DESK  CHAIR  USE1)'  BY  OLIVES  GOLDSMITH,  Ac 
May  he  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  he  had. 

Valuable    Engravings    and    Etchings,    selected   from    the 

Collection  of  the  late  ALFRED    MORRISON,  Esq.,   of 

V/TESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 

1VL  will  SELL  by  AUCTION,  at  their  House,  No.  13,  Wellington 
Street  Strand  W  C.on  WEDNESDAY,  July  11,  and  Three .Following 
Ti  'it  i  «  c lock  Drecisely  valuable  ENGRAVINGS  and  ETCHINGS, 
StedfromtbiPC0tLECTION  of  the  late  ALFRED  MORRISON^ 
Bs.,  'f  Fonthill,  comprising  Engravings  and  Etchings ibj ■  <M 
MMters  including  important  Examples  of  the  Works  of  Berghem, 
C .  Lucas  Van  Leyden.  Israel  Van  Meckenen.  Martin  Schomraue. 
Sir  A  Vmdvck  M.  Zagel,  and  others-Engravings  after  French 
Masters-Me^tinte^  remarkable  Collection  of  Historical  Prints 
and  Broadsides— Modern  Etchings,  &e. 

May  be  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

The  Collection  of  Greek,  Roman,  ^^ohmmm^an  Coins, 
the  Property  of  the  late  J.  M.  C.  JOHNSTOA,Esa. 

MESSRS.  SOTHEBY,  WILKINSON  &  HODGE 
vcill  SELL  by  AUCTION  (by  order  oi f  the  ^utor).  At  their 
House.  No.  13,  Wellington  Street,  Sfrand,  \\  .0  on  MONDAV, Julyl6, 
«T„i  T«m  Pnllowine  Days  at  1  o  clock  precisely,  the  C  ollm.  i  ioi\  or 
f-  FFK  ROMAN^ and  MOHAMMEDAN  COINS,  the  Property  of 
tnc^ate  J  M  C  JOHNSTON.  Esq..  including  an  extensive  s,„,s  o 
r w  Con  per  Coins-Roman  Denarii  and  Brass-and  a  very  long  and 
& tin« ■  S-ries  of  Mohammedan,  Persian,  .and  Indian  Coins,  par 
•("mlarly  of  the  Earlier  Khalifs-Coin  Cahmets-and  Numismatic 
Books.  ^  ^  ^  viewed  two  days  prior.    Catalogues  may  be  had. 

Arclmoloqical  Collection* formed  by  EDWARD 
BIDWELL,  F.s,,. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square  \\  .C.  on 
TUESDAY  July  :'..  at  ten  minutes  past  1  o'clock  precisely,  the  COL- 
LECTIONS formed  by  EDWARD  BIDWELL.  Esq  comprising  a 
lr-,-  Series  of  K.ue  Obsolete  Methods  of  Holding  Lieht-Lamps  illus- 
i'-o  ,  :   Vi.e  vnious  means  ,.f  getting  oil  to  tic  Wick— Candlesticks 

made  of  Wampum  beads  -  many  small  articles  of  Carved  Wood, 
deluding  Stay  Busks,  Knitting  sheaths,  Nul  Crackers,  Spoons.  &c- 
,  '  ;,'  1  Hun  Of  the  Viking  period-Tinder  boxes  and  Matches- 
Gum  Pistols  and  Powder  tforns-Weighing  Appliances  and  Money 
s,'1  ^-Eskimo.  Maori,  and  other  Curios  CooMn?  and  Toasting 
Dtensils-Pipes-and  a  large  Miscellaneous  Arch.vological  Collection. 

Valuable  Books. 

MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
by  AUCTION,  at  their  Galleries,  47.  Leicester  Square,  W.O., 
EARLY  in  JULY,  VALUABLE    BOOKS,  Including   several   small 
Private  Libraries.  


0 


1) 


M 


ESSRS.   CHRISTIE.   MANSON  &   WOODS 


respectfully  give  Notice  that   they  will   hold   the  following 
SAI  FS  by  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  booms.  King  Street,  St.  James  6 
i ,.  the  Salee  commencing  at  l  o'clock  precisely  :— 

On  MONDAY,  July  2,  OLD  PICTURES,  the 

Property  of  G.  A.  1 1 1  LEY,  Esq..  and  otic  i  S. 

On  TUESDAY,  July  3,  the  highly  interesting 
nnd  important  OOLLEOTIOll  of  RELICS  and  SOUVENIRS  of 
LAFAYETTE,  chlefij  in  connexion  with  the  American  War  of 
independence. 

On   TUESDAY,    July   3,  and    Following    Day, 

;,.,,„„  i-,,,t  histokic  \L  DOCUMENTS  relating  to  tin  Spanish 
Ailna.l,  ami  valuable  HISTORICAL  and  MISCELLANEOUS 
AUTOGRAPHS. 

On  THURSDAY,  July  5,  OLD  ENGLISH 
SILVER  PLATE,  the  Property  of  JOHN  OORBETT,  Esq.,  deceased, 
ami  others. 

On     FRIDAY.      July     6,     BRONZES     and 

nrcni:  Vl'IYK  OBJECTS,  the  Propertyof   LAWRENCE  W.  1 1  <  »I  >- 
son.   ">,,   and   t.LD   CHINESE   and    other    PORCELAIN   from 
ous  sources. 

On  SATURDAY,  July  7,  MODERN  PICTURES 

and  Drawings  of  the  late  DAVID  DAVY,  Esq.,  the  late  Mrs.  ELIZA 
BRIGHTWBN,  and  othi 


^litga-fttus,    &c. 


TEE    HOME     COUNTIES     MAGAZINE. 
An  Illustrated  Magazine  devoted  to  Popnlai  To] raph  . 

Pi  [eel     8 1,  nel 

77..  JULY  ■     I  ■  "    " "■'  '  '  ''■■ '    ' 

NOTES   on    A    PORTRAIT    OF    THOMAS    FRY    Of 
GRAYS    VILLAGE-PLACE     NAMES:      NORTH  WOO  1 
DISTRICT 


T>       L      A       C       K       W       0 

For  JULY  contains 

GEORGE  BUCHANAN.     By  Charles  Whibley. 

THE  DAFT  DAYS.     Chaps.  I. -III. 

By  Neil  Munro. 

SONNETS. 

A  Soldier  to  a  Secretary  of  State  for  War. 

REMBRANDT  VAN  RUN.     1606-1906. 

By  D.  S.  Meldrum. 

A  SOUTHRON  IN  SUTHERLAND. 

By  A.  T.  S.  Goodrick. 

THE  FAIRWAY.  By  Oliver  Onions. 

FORTY  SINGING  SEAMEN. 

By  Alfred  Noyes. 

COUNT  BUNKER.— Conclusion. 

By  J.  S.  Clouston. 

THE  GREATEST  GAME-BEAST  IN  EUROPE. 

By  Hesketh  Prichard. 

'  THE  TIMES '   HISTORY  OF   THE   WAR  IN 

SOUTH  AFRICA. 
RECENT    SOCIAL    EVENTS    OF    STRIKING 
SIGNIFICANCE  :— 

The    Katori  —  The    Most  Distinguished    Order    of 
St.  Michael  and  St.  George. 
MUSINGS  WITHOUT  METHOD  :— 

The  Outrage  at  Madrid— The  qualities  of  the  Anarchist 

—A  Victim  of  Temperament— "Political  Crime   — rhe 

"  Honour"  of  Assassins— How  to  Treat  the  Anarchist— 

Henrik   Ibsen— His   Life   and   Works— The   Folly   of 

Ibsenism. 

MOVING  TOWARDS  A  TERRITORIAL  ARMY. 

By  General  E.  F.  Chapman,  C.B. 

EDUCATION  BILL  IN  COMMITTEE. 

WILLIAM  BLACKWOOD  &  SONS,  Edinburgh  and  London. 

pON'    TEMPORARY 

^  REVIEW.    JULY,  28.  6d. 

THE  WAR  OF  MOSLEM  AND  CHRISTIAN  FOR '.THE  POSSES- 
SION OF  ASIA  MINOR.  By  Prof.  W.  M.  Ramsay.  Being  the 
Rede  Leeture  for  1906. 

THE  NATIVE  QUESTION  IN  THE  TRANSVAAL  By  Sir  Alfred 
E.  Pease,  late  Administrator  of  Native  Affairs  in  the  Transvaal. 

SQUANDERING  A  SURPLUS.     By  Sir  Oliver  Lodge. 

THE  GREAT  CONGO  INIQUITY,     by  Harold  Spender. 

FRENCH  POLITICS  AND  THE  FRENCH  PEOPLE.  By  Laurence 
Jerrold. 

THE  WORLD  OF  PERSONAL  SPIRITS.  By  Emm.  France! 
Caillaid. 

THE  FOREIGN  POLICY  OF  SPAIN.     By  Charles  Rudy. 

THE  TEACH  Fits'  REGISTER.     By  Prof.  .1.  J.  Findlay. 

THE  FALL  OF  WOMAN.    By  George  Barlow. 

THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  THE  MONASTERIES:  a  Rejoinder. 
By  G.  G.  Ooulton. 

RELIGIOUS  EVENTS  IN  FRANCE,     by  Paul  Saba  tier. 

FOREIGN  AFFAIRS.    By  Dr.  E.  J.  Dillon. 

London:  HORACE  MARSHALL  &  SON. 


oK     KENT- 

\ND 

SOME     EAST     KENT     PARISH     HISTORY-WIN 


CHESTER  CATHEDRAL    THE  CHRONICLE  OP  PAl  I'SCKOSS 
OLD     IT  '  ''M     BROWS  s       col  VI  It  \  RALPH 

THORESBV      IN     LONDON       NUMEROUS      ILLUSTRATIONS 
AND  QUERIES. 


I'ERLY 


(i.  CHANCERY  LANE,  W.C. 


Till',     BUILDER    [founded    1842),    Catherine 
W.C,  JONE  ,     ,. 

THE    MiHF.sioN  OF  CONCRETE  TO  STEEL;     Uchitecture  at 
,1,,.  |;,,v,,i   \,     i   ,  .eietyfor  the  Promotion  oi   Hellenic  Studies: 

,!,.  ,„,    \,,  ottectural   Stud;  ;    Preservation   of  Plaa      oi 
•   Institute  of   British  Architects  (pre 
Medal   :   Armstrong  Colli  tleon 

TyiieiSomc   Mathematical    Methods,  t.  .  for  Architects   (Student* 
Pala,     Design  the  Hs  me;  Mansions 

,,,,l  i  |  Bntri Pon  I 

through  any  Rem 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AND  AFTER, 
No.  863.    JULY. 
THE  HOUSE  OF  LORDS.    By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell, 

Bart. 
THE  stoRY  OF  THE  CAPITULATIONS.    By  Edward  Dicey,  C.B. 
THE  ABSORPTION  OF  HOLLAND  BY  GERMANY.      By  J.  Ellis 

Barker. 
GERMAN  TRADE  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.     By  Major-General  Sir 

Alexandei  B.  Tulloch,  K.C.B.  C.M.G. 
DISARM  &.M  I'NT.    by  Ool.  the  Earl  of  Enroll. 
WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY.      By  Lieut-Col.  Sir  Henry  M.  Hosier, 

K.C.B. 
'■SoFTSIF.NA     AND  HEK  CHILDREN,    by  Miss  Rose  M.  Bradley. 
A  PLEA  FOR  THE  WHITE  SOUTH  BY  A  COLOURED  WOMAN. 

By  Mary  Church  Ten. '11. 
TIMBER-PLANTING  ON  WASTE  LAND,     by  John  Nisbet,  late 

'  Indian  Pod  bI  Sei  t  ice. 
MRS.   LTKYNS  AND  "THE  DAUPHIN.''    By  Ralph  Nevill. 
LETTERS  OP  LORD   ACTON   To   MARY  GLADSTONE.     By  the 

'  Right  Hon.  Alfred  Lyttclton,  M.I'. 
THE  MARRIAGE  RITUAL  of  Toledo.     By  the  Rev.  Herbert 

Thurston.  S.J. 

CONSERVATIVE  ORGANISATION  AND  THE  AGRICULTURAL 

LABOURERS.    Bj  T.  E  CebbeL 
conflict  or  COMPROMISE?    By  D.  C.  Lathbury. 
THE  PROSPECTS  of  THE  BILL,    By  Herbert  Paul,  MP. 
INTERNATIONAL  ART:  a  Duologue.    ByMissF.  P.  Seelcy. 
THE  REVIVAL  OF  BOULPT1  RE      By  H.  Hamilton  Fyfe. 
improved  simp  ARCHITECTURE  FOB    London:   the  New 
i,  ,nt      By  Sir  Aston  Webb,  R.A.  F.R.I.B.A. 
London  :  BPOTTISWOODE  4  CO.,  Limited,  5,  New  Streel  Squan 


T 


HE      SPIRIT     OF     OUR     LAWS. 
Price  is.  nel  ;  posl  free  .v.  id. 
•The  Spirit  of  our  Laws'  is  ;i  popular  book  which  lolls  llu> 

man    in   the  slice!    ;ill  about    the  l;iw    and    its    working   ill 

plain,  unfcechnical  language.     It  is  foil  of  amusing  simics 

and  real  cases,    it.  di'.ils  with  iii.ittcrs  with  which  every 
educated  man  should  be  familiar. 

What  tht    !'■■;"  I        •  :l : — 

"It  would  be  a  r""'l  thing  if  every  intelligent  citizen 
could  read  tbis  book." 
"  Very  Interesting  readin 

"Distinguished  bj  the  studied  simplicity  of  its  exposition." 
SWEET    a     MAXWELL,    LIMIT!  D, 
:s,  Chancer]  Lane,  London,  W.C. 


ESTABLISHED    1837. 


THE 

PUBLISHERS' 

CIRCULAR 

AND  BOOKSELLERS'  RECORD. 


IMPORTANT  NOTICE  TO  THE  BOOK 
TRADE,  TO  LIBRARIANS,  AND  TO 
GENERAL  READERS. 

In  response  to  repeated  requests  from  Booksellers 
and  Librarians,  it  has  been  decided  to  prepare  and 
publish  a  MONTHLY  as  well  as  a  WEEKLY  List 
of  New  Publications  in  THE  PUBLISHERS' 
CIRCULAR  AND  BOOKSELLERS"  RECORD. 

It  has  been  represented  to  us  that  such  a 
List,  in  a  compendious  form,  would  be  of  the 
greatest  practical  value  for  Reference  to  Titles, 
Prices,  &c,  of  New  Books  which  are  in  constant 
demand.     Accordingly, 

THE  'P.C  MONTHLY  LIST  OF  NEW 
BOOKS 

Will  be  printed  in  the  PUBLISHERS'  CIR- 
CULAR, at  the  end  of  each  calendar  month.  In 
it  the  New  Books  will  be  entered  under  two  head- 
ings, Subject  and  Author,  in  one  Alphabet.  The 
Publishers'  Name,  the  Size  and  Price  will  also  be 
given. 

The  "  Books  of  the  Week  "  will  appear  as  here- 
tofore, except  that  in  those  weeks  when  the 
Monthly  List  is  published  they  will  be  incorporated 
in  that  list.  In  order  that  the  New  Books  of  the 
last  week  in  each  month  may  be  readily  picked  out, 
we  shall  put  a  capital  N  after  the  title,  &e. 

It  is  hoped  that  this  arrangement  will  meet  the 
wishes  and  convenience  of  Booksellers,  Librarians, 
and  others,  and  that  they,  as  well  as  the  Publishers, 
will  give  the  PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR  in- 
creased support  in  order  to  meet  the  increase  of 
cost  involved  by  this  new  departure. 

THE  SECOND  MONTHLY  LIST  APPEARS  IN 
THE  '  P.C  FOR  JUNE  30. 


THE   LEADING   PUBLISHERS  ADVERTISE 
REGULARLY  IN  THE  'P.C 


About  2,000  Scarce  and 
other  Books  Wanted 

ARE  ADVERTISED  FOR  IN  THE 

PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR 

EACH  WEEK. 

"The  English  Catalogue  is  indispensable." 

ATllKN  KfM. 

ENGLISH 
CATALOGUE 
OF  BOOKS 

FOR  Tin:  vi:  \i:s 

1901,  1902,  1903, 

1904,  and  1905. 

Those  five  years  will  form  a  royal  8vo  volume  of 
over  1,300  pages,  which  is  approaching  completion. 

It  will  be  published  at  the 

PUBLISHERS'  CIRCULAR  OFFICE, 
St.  Dunstan'a  House,  Fetter  Lane 


784 


TH  E     ATHENJEUM 


N*4105,  Jim;  80,  1906 


LOVELL  REEVE  &  CO.'S 
L  I  8  T. 


PLANTS     OF 


l.\r     nj  i  I    WITH  1 1  OLOOBKD  H.\    I 

THE    BOTANICAL    MAGAZINE.       Hand- 

i  th  Dea  riptlon*,  Bti  m  tui  il   ml  Mi-t 

I      .    I'lanu    aulUMe  t..i    the  U  .i.l.  ii     - 
i  \,,  sii  w    T.  TllisKl.r.iN  OYER.   K.C.M  U 

>i    ..I  the   Itojrnl  II.. I  mi.    UnnleDl,   K.  » 

.  i\    >i:i;ik>.  «u   net       tfonthb    Kiih  ..    Hand 

.  Anitu.il  BubeCl  i|'t  1 

\HV   NKXT  fl  KKK.  Bit,  net 

A  NEW  AND  COMPLETE  INDEX  TO  THE 

■Mi  \i,    MAGAZINE      Poll     I    cxxx.   oomprlglnj   tht 
i«  »hl.  Ii  i-  prefixed  :i  II 
w     BOTTINU  ME.MM.I.V 

KHAI'V   BOW, 

CATALOGUE     OF     THE 

\..\     AND     OF     Tin:      ADJACENT     PORTIONS    OP 
UAKHWAL      \M>     I'ir.ET       B]    l.i.-ui .  <;,n.  Sir  RICHARD 
v  iik\  end  J   t  i'i  inn:     it,  net 

Nov  READY,  vol..  iv.  HEOTION  11  part  OL, at. sd, net. 

FLORA  OF  TROPICAL  AFRICA.  By  D. 

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ALFRED    AINGER. 

BY 

EDITH   SICHEL. 

Author   of    'Catherine    de'    Medici.' 

With  Photogravure  Frontispieoe  and  other 

Illustrate 

Demy  8vo,  12«.  M.  net. 

TIMES. 

"Miss  Sichel   has  done  a   distinguished   work; 

her  style    is    animated  and    sympathetic,   and  she 

is    gifted  with  a  very  atroi  i  oi    dramatic 

vision,  and  a  most  commendable  habit  of  thorough - 

DAILY  TELEGRAPH. 
'•She    has    attempted,   and    with    considei able 
success,  to  transfer   to   the  pages  or  a  lx>ok  that 
delicate  and   elusive  charm  nudity  which 

conspicuously  belonged  to  Canon  Aing 

DAILY  NEWS. 

"Miss  Sichel  has  done  her  work  skilfully  and 
sympathetically This  delightful  book." 

GLOBE. 
"  Miss  Sichel,  whilst  treating  her  subject  with 
complete    sympathy    and     appreciation,    has    an 

ability  to  discriminate  which  is  rare  in  a  bio- 
grapher." 

MORNING  POST. 

"It  may  be  pronounced  an  almost  model  biography, 
instinct  with  sympathy  and  comprehension,  yet  in 
the  truest  sense  critical,  giving  the  reader  a  sense 
of  completeness  without  the  usual  accompanying 
feeling  that  this  has  been  attained  at  the  cost  of 
more  or  less  prolixity." 

WORLD. 

"  Miss  Edith  Siohel  has  commemorated  a  charming 
personality  and  a  gifted  man  of  letters  with  an 
equal  measure  of  sympathy  and  skill  in  '  The  Life 

and  Letters  of   Canon  Ainger.' All  who  appre- 

ciated  his  character  and  work  have  reason  to  be 
grateful  for  her  able,  sympathetic,  and  judicious 
memoir.'' 

THE  NOVELS  OF  THE  SEASON. 

HERBERT  MACILAYAIXES 

ANTHONY  BRITTEN. 

SARA  JEANNETTE  DUNCANS 

SET  IN  AUTHORITY. 

GEORGE  GISSING'S 

HOUSE  OF  COBWEBS. 

S  cond  ItnpraeioH. 
J.  C.  SNAITHS 

HENRY  N0RTHC0TE. 

S  l  --ion. 


ARCHIBALD  I  "N -TABLE  ft  CO..  Ltd., 
London. 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


787 


SATURDAY,  JUNE  30,  1906. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Five  Fair  Sisters 787 

George  Buchanan 788 

Northamptonshire  Families 789 

Palestine  Exploration 790 

New  Novels  (The  Way  of  the  Gods  ;  Set  in  Authority ; 
The  Sin  of  George  Warrener  ;  The  Young  O'Briens ; 

Vanity  Square)        791—792 

Egyptological  Books         792 

Our  Library  Table  (Life  in  the  Law  ;  Wesley  and 
his  Century  ;  The  Golden  Book  ;  The  Heart  of  the 
Country ;  Sixty  Years  of  Journalism ;  John 
Siberch  ;  Lhasa  and  its  Mysteries ;  Les  Pierres 
d'Oxford  ;  Pictorial  Post  Cards)         . .         . .      793—795 

List  of  New  Books 795 

Oxford  Notes;  'The  Highlands  and  Islands  of 
Scotland  ' ;  George  Buchanan's  Schools  ; 
'The    Age     of    Justinian    and    Theodora'; 

More  Eliana       79e_7og 

Literary  Gossip        798 

Science— Royal  Society  ;  Our  Stellar  Universe  ; 
Herbert  Spencer  ;  Everyman's  Book  of 
Garden  Flowers  ;  Enigmas  of  Psychical 
Research  ;  The  Theory  of  Electrons  and 
its  Difficulties  ;  Societies  ;  Meetings  Next 

Week  ;  Gossip 799_803 

Fine  Arts— Greece;  Old  Pewter;  Medallic 
Illustrations  of  British  History  ;  Handbook 
of  Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture  ;  Manets 
from  the  Faure  Collection  ;  The  Neav 
English  Art  Club;  Cairo  Monuments;  Sales; 

Gossip  803—806 

Music— The  Handel  Festival  ;  Vienna  Philhar- 
monic Society  ;  British-Canadian  Festival 
Concert  ;  Elson's  Musical  Dictionary  ; 
Modern    Harmony  ;    Gossip  ;    Performances 

Next  Week  807—808 

Drama— Gossip 808 

Index  to  Advertisers       808 


LITERATURE 

Five  Fair  Sisters  :  an  Italian  Episode  at 
the  Court  of  Louis  XIV.  By  H.  Noel 
Williams.     (Hutchinson  &  Co.) 

Mr.  Noel  Williams  has  by  this  time 
some  considerable  experience  in  the  writ- 
ing of  French  historical  biography.  He 
usually  handles  his  material  with  judgment, 
and  contrives  to  weave  out  of  it  a  narrative 
that  is  pleasant  to  read,  being  free  from 
any  attempt  at  fine  writing  or  pandering 
to  the  taste  for  sensation,  whilst  showing 
a  due  sense  of  romance  and  the  picturesque. 
His  relation  of  the  careers  of  the  "  Mazari- 
nettes  " — Cardinal  Mazarin's  nieces  of  the 
Mancini  family — is  a  very  fair  sample  of 
his  work,  though  the  sub-title  does  not 
strike  us  as  particularly  happy.  He  does 
not  affect  to  have  made  any  additions  to 
historical  knowledge,  and  shows  no  great 
fondness  for  discussing  problems  or  un- 
ravelling mysteries  ;  but  the  facts  are 
stated  fairly,  and,  as  a  rule,  fully  enough 
for  the  general  reader. 

Mazarin  himself  appears  in  the  book  in 
a  rather  more  favourable  light  than  we 
have  been  accustomed  to  see  him.  He  is 
the  heavily  tasked  Minister  of  State, 
subordinating  his  private  ambitions  to 
hie  public  responsibilities,  ea^er  for  the 
advancement  of  his  family,  but  sternly 
refusing  to  accomplish  this  at  the  expense 
of  presumed  interests  of  the  Stale.  We 
get  scarcely  a  hint  of  the  monstrous 
avarice      and     meanness      which      Arvede 

Barine  and  so  many  others  have  dwelt 

upon  ;      indeed,    one    finds    his    nieces    not 

infrequently  cajoling  money  oul  of  the 
Cardinal,  who  never,  moreover,  seem,  to 
have  been  bo  shortsighted  as  to  spare 
expense  where  important  results  were  to 
be    achieved.      Somewhat    unnecessarily, 

it    seems    to   us.    the   author   varies   his 

accustomed  practice  by  devoting  several 


pages  to  a  discussion  of  that  apparently 
insoluble  problem,  the  exact  relation 
between  Mazarin  and  Anne  of  Austria. 
He  reaches,  as  one  would  have  expected, 
no  very  definite  result  ;  nor  was  it  neces- 
sary that  he  should. 

The  strength  of  Mazarin's  position  and 
his  perfect  understanding  with  the  Queen- 
Mother  were  signally  exhibited  in  his 
frustration  of  the  young  Louis's  passion- 
ately desired  marriage  with  Marie  Mancini, 
the  ablest  and  most  amiable  of  the  "  Fair 
Sisters,"  though  not  the  most  beautiful. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  King  was, 
for  perhaps  the  only  time  in  his  life, 
really  in  love.  Even  his  mother 
appeared  to  have  failed  to  shake  his 
resolution  to  contract  an  alliance  which, 
apart  from  all  else,  would  have  shattered 
the  darling  scheme  of  herself  and  the 
Cardinal  for  terminating  the  differences 
between  the  two  great  Bourbon  powers. 
Mazarin's  appeals  to  Louis's  regard  for 
the  public  interest  (which  was  also,  of 
course,  his  own),  backed  as  they  were  by 
a  threat  to  withdraw  with  his  relatives 
to  Italy,  would  probably  not  have  been 
sufficient  to  secure  the  conclusion  of  the 
Spanish  marriage,  without  the  very  strin- 
gent measures  which  he  took  to  bring 
pressure  to  bear  upon  his  niece.  What 
was  the  ultimately  deciding  factor  is  not 
altogether  clear  ;  but  it  was  probably  the 
influence  of  Anne  of  Austria  as  mere  de 
famille,  helped  by  the  discreditable  role 
played  by  Olympe  Mancini,  prompted  by 
her  uncle  and  the  Queen-Mother.  The 
Cardinal,  on  his  side,  seems  to  have  been 
more  potent  as  the  vigorous  upholder 
of  his  powers  as  head  of  a  family  than  as 
the  wielder  of  ministerial  influence.  Apart 
however,  from  his  obviously  genuine 
devotion,  not  only  to  what  he  conceived  to 
be  his  master's  interests,  but  also  to  his 
person,  it  is  clear  that  Mazarin's  opposition 
to  the  Mancini  match  was  due  in  some 
measure  to  the  perception  that  the  in- 
fluence which  Marie  might  exercise  as 
Queen  of  France  would  in  all  probability 
be  to  his  own  detriment.  He  had  no 
mind  to  be  deprived  of  power  in  his  last 
years  by  one  of  the  least-loved  members 
of  his  own  family. 

The  subsequent  history  of  Marie  Mancini 
was  romantic  enough  to  be  the  talk  of 
Europe,  but  had  no  important  bearing 
upon  public  affairs.  It  is  bound  up  for 
some  little  time  with  that  of  her  favourite 
sister  Hortense,  whom  she  received  in 
Italy  when  the  beautiful  young  duchess 
fled  thither  from  her  half-mad  husband 
the  Due  de  Mazarin.  Though  forced  into 
her  own  marriage  with  the  Constable  of 
Naples.  Marie  was  for  some  years  com- 
paratively happy  with  him.  Yet  she 
seems  never  to  have  felt  at  home  in  the 
land  of  her  birth  or  to  have  ceased  to  long 
tor    France.     Though    Colonna    may   not 

have  actually  desired,  as  she  suspected, 
to    poison     her.     his    subsequent     conduct 

certainlj  Bhowed  him  as  a  relentless,  if 
polite    persecutor.     The    Bight    of    Marie 

and  Hortense  to  France  in  a  semi-piratical 
felucca  reads  like  an  incident  in  a  covh 
from  'Don  Quixote,'  to  whose  oountry 
the   former  made  her  way  when  unable  to 


obtain  from  her  quondam  lover  aught  but 
presents  of  money  and  permission  to  reside 
in  convents  at  safe  distances  from  his 
Court.  To  do  him  justice,  however,  Louis 
did  steadfastly  resist  considerable  pressure 
from  the  papal  authorities,  applied  with 
the  view  of  obtaining  her  surrender  to 
her  husband. 

There  is  an  element  of  the  grotesque  in 
the  Spanish  period  of  Marie's  chequered 
career.  The  unfortunate  lady  passed 
much  of  her  time  in  escaping  from  convents 
and  obtaining  the  exercise  of  royal  autho- 
rity to  get  herself  received  back  into  them 
under  pressure  of  her  husband's  repre- 
sentatives. A  whimsical  passage  from 
the  memoirs  of  Madame  d'Aulnoy  recounts 
how  the  Spanish  king  (Carlos  II.)  on  one 
of  these  occasions  was  threatened  with  a 
deputation  of  protesting  nuns,  and  looked 
forward  with  amusement  to  a  procession 
chanting  "  Libera  nos,  Domine,  de  la 
Condestabile."  Finally,  Colonna,  now 
Viceroy  of  Aragon,  having  failed  in  his- 
attempt  to  have  his  wife  permanently 
detained  in  a  fortress,  and  likewise  to  get 
her  to  take  the  veil  in  sober  earnest  whilst 
he  himself  became  a  monk  in  name  only, 
consented  to  allow  her  liberty.  In  1703 
she  paid  a  final  visit  to  France,  and  was 
even  invited  to  Versailles,  but  for  some 
reason  declined  the  invitation,  and  went 
to  Italy  to  pass  her  last  years.  "  Marie 
Mancini  Colonna,  ashes  and  dust,"  is 
inscribed  on  her  tomb  at  Pisa. 

Hortense,  Duchesse  de  Mazarin,  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  five  sisters  and  her 
uncle's  chief  favourite  and  heiress,  sought 
refuge  from  her  husband,  first  in  Savoy, 
and  afterwards  in  England,  whither,  some 
hold,  she  came  as  an  intending  rival  to 
the  Duchess  of  Portsmouth.  However 
that  may  have  been,  she  obtained  a 
pension  from  Charles  II.  (whose  hand 
before  his  accession  had  been  denied 
her  by  Mazarin)  ;  and  it  was  renewed 
not  only  by  his  successor,  but  also  by 
William  III.  Waller  sang  her  praises,  and 
Saint-Evremond  was  her  most  devoted 
and  extravagant  admirer.  La  Fontaine, 
though  especially  attached  to  the  service 
of  her  youngest  sister,  Marianne,  Duchesse 
de  Bouillon,  wrote  verses  lauding  the 
grace,  beauty,  and  wit  of  Hortense,  for 
whom  England,  he  said,  disputed  with 
France. 

The  most  prominent  of  the  other  sisters 
was  Olympe.  Com t esse  de  Soissons.  She 
came  to  France  as  a  child  with  a  brother 
and  an  elder  sister,  Laura,  who  married 
the  Due  de  Meinour  and  had  a  short  but 
happy  life.  Olympe  was  brought  up 
with  the  young  Louis  XIV.,  and  was 
probably    one    of    his    earliest     mistresses. 

She  entered  readily  into  t  he  designs  of  her 

uncle  and  Anne  of  Austria  for  inflaming 
her  former  lover's  mind  against   her  sister 

Marie,      but      never     iron  ercd      her     own 

influence  over  him.     She  was  the  inspirer 

of  similar  unscrupulous,  but  less  successful 

intrigues   against    Fa    Valliere,    and    was 

accused  by  the  notorious  Fa  Yoisin  of 
asking  for  her  assistance  in  order  to 
poison     both     that      lady    and    the    King, 

Mr.       Williams       decides       that        it       wis 

"highly  Improbable "  that   the  count* 


7BH 


TH  E     ATI!  ENiBUM 


N°4J0.i,  Jon  30.  1906 


act u.ilK    attempted    the   orime,   and 

Mainly      had,      as       lie       sa\s.      |  ><  .\\  ■  r  t  u  1 
enemies  ;        but       the      la<lv      was      of      a 

nature  thai  was  ad  incapable  of  rooh 
designs  and  she  oame,  it  is  t"  be  remem- 
bered, from  the  land  where  toxicology  was 
studied  for  vciy  definite  purposes.  On 
the  other  hand.  Saint-Simon's  charge 
against  the  exiled  countess  of  subsequently 
poisoning  the  Queen  «>f  Spain  may  be 
unhesitatingly  dismissed  as  groundless. 
Olympe  was  amply  avenged  upon   Louis 

and  France  in  the  person  of  her  soi), 
Prince  ESugene. 

That  Marianne,  the  inspirer  of  La 
Fontaine  and  writer  of  those  charming 
rhymed  epistles  to  her  old  unele  the 
Cardinal,  should  have  been  culpably 
involved  in  the  poisoning  scandals  we 
are  mosl  reluctant  to  believe.  Her  crime 
was  probably  little  more  than  feminine 
curiosity.  At  the  same  time  her  supple- 
ness in  assisting  her  uncle  and  the  gouver- 
nante,  Madame  Venel,  to  spy  upon  her 
sister  Marie,  must  be  counted  against 
her  in  our  estimate  of  the  character  of 
the  youngest  Mancini  sister. 

Evidences  of  careless  correction  of  the 
press  in  regard  to  dates  occur  in  the  early 
part  of  the  book.  References  to  autho- 
rities are  seldom  anything  but  general  ; 
"  British  Museum  MSS.,"  as  a  foot-note 
giving  the  source  of  a  letter  of  the  Con- 
stabless  Colonna  to  Charles  II.  of  England, 
is.  in  particular,  singularly  inadequate. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  are  given  a  careful 
note,  distinguishing  Marie  Mancini's  auto- 
biographical work,  issued  in  Spain,  '  La 
Write  dans  son  Jour,'  from  Bremont\s 
compilation  and  the  apocryphal  'Memoires' 
published  at  Cologne  in  1676.  The  author's 
English  is  usually  pure,  but  he  twice  writes 
"  put  the  comble  upon,"  and  he  uses  the 
vulgarism  "  happenings."  There  are 
serious  omissions  from  the  Index,  the 
absence  of  the  name  of  the  Marquis  de 
los  Bal bases,  represented  in  the  text  as 
a  malignant  enemy  of  the  Constabless 
Colonna,  being  especially  noteworthy. 
There  are  something  like  a  score  of  por- 
traits, which  are  well  reproduced. 


George     Buchanan  :  a     Biography.     By 

(i.    1).    Macmillan,  D.D.     (Edinburgh, 

G.     A.     Morton  ;  London,     Simpkin, 
Marshall  &  Co.) 

\\  excuse  for  the  present  work  is  afforded 
by  the  quatercentenary  of  the  great 
Humanist,  who  was  born  in  February, 
1506.  A  still  fairer  justification  is  that 
the  author,  as  in  his  '  Life  of  Knox,'  has 
been  successful  in  the  presentment  of  his 
subject  in  a  brief  and  popular  form.  He  is 
frank  in  his  admission  that  his  book  is 
based  largely  on  that  of  Dr.  Hume  Brown, 
whose  happy  renderings  of  several  of 
Buchanan's  Latin  poems  enlighten  this 
narrative.  It  is  avowedly  intended  to 
supplement  the  life  projected  by  the  late 
Robert  Wallace.  M.P.,  and  may  be  said 
to  mitigate,  at  any  rate,  our  regret  for 
the  loss  of  that  bright  intelligence. 

The  author  begins  with  a  little  genealogy 


in    Buchanan      i  i  e    more    important 

than    usual.      His    father    wa~    a    Celt    and 

his  mother  a  Teuton.     The  prasfervidvm 

i  if/'  in  a  in  was  balanced  by  tenacity.     Dr. 

Ma.  Indian,  him~<  If  of  a  kindred  lept, 
touches  on    the    fact     that     his  subject   on 

the  Highland  side  was  descended  from  Mur- 
doch,  Duke  of  Albany,  and   Dobel.  In 

of  Lennox.     Murdoch,  be  it  remembered, 

Was  executed  by  his  cousin  dame-  1.  m 
the  course  of  that  great  clearance  which 
left  so  many  bitter  memories  behind. 
When  Buchanan  called  his  pupil  dames 
"  a  true  bird  of  the  bloody  nest  to  which 
he  belonged,'*  it  is  likely  that  he  WSS 
referring  to  older  grudges  than  the  murder 
of  Darnley.  In  that  age  and  country  it 
was  impossible  to  rise  above  the  clannish 
point  of  view,  even  for  the  cultured  and 
the  "'  godly,"  though  our  author  would 
minimize  his  hero's  partisanship. 

In  the  first  chapter  it  is  pointed  out 
that  "  elementary  and  secondary  educa- 
tion was  much  more  widely  spread  and 
advanced  before  the  Reformation  than  is 
generally  supposed.  .  .  .it  was  the  Roman 
Church  that  established  the  schools  and 
universities  of  Scotland."  Buchanan  was 
well  equipped  before,  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, he  was  launched  in  the  University 
of  Paris.  A  short  and  popular,  but  not 
insufficient  account  is  provided  of  the 
antagonism  between  scholasticism  and  the 
new  learning,  and  soon  after  between 
Romanism  and  the  new  religion,  as  pre- 
sented at  Paris  to  the  voung  product  of 
the  Middle  Ages. 

The  description  of  university  life  at  the 
time,  with  its  Chancellor  and  Rector,  its 
"  regents  "  or  tutors,  and  its  division  into 
"  nations,"  will  be  found  interesting.  The 
author  has  an  eye  for  good  scenes,  as 
witness  the  "  interiors  "  he  reproduces, 
the  symposium  at  Archbishop  Gavin 
Dunbar's,  and  the  reading  of  "  somewhat 
of  Lyvie  "  by  the  old  scholar  and  young 
queen.  In  1529  Buchanan  was  elected 
procurator  of  "  the  German  nation " 
when  he  was  regent  at  St.  Barbe,  a  testi- 
mony to  his  popularity  as  well  as  distinc- 
tion. His  early  studies  at  Paris  had  been 
cut  short  by  his  uncle's  death,  and  it  is 
notable  that  before  his  course  at  St. 
Andrews  and  subsequent  return  to  Paris 
he  had  a  glimpse  of  soldiering.  The 
expedition  of  Albany  in  1523  was  half- 
hearted and  unfortunate,  but  Buchanan 
seems  to  have  had  some  aptitude  for  the 
art  military,  and  acquired  a  knowledge 
which  stood  him  in  good  stead  as  an  his- 
torian. In  his  dedication  of  his  '  Jephthes  ' 
to  Marshal  Brissac  he  emphasized  the 
concord  that  should  exist  between  war 
and  letters. 

That  portion  of  the  biography  which 
treats  of  Buchanan  as  the  famous  teacher 
and  humanist  is  excellently  done.  We 
see  with  respect  his  rejection,  from  dis- 
interested motives,  of  a  profession  which 
would  have  enabled  him  to  cultivate  his 
special  talent  :  his  courage  in  opposition 
to  the  corruptions  of  the  time  ;  and  the 
philosophy  which  enabled  him  to  compose 
his  Latin  version  of  the  Psalms  in  the  cell 
of  a  Portuguese  monastery. 

The    author   is    amusingly    cautious    in 


tri\  in<_'  hi-  own  opinion  on  the  retention 
of  classics  in  ouj  day-,  but  i-  enthusis 
in  his  approbation  <>f  Buchanan'!  Latinity. 

There  is  no  doubt  the  poems  obtained  the 
applause  of  all  the  learned  in  his  mil 
daj  :  and  in  spite  of  some  lapses,  like  the 
false  Quantity  in  the  (ii-t  stanza  of  the 
beautiful   ode   on   May.    they   must    D€    I 

with  pleasure  by  modern  scholars.     Like 

the    author,     we    are     inclined     to    Jar 

Bannay'e    estimate    rathei     than    Prof. 

Saintsbury's.      But    Hallam  has  given  the 
preference  to  Johnston's  translation  <>f  • 
Psalms.     It  is  worth  more  consideration 

than  might  be  imagined  from  Laud. 
tiresome  panegyric,  and  Dr.  Macmillan 
might  at  any  rate  have  given  the  Aber- 
donian  his  right  name.  He  has  evidently 
never  read  Johnston-  eulogy  of  his 
father's  ancient  seat  on  the  banks  of  the 
Cry:- 

gens  ha  i   ■'•  I  -''  nia  hmphas 
Arvaque  per  oentnm  misaa  tuetur  a-. 

Buchanan's  fame  as  a  satirist  emerged 
during  his  engagement  as  tutor  to  the 
young  Earl  of  Cassilis.  who  is  lauded  in 
his  history  as  a  Regulus  w  hen  he  returned 
to  England  after  Solway  Moss,  but  is  more 
than  suspected  of  being  in  the  pay  of 
Henry  VIII.  The  '  Somnium  '  is  a  free 
translation  from  Dunbar,  who  has  also 
the  honour  of  being  in  several  instances 
the  precursor  of  Burns.  But  Buchanan 
had  weapons  of  his  own  :  sometimes  an 
exquisite  rapier,  more  commonly,  after 
the  manner  of  his  age,  a  club.  In  the 
previous  generation  satire  was  aptly 
known  as  "  fly  ting."  As  our  author 
observes,  there  are  indications  of  playful- 
ness ;  these  grim  polemics  were  not  all 
ungenial.     Thus  : — 

Ilia  niihi  semper  prasenti  dura  Xeara 
Me.  quotiee  abeam,  semper  abesse  dolet, 

Non  desiderio  nostri,  non  nueret  aniore, 
Sed  se  non  nostro  posse  dolore  End. 

Of  the  dramas,  the  '  Jephthes  '  has  been 
held  to  be  Miltonic  in  its  elevation  ;  the 
'  Baptistes,'  bringing  in  contemporary 
figures  in  a  thin  disguise.  i>  interesting  as 
indicative  of  the  political  bent  of  the 
author  of  the  *  Jus  Regni  apud  Scotos.' 
This  famous  piece  of  prose  was  in  the  next 
century  coupled  with  Mariana's  by  English 
'"  malignants  '": — 

A  Scot  and  Jesuit,  hand  in  hand. 

First  taught  the  world  to  aaj 
That  subjects  ought  to  have  oommaod 

And  monarch*  t<>  obey. 

But  Scotland,  from  Dalriad  days,  was 
a    '"  very    limited    monarchy.'1     For    the 

rest,  the  author  is  more  enthusiastic  for 
the  Psalms,  and  less  appreciative  of  the 
ethical  value  of  '  The  Sphere.'  Buchanan's 
own  favourite  poem,  than  we  should  be 
inclined  to  be.  His  odes,  including  the 
classical  passage  in  that  on  Mary's 
marriage  with  the  Dauphin,  seem  to  us 
his  best  \erse.  The  '  History"  is  elo- 
quent and  trenchant,  according  to  the 
lights  of  Ins  day.  For  the  reigns  of 
dames  IV.  and  V.  it  is  also  valuable  for 
accuracy.  Its  view  of  Mary  will  never 
be  convincing,  being  the  expansion  of  the 
'  Detectio  '  and  '  The  Book  of  Articles.' 
Our  author  evidently  believes  the  elastic 
story   with    all   its    variants.     With   him 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


789 


we    cannot    think    that    the    high-minded 
Reformer  and  Humanist,  in  spite  of  much 
rancour    exhibited    in    his     politics    and 
polemics,   could  be  guilty   of  forgery,   as 
Maitland     might    have     been,     or    many 
another   expert    "  in   the    Roman   hand." 
But  the  professional  panegyrist  may  also 
be     the     professional     "  pursuer  "  ;      the 
moladh  and  the  di-moladh,  the  praise  and 
dispraise,  of  the  same  person  are  common- 
places  of  the   Celtic   muse.     We  imagine 
that  Buchanan  took  his  facts  from  Lennox 
and     others,     gave     his     own     "  artistic 
merit  "    to    his    narrative,    and    was    not 
much  more  scrupulous  than  other  partisans 
on  both  sides  of  a  deadly  conflict.     He  was 
getting    "  sleprie   and   cairles,"    according 
to    Melville,  but    his    zeal  for  the   cause 
still   smouldered.     When   his   cousin   told 
him  on  his  death-bed  that  some  parts  of 
his  history  would  offend  the  king,  "  '  Tell 
me,  man,  giff  I  have  tauld  the  truth  ?  ' 
'  Yis,'  says  Mr.  Thomas,  '  sir,  I  think  sa.' 
1  /  will  byde  his  feud,  and  all  his  kin's, 
then,'  quoth  he.     '  Pray,  pray  to  God  for 
me,  and  let  Him  direct  all.'  "     We  think 
the  point   of   this    query,  and    the   dying 
man's  reception  of  the  answer,  more  sug- 
gestive than  our   author  has  recognized. 
Yet      Buchanan     stands     as     Scotland's 
greatest    figure     in    literature    for    more 
than  two  centuries.      No     better    repre- 
sentative   of   Scottish   learning  than  Dr. 
Flint  could  have  been  selected  for  a  happy 
dedication. 


Northamptonshire  Families.  Edited  by 
Oswald  Barron,  F.S.A.  (Constable  & 
Co.) 

The  first  of  the  special  genealogical 
volumes  of  the  "  Victoria  County  History  " 
scheme  has  now  been  issued.  It  marks  a 
new  and  most  wholesome  departure  in  the 
way  of  genealogical  research  and  accurate 
heraldry,  and  cannot  fail  to  be  welcomed 
by  those  who  prefer  honest  facts  to  a  blend 
of  myth  and  semi-fiction.  Let  no  attempt 
be  made  to  stamp  out  any  of  the  pictur- 
esque series  of  tales  that  adorn  the  usually 
received  narratives  of  the  dawn  of  many 
old  families.  They  have  an  interest 
and  a  value  of  their  own  ;  and  though  a 
foolish  strain  of  pomp  and  pride  may  have 
had  no  small  share  in  their  birth,  the  fact 
that  the  best  of  them  go  back  to  at  least 
Elizabethan  days  entitles  them  to  respect  ; 
but  it  should  be  remembered  that 
they  have  no  right  to  a  place  in  sober 
history. 

This  volume  proves,  however,  once  again 
that  historic  statements  can  be  as  curious 
and  as  entertaining  as  the  fabled  tales  of 
earlier  days.  Take  but  two  instances  of 
this  from  Northamptonshire  families. 

At  the  age  of  nine  years  a  wife  was  found 
for  Henry  Fitz-Roy,  the  son  of  Charles  II. 
by  Barbara  Villiers.  The  bride,  who  was 
but  five  years  old,  was  Isabella  Bennet, 
only  child  of  the  Karl  of  Arlington  and 
heir  of  a  considerable  estate.  This  was 
no  mere  betrothal  of  children,  but  a 
downright  marriage,  performed  by  Gilbert 
Sheldon,  Archbishop  of  ( ianterbury,  before 
all  the  grandees  of  the  Court.     Within  a 


month  the  boy  bridegroom  was  created 
Earl  of  Euston,  a  title  taken  from  his 
child-wife's  estates,  and  by  the  time  he 
was  twelve  he  was  advanced  to  the  dignity 
of  Duke  of  Grafton. 

Charles  Willes,  the  third  son  of  Chief 
Justice  Willes,  of  Astrop,  became,  by  the 
appointment  of  his  uncle  the  bishop, 
prebendary  and  chancellor  of  Wells,  and 
a  pluralist  rector  in  Somerset  and 
Warwickshire.  He  was  close-fisted  and 
opposed  to  any  kind  of  display,  and  Mr. 
Barron  assures  us  that  his  life  yields 
nothing  more  interesting  than  the  direc- 
tions in  his  will  (1791)  for  his  burying, 
which  was  to  be  done 

"  in  the  most  private  and  cheap  manner.  .  .  . 
if  I  die  with  my  coat,  waistcoat,  breeches, 
boots  or  shoes  on  me,  that  my  executrix 
will  be  at  the  expense  of  paying  the  penalty 
for  my  being  buried  in  such  cloaths  as  I  shall 
die  in,  and  that  I  may  on  no  account  be 
stripped  of  them,  or  that  my  body  be  pulled 
about  to  be  what  the  nurses  call  laying  out. 
But  if  I  die  in  my  bed  with  only  my  shirt  on, 
then  I  desire  to  be  buried  in  a  woollen  shroud, 
as  is  usually  done." 

Such  a  work  as  this,  however,  will  be 
consulted,   not  to  make  an  olla  podrida 
of  eccentricities  of  the  well-born,  but   to 
learn  the  truth   as   to  collateral  branches 
and    relationships   of   men   of    mark.     In 
this  respect  the  book  is  invaluable  and 
thoroughly  trustworthy,  not  a  single  entry 
being  made  except   those   that  have  been 
tested  and  established  by  sound  evidence. 
This  most  substantial  volume  of  some 
400  quarto  pages,  in  addition  to  numerous 
pedigree    sheets    and    plates     of    family 
portraits,    follows   on   the    lines     marked 
out  some  years  ago  by  Mr.  Evelyn  Shirley 
in  his  'Noble  and  Gentle  Men  of  England.' 
Mr.  Shirley  adopted  the  very  severe  test 
of    including    only   those  families   whose 
ancestors  had  enjoyed  a  seat  and  family 
estate,    in    the    male   line,    from    a    time 
before  the  dissolution  of  the  monasteries 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.     Under  such 
a  test  as  this,  the  landed  gentry  of  the 
whole  of  England  shrank  to  a  total  of  330 
names.     Very  many  of  these  have  since 
lost  estates  and  place,  so  that  a  new  edition 
of  that  book,  revised  to  date,  would  show 
a  great  falling  off.       The  test,   adopted 
here,    after   much   consideration,    by    the 
committee    of    this    scheme    of    pedigree 
volumes  for  each  English  county,  is  to  set 
forth  at  large  the  genealogies  of  only  those 
families  whose  long  association  with  the 
shire  has  made  them  a  part  of  its  history. 
For  such  inclusion  evidence  is  asked  (1) 
of  present  possession  of  a  freehold  domain 
of  such  importance  as  to  justify  the  use 
of  the  term  "  a  seat  and  a  landed  estate  "  ; 
and  (2)  of  an  ancestry  in  the  male  line  on 
an  estate  in  the  county  before  the  accession 
of  George  III.  on  25  October,  17<><>.     These 
conditions  may  not  commend  themselves 
to  every  one,  but  they  are  the  outcome 
of  no  little  care  and  investigation.     The 
result  in  the  county  of  Northampton   is 
that    Only   nineteen   families   are   found    to 
stand  the  test  of  this  twofold  qualification. 

They  are:  Cartwright  of  Aynhoe  ;  Cecil, 
Marquess  of  Exeter;  Dryden  of  Canons 
Ashby  :  Elwes  of  Billing  Hill  ;  Fane, 
Earl    of    Westmoreland;    Fitz-Roy,  Duke 


of  Grafton ;  Isham  of  Lamport  ; 
Knightley  of  Fawsley  ;  Langham  of 
Cottesbrooke  ;  Maunsell  of  Thorpe 
Malsor  ;  Palmer  of  Carlton  ;  Powys, 
Lord  Lilford ;  Robinson  of  Cranford ; 
Rokeby  of  Arthingworth  ;  Spencer, 
Earl  Spencer  ;  Thornton  of  Brockhall  ; 
Wake  of  Courteen  Hall ;  Willes  of  Astrop  ; 
and  Young  of  Orlingbury.  Moreover, 
whilst  this  volume  was  going  through  the 
press,  two  of  these  families  whose  full 
genealogies  are  set  forth  have  lost  their 
qualification  by  the  sale  of  their  North- 
amptonshire estates,  one  of  them  being 
the  sale  of  Apethorpe  by  the  Earl  of  West- 
moreland to  Lord  Brassey. 

In  each  of  these  cases,  in  addition  to 
outline  sheet  pedigrees,  there  is  a  brief 
general  introduction,  showing  the  rise 
and  general  fortune  of  the  family,  as  well 
as  an  outlined  account  of  the  life  of  each 
individual,  so  far  as  it  can  possibly  be 
ascertained.  A  coloured  plate  is  given  of 
the  crest  and  arms  of  each  family,  and  to 
this  are  added  illustrations  of  the  shields 
of  the  principal  alliances  of  the  direct 
ascendants  of  the  present  head  of  the 
family.  These  heraldic  illustrations  are 
admirable  in  their  simple  artistic  feeling, 
and  afford  a  delightful  contrast  both  to 
the  ordinary  stiffness  of  heraldic  stationery 
and  to  the  exuberant  riot  of  mantling  and 
extravagant  adornment  that  has  of  late 
been  copied  from  inferior  German  embel- 
lishments. The  claim  is  made,  and  amply 
substantiated,  that  these  heraldic  draw- 
ings follow  ''as  a  model  the  simple  blazonry 
of  the  Middle  Ages." 

Another  attractive  feature  is  the  series 
of  family  portraits  reproduced  by  good 
processes.  Northamptonshire  is  particu- 
larly fortunate  in  this  respect,  for  in  several 
cases,  as  at  Althorp,  Apethorpe,  Burghley, 
and  Fawsley,  great  artists  were  found  in 
the  past  to  paint  leading  historical 
characters. 

It  must  not,  however,  be  supposed  that 
the  attention  of  this  work  is  solely  confined 
to  the  nineteen  families  just  enumerated 
and  their  alliances.  In  an  interesting  and 
comprehensive  general  sketch  of  the  landed 
houses  of  Northamptonshire,  some  ac- 
count, illustrated  with  their  shields  of  arms, 
is  t^iven  of  those  other  families  who,  being 
now  at  home  on  their  Northamptonshire 
lands,  have  been  shut  out,  for  various 
reasons,  from  the  detailed  separate  his- 
tories. Such  are  the  families  of  Bouverie, 
Howard- Vyse,  Tryon,  Mackworth-Dolben, 
Fermor-Hesketh.  ivc.  and  more  especially 
Stopford-Sackville  of  Drayton  House. 
The  Marquess  of  Northampton,  whose 
chief  seat  is  at  Castle  Ashbv.  will  be  found 
in  the  Warwickshire  volume  under  Comp- 
ton-Wynvates,    the   ancient    home   of   the 

Comptons. 

Admirable  as  this  volume  is  as  a  whole, 
it  is  not  tlawless.  In  the  genealogy  of  the 
Cary-Klwes  family,  as  well  as  in  the  pedi- 
gree sheets,  the  name  of  "  Bernard  "  of 
Bigby,  Lincolnshire,  is  several  times  set 
forth  among  the  alliances  :  it  should  read 
Barnard.     Again,  in  the  arms  of  Isham  of 

Lamport    the  three  waved   piles  ought    to 

be  carried  down  to  the  foot  of  the  shield, 

instead  of  Stopping  short  above  the  waved 


790 


THE    ATII  EN2EUM 


N    U05,  Jdmb  30,  1906 


i.    m  athwart  the  centre  of  the  shield  ;   at 

all  BVentS,   this  U  the  older  form,   which   it 

would  ha\ <■  been  ^ leer  to  follow . 
It  'm  to  he  hoped  that  another  decided 

blemish,   the  absence  of  an  index,  will  not 
be    repeated     in    future    volumes  of    this 

genealogical  series. 


Tht   Development  of  Palestine  Exploration. 
r,\     l\    J.    Bliss,    Ph.D.     (Hodder    & 

Stoughton.) 
Golgotha  and  the  Holy  Sepulchre.     By  the 
late    Major-General   Sir   C.   W.  Wilson. 
Edited    by    Col.    Sir    C.    M.    Watson. 
(Palestine  Exploration  Fund.) 

Dr.  Bliss  refers  more  than  once  to  the 
"pilgrim's  coma,"  "the  pious  coma 
which  appears  to  be  an  invariable  con- 
dition of  pilgrimage  pure  and  simple." 
A  somewhat  similar  obfuscation  comes 
over  most  of  us,  whether  we  are  pious  or 
not,  whenever  we  open  a  book  on  Palestine 
Exploration.  The  subject — or  is  it  the 
treatment  ? — is  usually  ineffably  dull.  It 
ought  not  to  be  so,  of  course.  Dean 
Stanley  showed  how  the  historical  and 
religious  imagination  could  weave  poetry 
about  the  sites  of  Holy  Writ  ;  but  Dean 
Stanley  was  not  a  Palestine  explorer. 
Very  few  others  have  brought  to  the  sub- 
ject that  "  vision "  without  which  not 
only  "  the  people,"  but  (mercifully)  books 
also  "  perish."  The  lamentable  fact  is 
that,  with  a  few  notable  exceptions, 
exploration  in  the  Holy  Land  has  been 
singularly  barren.  It  has  been  centred 
on  the  identification  of  sites,  not,  as  in 
Egypt,  on  the  recovery  of  departed  civiliza- 
tion by  archaeological  research.  We  do  not 
dispute  the  value  of  identifying  Biblical 
sites,  though  for  religious  purposes  and 
"  pilgrim's  coma  "  the  traditional  identi- 
fications answered  the  purpose  well 
enough  for  a  good  many  centuries,  and, 
indeed,  do  so  still  to  spiritual  imagina- 
tions such  as  Lady  Butler's.  To  the 
devout  mind  all  the  Holy  Land  is  sanctified 
by  the  footprints  of  the  Lord,  and  whether 
one  particular  group  of  mud  hovels  or 
another  represents  a  definite  site  is  a 
matter  of  small  moment.  The  eye  of 
faith  reconstructs  the  picture  out  of  any 
materials.  That  was  the  point  of  view 
of  the  numerous  pilgrims  whose  records 
form  the  subject  of  a  large  part  of  this 
volume.  They  were  not  critical,  they 
enjoyed  their  coma  as  a  Muslim  loves  his 
keyf,  they  took  their  sites  as  tradition 
gave  them,  without  question. 

From  the  days  when  Moses  sent  out 
his  reconnaissance  from  Kadesh  Barnea 
to  the  never-to-be-forgotten  epoch  when 
the  German  Emperor  viewed  the  Holy 
Places,  freshly  gilt  and  varnished  in  token 
of  the  condescension,  pilgrims,  explorers, 
and  writers  on  Palestine  have  formed  an 
almost  unbroken  chain.  Dr.  Bliss  does 
not  tell  us  all  about  the  3,515  writers  on 
the  Holy  Land  recorded  in  Rohricht's 
'  Bibliotheca  Geographica  Palaestina,'  for 
which  we  are  grateful.  He  selects  the 
most  interesting  and  most  important 
from  Ms  special  point  of  view,  and  tells  us 


just  enough  about  them  to  lix  then  place  in 
the  history  of  exploration  and  to  make 

the  reader  wish  for  more.       |)r.   Bliss'fl  tfWU 

practical    and    scientific   experience   in    the 

excavations    at    Laohish    and    Jerusalem 

justifies  him  in  assuming  the  role  of  a 
pilgrim's  cicerone.  He  really  knows  the 
Holy  Land,  and  has  minutely  studied  the 
records  of  most  of  his  DJN  dei  6  KM 
hugely,  of  course,  in  the  delightful  pub- 
lications of  the  Palestine  Pilgrims  Text 
Society  and  the  serious  records  of  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund.  We  confess 
we  like  those  early  and  medieval  investi- 
gators a  great  deal  better  than  the  modern 
tourist.  Happy  indeed  were  the  Roman 
ladies  who  found  so  excellent  and  sym- 
pathetic a  guide  as  St.  Jerome,  the 
Thomas  Cook  of  early  Palestine  circular 
tours.  The  good  saint  himself  wrote  the 
narrative  of  Paula's  pilgrimage,  and  did 
it,  as  became  a  cicerone,  "  in  a  breezy  and 
popular  manner,"  quite  different  from 
his  Vulgate,  so  infinite  was  his  variety. 
Paula  and  her  daughter  write  of  Bethle- 
hem as  poets  see  it : — 

"  In  the  village  of  Christ  all  is  rusticity 
and,  except  of  psalms,  silence.  Whither- 
soever you  turn  yourself,  the  plowman 
holding  the  plow-handle  sings  Alleluia  ; 
the  perspiring  reaper  diverts  himself  with 
psalms  ;  and  the  vine-dresser  sings  some  of 
the  songs  of  David  while  he  trims  the  vine 
with  his  curved  knife.  These  are  the  ballads 
of  this  country,  these  are  the  love-songs, 
as  they  are  commonly  called  ;  these  are 
whistled  by  the  shepherds  and  are  the  imple- 
ment of  the  husbandmen.  Indeed,  we  do 
not  think  of  what  we  are  doing,  or  of  how 
we  look,  but  see  only  that  for  which  wre  are 
longing." 

Compare  this  beatific  vision  with  the 
modern  explorer  grovelling  among  pot- 
sherds in  search  of  a  Mycenaean  pattern  ! 
Not  that  Prof.  Petrie's  "  pottery-key " 
is  anything  but  a  valuable  check  on  chrono- 
logical inexactitude,  though  we  are  glad 
to  observe  that  Dr.  Bliss,  who  employed 
it  most  successfully  at  Tell  el-Hesy, 
delivers  some  necessary  cautions  as  to 
the  limitations  of  the  pottery  evidence. 
But  modern  explorers  have  neither  the 
faith  nor  the  supernal  experiences  of  the 
mediaeval  pilgrims.  Saewulf  declares  that 
the  precious  spices  with  which  the  bodies 
of  the  patriarchs  at  Hebron  were  anointed 
"  still  fill  the  nostrils  of  those  who  go 
thence."  No  such  aroma  invades  the 
archaeological  nose,  and  the  charitable 
contempt  which  prompts  the  comment 
"  sancta  simplicitas  "  is  a  poor  substitute. 
Holy  scents,  like  sacred  relics,  are  not 
for  the  normal  twentieth-century  ex- 
plorer. 

Dr.  Bliss's  object  is  not  to  show  the 
present  position  of  Palestine  identification 
of  sites  or  results  of  excavation,  but  to 
sketch  in  outline  the  general  scope  and 
character  of  the  principal  travellers  and 
explorers.  His  lectures — for  the  book  is 
an  amplification  of  the  Ely  Lectures  of 
1903,  delivered  at  the  Union  Theological 
Seminary,  New  York — will  probably  tempt 
a  few  readers  to  dive  further  into  the 
records  he  cites  but  too  briefly.  His  tone 
is  scholarly,  and  his  criticism  remark- 
ably just  and  well  balanced.     He  is  not 


afraid  to  indicate  the  limitations  of 
Edward  Robinson,  the  (;«•..■_■••  Washington 
of  American  Palestine  exploration,  whilst 
fully  appreciating  hi-  undoubted  Bervia 

aduranoe,   hi-  candour,  and  his  judg- 

ment.      Dr.      Bliss     rightly     emphae 
Robinson's  spirit   of  scientific  scepticism, 

hut  points  out  that  he  wa-  unduly  con- 
temptttOUS  of  tradition,  and  that  his 
attitude  towards  the  "mummeries"  of 
the  BSaster  ceremonies  at   the  Church  of 

the    Holy    Sepulchre   v.  prejudiced 

that  he  "  never  visited  the  place  again." 
"  Here  speaks  the  Puritan,  not  the  ex- 
plorer," boldly  (for  an  American  -peaking 
to  Americans)  says  Dr.  Bli<>.  and  it  is 
cited  as  one  of  Robinson's  "lapses  from 
a     calm     and     scientific     temi  Pull 

justice  is  paid  to  the  labours  of  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund's  explorers,  and  we 
are  glad  to  see  that  Col.  (onder,  whose 
long  and  brilliant  work  in  the  Holy  Land 
has  to  some  extent  been  overshadow  1 
by  his  fondness  for  hazardous  excursions 
into  philological  and  epigraphic  wilder- 
nesses, here  receives  his  due  meed  of  admira- 
tion. The  final  chapter,  on  '  The  Explora- 
tion of  the  Future,'  is  at  once  suggestive 
and  cautious.  Dr.  Bliss  gives  some 
excellent  advice  to  those  who  would 
pursue  such  investigations  as  he  has 
himself  conducted,  but  he  declines  to 
prophesy  great  results.  He  is  disposed 
to  think  that  discovery  in  Palestine  will 
in  future  run  in  the  somewhat  narrow 
groove  to  which  it  has  generally  so  far 
been  limited,  and  will  bring  forth  only 
small  things.  At  the  same  time,  as  he 
says,  there  is  always  the  chance  : — 

"  Chance  is  your  great  discoverer.  Chance 
found  the  Tell  el-Amarna  tablets.  Chance 
found  the  Siloam  inscription.^  Chance 
found  the  Map  Mosaic  of  Madeba." 

Whilst  there  remains  chance  there  is 
cheer  for  the  explorer. 

In  a  future  edition  Dr.  Bliss  might 
correct  some  misprints  {e.g.,  Hectams) 
and  errors,  especially  in  Arabic  (e.g., 
Nasir-i-Khusrau,  Kula'at  Kurein,  the 
purely  imaginary  European  plural  Beda- 
win,  *  the  superfluous  circumflex  over 
Bir-'es-Seba',  and  the  omission  of  it  in 
Yarmuk,  Beka,  and  Yakut).  He  might 
also  include  in  his  notices  of  Mohammedan 
travels  the  visit  to  Jerusalem  of  Usama 
b.  Munkidh,  whose  biography  has  been 
voluminously  and  learnedly  exploited  by 
Prof.  H.  Deiembourg. 

There  is  a  curious  tendency  in  what  is 
known  as  **  the  Protestant  mind  "  to 
discredit  traditional  sites  merely  becau-e 
they  are  traditional.  It  is  part  of  a 
general  revolt  again>t  authority.  Of 
course,  many  traditions  are  founded  upon 
error,  and  history  and  archaeology  have 
made  short  work  of  not  a  few  venerated 
sites.  But  in  the  absence  of  any  proof 
to  the  contrary  an  early  and  continuous 
tradition  is  evidence  that  should  not 
lightly  be  put  aside.  The  site  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre  and  the  rock  of  Calvary— for 
the  two  are  interdependent — has  long  been 
a  battle-field  for  the  supporters  of  tradi- 
tion and  those  who  prefer  any  other  guide. 
A  hundred  and  seventy  years  ago  Jonas 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


791 


Korte  led  the  attack  on  Constantine's  site> 
and  since  his  time  the  scene  of  the  Cruci- 
fixion has  been  placed  variously  on  all 
sides  of  Jerusalem,  though  most  recent 
investigators  agree  that  the  site  must  lie 
somewhere  on  the  plateau  between  the 
Kidron  and  the  valley  of  Hinnom.  Fergusson 
the  architect,  indeed,  sitting  in  his  study 
chair  in  Langham  Place,  dogmatically 
pronounced  that  the  "  Dome  of  the  Rock  " 
in  the  Haram  esh-Sherif  was  the  Church 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  erected  by  Con- 
stantine  the  'Great,  and  placed  the  site 
of  Golgotha  near  the  Golden  Gate  ;  but 
the  discovery  of  the  Madeba  mosaic  with 
its  plan  of  Jerusalem  put  this  contention 
out  of  court.  But  there  are  still  "  Gordon's 
tomb,"  "Conder's  tomb,"  and  "Skull 
Hill,"  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Jeremiah's 
Grotto  outside  the  Damascus  Gate,  which 
are  tenaciously  defended  as  the  true  sites 
of  the  Sepulchre  and  Crucifixion.  It  was 
a  valuable  service — unhappily  his  last 
— that  the  late  Sir  Charles  Wilson  per- 
formed in  submitting  the  whole  of  the 
evidence,  historical,  traditional,  archaeo- 
logical, and  topographic,  to  a  minute 
scrutiny.  His  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  ancient  topography  of  Jerusalem, 
where  the  memory  of  his  excavations  is 
perpetuated  in  the  name  of  "  Wilson's 
Arch,"  made  him  a  fit  arbitrator  between 
the  various  claimants,  and  his  admirably 
balanced  judgment  and  sound  sense  are 
evident  in  every  page  of  this  elaborate 
treatise.  It  reads  like  the  summing-up 
of  a  complicated  case  by  an  able  and 
impartial  judge — and,  like  other  summings- 
up,  it  pronounces  no  verdict. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  there  is 
really  nothing  in  the  Bible  by  which  the 
site  of  Golgotha  can  be  identified,  and  no 
explanation  of  the  name  "  place  of  a 
skull."  There  is  no  Biblical  evidence 
that  it  was  even  on  a  hill,  for  it  could 
equally  be  seen  "  from  afar  "  if  it  were  in 
a  valley  with  the  spectators  on  the 
enclosing  slopes.  The  "  green  hill  far 
away "  of  the  late  Mrs.  Alexander's 
tender  little  hymn  did  not  appear  to 
any  witness  until  in  the  fourtli  century 
the  Bordeaux  Pilgrim  —  visiting  the 
Churches  of  the  Resurrection  and  the 
Cross,  the  Anastasis  and  the  Martyrion, 
then  already  in  course  of  erection — speaks 
of  the  "  Monticulus  Golgotha."  Why  it 
was  called  the  ';  place  of  a  skull  "  is  still 
uncertain.  Sir  Charles  Wilson  inclines 
to  the  view  that  it  is  derived  from  a 
Hebrew  tradition,  to  which  Origen  refers, 
that  Adam's  skull  was  buried  there.  The 
notion  that  the  name  relates  to  a  public 
place  of  execution  by  beheading  appears 
to  have  originated  with  Jerome ;  but 
there  are  numerous  grounds  for  rejecting 
it,  apart  from  the  extreme  improbability 
of  Joseph  of  Arimathea  choosing  such  a 
place  of  ceremonial  impurity  for  his 
garden  and  tomb.  The  explanation  that 
the  name  sprang  from  a  physical  con- 
formation of  a  rock  supposed  to  resemble 
a  skull  finds,  of  course,  plenty  of  analogies 
in  other  names  for  hills — if  it  were  a  hill  ; 
but  the  idea  that  it  was  a  hill  is  late  and 
of  Western  origin,  and  Sir  C.  Wilson  denies 
that   there   is   any   feature   that   can   be 


compared  with  the  various  Kopfs  and 
Koppes  and  Tetes  of  Europe  :  the 
Jerusalem  rocks  are  not  skull-shaped. 

How,  then,  did  Constantine  and 
Macarius  identify  the  sites  of  the  Cruci- 
fixion and  the  Sepulchre  ?  The  natural 
explanation  is  that  there  must  have  been 
a  continuous  tradition  on  this  point  ; 
and  there  is  nothing  in  the  history  of 
Jerusalem  after  the  return  of  the  exiles 
from  Pella  to  make  the  persistence  of  such 
a  memory  of  the  sites  improbable.  On 
the  other  hand,  Sir  Charles  Wilson  remarks 
that 

"  there  is  not  in  the  works  of  any  writer 
prior  to  the  age  of  Constantine,  so  far  as  I 
am  aware,  the  faintest  shadow  of  a  hint 
that  the  early  Christians  held  the  places  of 
the  Crucifixion  and  Burial  in  any  special 
honour,  that  they  offered  prayers  to  God  at 
them,  or  that  they  even  knew  wheie  they 
were  situated." 

Brushing  aside  speculations  as  to  the 
cause  of  this  silence,  the  author  lays  stress 
upon  the  tomb  of  Joseph  being  apparently 
only  a  borrowed  temporary  resting-place 
pending  a  removal  to  the  family  tomb, 
such  as  all  Jews  wished  to  be  buried  in  ; 
but  still  more  upon  the  fact  that  the  early 
Christians  were  intent  upon  the  living, 
not  the  dead — upon  the  risen  Christ  and 
the  expectation  of  His  immediate  kingdom 
and  the  Last  Day.  In  such  a  frame  of 
mind  the  empty  tomb  could  have  little 
importance  to  them.  Nevertheless,  there 
is  no  reason  why  a  tradition  of  its  site 
and  that  of  the  Crucifixion  should  not 
have  been  preserved,  even  though  the 
sites  were  not  venerated  ;  and  it  was 
probably  upon  some  such  tradition  that 
Bishop  Macarius  relied  when,  at  the 
command  of  Constantine,  he  made  his 
search  for  the  sites,  and  decided  that 
Golgotha  lay  beneath  the  temple  of 
Aphrodite,  where  presently  Helena  made 
excavations  and  discovered  a  rock-hewn 
tomb,  forming  part  of  an  ancient  Jewish 
cemetery,  and  assumed  this  tomb  to  be 
the  Holy  Sepulchre.  The  subsequent 
discovery  of  three  crosses  appeared  to 
confirm  the  attribution,  and  "  the  rock 
was  cut  away  so  as  to  isolate  the  Tomb 
and  Golgotha,  and  the  Anastasis,  or 
Church  of  the  Resurrection,  and  the 
Martyrion,  or  Great  Church  of  the  Cross, 
were  built."  "  The  only  possible  con- 
clusion," says  Sir  Charles  Wilson, 

"  from  a  discussion  of  the  literary  evidence, 
seems  to  he  that  there  is  no  decisive  reason 
for  placing  Golgotha  and  the  Tomb  at  the 
places  which  were  accepted  as  genuine  in  the 
fourth  century,  and  that  there  is  no  distinct 
proof  that  thoy  wero  not  so  situated.  Fortu- 
nately the  question  is  purely  archaeological, 
and  its  solution,  one  way  or  the  other,  does 
not  affect  any  Christian  dogma  or  article 
of  faith." 

If  he  is  inconclusive  in  regard  to  the 
traditional  site,  he  is  decidedly  opposed 
to  the  new  sites  advocated  by  Col.  Condor 
and  the  late  General  Gordon.  He  con- 
curs in  Dr.  Sanday's  opinion  that  the 
arguments  "  are  mere  possibilities  of 
coincidence  of  a  vague  and  shadowy 
kind  ;  and  they  are  unsupported  by  even 
a  particle  of  direct  evidence."  As  for  the 
resemblance  of  the  so-called  "  Skull  Hill  " 


to  a  human  head,  Sir  Charles  Wilson  points 
out  that  the  eastern  spur  was  probably  a 
continuous  ridge  at  the  time  of  the 
Crucifixion,  and  that  the  present  knoll 
which  is  supposed  to  resemble  a  skull  is 
due  to  the  accumulations  of  a  fourteenth- 
century  Mohammedan  cemetery.  The 
site,  moreover,  is  too  far  distant  from  the 
gate  of  the  second  wall,  and  "  Gordon's 
Tomb  "  is  probably  part  of  a  Christian 
cemetery,  though  Conder's  is  Jewish. 
A  good  deal  turns  upon  the  position  of  the 
second  wall,  upon  which  the  author  offers 
some  important  data.  He  has,  of  course, 
availed  himself  of  the  latest  investigations 
of  Dr.  Bliss  and  Mr.  Dickie. 

The  volume  is  edited  with  the  loyal 
care  of  a  friend  and  comrade  by  Sir 
Charles  M.  Watson,  R.E.,  and  is  copiously 
illustrated  by  photographs,  plans,  coins, 
and  an  excellent  portrait,  in  which  the 
stern  expression  characteristic  of  the  face 
will  perhaps  mislead  those  who  did  not 
know  Wilson's  generous  nature.  There  are 
a  few  trifling  misprints  (as  "  coins  "  on 
pp.  49,  61,  describing  a  single  coin ; 
"  are  "  for  is  on  p.  81,  1.  17  ;  "  probaby," 
p.  101)  ;  and  in  the  next  edition  the 
bibliography  ought  to  be  completed  by 
the  addition  of  the  dates  of  the  works 
cited.  The  appendixes  form  a  useful 
compendium  of  the  whole  literary  evi- 
dence bearing  upon  the  sites. 


NEW  NOVELS. 


The  Way  of  the  Gods.     By  John  Luther 
Long.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

In  an  introductory  chapter,  in  which  the 
author  is  supposed  to  carry  on  a  conversa- 
tion with  an  inquisitive  Japanese  god, 
Mr.  Long  finds  serious  fault  with  the 
critics  of  his  books.  He  informs  us  that 
not  only  do  critics  refrain  from  reading 
the  books  which  they  criticize,  but  that 
they  also  approach  them  "  temperament- 
ally." This  is  certainly  a  very  bad  state 
of  things  ;  but  might  it  not  be  worse  ? 
Has  Mr.  Long  considered  what  the  con- 
sequences would  be  if  critics  were  to 
approach  his  books  congenitally,  or  even 
gastronomicalty,  as  well  as  tempera- 
mentally ?  '  The  Way  of  the  Gods  '  is 
the  story  of  a  Japanese  soldier  of  the 
samurai  caste  who  marries  an  eta,  and 
thereupon  necessarily  becomes  an  eta 
himself — an  eta  being  apparently  some- 
thing worse  than  a  pariah.  The  soldier 
dies  in  exile,  and  his  wife,  disguising  herself 
in  his  uniform,  dies  fighting  bravely  against 
the  Russians.  It  is  a  rather  pathetic 
story,  and  Mr.  Long  tells  it  in  an  unobjec- 
tionable way,  although  his  efforts  to  write 
in  a  light  and  graceful  style  are  somewhat 
obvious,  and,  to  tell  the  truth,  not  a  little 
elephantine.  Still  the  book  has  good 
work  in  it,  and  is  decidedly  better  than 
Mr.  Long's  preceding  book.  '  Beimweh.' 


Set    in    Authority.     By    Sara    Jeannette 
Duncan.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Mus.   COTXS  has  given  us  of  her  best  in 
this  story  of  Indian  life.     Tin-  coterie  of 


792 


tii  i:    athenjEUM 


N"4105,  JiNK.'iO,  1906 


aunts  and  cousins  ulm  Mild  of]  the  Libera] 
Indian  Vioeroj  are  highly  amusing,  both 
in    their   aspirations,    bo   soulful   and   so 

rague,  and  in  then  disappoint  incuts,  w  hen 

Lord  Thame  has  actually  to  Lend  himself 
to  some  concrete  work  of  the  usual  type 
upon  the  border.  The  dialogue  and 
dramatis  persona  are  wel]  fancied  on  the 

English  side,  and  tin  the  Indian  we  think 
no  station  with  its  inhabitants  was  ever 
reproduced  more  faithfully  than  Pilaghur. 


The  sin  of  George    Warrener.     By  Marie 
Van  Vorst.     (Heinemann.) 

<d\i;N  a  woman  brainless,  heartless,  and 
soulless,  but  endowed  with  physical  beauty 
and  a  craving  for  wealth  and  luxury,  and 
married  to  an  honest  and  affectionate 
husband,  only  removed  from  the  com- 
pletely commonplace  by  abnormal  weak- 
ness of  character,  how  long  will  it  take 
her  to  work  out  the  ruin,  social  and  moral, 
of  both  *  Such  is  in  brief  the  problem 
investigated  here — a  problem  which  has 
appealed  to  many  novelists  of  various 
nations.  It  is  a  repulsive  theme,  and  we 
cannot  feel  that  anything  in  this  author's 
treatment  justifies  its  revival.  The  paltry 
nature  of  the  wretched  wife  is  certainly,  at 
times,  analyzed  with  considerable  skill  ; 
but  the  utter  degradation  of  the  husband 
scarcely  seems  consistent  with  his  previous 
record,  and  the  (by  no  means  shadowy) 
third  is  frankly  a  failure.  Some  of  the 
details  introduced,  especially  those  refer- 
ring to  the  heroine's  invalid  friend,  are 
of  anything  but  a  pleasant  kind. 


The   Young  O'Briens.     By  the  Author  of 
'  Elizabeth's  Children.'     (John  Lane.) 

A  family  of  undisciplined  young  people 
from  the  wilds  of  Ireland,  thrust  for  many 
months  upon  the  society  of  a  Scotch 
spinster  aunt  in  a  squalid  little  house  in 
London,  suggests  a  situation  which  might 
well  draw  tears  from  a  stone.  It  is 
possible  that  the  narrative  of  their  experi- 
ence, which  is  told  with  much  humour 
and  not  a  little  pathos,  but  at  too  great 
length,  may  draw  tears  from  the  sym- 
pathetic reader  ;  but  some  of  these  should 
surely  be  spared  for  Miss  Keziah,  who,  if 
more  forbidding,  is  also  called  upon  to 
be  more  long-suffering  than  the  majority 
of  maiden  aunts.  For  the  young  O'Briens, 
from  the  twins  who  are  nearly  grown  up 
to  Sheila  Pat,  the  impressive  and  pathetic 
atom,  aged  six,  have  the  true  Irish 
capacity  for  irresponsible  mischief,  and 
also  for  showing  irresponsible  hospitality 
to  compatriots,  who  in  London  appear 
to  be  mainly  cabbies  and  costermongers  ; 
and  their  methods  of  consolation  for  the 
desolating  attacks  of  home-sickness  with 
which  they  are  perpetually  assailed  are  as 
inconvenient  as  they  are  ingenious.  The 
young  people  are,  however,  charming  and 
healthy.  The  author  is  wise  enough  to 
keep  them  children,  and  to  leave  any 
future  romance  between  Nell  and  her 
English  friend  to  the  imagination  of  the 
reader. 


Vanity  Square.     By  ESdgar  Saltus.     (J.  B. 
Lippincott  ( bmpany.) 

Mi:.    Sm.ti's's   plot    is   not    Btlikingly    new. 

II'    introduces  as  to  a  rich  and  indolent 

New    Yorker,  who  is  supposed  to  represent 

the    highest    type    of    New    Xork    smart 

society.  He  has  a  wife  with  \csiivian 
•  ye-,'  in  spite  <»f  which  he  falls  in  love 
with   a    beautiful    professional    nurse   with 

"starry  eyes."  whose  remarkable  name  is 
"'Miss  Sixsmith."  The  nurse  tries  to 
poison  the  wife  in  order  to  marry  the  rich 
husband,  but  the  wife,  discovering  the 
plot,  runs  away  from  her  husband,  who 
cannot  understand  the  reason  of  her 
conduct,  he  not  having  mentioned  his 
passion  for  Miss  Sixsmith.  His  friend 
Mr.  Yoda  Jones  (Mr.  Saltus  is  evidently 
fond  of  peculiar  names)  hints  to  him  that 
he  is  a  poisoner,  but  he  fails  to  understand 
him  :  and  it  is  not  until  the  family  doctor 
openly  accuses  him  of  having  attempted 
to  murder  his  wife  that  he  finally  com- 
prehends the  situation.  When  he  has 
explained  his  innocence  his  wife  forgives 
him  ;  Miss  Sixsmith  marries  an  English 
marquis,  and  everybody  is  happy.  Mr. 
Saltus  has  a  strange  taste  in  adjectives, 
and  invents  words  that  are  new  to  our 
dictionaries.  For  example,  he  writes  of  a 
woman  who  resembled  "  a  rose  chimeric- 
ally  fair,"  and  of  a  man  who  committed 
"  highwayry."  He  has  yet  to  learn  that 
this  sort  of  thing  does  not  constitute  style. 


EGYPTOLOGICAL    BOOKS. 

The  Rock  Tombs  of  El  Amarna.  Part  III. 
By  N.  de  G.  Davies.  (Egypt  Exploration 
Fund.) — This,  the  fifteenth  memoir  of  the 
Archaeological  Survey,  deals  with  the  tombs 
of  Huya  and  Ahmes  in  the  heretic  king's 
mushroom  city  of  El  Amarna.  These  are 
on  the  same  model  as  those  previously  pub- 
lished (see  The  Athenaeum,  Nos.  3991  and 
4066),  and  their  chief  interest  lies  in  the 
means  they  give  us  of  solving  small  historical 
problems,  and  of  obtaining  some  insight 
into  the  daily  life  of  the  Egyptian  Court 
under  the  Eighteenth  Dynasty.  Thus  Mr. 
Davies  makes  it  plain  that  Queen  Thyi,  the 
wife  of  Amenhotep  III.,  did  occupy  a  pecu- 
liarly exalted  position  at  the  Court  of  her 
son  Khuenaten,  and  that  she  at  least  had 
no  scruple  about  conforming  publicly  to  the 
new  faith.  As  Huya  was  her  chamberlain 
as  well  as  "  favourite  of  the  king,"  it  may 
be  that  the  official  status  of  the  queen  mother 
is  given  rather  undue  preference  on  the 
walls  of  his  tomb  ;  but  her  attitude  towards 
"  the  Doctrine  "  is  in  marked  contrast  to 
that  of  the  king's  sister  Nezemut-Mut,  and 
the  naming  of  her  own  daughter  Beket-Aten 
shows  plainly  that  she  shared  the  king's 
devotion  to  the  new  object  of  his  worship. 
For  the  rest,  Mr.  Davies  will  have  nothing 
to  do  with  the  Supposed  identification  of  this 
Huya  with  the  "  Khua,  my  messenger," 
mentioned  in  one  of  the  Tel  el  Amarna 
letters  of  Burnaburias,  King  of  Kardunias 

(Babylon),   and   points   out,   following  herein 

Prof.  Steindorff,  that  this  name  would  in  the 

ordinary  way  be  transliterated  in  Egyptian  as 
Khay.  Of  Ahmes  the  scribe,  whose  tomb 
completes  the  volume,  we  know  nothing 
whatever. 

The  pictures  presented  in  the  frescoes  of  the 
domestic  life  of  Khuenaten  are.  however, 
extremely  frank  and  detailed.     Tho  affection 


which  the  Pharaob 

exhibiting  for  hi-  wi' 

in  the  fact  that  even  in  the  chariot  tl 

arm   is   placed   round   the   husband's  v., 

while  Ins  iiifunt  daughter  regards  the  prase- 

in).'  horses  with  a  distruflt   which  her  futi 

verj  digagi  method  oi  driving  can  )>•■ 
httle  to  remove.     In  the  royal  banqueta,  of 
which  many  examples  are  here  Bhown,  full 
justice  is  done  to  the   Pharaonic  appetite, 
Khuenaten    being   depicted    a-    gnawing    a 

hone    as    long    as    his    arm  :     while    Huya   as 

chamberlain    is    portrayed    in    the    act    of 
"tasting"   an  array   of   dishes   formidable 

enough     tor     a     Lord     Mayor's     feast.      The 
youthful    princesses    are    m    the    sai: 

accommodated    with   low   stools   and    tabll  -, 

and  frequently  receive  food  from  their 
parents'  hands,  though  in  the  banquet 
which  takes  place  by  candlelight  they  are 
not  allowed  the  use  oi  wine.  A  careful  study 
by  Mr.  Seymour  de  Ricci  of  the  <■. 
graffiti  that  have  been  scribbled  over  tho 
tombs  by  tourists  in  Alexandrian  timet 
appended. 

Catalogue  of  the  Coptic  Manuscripts  in  the 
British  Museum.  By  W.  E.  (ruin.  (British 
Museum.) — The  magnificent  collection  of 
Coptic  MSS.  in  our  national  repository  has 
at  last  received  adequate  treatment,  and 
Sir  Robert  Douglas,  the  Keeper  of  Oriental 
Books,  may  be  congratulated  on  his  wisdom 
in  entrusting  the  cataloguing  of  them  to  the 
capable  hands  of  Mr.  Cruin.  Their  number 
has  much  increased  of  late,  most  of  the 
Museum's  acquisitions  in  this  respect  being 
due,  as  Mr.  Crum  tells  us,  to  the  energy  of 
the  present  Keeper  of  Egyptian  Antiquit 
Dr.  Budge.  The  catalogue  divides  them 
into  the  four  dialects  of  Sahidic,  Akhmimic, 
Middle  Egyptian,  and  Bohairic,  and  the 
cross-divisions  follow  the  arrangement  of 
the  other  catalogues  of  MSS.  in  the  British 
Museum  by  appearing  as  Biblical,  Liturgical, 
Historical,  Magical,  and  the  like.  Of  the  first 
class  little  is  to  be  said,  as  the  Biblical  texts 
here  given  are  merely  fragmentary  ;  a  great 
many  of  them  consist  of  single  leaves,  and 
most  of  them  have  been  published  elsewhere. 
Among  the  earlier  liturgical  fragments  are 
some  curious  monastic  rules,  including  one 
where  the  brethren  are  enjoined  not  to  cross 
one  leg  over  the  other  when  sitting  either 
alone  or  among  other  men,  as  do  those  of 
this  world.  There  is  also  a  sermon  by 
Eusebius  of  Ca?sarea  on  the  Canaanitish 
woman,  wherein  woman  is  denounced  as 
'*  the  devil's  chief  weapon."  and  we  are 
asked  to  admire  the  faith  of  the  subject  in 
seeking  help  where  she  did  when  "  she  mi^ht 
have  gone  to  the  magicians."  There  are 
also  some  others  by  the  celebrated  Shenoute 
that  Mr.  Crum  confesses  to  be  obscure,  in- 
cluding one  where  the  Maniclavan  heresy  is 
denounced.  In  the  historical  section  we  find 
mostly  the  lives  of  saints  and  martyrs, 
generally  garnished  with  miraculous  and 
impossible  details  and  fully  bearing  out  the 
contention  of  certain  scholars  that  the  Coptic 
script  was  in  the  early  centuries  used  almost 
exclusively  by  Christian  converts,  to  whom 
the  many  mythological  allusions  of  the 
hieroglyphic  or  its  descendants  were  dis- 
tasteful. The  magical  series  is  well  repre- 
sented in  the  first  place  by  the  '  Pistis 
Sophia,'  or  collection  of  Gnostic  gospels 
which  still  waits  a  competent  English  editor, 
and  then  by  a  fair  number  of  spells  or  charms 
indited  by  Christian  Egyptians.  Of  tip 
one  in  a  Fayum  dialect  came  into  the 
Museum  with  some  Hebrew  fragments  from 
the  Cairo  Genizeh,  and  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  yet  published.  It  contains, 
besides  the  sacred  monogram  and  names 
used  in  Jewish  magic  (such  as  Iao,  Sabaoth, 
and    Adonai    and    one    apparently  reading 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


793 


titalska,  and  not  heretofore  met  with),  the 
old  palindrome  of  "  sator  arepo  tenet  opera 
rotas, ' '  and  appears  to  ha  ve  been  made  for  Sura, 
the  daughter  of  Pelcha.  A  later  ono,  which 
Mr.  Crum  thinks  may  be  dated  in  the  seventh 
or  eighth  century,  though  commencing  with 
the  Labarum,  makes  the  magician  declare 
himself,  in  true  Egyptian  fashion,  to  be 
"Maria"  (or  Mary),  and  to  invoke  the 
unseen  Bainchooch  (probably  Hermes),  Set- 
Typhon,  and  many  other  gods  or  demons 
of  the  "  Gnostic  "  pantheon.  Much  more 
could  be  said  on  this  subject,  did  space 
allow. 

Coptic  and  Greek  Texts  of  the  Christian 
Period  from  Ostraka,  dsc.  By  H.  R.  Hall. 
(British  Museum.) — These  also  are  from 
documents  in  the  national  collections,  being, 
for  tho  most  part,  inscriptions  on  fragments 
of  pottery  which  were  used,  in  the  scarcity 
of  parchment  or  papyrus,  for  the  scribbling 
of  letters,  receipts,  and  schoolboy  exercises. 
Some  of  the  letters  are  curious,  such  as  the 
one  where  a  certain  Paul  thanks  Apa 
(Father)  Kyrikos  for  his  written  permission 
to  beat  some  persons  who  have  "  laid  stick  " 
on  him,  and  then  asks  their  names,  as  he  is 
apparently  ignorant  of  them.  There  is 
also  a  formal  acknowledgment  by  a  monk, 
probably  on  behalf  of  some  monastery, 
witnessing  that  "  we  "  are  indebted  to  a 
camel-driver  named  Phoibamon  for  a  solidus 
for  his  pay  "  till  the  time  when  God  shall 
give  it  to  us  to  give  to  him."  Yet  another 
appears  to  be  a  formal  deed  of  exchange, 
abounding  in  (Greek)  legal  terms,  relating  to 
a  cloak  (kalabi  :  compare  the  modern 
galabeeah),  purchased  apparently  by  the 
cession  of  a  melting  pot.  Among  those 
printed  are  several  epitaphs  from  grave- 
stones, which,  as  the  editor  remarks,  show 
the  survival  of  many  distinctly  pagan  beliefs 
into  Christian  times.  The  same  fact  is 
attested  by  the  proper  names  found  through- 
out, which  bear  witness  that,  as  late  as  the 
eighth  century,  nearly  half  the  names  in 
use  among  the  lower  class  of  natives  remained 
Egyptian,  and  that  even  among  ecclesiastics 
names  suggesting  either  the  Egyptian  or 
Greek  mythology,  such  as  Amon,  Apollo, 
and  the  like,  were  common.  The  work  of 
transcription  and  translation,  which  the  bad 
state  of  the  texts  must  have  often  rendered 
very  tedious,  has  been  excellently  performed 
by  Mr.  Hall  ;  but  it  is  curious  that  while  the 
Catalogue  noticed  above  gives  the  Coptic  words 
in  the  handsome  square  type  now  generally 
adopted  when  possible,  this  volume,  also  a 
Museum  publication,  uses  the  old  sprawling 
letters  employed  in  the  earliest  Coptic  founts, 
and  copied  from  late  and  debased  MSS.  in 
the  Bashmuric  dialect.  L  i_ -;_ 

Conferences  faites  au  Musee  Guimct.  Par 
Emile  Guimet.  (Paris,  Leroux.) — This  little 
volume  (one  of  the  excellent  "  Bibliotheque 
de  Vulgarisation  "  published  by  the  museum 
which  bears  the  name  of  the  lecturer)  con- 
tains the  lectures  delivered  during  the  past 
year  at  the  handsome  building  in  the  Avenue 
d'lena,  which  must  have  often  caused  the 
curators  of  other  loss-favourod  nationalities 
to  be  consumed  with  envy.  One  of  them 
is  on  the  so-called  "vocal"  statue  of 
Memnon,  which  M.  Guimet  has  no  trouble 
in  showing  to  have  been  a  colossus  of 
Amenophis  TIL,  and  to  have  no  more  to  do 
with  the  Memnon  whom  Homer  represents 
as  fighting  before  Troy  than  with  the 
Emperor  napoleon.  But  this  text  gives 
him  the  opportunity  for  a  very  agreeable 
i  polished  discourse  in  which  he  traces 
the  Memnonian  tradition  from  the  time  ,.i 

Strabo,    gives   us   the   words    of    I'hilost  rut  us 

on  the  point,  brings  in  Julia  Domna  as  one 

of   the    introducers   of   the   Greek    worship   of 

the  Egyptian  God   Serapis  into  Italy,  and 


concludes  with  some  sensible  remarks  upon 
the  prevalence  of  superstitions  in  all  ages. 
The  lecture  is  typical  of  many  in  the  book, 
and  as  these  discourses  are  delivered  every 
Sunday  throughout  the  season,  and.  after  the 
usual  French  fashion,  are  open  to  all  without 
payment  or  ticket,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
English  visitors  to  Paris  will  be  moved 
to  attend  them.  As  the  French  is  as  perfect 
as  the  information  is  sound,  no  easier  or 
pleasanter  way  of  acquiring  knowledge  from 
the  lips  of  experts  has  yet  been  devised. 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

That  much-liked  member  of  the  Bar,  the 
late  Mr.  John  George  Witt,  K.C.,  has  left 
behind  him  just  the  sort  of  record  that  might 
have  been  expected.  Life  in  the  Law 
(Werner  Laurie)  is  anecdotal,  rather  dis- 
cursive, modest,  and  packed  with  down- 
right sense.  It  bears  a  fairly  close  likeness 
to  Sir  John  Hollams's  '  Jottings  of  an  Old 
Solicitor,'  reviewed  in  The  Athenozum  of 
May  26th.  Both  books  advocate  legal  reform, 
and  the  common  points  in  their  criticisms 
of  the  county-court  system  and  the  law  of 
contract  are  so  numerous  as  to  form  a  sub- 
stantial argument  for  change.  But  Mr. 
Witt  is  far  more  of  a  root-and-branch 
corrector  of  abuses  than  Sir  John  Hollams. 
He  would  substitute  apprenticeship  for  the 
Bar  examinations,  abolish  expert  witnesses, 
and  sweep  away  the  Bankruptcy  Act.  At 
the  same  time  he  stands  up  stoutly  for  his 
profession,  and  scathingly  describes  the  Land 
Transfer  Office  as  "a  big  building  run  up 
at  a  huge  expense  in  order  that  a  pack  of 
officials  may  try  their  raw  hands  at  Govern- 
ment transfer  of  real  property,  and  supersede 
the  skill  and  wisdom  of  counsel  and  solicitors. " 
You  may  agree  or  disagree  with  Mr.  Witt,  but 
you  cannot  refrain  from  admiring  the  robust- 
ness of  his  opinions.  '  Life  in  the  Law  ' 
will  be  chiefly  read,  however,  for  its  stories 
and  sketches  of  character.  Here  again  Mr. 
Witt  speaks  out  with  decision,  as  in  the 
estimate  that  of  the  judges  pre-eminent 
when  sitting  at  Nisi  Prius  during  his  experi- 
ence of  forty  years,  he  would  place  "  Sir 
Alexander  Cockburn,  Sir  Robert  Lush, 
Baron  Huddleston,  Sir  Archibald  Smith, 
and  Sir  Henry  Lopes  (Lord  Ludlow)  in  the 
front  rank  ;  and  I  would  certainly  relegate 
Sir  William  Bovill  and  Sir  John  Duke  Cole- 
ridge to  the  rear  rank."  It  is  curious  to 
learn  that  the  late  Lord  Chief  Justice  had  a 
tendency  to  drop  off  to  sleep  even  when  he 
was  Attorney-General.  Some  of  Mr.  Witt's 
anecdotes  illustrate  questions  of  legal  pro- 
priety. Tims,  after  some  highly  sensible 
observations  on  the  proper  limits  of  cross- 
examination,  he  gives  a  striking  instance  of 
the  effect  of  an  excess  of  forbearance.  The 
only  witness  in  favour  of  a  will  was  a  solicitor 
who  had  been  struck  off  the  rolls.  "I 
think,  sir,"  said  his  cross-examiner,  the  late 
Mr.  Senile,  "you  were  at  one  time  a  solicitor." 
'  Yes,"  replied  the  witness.  "  And  you 
are  not  a  solicitor  now."  "  No,"  answered 
the  witness,  and  down  sat  Searle.  The  jury 
naturally  thought  that  the  man  had  retired 
from  his  profession  full  of  years  and  honours. 

It    was    not    often    that    a    witness    got    the 

be!  ter  of  Ballanl  ine,  but  a  veterinary  Burgeon 

certainly  scored  when  asked  to  represent  to 
the  jury  the  noise  made  by  a  "roaring" 
horse.  "  \'o."  said  he,  "you  see  that  is 
not  my  business.  Now  if  you  will  he  the 
horse  and  make  the  noise.  I.  as  veterinary 
Burgeon,  will  determine  whether  yon  are  a 
roarer  or  not."  We  need  not  rob  Mr.  Witt's 
vivacious    little    book    of    any    more    plums. 

Bui  we  must  draw  attention  to  the  inten 
ing  chapter  in  which  he  describee  various 


emissaries  from  the  Confederate  States  with 
whom,  in  one  way  or  another,  he  made 
acquaintance.  Of  them  Henry  Hotze  was 
a  confirmed  revolutionary  with  a  most 
romantic  career.  There  is  human  nature, 
too,  in  the  remark  of  an  articled  clerk  who 
had  charge  of  the  witnesses  in  a  celebrated  case: 
"  If  I  do  not  give  these  Alabama  men  liquor, 
they  will  desert  ;  and  if  I  give  them  all  they 
want,  they  will  be  too  drunk  to  give  evidence.'' 
But,  says  Mr.  Witt,  he  managed  them 
splendidly. 

Wesley  and  his  Century  :  a  Study  in 
Spiritual  Forces.  By  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Fitchett. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— Of  the  making  of 
lives  of  Wesley  there  would  appear  to  be 
no  end.  Last  year  we  reviewed  Mr.  Green's 
valuable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the 
Wesleys,  and  Dr.  Fitchett  now  turns  from 
the  study  of  '  How  England  saved  Europe  ' 
to  add  his  name  to  Wesley's  biographers. 
It  is  evident  that  Wesleyans  never  tire  of 
hearing  or  reading  about  their  founder. 
This  work  of  Dr.  Fitchett* s  lias  already 
appeared  in  the  pages  of  The  Methodist 
Times,  and  now  its  publication  in  a  separate 
form  shows  that  there  is  still  a  demand  for 
it.  Dr.  Fitchett  in  his  introduction,  '  Wesley's 
Place  in  History,'  states  : — 

"If  Wesley  has  achieved  fame,  he  never  intended 

it and   if   he  built  up   one  of   the  greatest  of 

modern  Churches,  and  supplied  a  new  starting- 
point  to  modern  religious  history,  it  was  with  an 
entire  absence  of  conscious  intention." 

When  he  died  in  1791 

"  his  '  societies '  in  Great  Britain  numbered  7G,0(X) 
members  with  3tK)  preachers.  To-day,  Methodism 
— taking  its  four  great  divisions  in  Great  Britain, 
Canada,  the  United  States,  and  Australia— has 
49,000  ministers  in  its  pulpits,  and  some  30,000,000 
hearers  in  its  pews.  It  has  built  88,000  separate 
churches  ;  it  teaches  in  its  schools  every  Sunday 
more  than  8,000,000  children." 

In  Canada,  out  of  a  population  of  under  six 
millions,  nearly  one  million  are  Methodists  ; 
while  in  Australasia  every  ninth  person 
belongs  to  Wesley's  Church,  and  in  the 
United  States  at  the  centenary  celebration 
4,000, 000Z.  was  raised. 

Dr.  Fitchett  considers  that 

"  the  compliments  paid  to  Wesley  are  often  mere 
blunders.  He  Mas  not,  as  Buckle  calls  him,  '  the 
first  of  ecclesiastical  statesmen,' — a  Leo  X.  in  a 
Geneva  gown.  He  did  not  possess  '  the  strongest 
mind  of  his  century,'  as  Nouthey  thought.  Cole- 
ridge's oft-urged  criticism  is  at  least  partly  true,  he 
had  the  logical,  but  not  the  philosophical  mind." 

There  was  no  attempt  on  the  part  of  Wesley 
to  add  a  new  truth  to  Christian  knowledge  ; 
his  aim  was  simply  to  teach,  as  he  himself 
said,  "  the  plain  old  religion  of  the  Church  of 
England."  Christianity  at  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century  Dr.  Fitchett, 
describes  as  "  a  circle  of  dead  fibres,"  and 
"  what  Wesley  did  was  to  pour  the  mystic 
current  of  a  divine  life  through  the  calcined 
soul  of  a  nation,  and  so  turn  blackness  into 
flame."  Then  lie  gives  "  Wesley's  secret  in 
brief  "  :— 

"  It  belongs  first  and  lasi  to  the  spiritual  realm. 
The  energy  that  thrilled  in  his  look,  that  breathed 
from  his  presence,  that  made  his  life  a  Same  and 
his  voice  a  spell,  stands,  in  the  last  analysis,  m  the 
category  of  spiritual  forces." 

Dr.   Fitchett  devotes  considerable  space  to 

'Wesley's     Theory     of     t  ho     Church."     'The 

Effective  Doctrines  of  Methodism,'  and  '  \ 

Year  of  Crisis,'  when  "Wesley  was  aban- 
doned by  Ms  allies  among  the  v  lican 
clergy,  even  his  brother  for  the  moment 
failing  him." 

"  Wesley  yet    remained,   in    his   own    person   and 

sympathies,  stubbornly  loyal  to  the  Church.  The 
spiritual  movement  ox  which  he  was  now  the  sole 

head  should  not,  if  he  could  help  it.  drift  into 
diBBent.      Hut    the   last     ties    that     hound    it    to   the 


794 


Til  E     AT  II  EN  .Kl'M 


N    U05,  Ji  ra  30,  1906 


Churoh  were  being  out  on  the  aide  oi  the  Churoh 
it  — -  - 1 1  I 

[nto  this  oontro\  enrj  it  is  ao1  for  as  to  inter. 
I •  ■  i t  one  oannot  fail  t ■  ■  see  how  much  tli<' 
Established  Churoh  would  have  extended 
the  number  ol  its  members  and  it^  powers 
<ii  usefulness  if  \\  eslej  and  Ins  followers  hud 
i-    ii  retained. 

I  >r.  Fitchett  has  collected  his  tints  with 
uK.it  diligence  and  care,  and  deserves  the 
thanks  ol  all  interested  in  Wesley.  The 
volume  i>  illusl  rated  by  a  |  x  nt  nut  reproduced 
from  Romney's  painting  and  by  facsimiles 
from  Wesley's  letters  and  journals. 

The  Oolden  Book  :  LkjouIk  of  Saints  and 
Martyr*  of  the  Church.  Translations  from 
Mediaeval  Sources.  By  Mrs.  Francis  Alex- 
ander. (Nutt.) — The  present  book  revives 
four  hooks  published  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  as  appears  from  the  original 
title-pages  here  given.  One,  however, 
is  announced  by  its  title-page  as  a  new 
edition,  and  there  is  no  information 
as  to  when  it  first  appeared.  The  four 
parts  of  the  translation  therefore  corre- 
spond to  these  four  books.  The  first  is  a 
compilation  of  stories  from  the  lives  of  the 
early  monks  and  hermits  of  Egypt  and  the 
desert.  The  second  is  a  .similar  collection 
of  legends  and  narratives  from  the  lives  of 
Tuscan  saints,  followed  by  another  from 
those  of  miscellaneous  saints.  The  fourth 
part  drops  the  anecdotic  and  legendary 
character.  It  is  a  selection  of  brief  lives  of 
saints,  in  the  usual  hagiological  form. 

Thus  the  main  interest  for  the  average 
reader  will  lie  in  the  first  three  parts  or  books. 
They  have  the  common  seal  of  simplicity. 
Compiled  they  may  have  been  in  the  six- 
teenth century  ;  but  the  stories  themselves 
bear  in  their  whole  style  the  evidence  of  an 
earlier  source,  and  are  fragrant  of  the  ages 
of  faith — ages  when  no  Luther,  no  Renais- 
sance, had  arisen  to  perturb  childlike  con- 
fidence. Wonders  are  related  not  as 
wonders  but  as  instructive  and  interesting 
natural  events,  adventures  which  might  be 
expected  to  befall  the  spiritual  traveller  : 
to  fall  among  demons  is  no  more  than  to  fall 
among  bushrangers,  to  be  succoured  by 
angels  no  more  than  to  be  succoured  by 
mounted  police.  It  is  the  spirit  of  a  gentle 
brotherhood,  unworldly  wisdom,  and  self- 
denial  on  which  the  narrator  is  intent  ;  these 
other  things  are  part  of  the  vehicle,  incidental, 
too  unconsidered  to  invite  or  receive  comment. 
The  first  two  parts  are  those  which  chiefly 
display  this  primitive  spirit;  the  others 
have  more  the  tone  and  manner  of  dry  con- 
ventional biography.  The  first  breathes  the 
spirit  of  the  early  Christian  writers,  the 
second  of  the  thirteenth  century.  Yet, 
though  simplicity  is  common  to  both,  there 
is  a  difference  ;  with  the  thirteenth  century 
we  feel  that  indescribable  effluence  of  which 
the  type  and  quintessence  is  the  '  Fioretti.' 

Perhaps  it  is  more  than  the  mere  spirit 
of  a  century,  more  even  than  the  spirit  of 
St.  Francis  :  perhaps  it  is  only  in  the  Italian 
mind  that  this  spirit  can  receive  so  fascinat- 
ing an  incarnation.  Here,  it  is  when  a 
thirteenth-cent  m\  Italian  takes  up  the  pen 
that  we  become  conscious  of  the  arresting 
charm.  It  is  more  than  simplicity  ;  it  is 
the  unsmirched  and  virginal  ingenuousness 
of  an  innocently  confiding  child — a  Para- 
disal  child,  walking  hand-in-hand  with  God, 
and  prattling  holy  candours  by  the  way. 
We  have  said  "  a  thirteenth-century  Italian," 
though  Don  Silvano  Razzi  may,  for  all  we 
know,  be  as  sixteenth-century  as  the  edition 
of  his  book  which  is  here  translated.  But 
his  sources,  at  least,  must  surely  have  been 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  or  near  it.  If 
these  stories  have  not  the  peculiar  fragrance 
of  the   '  Fioretti,'    they   have  enough   of  a 


kindred  soul  t<>  taut  relationship 

—enough  to   make  them  the   rn<  nng 

pari  of  the  volume.     Pot  the  charm  ol  tin^ 
unfretted,    fraternally    tender   piety   to   the 

tleashj      questioning     modern     mind,     and 

for    the    homelj    wisdom    often  sted 

with    its  simplicity,   the   book   is   welcome 
and  readable. 

The  translation  is  good  and  idiomatic,  and 

excellently  printed.     But  there-  seem  t<>  be  ■ 

t<  u   inconsistencies  in  the  rendering  of  proper 
names.      Why    has    Alexander    the    Great    a 

councillor  so  unknown  to  English  scholars 
as  "  Bfestione  "  !     If  "  Aleesandro  "  is  ren 
dered    Alexander,    why    not    "  Efestione  " 
Bephsestion  ? 

The  Heart  of  the  Country,     By  Ford  Madox 

Hueffer.      (Alston      Kivci  tepping      out 

from  the  crowded  path  of  writers  of  fiction, 
Mr.  Hueffer  here  dedicates  himself  to 
in  descriptive  impressionism.  His  '  Soul  of 
London,'  was  an  attempt  to  limn  the  great 
town  in  brief  sketches,  the  clever  super- 
ficiality and  assertiveness  of  which  deceived 
admirers  into  talk  of  Whistler  and  "noc- 
turnes." In  the  near  future  we  are  promised 
another  volume  of  the  sort,  and  now  we  have 
'  The  Heart  of  the  Country,'  a  book  which, 
for  all  its  demerits,  comes  nearer  to  justify- 
ing its  ambitious  title  than  its  metropolitan 
predecessor.  A  note  explains  that  portions 
of  the  present  work  have  appeared  in  The 
Tribune. 

We  gather  that  Mr.  Hueffer  has  laid  down 
a  rule  for  himself  in  these  descriptive  essays  : 
though  the  views  he  expresses  may  have  been 
coloured  by  his  reading,  his  attempt  is  to 
depict  neither  more  nor  less  than  "  his 
personal  view  of  his  personal  country-side." 
His  idea  is  that  for  every  man  some  place 
more  than  any  other  represents  the  real 
country.  It  is  a  plausible  contention,  and 
Mr.  Hueffer  puts  it  prettily.  His  appre- 
hension is  acute  enough  and  tolerably  sound. 
The  trouble  is  that  he  brings  wholly  exotic 
and  study- or  salon-born  theories  and  methods 
to  bear  upon  such  companions  of  our  child- 
hood as  buttercups  and  traveller's  joy.  His 
preciosities  of  style  and  point  of  view  are 
out  of  place  here.  Still  '  The  Heart  of  the 
Country  '  is  well  worth  reading,  for  its 
chapters  contain  genuine  records  of  impres- 
sions received  at  first  hand  in  English  rural 
surroundings.  There  may  not  be  much 
fresh  air  about  the  author's  chosen  medium  ; 
but  that  his  material  came  to  him  in  the  open 
we  have  not  the  smallest  doubt.  And  for 
all  those  amateurs  of  the  country  for  whom 
rustic  life  is  a  thing  apart,  like  tapestries 
and  old  brasses,  this  is  as  pleasant  an  inter- 
pretation as  their  library  catalogue  is  likely 
to  furnish  for  a  month  or  so.  The  opening 
paragraph  strikes  the  key-note  : — 

"In  the  cigarette  smoke,  breathing  the  rich 
odours  of  ragouts  that  cloy  the  hunger,  of  verveine, 
of  patchouli,  beneath  tall,  steely  blue  minors, 
over  crumpled  napkins  of  an  after-lunch  in  a 
French  place  oi  refeotdon,  an  eloquent  and  per- 
suasive friend  with  wide  gestures  was  discoursing 
upon  some  plan  that  was  to  make  for  the  rest  of 
the  company  fame,  fortune,  rest,  appetite,  and  the 
wherewithal  bo  supply  it — an  engrossing  plan  that 
would  lender  the  Islands  of  the  Blest  territory 
habitable  for  them  almost,  as  soon  as  they  could 
reach  the  'next  street,'  which,  in  most  of  our 
minds,  is  the  Future." 

Of  course,  we  arc  not  detained  very  long 
in  so  bilious  an  atmosphere  as  this,  but, 
within  a  page  or  two.  we  have  England 
described  as,  for  all  outsiders,  "  The  Land 
of  Pills."  Later,  however,  we  are  pleased 
to  read  that 

"your  clever  man  of  the  world  set  down  in  the 
country  is,  as  soon  as  he  opens  his  eyes,  confronted 
with  an  ignorance  of  his  own  that  will  at  first  render 
him  infuriated  with  the  ignorance  that  he  meets  all 


round   him.      It  will  end,  if    Idk  •  on  <.|»n, 

in  a  modest  disbelief  in  hut  own  mental  i*'V. 
That    i  ml    and   wholesome  conclu- 

sion.     And,    indeed,    then     are    many    bright 
and    pleasing    thoughts    here,    I"  ome 

shrewd  instS  'ration, and  a  pretty 

ceptibility    to   the   wiles   of   unsnun 

nature.       '  'I  he      Soul      of      London'      ra' 
Suggested    tl  Uthor   rated    the   to  v. 

man  unduly  high,  from  want  of  true  com- 
prehension oi  his  country  OOUStn'l 
attributes.  Lot  we  have  here  clear  contra- 
dictions of  those  sue.  me 
evidence  of  patienl  -tody  of  the  man  who 
follows  the  plough.     Mr.  Bneffer's  vie* 

what     journ.  d     sociologists    call     the 

"  rural  exodus  "  is  gloomy,  but  informing. 

Sixty     )'<nrs   of   Journalism       At- "dotes 
lieminiscences.      By  H.  Findlater  1 

(Bristol,    Arrow  smith.)— This    little    vol  . 

opens  with  the  author's  apprenticeship 
to  journalism  in  1844  at  the  unusually  early 
age  of  thirteen,  and  from  that  time  until 
recently,  when  he  bade  "  a  lasting 
adieu  to  press-work,"  lie  wa-.  he  tells  us, 
"continually  employed  on  newspapers  in 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  in  the  var; 
capacities  of  reporter,  sub-editor,  and  edit 

Mr.  Bussey  refers  to  the  heavy  taxes  upon 
newspapers  in  his  early  days,  and  tells  us 
that  in  1856,  while  manager  of  Tte  Sunder- 
land Times  and  Shield*  Advocatt .  be  "  entered 
into  a  contract  with  a  paper  manufacturer, 
for  the  quantity  we  then  consumed  in  our 
two  issues,  at  sevenpence  halfpenny  per 
pound."  Mr.  Alexander  Sinclair,  in  bis 
privately  printed  '  Fifty  Years  of  Newspaper 
Life,'  states  that  The  Glasgow  Herald  paid  in 
1845  8$d.  per  lb.  ;  in  1855,  Id.  ;  while  in  1897, 
when  his  book  was  written,  the  price  of 
news  paper  was  lid.,  being  a  fartliing  less 
than  the  old  duty.  Mr.  "Walter,  of  The 
Times,  once  stated  in  evidence  that  the 
three  duties  paid  by  that  single  property 
amounted  to  180,000/.  per  annum. 

In  1848  Mr.  Bussey  went  to  Brighton,  and 
there  remained  until  1852.  His  first  journey 
thither  was  an  experience  of  third-class 
travelling  by  rail  :  the  carriage  had  no 
covering,  and  resembled  an  ordinary  coal 
truck,  except  that  it  had  bare  wooden  seats. 
These  parliamentary  trains  stopped  at  all 
stations,  so  that  the  journey  occupied  from 
three  and  a  half  to  four  hours.  At  Brighton 
he  made  the  aecpiaintance  of  F.  Y\  . 
Robertson,  and  used  to  report  his  sermons 
for  a  French  lady  ;  and  as  he  kept  duplicates, 
he  presented  them  to  the  committee  of  the 
fund  opened  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow. 
Lady  Byron  occupied  a  seat  not  far  from  the 
pulpit,  and  after  Robertson's  death  had  his 
bust  chiselled  by  a  local  sculptor.  Among 
the  lectures  Mr.  Bussey  attended  was  one 
on  electricity  by  an  old  contributor  to 
this  journal.  Robert  Hunt,  of  the  School  of 
Mines. 

During  the  Franco-German  War,  at  the 
request  of  Lord  Glenesk,  then  Mr.  Borthwick. 
he  sent  letters  from  Paris  to  The  Morning 
Post  ;  and  he  was  also  specially  engaged  in 
cabling  to  The  New  York  Herald  the  la' 
telegrams  and  special  reports  that  appeared 
each  morning  in  The  Times  and  Daily  X< 
One  morning  one  of  the  three  cables  then  hi 
use  was  broken,  bo  that  for  several  days  there 
was  a  press  of  work,  and  the  charge  for 
each  word  rose  to  thirteen  shillings, 

"  the  two  syllables  Time*  and  News,  denoting 
the  sources  of  origin,  daily  costing  twenty-six 
shillings.  One  of  my  cablegrams,  sent  in  the 
closest  skeleton  form,  oost,  I  am  told,  between 
4(H)/.  and  SOW.  but  it  was  delightful  to  see  how 
these  scanty  messages  were  inflated  at  the  other 
end,  one  of,  say.  two  hundred  words  often  filling 
in  'I'll'  New  York  Herald  two  or  three  columns  of 
type,  a  sufficient  proof  of  journalistic  skill  and 
ingenuity." 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


795 


Mr.  Bussey  has  two  stories  about  John 
Bright's  alhision  to  Mr.  Lowe  and  Mr. 
Horsman  as  resembling  those  personages 
who  took  refuge  in  the  Cave  of  Adullam. 
In  one  of  the  London  papers  this  was  given 
in  a  somewhat  hazy  manner,  and  the  manager 
of  the  paper  referred  to  asked  a  veteran 
reporter  connected  with  the  establishment 
whether  he  thought  the  gentleman  who  had 
written  that  part  of  the  speech  understood 
Mr.  Bright's  reference.  "  Certainly,"  was 
the  reply.  "  There  is  no  man  on  the  staff 
so  ignorant  that  he  has  not  read  the  '  Arabian 
Nights.'  "  The  proprietor  of  one  of  our 
leading  provincial  papers  was  also  "  fogged 
by  the  quotation,"  and  sent  a  note  to 
the  editor  of  another  paper  in  the  same 
city,  asking  "  for  the  loan  of  a  Delphin 
edition  of  Virgil,  saying  he  had  been  all 
through  Horace,  and  could  find  no  reference 
to  the  cave  of  Adullam." 

Subsequently  Mr.  Bussey  "  received, 
through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Mudford, 
the  then  editor  of  The  Standard,''''  an  engage- 
ment on  the  annual  staff  of  that  paper,  which 
he  held — partly  as  reporter  and  partly  as 
sub-editor  of  the  evening  publication — until 
his  recent  retirement.  We  wish  him  many 
years  of  health  and  happiness,  and  ex- 
press the  hope  that  he  may  find  time  to  add 
yet  another  volume  to  his  pleasant  reminis- 
cences. We  have  two  suggestions  to  make : 
that  in  a  new  edition  he  would  do  well  to 
add  definite  dates  ;  and  that  many  of  his 
friends  would  be  pleased  to  have  his  portrait 
to  face  the  title. 

John  Siberch  :  Bibliographical  Notes,  1886- 
1905.  By  Robert  Bowes  and  G.  J.  Gray. 
(Cambridge,  Macmillan  &  Bowes.)  —  This 
little  volume,  following  the  Galen,  Bullock, 
Augustine,  and  Papyrius  Geminus  previously 
issued  in  facsimile,  completes  the  specimens 
of  each  of  the  books  printed  by  Siberch, 
the  first  Cambridge  printer,  so  far  as  our 
present  knowledge  extends.  Mr.  Gray's 
monograph  on  Cambridge  bindings  contained 
a  great  deal  of  new  information  as  to  Siberch, 
and  its  publication  led  Mr.  Bowes  to  con- 
tinue and  perfect  some  work  done  twenty 
j-ears  ago  on  the  subject.  Besides  the 
peculiar  interest  of  Siberch  to  Cambridge 
men,  this  book  throws  some  light  on  the 
ways  of  early  printers,  and  the  facsimiles  ii 
contains  enable  us  to  trace  the  origin  of 
his  initials  and  type,  some  of  it  coming  from 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  and  Pynson.  The 
authors  have  by  their  research  notably 
added  to  our  knowledge  of  Siberch,  and  as 
the  book  is  limited  to  125  copies,  it  should 
be  obtained  without  delay  by  all  libraries 
interested  in  bibliography. 

Of  the  books  dealing  with  Tibet  as  the 
outcome  of  Sir  Francis  Younghusband's 
expedition  Col.  Waddell's  Lhasa  and  its 
Mysteries  was  not  the  least  interesting  or 
valuable.  We  reviewed  it  at  considerable 
length  on  April  8th,  1905,  and  we  need  only 
say  of  the  cheap  edition  which  Messrs. 
Methuen  &  Co.  have  just  published  that  it 
should  now  succeed  with  a  much  wider 
public.  All  the  illustrations  (some  155  in 
number)  in  the  expensive  edition  are  re- 
tained in  the  present  reprint. 

Lea  Pierres  d'Oxford.  Par  Georges  (Jrappe. 
(Paris,  Sansot  A-  CSe.) — This  little  volume  is 
neither  a  guide-hook  nor  a  history  in  brief. 
Rather  it  is  tho  attempt  of  a  cultured  and 
sympathetic  foreigner  to  define  and  explain 
in  ins  countrymen  the  religio  fori  with  which 
Oxford,  most  perhaps  of  all  English  cities, 
is    invested.     Lndeed,    a   more   appropriate 

title  than  the  one  selected  would  have  heen 
'  The  Soul  of  Oxford.'  M.  Qrappe  writes 
with  all  the  grace  and  lucidity  which  one 
instinctively  looks   for    in    tho  best  French  . 


and  if  he  makes  occasional  mistakes  of  detail, 
as  when  he  speaks  of  "  Eton  or  of  any 
other  public  house,"  his  exegesis  in  most 
essential  matters  is  unquestionably  right. 
He  is  particularly  happy  in  pointing  out 
the  nuances  of  feeling  which  distinguish  the 
members  of  different  colleges.  There  is, 
however,  rather  an  unusual  number  of 
misprints. 

Messrs.  R.  Tuck  &  Sons  have  sent  us 
several  packets  of  Pictorial  Post  Cards,  which 
they  are  producing  in  wonderful  variety  and 
profusion.— From  the  Cornubian  Press  we 
have  received  some  Cornubian  Post  Cards, 
which  present  attractive  views  of  the  Cornish 
country  executed  in  a  style  more  artistic 
than  usual,  and  should  be  popular  with 
visitors. 


LIST  OF   NEW  BOOKS. 
ENGLISH. 

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Chadwick  (W.  E.),  The  Social  Teaching  of  St.  Paul,  3/6 
Commonsense  Christianity,  M.  net. 

Drysdale  (A.  H.),  The  Epistle  of  St.  Paul  to  Philemon,  V 
Ingram  (Bishop  A.  F.  W.),  A  Mission  of  the  Spirit,  2/6 
Old  Soho  Days,  and  other  Memories,  by  the  Mother  Kate, 

2/6  net. 
Sankey  (Ira  P.),  My  Life  and  Sacred  Songs,  5/ 
Thornton  (J.),  From  the  Porch  to  the  Altar,  2/6  net. 

Law. 
Trial  of  Eugene  Marie  Chantrelle,   edited  by  A.  Duncan 

Smith,  5/  net. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
Fildes  (Amy  F.),  Brush-Drawing,  5/ net. 
Graves  (A.),  The  Royal  Academy,  Vol.  VI.,  42/ net. 
London  Topographical  Record,  Vol.  III. 
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Branch  of  the  Classical  Association  for  1905,  edited  by 

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burton,  2/6  net. 
Early  English   Dramatists,  edited   by  J.  S.  Farmer:  The 

Dramatic  Writings  of  Ulpian  Fulwell ;  The  Proverbs, 

Epigrams,  and  Miscellanies  of  John  Heywood.    (Printed 

for  Subscribers.) 
Elliott  (Hon.  V.),  The  Trustworthiness  of  Border  Ballads, 

10/6  net. 
English  History  in  Verse,  edited  by  E.  Pertwee,  1/  net. 
Ford  (John),  The   Broken   Heart,  edited  by  O.  Smeaton, 

1/  net. 
Kingstead  (J.),  Chloris  and  Zephyrus  :  a  Late-Spring  Idvll, 

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E.  Pertwee,  2  parts,  1/  net  each. 
Menpes  (Mortimer),  Henry  Irving,  2/  net. 
Nicholson  (Meredith),  Poems. 
Noyes  (A.),  Drake,  Books  I. -III.,  5/  net. 
Shakespeare,  Works,  6  vols.,  New  Century  Library,  2/  net 

each. 
Skovgaard-Pedersen  (A.),  Songs  of  my  Land, and  Others,  1/6 
Tennyson  (A.),  Dramas,  Pocket  Edition,  2/ net. 
Traherne  (Thomas),   Poetical  Works,  edited  by  B.  Dobell, 

Second  Edition,  3/6 
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Bibliography. 

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Philosophy. 
Miinsterberg  (H),  Science  and  Idealism,  3/6  net. 

Political  Economy. 
Bonn  (M.  J.),  Modern  Ireland  and  her  Agrarian  Problem, 

translated  by  T.  \v.  Rolleston,  2/6  net. 
Dietzel  (H).  Retaliatory  Duties,   trans,    by  D.   W.    Simon 

and  W.  ().  Brigstocke,  2/6  net. 
Johns    Hopkins    University    studies:    The    Finances    of 

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Avery  (E.  M),  History  of  the  United  States,  Vote.  L  and  II., 

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De  Laneev  (Lady),  A  Week  at  Waterloo  in  1816,  edited  by 

Major  it.  R.  ward,  6/  net. 
Fosdick  (L.  .1.),  The  French  Blood  in  America,  7/6  net. 
Franklin    (Benjamin),    Writings,  Vol.    \TL,  1777-9,  edited 

by  A.  II.  Smyth,  12/0  net. 
Gordon  (Sir  T.  I'..).  A  Varied  Life,  16&  net. 
Hamilton  (A.).  Afghanistan,  26/ net. 
May  (M.\  A  German  Pompadour,  12/6  net. 
Journals  df  the  Continental  Congress,  i77i  89:  Vol   VI., 

1776. 

Lome  (Marquis  of).  Viscount  Palmerston,  Third  Edition, 

net 
Etedesdaie  (Lord),  The  Garter  Mission  to  Japan,  6/ 
Reid  (s.  J),  Lord  John  Russell,  Fourth  Edition.  2/8  neb 
Victoria  History  of  Berkshire,  edited  by  P.  II.  Ditchfieid 
and  W.  Page,  Vol.  I.  (I  vols.  l.T,  i. 

Geography  and  Travel 
Johnston  (Sir  Harry),  Siberia,  ivols.,  12  net. 

MO!  1"\   (G,  ),  Sweet  Al'deii,  2  6  II"!  . 

Morris  (C  '.  Seroes  of  Discover}  in  America,  -1/6  net. 
Stanford's  <>'  'tavo  Atlas  of  Modem  Geography,  26/ 
Willson(T.  B.),  Handy  Guide  to  Norway,  Fifth  Edition,  :•/ 


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Dalton  (W.),  '  Saturday '  Bridge,  5/  net. 
Hodgson  (W.  Earl),  Salmon  Fishing,  7/6  net. 
Maclaren  (A.  C),  Cricket,  1/ 

Mecredy  (R.  J.),  The  Encyclopaedia  of  Motoring,  7/6  net. 
Payn  (F.  W.),  Secrets  of  Lawn  Tennis,  2/6  net. 

Philology. 
Bennett  (R.  R.),  Medical  and  Pharmaceutical  Latin,  6/  net 
Hugo's  German  Commercial  Correspondent,  2/6 
Stati  Silv.-e,  edited  by  J.  S.  Phillimore,  10/6 

School-Boohs. 
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Coulter  (J.   M.),  A  Text-Book  of  Botany  for    Secondary 

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Culler  (J.  A.)  Text-Book  of  Physics  for  Secondary  Schools, 

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L'Estrange  (P.  H),  A  Progressive  Course  of  Comparative 

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Osborne  (W.  A.  and  E.  E.)  German  Grammar  for  Science 

Students,  2/C  net. 
Plutarch's    Lives    of    Coriolanus,    Csesar,     Brutus,    and 

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3/6 
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Stobart  (J.  C),  The  Age  of  Spenser,  1500-1600,  1/6. 

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Alexander   (F.    M.),   Introduction    to    a    New  Method  of 

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FOREIGN. 

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larung,  2m.  80. 

Hamad;   (A.),  Peilraizo   zur   Einleitung  in   das  Neue  Testa- 
ment :  I.  Lukas  der  Ant,  2m.  60. 

Heussi  (K.v  Job  inn  Lorens  Mosheim,  6m. 

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Rembrandt,  ties  Meisters  Radierungen  in  102  Abbildungen, 

herausgegeben  von  n.  w.  Singer,  8m 
Rembrandt  Almanach,  1006-7,  lm. 

Poetry  and  the  Drajnn. 

Shelley  (P.  B.i,  Hellas,  traduit/;u  fSese  franchise par  M. 

Oaatolain,  2fr. 

Music. 
Lederer(V.),UberHeimat  und  Urspruog  der  mehrstimmigen 

Tonkunst:    Keltische  Renaissance;   Hie  Reformation 

derTonkuns)  lm  16  Jahrhundert, 

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nd  (I'.).  Bibliographic  hellerdque,  VoL  IV.,  50fr. 

Philosophy, 

Klemm(o.i,  (;.  P.  Vicoals  Geschichtsphllosoph  u.  Vblker> 

psycholog,  .''in. 


796 


Til  E     ATIIKNjEUM 


N"  ll'»5,  Jim.  30,  1906 


i      tries  (i.  .i.i.  Robert  la  »<'it  i-i  urn  Origins*  da  1 1  i 

.  tt|M  li.inii-.  "fi.  50. 
i       uvjgnj  fR  .1.  i.  I  n.-  Pnge  il'Hiatofre  religieune  pendant 
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It II.    ! 

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18m. 
W  tide  K  Ronaaean,  PIaJdoyaralSarieaL,8f 

Folk  I 
Gennep(A.  ran),  Mytheaei  Legendee  d'Auatralie,  lOfr. 

s.  i, ill.. i  (Im.  Le  Foli  lorade  Franca  .  \  oL  in.  I...  Fauna  at 
i.i  I  fore,  L8fr. 

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\       i    (\\  i.  Wla   iai    .li«'  Aueaprache  dea  Deotachen  n 
lehran      \  lerte  Auflage,  Om.  90. 
tut, 
Rosenberg  (W.)  u.  Strand  (I!.),  Japaniache  Spinnen,  82m. 
DielafH.),  Die  Handachriften  der  antiken  Aertse:  Part  I. 

Hippokratea  a.  Oalenos,  Bm. 
N.  ui. inner  (M.  i.  Oeachichte  der  Medizin,  Vol  I.,  Bm. 

,,ii  l/iterature. 
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duction Francajae. 
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Am  (8.  ill.  Kntin  !  Sfr.  ."■". 

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Coulevain  (P.  de),  I.  lie  inconnue,  :ifr.  50. 
Daorelle  (J.),  La  Troisieme  Heloiae,  Mr.  50. 
Erlande  (A.),  Le  Paradia  des  \  iergea  sages,  Sfr.  50. 

Vincent  (.1.),  Petit   IVne,  Sfr.  50. 

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tending  Books, 


OXFORD    NOTES. 

In*  Oxford,  if  little  changes,  at  least  there 
is  always  a  Movement. 

Tin-  latest  Movement  but  one  concerned 
itself  with  the  reform  of  Pass  Moderations. 
It  was  proposed  to  substitute  for  short  and 
scrappy  papers  on  three  groups  of  set  books 
fuller  and  more  searching  papers  on  two 
groups.  Congregation,  however,  was  in  a 
suspicious  mood.  It  scented  a  plot  to  make 
tilings  pleasant  for  the  idler.  If  the  time 
allowed  for  the  papers  were  too  short,  let 
it  be  lengthened.  The  Board  of  Studies 
was  competent  to  see  to  that.  So  the  Board 
of  Studies  has  seen  to  it,  and  an  extra  hour- 
is  to  be  allowed  for  eacli  paper  of  the  in- 
expugnable sacred  triad.  Small  as  this 
change  may  seem,  it  is  something  to  be 
grateful  for.  From  the  candidate's  point  of 
view,  indeed,  to  have  to  write  at  greater 
length  and  more  thoughtfully  might  seem 
a  falling-away  from  that  blissful  state  of 
things  when  a  page  or  two  of  hurried  in- 
coherencies  was  the  utmost  that  might 
reasonably  be  demanded  in  respect  to  subject- 
matter.  Nevertheless  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  Letter  men  strongly  resented  the 
insult  to  their  intelligence  conveyed  in  the 
old-time  style  of  fourth-form  paper.  And 
the  tutors,  who  have  been  wont  to  concern 
themselves  seriously  with  the  Pass  Modera- 
tions books — the  Philosophy  tutor  with  the 
Plato,  the  Ancient  History  tutor  with  the 
Herodotus  or  Tacitus,  and  so  on — glow  with 
the  thought  that  their  expansive  enthusiasm 
will  no  longer  he  incompatible  with  business. 
The  soul  of  the  Oxford  Passman,  "  cabin'd, 
cribb'd,  confin'd  "  (at  least  there  can  be  no 
doubt  about  the  "ciibb'd"),  is  at  last  to  bo 
enfranchised. 

The  Movement  in  actual  being  is  for 
putting  all  examinations  as  far  as  possible 

outside  term.  The  saving  clause  "as  far 
as  possible  "  is  introduced  because  it  is 
frankly  impossible  to  pen  Honour  Modera- 
tions within  the  strict  limits  of  a  five-week 
Faster  Vacation.  But  for  Final  Honour 
Schools,  it  is  urged,  there  is  "the  Long." 
Two  months  for  LitercB  Humaniores  or 
Modern  History  will  easily  come  out  of  that. 
If  the  "vivas"  last  through  August,  what 
then  V  A  tew  more  examiners  hors  de 
combat.      A     few     more    abstentions    on    the 


part  oi  candidates  with  ulterior  •  ipon 

the  Indian  Civil  Service,  In  exchange,  one 
cleai-  gain.  \\ .  can  have  our  Eight*,  week 
later  in  the  term  (when,  by  tin-  my,  the 

Weather    will    he    finer).       Hut    already.    M     is 

whispered,  the  conspiracy  is  troubled  with 
divided  counsels.  The  ascetics  who  gloat 
over  the  prospeel  of  additional  macerations 
(with  an  improved  ami  authorized    Bights' 

week  BS  set  off)  liiid  I  liriii>rl\rs  at  logger- 
heads   with    tin-    curtailers    of    viva    voce. 

Wherefore,    though    mountains    heave    in    all 

directions,  the  outcome  is  likely  to  be  some 

ridiculous  mOUSelel  say,  the  Final  Schools 
postdated   by  a  week. 

Far  more  important  than  these  matters 
of  examination  routine,  yet  less  absorbing 
to  the  layman,   if  only   because  the  ultimate 

Bprings  of   University   business   are   largely 

hidden  from  his  ey6B,  are  the  alterations 
recently  effected  in  regard  to  the  position 
and  functions  of  the  Registrar.  When  the 
late  Mr.  Grose  was  appointed,  certain 
changes  were  made  with  the  object  of  enlarg- 
ing the  Registrar's  sphere  of  duty  ;  so  that 
the  present  legislation  may  be  held  to  signify 
evolution  rather  than  revolution.  Its  object 
is  to  create  for  the  University  nothing  less 
than  a  regular  Intelligence  Department 
with  the  Registrar  as  head.  From  the  point 
of  view  of  the  outside  world,  there  has  long 
been  a  need  for  an  information  office  to  which 
inquiries  of  all  kinds  might  be  addressed. 
Despite  the  transparent  simplicity  of  our 
system,  the  Khodes  Scholar  and  the  friends 
he  brings  with  him  seem,  for  the  most  part, 
quite  incapable  of  understanding  its  workings. 
Nay,  more,  they  are  actually  shameless 
enough  to  draw  an  unfavourable  contrast 
between  om*  time-honoured  ways  of  doing 
business  and  those  of  sundry  mushroom 
institutions  of  their  own.  Then,  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  University  itself,  it  was 
expedient  that  order  and  continuity  should 
be  imported  into  the  conduct  of  affairs. 
Far  too  much  of  late  has  been  allowed  to 
weigh  directly  on  the  shoulders  of  the  Vice- 
Chancellor,  and  it  was  imperative  that  he 
should  be  relieved  of  his  more  mechanical 
duties.  One  detail  in  the  new  scheme  calls 
for  special  notice  and  commendation.  The 
Registrar  will  in  future  have  no  vote  in 
Council.  This  cannot  but  considerably 
strengthen  his  position.  Since  he  will  be 
in  regard  to  Council  very  much  what  its 
clerk  is  to  a  City  company,  he  clearly  ought 
not  to  mix  himself  up  with  party  questions, 
and  so  endanger  his  authority  as  confidential 
adviser. 

The  University  accounts  for  1905.  for  the 
first  time  for  six  years,  show  a  balance  on 
the  credit  side.  It  is  true  that  this  is  repre- 
sented by  the  modest  sum  of  51,  Ms.  Sd.  ; 
but  a  five-pound  note  to  the  good  is  at  any 
rate  better  than  a  deficit  of  nearly  6,000/.. 
such  as  we  had  to  face  in  1902.  For  this 
gratifying  change,  we  have  to  thank  the 
general  increase  of  fees  and  dues  introduced 
a  few  years  back,  and  not  yet  fully  in  opera- 
tion. When  the  new  system  is  in  working 
order  wo  may  look  forward  to  a  moderately 
substantial  balance  on  the  right  side,  though 
doubtless  as   fast    as  the   money   pours   in  to 

the  exchequer  it  will  be  drained  out  again 
to  meet  the  fresh  charges  imposed  by  that 
Steady  devotion  to  progress  in  all  its  forms 
for  which,  perhaps,  we  do  not  get  all  the 
credit  we  deserve. 

Those  who  complain  that  the  ancient  uni- 
versities scorn,  or  at  any  rate  fail,  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  a  utilitarian  agt  should 
acquaint  themselves  with  the  rapid  way  in 

which  the  new  subject  of  Forestry  has.  to 
use  an  appropriate  metaphor,  taken  root 
in  Oxford.  Moreover,  thanks  to  the  muni- 
ficence   of    St.    John's    College,    there    now 


bthorpian    Professor    of    ]•■ 
I'.. .to,,   and    Rural    Economy  in   tin-   p.  • 
of   Dr.  William  Bomerville,  than  whoa 
judge  from  bis  previous  record,  no  oi  ■ 
better  qualified  to  mal  cess  of  the 

new  branch  of  study. 

The  Universitj   i^  to  I,.-  congratulated  on 
its  third   Exhibition  of  Historical  Portrs 
These  covered  the  eighteenth  century 
pre  Victorian    portion    of    the    nineteenth, 

and     came    almost     entirely     from     our 
walls.      The      earln-r      pictures.      mostly      by 

Kneller  and  his  follower-,  were  compara- 
tively  uninteresting  as  works   of   art;    but 

this  deficiency  was  atoned  for  by  the  import- 
ance of  the  subjects — for  example.  Wren, 
Addison,  Pope,  and  Swift.  On  the  other 
hand,    there   was  a  fine  feast   for  the   eye   in 

the  magnificent  can1  I    Reynolds  ami 

Gainsborough,  the  former  being  especially 
numerous.  Hut  perhaps  the  surprise 
the  exhibition  was  Lawrence.  His  'Lord 
Auckland  '  or  '  Sir  Thomas  Le  Breton  '  held 
its  own  with  the  best.  Whenever  the  day 
comes  for  a  show  of  pictures  of  more  modern 
date,  will  Oxford  be  found  capable  of  pro- 
viding a  like  collection  of  maaterpjei 
Hardly,  perhaps.  For  one  thing,  artists' 
fees  are  higher.  A  Reynolds  shown  in  the 
recent  exhibition  is  said  to  have  cost  thirty - 
five  guineas,  and  a  Koraney  eighteen.  Even 
at  present  prices,  however,  to  bestow  a 
first-rate  portrait  of  oneself  on  an  Oxford 
college  is  a  cheap  way  of  securing  immortality. 

It  may  not  be  the  affair  of  Oxford  so  much 
as  of  the  world  at  large,  yet  mention  must 
surely  be  made  here  of  the  latest  find  at 
Oxyrhynchus.  After  all,  Oxford  contains- 
Dr.'  Grenfell  and  Dr.  Hunt,  together  with 
the  131  boxes  full  of  MSS.  still  to  be  de- 
ciphered. The  results  of  a  first  glance  at 
their  treasure  were  last  month  communi- 
cated to  The  Times.  Most  of  us  are  pro- 
vided with  brand-new  material  for  leer; 
and  monographs.  The  theologians  must 
discuss  the  authenticity  of  forty-five  li 
of  a  Gospel.  The  historians  have  to  dig 
not  only  a  commentary  on  the  second  book 
of  Thucydides,  but  also  an  entirely  new  work, 
possibly  by  Ephorus  or  Theopompus.  Honour 
Moderations  will  be  expected  to  elucidate 
Pindar's  paeans,  Cercidas's  meliambi.  Euri- 
pides's  '  Hypsipyle,'  Isocrates's  '  Pan.  j 
ricus,'  and  Demostheness  '  Contra  Boeotum." 
all  represented  by  fragments  of  substantial 
size.  Only  the  philosophers  are  left  out  in 
the  cold,  unless  a  few  changes  of  reading  in 
the  '  Phsedrus  '  and  '  Symposium  '  are  to  be 
held  enough  to  content  them.  And  more 
will  probably  be  forthcoming  for  all  parties 
when  the  boxes  are  fully  explored.  The 
moral  is  that  Oxford — and  the  world  at 
large — should  put  its  hand  in  its  pocket  "to 
complete  the  excavation  of  all  the  more 
promising  portions  of  Oxyrhynchus  before 
the  concession  for  the  site  is  given  up." 

This  term  we  have  had  the  pleasure  of 
entertaining  many  distinguished  visitors. 
His  Imperial  Chinese  Majesty's  High  Com- 
missioner, Duke  Tsai  Teen,  and  other 
dignitaries  of  the  Middle  Kingdom,  were 
presented  with  honorary  degrees.  They 
also  were  taken  to  see  the  Fights  :  but  what 
they  thought  "f  the  avocations  of  this  place 
of   learning   has   not    transpired.      A   number 

of  French  professors  and  their  wives  spent 
the  day  in  Oxford,  and.  needless  to  say.  were 
welcomed  with  the  utmost  cordiality.  The 
list  of  the  recipients  of  degrees  at  the 
Encsenis  included  Lord  Milner.  though  he  is- 
hardly  to  be  reckoned  B  visitor,  and  Mr. 
Haldano.  likewise  a  familiar  acquaintance. 
We  have  also  to  thank  Manchester  College 
for  having  invited  over  from  Belgium  Prof. 
Franz  Cumont,  whose  three  Hibbt  rt  Lectures 
on  the  influence  of  Oriental  cults  on  Roman 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


797 


religion  were  fully  worthy  of  his  great  reputa- 
tion. 

Perhaps  it  is  by  this  time  too  old  a  story 
to  relate  how  Bodley's  indefatigable  Librarian 
regained  for  Oxford  the  Turbutt  Shake- 
speare. Three  thousand  pounds  was  a 
considerable  sum  to  have  to  raise  in  a  hurry, 
and  our  deep  gratitude  is  due  to  the  sub- 
scribers, notably  to  Lord  Strathcona,  Mr. 
Alfred  de  Pass,  and  Mr.  Turbutt  himself. 

Somerville  College  is  to  be  commended  for 
again  offering  a  Research  Fellowship,  despite 
the  many  calls  that  must  be  made  on  the 
funds  of  so  rapidly  expanding  an  institution. 
The  new  Fellow — who,  by  the  way,  ulti- 
mately hails  from  Girton  (the  women's 
colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  having  a 
charming  may  of  exchanging  this  kind  of 
compliment) — will  devote  her  time  to  the 
subject  of  crystallization.  M. 


'THE  HIGHLANDS  AND  ISLANDS  OF 
SCOTLAND.' 

Lord  Archibald  Campbell's  letter  has 
to  some  extent  made  my  reply  to  your 
reviewer  unnecessary.  I  would  add,  how- 
ever, that  there  is  some  evidence  of  clan 
tartans  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Of  course 
dates  can  only  be  approximate.  Tartans 
were  originally  of  the  district,  and  dependent 
upon  the  local  dyes  for  hue.  Thence,  by 
natural  transition,  they  became  the  war- 
dress of  the  clans  of  the  district,  and  great 
trouble,  by  all  accounts,  was  taken  to  render 
the  setts  of  the  fighting  units  distinctive. 
That  is  an  early  necessity  in  the  warfare  of 
all  ages.  It  is  impossible  to  give  specific 
dates  for  the  tartans  of  Frasers,  Chisholms, 
and  Gordons.  The  first  two  penetrated  the 
Highland  line  early  in  the  days  of  the  War 
of  Independence,  and  became  true  Highland 
chiefs.  The  Border  Cordons,  who  obtained 
Strathbogie  from  the  Bruce  on  the  forfeiture 
of  Atholl,  thenceforward  pressed  upon  the 
Celtic  natives  to  the  west  as  the  king's 
lieutenants,  and  in  the  result  ruled  Badenoch 
and  many  another  officina  gentium.  Lord 
President  Forbes  in  1745  counted  them  not 
as  Highlanders,  but  as  having  a  large  High- 
land following.  Their  tartan  seems  to  have 
been  what  is  called  "  the  Huntly  "  until 
modern  times.  Barclay  came  north  much 
earlier.  There  were  four  offshoots  of  that 
Anglo-Norman  house  in  the  time  of  William 
the  Lion. 

But  the  more  difficult  question  is  the 
philabeg.  Pace  your  reviewer,  I  am  not 
convinced  by  Mr.  Baillie  of  Aberiachan. 
There  is  no  clue  to  the  occasion  of  his  letter 
or  to  whom  it  was  written,  or  why,  being 
written  in  17'is.  its  publication  was  post 
poned  until  1785.  And  what  he  says  he 
never  saw  does  not  weigh  much  against  the 
monumental   evidence,    and    the   argument 

from    common    sense.      In    the    same    way    I 

would  vent  are  to  rule  out  what  your  reviewer 
"  never  heard  "  nor  "  lias  learnt."  I  do  not 
dispute  that  Mr.  Rawlinson  put  his  sgalaga 
into  kilts,  or  even  that  they  cut  off  a  hit  of 
their  feUe  mor  to  make  them.  Bui  it  is  in- 
conceivable that  this  hole  and-eorner  busi- 
waa  the  origin  of  a  fashion  so  soon  and 
generally  adopted,  and  so  obviously  simple 
and  convenient.  Kings  and  nobles  must 
have  long  known  its  merits  as  a  hunting  garb  ; 
and  we  know  they  wore  the  breacan. 

At  present    I  can  cite  no  texts  about  the 
feile-beag.     Probably  there  are  none.     People 
did  not  write  about  their  everyday  garmi 
until  the  e  were  matters  of  legal  importai 
Alastair  InacMhaisteir's  '  Breacan    Uallach' 

is  the    betl  looue  dateictU  I  know,  and  tli< 
since    the    '4.').      There    was    no    Tailor    and 


Cutter  in  those  days,  and  no  prize  for  "  the 
best-dressed  Highlander."  People  dressed 
according  to  their  rank  and  means,  as  else- 
where, and,  when  they  wrote  at  all,  did  not 
write  topical  descriptions.     Iain  Gallda. 

%*  Lord     Archibald     Campbell's     letter 
shows  that  distinct  clan  tartans  are  earlier 
than,  from  a  rather  vague  memory  of  Mr.  D. 
Stewart's    work    on    the    subject,    one    had 
supposed.     If  the  noble   Lowland   families, 
such    as    the    Gordons,    wore    any    tartan, 
doubtless   they   would   adopt   that   of   their 
Celtic  vassals,  if  these  had  any  distinctive 
tartan.     The    Gordons   were   an   equestriem 
clan   (if  they   can   be   called   a   clan)   under 
Montrose,     and     wore     Lowland     costume. 
Under  the  Huntly  of  Glenrinnes  fight  they 
fought  Campbells  whose  flag  was  certainly 
yellow,   as  Iain  Gallda  will  remember,  and 
scattered  them.     Yellow  is  not  predominant 
in  the  Campbell  tartan,  any  more  than  blue 
and  yellow  (as  in   1G89)  are  in  that  of  the 
Camerons.     It    appears    probable    that    the 
Gordons,  if  they  ever  wore  the  tartan,  did 
so   when   hunting,   not   in   war.     The   great 
MacLean  was  wearing  the  ordinary  costume 
of    a    gentleman    of    Western    Europe,    was 
"  in  silk,"  when  he  fell  in  a  skirmish  (1598). 
From  the  lack  of  written  Gaelic  literature 
in  the  sixteenth  to  the  eighteenth  centuries, 
we  know  little  about  distinctive  clan  tartans. 
I  am  aware  of  no  allusion  to  them  in  Islay's 
four  volumes  of  the  '  Popular   Tales    of  the 
West     Highlands,'     where     such     allusions 
might  naturally  occur. 

If  the  philabeg  was  commonly  worn,  I  do 
not  see  why  Mr.  Bawlinson's  men  should 
have  cut  their  plaids  to  make  philabegs. 
Gentlemen  commonly  wore  the  trews,  not 
kilts.  The  "  monumental  evidence,"  dis- 
tinguishing a  philabeg  from  a  belted  plaid, 
does  not  lie  before  me  ;  but  I  am  not  pre- 
judiced against  ancient  philabegs,  and  do 
not  see  that  the  question  involves  the  credit 
of  the  clam.  I  do  not  know  why  Aberiachan 
wrote  his  letter,  but  letters  of  an  earlier 
date  than  1768  are  frequently  publi  hed  for 
the  first  time  at  a  later  date  than  1785. 
As  to  "  no  Tailor  and  Cutter  in  those  days," 
Iain  Gallda  must  at  least  remember  Lochiel's 
tailor  on  the  day  when  "  catskins  are  cheap." 
Portraits  of  Highlanders  of  the  sixteenth 
century  are  necessarily  rare,  and  the  great 
princes  like  Argyll  were  painted  in  the  garb 
of  civilization.  The  whole  question  of 
costume  is  thus  vague,  and,  of  cours  \  the 
'  Vestiarium  Scoticum,'  whatever  its  origin 
may  be,  is  of  no  authority  for  early  times. 
Maxwell  of  Kirkconnell,  writing  of  1745, 
describes  the  elans  as  wearing  in  addition 
to  the  plaid,  "  a  kind  of  petticoat  or  shirt 
[misprint  for  skirt]  which  reaches  from  their 
middle  to  their  knees  "  (p.  25).  It  appears 
to  myself,  as  to  lain  Gallda,  most  improbable 
that  Mr.  Rawlinson's  alleged  improvement 
was  universally  adopted  in  the  course  of 
twenty  years,  a.t  most,  and  this  is  the  best 
evidence  I  know  on  his  side,  apart  from 
"  the  monuments."  Thk  Reviewee. 

[This  discussion  is  now  closed.  ] 


GEORGE    BUCHANAN'S    SCHOOLS. 

Thk  biographers  of  George  Buchanan 
have  not  been  able  to  throw  much  light  on 
the  schools  of  Buchanan — the  echolct  patriot 

of  which  he  tells  US.  To  that  extent  they 
have  failed  to  show  what  share  Scottish 
Learning  had  in  forming  the  distinguished 
scholar  and  Humanist.  That  he  went  t,, 
the  village  school  at  Killearn.  about  two 
miles     from     his    home    at     Mid     l.eouen.     is 

almost  certain.  Killearn  was  then  a  prebend 
in  the  Chapter  of  Glasgow  ;  and.  along  with 
other    benefices,    it    had    been    annexed,    in 


1500,  by  the  archbishop  to  "  the  College  of 
his  University."  Its  rector,  from  1504r 
was  Patrick  Graham,  brother  of  the  Earl  of 
Montrose.  In  1512  he  became  a  Canon  of 
Glasgow,  and  during  the  three  following 
years  he  was  elected  Rector  of  its  Univer- 
sity ('  Munimenta  Universitatis  Glasguensis/ 
vol.  ii.  pp.  42,  127-9  ;  also  '  Diocesan 
Registers,'  vol.  ii.  pp.  70,  442,  &c).  Yet- 
whatever  the  efficiency  of  the  Killearn 
school,  it  could  have  had  but  little  influence- 
on  George's  future  development,  since  we 
know  that  his  family  left  the  district  for 
Hilton,  in  Cardross  of  Menteith,  when  he- 
was  in  his  seventh  year. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  his  next  school 
was  at  Dunbarton.  This  is  given  on  the 
authority  of  Mackenzie,  who  evidently 
mistook  Cardross  near  the  town  of  Dun- 
barton  for  Cardross  of  Menteith,  in  Perth- 
shire (Mackenzie's  '  Lives  and  Characters  of 
the  Most  Eminent  Writers  of  the  Scots- 
Nation,'  vol.  iii.  p.  150).  There  is  no  scrap 
of  evidence  to  bear  out  the  assertion.  Even 
the  tradition  is  not  too  strong,  and  seems 
to  have  been  formed  since  the  publication 
of  Mackenzie's  statement.  The  claims  of 
Stirling  have  been  recently  advocated  by 
Mr.  A.  F.  Hutchison,  M.A.  ('  The  High 
School  of  Stirling,'  pp.  273-4).  An  objec- 
tion fatal  to  Mr.  Hutchison's  view  is  the  fact 
that  Alexander  Yule,  a  friend  and  contem- 
porary of  Buchanan,  and  a  former  master 
of  the  Stirling  High  School,  makes  no  mention 
of  George  Buchanan's  name  in  connexion 
with  Stirling,  even  when  enumerating  some 
of  the  celebrated  men  who  were  educated 
there  (v.  dedication  of  Yule's  edition  of 
Buchanan's  '  Psalms,'  with  ecphrasis  which 
was  partly  sketched  by  Buchanan  himself). 

There  were  other  schools,  connected  with 
the  cathedrals  and  great  religious  houses  of 
those  days,  where  Buchanan  may  well  have 
studied.  Tentative  researches  regarding 
Campsie,  Dunkeld,  and  Paisley  have,  up 
till  now,  been  resultless.  With  the  Glasgow 
Grammar  School  I  have  met  with  more 
success.  Robert  Baillie,  Principal  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow,  writing.  May  23rd, 
1000,  to  'his  friend  Mr.  William  Dauglass. 
Professor  of  Divinity  at  Aberdeen,  about  the 
famous  men  associated  with  the  University 
and  the  city,  has  this  item  : — 

"George  Buchanan,  born  in  Strathblaine,  seven 
miles  from  (Jlasgow,  hied  in  our  Grammar  School, 
much  conversing  in  our  Colledge,  the  chief  instru- 
ment to  purchase  our  rents  from  Queen  Mary  and 
King  James.  He  left  our  library  a  parcel  of  good 
hooks  noted  in  his  hand."  — '  Letters  and  Journals 
of  Robert  Baillie.  A.M.,"  vol.  iii.  p.  402. 
McUre,  in  his  '  History  of  Glasgow,'  1830, 
was  the  first  to  make  public  this  important 
letter  of  Principal  Baillie. 

Baillie  was  born  at  Glasgow,  twenty  years 
after  the  death  of  Buchanan,  and  was 
educated  at  the  city  Grammar  School,  and 
the  University,  of  which  he  afterwards 
became  professor  and  Principal.  His  refer- 
ence to  Buchanan's  interest  in  the  University 
and  its  library  is  historically  correct  ;  and 
his  statement  on  the  other  more  important 
point  may  be  taken  as  authoritatively  estab- 
lishing the  identity  of  one  of  Buchanan's 
schools  probably  the  only  other  except 
that  of  Killearn. 

The  Grammar  School  of  Glasgow  grew  up 
under   tin-   shadow   of   the   Cathedral,   and 

existed  at  least  ill  the  early  part  of  the  four- 
teenth cent  wry.       It  was  under  the  immediate 

supervision  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  diocese 

('Munimenta,'      vol.      i.      p.      37:  R<  'Lus- 

trum Episcopatus  Glasguensis,'  pp.  490 - 1 ). 
James  IV..  while  yet  a  youth,  was  created  a 
Canon  of  the   Metropolitan  Church,  and   it 

would  seem   as  if  his  /"id   for  education    bad 

imparted  itself  to  the  school.  Early  in  the 
sixteenth   century,   and   on   to   its  close,   it 


7!ts 


TH  E     ATI!  KN7KUM 


N°4105,  Jink  80,  1906 


w.t.,  in  striking  contra  i  to  the  Univei 
in  u  flourishing  condition.  One  ol  its  I 
known  masters,  midway  in  that  period,  in 
Thomas  Jack,  whose '  ( momasticon  Poi  tioum' 
so  pleased  George  Buohanan  that  he  laid 
aside  his  '  History  '  to  revise  the  book  and 
add  some  finishing  tout-lies. 

1   h:i\ e  not   i'< '  n  able  I  bain  m  hen 

Buohanan  became  a  pupil  of  the  Glasgow 
Grammar  School.     It  i--  certain  that  during 

pari  of  his  tuition  there  Matthew  Keid.  M.A.. 

acted  as  head  master.  Reid  is  first  mentioned 
in  1511,  among  the  incorporati  of  the  local 
University  (' Muniroenta,  vol.  ii.  p.  126). 
In  1520,  and  for  some  time  thereafter,  he 
was  chosen  Treasurer  of  the  Faculty 
{"  neonon  elect  us  fuit  in  bursarium  diacretus 
vir  Magister  Rfatheus  Reid,  magiater  scole 
grammaticalis,"  ibid.,  p.  139).  Two  years 
later  he  was  elected  one.  of  the  deputies  of 

the  Rector. 

Buohanan  was,  from  the  first,  a  student. 
It  was  his  early  aptitude  and  skill  in  the 
Latin  tongue,  which  he  "  learned  with  much 
pains  in  boyhood  "  ('  Historia,'  lib.  i.  8), 
that  appealed  with  such  good  results  to 
James  lleriot.  the  shrewd  Justiciar  of  Had- 
diugtou.  At  fourteen,  when  he  left  school, 
he  must  have  known  much,  at  least  in  the 
matter  of  Latin,  that  Master  Reid  could 
teach  him.  At  fourteen  Andrew  Melville, 
fresh  from  the  Greek  School  at  Montrose, 
-entered  the  College  of  St.  Mary,  in  the 
University  of  St.  Andrews,  and  astonished 
not  a  little  the  professors  there  by  using  the 
Greek  text  in  his  study  of  Aristotle.  Buchanan 
with  all  his  capacity  and  diligence,  was  no 
prodigy  ;  yet  we  can  well  believe  that  when 
he  started  for  Paris  he  knew  and  spoke  the 
language  of  old  Rome  as  well  as  any  who 
ever  left  our  shores  for  that  famous  seat  of 
learning.  The  glory  of  being  the  first  thus 
to  lay  the  foundations  of  that  Latinity  in 
which  he  afterwards  so  greatly  excelled,  and 
to  foster  in  him  the  real  love  of  knowledge, 
must  be  assigned  to  the  Scottish  school- 
master Matthew  Reid,  whose  name  lias  lain, 
for  nearly  four  centuries,  hidden,  but  not 
unhonoured,  in  the  muniments  and  annals 
of  his  Alma  Mater. 

Robert  Munro,  B.D. 


'THE    AGE    OF    JUSTINIAN    AND 
THEODORA.' 

June  23rd,  1906. 
I  must. take  exception  to  your  reviewer's 
statement  that  I'rocopius  invariably  speaks 
of  Byzantium  only  because  he  was  an 
archaeological  pedant.  I  doubt  if  he  would 
have  used  an  obsolete  term  if  it  had  not  been 
the  current  name  for  the  city  in  his  day. 
His  practice  is  not  at  all  singular.  Malchus, 
Agathias,  Menander,  Theophanes  (2),  and 
even  such  authors  as  Marinus  and  Damascius, 
write  Byzantium.  Abridging  Procopius  in 
the  ninth  century,  Photius  does  not  think 
it  necessary  to  change  the  word  he  found  in 
the  text.  Even  Anna  Comnena  used  the 
classical  name.  The  list  is  altogether  too 
numerous  to  give  in  its  entirety.  I  hold  the 
•case  proved,  therefore,  that  the  Greeks 
spoke  of  Byzantium,  although  in  official 
■posters  and  rescripts  cut  on  stone,  both  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  all  over  the  Empire,  they 
read  Constantinople.     It  is  improbable  that 

the  latter  was  ever  a  spoken  title  of  the  city, 
but  I  think  there  was  a  colloquialism,  say 
'Stanpol  (like  'Frisco),  as  is  evidenced  by 
the  Moslem  Stamboul  or  istambol.  Authors 
like  Malala,  Paschal  Chronicler,  &c,  wrote 
at  a  distance  (Syria,  Egypt),  where  the 
capital  was  only  known  to  a  partly  alien 
population  through  official  documents,  so 
.that    the  new  title  was  the  only  one  familiar 


locally.      \     for   the   reference   to   Gibbon, 
l  t luiik  n  implie    t hat  ■  |"  r\ anion  of  fi 
is  required  in  order  bo  bi    in  fashion  with  a 

mi  coterie  and  to  disagree  with  the  i 

i.  Mus  of  one's  predecessors.     But   tl 
was  nothing  original  in  Gibbon's  view:    it 
had   passed   into   lull  currency   long   bt 

his    time.      A    passage    in    a    recent    work    on 

that  historian  could  easily  be  found  in  which 
a  man  of  distinction  reproaches  him  for 
having  taken  as  his  then  rdid  a  period 

of  history.  To  me  those  who  make  it  their 
business  to  crack   up   I  !\  /ant  inisui  nowadays 

appear  "as  no  other  thing  than  a  pestilent 
congregation"    of   cranks,    as   far   as   that 

object     is  concerned.      Such   views  ;:re  never 

likely  to  prove,  valuable  for  the  purpost 
public  instruction.  With  respect  to  the 
religious  question,  Gibbon's  exposition  is 
like  the  sun  beaming  behind  a  bank  of  clouds  ; 
but  we  now  exist  under  u  clear  sky  in  that 
quarter,  and  "  cocksureness  "  may  be  ac- 
cepted as  a  euphemism  for  plain  matter  of 
fact.  As  to  Theodora,  once  admit  that  she 
was  a  courtesan  and  her  subsequent  career 
on  the  throne  proves  that  she  must  have 
been  an  out-and-out  strumpet.  "  Degrada- 
tion "  was  not  in  her  thought,  but  pre- 
eminence in  the  special  line  in  which  she 
found  herself,  I  do  not  say  chose,  for  no 
doubt  she  was  pitchforked  into  it,  like  most 
young  people  into  their  particular  vocation. 

W.  G.  Holmes. 


MORE    ELIANA. 


Two  brief  poems  by  Charles  Lamb,  which 
have  hitherto  escaped  the  collectors  of 
Eliana,  are  to  be  found  in  an  old  peiiodical 
entitled  The  Mirror  of  Literature,  Amuse- 
ment, and  Instruction.  In  the  number  of  that 
weekly  magazine  for  June  1st,  1833,  in  a 
section  of   scraps  entitled  '  The    Gatherer,' 

are  two  pieces  signed  "  C.  L b  "  (in  the 

index  they  are  given  as  "  Lamb,  C,  lines 
by  ").  The  first  of  these  two  is  given  by 
Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas  in  the  appendix  (vol.  vii. 
p.  995)  to  his  edition  of  Lamb's  '  Works,' 
and  the  place  of  its  origin  is  duly  stated  ; 
yet  the  second  piece,  which  occurs  on  the 
same  page  of  The  Mirror,  is  curiously 
ignored.     It  is  the  following  : — 

Fkom  the  Latin. 

As  swallows  shrink  before  the  wintry  blast, 
And  gladly  seek  a  more  congenial  soil, 

So  flatterers  halt  when  fortune's  lure  is  past 

And  basely  court  some  richer  lonlling's  smile. 

C.  L-b. 

In  the  same  periodical  for  May  7th,  1836, 
I  find  this  : — 

"C.  LjAMB. — The  following  lines  were  written 
by  the  late  C.  Lamb  upon  the  cover  of  a  book  of 
blotting  paper. — F.   W.  L. 

Blank  tho'  I  be,  within  you'll  rind 

Relics  of  tir  enraptured  mind  : 

Where  truth  and  fable,  mirth  and  wit, 

Are  safely  here  deposited. 

The  placid,  furious,  envious,  wise, 

Impart  to  me  their  secresics  ; 

Here  hidden  thoughts  in  blotted  line, 

Nor  sybil  [sic]  can  the  sense  divine, 

Lethe  and  I  twin  sisters  be — 

Then,  stranger,  open  me  and  see." 

In  the  two  latest  editions  of  Charles 
Lamb's  works — those  of  Mr.  E.  V.  Lucas 
and  of  Mr.  William  Macdonald — and  also  in 
the  '  Essays  and  Sketches '  by  Charles 
Lamb  which  I  annotated  for  the  series  of 
"  Temple  Classics,"  there  is  given  a  brief 
essay  or  part  of  an  essay  on  '  London  Fogs.' 
Mr.  Lucas  was  tinder  the  impression  that 
he  gave  it  for  the  first  time,  but  in  an  ap- 
pendix to  his  last  volume  was  able  to  say 
conclusively  that  the  scrap  was  not  by 
Lamb  at  all,  though  in  ascribing  it  to  Leigh 
Hunt  he  does  not  apparently  refer  it  to  its 
proper  author.  The  essay  appeared  in  a 
place  in  which  it  should  not  have  been  over- 
looked by  any  one  of  us.      In  the  first  volume 


of     II      •  B    ok,'    under 

\.  mber    _'tth    (column    15 
there    is    given    '  London    in    Noveml 

■  m  "  The  Mirror  of  the  Monl 
The  latter  half  of  that  •  he  brief 

bit     which,    on     the    authority    Of    his    fie 

ha\  <■  been  as  i  ibing  I  >  Lamb. 

'  The     Mirror     of     the     Honl 

anonymously  in  1826 

British  Museum  Cata  I  1 1  •  '  I  i .  n  1 1 .." 

w  lit  ten  by  I'.  ('..   I'atmore,  and  the  first  four 

of  tho  "  montlis  "  had  appeared  in  The  Sew 
Monthly  Mw/'iL'ii'-  earlier  in  the  ar. 

Walter  Jeebold. 


H'iterarg  ffiussip. 

.Mi.ssks.  Chatto  &  WDTDUSare  bringing 
(-ut  immediately  a  new  edition  <>f  Mi. 
Swinburne's  famous  study  '  William 
Blake  :  a  Critical  Essay.'  The  text  will 
remain  unaltered,  but  there  will  be  a  new 
and  powerfully  written  preface,  in  which 
Mr.  Swinburne  will  discuss  what  he  con- 
siders to  be  the  fantastic  theories  concern- 
ing the  meaning  and  value  of  the  pro- 
phetic books  which,  have  lately  been 
advanced.  Alluding  to  the  fact  that 
some  of  these  critics  have  claimed  for 
Blake  a  Celtic  origin.  Mr.  Swinburne 
emphasizes  an  opinion  which  he  lias 
before  expressed,  that  the  existence  of  a 
Celtic  literature  is  the  misleading  theory 
of  an  eminent  writer  who  knew  nothing 
about  the  subject — Matthew  Arnold.  Mr. 
Swinburne  contends  that  as  a  matter  of 
fact  there  is  no  Celtic  literature  at  all  of 
the  smallest  value.     He  says  : — 

"  Some  Hibernian  commentator  on  Blake, 
if  I  rightly  remember  a  fact  so  insignificant, 
has  somewhere  said  something  to  some  such 
effect  as  that  I,  when  writing  about  some 
fitfully  audacious  and  fancifully  delirious 
deliverance  of  the  poet  he  claimed  as  a 
countryman,  and  trying  to  read  into  it  some 
coherent  and  imaginative  significance,  was 
innocent  of  any  knowledge  of  Blake's  mean- 
ing. It  is  possible,  if  the  spiritual  fact  of 
his  Hibernian  heredity  has  been  or  can  be 
established,  that  1  was  :  for  the  excellent 
reason  that,  being  a  Celt,  he  now  and  then 
too  probably  had  none  worth  the  labour  of 
deciphering — or  at  least  worth  the  serious 
attention  of  any  student  belonging  to  a  race 
in  which  reason  and  imagination  are  the 
possibly  preferable  substitutes  for  fever  and 
fancy.  But  in  that  case  it  must  be  gladly 
and  gratefully  admitted  that  the  Celtic 
tenuity  of  his  sensitive  and  prehensile 
intelligence  throws  into  curious  relief  the 
occasional  flashes  of  inspiration,  the  casual 
fits  of  insight,  which  raise  him  to  the 
momentary  level  of  a  deep  and  a  free  thinker 
as  well  as  a  true  and  an  immortal  poet.  The 
vein  of  sound  reason  in  Blake's  eccentric 
and  fitful  intelligence  has  never  been  ade- 
quately acknowledged  or  perceived." 

Mr.  l'\\\  in  will  publish  in  July  a  work 
entitled  '  The  Finality  of  the  Christian 
Religion,'  by  Prof.  G.  Burman  Foster,  of 
Chicago.  It  is  written  from  a  liberal 
standpoint,  and  its  purpose  is  to  set  fortli 
Christianity  not  as  a  religion  of  historical 
facta  or  authoritative  dogmas,  but  as  a 
religion  of  spirit  and  personality.  The 
book,  which  is  of  considerable  length,  is 
partly  historical  and  partly  philosophical 
in  character. 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


799 


In  The  Scottish  Historical  Review  for 
July  the  connexion  between  Scotland  and 
Man  is  dealt  with  at  large  by  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Keys,  Mr.  Moore.  Sir 
Herbert  Maxwell  translates  '  Scalacronica,' 
and  Mr.  Lang  debates  James  V.'s  "  Will." 
Miss  M.  Sidgwick  prints  for  the  first  time 
Major-General  Drummond's  dispatch  on 
the  battle  of  Rullion  Green,  at  which  he 
commanded  the  royal  troops.  Dr.  James 
Colville  analyzes  the  diary  of  Sir  Thomas 
Hope,  King's  Advocate,  during  1633-45. 
Mr.  H.  Bingham  describes  a  phase  of  the 
Darien  Company — the  situation  in  1695-6, 
when  the  heather  was  catching  fire.  A 
review  of  Mr.  Paul's  '  Froude,'  by  Prof. 
Hume  Brown,  will  attract  attention.  There 
is  lively  battle  over  the  Anglo-Saxon 
'  Andreas.' 

We  hear  that  after  lengthy  negotiations 
the  Keats  House  at  Rome  is  likely  to 
become  the  property  of  the  Keats-Shelley 
Memorial  Association.  Support  has  been 
privately  secured,  but  more  is  needed. 
The  actual  purchase  of  the  house  will 
cost  over  4,000Z.  It  is  hoped  to  make 
the  building  the  centre  of  a  repre- 
sentative collection  of  relics  of  the  poet. 

W.  T.  writes  :— 

"  The  facts  regarding  Fielding's  first 
marriage  have,  as  is  well  known,  eluded  the 
researches  of  his  biographers.  The  desired 
information  has  now  been  obtained.  In  a 
letter  to  The  Bath  Chronicle  Mr.  T.  S.  Bush, 
of  Bath,  quotes  the  following  extract  from 
the  registers  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Charl- 
combe  :  '  November  ye  28,  1734.  Henry 
Fielding,  of  the  parish  of  St.  James  in  Bath, 
Esq.,  and  Charlotte  Cradock  of  ye  same 
parish,  spinster,  were  married  by  virtue  of  a 
licence  from  ye  Court  at  Wells.'  Charl- 
combe  is  about  two  miles  from  Bath." 

A  notable  collection  of  old  English 
literature,  formed  by  a  Commissioner  of 
Customs  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  will  be  sold  by  Messrs.  Hodgson 
next  week.  The  most  important  item  is 
a  copy  of  the  rare  Elizabethan  poem  '  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  His  Honorable  Lifes  Com- 
mendation and  his  Tragicall  Deathes 
Lamentation,'  by  Charles  Fitzgeffrey, 
printed  by  Joseph  Barnes  at  Oxford  in 
1596.  It  appears  to  be  a  copy  of  the 
earliest  issue,  as  it  does  not  contain  the 
commendatory  verses  by  Mychelbourne 
added  in  the  second  edition,  and  the 
verses  by  Richard  and  Francis  Rous  are 
signed  with  initials  only,  not  in  full,  as  in 
the  British  Museum  copy. 

An  interesting  relic  has  just  been 
acquired  by  the  .Montrose  Natural  History 
and  Antiquarian  Society.  It  consists  of 
a  sheet  of  Walter  Scott's  autograph  notes 
on  Scottish  "slogans,"  with  foot-notes 
by  Charles  Kirkpatrick  Sharpe  and  also 
by  Robert  Chambers,  who,  when  he  was 
preparing  his  '  Popular  Rhymes  of  Scot- 
land,1 was  supplied  by  Scott  with  whole 
sheets  of  recollections.  The  holograph  is 
one  of  these,  written  in  1825.  Opposite 
Clanranald  are  the  Gaelic  words  "Garyen 
Coheriger,"  and  in  English:  '"Spelled  al 
random.  Gainsay  who  dares."  Chambers 
marked  the  line  with  a  cross,  and  his  foot- 
note states  that  this  erroneous  orthography 
proves  Scott  to  be  the  author  of  'Waverley.' 


The  death  of  Mr.  Budgett  Meakin 
removes  a  leading  English  authority  on 
Morocco.  His  trilogy  of  books  on  the 
subject  is  of  permanent  value,  for  his 
writing  was  always  thorough  and  pains- 
taking, though  he  had  no  particular  gifts 
of  style.  He  was  on  the  staff  of  The 
Times  of  Morocco  from  1884  to  1903. 

Next  week  we  shall  publish  our  usual 
'  Notes  from  Cambridge,'  concerning  the 
work  of  the  past  term. 

The  death  is  announced  from  New 
York  of  Mr.  Edwin  Babcock  Holden,  at 
the  early  age  of  forty-three.  Mr.  Holden 
had  for  the  last  ten  years  been  one  of  the 
best  known  of  American  bibliophiles,  and 
was  one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the 
Grolier  Club,  where  many  of  the  success- 
ful exhibitions  of  books  and  prints  owed 
much  to  his  assistance.  His  library 
contained  many  fine  books  relating  to 
early  and  modern  English  literature,  but 
he  was  principally  interested  in  rare 
prints.  He  was  elected  President  of  the 
Grolier  Club  in  January  last. 

M.  Henri  Doniol,  whose  death  occurred 
in  Paris  last  week,  was  for  many  years 
Director  of  the  Imprimerie  Nationale,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  in  1882.  He 
was  born  in  Auvergne  in  1818,  and  began 
life  as  a  barrister.  The  list  of  his  works 
is  long,  including  a  '  Histoire  des  Classes 
rurales  en  France  '  and  '  Les  Patois  de  la 
Basse  Auvergne  '  ;  but  his  most  important 
undertaking  was  the  '  Histoire  de  la 
Participation  de  la  France  a  l'Etablisse- 
ment  des  Etats-Unis,'  which  was  published 
in  five  volumes  from  1886  to  1892,  a 
complementary  volume  appearing  in  1899. 
He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Journal  des  Economistes  and  the  Journal 
a"  Agriculture. 

The  Temps  has  published  large  extracts 
from  a  letter  which  has  been  printed  in 
Russian  in  St.  Petersburg,  in  which 
General  Bennigsen  gives  a  full  account  of 
the  actual  murder  of  the  Emperor  Paul. 
The  details  are  new,  and  include  a  painful 
scene  with  the  two  empresses.  But  there 
is  no  historical  importance  in  the  indirect 
references  to  the  plot  itself.  We  already 
knew  that  Pahlen  and  Bennigsen  were  the 
chief  agents  of  the  conspiracy,  and  that 
Alexander  knew  what  was  to  happen, 
although  it  was  pretended  that  imprison- 
ment only  was  meant. 

A  further  list  of  prizes  on  the  Berger, 
Gegner,  and  other  foundations  was  an- 
nounced at  the  French  Institut  on  Satur- 
day last.  M.  Franz  Funck-Brentano  has 
obtained  5,000fr.  for  his  literary  works 
dealing  with  the  Bastille  ;  M.  de  Lauzac 
de  Laborie  receives  2,000fr.  for  his  book 
on  '  Paris  sous  Napoleon  '  ;  MM.  Chassis 
and  Hennet  a  similar  amount  for  their 
'  Volontaires  pendant  la  Revolution  '  ;  and 

M.  Paul  Robiquel  L,00Qfr. for  his  '  Bistoire 
de  la  Municipality  de  Paris.'  The  lYi\ 
Wolowski,  of  the  value  of  4,O00fr.,  is 
divided  between  M.  Bourguin,  professor 
at  the  Ecole  de  Droit,  and  .M.  Pierre  beroy- 
Beaulieu,  the  young  Depute"  for  Berault. 

At  the  Aeadeniie  Francaise  a  cardinal 
takes    the    seat     of    a    cardinal.    Cardinal 


Desire  Mathieu  succeeding  nem.  con.  to 
the  chair  vacant  by  the  death  of  Cardinal 
Perraud.  The  new  Academician  is  ranked 
high  as  an  historian,  although  his  literary 
"  baggage  "  so  far  is  not  heavy. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  of  the  serious 
illness  of  M.  Albert  Sorel,  the  distinguished 
French  historian  and  Academician.  Al- 
though he  has  taken  a  turn  for  the  better 
during  the  last  few  days,  it  is  expected 
that  complete  recovery  will  be  a  matter 
of  some  months  of  absolute  rest. 

The  Geheime  Staatsarchiv  of  Berlin 
has  recently  purchased  from  their  French, 
owner  some  184  original  letters  written 
by  Frederick  the  Great  to  Voltaire,  during 
the  years  1740-77.  The  purchase  is  of 
great  importance,  as  the  published  text 
of  those  letters  which  are  already  known 
is  very  corrupt. 

Among  the  grants  distributed  by  tho 
Prussian  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften. 
are  one  of  5,000  marks  to  Prof.  Wilamo- 
witz-Mollendorff,  to  enable  him  to  carry 
on  his  collection  of  Greek  inscriptions,, 
and  one  of  3,000  marks  to  Geheimrat 
Diels,  who  is  cataloguing  the  MSS.  of  the 
physicians  of  antiquity. 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  Directors  of  the  Booksellers'  Provident 
Institution  held  on  Thursday  last  week 
the  sum  of  104?.  was  voted  to  57  members 
and  widows  of  members.  Three  new 
members  were  elected. 

The  Record  of  the  Seventy-ninth 
Anniversary  Festival  of  the  Printers' 
Pension  Corporation,  at  which  Mr. 
Franklin  Thomasson  presided  on  the 
29th  of  May,  shows  that  the  total  receipts 
on  that  occasion  amounted  to  5,778?. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  important 
trade  institution,  founded  in  1827,  was 
originated  by  two  working  printers  of  the 
name  of  Sears.  While  engaged  in  setting 
up  in  type  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
the  Watch  and  Clock  Makers'  Pension 
Society,  they  were  struck  with  the  excel- 
lence of  the  idea,  and  decided  then  and 
there  to  bring  into  existence  for  their  own 
fraternity  a  charitable  organization  with 
like  objects.  There  has  been  a  marked 
growth  in  the  prosperity  of  the  institu- 
tion since  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Joseph 
Mortimer  as  secretary. 

The  Parliamentary  Papers  of  the  week 
include  a  Return  of  Moneys  contributed 
out  of  Rates  by  the  County  Council  and 
other  Local  Bodies  in  Ireland  for  the 
Schemes  under  the  Agriculture  and 
Technical  Instruction  (Ireland)  Act,  1899 
(Id.)  ;  and  Annual  Reports  of  Proceed- 
ings under  the  Diseases  of  Animals  Acts, 
the  Markets  and  Fairs  (Weighing  of  Cattle). 
Acts.  &c.  for  1905  (].«.). 

SCIENCE 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  Royal  Society  ;  or,  Sou  not  >»  the 
State  and  in  the  Schools.  Bj  sir  William 
Buggins.  (Methuen  ft  Co.)  This  interest- 
ing souvenir  of  sir  William's  presidency  of 
the  Royal  Society  will  be  read  with  ^reat 
interest,  not  only  by  tin-  scientific,  but  also- 


SIM. 


T  II  E     ATI!  KWKUM 


N    11'.;,.  Jumi  30,  1906 


by    the  general   public.     It   consists  cliiefly 

•  •I     four    ] 'i  i -nli nl  ml    addresses    delivered    ill 

the  yean  1002  to  I'.'o.". ;  bul  these  are  pre- 
ceded bi  a  sketch  of  the  earl]  historj  oi 
the  Society,  in  the  composition  of  which 
the  author  acknowledges  Ins  obligations  to 
Weld's  well  known  •  History.'  Tue  origin 
was  a  small  club,  formed  about  1645,  oi 
"divers  worth]  persons,  inquisitive  into 
natural  philosophy,  and  particularly  what 
was  called  the  New  Philosophy  or  Experi- 
mental   Philosophy,"    which    met    weekly    ill 

London  for  discussion.  Later  the  olub 
divided:  one  pari  removed  to  Oxford,  and 
formed  the  Philosophical  Society  <>i  Oxford, 
whilst  the  other  remained  in  London. 
They  continued,  however,  to  communicate 

with  each  other  until  the  Oxford  Society 
ceased  to  exist  ill  1600.      The  London  Societ  \ 

was  incorporated  in  1662,  and  became  the 
Royal  Society,  the  first  President  being 
Lord  Brouncker.     (Before  the  incorporation 

Sir  Robert  Moray   acted  as  President.)      The 

meetings  were  held  at  Gresham  College  until 
in  171<»,  whilst   Newton  was  President,  the 

Society  acquired  a  house  of  their  own  in 
Crane  Court,  Fleet  Street.       Here  the  Fellows 

remained  until,  in  1780,  rooms  at  Somerset 

House  were  placed  at  their  disposal  by  the 
•Government,  from  which  they  removed  in 
1857  to  .Burlington  House,  occupying  at 
first  the  portion  now  held  by  the  Royal 
Academy,  and  from  1873  the  new  eastern 
■wing,  wliere  they  are  still  located,  other 
scientific  societies  occupying  the  western 
wing  opposite. 

Sir  William  Huggins's  first  address,  in 
1902,  was  on  "the  supreme  importance  of 
science  to  the  industries  of  the  country, 
which  can  be  secured  only  through  making 
science  an  essential  part  of  all  education  "  ; 
the  last,  in  1905,  on  "  the  profound  influence 
which  science,  represented  by  the  Royal 
Society,  has  had  upon  the  life  and  thought 
of  the  world  ;  and  the  place  of  science  in 
general  education."  All  four  are  of  great 
interest  and  importance  ;  and  the  value  of 
the  volume  is  much  enhanced  by  the  excel- 
lence of  the  numerous  illustrations,  which 
include  portraits  of  Evelyn,  New  ton,  Dalton, 
Young,  Davy,  and  Faraday. 

Our  Stellar  Universe  :  Stereoscopic  Star 
Charts  and  Spectroscopic  Key  Maps.  By 
Thomas  Edward  Heath.  (King,  Sell  & 
Olding. ) — In  his  former  work,  '  A  Road-book 
to  the  Stars,'  Mr.  Heath  made  an  attempt 
to  represent  to  the  eye  how  the  stars,  so 
far  as  their  parallaxes  and  distances  are 
approximately  known,  would  appear  as 
regarded  from  different  parts  of  the  stellar 
universe.  In  the  book  now  before  us  he 
enables  us,  by  the  aid  of  the  stereoscope, 
to  obtain  at  a  glance  an  idea  of  their 
respective  proportionate  distances  from  us. 
He  relates  how  he  has  formed  a  very  con- 
venient scale  of  adaptation  for  this  pur- 
pose : — 

"  If  the  distance  which  light  travels  in  oik;  year 
be  represented  by  one  mile,  the  distance  of  the 
earth  from  the  sun  on  the  same  scale  will  he  one 
inch.  Therefore,  to  think  clearly,  take  a  suitable 
map,  place  the  sun  at  Greenwich,  and  dot  the  stars 
about  it  (as  many  miles  from  Greenwich  as  their 
light  takes  years  to  reach  the  earth),  and  you  have 
a  scale  of  stellar  distances  easily  grasped  by 
ordinary  minds." 

Of  course,  amongst  the  mass  of  stars,  the  dis- 
tances of  only  a  few  have  been  measured 
even  approximately  ;  but  by  the  use  of  Prof. 
Kapteyn's  formulae  according  to  type  of 
spectrum,  and  an  average  parallax  for  stars 
oi  a  particular  class  and  magnitude,  it  is 
possible  to  indicate  on  these  charts  the  pro- 
bable respective  distances  of  a  very  large 
number,  and  the  positions  of  the  few  which 
have   been   measured   with   some   accuracy  ' 


stand  out  distinctly.  The  labour  of  pro- 
paring  these  views  must  have  been  enorn 

and     Mr.     Heath     merits     the     thanks     of     all 

interested  in  our  present   knowledge  (which 

is  bound  to  "  grOW,*'  in  Tenn_\  -on's  lungu. 
from  more  to  more  ")  of  the  stellar  uni\  ■ 

for  going  through  it.     As  s  previous  critic 

remarks,  he  has  "  made  the  best  use  of  the 
best    material,"    and    in    doing    BO    ha-    been 

efficiently  assisted  by  Mr.  o.  R.  Wslkey, 
whilst  he  acknowledges  his  obligations  to 
the  well-known  writer  ,\ii.  .1.  \'..  Gore,  who 

has  supplied  information  about  parallax- 

Till'  latest  volume  in  the  "English  M<n 
of  Science  Series"  is  Prof,  \rthur  Thom- 
son's   Herbert  Spencer  (Dent),  which    is    an 

admirable    summary    of      the     philosopher's 

work.  Prof.  Thomson  pays  special  atten- 
tion to  Spencer's  labours  as  an  evolu- 
tionist, and  not  so  much  to  bis  psy- 
chology and  sociology.  The  exposition 
of  Spencer's  achievements  is  lucid  and 
appreciatory  up  to  a  point.  The  author 
decides  that  "  Spencer  was  not  far  from  the 
kingdom  of  genius,"  which  will  seem  to 
many  an  over-cautious  statement.  But 
indeed  it  is  pretty  clear  that  Prof.  Thomson 
has  no  great  faith  in  the  Synthetic  Philo- 
sophy, though  obviously  admiring  the 
patience,  ingenuity,  and  intelligence  with 
which  it  was  constructed.  In  the  journey 
from  the  nebula  to  human  society,  which  is 
the  course  of  the  evolutionary  theory,  he 
considers  the  system  to  sustain  three  "jolts 
— at  the  origin  of  life,  at  the  origin  of  mind, 
at  the  origin  of  man."  Spencer  himself 
would  have  been  the  first  to  acknowledge 
the  apparent  gap  between  organic  and  in- 
organic life,  while  it  is  clear  that  his  theory 
took  for  granted_a  future  bridge,  which  some 
scientific  students  at  the  present  moment 
are  claiming  to  have  discovered.  Prof. 
Thomson  does  not  seem  to  be  convinced  of 
the  "  ascent  of  man,"  finding  a  difficulty  in 
the  evolution  of  mind,  and  apparently  sub- 
scribing to  Dr.  Russel  Wallace's  postulate 
of  "  spiritual  influx."  This  is  hardly  a 
temper  Which  could  give  adequate  apprecia- 
tion to  the  Synthetic  System.  But  we  are 
driven  to  conclude,  after  a  careful  perusal 
of  Prof.  Thomson's  comments,  that  he  is 
really  sympathetic,  if  over-cautious.  For 
example,  he  answers  his  own  doubts  regard- 
ing mental  evolution  in  another  passage, 
which  could  not  be  bettered,  and  which  we 
quote  : — 

"  When  one  of  the  higher  animals,  in  the  course 
of  its  development,  reaches  a  certain,  or  rather 
uncertain,  degree  of  differentiation,  its  functioning 
becomes  behaviour  ;  its  activities  are  such  that  we 
cannot  interpret  them  without  using  psychical 
terms,  such  as  awareness  or  intelligence.  This  ex- 
pression of  fuller  life  is  associated  with  the  increased 
development  of  the  nervous  system,  and  we  have 
no  knowledge  of  any  psychical  life  apart  from 
nervous  metabolism." 

Prof.  Thomson's  criticism  is  always  clear 
and  suggestive,  and  his  book  is  stimulating. 
His  final  summary  of  Spencer's  work  is  that 

"he  brought  home  the  idea  of  philosophic  syn- 
thesis to  a  greater  number  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  raoe 
than  had  ever  conceived  the  idea  before.  His  own 
synthesis  in  the  particular  form  he  gave  it  will 
necessarily  crumble  awav." 

We  had  thought  that  Spencer's  achievement 
was  almost  better  known  outside  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race.  Certainly  he  claims  easy  rank 
as  a  world-force.  As  for  the  prophecy,  we 
will  not  emulate  Prof.  Thomson's  boldness 
by  a  counter-prediction.  That  Spencer 
made  mistakes  is  known  to  all  students  of 
philosophy,  and  was  recognized  by  himself ; 
but  the  VSlue  of  his  life's  work  lay  in  the 
gigantic  system  which  he  constructed,  and 
in  which  no  serious  breaches  have  yet  been 
made.      This  is  a  great  thing  to  say,  for  it 


can  be  -aid  ol  only  two  or  three  thinkst 

all  t  mi.-. 

/.  n  rymnn't  Bool  of  Qardt 

•  John     Hal-ham.       (HoddST    A'     StOUghtOn.)-— 

Those    who     rend     and     a]  ted     Mr. 

Halsham  eful    and    practical    work    on 

gardening  will  not   be  disappointed  if  tbey 

procure  Ins  later  work.       ! 

we  find  the  sail  and  ki 

forth,  moreover,  in  clear  and  concise  lan- 
guage, which  is  a  not  unpleasant  contrast 
to   the  rather   grandiose   style  I    by 

some     modern     garden-  Roses     are 

excluded     on     the    BOOTS    Of  but     the 

hook    deals    fully    <  nough    with    bo: 
bedding  plants,  and  is  fre<  lv  and  successfully 
illustrated    by  OVOT    a    hundred    photographs 
by    Mr.     Henry     Irving.      While    many    | 
fessed  gardeners  may  get  useful  information 
here,  it  is  eminently  the  book  for  theamat 
in  all  stag 

Enigmas  of  Psychical  J'<  search.     By  Jai 
H.     Hyslop.      (Putnam-     -  There     is 

not  much  novelty  in  Dr.  Hyslop-  '  Enigmas 
of  Psychical  Research.'  The  study  n< 
two  things  :  first,  a  continual  supply  of  h 
examples,  well  recorded,  of  apparently  super- 
normal phenomena  ;  next,  criticism  of  t: 
cases  by  some  antagonist  who  has  taken  the 
trouble  to  study  the  evidence.  As  a  rule 
— perhaps  a  rule  without  an  exception — 
unfavourable  critics  have  been  too  impatient 
to  study  the  evidence  :  they  misstate  it, 
and  base  their  strictures  on  their  own  inven- 
tions. Dr.  Hyslop  mainly  tells  over  again, 
and  does  not  tell  very  well,  old  anecd 
from  the  collections  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research.  As  these  collections 
are  of  very  easy  access,  we  do  not  see  the 
use  of  retelling  tlirice-told  stories.  To  make 
anything  out  of  "The  Ancient  Oracles"  a 
fresh  critical  examination  of  the  classical 
sources  is  necessary.  We  have  not  made  it, 
but  can  readily  believe  the  report  of  one  who 
has— that  there  is  nothing,  or  next  to  nothing, 
of  psychical  interest  in  what  tradition  tells 
about  the  oracles.  There  is  nothing  in  Dr. 
Hyslop's  chapter  to  suggest  that  he  has  done 
more  than  look  into  the  remarks  of  Curt  ins, 
Mommsen,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  H.  Myers  on  the 
ancient  oracles.  As  to  crystal-gazing,  he 
confesses  that  he  takes  his  history  of  the 
subject  from  Mrs.  H.  H.  Spoer's  essay,  a 
piece  of  pioneer  work  ;  and  his  modern 
instances  are  the  crambc  repetita  of  the 
S.P.R.,  with  a  note  of  a  few  ordinary  crystal 
pictures  seen  by  a  Mrs.  D.  If  Mr.  Myers 
"  endeavoured  to  establish  the  view  that 
mental  action  was  not  a  function  of  the 
brain,"  that  fact  is  new  to  us  :  we  had 
understood  Mr.  Myers  otherwise.  When 
Dr.  Hyslop  wishes  to  cite  the  memoirs  of 
Saint-Simon,  he  gives  the  passage  "  as  quoted 
by  The  Nation  "  (p.  104),  which,  we  presume, 
is  responsible  for  'La  Ferte  '  without  the 
accent.  A  book  so  common  as  Walter 
Scott's  '  Letters  on  Demonology  and  Witch- 
craft '  is  cited  not  at  first  hand,  but  from 
Dr.  Carpenter  (p.  186).  The  tale  is  the 
old  tale  of  the  illusory  appearance  of 
Byron  at  Abbot-ford  :  from  a  remark  by 
Lockhart,  we  doubt  whether  or  not  the 
Sheriff  was  wholly  satisfied  by  his  own 
explanation.  On  p.  227  a  person  is  said  to 
have  seen  "  an  apparition  coincident  with 
the  death  of  a  friend."  The  apparition,  if 
apparition  it  was,  was  not  that  of  "  a  friend," 
and  was  not  exactly  "  coincident  with  the 
death."  The  same  person  (p.  346)  is  said  to 
"  vouch  for  "  the  longest  and  strangest  of 
modern  ghost  stories.  He  vouches  for 
nothing  except  the  accuracy  of  liis  report 
of  what  was  told  to  him.  Somebody  cer- 
tainly travelled  across  England,  and  did  a 
variety  of  most  unusual  things.  But  whether 
that  somebody  took  all  this  trouble  to  oblige 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


801 


a  party  of  ghosts  is  between  herself  and  her 
conscience.  A  Dr.  Ferrier,  also  said  to 
"  vouch  for  "  the  affair,  was  not  the  well- 
known  and  long-deceased  Dr.  Ferrier:  the 
name  here  is  a  pseudonym. 

Dr.  Hyslop's  object  is  not  to  afford 
"scientific  proof  of  a  transcendental  world," 
but  merely  to  adduce  "  evidence  of  something 
which  needs  further  investigation."  But 
almost  all  his  evidence  had  long  ago  been 
laid  before  the  curious.  Dr.  Hyslop  justifies 
the  antiquity  of  his  evidence  on  the  ground 
that  it  "  has  received  the  recognition  of  a 
scientific  body,"  that  is,  has  been  published 
by  the  Society  for  Psychical  Research.  The 
book  has  no  index. 


THE    THEORY    OF    ELECTRONS    AND 
ITS    DIFFICULTIES. 

ii. 

In  the  first  part  of  this  article  (Athenceum, 
June  23rd)  an  endeavour  was  made  to  set 
forth  the  main  features  of  the  electronic 
theory  as  formulated  by  Prof.  Lorentz,  and 
it  was  shown  how  it  has  been  used  by  him 
to  explain  not  only  all  the  phenomena  of 
electricity,  but  also  the  experiments  in  light 
and  heat  which  are  known  as  the  Zeeraan, 
the  Peltier,  and  the  Thomson  effects  respec- 
tively. But  there  has  now  to  be  taken  into 
account  a  well-known  experiment  which,  as 
Prof.  Lorentz  confesses,  cannot  be  recon- 
ciled with  the  popular  versions  of  the 
electronic  theory  of  matter,  and  brings  us  to 
a  standstill  unless  we  are  willing  to  venture 
into  a  new  and  almost  unexplored  field. 
Prof.  Hall  (of  Baltimore)  showed  some 
seventeen  years  ago  that  if  an  oblong  strip 
of  very  thin  metal  be  affixed  to  a  glass  plate, 
a  current  passed  through  it  from  one  short 
side  to  the  other,  the  two  ends  of  a  galva- 
nometer circuit  connected  with  any  two 
points  on  its  long  sides  found  by  trial  to  be 
•equipotential,  and  the  whole  system  placed 
between  the  poles  of  an  electromagnet  in 
such  a  position  that  the  surface  of  the  strip 
is  at  right  angles  to  the  lines  of  force  of  the 
magnetic  field,  the  needle  of  the  galvanometer, 
till  then  quiescent,  will  be  deflected,  and  will 
indicate  that  the  current  flowing  through  the 
strip  is  displaced  towards  one  long  side  or 
the  other.  This  displacement  can  be  re- 
versed by  reversing  the  current  actuating 
the  electromagnet  or,  of  course,  the  original 
current,  but  is  otherwise  constant  when  once 
established. 

Now  Prof.  Lorentz  and  those  who  think 
with  him  have  hitherto  considered  all  the 
phenomena  of  conduction  as  produced  by 
the  movement  of  negative  electrons  only. 
In  the  lecture  in  question  he  dismisses  as 
untenable  the  hypothesis  of  a  double  current 
in  metals,  in  which  the  positive  electrons 
would  move  in  the  one  direction  and  the 
negative  in  the  other,  affirming  that  the 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  such  a  supposition 
are  practically  insuperable.  So,  too,  Prof. 
J.  J.  Thomson  refuses  in  effect  to  consider 
the  existence  of  positive  electrons  at  all, 
declaring  that  the  "  electric  fluid  "  is  an 
"  assoinblage  of  corpuscules  "  or  negative 
electrons,  a  "positively  electrified  body" 
being  "one  that  has  lost  some  of  its  cor- 
puscles." But  the  Hall  effect  decli] 
as  Prof.  Lorentz  admits  with  a  frankness 
that  might  be  imitated  with  advantage  by 
other  physicists—  to  come  into  line  with  these 

aewhat   hasty   generalizations.     So    long 

as   the  strip   of  metal   used    in    it    is   made  of 

copper,  gold,  nickel,  or  bismuth,  the  magnetic 

displacement  takes  place  towards  the  left 

e  of  the  strip,  and  we  may  imagine  the 

ative  electrons  to  he  threading  their  wen 

between  the  atoms  of  the  metal,  and  hindered 


only  by  the  lateral  thrust  exerted  by  the 
magnetic  field.  This  is,  of  course,  exactly 
what  is  supposed  to  happen  to  the  same 
bodies  in  vacuo,  as  in  the  familiar  instance  of 
the  cathode  rays.  But  if  for  the  strip  of 
copper,  gold,  nickel,  or  bismuth  we  sub- 
stitute one  of  iron,  zinc,  cobalt,  antimony, 
or  tellurium,  the  direction  of  the  displace- 
ment changes,  and  it  takes  place,  not  towards 
the  left  edge  of  the  strip,  but  towards  the 
right.  Now  we  know  from  the  fundamental 
experiment  with  radium  that  the  Alpha  rays, 
or  streams  of  positively  charged  particles, 
emitted  by  that  substance  are  deflected  by 
a  magnetic  field  in  the  opposite  direction  to 
the  Beta,  or  streams  of  negative  electrons. 
The  conclusion  therefore  seems  to  be  forced 
upon  us  that  in  the  case  of  bismuth  and  its 
analogues  it  is  the  negative  electrons  that 
are  moving  through  the  metal,  and  in  that 
of  iron  and  the  like  the  positive. 

This  is  the  conclusion  of  Prof.  Drude,  of 
Berlin,  and  presents  some  analogy  with 
what  happens  in  the  electrical  decomposition 
of  solutions,  where  the  metallic  ions  or 
particles  are  carried  by  their  positive  charges 
to  one  electrode,  while  their  gaseous  fellows 
are  taken  by  their  negative  riders  to  the  other. 
But  Prof.  Lorentz  will  have  none  of  this 
interpretation,  declaring,  among  other  things, 
that  it  would  imply  a  combination  of  positive 
and  negative  electrons,  and  consequently  an 
ever-increasing  accumulation  in  the  strip 
of  what  he  calls  "  neutral  electricity,"  which 
sooner  or  later  would  be  bound  to  make  its 
presence  felt.  He  prefers,  therefore,  to 
reject  altogether  any  explanation  which 
depends  upon  a  movement  of  positive 
electrons,  and  to  state  boldly  that  the  pro- 
blem presented  by  the  Hall  effect  is  still 
unsolved,  and  can  be  solved  only  by  a  "  pro- 
found theoretical  study  "  of  the  phenomenon. 
He  is  greatly  influenced  towards  this  by  the 
conviction  that  the  positive  electrons  are 
invariably  bound  in  metallic  atoms,  and  that 
it  is  the  negative  electrons  alone  that 
can  be  detached  from  matter.  This  accords 
both  with  the  above-quoted  dictum  of  Prof. 
J.  J.  Thomson  that  a  positively  electrified 
body  is  one  that  has  lost  negative  electrons, 
and  with  the  hypothesis  of  M.  Langcvin 
(referred  to  by  M.  Poincare  in  his  Athenaeum 
article)  which  supposes  the  whole  ether  to 
consist  of  what  we  call  positive  electricity, 
the  negative  electrons  being  merely  holes 
in  it. 

The  out-and-out  supporters  of  the  elec- 
tronic theory  seem  therefore  deeply  com- 
mitted to  the  proposition  that  positive 
electrons  freed  from  ponderable  matter 
either  do  not  exist,  or,  if  they  do,  are  in- 
capable of  movement.  But  when  we  come 
to  look  into  the  experimental,  as  apart 
from  the  mathematical,  evidence  of  this, 
we  find  that  it  is  not  only  remarkably  small 
in  amount,  but  is  also  not  entirely  free  from 

suspicion  of  error.  All  the  experiments  upon 
which  Prof.  Lorentz  and  his  followers  rely 
for  the  behaviour  of  positive  electrons  have 
been  made  either  with  the  streams  of  particles 
in  a  vacuum  tube  which  are  driven  back 
through  holes  iti  the  cathode,  and  are  gene- 
rally called  the  Goldstein  or  canal  rays,  or 
with  the  Alpha  rays  emitted  by  radium  and 
the  Other  highly  radio-active  substances.  In 
both  these  cases  there  arc  excellent  reasons 
why  the  positive  electrons  should  appeal 
hound,  as  I'rof.  Lorentz  would  call  it.  in 
minute  masses  of  metal.  The  canal  ravs 
take    their    origin    from    a    metallic    cathode 

which  is  known  to  become  disintegrated  in 

the  process,  and  it  is  not   therefore  astonish- 
thal    fragments  of   it    should    he   torn  off 

and  carried  along  by  the  stream  of  positive 
electrons,    which    can    otherwise    !"•   shown 

no!      to     be     homogeneous.      So,     too,     with 


radium  :  the  molecule,  or  perhaps  the  atom, 
is  torn  asunder  with  explosive  violence, 
and  some  fragments  of  this  very  heavy  metal 
are  likely  enough  to  remain  linked  to  the 
positive  electrons,  and  to  account  by  their 
presence  for  the  small  penetrating  power  of 
the  Alpha  rays.  Yet  it  is  not  difficult  to 
imagine  an  experiment  where  all  risk  of 
metallic  admixture  might  be  avoided.  The 
oscillating  discharge  of  a  Leyden  jar  can  be 
transformed  up  until  the  charge  reaches  so 
high  a  tension  that  no  conductor  can  retain 
it,  and  it  is  flung  into  the  air  from  the  terminal 
of  the  transformer  in  the  shape  of  luminous 
aigrettes.  These  aigrettes,  as  Prof,  von 
Wesendonck  and  others  have  shown,  bear 
a  strong  positive  charge.  It  is  true  that  they 
also  may  be  suspected  of  containing  small 
fragments  of  metal  torn  from  the  terminal. 
But  the  energy  with  which  they  are  emitted 
is  so  great  that  they  will  pierce  a  considerable 
thickness  of  any  dielectric — e.g.,  a  centimetre 
of  solid  paraffin — and  by  passing  through 
this  they  should  be  strained  from  all  traces 
of  ponderable  matter  as  in  a  filter.  The 
aigrettes  which  thus  emerge  from  the 
dielectric  preserve  their  luminosity,  which 
is  perhaps  evidence  of  their  power  of  inflam- 
ing the  nitrogen  of  the  air  ;  and  until  they 
have  been  exhaustively  examined,  it  may 
be  as  well  not  to  assume  that  the  positive 
electron  is  so  essentially  different  from  its 
negative  congener. 

While  one  of  the  main  pillars  of  the  extreme 
electronic  theory  is  thus  open  to  the  suspicion 
of  unsoundness,  M.  Poincare  attacks  the 
somewhat  topheavy  superstructure  that  has 
been  raised  on  them.  By  a  series  of  cogent 
arguments,  he  shows,  with  his  usual  lucidity, 
that  if  it  be  conceded  that  all  matter  is  com- 
posed of  electrons  and  nothing  else,  and  that 
all  mass  is  electromagnetic,  hardly  any  of  the 
laws  of  motion  are  valid.  Action  and  reaction 
are  said  to  be  equal  and  opposite  ;  but  if  a 
body  emitting  light  or  heat  moves  continu- 
ously in  one  direction,  as  an  electron  is  said 
to  do,  the  pressure  caused  by  such  emission 
ought  to  cause  a  resistance  to  which  no 
equivalent  reaction  can  be  found  on  any  other 
body.  In  like  manner  the  Newtonian  law  of 
inertia  prescribes  that  a  body  in  motion  will 
move  in  a  straight  line  and  with  uniform 
velocity  unless  acted  upon  by  some  external 
force.  But  the  calculations  of  Sommerfeld 
and  others  have  shown  that  an  electron 
moving  with  a  speed  greater  than  that  of 
light  undergoes  retardation  without  any 
assignable  cause.  Nor  does  it  require  much 
demonstration  that  a  system  of  mechanics 
founded  on  the  invariability  of  mass  must  be 
upset  by  a  theory  which  asserts  mass  to  be 
variable.  And  all  the  while  there  remains 
outside  all  theories  of  the  ether  the  force 
of  gravitation,  which  has  hitherto  defied 
interpretation. 

It  follows  from  the  considerations  hero 
touched  upon  that  inquiry  into  tin-  structure 
of  the  atom  is  at  present  premature,  and  that 
the  model  suggested  by  Prof.  .1.  .1.  Thomson 
can  have  merely  a  speculative  value.  It 
was  pointed  out  in  these  columns  last  year 
(see  The  A  tin  riOBUm,  No.  4(141)  that  the  analogy 
he    would    draw    between    the    grouping    of 

Mayer's  floating  magnets  and  the  valency 
and  polarity  of  the  elements  when  arranged 
according  to  I'rof.  Dtfendeleeff's  Periodic 
Law  was  mainly  imaginary,  inasmuch 
as  neither  valency  nor  polarity  is  a.  funda- 
mental property  of  any  chemical  ele- 
ment. Since  then  other  facts  have  come  to 
light  which  strengthen  this  content  ion.  Dr. 
\V.    Ternent    Cooke    has    shown      apparently 

with  Sir  William  Ramsay's  approval — that 

helium  and  argon,  instead  of  being  non-valont, 
as    I'rof.    Thomson's    analogy    demands,    can 

lie  made  to  form  unstable  compounds  with 


802 


T  II  E     AT  II  r.NvEUM 


N    U0  ..  •'  0,  1906 


kino  iiinl  cadmium  respectively,  and  I » •  •  1 1 •  "i 
them  perhaps  w it li  mercury.  Mr.  <'.  I". 
^ 1 1 1  has  also  proved  that  sold,  silver,  and 
platinum,  when  rapidlj  cooled  and  annealed, 
I .  oome  electropositive  t"  «>t her  Bpecii 
of  id'  -it'll-'  metals  im  the  crystalline  state. 
[f,  a    I  rhomaoo.  is  now  inclined  to  think, 

the  number  of  corpuscles,  within  the  atom 
corresponds  i"  its  atomic  weight  and 
determines  it>  polarity,  he  must  therefore 
believe  that  the  atomic  weight  of  annealed 
aid  electropositive  :_'"I<1  differs  from  tlmt  of 
gold  which  has  not  been  annealed  and  has 
remained  electronegative,  and  that  the 
alteration  of  polarit  j  has  been  brought  about 
by  tic-  loss  of  one  or  more  corpuscles.  One 
would  likr  to  know  whither,  in  that  i 
he  imagines  the  lost  corpuscles  to  have  gone. 
But,  be  that  as  it  may,  Prof.  Thomson's 
argument  demands  that,  it'  a  corpuscle  be 
withdrawn  from  such  an  clement  as  gold, 
tin-  element  not  only  changes  its  polarity. 
but  also  becomes  cot  gold,  but  some  other 
element. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological. — Junt    13.-  Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 

President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  .1.  Davies,  J. 
Francis,  ( '.  R.  Hewitt,  0.  T.  Jones,  E.  A.  de 
Lautour,  J.  M.  Milton,  J.  Cowie  .Simpson,  jun., 
and  R.  Fletcher  Whiteside  were  elected  Fellows.— 
The  following  communications  were  read:  '  Re- 
oombent  Folds  produced  as  a  Result  of  Flow,' by 
Prof.  \Y.  J.  Sollas,— and  '  The  Crag  of  Iceland,  an 
Intercalation  in  the  Basalt  -  Formation,'  by  Dr. 
Ib-lgi  Pjetursson. — Mr.  <b  Abbott,  in  exhibiting 
specimens  and  photographs  of  limestones  showing 
band-  and  ball-structure,  remarked  that  at  Fulwell 
Hill  Quarries,  near  Sunderland,  some  of  the  upper- 
most beds  of  the  Magnesian  Limestone  presented 
this  peculiarity. 


SOCIETY  of  Antiqcabtes.  —  June  14.  —  Lord 
Avebury,  President,  in  the  chair.— This  being  an 
evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows,  no 
papers  Mere  read.  Mr.  William  Munro  Tapp, 
LL.  1.). ,  was  elected  Fellow. 

Juru  21.— Sir  H.  H.  Howortb,  V.P.,  in  the 
chair.— Dr.  Jonathan  Hutchinson  and  Mr.  E.  W. 
Swanton communicated  some  account  of  prehistoric 
graves  found  at  Haslemere,  and  more  especially  of 
pottery  from  Late-Celtic  graves.  The  paper  con- 
sisted of  a  description  of  various  prehistoric 
objects  which  had  been  collected  at  Haslemere 
during  the  last  six  years.  They  were  in  two 
separate  groups.  The  first  consisted  chiefly  of 
neolithic  flint  implements  which  had  rewarded  the 
search  of  several  observers  ;  amongst  them  Mr. 
Allen  (  handler  was  mentioned  as  the  most  success- 
ful. A  beautiful  series  of  nearly  a  dozen  barbed 
arrow  -heads  of  good  workmanship"  had  been  picked 
it])  in  ploughed  fields  in  various  spots  during  the 
last  six  years.  These  objects  had  previously  been 
thought  to  be  of  very  rare  occurrence  in  the 
Haslemere  district.  Mr.  Chandler  had  also  found 
several  grinding  stones,  and  he  and  Mr.  Swanton 
had  made  a  large  collection  of  pigmy  flints.  The 
latter  had  Keen  found  chiefly  by  digging  in  sand  on 
the  margin  of  a  small  pool  on  the  summit  of  Black- 
down.  At  this  spot  an  enormous  number  of  flakes 
and  cast-away  fragments  with  some  cores  had  been 
found.  It  was  evident  that  a  factory  had  been 
worked  there,  and  it  was  of  much  interest  to 
observe  that  the  raw  material  must  have  Ken 
carried  a  distance  of  nearly  ten  miles,  since  the  hill 
itself  is  of  sandstone  and  tar  from  any  chalk  rock 

containing    flint.      The    authors    remarked    that  for 

many  years  it  had  been  known  at  Haslemere  that 
flint  implements  were  to  be  found,  and  that  they 
were  especially  frequent  near  to  springs  or  ponds 

high  upon  the  hills  ;    until  recently,  however,  none 

exhibiting  much  finish  had  been  found.     The  paper 

described  the  general  character  of  the  Haslenicre 
district,  stating  that  it  consisted  chiefly  of  Lower 
Greensand,  which  formed  some  of  the  highest  hills 
in  the  south  of  England,  Blaokdown  anaHindhead 
each  being  well  on  boa  thousand  feet.  At  the  foot 
ol  the  bills  lav  the  valley  of  the  Wealden  clay,  and 
north,  south,  and  west  were  escarpments  of  chalk. 
The   sandstone  contained    much   chert  and  a  very 


haul  Ironstone      A    i"  i  imen  ol  inU  n  ounl 

oi    its  rarity  I   of  an   implement 

hummel   head      p  rforated  fol  a  handle,  made  from 

the  iron  sandstone.     As  it*  ownsi  had  placed  it  on 
loan  in  tin    Hi    •  mi  n    M     •         I        oonld  not   be 
brought   before  the  Society.     The  second  pai 
tin-  paper  described  ■m  urn  field  which  had  boon 

unearthed   do)    far   from    II. •.  le re   town       The 

fing  out  and  the  restoration  ol  specimens  had 
been  conducted  under  Mr.  Swantou's  superintend 
enoe.      A    large    number   oi    cinerary    urns   and 

SIS   had    been  lound.  SODM  "|  them    in 
1 1  condition.      The  best    •>!    t  h 
for  inspection.      They  had  evidently  been    made   on 

a  wheel,  though  none  of  them  snowed  the  pin- 
in  irk.      All  the  urns  contained    broken  and  charred 

fragments  of  bone,  but  the  aoa  held 

nothing   more   than   the  Band  whiob  had  fallen  into 

them  subsequent  to  deposition.  As  evidence  oi 
the  completeness  of  the  cremation,  it  was  men- 
tioned that  none  of  the  fragments  was  blackened. 

With  these  fragments  a  few  rude  flint  implements, 
little  more  than  flakes,  were  found,  bat  with  two 
exceptions  no  trace  of  metal.  One  of  the  excep- 
tions was  a  much-eroded  fragment  of  bronze,  and 
the  other  a  plug  of  lead  which  closed  a  hole  in  the 
bottom  of  one  of  the  urns.  The  urns  had  stood 
upright,  and  were  covered  by  saucers  of  pottery  in 
two  instances.  One  of  these  covering  lids  was  of 
red  Samian  ware,  but  much  eroded  by  scaling. 
Some  of  the  vessels  showed  rude  ornamentation, 
chevron,  &c.  In  one  instance  the  site  of  the  fire 
was  identified  by  the  charred  material  on  a  rude 
pavement  of  stones.  The  authors  were  inclined  to 
refer  the  pottery  to  a  Late-Celtic  period,  anterior 
to  the  Roman  invasion.  They  commented  upon 
the  remarkable  absence  of  iron,  and  the  exceedingly 
slight  presence  of  bronze;  also  upon  the  exceptional 
use  of  lead,  and  the  employment  of  Samian  and 
other  ware  as  cover-lids.  They  expressed  their 
indebtedness  to  several  owners  of  property  who 
had  allowed  them  to  dig,  and  mentioned  that  all 
that  had  been  found  was  open  to  public  inspection 
in  the  Haslemere  Museum. — Mr.  Philip  Norman, 
treasurer,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Reader  read  the  first 
part  of  a  paper  on  recent  discoveries  in  connexion 
with  Roman  London. 


British  Archjeolouicai,  Association. — June  20. 
— Mr.  Compton,  V.P. ,  in  the  chair. — A  tea-caddy 
of  a  very  ornate  character,  probably  of  the  time  of 
Queen  Anne,  was  exhibited  ;  but  the  allegation 
that  it  had  belonged  to  Anne  Boleyn  obviously 
could  not  be  entertained,  as  tea  was  not  intro- 
duced into  Europe  until  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  Pepys,  in  his  '  Diary.' 
mentions  it  as  something  new  in  his  day. — Mr. 
Patrick,  Hon.  Sec,  read,  in  the  absence  of  the 
author,  a  paper  by  Mr.  Richard  Mann  on  'The 
Roman  Residency  at  Darenth,  Kent.'  This  Roman 
villa,  admittedly  the  largest  ever  discovered  in 
England,  was  excavated  in  185)4-3  by  Mr.  (i. 
Payne,  at  the  expense  of  Mrs.  Rolls  Hoare,  under 
an  agreement  made  by  Mr.  Clowes,  her  son-in-law, 
with  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners,  the  owners 
of  the  property,  and  is  fully  described  in  Archato- 
logia  Cantiana,  vol.  xxii.  It  has  been  suggested 
in  some  quarters  that  this  vast  building  bears 
evidence,  in  the  curious  system  of  tanks  and 
drainage,  of  having  been  a  trading  establishment, 
probably  that  of  a  ''fuller  or  dyer";  but  Mr. 
Mann  questioned  whether  it  may  not  with  greater 
probability  be  described  as  having  been  the  central 
station,  or  head -quarters,  of  an  official  having 
control  of  the  surrounding  district,  and  in  a  very 
ingeniously  arranged  plan  of  the  remains  he 
showed  how  this  might  have  been  the  case. — Mr. 
Patrick  opened  the  discussion,  and  was  disposed 
to  agree  with  the  author  of  the  paper  that  the 
buildings  were  far  too  extensive  to  have  formed 
the  residence  of  a  dyer  or  tanner,  and  were  more 
likely  from  their  position — adjacent  to  the  Wat  ling 
St  rest  and  in  the  centre  of  a  group  of  Roman 
buildings  whiob  extended  over  the  surrounding 
neighbourhood — to  have  been  the  otlicial  residence 
of  the  governing  authority  of  the  district.  Mr. 
i:.  II.  burster  did  not  agree  with  the  early  date 
attributed  to  the  remains  by  Mr.  Mann  (early  in 
Roman  occupation),  and  considered  that  the  large 
building  supposed  by  him  to  have  been  the 
quarters  of  a  body  of  cavalry  was  more  likely  to 
have  been  the  stables  of  a  mcUMtO,  or  posting 
house,  on  the  road  to  London.  He  also  urged 
that  the  absence  of  any  fortifications  precluded  the 


.  that  the  building!)  Men-  the  rnsidfinOf  of  a 

"I     unlit  .  ;    .    '  .  irly 

jx-llod     .i  •     th'  III. 

ng  ol  tin-  session. 

IATU         ■<       ■   ■ 

nt,  iii   the  'duiir. — The 

I'.epoi  t  -    ol    the  *  oiii,.  I   ,11.  'J'rea- 

were  read  and  appro. •  tliat 

the  medal  of    the  f>  raided  bv  the 

Council  to  ( !orara< 

Pn     ii         '   the  Num. 

his    services    to    iiumin     .  nspOOJsllj 

connexion  with   the   Roman  Imi  A» 

Commendatore  Gni 

the  President   handed  the  medal  to  Mr.  H.  A. 

Grueber,  one  of  the  boo  ■■  ith  &  r*i 

that  he  would  oonvey  it  to  Commend 

with  the  good  wishes  ol   thi  rYesi* 

dent  gave  nil  annual  sddrnss.  in  which  he  passed  in 

review'  the  work   done  by  thi  <:ially  in 

respect  to  the  various  papers  which  b  lead 

and  to  the  numerous  and  iir  vhibitions  at 

the  meetings.  He  also  briefly  noticed  the  more 
important  numismatic  publications  which  had 
appeared  since  June  of  last  year.  With  respect  to 
the  losses  of  till;  Society  by  death,  thi  'uore 

particularly  mentioned  were  those  ol  Mr.  Richard  A. 
Hoblyn,  a  member  since  1  ST.'J,  who  had  contributed 
some  valuable  articles  on  English  numismatic*- 
Mr.  T.  W.  Kitt,  the  author  of  a  work  entitled 
'  Papers  for  Beginners,'  a  useful  treatise  on  the 
first  principles  of  numismatics  ;  and  of  Mr. 
C.  E.  (;.  Maekerell,  a  diligent  col1 
British  and  Roman  coins,  who  bad  bequeathed  to 
the  Society  5(1/.,  and  to  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  three  coins  of  great  rarity  and  in  mag- 
nificent preservation,  viz.,  the  pattern  crown  of 
Cromwell  by  Thomas  Simon,  the  "Redd 
crown  of  Charles  II.  by  the  same  artist,  and  the 
pattern  crown,  1662,  of  Charles  II.  by  Jan 
Roettier.  —  A  liallot  having  been  taken  for  the 
Council  and  officers  for  the  ensuing  \  -       '>hn 

Evans  was  re  -  elected  President  :  Sir  Henry 
Howorth  and  Sir  Augustus  Prevost,  Vice-Prtm- 
dents  :  Mr.  W.  C.  Boyd,  Hon.  Treasurer  :  and 
Mr.  H.  A.  Grueber  and"  Mr.  F.  A.  Walters,  Hon. 
Secretaries. 

Statistical. — June   19. — Annual    Meeting. — 

Major  Craigie  in  the  chair. — Sir  Richard  Martin 
was  elected  President  for  the  ensuing  session,  and 
the  following  were  elected  Council  and 
Mr.  W.  M.  "Ac-worth,  Mr.  A.  H.  Bailey,  Sir  J. 
Athelstane  Baines,  Mr.  H.  Birchenough.  Ms.  A.  L 
Bowley,  Sir  Edward  W.  Brabrook,  Mr.  <• 
Chisholm,  Sir  Ernest  Clarke,  Mr.  T.  A.  Coghlan, 
Mr.  N.  L.  Cohen,  Mr.  R.  F.  Crawford.  Dr. 
Reginald  Dudfield,  Sir  William  C.  Dunlwir,  Prof. 
F.  Y.  Edgeworth,  Mr.  A.  Wilson  Fox.  Lord 
George  F.  Hamilton,  Mr.  F.  Hendriks.  Mr. 
A.  W.  W.  King,  Prof.  C.  S.  Loch.  Mr.  Bernard 
Mallet,  Sir  Shirley  F.  Murphy.  Mr.  F.  O.  P. 
Nelson,  Mr.  L.  L.  Price,  Sir  Lesley  CL  Probyn, 
Mr.  R,  H.  Rew,  Dr.  W.  X.  Shaw,  Mr.  D.  A. 
Thomas,  Mr.  T.  A.  Welton,  Dr.  A.  Whitelegge, 
Mr.  G.  Udny  Yule;   7  .  Sir  R.  Biddulph 

Martin;  Hon.  >  •   -.  Sir  J.  Athelstai. 

Mr.  R.  H.  Rew,  Mr.  A.  Wilson  Fox;  Hon.  Portion 
etary,  Sir  J.  A.    Baines. — The  v  Guy 

Medal  in  silver  was  awarded  to  Dr.  W.  X.  Shaw 
for  his  paper  entitled  'The  Seasons  in  the  British 
Dsles  -me  1878,'  read  before  the  Society  in  March, 
190.1. — The  subject  of  the  essays  for  the  "Howard 
Medal''  competition.  1906  7.  was  announced  to  be 
'The  Reformative  Effect  in  Criminality  of  lb 
Prison  Administration.'  This  competition  is  open 
to  the  public,  and  the  conditions  mav  be 
ascertained  at  the  Society's  offioea — Prof.  Edge- 
worth  subsequently  read  a  paper  on  "The 
(Icneralized  Law  of  Error,'  in  the  discussion  upon 
which  Mr.  A.  L  Bowley,  Dr.  W.  X.  Shaw,  Prof. 
A.  W.  Flux,  and  Mr.  G.  Udny  Yule  took  part. 


FutuMY.  ./«»<-  12. — Mr.  W.  M array  Morrison 
in  the  chair.  — A  paper  on  'The  Electrolytic 
Deposition  of  Zinc.  using  Rotating  Electrodes,  by 

Dr.  T.  Slater  Price  and'  Mr.  <..  11.  II.  Judge,  was 
communicated  by  Dr.  F.  Mollwo  Perkin. — Dr. 
lVrkin  described  '  A  Simple  Form  of  Rotating 
Cathode  for  Electro-Chemical  Analysis.' — Mr.  S. 
Binning  and  Dr.  Perkin  read  a  paper  on  "The 
Klertrolysis  of  Solutions  of  Thiocyanates  in 
Pyridine  and  in  Acetone.' 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


803 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 

Hon.  Royal  Institution,  5.— General  Monthly  Meeting. 
—  Faraday,  8.— 'The  Oxidation  of  Atmospheric  Nitrogen  in 
Electrie  Arcs,'  Prof.  K.  Itirkeland  ;  '  Preliminary  Report  on 
the  Experiments  made  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  on  the  Smelting 
of  Canadian  Iron  Ores  by  the  Electro-Thermic  Process,' Dr. 
E.  Haanel ;  'Electrolysis  of  Dilute  Solutions  of  Acids  and 
Alkalis  at  Low  Potentials:  Dissolving  of  Platinum  at  the 
Anode  by  a  Direct  Current.'  Dr.  G.  Senter. 

Wed.  Archaeological  Institute,  4.— 'The  Cistercian  Abbey  of  Beaulieu, 
in  the  County  of  Southampton,'  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope. 

Thuhs.  Chemical,  8.30. — '  Saponarin,  a  New  Glucoside,  coloured  Blue 
with  Iodine,' Mr.  G. Barger ;  'The  Constitution  of  fjmbellu- 
lone,'  Mr.  P.  Tutin  ;  'Electrolytic  Oxidation,'  Mr.  H.  D.  Law ; 
'The  Action  of  Ethyl  Iodide  and  of  Propyl  Iodide  on  the 
Disodium  Derivative  of  Diacetylacetone,'  Mr.  A.  W.  Bain. 


&tunu  (Sasstp* 

The  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  are 
holding  a  conversazione  next  Tuesday 
evening  in  the  gardens  of  the  Royal  Botanic 
Society,  Regent's  Park. 

The  successor  of  the  late  M.  Pierre 
Curie  at  the  French  Academie  des  Sciences 
in  the  "  Section  de  Physique  "  is  M.  Gernez, 
Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Nicole  Centrale, 
who  was  elected  this  week  by  37  out  of 
56  votes.     M.  Bouty  received  15  votes. 

The  earth  will  be  in  aphelion  on  the 
morning  of  the  3rd  prox.  The  moon  will 
be  full  at  4h.  28m.  (Greenwich  time)  on  the 
morning  of  the  6th,  and  new  about  an  hour 
after  noon  on  the  21st  ;  she  will  be  in  perigee 
on  the  4th.  A  partial  eclipse  of  the  sun  will 
take  place  on  the  21st  ;  which  will  be  in- 
visible in  Europe,  and  best  seen  in  the 
South  Atlantic  Ocean.  An  occultation  of 
y  Libras  will  take  place  on  the  evening  of 
the  2nd,  and  of  y  Tauri  on  the  morning  of  the 
17th.  The  planet  Mercury  will  be  at  greatest 
eastern  elongation  from  the  sun  on  the  15th, 
and  visible  in  the  evening  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  month,  moving  from  the  con- 
stellation Cancer  into  Leo.  Venus  is  very 
brilliant  in  the  evening,  not  setting  at  Green- 
wich until  past  10  o'clock  ;  on  the  5th  prox. 
she  will  enter  Leo,  passing  very  near  its 
brightest  star  Regulus  on  the  14th,  and  be  in 
conjunction  with  the  moon  on  the  24th. 
Mars  is  not  visible  next  month,  being  in  con- 
junction with  the  sun  on  the  15th.  Jupiter 
is  near  £  Tauri  (the  bull's  southern  horn), 
rises  earlier  each  morning,  and  will  be 
near  the  moon  on  the  19th.  Saturn  is  in 
Pisces,  and  rises  now  about  11  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  earlier  each  night. 

The  small  planet  No.  526,  announced  as 
having  been  discovered  by  Prof.  Max  Wolf 
at  Heidelberg  on  March  14th,  1904,  is  found 
to  be  identical  with  one  discovered  in  1901, 
though  not  the  one  which  was  at  first  thought 
probable. 

An  ephemeris  of  Finlay's  periodical 
comet  for  the  appearance  now  expected  is 
published  by  M.  Schulhof  in  No.  4100  of  the 
Astronomische  Nachrichten.  According  to 
his  calculation,  it  is  now  in  the  constellation 
Aquarius,  moving  in  a  north-easterly  direc- 
tion. But  though  its  theoretical  brightness 
is  greater  now  than  when  it  was  discovered 
in  1886,  we  shall  probably  have  to  wait  for 
the  next  absence  of  moonlight  before  it  will 
be  seen.  The  period  is  about  6^  years,  and 
the  comet  was  observed  at  the  return  in 
1893,  but  not  at  that  in  the  winter  of  1899- 
1900,  when  it  was  unfavourably  placed. 

The  Aslronomischer  Jahresberichl,  which 
was  started  by  the  late  Prof.  W.  F.  Wislicenua 
of  Strassburg,  and  edited  by  him  during 
the  six  years  1899-1904,  lias  this  year 
been  taken  up  by  Prof.  Berberich,  of  Berlin, 
and  the  seventh  volume,  containing  a  caroful 
abstract  of  all  astronomical  papers  and  pub- 
lications which  appeared  in  1905,  has  recently 
been  issued.  The  total  number  of  articles 
amounts  to  2,336,  and  the  editors  name  is 
a  sufficient  guarantee  for  the  accuracy  of  the 
work, which  should  proven)  the  greatest  value 
to  all  students  of  astronomical  history  and 


literature.  He  acknowledges  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Astronomische  Gesellschaft, 
which  had  also  been  accorded  to  his  pre- 
decessor, Prof.  Wislicenus,  an  excellent 
portrait  of  whom  is  given  as  a  frontispiece 
to  the  present  volume. 

The  Berliner  Astronomische s  Jahrbuch  for 
1908  has  recently  been  received,  the  editor, 
as  in  previous  years,  being  Prof.  Bauschinger. 
No  change  of  importance  has  been  made  in 
the  data  or  tables  from  the  preceding  year. 
Particulars  are  given  of  the  total  solar 
eclipse  of  January  3rd,  the  central  line  of 
which  will  pass  over  land  only  in  some  islets 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  as  was  mentioned  lately 
by  the  Superintendent  of  '  The  Nautical 
Almanac  '  in  a  paper  read  before  the  British 
Astronomical  Association ;  also  of  two  annular 
solar  eclipses,  on  June  28th  and  December 
23rd  respectively.  Elements  are  given  of  the 
orbits  of  573  small  planets,  together  with 
ephemerides  of  44  which  come  into  opposi- 
tion in  the  present  year. 

FINE   ARTS 


OUR  LIBRARY  TABLE. 

Greece.  Painted  by  John  Fulleylove, 
described  by  Rev  J.  A.  M'Clymont.  (A.  &  C. 
Black. ) — Mr.  Fulleylove's  companion  volume 
on  Palestine  was  noticed  some  time  ago  in 
these  columns.  The  process  adopted  for 
reproducing  his  coloured  sketches  has  varied 
results.  Some  of  the  pictures  are  decidedly 
pretty,  and  there  are  good  sky  and  cloud 
effects  in  many  of  them  ;  but  the  tout 
ensemble  is  not  like  Greece,  especially  in  the 
over-use  of  browns  and  blues,  nor  is  the 
blurred  look  of  the  nearer  view,  which  in 
Greece  is  almost  always  very  clear  and  precise. 
There  is  also  a  want  of  proper  distribution  in 
the  subjects.  There  are  far  too  many  of 
Athens  in  comparison  witli  the  rest  ;  and 
the  grandeur  of  Phocis  or  of  Arcadia  is  want- 
ing in  the  pictures  taken  from  that  splendid 
scenery.  The  theatre  of  Epidaurus  is  hardly 
recognizable,  and  the  '  Lantern  of  Demos- 
thenes '  seems  rather  copied  from  an  old 
print  than  from  the  actual  state  of  the  monu- 
ment and  its  surroundings.  To  those  who 
have  not  seen  the  realities  the  book  is,  how- 
ever, very  attractive,  and  gives,  at  least,  a 
clear  notion  of  Mr.  Fulleylove's  subjectivity 
in  his  art. 

The  text  has  been  entrusted  to  a  gentle- 
man who  tells  us  that  his  main  sources  of 
information  are  Grote  and  Mr.  Frazer  (both 
admirable  authorities),  and  that  he  has  had 
the  advantage  of  visiting  the  country.  He 
has,  perhaps,  taken  one  of  the  popular  tours, 
for  there  is  not  much  observation  of  his  own 
recorded,  and  the  body  of  the  book  is  history 
and  archaeology  derived  from  a  very  honest 
study  of  the  two  masters.  But  are  these  an 
adequate  equipment  for  a  writer  on  modern 
Greece?  If  the  author  could  not  supply 
more  than  a  few  scanty  observations  of  liis 
own,  why  not  have  recourse  to  the  dozens 
of  excellent  picturesque  books  of  travel,  botli 
English  and  French,  which  form  a  whole 
library  in  themselves  ?  Mr.  Horton's  delight- 
ful '  In  Argolis  '  (reviewed  in  these  columns) 
would  have  supplied  more  suitable  material 
than  the  ponderous  tomes  consulted.  Need 
we  mention  Eld.  About  and  Ch.  Diehl  among 
the  French,  assuming  that  Fiedler  and  Koss 
and  Ernst  Curtius are  in  an  unknown  tongue? 
Why  not  quote  the  delightful  older  travellers, 
Clarke,  Dodwell,  Leake,  whose  descriptions 
of  many  of  the  monuments  are  true  at  this 
day?  Why  not.  Sir  K.  Jebb'e  sketch  or 
Dr.    Mahaffy'a    'Rambles    and    Studies'! 

Grote's    great,    work,    written    in    a    London 
study,    is    devoid    of   local    colour,    and    Mr. 


Frazer  is  wholly  devoted  to  antiquities.  On 
these,  however,  he  is  the  very  best  of  guides, 
as  Grote  is  on  old  Greek  politics,  and  accord- 
ingly Dr.  M'Clymont  has  gathered  for  the 
reader  a  good  deal  of  sound  information  on 
the  history  and  the  literature  of  Greece. 
Wherever  Grote  is  antiquated  by  modern 
research,  the  book  before  us  is  so  also,  and 
there  are  slips  in  names  which  lead  one  to 
think  that  the  printer  is  not  wholly  respon- 
sible. There  is  a  bit  of  newer  information 
in  the  author's  remarks  on  the  language  of 
modern  Greece,  and  the  controversy  between 
those  who  desire  to  revive  the  classical 
tongue  and  those  who  desire  to  perfect  the 
actual  speech  and  make  it  a  literary  idiom. 
He  is  also  entertaining  on  the  wonderful 
emeuie  about  the  translation  of  the  New 
Testament  into  modern  Greek.  But  he 
perplexes  us  by  quoting  without  comment 
the  remark  of  a  local  archbishop  "  that  if 
the  newspapers  would  introduce  but  one 
classical  word  each  day,  they  would  add 
70,000  words  to  the  language  in  the  course 
of  20  years."  The  arithmetic  of  this  wonder- 
ful sentence  speaks  for  itself,  but  what  are 
we  to  say  of  a  language  which  adds  70,000 
words  to  its  ordinary  vocabulary.  Has  his 
Grace  ever  calculated  how  many  words  he 
uses  in  his  own  speech  ?  Has  he  ever  read 
how  many  words  an  author  like  Shakspeare 
employs  ?  And  did  our  author  apply  his 
mind  to  the  problem  when  he  set  down  this 
sentence  ? 

This  handsome  book  is  but  another  testi- 
mony to  the  eternal  fascination  exercised 
by  Greece,  and  to  the  sound  belief  that  Greek 
studies  will  never  grow  obsolete  till  our 
civilization  begins  to  wane. 

Old  Pewter.  By  Malcolm  Bell.  (Newnes. ) 
— Mr.  Malcolm  Bell  states  frankly  in  liis 
preface  that  this  volume  appeals  far  more 
to  the  public  by  its  numerous  and  carefully 
chosen  illustrations  than  by  the  information 
conveyed  in  the  letterpress.  The  chief 
feature  is  certainly  the  excellent  series 
of  upwards  of  a  hundred  plates,  in  some  of 
which  the  quiet  silvery  sheen  of  genuine 
well-scoured  pewter  is  cunningly  reproduced. 
Most  of  these  plates  include  several  objects, 
though  each  detail  is  perfectly  clear  and 
distinct,  with  the  result  that  the  pictures  of 
pewter  surpass  both  in  importance  and 
number  those  of  far  more  expensive  volumes, 
such  as  Mr.  Masse's  '  Pewter  Plate.'  This 
book  certainly  ought  to  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  collector  of  genuine  old  pewter,  for 
here  are  illustrated  a  wealth  of  good  examples 
of  pepper-boxes,  mustard-pots,  salt-cellars, 
flagons,  tappit-hens,  toddy-ladles,  soup- 
ladles,  every  variety  of  spoon,  altar  vessels, 
ewers,  cruetstands,  bowls,  plates,  porringers, 
barbers'  bowls,  tea  and  coffee  pots,  eggcups, 
sugar  basins,  canisters,  tobacco-boxes,  snuff- 
boxes, and  inkpots,  as  well  as  a  variety  of 
foreign  benitiers.  In  his  modest  preface  Mr. 
Malcolm  Bell  states  that  ho  makes  no  pre- 
tence of  laying  before  the  reader  any  entirely 
novel  discoveries  concerning  pewter,  and 
fully  acknowledges  his  indcbtcxlnos  to  other 
writers,  such  as  Messrs.  Starkie  Gardner, 
Welch,  Masse,  and  Ingleby  Wood.  Never- 
theless, his  various  brief  chapters  show  a 
considerable  mastery  of,  and  love  for,  his 
subject. 

One  of  the  weak  points  of  the  letterpress 
is  the  'Useful  Books  of  Reference,1  a  list 
which  occupies  tally  a  single  page  imme- 
diately before  the  index.  In  it  are  copied 
several  blunders  made  by  Mr.  Masse  in  the 
bibliography  of  his  larger  work,  and  the 
omissions  are  glaring.      To  turn  a,  well-know  n 

layman,  the  late  Mr.  J.  E.  Nightingale,  who 
wrote  so  well  on  the  church  plate  of  Dorset 

and     Wiltshire,     into    a    "Reverend"     is    a 

trivial  mistake  :     hut    it    shows  that    Ma 


HO  | 


Til  E     A  Til  ENjEUM 


N    U05.  June  30,  1906 


hi  bai  been  folli  >wed,  end  t  hat  the  bi 
have  not  been  ooneolted  el  firs!  bend.  It 
will  surprise  men]  to  leern  thai  the  "  Rev. 
.1.  EC.  Nightingale"  also  wrote  ■  book  on 
'  The  Church  Plate  of  the  County  of  Norfolk'; 
whereas  the  reel  writer  >>m  much  of  tin-  plate 

of  tlmt  oounty  is  not  bo  muoh  ee ntioned. 

In  short,  tli>'  only  works  named  in  this 
insignificant  bat  tlmt  deal  with  ohurch 
pewter    are    wrongly    cited;      whilst     the 

important  I k>  thai  deal  with  Buoh  pewter 

for  the  oounty  of  Kent,  London,  Bfiddli 
Essex,  Suffolk,  Pembroke,  and  Hereford, 
and  the  diocese  of  Llandaff,  are  ignored. 
Mr.  Redman's  unpretentious,  but  distinctly 
valuable  book  on  pewter  in  general  ought 
also  to  have  been  included,  even  in  the  briefest 

list  of  such  works. 

Bad  the  writer  been  a  zealous  antiquary, 
he  would  have  found  very  muoh  hither- 
to unnoticed  materia]  as  to  the  use. 
supply,  and  cost  of  pewter  in  England  in 
medieval  days.  Hut  wo  are  glad  to  notice 
that  he  has  made  a  special  feature 
of  the  valuable  and  interesting  hoard  of 
pewter  found  by  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Engleheart 
on  a  Roman  site  near  Andover  in  1897,  and 
given  three  plates  of  these  dishes  and  vessels. 
The  peculiar  interest  attaching  to  this  hoard 
is  that  it  almost  certainly  represents  a  set 
of  sacramental  vessels  of  the  Romano-British 
Church,  concealed  in  the  fourth  century. 

Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Plates  XXXI.- 
XL.  (Printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  British  Museum.) — Although  justifiable 
complaints  continue  to  be  made  of  the 
dilatoriness  of  the  British  Museum  autho- 
rities in  cataloguing  or  duly  dealing  with 
British  coins,  it  is  pleasant  to  find  that  the 
medals  of  the  national  collection  pertaining 
to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are  being  ade 
quately  treated.  The  present  set  of  ten 
folio  plates,  issued  in  a  portfolio  with  accom- 
panying sheets  of  letterpress,  deals  with  a 
very  large  number  of  memorial  medals  and 
badges  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The 
representations,  after  a  photographic  process, 
are  adequate  and  clear,  and  the  brief  printed 
account  sufficient.  But  complaint  may 
be  made  of  their  sequence  or  arrange- 
ment, which  is  apparently  the  result  of  hap- 
hazard, or  at  all  events  on  no  intelligible 
principle.  Thus  on  plates  xxxi.  and  xxxii. 
are  late  memorials  of  Charles  I.  and  his 
queen,  struck  at  the  close  of  his  life  or  shortly 
afterwards  ;  but  on  plate  xxxiv.  we  go  back 
to  such  pieces  as  James  I.  and  Prince 
Charles,  1625,  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  his 
queen,  1630,  and  others  of  slightly  later 
date.  In  the  main,  however,  the  plates  of 
this  section  refer  to  the  close  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.,  to  the  Commonwealth  and  its 
victories. 

A  large  silver  memorial,  issued  in  1649, 
well  executed  in  Saxony  by  Hoinrich  Reitz 
the  younger,  bears  delicate  representations 
of  Charles  I.  and  his  queen,  and  on  the  reverse 
a  many-headed  monster,  symbolizing  the 
variety  of  passions  then  agitating  the  people 
of  England. 

Sev  ral  examples  are  given  of  Charles  I. 
and  Henrietta  Maria  on  silver  counters, 
issued  respectively  in  1632  and  1636,  belong- 
ing to  sets  of  thirty-six  pieces,  hearing  figures 
of  English  sovereigns  from  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor to  Charles  I.,  with  royal  connexions 
to  make  up  the  full  number.  The  examples 
ot  tlie  Commonwealth  period  include,  in 
addition  to  Cromwell,  Fairfax,  and  Ireton, 
medals  commemorative  of  men  of  much  less 
renown,      such      as      Henry     Scoboll,     clerk 

of    the    Parliament,   and  John    Lilbume,   a 
factious  demagogue.    The  battle  of  Dunbar, 

1650,  was  signalized  by  medals  in  gold,  silver. 
copper,  and  lead,  issued  as  a  military  reward 


for    those    present    at    the   engagement.       The 

dies  t"r  the  larger  of  these  medals   • 
covered    "  somewhat    reoently"    (why    not 

the     exact     date  ?)     in    pulling    down     a    wall 

at  Buraley,  which  had  formed  pan  ■•!  a 
residence  of  Riohard  Cromwell.  A  line 
series  of  medals  commemorates  the  sea 
victories  of  ]»;.",.{ ;  wluUt  a  medal  ot  singular 

beauty   and  delicacy   was  struck   in  silver  to 

perpetuate  the  memory  "i  I  be    1 1  iot  league 

of   amity   entered    into   on    April    16th,    l<i.">». 

between  the  two  republics  of  England  and 

Holland  ;    it   was  struck  in   Holland,  and  was 

the  work  of  Sebastian  Dadler.  Some  other 
medals  of  the  same  peace  are  lacking  both 
in  grace  and  execution.  Later  medals  record 
the  battle  of  Dunkirk,  1658,  and  the  death 
of  Cromwell.  A  largo  vari(  ty  of  small  silver 
badges  of  Charles  II.,  intended  to  be  iron 
secretly  as  tokens  of  royalist  convictions, 
shortly  before  the  Restoration,  are  also 
illustrated. 

A  Handbook  of  Greek  and  Roman  Sculpture. 
By  II  von  Mach,  Ph.D.  To  accompany  a 
Collection  of  Reproductions  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Sculpture.  (Boston,  U.S.,  Bureau 
of  University  Travel.) — The  title  of  this  book 
is  misleading,  for  it  is  not  a  handbook  in  the 
usually  accepted  meaning  of  the  word.  This 
is  the  more  to  be  regretted,  since  the  volume, 
and  especially  the  plates  that  accompany  it, 
are  likely  to  prove  very  useful  to  students. 
The  plates  consist  of  500  photographic  repro- 
ductions, on  a  small  scale,  of  Greek  and 
Roman  sculpture.  They  bear,  in  fact,  much 
the  same  relation  to  a  work  like  the  splendid 
but  cumbrous  Brunn-Briickmann  '  Denk- 
maler  '  that  M.  Reinach's  "  pocket  edition  '; 
bears  to  the  volumes  of  Clarac.  Dr.  von 
Mach's  selection  is  not,  however,  identical 
with  Bninn's  ;  it  is,  on  the  whole,  very  well 
made,  and  includes,  as  well  as  almost  all 
the  best-known  works,  a  great  many  that 
are  less  familiar,  even  to  archaeologists.  The 
reproductions  are  mostly  good  ;  in  a  few- 
cases  the  scale  is  too  small  to  show  the  model- 
ling clearly  ;  but  the  addition  of  a  consider- 
able number  of  heads  serves  to  give  more 
detail  where  it  is  most  wanted. 

The  volume  of  text  is  to  a  great  extent  a 
catalogue  to  correspond  with  the  500  plates. 
It  would,  indeed,  have  been  better  if  the 
author  had  made  it  more  definitely  a  cata- 
logue of  his  selection,  after  the  manner  of 
Friedrichs-Wolters's  catalogue  of  the  Berlin 
casts.  But,  for  no  apparent  reason,  he  gives 
up  the  catalogue  form  after  No.  34  S. 
Possibly  it  may  not  be  necessary  for  the 
grave  reliefs  ;  but  for  the  portraits  and  heads 
a  brief  discussion  of  the  date  and  style  of 
each,  and  a  quotation  of  authorities,  are 
wanted  by  any  student,  and  are  only  im- 
perfectly supplied  in  the  running  text. 
The  Preface  apologizes  for  the  brevity  of  the 
latter  pages  ;  but  the  space  could  easily 
have  been  gained  by  greater  simplicity  and 
conciseness  in  the  catalogue  portion  ;  such 
conciseness  would  have  been  an  improvement, 
and,  coupled  with  more  accuracy  in  expres- 
sion, would  lrave  increased  the  value  of  the 
book. 

The  frequent  inaccuracies,  both  in  Creek 
and  English  forms,  may  be  due,  in  part,  to 
the  printing;  but  they  tend  to  shake  the 
confidence  of  the  render.  A  complete  list 
of  these  would  be  tedious;  one  or  two 
examples  must  suffice.  On  p.  64  we  find 
mention  of  "  the  tiara  of  TlSSaphernes  in 
the  Louvre,  and  the  Tenagra  figures  in 
Boston,"   and  on  p.   269   "  Lysikratas  the 

victor     and     Kuaintes,    the     an  lion.''        Ad- 
jectives  such  as  "  Skopadean "   and   "  Per- 
gamenian,"  forms    like    "  Besperide"    and 
Gelations,"  "  divinition"  and  "  resortful," 


ai 


e  found  ude  by  lids    with    such    • 
"    (noun),     "  bs 
position),     '■  stock] ."     and     tin 
Familiar  "  dump  "  ;  we  bear  of  the  "  id. 

ficution     of  ie    with     an 

the    "  unreality  of  a    body  showing  thr< 

erment,"  and  -•.  on.      Tl 
merely    deficiency  in    expression,    but    . 
lack  of  clearness  in  thouf    I       \  peculis 

unfortunate    term,    whicl  more   than 

Once,     i-     "  apotvgma     or     bib.         And 
student    turning    over    the    plates    will    be 

puzzled     not     merely     by    such     varia' 
Spelling     as      ••  Damophon  "      and      "  Damu- 
phon,"      but     by     finding      reliefs     from     the 
same     building     attributed     on     cons 
plates  to  the  Treasury  of  the  Cnidians  and 

the    Treasury    of    the    Siphnian.-.       It    is    tl 
there    is    a    doubt    as    to    which    it    i-.    but 
this     is    not    a     good     way    to    record 
divergence      of       opinion-.         Nor 
references    to    earlier    writers    in    all    cases 
correct.     Thus  the  credit — if  it  be  a  credit 
— of   assigning  the   '  Apollo    Belvedere  '    to 
Leochares  i>  assigned  to  M.  Collignon,  but 
that   author  is  careful  to  say  lie  is  quot 
Dr.    Winter    on    the    matter.     Though     1m. 
von  Mach  expressly  refrains  froi  ices 

to  the  ordinary  text-books,  there  are  refer- 
ences to  "  E.  von  Mach's  (heck  Sculptui 
on  almost  every  other  page.  Are  not  the 
indexes  of  that  work  complete  enough  for 
these  also  to  have  been  dispensed  with  ':  1 
A  criticism  such  as  this  may  Beem  unduly 
severe;  but  the  book  is  worth  it.  The 
selection  of  plates  must   ha-  a   great 

deal  of  trouble,  and  the  result  is  really  a 
boon  to  students.  If  the  author  would  add 
to  them  a  complete  and  concise  catalogue, 
in  simple  and  intelligible  language,  he  would 
increase  the  gratitude  that  is  his  due.  What 
he  has  done  is  both  too  little  and  too  much  ; 
and  the  faults  that  have  been  indicated 
tend  to  make  any  scholar  view  the  book 
with  a  distrust  which,  on  the  whole,  it  does 
not  merit.  The  publishers  would  do  well 
to  supply  a  stronger  case  to  hold  the  500- 
plates.  The  present  one  is  soon  broken  by 
their  weight,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  impro\ 
a  satisfactorv  substitute. 


MAXETS    FROM    THE    FAURE 
COLLECTION  AT  SULLEY  'SGALLER1 

This  exhibition  (open  till  July  7th)  is  an 
important  occasion  for  Londoners  who  wish 

to  study  a  much-talked-of  painter.  a-  to 
whose  true  position  in  the  hierarchy  of  art 
opinion  is  still,  even  at  this  hour,  somewhat 
divided.  The  truth  is  that  while  he  is- 
everywhere  famous  in  England,  he  has  been 
very  little  Been  among  us  :  his  enormous 
reputation  with  us  is  built  on  a  very  small 

basis  of  positive  knowledge,  but  buttressed, 
bracketed,  and  underpinned  by  twenty 
years  of  literary  appreciation.  Such  artificial 
supports  must  in  the  long  run  come  away, 
and  those  who  are  solicitous  for  the  safety 
of  the  structure  will  do  well  to  provide 
against  this  contingency,  to  lose  no 
opportunity      of     adding      to      the     basis 

of  actual  knowledge  on  which  ulti- 
mately    nn     arti>t's     reputation     must     rest. 

While  the  opportunities  of  familiar  acquaint- 
ance with  Manet's  work  are  as  rare  as  they 

are  at  present,  it  may  seem  premature  to 
clear  away  the  mass  of  hearsay  evidence  on 
which  he  has  hitherto  been  judged,  and 
which,  after  all.  in  so  far  as  it  i>  inspired  by 
honest  enthusiasm,  is  entitled  to  a  certain 
weight.  It  has  come,  however,  to  carry 
such  weight  at  the  present  day  that  the 
average    modest    man    is    hypnotized   by   the 


N°  4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


805 


mere  name  of  Manet,  and  forces  himself  to 
see  in  any  work  signed  by  the  magic  name 
qualities  that  he  would  never  discern  were 
it  signed  by  Brown  or  Robinson. 

Dangerous  as  must  ever  be  such  a  state 
of  things,  as  contributing  to  that  stifling 
atmosphere  of  humbug  that  hangs  so  sadly 
round  the  appreciation  of  art,  yet  of  all  his 
confreres  of  this  period  of  French  art  none 
•quite  so  well  as  Manet  deserves  to  have 
opened  for  him  such  a  special  credit  account. 
He  seems  to  have  expressly  made  up  his 
mind  to  set  down  nothing  in  paint  that  the 
average  eye  could  see  for  itself,  and  in  this 
hatred  for  the  ordinary  he  cared  little 
■enough  that  his  pictures  should  be  attractive 
to  the  usual  picture-loving  public — hardly, 
sometimes,  that  they  should  be  intelligible. 
To  that  public,  accustomed  to  a  more  con- 
ventional art,  the  present  exhibition  is  useful 
.as  offering  them  a  canvas  that  is  a  sort  of 
introduction  to  the  appreciation  of  Manet. 
La  Vierge  au  Lapin,  after  Titian's  famous 
picture  in  the  Louvre,  is  a  delightful  work, 
its  facture  very  unlike  that  of  Titian, 
yet  retaining  much  of  his  splendour.  The 
blues  are  not  very  good — indeed  painted 
directly  in  solid  paint  as  they  are,  could 
hardly  have  the  quality  of  Titian's  more 
■craftsmanlike  procedure  ;  yet  with  this 
reservation  the  colour  is  fine,  with  something 
of  the  limpid  clarity  of  execution  of  an 
aquarelle.  Clearly,  if  the  painter  of  such  a 
picture  afterwards  abandoned  this  simply 
sufficient  manner  of  representing  men  and 
-women  in  the  old  conventional  way,  it  was 
irom  no  lack  of  capacity  in  that  direction. 
Impatient  of  its  artificial  shifts  and  devices 
(now  a  falsely  visible,  but  explanatory 
outline,  now  the  discreet  suppression  of  a 
harsh  transition),  he  did  so  abandon  it  in 
favour  of  a  manner  of  rendering  facts  based 
more  closely  on  reality,  or,  let  us  rather  say, 
on  appearances,  for  the  devotees  of  an  older 
art  will  hardly  recognize  in  this  exhibition 
any  "  reality  "  to  compare  with  the  easy 
naturalness  of  Titian ;  and  their  conservatism 
is  not  surprising,  for  the  man  who  renders  with 
great  perfection  Nature's  qualities  of  unity, 
dignity,  suavity,  by  means  analogous  to  hers, 
but  by  no  means  identical,  has  an  evident 
advantage  over  one  who  pretends  to  literal 
truth,  whom  we  can  follow  step  by  step  to 
•catch  him  tripping.  The  man  in  the  street 
is  never  so  severe  as  on  a  painter  who  is 
right  on  every  point  but  one.  "  Even  I," 
he  exclaims,  "  can  see  that  it  is  wrong  " — 
never  thinking  of  the  slipshod  realization 
he  accepts  every  day,  because  no  one  thing 
in  it  is  right  enough  to  show  how  wrong  the 
others  are. 

Nor  is  this  the  only  reason  that  would 
make  Manet  a  difficult  painter  for  the 
average  art-lover  to  accept,  were  it  not  that 
he  comes  as  a  genius  so  highly  accredited. 
The  main  reason  is  nat  his  literalism,  but  a 
certain  aristocratic  reserve  that  makes  that 
literalism  incomplete.  Few  men  have  more 
hated  saying  the  obvious,  and  when  he  could 
find  nothing  fresh  or  interesting  to  say  on 
the  subject  of  detail,  lie  had  a  lordly  way  of 
leaving  it  out,  which  is  sometimes  splendid, 
but  sometimes  merely  chaotic,  and  is.  to 
speak  broadly,  the  one  or  the  other  according 
as  his  subject  enabled  him  to  simplify  it  into 
the  large  silhouette  that  he  mastered  so 
well,  or  left  on  his  hands  a  patchwork  of 
small  forms  which  he  was  never  very  good  at 
marshalling.  The  Kochefort  portrait  may  he 
taken  as  an  example  of  t  lie  one,  or  the  rat  her 
clumsier  Buveur  d1  Absinthe.  On  the  other 
hand,  Lc  Port  de  Bordeaux  is  a  kind  of 
subject  which,  if  you  do  not   study  its  * i .  tail 

thoroughly  and  affectionately,  resolves  itself 
into  a  multitudinous  riot  of  summary  brush- 
strokes,  not  sufficiently  varied  to  lie  other 
than    confusing.      A    painter    like    Boudin, 


while  hardly  attempting  closer  realization, 
would  have  held  the  thread  of  interest  in 
such  loose  and  suggestive  painting  by  dint 
of  his  absorbed  delight  in  the  subject.  Here 
there  is  something  like  contempt,  as  though 
the  thing  deserved  no  closer  study.  Yet  even 
here,  in  a  picture  that  would  get  scant  atten- 
tion if  it  were  not  by  Manet,  there  is  some- 
thing to  reward  that  attention  in  the  curious 
poignancy  of  colour  that  scarcely  ever 
deserts  this  painter. 

His  colour  is  not  luxuriously  delightful, 
like  that  of  most  of  the  great  colourists  of 
an  earlier  day,  but  is  always  refreshing. 
"  Dites-moi  ca  vertement  "  was  a  literary 
direction  quoted  by  Stevenson  as  having 
been  one  of  the  most  stimulating  he  ever 
received  ;  and  Manet  would  seem  to  have 
felt  the  virtue  of  the  adverb.  To  push 
further  the  inquiry  as  to  wherein  precisely 
lies  this  curiously  refreshing  quality  of  his 
colour  is  a  delicate  matter  ;  but  perhaps 
the  secret  lies  in  his  power  of  painting  un- 
deniably in  colour,  yet  at  the  same  time 
retaining  the  full  "  black  and  white  "  force 
of  nature.  The  way  of  fine  colourists  has 
been  rather  to  minimize  this  "  black  and 
white  "  contrast,  making  the  greater  part 
of  the  picture  an  almost  flat  field  of 
slightly  varying  inlaid  tints,  the  richness 
of  their  variety  enhanced  by  their  being 
almost  of  the  same  tone — a  field  in  which 
the  different  planes  and  different  objects 
disengage  each  from  the  other  as  much  by 
differences  of  colour  as  by  differences  of  tone. 
Manet,  on  the  contrary,  has  a  tremendous 
range  of  tone,  and  yet  never  appears  to  paint 
in  tinted  monochrome  ;  nor  is  this  due  to 
the  use  of  any  exceptional  range  of  colour 
with  very  brilliant  pigments,  but  entirely 
to  his  great  breadth  in  grouping  his  tints. 
By  comparison  with  him  almost  any  other 
painter  is  a  little  sleepy,  though  there  are 
plenty  of  painters  beside  whom  he  will  seem 
dprc  and  disagreeable. 

Yet  beauty  of  a  kind  he  can  certainly  offer, 
thanks  to  an  admirable  sense  of  the  proper 
use  of  paint.  It  is  on  this  side  that,  like 
most  successful  innovators,  he  has  a  fund  of 
conservatism,  not  so  much  in  evidence  in 
this  exhibition  as  in  some  of  his  work. 
Indeed,  when  it  is  considered  what  ancient 
history  the  movement  he  headed  is  now 
become,  it  is  strange  to  find  that  the  average 
frequenter  of  picture  exhibitions  still  gets 
something  of  a  shock  from  the  sight  of  these 
pictures.  Yet  even  he  will  admit  the  beauty 
of  the  Grand  Canal  (in  which  Manet  shows 
that  he  has  blues  of  his  own  hardly  less 
beautiful  than  those  of  Titian),  and  the 
mastery  of  the  great  still-life  La  Brioche, 
with  its  marvellous  rendering  of  some  blue 
plums,  its  tactless  insistence  on  the  light 
contour  of  some  peaches,  he  bon  Bock,  the 
most  famous  of  the  pictures,  has  a  mar- 
vellously painted  head  which  touches  on 
mastery  :  but  at  a  distance  the  figure  fails 
to  disengage  naturally,  for  all  its  clever 
draughtsmanship  of  podgy  legs  and  body. 

In  the  same  galleries,  and  fitly  to  be  con- 
sidered with  the  Manets,  is  an  unusually 
line  portrait  of  a  lady  by  (ioya.  of  the  same 
silky  texture  of  paint  as  the  '  Dr.  Feral  '  at 
the  National  Gallery.  The  dress  is  a  beauti- 
ful piece  of  modelling  in  semi-transparent 
black  ;   the  head.  too.  is  well  characterized, 

but    lacks    just    that    happy    conjunction    of 
type  thai    makes   '  Dr.    IVral,'   with   the  face 

of  a  smooth   and  subtle  plotter,   the  verj 
man  to  be  rendered  by  such  a  technique. 


THE    NEW    ENGLISH    ART    CUB. 
Tins  exhibition  is  not,  of  a  high  level  of 

all-round   excellence,   but    is  to  be  visited    for 
a  few  admirable  pictures.      Mr.  Wilson  Steer's 


Music  Room  is  perhaps  the  finest  figure 
picture  he  has  yet  done.  Executed  in  a 
technique  which  we  regard  as  a  little  mis- 
taken, it  is  nevertheless  a  most  beautiful 
work,  delightfully  in  tune,  handled  with  a 
rare  combination  of  breadth  and  delicacy. 
The  standing  figure  comes  as  near  to  being 
a  life-like  representation  of  a  human  creature 
as  Mr.  Steer  has  permitted  in  his  work  ;  and 
the  design,  with  its  touch  of  severity  in  the 
lines,  the  steadying  square  form  in  the  centre 
from  the  sunlit  window,  is  one  of  the  best, 
and  certainly  one  of  the  pleasantest,  that 
have  been  achieved  by  an  impressionist 
whose  design  arises  strictly  from  the  form 
and  colour  offered  by  a  natural  "  effect  "  of 
accidental  lighting.  Alongside  this  very 
pleasurable  picture  Mr.  Walter  Sickert's 
Nodes  Ambrosiance  seems  rather  meagre 
and  unattractive ;  it  has,  however,  a  certain 
distinction  that  verges  on  beauty,  and  is 
full  of  observation  set  down  with  singular 
succinctness  and  a  certain  historical  severity 
by  no  means  devoid  of  humour.  It  is  a 
picture  that  may  be  relied  upon  to  retain 
its  charm  and  value. 

Another  and  more  closely  modern  painter 
of  history  is  Mr.  Muirhead  Bone,  whose 
Construction  of  an  Underground  shows 
him  in  his  Jamiliar  mastery,  in  his  familiar 
genre.  To  any  one  who  has  witnessed  the 
urban  transformations  of  the  last  few 
years  it  must  have  been  evident  that 
with  reasonable  luck  there  would  arise 
a  Muirhead  Bone.  He  has  made  himself 
so  definitely  the  poet  of  the  builder's  derrick 
and  the  housebreaker'  desolation  as  to 
become  identified  with  architectural  catas- 
trophe. One  of  the  first  reflections  that 
followed  our  natural  regret  or  the  San 
Francisco  disaster  was  that  here  was  Nature 
catering  for  Mr.  Muirhead  Bone. 

A  third  picture  that  has  something  of  the 
same  historic  value  is  Mr.  Rothenstein's 
Jews  in  the  Synagogue,  and  all  three  painters 
are  to  be  congratulated  on  having  found  a 
line  of  work  with  some  raison  d'etre  beyond 
the  lyrical  impulse  or  the  photographic 
habit.  Mr.  Condor's  Sea  Nymphs  is  an 
example  of  the  one,  not  without  decorative 
charm,  and  it  contrasts  rather  favourably 
with  Mr.  Sargent's  Siviss  Tourists,  which  is 
an  example  of  the  other,  and  for  which  there 
is  little  to  be  said  in  spite  of  its  vulgar 
cleverness.  Mr.  Rothenstein's  '  Synagogue  ' 
is  a  very  serious  work,  which  suffers  a  little 
from  a  rather  piecemeal  execution,  the  con- 
siderable variety  in  its  impasto  being  some- 
what sporadic,  instead  of  arising  from  the 
large  structure  of  the  group.  The  red 
curtain,  too,  is  unfortunate,  though  one 
sees  its  value  as  giving  a  sort  of  casting  vote 
between  the  rival  claims  of  two  standing 
figures  that  echo  one  another  with  awkward 

similarity.  The  picture  is  very  valuable 
us  saving  the  reputation  of  an  exhibition 
that  is  particularly  weak  in  this  direction 
of  serious  and  careful  painting.  The  absence 
of  the  work  of  Mr.  George  Thomson  and  of 
Mr.  Orpen — two  men  who  stand  for  a  sane, 
if  narrow  efficiency  in  the  art  of  painting— 
is  somewhat  severely  felt,  though  the  paint- 
ing of  Mr.  John's  Sir  Jolm  Brunner  is.  for 

him,  curiously  like  the  intense,  but  rather 
piecemeal     realization     that      one      connects 

with  Mr.  Orpen's  name.  The  exhibition 
shows  mi  unusually  large  amount  of  dis- 
integrated    painting     witness     Mr.     Tonka 

with     his    Crystal-gazers    or    Mr.     Harrison's 

portrait,     [nfinitely  to  be  preferred  to  this 

sort  of  thing  is  Mr.  Roger  Fry's  Farm  in 
Calvados,  which  has  more  native  charm 
than  he  usually  shows,  w  itli  no  lapse  from  his 
standard  of  technical  elegance.      Mr.  Holmes 

has  something  of  the  same  decadent  grace: 

lie  seems  refined  and  accomplished  enough, 
but     wants     driving     power.      Mr.     MacColl, 


THE     ATM  KN/KCM 


N  410  >.  J\  n  30,  1006 


(I,,,    tlin. I    pensioner    In    tins    home   (or   art 
oritios,    Uf    the    I  ..tons    timong    them, 

l, iii    we   have  "ii   it   previou  ion   pro 

d  against  ins  retirement  into  the  domain 
of  elegant  architectural  drawing. 


i   \ii:o    MONUMENTS. 

In  Thu  Mix  ii"  urn  of  June  23rd.  it  is  stated, 
in  relation  to  the  preservation  of  the  Coptic 
monuments  in  Cairo,  thai  the  work  proct 
somewhat  slowly.  As  it  is  so  easy  to  make 
mistakes,  it  is  perhaps  well  that  repairs  of 
the  nature  undertaken  Bhould  proceed  with 
deliberation.  I  have  bad  the  pleasure  to 
inspect  the  works,  and  can  truly  Bay  that 
great  care  is  being  taken. 

Your  readers  w  ill  be  glad  t<>  hear  of  repairs 
being  undertaken  at  monuments  more 
majestic  than  any  of  the  Christian  churches 

in  Cairo. 

The  two  monasteries  near  Sohag,  the 
Deir-el-Abiad  and  the  Deir-el-Ahmar,  are 
the  mosl  important  churches  in  Egypt. 
They  were  in  a  Borry  condition,  the  north 
enclosure  wall  of  the  Deir-el-Abiad  threaten- 
ing at  any  moment  to  crush  the  church 
w  it  bin. 

Some  three  years  since  I  ventured  to  call 
Lord  Cromer's  attention  to  the  precarious 
state  of  these  buildings.  His  lordship 
quickly  took  the  matter  in  hand,  and  had 
an  interview  with  the  Patriarch,  who  under- 
took to  meet  a  Government  grant  by  sub- 
scribing a  handsome  sum — I  think  1,0007. 
Herz  Bey,  architect  to  the  Comite  de 
Conservation,  was  quickly  on  the  spot,  and 
such  conservative  measures  were  adopted 
that  the  buildings  are  now  out  of  danger, 
whilst  the  squalid  houses  built  up  inside 
the  ancient  walls  are  removed. 

Somers  Clarke. 


SALES. 

UODERS    PICTURES   ANT)  DRAWINGS. 

On  Saturday  and  Monday  last,  Messrs.  Christie 
held  two  sales,  which  were  interesting  from 
different  points  of  view.  The  first  consisted  of 
a  collection  of  modern  pictures  and  water-colour 
drawings,  chiefly  of  the  continental  schools,  the 
property  of  a  gentleman  in  Paris.  The  works  were 
for  the  most  part  by  artists  of  the  Impressionist 
School,  and  by  do  means  good  examples. 

The  few  pictures  that  realized  prices  of  any  note 
were  :  Joseph  Bail,  Scouring  the  Pot,  105gs.  G. 
Courbet,  A  Valley  Scene,  95gs.  E.  Verhoeck- 
hoven,  Ewes  and  Lambs  on  the  Sea  Coast,  235gs.  ; 
A  Peasant  driving  Ewes  and  Lambs  into  a  Shed, 
300gs.     F.  Ziem,  La  Come  d'Or,  260ge. 

The  far  more  important  sale  on  Monday  con- 
sisted of  the  collection  of  modern  pictures  and 
drawings  by  English  artists  of  Mr.  Laurence  W. 
Hudson,  of  Compton  Hall,  near  Wolverhampton. 
Many  of  the  artists  represented  are  still  living, 

and  are  among  the  men  of  the  New  English  Art 
Club  or  the  independents  generally.  A  number  of 
the  drawings  and  pictures  fell  to  artists,  among 
whom  was  Mr.  (J.  ( 'lausen,  who  is  understood  to 
lie  acting  on  behalf  of  the  National  Gallery  of 
Australia  at  Melbourne;  Mr.  Whitworth  Walks, 
of  the  Birmingham  Art  Gallery,  was  also  a  con- 
siderable purchaser.  The  total  realized  by  the 
is;  lots  was  (i.-II.V.  Loa. 
Drawings:  W.  Blake,  The  Day  of  Destruction, 
Ford    Madox    Brown,  The  Nosegay,  62gs. 

I).  Cox,   Landscape,  With  figures,   and  cart  crossing 

a  common.  72gs.  Sir  E.  Burne-Jones,  A  Sibyl  oi 
Rome,  cartoon  for  window  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, 58g8.  ;  17  pencil  drawings  for  illustrations 
and  initial  letters  tor  an  illuminated  Missal  (never 
completed),  and  L2  designs  for  the  12  hooks  of  the 
.Lucid.  HOgs.     S.  Palmer,  Driving  Cattle  thn 

a  Wood,  sunset.  52gB.       1  >.  <i.    Itnssetti.   How   They 

met  Themselves,  pen-and-ink,   Kings.  ;    Dr.  John- 

son    and    the    would-be     Methodist     Ladies    at     the 

Mitre,  pen-and-ink,  <i"igs.  Turner,  Brinkburn 
Priory,   On   the  Coquet,   engraved   by  Van-all  in 


ls.il    in  the  'England   and   Wa 

i.it   the  (olio!  sed  1,060 

Mow  bray  Vale,  HOg*.) ;  Killieorankie,  the  %  igi 

iven    bj  M  illei  in  l  S36  t"i  •■!  a 

«  o  .mdi.it  hei ,'  lOOg  • '        at   t  he   N  de  ot 

18T7)  i    St.    Gothard,    7 5g  .      I.     \  nl.il.    Youth, 
■  I,  .V2gs.     .1.  M.  Whistler,  Nelly,  penoil,  -■ 
Pit  buret     Ford  Madox   Brow  n,  (  the 

Court   oi   Edward  III.   250        Leyland 
100    -  i   oid  the  Bibbj  Bir  L. 

Burne-Jones,  The  Blue  Angel,  I60gs,     A.  Lej 
Cupid  and  Psyche,   L70ga     Bir  J.  L.  Millais,  The 
Waterfall,  the  original  outdooi  study  for  the  i>-e  k 
ground  to  the  portrait   oi   Buskin,  210         I      H. 

Shannon,    A    Souvenir    ot     Van     Dyok  :    Miss   Kate 

Bargood  in  a  Marmiton dress,  100m.  P.  W.  v 
The  Japanese  Gown,  LSOgs.  <■.  P.  Watts,  NTeptt 
Horses,  on  panel,  I ■  ! 

Early  Italian    School:    The  Annunciation,  on  the 

predella  subjects  representing  the  birth,  presenta- 
tion in  the  Temple,  and  death  of  the  Virgin,  on 
panel,  540gs. 

THE    KMII.K     MOI.IMKK    S.W.K. 

The  seven  days' sale  ot  the  collection  of  objects 
of  art  formed  by  Kmile  Molinier,  the  accomplished 
expert,  who  for  many  years  held  an  appointment 
in  the  Louvre,  and  whose  death  was  noticed  in  Tht 
Athevii'vm  of  May  12th,  has  been  the  Paris  sensa- 
tion of  the  last  few  days.  It  began  on  Thursday 
week,  and  concluded  on  Thursday.  The  first  four 
days  showed  a  total  of  (J44,482fr.  A  few  only  of 
the  principal  objects  can  be  here  noticed.  A 
triptych  by  Cranaoh  with  the  Holy  Family  realiz.ed 
122,(>00fr. ;  a  Robbia  medallion  with  the  Virgin  in 
adoration,  the  Infant  Jesus  supported  by  an  angel, 
20,100fr.  Four  pieces  of  tapestry  produced  a  total 
of  71,600fr.;  and  a  carved  ivory  group  representing 
the  Virgin  seated,  with  the  Infant  Jesus,  Spanish 
work  "de  l'epoque  romaine,"  17,l()0fr.  Among  the 
sculptures  in  stone  was  a  statuette  of  '  Sainte 
Marthe  debout  sur  la  Tarasque,'  for  which  M. 
Molinier  gave  600fr. ,  and  which  now  realized 
40,000fr.  A  fragment  of  has  -  relief  with  St. 
Michael,  "les  ailes  eployees,  transpercant  la  tete 
du  dragon,"  produced  12,000fr.,  and  was  purchased 
for  the  Louvre,  for  which  was  also  acquired,  at 
7,.">00fr.,  a  bust  of  St.  Sebastian,  French  work  of 
the  sixteenth  century  ;  whilst  a  fourteenth-century 
group  of  the  Virgin  holding  the  Infant  Jesus  on  the 
left  arm  brought  10,500fr. 


3fitu-^.rt  (gossip. 

The  short  editorial  article  of  the  July 
number  of  The  Burlington  Magazine  deals 
with  the  vacancy  amongst  the  Trustees  of 
the  National  Gallery  caused  by  the  death 
of  Sir  Charles  Tennant.  It  is  suggested 
that  the  number  of  Trustees  should  be 
increased  from  eight  to  twelve,  and  that 
representatives  of  the  National  Art-Collec- 
tions Fund  should  be  appointed.  Prof. 
C.  J.  Holmes  publishes  a  portrait  by  James 
Northcote  with  a  note,  and  also  contributes 
a  second  article  on  'The  Development  of 
Rembrandt  as  an  Etcher,1  from  1630  to 
1636.  Mr.  Bernhard  Sickert  writes  on 
'  Modern  Painters  of  1906,'  dealing  chiefly 
with  the  Royal  Academy  and  the  two  Salons. 
Mr.  .lames  Weale  concludes  bis  account  of 
the  exhibit  ion  of  Netherlandish  Art  at  the 
Guildhall,  and  also  contributes  a  note  on 
'  Livina  Teerlinc,  Miniaturist.'  The  Exhibi- 
tion  of  Early  German  Art  now  being  held 
at  the  Burlington  Fine-Arts  Club  is  dealt 
with  by  Mr.  Lionel  Cost.  Mr.  Aymer  Vallanee. 
and  Mr.  Charles  Kieketts  ;  and  Mr.  M.  L. 
Solon    writes     on    'Coloured    Lottery   of    the 

Renaissance  in  the  Austrian  Country.'     The 

American  section  includes  a  reproduction  of 

Botticelli's    '  Lucretia,'    from    the    Gardner 

Collect  ion  at  Lost  on.  with  a  note  by  Mr. 
F.  .1.  Mid  her.  and  an  article  on  "The  Puzzle 
of  Recent   Auction   Prices.' 

Tin:     veteran     landscape     painter     Karl 

Hummel,  whose  death  is  announced  from 
Weimar,  formed  a  link  with  the  past  in  more 
sensos  than  one.   for  be  was  the  son  of  the 


cian   Johann    Nepomuk    Hummel,   and 
in   to     childhood   be   frequently   <  ame 

oloa  t  with  <  Soethe,   ••  >im 

playfellowi     lb   we*  born  in  1H21  at 
Weimai  [ling  with  hi 

agland  and  ■  •  came  the  pupil 

of  PreUer.     'I  I  ough  only  uxteen 
be   assisted    Preller   in   bis   fam<  ires 

from    the   0  L  Humn  • 

bind  painted   mostly   iron,   an   u 

point  of  view,  '.■  one  time  extremely 

popular,  and  are  to  be  found  in  most  of  - 
German  gallerii  -.     [n  spite  <>f  hi 
he  worked  almost  to  the  last,  and  made 
few  core  in  style  to  modern  I 

yet  his  paintings  generally  found  purchaai 

lb-  was  naturally  very  proud  of  hi^-  remi- 
niscences of  Goethe.  Nothing  gives  u 
clearer  idea  of  the  great  poet's  personality 
than  the  impression  he  made  on  all  who  saw 
him  in  their  childhood,  even  though,  like 
Hummers     wife,     who     survives     hi: 

were  only  five  years  of  age  at  the  time. 

The  Exhibition  of  Mr.  Evert  Moll's  works 
which  we  mentioned  last  week  does  not, 
we  find,  open  till  next  Tuesday,  when  the 
private  view  occurs  at  the  Gallery  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Painters  in  Water  ("lours. 

Marat  is  to  have  his  statue,  which  was 
decided  upon  eight  years  ago  by  the  'Radicale 
Socialiste  "  majority  of  the  Paris  Const  1 
Municipal,  not  without  opposition.  The 
commission  was  given  to  M.  Jean  Hat- 
who  has  represented  Marat  in  the  act  of 
expiring  after  the  visit  of  Charlotte  Corday. 

Ox  Friday,  the  22nd  hist.,  the  monument  to 
celebrate  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs  in  1 
was  set  up  on  the  plain  of  Groeninghe,  now 
a  public  garden,  at  Courtrai  The  memorial 
consists  of  an  allegorical  group  representing 
the  Maid  of  Flanders  armed  with  the  famous 
"  goedendag,"  and  the  Lion  of  Flanders 
crouching  at  her  feet.  The  work  is  cast  in 
bronze,  and  the  statue  of  the  Maid  is  23  ft. 
high.  The  sculptor.  M.  Devreese,  is  well 
known  in  Belgium  for  the  excellence  of  his 
work,  and  appropriately  was  born  at  Courtrai, 
which  celebrated  the  six  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  great  victory  of  the  communes 
four  years  ago.  and  then  determined  on 
erecting  a  suitable  memorial,  which  has  now 
been  done. 

The  July  number  of  The  Antiquary  will 
contain,  among  others,  the  following  articles  : 
'The  Discoveries  of  Roman  Remains  at 
Sicklesmere  and  Villa  Faustini,'  by  Mr. 
G.  Basil  Barham  :  '  Buckfast  Abbey:  the 
Phoenix  of  the  West  '  (illustrated),  by  Miss 
Olive  Katherine  Parr  ;  '  Walter  de  Langi 
and  the  Bishop's  Dam."  by  Mr.  K.  A.  Pat- 
more ;  'An  Ancient  .Muniment  ('best  at 
Dersingham,  Norfolk  '  (illustrated),  by  Mr. 
George  Bailey;  and  the  concluding  part  of 
'  Robin  Hood."  by  Sir  Edward  Brabrook. 

Tin;  forthcoming  number  of  Tht  Reliquary 
and  Illustrated  Archaeologist  will  contain 
articles  on  '  Lastingham  Holies.'  by 'Mr. 
.1.    Charles   Wall:     'Christian    Carthage.'    by 

Miss  Sophia  Beale  :    '  Lights  i^\  othei 
by  Mr.    F.    R.   Coles;    and    '  Sprott's   Illus- 
trated chronicle.'  by  Mi.  W.  Heneage  L. 

Tin:  Congress  o\  Archaeological  Societ 

to  be  held  at  Burlington  II  OSe  On  Wednes- 
day next,  will  have  a  full  programme. 
Besides  the  Report  of  the  Committee  for 
recording  Earthworks,  which  is  said  to  be 
of  an  interest  in','  character,  I  >r.  Haverfield 
will  call  intention  to  the  Ordnance  Survey 
in  it-,  relation  to  archaeology.  There  will 
also  be  a  Report  from  the  Committee  for 
promoting  the  Study  of  Court  Rolls,  ap- 
pointed last  year  on  the  motion  of  Garter 
King-of-Arms.  The  honorary  secretary  will 
propose  a  scheme  for  recording  churchyard 
inscriptions  ;    and  after  lunch  Dr.  Haverfield 


N°4105,  June  30,  1906 


THE    ATHEN^UM 


807 


will  speak  on  '  The  Abuse  of  the  Term  Late- 
Celtic' 

The  Glasgow  Archaeological  Society  will 
■celebrate  its  jubilee  in  November  next. 
During  the  last  twenty- five  years  in  par- 
ticular it  has  done  good  work  in  varied 
departments  of  research,  and  notably  by 
the  publication  of  its  Committee's  elaborate 
Report  on  researches  on  the  line  of  the 
Anto  nine  Wall  ;  its  membership  is  only 
second  in  Scotland  to  that  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 


MUSIC 


THE    WEEK. 

Crystal  Palace. — The  Handel  Festival. 

This  festival  has  happened  in  the 
midst  of  a  busy  season,  and  one  in  which 
the  part  played  by  Handel  is,  as  usual, 
very  small.  Apart,  indeed,  from  '  The 
Messiah '  (the  popularity  of  which  does  not 
depend  solely  upon  its  musical  merits), 
the  famous  Largo,  the  so-called  '  Har- 
monious Blacksmith  '  Variations,  and  a 
few  songs  from  the  operas  and  oratorios, 
the  art-work  of  Handel  is  almost  un- 
known to  the  general  public.  It  is 
well,  therefore,  that,  at  any  rate  once 
in  three  years,  the  Crystal  Palace  festival 
and  the  handwriting,  as  it  were,  on  the 
wall  of  the  Great  Transept  of  the  titles 
of  Handel's  many  oratorios  should  re- 
mind the  musical  world  of  a  genius 
that  produced  many  great  works.  The 
composer  had  to  live  by  his  art,  and 
hence  made  concessions  to  convention 
and  to  public  taste,  yet  in  spite  of  these 
things  he  immortalized  his  name. 

The  first  day  on  Tuesday  began,  as 
usual,  with  '  The  Messiah,'  of  which  an 
impressive  performance  was  given.  The 
singing  of  the  choir  in  "  And  the  glory  of 
the  Lord "  was  heavy,  and  seemed  to 
foreshadow  a  mechanical  kind  of  render- 
ing. But  there  soon  came  a  change,  and 
with  it  proof  that  Dr.  F.  H.  Cowen  must 
have  taken  great  pains  at  rehearsals  in 
the  matter  of  declamation  of  words  and 
lights  and  shades,  so  as  to  reveal  the 
meaning  and  expressive  character  of  the 
music.  We  would  especially  note  the 
singing  of  "  For  unto  us  a  Child  is  born," 
"  All  we  like  sheep,"  "  Surely  He  hath 
borne  our  griefs,"  and  the  "  Hallelujah." 
The  tone  of  the  choir  is  extremely  fine, 
and  the  voices  are  fairly  well  balanced  ; 
it  only  needed  a  little  more  power 
and  will  on  the  part  of  the  sopranos 
to  enable  us  to  say  "  thoroughly  well." 
The  soloists  were  Mesdames  Albani  and 
Ada  Crossley,  and  Messrs.  Ben  Davies 
and  Santley,  the  last  named,  who  has  been 
connected  witli  the  festivals  for  over  forty 
years,  singing  witli  wonderful  vigour.  Of 
such  artists  the  names  suffice.  Dr.  ( 'owen 
had  good  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  the 
result  of  the  first  day. 


Queen's     Hall. — Vienna     Philharmonic 
Society. 

The  first  of  the  three  conceits  by  the 
Vienna  Philharmonic  Society  took  place 
at    Queen's    Hall     on    Tuesday    evening. 


The  programme  opened  with  the  '  Meister- 
singer '  Overture.  Then  came  Mozart's 
Symphony  in  G  minor,  in  which  the  excel- 
lence of  the  band  and  the  skill  of  the  con- 
ductor, Herr  Franz  Schalk,  were  fully 
ma.de  manifest.  The  tempo  of  the  first 
movement  was  somewhat  hurried,  and 
this,  together  with  the  massive  tone  from 
the  large  body  of  instrumentalists,  117  in 
number,  naturally  interfered  somewhat 
witli  the  delicacy  and  plaintive  charm  of 
the  music.  The  next  number  was  the 
Overture  to  Weber's  '  Oberon,'  which  was 
given  with  magnificent  dash  and  brilliancy. 
Many  fine  performances  of  this  overture 
have  been  heard  in  Queen's  Hall,  but  this 
one  was  the  most  exciting.  The  audience 
tried  hard  to  get  it  repeated,  but  Herr 
Schalk  resisted  the  request,  being  pro- 
bably well  aware  that  a  second  impres- 
sion, following  so  closely,  was  not  likely  to 
be  so  strong  as  the  first. 

Sir  Edward  Elgar's  Orchestral  Varia- 
tions were  played,  and  with  great — we 
would  almost  say  too  much — attention  to 
detail.  The  concert  ended  with  Beet- 
hoven's Symphony  in  c  minor,  but  in 
the  rendering  of  it  an  element  of 
sensationalism  made  itself  felt  which  did 
not  quite  become  the  work  ;  as  when  a 
great  pianist  in  interpreting  Beethoven's 
'  Waldstein  '  or  '  Appassionata  '  Sonata 
gives  prominence,  however  slight  it  may 
be,  to  the  letter  of  the  music.  The  per- 
formance of  the  symphony,  in  any  case, 
was  striking,  and  created  a  strong 
impression. 

Queen's  Hall. — British-Canadian  Festival 
Concert. 

The  British-Canadian  Festival  Concert  at 
Queen's  Hall  on  Wednesday  evening  was 
very  successful.  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie 
conducted  his  genial  and  clever  '  Bri- 
tannia' Overture  and  effective  '  Canadian  ' 
Rhapsody,  Sir  Charles  Stanford  his  fine 
second  'Irish'  Rhapsody,  Sir  Hubert 
Parry  his  dignified  choral  setting  of  '  Blest 
Pair  of  Sirens,'  and  Dr.  Cowen  his  fan- 
ciful and  delicately  scored  '  Butterfly's 
Ball '  Overture.  Then  came  Dr.  C.  A.*E. 
Harriss's  choral  idyll  '  Pan,'  the  music  of 
which,  by  reason  of  its  simplicity  and  tune- 
fulness, makes  a  ready  appeal.  The  com- 
poser, too,  keeps  the  best  for  the  last. 
The  baritone  solo  "  Dear  voice,  0  sweet," 
is  quaint  and  taking,  while  the  final  chorus 
shows  taste  and  skill.  The  soloists  were 
Mile.  Donalda,  Miss  Ida  Kahn,  and  Messrs. 
J.  Harrison  and  Ffrangcon  Davies.  Sir 
Edward  Elgar  was  unable,  through  an 
accident  to  his  knee,  to  appear  and  conduct 
his  'Cockaigne'  Overture,  but  Sir  A. 
Mackenzie  kindly  took  his  place. 

The  London  Symphony  Orchestra  was 
engaged,  and  there  was  a  choir  of  two 
hundred  and   fifty  voices. 


ElsoWa  Music  Dictionary.  (Boston,  U.S., 
Oliver  Ditson  Company.) — Compilers  of 
dictionaries  feel  it  their  duty  to  justify  their 
adding  t"  the  number.  The  addition  to 
foreign  words  of  an  English  phonel  to  spelling, 
which  \\ill  be  found  useful  to  the  aven 
teacher,  and   the  inclusion  of  some  of  the 


most  recent  details  of  research,  are  two  of 
the  important  reasons  assigned.  One  feature, 
however,  is  not  named  :  the  volume  contains 
many  terms,  especially  foreign  ones,  not 
usually  found  in  musical  dictionaries.  It  has 
been  carefully  compiled.  Under  '  Concerto ' 
the  Litolf  pianoforte  concerto,  with  its  four 
movements,  might,  however,  have  been  men- 
tioned. Con  sordini  is  said  to  be  used  in 
pianoforte  music,  but  con  sordino  is  noted 
in  connexion  with  string  instruments  only  ; 
yet  both  terms  were  formerly  used  in  jiiano- 
forte  music.  The  definition,  "  The  double 
fugue  is  two  fugues  going  on  at  the  same 
time  ;  that  is,  it  presents  two  subjects  and 
two  answers,  worked  up  simultaneously," 
is  neither  clear  nor  elegantly  expressed. 
For  the  most  part,  however,  this  handy 
dictionary  deserves  commendation. 

Modem  Harmony  in  its  Tlieory  and 
Practice.  By  Arthur  Foote  and  Walter  R. 
Spalding.  (Leipsic,  A.  P.  Schmidt.) — When 
a  rule  is  constantly  broken  by  one  great 
composer  ofter  another,  the  fault  is  probably 
in  the  rule,  not  in  the  composers.  This 
opinion  was  expressed  by  Prof.  Prout  in  the 
first  edition  of  his  '  Harmony,'  and  the 
authors  of  the  work  under  notice  a.gree  with 
him.  At  the  present  day,  indeed,  when 
composers  are  making  such  bold  harmonic 
experiments,  defying  rules  to  which  the 
classical  composers  for  the  most  part  con- 
formed, any  system  of  harmony,  if  it  is 
not  to  be  very  short-lived,  must  recognize, 
even  if  it  cannot  fully  explain,  what  is  taking 
place.  Our  authors  accordingly  quote  not 
only  the  classics  but  also  Tschai'kowsky, 
Cesar  Franck,  Sir  Edward  Elgar,  and  that 
arch-innovator  Debussy. 

We  agree  with  the  statement  that  chords 
of  the  9th,  11th,  and  1 3th  for  the  most  part 
"enter  by  means  of  suspensions,  appogia- 
turas,  and  passing  or  auxiliary  toner.''  But 
when  the  student  is  told  that  "  the  feeling 
of  musicians  has  become  so  modified  of  late 
years  that  we  may  practically  say  that 
no  cross  relation  is  forbidden  that  sounds 
tolerably  well,"  we  think  that  he  ought  to 
be  also  informed  as  to  what,  in  the  opinion 
of  experienced  musicians,  dots  sound 
"tolerably  well."  It  might  also,  we  think, 
have  been  pointed  out  that  the  effect 
of  any  particular  false  relation  depends 
largely  upon  rate,  accent,  and  phrasing — 
also,  in  orchestral  music,  upon  colour.  The 
chapter  on  '  Old  Modes,'  though  short,  is 
instructive  and  interesting  ;  and  the  same, 
in  fact,  may  be  said  of  the  whole  hook. 
There  is  one  foot-note  we  should  like  to 
have  seen  differently  worded  :  it  occurs 
on  p.  15.  Although  Bach's  'Well-Tem- 
pered Clavichord  '  is  often,  as  therein  suited, 
referred  to  as  the  '  Forty-Eight  Pr<  hides  and 
Fugues,'  the  title  belongs  strictly  only  to  the 
first  twenty-four. 


iEusiral  (fcossip. 

Yesterday    week    M.    Andre    Messager's 
ballet,  ' Les    Deux   Pigeons,'   was    produced 

at  Covent   Garden,  and    thus   \Va<   revived  a 
form  of  entertainment  which  at    the  opera 
house  was   once  very  popular.     The  story  of 
M.     Messager's    ballet       is    simple,    and    the 

music  is  tasteful  and   pleasingly  scored.     It 

is  very  dainty,  and  everything  seen:-  t  >  have 
come  from  the  composer's  pen  without 
effort.  The  piece  was  effectively  staged,  and 
Mile.  Boni,  the  chief  dancer,  displayed   skill 

and  grace.      M.  MeSSager  conducted. 

On  Monday  a  One  performana  pveti 

of  Verdi's  'Aida.'  Madame  Giachetti's  im- 
personal ion  of  the  heroine  v.  99  e\<  <  llent,  her 

singing,  however,  being  unfortunately  marred 
by    the    shnll   quality    of   her    high   no 


408 


Til  E     ATH  KX.KI'M 


N"41o:,,  .!i  m  :;n(  l 


Miuiiuiif     Kirkhy   I. mm     a-     XmuSfil    *TM    at 

her  Ten  best,  w  I ul««  Signor  Caruso  proved  • 
superb  ECadamee  inith  in  figure  and  In  v 

Sut  Edwabd  Bloab'b  continuation  of 
rhe  Apoetles '  is  entitled  'The  Kingdom,' 
and  after  its  production  a1  the  Birminghana 
i.  tival  in  October  it  will  be  performed 
on  November  1 7th,  for  the  ftrsl  time  in 
London,  by  the  Alexandra  Palace  Choral 
and  Orchestral  Society,  under  the  direction 
ol  Mr.  Allen  Gill. 

\\i:  regret  to  record  the  druth  on  Monday 
last,  after  a  very  brief  illness,  of  Mr.  Stephen 
Samuel  Stratton,  who  had  held  the  post  ol 
musical  critic  on  The  Birmingham  Daily 
Pott  from  1st 7  down  to  the  day  of  his  death. 
In  lv.'T.  jointly  with  Mr.  James  D.  Brown, 
he  publish*  d  t  he  *  British  Musical  Biography,' 
a   work  which,  though  not   altogether  tree 

from    error,    was    the    outcome    of    lon^   and 

patient  research.  Mr.  Stratton  wrote  'Men- 
delssohn for  Dent's  "Master  Musicians" 
series,  also  a  book  entitled  'Musical  Curio- 
sities.' 

The  London  Symphony  Orchestra  will 
begin  a  third  series  of  ten  concerts  on 
November  oth,  all  of  which  will  be  conducted 
by  Dr.  Hans  Kichter. 

1)k.  Saint-Sakns  will  take  part  in  Mr. 
Joseph  Hollman's  forthcoming  concert,  and 
this  will  be  the  composer-pianist's  only 
appearance  in  London  this  season. 

Dr.  W.  H.  C'umminos,  who  possesses  the 
original  book  of  words  of  John  Barnett's 
'  The  Mountain  Sylph,'  kindly  informs  us 
that  the  "  Miss  Xovello  "  mentioned  in  the 
notice  in  the  Monthly  Supplement  of  The 
Musical  Library  for  October,  1834,  was  not, 
as  we  supposed,  Miss  Clara  Novello,  but  her 
sister  Cecilia. 


M.ix. 
Mob. 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 
Sat.    Royal  Opera,  OoYent  Garden. 
Hiss  Violet  Morris  s  Vocal  Recital, :!.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Miss  H.  Curtis'*  Vocal  Recital,  3.30,  Steinwaj  Hall. 

—  Mr.  F.  Hacmillen'a  Violin  Recital,  8.30,  Qaeen'a  Hall. 
Tt  is.     Mis*  Alison  Fernle'a  Vocal  Recital,  3.16,  dBolian  Hall. 

—  .Miss    .1     Haunav  and   Mr     II.    Bauer's  Vocal  anil  Pianoforte 

Recital,  3.30,  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Orchestral  Concert  'Patrons'  Fond),  B.15,  Queen'a  Hall. 
Wm     Miss  E.  Leginska's  Pianoforte  Recital, .:.  Bechstein  Hall. 

—  Opera  Performance,  '  Mountain  Sylph,'  7.30,  Uuildbull  School  of 

Music. 
Audrey  Chapman  Orchestra,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 
I  Ipera  Performance,  7.::n.  Guildhall  School  of  Mu8ic. 
Miss  Minnie  Tracer's  Vocal  Recital,  s.30,  .Eolian  Hall. 


Turns 
Bat. 


DRAMA 


Bramaltc  (Bossip. 


Ox  its  production  at  the  Coronet  Theatre, 
with  Madame  Hading  in  the  role  of  Henriette 
de  Chonze  (created  at  the  Gymnase  by 
Madame  Simone  Le  Bargy),  '  Le  Retour  de 
Jerusalem  '  of  M.  Maurice  Donnay,  far  from 
exciting  any  such  turmoil  as  was  caused  by 
the  first  production,  was  received  with 
equanimity  that  savoured  of  indifference. 
The  racial  question  with  which  it  deals  does 
not  greatly  exercise  the  English  public,  and 
the  aventure  purcment  pansionnelle  on  which, 
in  spite  of  the  author's  protest,  it  rests,  fails 
to  stimulate  greatly.  A  superb  performance 
by  Madame  Hading  extorted  admiration, 
but  the  character  was  less  suited  to  the 
actress  than  others  in  which  she  has  appeared, 
the  latest  of  which  is  Frou-Frou. 

'  The  Macleans  of  Bairness  '  having 
failed  to  realize  expectations,  the  season  of 
Mrs.  Patrick  Campbell  at  the  Criterion  has 
concluded,  and  the  theatre  is  temporarily 
closed. 

The  run  at  His  Majesty's  of  '  Colonel 
Newcome  '  will  end  on  July  7th,  and  Mr. 
Tree  will  then  take  a  holiday  previous  to 
returning  to  superintend  the  rehearsals  of 


'  The  Winter's  Tale,'  the  production  of  which, 

with  Mis,  Terrj   ■     Bennione,  ii 

it.      \  couple  of  da  Mr. 

Tree    will    itarl    on    <*   country    tour    with 

'Colonel  Newcome,"  '  1 '.usiness  is  Busineh.s,' 
and  '  The  Man  who  \\ 

So  great  is  the  tucot  u  al  the  st.  James's 
■  ■I  Mr.  Pinero's  comedy  'Hie  Souse  in  4  )rder  ' 

that  the  theatre  will  remain  open  through 
the  holiday  season. 

Mr.   W'iu.akd   i  ured,   bj    arrange- 

meni    with  Mr.  Tree,  the  American  right 

'Colonel  Newcome,'  in  which  during  the 
coming  season  he  will  appear  in  the  united 

States  and  in  Canada. 

I  \  ( October  next  Sir  ( lharles  Wyndham  and 

Mi-s  Mary  Moore  will  reappear  at  the 
Criterion  in  'The  Mollusc,'  a  three-act 
comedy  by  Mr.  Hubert  Henry  Davies. 

Miss  Ei.i.is  JEFFREYS  and  her  husband 
Mr.  Herbert  Sleath  are  likely  to  be  numbered 
among  London  managers,  and  have  secured 
plays  from  Mr.   Brandon  Thomas  and  Mr. 

Somerset  Maugham. 

During  their  autumn  tour  Mr.  Fred  Terry 
and  Miss  Julia  Neilson  will  produce 
tentatively  a  romantic  drama  by  Messrs. 
R.  M.  Dix  and  E.  G.  Sutherland,  the  scene 
of  which  is  laid  in  the  American  colonies  in 
Stuart  times,  and  also  a  four-act  work  by  a 
new  dramatist,  Mr.  Harry  Langley  Lander. 

On  August  27th  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson 
and  Miss  Gertrude  Elliott  will  begin  at  Man- 
chester in  '  The  Merchant  of  Venice  '  (in 
which  they  will  be  seen  for  the  first  time) 
a  country  tour,  which  will  preface  their 
departure  in  October  for  America. 

A  reappearance  at  the  Waldorf  is  pro- 
mised of  Mr.  Henry  Dixey,  who  some  years 
ago  created  a  favour-able  impression  at  the 
Gaiety. 


To   Correspondents.— W.   W.  s.—  j.  m.  k.—  J.   L.— 

D.  M.— G.  H.— Received. 

M.  W.  B.— Next  week. 

T.  R.  H.  and  others. — Too  late  for  notice  now. 

No  notice  can  betaken  of  anonymous  communications. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISERS. 


Authors'  Agents 

Bell  &  Sons     

Catalogues       

Constable  &  Co 

Duckworth  &  Co 

Education*! 

Exhibitions      

Harper  &  brothers 

Hkinkmanx  

IlUR-ST  &   Bl.ACKETT     .. 

INSURANCE  Companies 
Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  co. 

Macmii.i.an  &  Co 

Mag  v/.ines,  Ac 

Miscellaneous 

Murray 

Newspaper  Agents   .. 
Notes  dk  QUERIES 

Philip  A  son 

Provident  Institutions 
Publishers'  Circular 
Reeve  a  Co 

Sales  hy  Auction 
situations  Vacant     .. 
Situations  Wanted   .. 
Stanford 

STOCK  

Surgical  aid  society 

Typewriters,  Ac 

Cnwin   


Pi  SI 

782 

80S 
7S3 
7S6 
809 
7S1 
7S1 
7S4 
786 
786 
810 
810 
786 
7S3 
782 

7Si 
810 
Sll 
781 
788 
781 
7vj 
7S1 

811 

810 

Sll 

BIS 


MESSRS.    BELL'S 

NEW  HOOKS. 


ation. 


BvD|  6* 


A  HANDBOOK  TO  SHAKESPEARE 
By  MORTON   LUCE,  Author  ol     A   if 
Ixiok  to  Tennyson,1  afco. 

This  '  Handbook  to  8hs  .-j  on© 

volume   the  oritioal   and   explanatory   helps  that 
otherwise  l>e  sought  in  many  l*joks. 

"No  literary  antiquary,   no  student  of  letters 
and  the  drama — iii  short,  no  reader  and  Iov<  • 
Shakespeare — should    fail  to   possess    himself  of  a 
volume  which,   once  acquired,  will   I  .:itly 

helpful." — Liverpool  Con 


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Being  Extracts  from  Brow  |  and 

Arranged  by  A.  M.  WARBUBTON. 

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arranged    under    headings,   such  as    '  Ambit. 
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With  Illustrations,  brief  Notes,  and  a 
V  abulary.  By  R.  N.  ADAIR,  M.A.Oxon, 
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NOW    COMPLETE. 
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INFANT  PRIMERS  AND  READERS. 
With  Coloured  Illustrations. 

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London  :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS, 
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NOTES      AND      QUERIES. 

THIS  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

^"Sre^stolworkf  »°S»-3? S^^T  £  ,W  a"d  *****  Book-Robert 
"  B rime.-  »  "  E^T"  £  u.  ~,St^ Mlchael  s  Church,  Burleigh  Street-"  Rag  "  :  "  Ranging  "  : 
FamoTllouses  ~^^d    Townsends    Epitaph-John,    Lord    Trevor -BlcK-m^ury's 

REPLIES ^-Santorin  and  St.  Irene-Gray's  '  Elegy  '  :  its  Translations-The  Henry  Brougham    Steamer 

Pin-ase  Bun  fet  ^tT  ^T^***  a'^  Ro™»  Tablets-Po, ZSS \Wd?a5 
Phiases-Bun  Family— Baskish  Inscriptions  in  Newfoundland -Order  of  the  Roval  Oik- 
Cateaton  S  treet-Dr.  Letsuni  or  Lettsom-Society  Ladies-Holbom-RJme  *  K hv.ne--'  R ', I  ~i 

-  -       nel~T uSlf  ^Tute*] PT     ^d^Butler  of  Toderstaft-Catterton  SmX-BUmli,  a 

mniei    imill   or  lutevil— •Panohana' :    'Minerva,'    1735— Ladv    Coventry"*    Minuet— Cox's 

'History  of ^  Warwickshire  -West's  Picture  of  the   Death  of  GenialWo^KipS^wS 

NOTES'^  ROm«  n     t    =  "^  "-0Mdng-*lta  Cunningham's  '  King  «&&?  * 

Winfam  I?  s8R7jn'e  St^?,?"^  ir?m  Addington's  Administration  to  the  Close  of 
\\  illiam  IV  .  s  Reign  — '  The  Old  Testament  in  Greek '—Documents  Illustrating  Elizabethan 
Poetry-' The  People's  Prayers '-'French  Abbreviations,  Commercial,  Fina  e  a "a,  d  <  iene  ral " 
Jft£o£5**  Authors'-"The  Universal  Library  "-'•  Muses  LilSn  "-•■xT«h!* 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

LAST  WEEK'S  NUMBER  CONTAINS- 

NOTES:-Hampshire  Booksellers  and  Printers-Houses  of  Historical  Interest-Robert  Greene's  V 

Works -LafonW's  Milkmaid-Book  Signatures  -  Earl  of  Huntin^lon -Fune  d  Ii  vin- 
tions  in  Scotland— Reynolds's  Portrait  of  Gibbon.  »ii0uou       r  une.ai    ln\  ita 

QUER^o^£°m'c;r!e  SBft3Q~5rr?  ^SS^S'I  ^^da^-Rokewood  :  Style  :  Townaead- 

W,Kl     n  '•       Lyndon  M.li  la,   1716-Holm  and  Mastick  Trass-Authors  oi   (Quotations 

^anted-Compames  of  Invahds  :  their  Reeords-Medical  Coroner-.Esehvlus  and  Milton-F  on 
vEtEEZ Tuv  QUi'en  ?fnSwedr-^ke  °f  'St-  Lampierre  in  Canton  of  Be,-  ne-M  ca  da  v 
S^ncmlismr        »taB^-,,0«  Pams  "-Gordon  House,  Kentish  Town-John  Rodcs-Devon 

REPLX:^m1naCar\l?gp:al<1  l^r£!  ^f^W6  BibUography-Westminater  Changes  in 
i.u..    John  Carter— Provincial  Booksellers— Earthquakes  in  Fiction— Goethe :  "Bells   bum  and 

^^^^r^"^^-^^?^611  in  l796-"Cast  not  a  cW  nil  mVu  S 
Q-  t  7  IT  its  Etymon-Banner  or  Flag-OlvariusV  History-' Century  oi  Persian  Ghaiels' 
Y^SrWlShT^P^irt  ^ T^'^enue":  its  Pronunciation-Ma?  Li,  "  and 
Young  Mens  Light  m  Pre-Reformation  Churches— Michell  Family-St.  Genius-Do«s\t  Con- 
stantmople-Authors  of  Quotations  Wanted-Miss  Meteyard-"  Anon  "-Irisl  B  "  Butter- 
D,rect  on  Pos    v  Signpost-Qateaton  Street  -J.  Rampini-Americans  in  EngUsh   I     "  -'in 

a  huft  -  Minnnn,  a  Shell-Samuel  Williams,  Draughtsman-"  I  expect  to  pass  through  »- 
Ropes  used  at  Executions-Barnes  1'ikle  -Open-air  Pulnits-"  (Jula   iugusti  " 

NOTES  ON  BOOKS  :_«  Portraits  and  Jewels  of  Mary  Stuart  '_•  The  Pageant  of  London  -•  PluUwh'a 
Lives  —'John  Siberoh,  the  First  Cambridge  Printer,  1521-2.' 

Notices  to  Correspondents. 

JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS 

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in  their  Origin,  Hifitorv,  Laws.  Liii. 

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A  SHORT   HISTORY   OF 
WALES. 

By  OWEN  EDWARDS. 

Leoturer  on  Modern  History  at    Lincoln  College, 

Oxford,  Author  of  'The  Story  of  Wales,'  &c. 

With  Maps.     Crown  Bvo,  2a  net 

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volume  that  can  !>c  used  as  a  general  reading  \»«>k 
or  as  a  text-book  of  Welsh  history.  Each  chapter 
is  complete  in  itself,  and  still  the  general  plan  is 
symmetrical   and   easy   I  The   hook   is  fully 

equipped  with  summaries,  pedigrees,  and  maps. 


T.  FISHER  UN  WIN,   1,  Adclphi  Terrace,  London. 


Editorial  OommuD  Tin:  EDITOR"— AdTarttamanta  and  BtubuM  batten  i..  ■•the  rrnusiiKiis  - n  thcOAoa,  Bnaml  Bandings,  Ohaneory  Lana,  E.c. 

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